TECHNICAL PROPOSAL FOR STUDIES OF PHOTOINTERPRETER PERFORMANCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04770A000900030001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 27, 2004
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 1, 1967
• Content Type: REPORT

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1 July 1967
Technical Proposal
for
STUDIES OF PHOTOINTERPRETER PERFORMANCE
Prepared by
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NGA Review Complete
I EXCLUDED FROM AUTOMATIC RE-
GRADING: DOD DIR 5200.10 DOES
NOT. APPLE
Copy 3 of
Log. No. PB7-67-331S
D30,3
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Log No. P.11.7-67.-3314
Hand Carried
Copy .3 of 4 copies
pa.ge'r''o "' pa ;e
17. UOX0 6
Fort Davis Station
25 July 1967
Washington, D. C. -- 20020
Attention:
subject: Proposal for "Studies of
Photointarpreter Performance".
nclosures: 1. Three (3) copies Technical Proposal
"Studies of Photointerpreter Performance"
dated I July 1967 - Cys 1, 2 and 3.
2. Three (3) copies of Categories of
Labor and Rates for the period 1
July 1967 through 31 December 1967
for Time and Material Contracts.
We are pleased to forward herewith the above
enclosures, which together with this letter, constitute
our proposal for the continuation of the subject effott.
Our quotation is prepared on a time and material
basis. Our terms are net thirty (30) days, and this
proposal may be cona.dered firm for a period of thirty (30)
days.
The estimated cost (for funding purposes) is
approximately The work outlined in the enclosed
Technical Proposal w be accomplished during the period
1 July 1937 through 30 June 1968.
If you desire further information, please con-
tact the undersigned.
EXCLUDED FROM AUTOMATIC RE-
GRADING: DOD DIR 5.200.10 D'C S
NOT' APPLY.
AJE: sns
Enamor Release
Very truly yours,
Mane er , Contracts
A-RDP78B0470A000900030001-0
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CATEGORIES Or. LABOR AND RATES
Period 1 July 1967 through 31 December 1967
FOR TIME AND MATERIAL TAE CONTRACTS
Code Category
00 Consulting Engineer/Scientist
01 Principal Engineer/Scientist
02 Senior Engineer/Scientist
03 Engineer/Scientist
04 Associate Engineer/Scientist
13 Engineering Clerk
15 Fabrication Services
20 Technical Specialist I
21 Technical Specialist II
22 Technical Specialist III
ates
Straight Time
The above rates were calculated as follows:
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Other Direct Charges, i.e., Travel and Living Expenses
and Materials furnished by at the request of
the Technical Representative o the Contracting Officer
shall be at net cost to
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Technical support and assistance is to be provided in the
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following functional areas:
Data Reduction and General Liaison
Interpreter Instruction
Stereoscopic and Non-Stereoscopic Mensuration and
Interpretation
Photo-Laboratory, Human Factors, and Miscellaneous Support
The proposal is arranged in five sections consisting of:
1. Introduction
2. Data Reduction and General Liaison Task
3. Interpreter Instruction
4. Evaluation of Stereoscopic and Non-Stereoscopic
Mensuration and Interpretation
5. Project Management
FOREWORD
211 A statement of l
qualifications to perform the proposed
effort is included as a separate section.
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FOREWORD ...........................................................iii
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1
2. DATA REDUCTION AND GENERAL LIAISON ....................... 1
3. INTERPRETER INSTRUCTION .................................. 2
4. STEREOSCOPIC AND NON-STEREOSCOPIC MENSURATION AND
INTERPRETATION ........................................... 2
5. PHOTO-LABORATORY, HUMAN FACTORS, AND MISCELLANEOUS
SUPPORT .................................................. 3
6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT ....................................... 3
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INTRODUCTION
proposes to provide
technical services and materials to assist in specific aspects of studies to
determine photointerpreter performance in the interpretation and mensuration
of various types of targets. The primary objective of the program is to deter-
mine the relationships between interpreter performance, photographic ground
resolution, and the use of stereo and non-stereo instrumentation.
2. DATA REDUCTION AND GENERAL LIAISON
D
will assist in arranging for the collection of suitable.
imagery for the program. This will involve
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imagery collected by
In addition, the acquired imagery will be "packaged" for use in the
testing and evaluation phases of the program. Targets will be selected by the
customer. Imagery and data will be prepared for each selected target site and
will consist of a plot of the imagery, stereo pairs of imagery, additional
coverage of the target, and annotation overlays to the imagery for the purpose
of identifying and locating the target and its components.
will provide continued liaison and technical assistance
to all project personnel and the customer. In this regard, assistance will be
provided in the conduct of experiments and analysis of results, assistance and
advice will be provided for test design and the analysis plan, and
personnel will provide other technical services to the customer and project
personnel as required.
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(will provide monthly progress letters to the customer in
order to report project status, problems and achievements. Since
participation in the over-all program is directed to specific tasks, it is pro-
posed that report inputs be provided to the other project contractor, and that
they incorporate these inputs in one over-all program final report. In this
manner, the program final report will be complete and comprehensive, and inef-
ficient duplication of reporting will be avoided.
3. INTERPRETER INSTRUCTION
The customer's test subjects will be thoroughly briefed on the
nature and the scope of the interpreter testing programs. Detailed explana-
tion will also be made of the use of all imagery, graphics, and textual data
and the form that the test responses will take.
4. STEREOSCOPIC AND NON-STEREOSCOPIC MENSURATION AND INTERPRETATION
A primary effort of the program will be to evaluate and analyze
physical image, equipment, and human parameters involved in the interpretation
and mensuration of various target types. In particular, the effects of the
use of stereoscopic and non-stereoscopic measurement practices and equipment
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will be studied. State-of-the-art equipment will be supplied by the customer
new stereo-mensuration equipment, etc.).
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PHOTO-LABORATORY, HUMAN FACTORS, AND MISCELLANEOUS SUPPORT
Photo processing support will be provided as needed in combination
with human factors test planning assistance. In addition, the contractor will
supply other miscellaneous services that the Contracting Officer/Technical
Monitor may desire.
6. PROJECT MANAGER
The proposed project will be managed by
assisted in technical matters by
contractual and security matters by
respectively. A
statement of qualifications is attached. It includes descriptions of
facilities, related contracts and resumes for the technical personnel to be as-
signed to this project.
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STATEMENTS OF QUALIFICATIONS
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A. FACILITY STATEMENT ............................................... 1
1. General ...................................................... 1
2. Physical Facilities .......................................... 1
a. Imagery and Data Exploitation Laboratory ................. 1
b. Mensuration and Photogrammetric Facility ................. 1
c. Photographic Laboratory .................................. 2
d. Computer Facility ........................................ 2
e. Engineering and Manufacturing Facility ................... 3
3. Facility Clearance ........................................... 3
B. ORGANIZATION ..................................................... 3
Organization Chart ............................................... 4
1. Mapping Sciences Department .................................. 5
2. Intelligence and Interpretation Department ................... 5
3. Applied Engineering Department ............................... 6
4. Technical Services Department ................................ 6
5. Systems Management ........ ....... .. 6
C. EXPERIENCE ....................................................... 7
D. RESUMES OF KEY PERSONNEL ......................................... 8
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1. General
founded in 1957, was acquired by in 1962. Today, as 25X1
part ofi JS pecializes
in researc , development and operations relating to data collection and reduction
systems for reconnaissance, mapping, geodesy, intelligence, and associated activi-
ties, as well as industrial applications of photogrammetry. In addition, 0 25X1
designs and develops prototypes for a variety of complex data reduction
equipments, relying upon the unexcelled resources of for the manufacture 25X1
of such equipment.
personnel include scientists and engineers, ably assisted by
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highly trained technicians. The professional stature of the people comprising
I uis reflected by the fact that 70 percent have college degrees and of
ese, percent have either a Master degree or a Doctorate. This staff has been
drawn from military, other government agencies, private industry and educational
institutions. Many of these people are recognized internationally as authorities
in their fields of specialization.
2. Physical Facilities
2 1 In August 1964, I (moved into new and modern quarters within the
2 1 This
new building encompasses 35,000 square feet of air-conditioned floor space and
houses comfortably 150 employees. Approximately half of the entire facility is
devoted to laboratory space with offices for technical and administrative person-
nel accounting for the remaining area. Furthermore, there is ample property to
expand the existing physical plant anytime in the future.
b. Mensuration and Photogrammetric Facility
Mensuration tasks to within ?1 micron are performed in the environmen-
a. Imagery and Data Exploitation Laboratory
Operation include: 25X1
The Imagery and Data Exploitation Laboratory, comprising approximately
5,000 square feet, is equipped with stereo and monoscopic imagery viewers, lay-
out tables, secure vaults, imagery and data files, and special image matching,
projection and mensuration equipment. The laboratory is arranged to accommodate
a variety of separate interpretation and data processing projects and provides
ideal space for analysis and evaluation tasks; plotting, indexing, mosaicking,
screening and interpretation, conducting experiments and performing basic and
applied research relating to reconnaissance or mapping programs.
tally controlled areas housing precision measuring equipment, consisting of
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monocular comparators with digital outputs, an automatic point coordinate reader
and viewer with digital output, and a = PUG point transfer device. These
equipments, supported by the high acuity output of the Photographic Laboratory,
on film or glass, give one of the outstanding mensuration facilities
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This facility also possesses al photogrammetric plotter, 25X1
automated with the STEREOMAT image correlator. This unique equipment permits the
automatic production of orthophotographs and automatic extraction of contour
records, as well as the digital recording of X, Y and Z model coordinates from
near vertical and super wide-angle aerial or terrestrial photography.
c. Photographic Laboratory
This laboratory comprises nine rooms which are controlled carefully for
temperature, humidity and dust. In addition to handling conventional photography
tasks, this laboratory is geared for special services, such as: (1) the process-
ing of various sensor records, i.e., infrared, side-looking radar and aerial
camera records; (2) production of high acuity reproduction on glass in support
of analytical photogrammetry and stellar plate measurements; and (3) continuous
LogEtronic printing and continuous precision printing on formats varying from
70mm - 92" to t .005 weave, on special order. Some of the important capital
equipment within this laboratory includes:
LogEtronic CR/18 Contact Printer, 14" x 18" format
LogEtronic Continuous Printer SP10/70, 912" x 500'
Fluor-o-Dodge Contact Printer, 12" x 18" format
Durst Laborator V-185, 10" x 10" Negative format
Vacuum Back Process Camera, 24" x 30"
Kodak Versamat Film Processor
Ozalid 1000 Printmaster
Moviola for magnetic and optical sound reproduction
Film cold vault, 7' x 8' x 10'
Various processing rooms, sinks, washers, dryers, etc.
d. Computer Facility
The primary computer in this versatile assembly is a 25X1
This is a micro-second machine with a micro-programming logic which allows for
maximum programming flexibility. The present 520 installation has 24,576 24
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bit words of core memory and 256 words of rapid (200 nanosecond) biaxial memory.
Peripheral equipment includes:
300 character per second paper tape reader
110 character per second paper tape punch
Console typewriter
4 magnetic tape units
800 card per minute card reader
250 card per minute card punch
1200 line per minute printer
2 1 an is within one mile of the 25X1
21 This facility, comprising approximately 1,630 square feet, is
sta a an e ui ed to accommodate a variet of ima e t t t d d t
q pp
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in er
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Within this facility there is also a RECOMP II computer used primarily for
the solution of "engineering-type" problems. The RECOMP II has a drum memory of
4096 40-bit words with a rather extensive repertoire of instructions.
e. Engineering and Manufacturing Facility
This facility is fully equipped for activities associated with the de-
sign, development, fabrication, manufacture and testing of breadboard, engineer-
ing and production models of electro-mechanical devices. In addition to the
electronic assembly area, and mechanical assembly and test area, there is a well
equipped machine shop and drafting room. The large manufacturing facilities of
the are also available to the Operation if sizeable 25X1
quantities of instruments or component hardware are required.
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exploitation tasks. It provides ideal space for analysis and evaluation efforts,
interpretation, experimentation, and reconnaissance research.
3. Facility Clearance
facility has a TOP SECRET clearance (TOP SECRET
Final Clearance granted by 127 August 1964.)
Courier service, utilizing personne , can be arranged up to and in-
cluding TOP SECRET. office has a SECRET clearance, granted by
I n 4 October 1965.
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is one of the Engineering Operations of 25X1
The Operation is organized along departmental
lines, each being responsible for a broad area of technical or administrative op-
eration. (Note Organization Chart appearing on the following page.)
office is located at
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The primary roles and missions of the operating departments are as follows:
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1. Mapping Sciences Department
This department is concerned principally with the design and analysis of
data acquisition and data reduction systems applied to space navigation, mapping,
geodesy and resources surveys of the Earth, Moon and, eventually, other bodies
within the solar system. Such undertakings include the development of design
parameters and performance characteristics of sensors, employment of classical and
non-classical techniques in data reduction, calibration of unusual sensor config-
urations, formulation and analysis of mathematical models in support of analytical
photogrammetry and geodetic position determinations, and the application of statis-
tical theory in the performance of error analysis of whole or partial data collec-
tion and reduction systems. In addition, this department offers consultation
services for industrial applications of photogrammetry. Many solutions to the
problem areas cited above are determined through computer programs develo ed by
the scientific programming staff within this department and run on or
customer computers. This staff has considerable experience in both FORTRAN and
machine language coding for various computers. Although the programming staff is
primarily scientifically oriented, it has considerable experience in developing
large scale, computer oriented, data processing systems.
2. Intelligence and Interpretation Department
This department is concerned with the design, analysis and test of advanced
reconnaissance data processing subsystems, including assemblies for the utiliza-
tion of returns from side-looking radar, infrared, conventional and special pur-
pose photography and other special sensing devices. This department has assembled
a large staff of reconnaissance system analysts and imagery interpreters capable
of extracting and processing information from the multi-sensor records cited above.
In fact, staff members have pioneered in the application of: (1) multiple sen-
sors to tactical and strategic intelligence problems; (2) side-looking radar to
area geology, geomorphology and land utilization; (3) special data reduction and
interpretation subsystems for the exploitation of single or multi-sensor recon-
naissance imagery and data; and (4) advanced techniques for exploitation of lunar
surface imagery.
This department is accustomed to planning and managing reconnaissance op-
erations. Capabilities include the providing of statistically valid field samples,
acquisition of ground truth, interpreter testing, training, complete exploitation
services, proper supporting utilization of digital and analog computers, and de-
vising storage and data retrieval systems to support dynamic reconnaissance op-
erations.
Professional capabilities of the personnel of this department range from
land sciences, such as geology, forestry and geography, to engineering, military
science, physics and psychology.
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Applied Engineering Department
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This department designs, develops and manufactures new equipment either in 25X1
response to unique requirements disclosed as the result of data acquisition and
reduction systems studies performed by other departments, or in response 25X1
to other customer needs. It is also responsible for the manufacture of
STEREOMAT product line, an electronic stereo image correlator designed for the
Wild B8 Aviograph photogrammetric plotter which, together, constitute the only au-
tomatic mapping equipment commercially available today.
This department has made significant contributions in the development of
image matchers, zenith cameras, automatic length and position measuring equipment,
image filters and automatic rectifiers. For any equipment manufacturing require-
ment calling for sizeable quantities of items, the unexcelled manufacturing facil-
ities of other 1 organizations can be tasked by
The professional staff includes electronic and mechanical engineers ably
.assisted by competent technicians and draftsmen.
4. Technical Services Department
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This department is equipped to undertake operational assignments as a customer
service, as well as provide technical service support to other depart- 25X1
ments. These services are associated with (1) photography, such as pro uction
of high resolution microfilm photography in black-and-white and color, rapid film
processing of sensor records, high definition printing on film and glass, precision
formatting and photo-quality manipulation; (2) mensuration, in conjunction with
aerial and terrestrial photography, zenith and ballistic cameras, industrial and
architectural photography, (3) numerical computations, in support of camera cali-
bration, analytical aero-triangulation, coordinate transformations, ground survey
computations, industrial dimensioning and earth-work calculations; (4) photogram-
metric computations, such as orthophotographs, digital profiles and cross-sections,
topographic, planimetric and special purpose maps and mosaics.
The staff of this department includes mathematicians, programmers, photogram-
metric and mensuration equipment operators and photographic technicians in suffic-
ient number to permit two and three shift operations, thus providing a quick-re-
action capability for these numerous technical services.
5. Systems Management
The Systems Management staff is responsible for the development and manage-
ment of complete systems in the reconnaissance and intelligence areas. Program
Offices for individual programs are established within this group and are respon-
sible directly to the Manager of the I Operation through the Manager of
the Systems Group. This type of control is designed to best apply 25X1
systems experience and allow for direct action which successful comp etion o
systems programs requires.
The Systems Management structure allows for the established Program Offices
to effectively coordinate and direct the various inter-department, inter-division
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and subcontracting organizations which make major contributions to a program and
serve as the principal point of contact for customer liaison.
In general, program management is accomplished by the Systems Management
staff through assignment of work packages to the functional organizations which
will represent the source of best capability to perform the work package task by
virtue of prior experience and available capacity. Individual project leaders
and task supervisors are assigned by the cognizant functional organizations.
The Systems Management staff is composed of highly qualified personnel who
possess not only a technical competence in the various phases of reconnaissance
and intelligence, but also administrative experience and ability for management
of projects from the conception through successful completion.
There follows a selected list of current and pasti contracts, as
well as a selected list of internally funded study subjects and research and de-
velopment efforts.
For this particular submission, pertinent contracts are flagged on these
lists, and project summaries of these flagged items are to be found on the pages
which follow.
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Among the areas investigated by
are the following:
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1. Analytical photogrammetry
2. Arms control
3. Computer programming
4. Change detection
5. Design and automation of mensuration equipment
6. Densitometry
7. Economic development/terrain analyses
8. Electronic image correlation
9. Systems error analyses
10. Geodesy
11. Interpretation and photogrammetry training
12. Lunar studies
13. Mapping and reconnaissance systems
14. Mensuration services
15. Multi-sensor interpretation
16. Numerical computations
17. Photogrammetric compilations
18. Photo services (including photo chemistry)
19. Psychometric aspects of photo-interpretation
20. Storage and retrieval systems
21. Industrial photogrammetry
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L researched, developed and successfully demonstrated a data hand-
ling system des gned to obtain positional data utilizing airborne radar record-
ings and limited ground control. The system was designed to process and reduce
mass statistical data to stringent accuracies at high speed. The data handling
system involved a radar correlation technique to obtain ground measurements,
which in turn were operated upon by both digital and analog computers to yield
a consistent set of positional information within the constraints of the avail-
able control. Specific tasks involved included the development of electronic
matching devices, high precision optical measuring procedures, a least-square
analog computer, and high speed film handling methods as well as new interpre-
tation techniques. Concepts and equipment developed for this project were
successfully utilized during large scale Strategic Air Command exercises.
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High Resolution Radar Interpretation Manual
This 343-page manual has become a standard reference for radar interpre-
ters. It was the first of its kind, and has been republished as a Technical
Documentary Report by the Air Force. It provides basic information regarding
the theories and characteristics which are essential to understanding the side-
looking radar scope display. The manual provides considerable high altitude,
high resolution, side-looking radar imagery; pertinent interpretation and
mensuration techniques; and many illustrations of targets of strategic military
interest. All imagery is from the AN/APQ-56 radar, which recently has been
declassified.
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A Metrical Analysis of Panoramic Photography
Under this contract the formulation for obtaining dimensional information
from panoramic photography was derived and analyzed. The effects of ignoring
various physical and geometrical conditions affecting panoramic photography and
of imposing errors upon various parameters for a number of configurations were
presented. Finally, the results of some measurements of actual panoramic photo-
graphs were shown.
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Data Reduction and Analysis for Airborne Target Location Tests
I I responsibility under this contract was to reduce, analyze
and evaluate data derived from an Army low altitude target location test system.
The contract involved the use of low altitude side-looking airborne radar in
coordination with a ground radar tracking system, and the preparation of com-
puter programs to evaluate different target location systems. It also involved
the rectification and use of KC-1 photographic coverage for control purposes.
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Multi-Sensor Data Interpretation Task
This study provided a critical appraisal of the relative capabilities and
limitations for target detection and identification of various sensors, used
singly and in combination. The sensors studied were side-looking airborne
radar, infrared, panoramic camera and ELINT. The experimental portion of the
task was carried out under controlled human-factor conditions, using qualified
multi-sensor interpreters on high altitude imagery collected by the QUICK
CHECK program aircraft.
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Flight Test Evaluation of Radar AN/APQ-97 (XE-1)
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This program provided with detailed and concise test-program
results for the evaluation o its new developmental side-looking radar, APQ-97.
Primary concern of the test program was the determination of slant-range accuracies
and resolution, both along-track and across-track. Tasks included:.
(1) selection of flight test areas
(2) determination of on-board sensors and instrumentation
(3) development of calibration procedures for the sensors
(4) planning of operational flights
(5) preparation of procedures for data validation
(6) organization of data handling techniques
(7) presentation of reduced data
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Compilation of Representative Sensor Imagery
The object of these two contracts has been lan and develop a multi-
sensor data base at the to In the course of com- 25X1
piling the data base is providing the following services:
(1) planning for a a co ection, including compilation of a master
target list and target-coding system
(2) designing and maintaining a storage and retrieval system for imagery
and other data, including editing and updating all data-recording formats
(3) reducing data and anal zing imagery on all data-base materials as
required. In addition, compiles and produces multi-sensor imagery
and data packages, and prove es interpreters for the controlled interpreter
testing relating to specific field exercises such as ROAD, ARRAY, SNOWFLEX,
RODEO, and SILVER HAND.
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"G111
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Course in Analytical Photogrammetry
Given to various U.S. Agencies
Under this project, developed two courses in Elementary and
Advanced Analytical Photogrammetry. Subject matter included:
(1) Vector and matrix algebra, and least squares
(2) Image-space and object-space coordinate systems
(3) Interior and exterior orientation
(4) Collinearity, coplanarity, and scale equations
(5) Single oblique photogrammetry and rectification
(6) Panoramic photography
(7) Space resection, orientation, and intersection
(8) One-and two-station relative orientation
(9) Stellar coordinate systems and camera calibration
(10) Systems of analytical aerotriangulation
(11) Adjustment of analytical aerotriangulation
Lecture notes, class problems and exercises were developed, and each course
presented to several groups of students.
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Reconnaissance Color Evaluation
The purpose of this current program is to explore the effect of color on
reconnaissance imagery interpretation.
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interpreter performance in standard analytic tasks using comparable panchromatic
and color imagery.
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Ship Key Features and Interpretability of Sensor Imagery
Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory
This contract was a follow-on to previous work in the multi-sensor ship
interpretation area which is aiding the Navy in establishing requirements
for future ship surveillance systems. Decision matrices were provided indicating
a systematic methodology for performing the ship identification process as well
as depicting key features and ground resolutions necessary for identification on
different sensor recordings at various levels of target specificity.
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Resumes of key personnel, appropriate to this particular sub-
mission, are attached.
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