(Sanitized) PROJECT 9051-GAMMA I RECTIFIER PROGRESS REPORT NO. 1 - 1 APRIL 1963 TO 23 JULY 1963

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A003200010036-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 26, 2002
• Sequence Number: 36
• Publication Date: July 29, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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29 July 1963
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IPro~ect 905'x. - Gamma I Rectifier
Progress p,,oort IVo. I m 1 April 1963 to 23 July 1963
A telegram. authorization was received during the last week of March 1963
by F_ I Contracts Managers which reinstated the Gamma I
progr This tole am allotired the expenditure of funds remaining of
the original authorization.
The specifications submitted to I were modified and revised STAT
to the extent necessary to insure satisfactory performance of the GaYtua I
Lla4lumentc. The modifications and revisions reflect the findings of
investigation and analysis of the original specifications which were
ambiguous or inconclusive in certain areaae These modifications and
revisions were submitted to Tr1?`/re and they recoived his concurrence.
A second telegram wao received on 20 May 1963 byl authoriz-
ing additional funding of 0 and the development and fabrication of
two Gamma I instruments. This brought the total funding on this program
to lI
The contract was definitized verbally in a telephone conversation
between and J?Ge on 25 June 1963 and the formal contract
was forwarded to for appropriate signatures.
Initial planning and scheduling operations (including a PERT network)
were completed during the early stages of the program. The initial
schedule indicated a nine-week slippage beyond the nine-month develop-
ment period starting on 1 April 1963, Re-evaluation of the planning
concept at that time indicated it would be possible to bring the
schedule back to a nine-month periods barring unforseen problems.
The major cause of the indicated slippage was found to be in the area
of the projection lens design and fabrication. The extreme field
angle combined with the resolution requirements presents complex design
problems, Preliminary designs were investigated and a promising
solution was obtpined, The design of the surrounding housings and
mechanisms proceeded on the basis of this lens configurations
STAT
A visit was made by W.W. to our facility on 2 July 1963. The STAT
purpose of this visit was review or e progress and a technical discussion
of our design approaches. WoW. requested slight modifications of our
designs in the areas ofs
1Q Slit width--desirous of having a permanently attached slit
capable of variable width.
Declass Review by
NIMA/DOD
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9051 Progress Report -2-
29 July 1963
2. Nadir offset--desirous of having a witness mark that would
slide over the film and be retractable during printing.
3. 41" film transport--desirous of having capability of variabl8
amount of film transported to reduce film waste caused by 80
scan angle.
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These changes are not expected to be of sufficient magnitude to adversely
affect the existing designs.
continued their investigations into the lens design
with respect to availability of glass and the generation of the element
surfaces. They decided that the optimum theoretical design was not the
best approach due to the need for fabrication of deep curvature non-
spherical elements. A new design for an eight-element lens was
initiated. This design increased the physical size of the lens, thereby
necessitating a redesign of the housings and mechanisms to accommodate
the lens.
For sharp rectification it is necessary that the lens rotate about a
point between the front and rear nodal points that is located in the
same ratio as the system conjugates. This point can be fixed if the
nodal separation is small, but if it is large, it becomes necessary to
translate the lens axially to maintain the proper proportionality. The
nodal separation for the eight-element lens was too large and this
necessitated a further design analysis in an effort to bring the nodes
together. An arrangement has been devised by the optics department
whereby the addition of two more elements allows us to position the
nodal points where we want them to be without reducing the optimum
performance of the lens. In this case we are going to bring the nodal
points into coincidence or as nearly so as necessary to meet the speci-
fications with respect to resolution and image quality of the system.
The procurement of the glass blanks takes about three months and the
final stages for lens calculation cannot start until all the glass and
pertinent data are in hand. This procurement cycle is impeding the
progress of the overall design and it appears that delivery of the
first unit will be from nine to twelve weeks late. Every effort will
be made to reduce this anticipated slippage.
The original computations were based on a single fixed altitude. The
new specifications call for a different and variable altitude range.
The new parameter necessitated the need for a new and more detailed
computer program. This program had to be specially coded so as to
prevent any breach in security. has prepared
the needed programs and encoded them. The computer runs should be
available within the next two to three weeks.
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9051 Progress Report -3-
29 July 1963
I has reprogrammed the computer and coded it to
prevent any security breach. The final computer runs should become
available within another two to three weeks.
of August.
It was also desirous for to recompute the central
magnification and lens focal length according to the new variable
parameters so as to obtain optimum system performance. A small
difference between the new figures and those originally calculated
was obtained; however, these differences are not of sufficient
magnitude to warrant any concern.
During the first two weeks in July, releases were made for fabrication
and procurement of approximately 12~ of the parts necessary for develop-
ment of the Gamma I instruments. It is anticipated that another 101
of the parts will be released by the and of July.
The basic design concepts of the balance of the instrument are nearly
completed. The physical arrangement and location of the various
assemblies and the overall configuration of the instrument is proceed-
ing in good manner. It is anticipated that the final design concept
will be established and the design layouts completed during the month
Contracting Agency
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Design Study
GAMMA I And II PRINTERS
AUGUST 17, 1962
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1. Introduction . . . . . .
2. Scope of Investigation . . .
3. Purpose of the Gamma Instruments .
4. Design Parameters . . . .
5. Recommendations . . . .
6. Rectification Design Principles
6. 1 Rectification Theory.
6. 2 Approach to Rectification
6. 3 Scan Positional and I1 C Distortion Rectification
6. 4 Panoramic and Convergent Tip Distortion Rectification
6. 5 Lens Position . . . . .
6. 6 Image Format, Shape and Position
6. 7 Object Format, Shape and Position
6. 8 Easel Curvature for Range of Altitude
6. 9 Primary Easel Tilt . . .
6. 10 Variable Easel Tilt . . . . .
6. 11 Small Scale Change . . . .
6. 12 Lens Selection . . . . .
6. 13 Lens Motion . . . . . . .
6. 14 Lens Design . . . . . . .
6. 15 Film . . . . . . . .
6. 16 Exposure Control . . . . .
7. Mechanical Design Concepts
7. 1 Frame . . . .
7. 2 Component Materials
7. 3 Exterior Covering
7. 4 9 1 ..-Inch Film Transport
35
35
35
35
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7. 5 Negative Film Handling System
7. 8 Easel Tilt Mechanism
7. 7 Easel Translation Mechanism
7. 8 Scheimpflug Tilt. Mechanism
7. 9 Project`on Lens Drive.
7. 10 Exposure Arm Drive .
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1.
Object Space Geometry .
. . .
2.
Rectification Geometry .
. . .
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3_
Object Image Comparison
. .
4.
Rectifier Easel Geometry
. . . .
5.
Rectification Cylinder .
. .
6.
Scanning Plane Related Rectification Cylinder
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Spherical Relationship of Functions .
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1.
Input Specifications . .
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2.
Rectifier Output Specifications .
3.
Rectifier Calculations for Gamma I
4.
Rectifier Calculations for Gamma II
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This report and its accompanying budgetary supplements represents Task
Order No. 5 to the present contract.
It contains the results of a six week design investigation which has been
performed to determine the optimum approaches to the development c,f two
models of rectifying projection printers which are designated Gamma. I and
Gamma H.
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2. SCOPE OF INVESTIGATION
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The report outlines, and where necessary specifies, the concepts which
will guide the development of the Gamma instruments.
The reasons for the selection of particular concepts are stated and sub-
stantiated, as are the reasons for the rejection of various alternate concepts
which, at first appraisal, would seem to merit attention and/or investigation.
In keeping with the manifest intent of the contract, the report defines the
method of development of basic laboratory type instruments and the methods
for the development of more complex instruments which incorporate the addi-
tional capabilities and/or components which were suggested by the customer
as areas of supplementary design investigation. In addition, an optimum design
concept, based on an evaluation of the system requirements correlated with the
experience gained from the development of previous rectifying instruments,
has been formulated. The optimum design is considered the most satisfactory
choice for the customer's requirements and it is strongly recommended that
the contract specifications be based on development of instruments in accord-
ance with the optimum design concept as outlined in Section 5 of this report.
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3. PURPOSE OF THE GAMMA INSTRUMENTS
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The Gamma I and Gamma II instruments herein discussed are rectifying
projection printers capable of transforming the panoramic distortions of tilted
panoramic aerial photography and producing enlarged rectified copy on roll film.
Two taking system:, are involved in the production of the panoramic pho-
tography. One system will furnish the input film to Gamma I, the other will
furnish the input film to Gamma II. The taking systems contain dissimilar
cameras. For the purposes of the rectifier development, the significant dis-
similarities are in lens focal length, and film width.
Primary de:;ign requirement: of the Gamma instruments specify that both
models (I and II) produce rectified copy to the same map scale. This require-
ment transposes directly into a requirement for dissimilar printer magnifications.
The contractor' s knowledge of the Gamma II input is (of necessity) some-
what less than complete. For this reason, we point out here that it is incumbent
on the customer to be particularly critical in the evaluation of the Gamma II
design concepts so as to detect possible inconsistencies resulting from erroneous
hypotheses which might be inadvertently developed by the contractor.
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4. DESIGN PARAMETERS
The parameters which control the design concepts outlined in this report
are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1 - Input Specifications
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Input focal length
Input film length
Input film width
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Scan angle
Primary pitch
Pitch range
Maximum input
resolution
Pitch and roll
Camera altitude
24
500 ft
70 mm (58 mm
format)
70"
15`
Primary , 5"
200 L/mm
5'
Variable
36
500 ft
168 min (155 mm
format)
70
11. 70
Primary . 5?
200 L/mm
5'
Variable
Table 2 - Rectifier Output Specifications
Format size
Output scale
Full format (not segmented)
1. 875 Gamma I
1 750 -.;. rt ; II
Resolution design r;nal 80 L/mm at nadir across width of format.
Auxiliary data t:: be
recorded
Earth curvature
no point on format less than 50 L/mm --
measured at negative scale and printed on
duplicating film (5427).
Data block contained on input
Compensated for by printer
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Table 2 (C!)nt. )
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Pitch and roll Compensated for by printer
Panoramic and Convergent Compensated for by printer
Tilt distortions
Velocity and IMC dis- Not compensated for
tortions
Overall printer accuracy The projection of a grid that has been con-
structed to duplicate taking case panoramic
distortions shall be accurate within 0. 01 inch
as to location of projected points relative to
actual grid points.
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5. RECOMMENDATIONS
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In order to amplify the statement in Section 3 of this report in regard to
a recommended optimum design concept, a definition of the concept is made
in this section.
In general, the recommended optimum instruments combine the basic
laboratory type design with selected additional features. A tabular list of both
recommended and non-recommended features is given below.
a. Basic laboratory type design
b. Automatic copy film transport
c. Exposure control
d. Single copy easel
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a, Automatic input film transport
b. -5 to 20 pitch angle rectification (Gamma I)
c f 0. 5% variable magnification
It is felt that manual transportation of the input film is desirable. The
nature of the printing operation is such that no purpose would be served by the
inclusion of an automatic transport for this function. Only a minimum of phys-
ical effort is required to transport the negative film manually, the time re-
quired for either manual or automatic transport is essentially the same, and
the exposure control system suggested is compatible with a manual transport
system. As an automatic transport system would be an extra cost item, its
inclusion in the design does not seem to be justified.
On the other hand, the size of the copy film is such that manual transport
of it would require the expenditure of considerable physical effort and time;
therefore, the extra cost of including an automatic copy film transport does
seem to be justified.
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The exposure control system which is described in this report is relatively
inexpensive and does considerably enhance the printers' capabilities. For this
reason, its inclusion is recommended.
Use of a single copy easel (for each model) appears feasible based on the
most authoritative altitude range information that is available at this time. It
is certain that single easel construction is the most economical; however, if
later information discloses a broader altitu:!e range requirement, two or more
easels must be included with a consequent cost increase.
Investigation has shown that the inclusion of a variable magnification
capability, and a capability to accommodate -5 to 20' pitch angles would
greatly increase the cost and to :;oiue extent Liegra_ie the resolution capabilities
of the instruments. We therefore recommen'.i that they not be included unless
a positive requirement for them has been established by the uuser.
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6. RECTIFICATION DESIGN PRINCIPLES
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In order to design instruments capable of performing the required recti-
fication functions, the theory and principles of rectification have been applied
to the specific cases of the Gamma instrument parameters. The paragraphs
of this section state the theory, principles, design approaches, and applications.
The following types of distortion are contained in a Tipped Panoramic
Photograph:
a. Panoramic Distortion - the displacement of images from their true,
or expected, orthographic position due to the geometry of the focal plane and
the scanning action of the lens.
b. Scan Positional Distortion - the displacement of images from their
true, or expected, geometric position clue to the forward displacement of the
vehicle during the scan period of the lens. This distortion is in addition to and
modifies the position of points due to panoramic distortion.
c. IMC Distortion - the displacement of images from their true, or
expected, geometric position due to the lens motion which is used to compen-
sate for image motion during the exposure period. This distortion is in addi-
tion to and modifies the position of points due to both panoramic and scan
positional distortion.
d. Convergent Tip Distortion - the displacement of images from their
true, or expected, geometric position due to the introduction of a tipped optical
axis in the line of flight. This distortion is in addition to and modifies the po-
sition of points due to panoramic, scan positional, and IMC distortions.
6. 2 APPROACH TO RECTIFICATION
The general approach to rectification that is planned for the Gamma instru-
ments is optical reprojection of the panoramic photography, analogous (in part)
to the taking case.
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Because it is necessary to work with finite conjugate distances in an oper-
ational printer rather than with an infinite conjugate (as in the taking case), the
distances used for the reprojection are proportional to, rather than identical
with, those of the taking system. In addition, some geometrical changes are
required to achieve the analogous reprojection.
6. 3 SCAN POSITIONAL AND IMC DISTORTION RECTIFICATION
Where the residual-distortion S-curve of the combined scan positional
movement and IMC distortions is of sufficient magnitude to require its rectifi-
cation (as is the case of low altitude - high velocity camera flight), a complex
mechanical solution is utilized whereby the motions of the taking system are
proportionately duplicated. In a design of this natuire, the negative platen is
moved to simulate IMC and the printing easel is moved to simulate the scan
positional movement (camera vehicle velocity).
The magnitude of the residual-distortion S-curve is determined by the
application of the following formula:
X = CF (sin a -a cos a)
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where C V / H /W
V = apparent ground velocity
H altitude (or altitude/cos (tip angle))
W = scan rate (radians /sec)
F = focal length
X = residual distortion in original film
Applying the S-curve formula to the case of the Gamma instruments we get:
C--0.165
therefore for the maximum off-axis scan angle of 35
X = 0. 0165 610 mm) 35 _'~
( (sin 35' - 180 cos 35')
This value (X) is a plus and minus value on respective sides of the longitudinal
film center line, it varies slightly from one side to the other due to the tipped
attitude of the scan axis.
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The magnitude of the derived distortion is not considered sufficient to
warrant the additional expense required for including the complex optical-
mechanical distortion limiting motions in the Gamma design. As this uncor-
rected distortion component is highly predictable, it will require a minimum
effort to apply a correction factor in the cases where removal of the S-curve
is considered desirable
6.4 PANORAMIC AND CONVERGENT TIP DISTORTION RECTIFICATION
The Gamma instruments will be designed to rectify panoramic and con-
vergent tip distortions by the geometric relationships of the various components
of the optical system. The approach to the geometric design is contained in
the following paragraphs.
6. 4. 1 Object Space Consideration (Fig. 1)
The cameras at altitude (H) above the mean earth radius (R) has a tip
angle (t). The camera axis intersects the sphere at point B in the line of
flight forming the arc A-B. This arc intercepts the angle 6 at the earth' s
t, t7.
center (0). A plane (E), tangent to the sphere at point B, approximates the
earth curvature in the line of flight. It then becomes necessary to consider a
new tip angle (t').
+ H
sin (t + 6) - sin t' - R R sin t
t'-t=6
Our total object distance (Do) is then
H cos 5 '2
`"? cos (t - 6/2)
The initial tip reference (H) is replaced by (H')
H' = Do cos t'
(1)
(2)
(2a)
If we then consider (Do) to be lying in the scanning plane, this plane would cut
the sphere in a circle whose circumference would contain points B and C. The
circle with radius (P-B) would necessarily contain the scan center line on the
surface of the sphere.
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Fig. 1 - Object space geometry
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(3)
It is specified that the resultant photographic output of rectifiers Gamma I
and Gamma II be of nearly the same image scale. If standard 9-inch film is
used as output, the Gamma II input of 6. 6-inch film will have a magnification
factor of 1. 25 < . If then the Gamma I and Gamma II focal lengths have a factor
of 1. 5 the resultant Gamma I magnification is 1. 875',.
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This radius P-B or p is
p= R cos t'
6. 4. 2 Image Space Considerations
With the magnification m? (1. 875) given as a starting parameter we can then
derive the principle plane rectifier dimensions (Fig. 2).
m? = Central magnification
F = Camera focal length or rectifier lens-film distance
d? = Lens - rectifier easel distance
t' = Rectification tip angle
E' = Easel plane
f = Rectifier lens focal length
0? - Rectifier lens tip for any easel tip (t') satisfying the Scheimpflug
Condition
V -- Rectifier vanishing point
m?F
Cos t' (4)
tan 0
?
nl?
F (cot t'
+
\ sin t'
cos t' + MO
(5)
f = m0F
i
0
S
ll
0 (6)
'
sin t
It is apparent that for any new tip angle (t') the focal length changes. In
the case of Gamma I where t' varies by approximately 10 degrees, f would be
required to change by 0. 2 inch. This would create optical problems which
should not be considered for a finite conjugate high resolution lens.
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Fig. 2 - Rectification geometry
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Instead, a fixed optimum focal length is chosen and the above dimensions
are recalculated with the value for f given.
? then
i
0
0
?
sin (t' - 00) F sin t'
O t - (t' -- Oo)
(4a)
lac, F ,,in 0 F
sill t, s111 t
Sill (t' - 0())
sin i)0
(5a)
r,0F
CIO cos t
(6a)
3 Obiect- Ilea-e Scale Relationships
Paragraph. F. '. 1 and . 4. 2 have pr;,vided a basis for scale determinaticns
in the principle plane of the rectifier (Fit;. ?).
~ {n Dn
M slap scale Do or 1: (1+)
earxl radiils of R ~ M
curvature
p map seale pM or R cost'
(7)
(8)
(9)
It i:; apparent that for changes in easel tip (t) clo varies accordingly, there-
fore, changing the map scale M. In the Gamma I rectifier with tip angles varying
by degree: the maximum change in scale is le:-:: than 1. 5 percent. For a
fixed altitude parameter the easel radius of curvature changes by a similar
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Fig. 3 - Object image comparison
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percentage. If a mean radius of easel curvat:ire is selected, the deviation
from this mean can be comp -ted (Fig. 4).
2R"
where Y = maximum image distance on easel
R' ' - mean radius
h = deviation from flat easel
dh - h 100
0
In the Gamma I rectifier dh is less than 0. 1 mm.
To consider the significance of p' it must first be explained that the rectifi-
cation easel E' will be in the shape of a cylinder, tangent at B' with radius R'.
E' will be one element lying in the cylinder parallel to the cylinder axis. Since
the scanning plane cuts the cylinder at. an angle t', the developed section of the
cylinder or output format will contain the scan center line.
In the plane of the developed format the scan center line w'll have a radius
p". At the extreme ends of the Gamma I output format this deviation from a
straight line is in the order of 1. 5 mm.
P
f 7= p
6. 4. 4 Image Space - Off Principle Plane
6. 4. 4. 1 Vertical Section (Fig. 5)
With the fixed dimensions for rectifier distances, tilts, and radii, the off-
principle plane (scan angle) image geometry and quality are dependent on the
motions of the scanning arm and lens.
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Fig. 4 - Rectifier easel geometry
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The scan angle (-Y is r: t",(' tippe ))(:?Ile an ! to COI:11)' tc the Scan angle in
the vertical. reference
tan (Y -- tall (Y (10)
('Ob t
The cylinder easel shale :,tr:;Z;est th, tc'h angle (Y' has it new reference
II 11'
sill ((k, ( -- R .1 111 (Y'
The angle of ' 'a?,imii.n t'1 (I ) fornI(ed h'' and (Y can then he cnl'il'uteri
according; t the Law of Cc,sine. in Spheric:.I Trig n )l is t J.
con l - :.i11 (-)' : 111 (Y + en:; r) con a ('0 . t'
(12)
r, ':.,1. 2 Ol)l i ue Section (' )
In the tipped or (,1)n1ue plane Cie alla.ly.;i i is :.ii filar t: that ( f the %ert'cal
plane but rectifier ,iilllen ;iO11;
Sill ((Y -(
f)
(4) sin (V
~ `~ _ (a r ~; .) - (1' (N)
The lens to ea';el distance (() for an- can angle (v i' :
sin f') d p (1-1)
S l ll Y
With known val le:: for f (r('ct:liet f's':il !(~Ilgth). F (-Ll ;er':1 focal length .~n.l
rectifier image cnnjngate) and ru>~V (rectif er "fOect coin )t;:tO. the total
fecu-;ini; tilt angle Il can be cn1111)l to
f (F t (0 coy: 1] - (15)
F d
?
This is a theoretical ~:ointtl for :(_ pert(S t lell." :;y ;teinn. Opt.i(-:'1 clla(?ac-
teri:;tic:; of a chi' ;ell len:; .y t(; n. ? > c juice that :angle Il be c;ctr.rl) ;1e i n
the finite C njugate tc'.;ting henc},
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0
0
6. 4. 5 Differential Lens Functions
The values of primary lens tilt (0,)) can be computed for any easel tilt (t')
with equation 4a to satisfy the Scheimpflug Condition of optical rectification,
and the total focusing tilt angle .q can be computed (15) to satisfy the Newton
Lens Equation. What remains is the small variations of both of these lens
functions made necessary by the curved easel Shape. These small changes are
the key to the expected high photographic linage quality.
The slit used to scan the input film is pa, ' '1 to the axis of the cylinder
of the input film. This cylinder with radius F ant the easel cylinder with radius
R' intersect at an angle t'. This condition causes the imaging slit to be projected
onto the easel with a continually changing azimuth when being used at any scan
angle other than a = 0
The following geometrical conditions are most easily illustrated with
spherical trigonometry (Fig. 7).
First, to compute the azimuth (Fi) of the line of the angle of maximum tilt V.
sin (5' = - sin a cos v' + cos a sin v' cos 0
0
0
)
sin 6' + sin a cos v' (16
cos 13 =
ens a sill 1) (16)
With given angles of v` and (3 the angle (~) included between the scanning
plane and easel plane at any scan angle can be determined:
0 = cos v' cos - sin L ' sin sin (3
then
cos cot = sin v` sin j3
and
cot = tan v' sin J3 (17)
This value in turn must be divided into components in order to achieve a
mechanical solution:
Approved g gee eI2 2VO8/06 :Hf l 7,Q47rIf f 200010036-4
 Approved F PE I0~,(OL06 : ~Iq,-F~DKOf- AO(N00010036-4
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?
?
Fig. 7 -- Spherical relationship of functions
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 Approved 9 f R fe Js PAU8/06 f j4kN aj44 ,6200010036-4
(F + d) tan
?
(F+ d) ~...,,
(18)
The lens already has values for the total focusing tilt 77 and the value of one
tilt component (J) can be computed by equation 18. Before fl.nding the second lens
tilt component the azimuth of the total focusing tilt must be determined.
co, tan a
Ji (19)
tan 17
?
?
?
tan
tan r7
where yy is our second tilt component.
Therefore
tan }' - tan 71 sin J~
(20)
In the rectifier, the angle y- is the included angle between the scan axis and
the "active" optical axis of the lens. The term "active" was used to qualify the
optical axis because of the influence of the Scheimpflug tilt 0.
Because of the azimuth of the slit image on the curved easel the values for
0o determined with equation 4a are modified slightly as can be determined as
follows:
cos q- sin 90'
sill 0 Sill i
sill 0 new - Sill "1) Cos J
k -tan u cos 71
?
F cots f(F+ c')
F+d Fd
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 Approved rF'' JOA11 8106:.CJA,RQP,7?8YQ47,4. 14200010036-4
0
sin new _ d cot
(21)
0
0
?
0
The value for 0 and )' determine,'] by the above formulation are theoretical values
for a lens assumed to have a flat optical field. The true functions can only be
determined by physically testing the chosen lens at the required conjugates on
the optical test bench.
To determine the total field angle (il ') required of the rectifier lens, the
total focusing tilt angle .n and one half the taking camera lens field E must be
considered together with the azimuth angle f3 as follows:
cos 71 ' = cos E cos 77 - sin c sin 7) cos 3
(22)
This value is used as a prime factor together with the focal length, f-number,
resolution, distortion, conjugates and wavelength 'f the projection light, to
specify the required rectifier lens.
To retain and reproject rigidly the geometry of the input film, the rectifier
lens will be positioned exactly where the camera lens was positioned - a distance
equivalent to the acquisition camera focal length. Gamma I - 24 inches.
Gamma II - 36 inches.
6. 6 IMAGE FORMAT. SHAPE AND POSITION
The input film, or negative image, will retain the original radius of curva-
tures, e. , the acquisition camera focal length. Because the image geometry
distot )n due to image motion correction will not. be removed, the image format
wi'.l not move during rectification.
6. 7 OBJECT FOIatMAT, SHAPE AND POSITION
The object format wi11 simulate, as closely as possible. the earth' s surface
in map, or rectification, scale. In the direction of flight, the easel will be a
plane tangent to the sphere at the image scan center line.
In the scan direction the surface will be a cylinder of radius R', as computed
with equation 8 in the rectification theory. An average R' was used for all tip
angle conditions. The maximum deviation from the average is explained in
paragraph 6. 4. 3 Object-Image Scale Relationships.
The true'R' values (in feet) can be found in lines 30 of Gamma I and Gamma II
calculation sheets.
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 Approve ,3cF3Fe1e'2A 8/06 -j IIAFR . 04P 3200010036-4
The earth' s radius was assumed to be 20. 9 }. 10E' feet which is the radius
of a sphere having the same volume as the earth.
10 The object format position varies as a function of the tip variation. The
easel setting is computed with equation 6a. This is the rectifier-lens to easel-
center distance (in inches); the values of which can be found in lines 28 of the
calculation sheets.
6. 8 EASEL CURVATURE FOR RANGE OF ALTITUDE
Probably the most critical flight parameter is the range of flight altitudes.
The value of t' (the true easel tilt) and the easel radius of curvature are primarily
a function of altitude. This can be seen in equations 1, 2, 7, and 8. A variation
of plus and minus 5 or 10 percent from a mean altitude has little influence on the
above factors, and the resulting errors are well within the geometric tolerance.
One altitude was used for the calculations of both the Gamma I and Gamma II
analysis. This altitude parameter was obtained through an authoritative source.
Since making the enclosed analysis, another source indicates a new range of
altitudes. It will suffice to say that the rectification theory holds regardless of
the magnitude of the parameters.
6. 9 PRIMARY EASEL TILT
? The primary tilt will be the intentional camera tip plus the influence of earth
curvature in the direction of flight. For the Gamma I this will be 15 degrees plus
approximately 23 minutes. The value t' is computed with equation 1.
6. 10 VARIABLE EASEL TILT
The variation specified is plus or minus 5 degrees from the nominal. The
true easel tilt range for Gamma I is approximately 10 degrees, 10 minutes to
20 degrees, 30 minutes.
For Gamma I and Gamma II the t' values can be found in lines 5 of the cal-
culation sheets.
6. 11 SMALL SCALE CHANGE
For variations in camera tip of i 5 degrees, at the same flight altitude, the
scale changes by less then 1. 5 percent. Since for any series of 10 photos, or
less, this total tip variance is unlikely and an altitude change is even more un-
likely, scale variations greater than 0. 5 percent will not be considered. A
magnification " zoom" feature (optional) on the rectifier lens will compensate
for the half percent "scale fitting" error.
ApproveccQee1 30,98/06 FqIAF t59f4i"3200010036-4
 ?
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ApprovedLFo a r~Sei2':E8/06 FilAP ff 04f"3200010036-4
6.12 LENS SELECTION
6. 12. 1 Focal Length
The rectifier lens focal lengths were determined by rectification theory as
teen in Fig. 2. If a magnification constant is used as a starting parameter, the
changes in t will bring about similar changes in lens focal length. The average
value is chosen for each rectifier. The Gamma I lens has a focal length of
15. 78 inches, and the Gamma II lens has a focal length of 20. 11 inches. This
number is expected to be held to . 005 inch during design-and fabrication.
The average focal lengths were determined with equations 4, 5, and 6 and
used in 4a. Values can be found in lines 21 of the calculations.
6. 12. 2 Field Angle
The required angular field of the printer lens is a function of the total
focusing tilt as computed with equation 15 (found in lines 117, 118, and 119) and
the angular field of the acquisition camera The half field is computed with
equation 22.
For the Gamma I lens the minimum full field is 47 degrees. For the Gamma II
lens the minimum full field is 55 degrees. These angles are used at maximum
t' and scan (a) angles.
6. 12.3 F-numbers
The lens will be used between f./9 and f/11 at the required conjugates. This
requires the lenses to be de'_itn(!r f,)a ur`Yn,ty conjugates with ~7:top ; raf f 'i t.?' h.
6.12. Resolution
Resolution at short conjugate is to be 80 lines per millimeter across the
of format at nadir determined by value of resolution on the specified
output film, multiplied by the magnification factor for any scan angle.
.13 LENS MOTION
6. 13.1 Lens Position
The lens is rotated for scanning and Scheimpflug focusing, about its conjugate
design nodal point. The rotation axis has a fixed attitude. A "fork" arrangement
will allow the independent Scheimpflug tip of the lens.
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 ?
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6. 13. 2 Lens Scan
It is obvious that a lens rotating about its nodal point with an angular dis-
placement coincident with that of the scan arm cannot maintain focus throughout
the entire scan between the input cylinder and the easel cylinder. The method
of maintaining focus is to rotate the lens through an angle y (as determined by
equations 19 and 20) that is a function of the total focusing tilt that is a function
of the scan angle. For scan angles of 35 degrees the lens scan is approximately
20 degrees, as seen in lines 137 of the calculations.
6. 13. 3 Lens Tilt for Easel Tilt
The lens tilt required to satisfy the Scheimpflug condition for any one easel
tilt is determined through classical rectifier theory and is computed by equation 4a.
The lens tilt is approximately one-third of the easel tilt as shown in lines 24 of
the calculations.
6. 13. 4 Variable Lens Tilt for Easel Curvature
Because the lens tilt is a function of the angle intercepted by an element on
the input cylinder and the projected element on the easel, a change in this angle
results in a lens tilt change. Because of the easel curvature, this angle does
change during the scan. The lens tilt, as a function of scan, is computed with
equation 21. The calculations based on the assumptions to date require a change,
from zero to maximum scan, of less than one minute and therefore need not be
mechanically solved once the indicated easel-lens tip components are set.
6. 14 LENS DESIGN
STAT
Investigation has disclosed that commercially manufactured lenses with the
optical capabilities and the physical properties required for satisfactory operation
in the Gamma instruments are nonexistent. This being the case, =will design
and construct lenses in accordance with the parameters outlined in subsection 6. 12
of this report. %
6. 15 FILM
In accordance with the recommendations of the customer, Kodak Aerographic
Duplicating Film-Emulsion 5427 (Military Type 1A, Class G2) has been selected
for use in the Gamma instruments.
Aero Dup has a blue-sensitive fine grain emulsion which can be used with
OA or 1A safelights. It is capable of 100 L/mm resolution of high contrast
targets. Normally it is a high contrast film but, with the proper developing
Approved el2Ap$/08/06 :MC A4QP.7r88Q47r7.PrOD3200010036-4
 ?
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0
Approvedgpr- 2p1e iQQ2,/08/06 i4 I;k1KE$f4j!fJ$ 3200010036-4
technique, the processing gamma may be controlled to give a range of from
0. 75 to 3. 0 gamma. It is a clear base film with a very low fog level. Spectral
response is between 400 and 550 angstroms. The projection light sources and
the exposure control system will be designed for compatability with Aero Dup
5427 film.
6. 16 EXPOSURE CONTROL
Due to the conditions under which the input film is exposed, it seems
reasonable to assume that variations in the illumination of the ground scene will
cause the exposure of discrete areas in individual frames to vary over consider-
able range, i. e. . from the maximum illumination characteristic of an area re-
ceiving direct sunlight, to a minimum illumination associated with an area in
the shadow of a dark cloud. Fortunately, some compensation for these wide
variations in exposure can be effected during development by controlling the
effective emulsion speed of gross areas on the film as a function of their sensed
exposure.
To produce the maximum amount of useful information in the reproduction
cycle, some method of varying the illumination is required. The proposed system
of printing incorporates a moving light source passing the light through a 2 mm
printing slit and subsequently illuminating a 2 mm lateral area of the input nega-
tive photography. To measure density and compensate for density variation
during the actual printing operation would be the equivalent to automatically
dodging a small finite area. Automatic dodging is expensive and complex, and
requires the use of considerable amounts of extra bulky components. It is not
felt that a system for automatically adjusting exposure over a 2 mm slit area is
a definite requirement. Therefore, we propose a system which permits the
operator to measure an area of prime reproduction interest, and to adjust the
illumination at the printing station prior to starting the exposure sweep. The
operator will be able to measure the quantity of illumination being transmitted
through the negative with a mobile photocell probe. The spot size of the photo-
cell probe will be developed with respect to the expected photography. The
measurement of illumination passing through the negative can be converted by
adjusting appropriate dials, into actual units of light passing through the slit
and negative when the measured frame is transported to the printing operation.
A considerable number of physical methods for controlling the illumination
passing the slit have been investigated. Of these methods one was selected as
being most economical, reliable, and easy to operate. This is a system utilizing
a continuous tone gradient neutral density belt mounted under the printing aperture
and controlled by two knobs, one on either side of the lamp housing. This gradient
belt will be produced by either a vacuum deposit technique or recorded on a special
Approved For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78B04747A003200010036-4
SPECIAL HANDLING
 ?
?
?
?
Approved 9ptodI2012(8I06 AWKfft714K&200010036-4
photographic sensitized material. It is proposed to have the gradient continu-
ously range in transmission value from 1. 5 percent to 80 percent transmission
along the longitudinal axis. In addition to being uniform in transmission values,
the important design criteria will be in the total length of the gradient belt. The
longer the belt, within limits, the smaller the change in transmission value;
therefore, the less critical the adjustment or position of the belt.
Automatic compensation for the inherent difference in exposure required
from nadir to ends of frame will be designed into the unit by automatically
changing the rate of speed of the light housing unit.
0
Approved For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78BO4747AU03200010036-4
SPECIAL HANDLING
 Approved Foolease 2002/08/OiCIA-RDP78B047`1003200010036-4 9
Table 3 - Rectifier Calculations for l
7 t' - 8/2
8 cos 6/2
9 H(cos 6/2)
10 cos([' - 6/2)
rn
11 9/10 = Do
V I
'
rnn
? I
r
2 sin t
3 (R + H)/R
4 2x3=lint'
5 sin-' t' = t + 6
6 cos t'
rip Angle, degrees
14
15
0. 17364818
0.19080900
0.20791169
0.22491505
0.24192190
0.25881905
0.27563736
0.29237170
0.30901699
0.32556815
0.34202014
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
1.024727
0.17794198
0.19552713
0.21305272
0.23051341
0.24790390
0.26521887
0.28245304
0.29960117
0.31665805
0.33361847
0.35047727
10-14-59.5?
11-16-32.0'
12-18-05.0'
13-19-38.0?
14-21-13.0?
15-22-48.0'
16-24-24.0'
17-26-0L 0'
18-27-39.5'
19-29-19.0?
20-30-59.5-
0.98404100
0.98069817
0.97704041
0.97306946
0.96878419
0.96418804
0.95928112
0.95406474
0.94853950
0.94270782
0.93657100
10-07-30.0'
11-08-16.0?
12-09-02.5?
13-09-49.0?
14-10-36.5?
15-11-24.0'
16-12-12.0'
17-13-00.5?
18-13-50.0'
19-14-39.5?
20-15-30.0?
0.99999762
0.99999711
0.99999654
0.99999592
0.99999524
0.99999450
0.99999370
0.99999284
0.99999190
0.99999091
0.99998984
516798.77
516798.50
516798.21
516797.89
516797.54
516797.16
516796.74
516798.30
516795.81
516795.30
516794.75
0.98442657
0.98116551
0.97759689
0.97372373
0.96954407
0.96506224
0.96027745
0.95519150
0.94980535
0.94412180
0.93814099
524974.4
526718.9
528641.4
530743.8
533031.5
535506.5
538174.3
541039.4
544107.0
547382.0
550871.0
12
6 x 11 = H
516596.33
516552.26
516504.01
516450. 58
516392.49
516328.96
516260.44
516186.61
516106.98
516021.29
515929.80
13
R cos t'= P
20,568456.9
20,496591.7
20,420144.6
20,337151.7
20,247589.6
20,151530.0
20,048975.4
19,939953.1
19,824475.5
19,702593.4
19,574333.9
14
[45]/cos t'
45. 730
45. 886
46.057
46. 245
46. 450
46. 671
46.910
47. 167
47.441
47. 735
48.048
15
Ca8t'+ mo
2.85904100
2.85569817
2.85204041
2.84806946
2.84378419
2.83918804
2.83428112
2.82906474
2.82353950
2.81770782
2.81157100
16
4/15 = tan Bo
0.0622383
0.0684691
0.0747018
0.0809367
0.0871739
0.0934136
0.0996559
0.1059011
0.1121493
0.1184006
0.1246553
17
sin-' 80
03-33-41.0'
03-55-
01.0'
04-16-20.0'
04-37-38.0'
04-58-55.5?
05-20-12.0'
05-41-28.0'
06-02-45.0'
06-23-56.0'
06-45-09.0`
.0'
07-06-20
sin 9o
.06211794
0.06211794
0.06831034
0.07449527
0.08067250
0.08684450
0.09300779
0.09916538
0.10532399
0.11144966
0.11758073
0.12369770
19
cos Bo
.99806882
0
0.99766412
J.99722137
0.96674066
0.99622190
0.99566538
0.99507097
0.99443796
0.99377008
0.99306333
0.99231995
20
451/9
.8914
252
230.1470
211.2153
195.2164
181.5219
169.6711
159.3185
150.1996
142.1091
134.8846
128.3963
21
18 x 20 = f
15. 7091
15. 7214
15. 7345
15. 7486
15. 7642
15. 7807
15. 7989
15. 8196
15.8380
15. 8598
15. 8823
22
1/F 4
0.11699685
0.12855909
0.14008216
0.15156257
0.16299681
0.17438141
0.18571287
0.19698777
0.20820287
0.21935414
0.23043880
23
sin-' of 22
06-43-08.0'
07-23-11.0?
08-03-09.0'
08-43-03.0'
09-22-51.0'
10-02-33.5 ?
10-42-10.0 ?
11-21-39.0 ?
12-01-01.5-
12-40-16.0'
13-19-22.5
24
5 - 23 = Bo
03-31-51.5'
03-53-21.0'
04-14-56.0?
04-36-35.0?
04-58-22.0'
05-20-14.5?
05-42-14.0'
06-04-22.0'
06-26-38.0?
06-49-03.0?
07-11-37.0?
25
sin of 24
0.06158800
0.06782665
0.07408915
0.08036806
0.08668242
0.09302000
0.09938729
0.10579163
0.11223013
0.11870725
0.12522260
26
22/25 = mo
1.89967
1. 89541
1. 89072
1.88585
1.88039
1. 87466
1.86858
1.86203
1.85514
1. 84786
1.84023
27
mo x F
45. 592
45. 490
45. 377
45. 260
45.129
44.992
44. 846
44. 689
44. 523
44. 349
44. 166
28
27/6
46.331
46.385
46.443
46.513
46.583
46.663
46.749
46.841
46.938
47.044
47.157
29
1: Do/do = M
1:135968. 5
1:136279.1
1:136599.8
1:136930.8
1:137308. 4
1:137697. 7
1:138135.0
1:138621.4
1:139122.2
1:139638.2
1:140170. 7
30
R w M - 18'
153. 7121
153. 3617
153. 0017
152. 6318
152. 2121
151. 7818
151. 3013
150. 7704
150. 2276
149. 6725
149. 1039
31
R' x cos t' = p'M
151. 2590
150. 4015
149. 4888
148. 5213
147. 4607
146. 3462
145. 1405
143. 8447
142. 4968
141. 0974
139. 6464
32
tan 10'
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
0.17632698
33
tan 20'
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
0.36397023
34
tan 35'
0.70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
0. 70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
0.70020754
35
32/6
0.1791866
0. 1828761
0.1882686
36
33/6
0.3698730
0.3774888
0.3886200
37
34/6
0.7115633
0.7282147
0.7476288
38
tan-' 35 = a'
10-09-32.0'
10-21-49.0'
10-39-44.0'
39
tan-' 36 = a'
20-17-53.0?
20-40-51.5'
21-14-14.0'
40
tan- 37 = a'
35-26-03.0'
35-59-16.0'
36-46-58.0'
41
sin of 38
0.17637851
0.17989444
0.18501869
42
sin of 39
0.34690382
0.35316400
0.36223018
43
sin of 40
0. 57976715
0. 58781266
0. 59878288
44
(R + H')/R
1.024717
1.024704
1.024685
45
41 x 44
0.18069479
0.16493855
118958588
0
46
42 x 44
0.35539315
0.36188856
.
0.37117183
47
43 x 44
0.59395504
0.60212904
0.61356383
48
8in-' 45
10-24-37.0'
10-37-21.0'
10-55-43.0'
49
sin-' 46
20-49-03.0?
21-12-58.5'
21-47-16.5?
50
sin ' 47
36-26-17.5'
37-01-21.0'
37-50-51.5-
Approved
For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78B04747A003200010036-4
 0
Approved Fo
0
lease 2002/08/0?CIA-RDP78B0477003200010036-4
Table 3 (Conto )
5148-38=ip'
52 49 - 39 =
53 50 - 40 =
54 sin of 51
55 sin of 52
56 sin of 53
57 cos of 51
58 cos of 52
59 cos of 53
60 cos 10?
61 cos 20'
62 cos 35?
63 57x80%6
64 5861x6
65 5962.6
66 sin 10?
67 sin 20?
68 sin 35'
69 5466
70 5567
71 56 68
72 63 - 69
73 64 - 70
74 65-71
75 ((31 + 28)/31[
76 [(31 . 28);'311
77 [(31 ? 28)/31J
78 sin- 75
79 sin-' 76
80 sin-' 77
81 78 - 10 rp
82 79 - 20'
83 80 - 35` -- cs
84 sirs if 81
d5 sin of 82
86 sin of 83
87 (84, 66) - 31 - d
88 (9,,67) 31 d
89 (8b.'68) . 31 d
90 [f(F . d)1 Fd
91 [f(F + d)VFd
92 [f(i ? d)j/Fd
93 cos-' 72 =
94 ms' 73
95 rue-' 74
96 sin ^ 9J
97 sin .1 94
98 n r if 95
99 60 9ti
IM F: d'
15
00-15-05.0'
00-15-32.0-
00-15-59.0*
00-31-10.0?
00-32-07.0-
00-33-02.5-
01-00-14.5-
01-02-05.0-
01-03-53.5-
0. D0438755
0.00451845
0.00464935
0.00906589
0.00934222
0.00961150
0.01752300
0.01805833
0.01858426
0.99999037
0.99998979
0.99998919
0.99995890
0.99995636
0.99995380
0.99984646
0.99983694
0.99982730
0.98480775
0.98480775
0.98480775
0.93969262
0.93969262 ----- -
0.93969262
0.81915204
0.81915204
0.81915204
0.96908186
0.94953016
0.92233240
0.92465805
0.90600084
0.88004847
0.80595542
0.78968780
0.76706155
0. 17364818
0. 17364818
0. 17364818
0.34202014
0.34202014
0.34202014
0.57357644
0.57357644
0.57357644
0.00076189
0. 00078462
0.00080735
0.00310072
0.00328733
0.01005078
0.01035783
0.01065949
0.96831997
0.94874554
0.92152505
0.92155733
0.90280561
0.87676114
0.79590464
U.7-932197
0.75640206
66 0.1780806
0. 17d2F22
0.1785348
67 0.3507503
0.3511060
0.3516448
68 0.5882171
0.5888173
0. 5897173
10-15 29.0-
10-16.07.C-
10-17-04.0-
20-31-59.8*
20-33-18.0-
20-35-17A-
36-01-50.0-
36-04-23 0?
36-08-13.0-
00-15-29.0-
00-17-04.0-
00 31-59. 5.
00-33-1n. u-
00-35-17.0-
01-01 30.0'
1 04-23.0-
01-08-13 0'
0. 0045039
0, 00468M
0.00496447
0.00.930086
0.096&,43
0. 01726333
0.1,98562
0.018723i,
0.01984212
47. 0783
47. 4124
47.9066
49.3864
49. 7364
50. 2861
56.9163
57.3384
57. 9706
1.99226865
0.9903240
0.9868773
0.9770208
0.9747-23
0.9713447
0.9347494
0.9327010
0.9297069
14-27-37. 8
18-25-24.2
22-50-38.0
22- 50.41. 6
25-28-14.4
28- 44-44. 2
37- 1.. 33. 2
38-48-' 6
40-51-07 1
0.2497127
0.3160364
0.3883119
0. 386;13 77
0. 431)114 s7
0.48U9212
0.6054221
0 621o I In
0. 6541070
0. 245' 190
"
0 '1112 i 1:
0.3824126
1648`11
0.
0.404!'39
0.451'4 1'"
Approved For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78BO4747AO03200010036-4
 ?
0
Approved Foolease 2002/08/0PCIA-RDP78B0470003200010036-4
101 62 = 98
102 (66 72 + 54)/99
103 (67.. 73 + 55)/100
104 (68 x 74 + 56)/101
105 cos" 102 = 0
106 cos- ` 103
107 cos` 104 = (3
108 tan of 93
109 tan of 94
110 tan of 95
111 sin of 105
112 sin of 106
113 sin of 107
114 {[24}/([24]+ 87)}
115 4241/([24] + 88)}
116 {[241/([241 + 89)} .
Table 3 (Cont.
117 cos-' 90=q
118 cos-` 91 = q
119 cos-' 92 =
120 tan of 117
121 tan of 118
122 tan of 119
123 114/120
124 115/121
125 116/122
126 cos-` 123 =
127 cos-1 124=
128 cos-` 125 =
129 sin of 126
130 sin of 127
131 sin of 128
132 120 ' 129
133 121 130
134 122 131
135 tan` 132
136 tan-` 133 = y
137 tan` 134 = y
14
15
0.4959327
0. 5132920
0.5358131
0.7015910
0.5438538
0.4306095
0.8888038
0.7872036
0.6848167
0.9558457
0.9060411
0.8443964
45-26-43.0?
57-03-13.0?
64-29-37.5-
27-16-36.0?
38-04-30.0-
46-46-44.0-
17-05-23.0'
25-02-10.0-
32-23-34.0
0.2578832
0.3331081
0.4213771
0.4212801
0.4763449
0.5485194
0.7606702
0.8040446
0.8647602
0.7125807 - __--
0.8391798
0.9025383
0.4582876
0. 6166924
0.7287164
0.2938689
0.4231894
0.5357204
'(108
111)
0.06204850
0.0929459
0.1269308
(109 x
112)
0.0631400
0.0956135
0.1291380
(110 ,
113)
0.0663018
0. 1003993-----_
_~-----
1356398
0
06-56-01.0?
07-58-37.0-
.
09-17-32.0-
12-18-24.0-
12-53-10.0-
13-45-32.0-
20-48-44.0-
21-08-20.5-
21-36-39.0*
0. 1216086
0.14013051
0. 1636169
0.2181572
0.2289795
0.2448629
0.3801085
0. 386650
0.3961467
0. 5102312
0.6632810
0.7757805
0.2894243
0.4175636
0.5273890
0.1744286
0.2596645
0.3423999
59-19-15.0-
48-26-58.0-
39-07-27.0-
73-10-35.0-
65-19-09.0-
58-10-14.5-
79-57-16.0-
74-56-59.5-
69-58-37.0-
0.8600378
0.7483708
0.6310031
0.9572010
0.9086479
0.8496243
0.9846702
0.9656990
0.9395549
0.1045880
0.1048696
0. 103243
0.2088203
0.20806174
0.2080415
0.3742815
0.3733875
0.3722016
05-58-15.0?
05-59-12.0?
05-53-40.0?
11-47-42.0?
11-45-12.0?
11-45-08.0 '
20-31-12.0?
20-28-30.0?
20-24-55.0-
Approved For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78BO4747AO03200010036-4
 0 Approved Foolease 2002/08/0?CIA-RDP78B0477003200010036-4 ?
Table 4 - Rectifier Calculations for Garn:na 11
2 sin t
3 (R + H)/R
4 2x3=lint'
5 sin-, t'
6 cos t'
---- ---
7 6=t'-t
8 6/2
9 cos 6/2
10 t' - 6/2
11 cos (t' - 6/2) 12 H cos 6/2 = Do
13 6x12=H'
14 R' cost'=p
15 [451/cos t'
16 cos t' + mo
17 4/16 = tan Bo - --- 18 sin-' Bo
19 sin Bo
20 cos 9o
21 (19 x 145p/4 = f
22 f/F x 4
23 sin-' of 22
24 5-23=9o
25 sin of 24
26 22/25 = mo
27 mo - F
28 27/6
29 1: Dodo = M
30 R - M=R'
31 R'xcost'=pM
alp (scan)
am (scan)
am (scan)
38 ono
39 aio
40 aj,
51 0 is
5q,
53 rpjo
81 So tp
82
83 p,
87 do,
88 d2o
89 d0
Tip Angle, degree;,
06-42-00.0
07-42-00.0
08-42-00.0
09-42-00.0
10-42-00.0
11-42-00
0
12
42
3
.
-
-00.0
1
-42-00.0
14-42-00.0
15-42-00.0
16-42-00.0
0.11667074
1.0247273
0.13398619
1.0247273
0.15126082
1
0247273
0.16848938
0.18566662
0.20278730
0.21984620
0.23683815
0.25375794
0.27060045
0.28736052
0.1195569
0.13729930
.
0
15500109
1.0247273
0
1726556
1.0217273
1.0247273
1.0247273
1.0247273
1.0247273
1.0247273
1.0247273
06-51-59.0?
07-53-30.0'
.
08-55-01
0?
.
6
09-56
32
0'
0.19025765
?
0.20780168
0.22528240
0.24269451
0.26003268
0.27729186
0.29446616
0.9928278
0.99052944
.
0
98791407
-
.
0
98498
10-58-04.0
11-59-37.0?
13-01-10.0'
14-02-44.0?
15-04-13.0?
16-05-55.0'
17-07-32
0'
------
00-09-59.0?
00-11-30.0'
.
00-31-01
0?
.
24
00
14
32
?
0.9817343
0.9781708
0.97429367
0.97010307
0.96560764
0.96078588
.
0.9556618
100-05-00.0*
00-05-45.0'
.
00-06-30
0'
-
-
.0
00-07
16
0?
00-16-04.0?
00-17-37.0?
00-19-10.0'
00-20-44.0?
00-22-13.0'
00-22-58.0'
00-25-32
0-
'0. 9999989
0.99999860
.
0
99999821
-
.
0
99999777
00-08-02.0'
00-08-48.0?
00-09-35.0?
00-10-22.0?
00-11-06.0?
00-11-29.0
.
00-12-46
0-
06-46-59.0'
07-47-45.0'
.
08-48-31
0?
.
09-49
16
0'
0.99999727
10
5
?
0.99999672
0.99999611
0.99999545
0.99999479
0.99999442
.
0
99999310
0.99300048
0.99075771
.
0.98820538
-
.
0
98534512
-
0-02.0
0
11-50-49.0?
12-51-35.0?
13-52-22.0'
14-53-07.0?
15-54-26.0?
.
16-54-46
0-
520,442.3
521
620.0
522
0
967
.
524
0
485
.98217716
0.97869951
0.97491789
0.97083051
0.96644212
0.9617068
.
0.95674873
516,709.0
,
516,680.0
,
.
516
646.0
,
.
516
5
608
528,176.0
528,045.9
530,093.9
532,325.3
534,742.1
537,374.9
540
159
0
20,750100
20
702060
,
20
627400
,
.
20
586130
516,565.5
516,519.0
516,487.1
516,410.4
516,351.1
516,302.2
,
.
516
209
3
45.32509
,
45.43025
,
45.55052
,
45.68610
20,518250
45.83725
20,443770
46.00424
20,362740
18730
48
20,275150
46
38682
20,181200
20,080420
,
.
19,973330
2.2428276
2.2405294
2.2379141
2.2349824
2.2317343
2
2281708
.
.
46.278
15
46.3666
1
47.08779
.
2.2242937
2
.2201031
2.2
6076
2.2
07859
2
2056618
0.05330579
0.06127985
0
06926141
0
07725146
.
03-03-05.0?
03-30-24.0'
.
03-57-43
0?
.
04-25
03
0
0.08525103
0.09326111
0.10128267
0.10931678
0.11736405
0.12542674
0
13350467
'0.05323161
0.06116468
.
0.08909388
-
.
'
0
07702356
04-52-22.0?
0
08
05-19-41.0*
05-47-00.0?
06-14-19.0?
06-41-38.0'
07-08-57.0?
.
07-36-15
0'
0.99858219
0.99812769
0.99761016
.
0
99702927
.
494353
0
9
0.09285814
0.10076689
0.10886928
0.1165648
0.12445297
.
0
13232847
20.03606
20.04679
20.05937
.
20
07499
.
9638577
20
0
0.99567935
0.99491006
0.99907796
0.99318309
0.99222551
.
0
99120592
0
06678514
0
.
.
9096
20.10867
20.12811
20.14927
20.17214
20.19673
.
20.22229
.
.07669691
0.08658533
0.09644731
0
10828004
0
1160
03-49-46.0'
04-23-55.0?
04-58-02
0'
05-32-05
0'
.
06
.
8033
0.12584525
0.13557185
0.14525714
0.15489820
0
16449207
03-02-13.0'
03-29-35.0?
.
03-56-59
0?
.
04-24
27
0?
-06-03.0?
06-39-57.0'
07-13-46.0?
07-47-30.0?
08-21-08.0?
08-54-39.0?
.
09-28-04
0'
0.05297986
0.06092756
.
0.06888107
-
.
0
07684954
04-52-01.0'
0
0
05-19-40.0?
05-47-24.0'
06-15-14.0?
06-43-05.0?
07-11-16.0?
.
07-39-28
0?
1.2605760
1.2588213
1.2570265
.
1
2550156
.
8484209
1
2
0.09285332
0.100882661
0.10893435
0.11698371
0.12512159
.
0
13325588
45
38074
45
31757
.
.
526806
1.2501473
1.247442
1.244528
1.241687
1.237981
.
1.2344076
.
45.70858
.
45.75085
45.25295
45.80657
45.18056
45
86941
45.09650
45
45.00530
44.90791
44.80301
44.70073
44.56732
44
43867
1:136,633.2
1:136, 815.9
1:137
002
2
.
1:137
211
7
.93555
1
13
46.00966
46.09278
46.18378
46.29285
46.38633
.
46
50042
152.96429
152.76002
,
.
152.55252
,
.
152
31937
:
7, 456.0
152
1:137, 722.2
1:138, 007.0
1:188, 314.9
1:138, 615. 5
1:139, 017.3
.
1:139
394
6
151. 8672
151.3133
150. 7088
.
150
0319
.04865
14
151.75476
151.44159
151.10447
150.77679
150.34100
,
.
149
93407
.
9.2714
148. 4421
147. 5486
146. 5869
145. 5912
144. 4455
.
143. 2863
Step by step calculations for Gamma H are similar to those for Gamma I, therefore only significant values are listed, as
in the Gamma I calculation sheets
10-00-00.0?
10-00-00
0?
20-00-00.0?
.
20-00-00
0-
10-00-00.0'
35-00-00.0-
.
20-00-00
0?
10-04-15
0'
10-
3-07.0?
.
.
14
20
--35
0?
35-00-00.0-
20-07-58.0?
.
20-24
35
0-
10-27-14.0-
-
.
a
0- 50- 59.0?
00-15-06.0-
0
36-13- 48
0'
00-31-12.0-
0-35-19.0?
00-31-40
0?
.
00-15-40.0-
01-11-57.0?
.
0
00-32-24
0?
0 0-15-12
0'
1-15-40.0?
.
.
00-15-40.0*
0
2-16-26.0-
00-16-24.0-
01-00-45
0?
00-32-22.0?
.
48
4281
01-02-35.0?
00-33-54.0-
.
48
7196
46.7486
01-05-32.0-
.
48
7196
1440
49. 0348
47.2372
.
-6.
56.5338
49. 5739
57. 1494
Approved For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78BO4747AO03200010036-4
 ?
Approved Foolease.2002/08/0SCIA-RDP78B0475003200010036-4 ?
Table 4 (Cont. )
93 vio
94 vio
95 e6
105 N,o
106 132o
107 pu
117 n,o
118 rlio
119 7u
126 d,o
127 V4o
128 u
135 y,o
136 yao
137 yu
? I
r
? Deg- Min-Sec
00-00-00.0
z
G)
06-42-00.0 07-42-00.0 08-42-00.0 09-42-OU.0 10-42 00., U-42 U: 12.42-00.
12-19-11.0'
21-35-41.0'
36- 45- 55.0'
34- 04- 40.0
18-57-18.0'
15-44-06.0'
23-29-12.0'
38-18-02.0'
50-01-12.0?
31-11-38.0'
11-31-12.0'
07-21-47.0'
13-44-26.0-
23-32-16.0*
65-34-10.0'
77-05-21.0-
82-18-32.0-
06-42-36.0-
13-24-21.0*
23-20-56.0-
19-34-54.0*
08-35-21.0'
14-22-00.0-
23-53-22.0*
51-32-56.0-
68-09-41.0-
76-33-21.0*
06- 44- 46.0'
13-22-26.0'
23-18-20.0'
Approved For Release 2002/08/06 : CIA-RDP78BO4747AO03200010036-4
13-42-00.0 14-42-00.0 15-42-00. 16-42-00.0
19-53-24.0'
26-31-18.0'
40-35-01.0'
59-56-16.0'
41-15-19.0-
26-53-25.0-
10-09-17.0?
15-21-46.0'
24-25-34.0'
40-52-41.0'
59-44-33.0'
70-45-02.0?
06-41-09.0?
13-21-01.0'
23-12-31.0'
 Approved 9r f9 qB i0 8106 :H N 5"t7I4MR9200010036-4
7. MECHANICAL DESIGN CONCEPTS
?
0
?
This section of the investigation report contains descriptions of the designs
of the various mechanical components and functions of the Gamma instruments.
7~ 1 FRAME
The frame will be fabricated of heavy-gauge aluminum-alloy structural
shapes, welded to form a rigid unitized support for all components of the ma-
chine. Gussetts and framing members will be located so as to provide maxi-
mum strength, commensurate with minimum weight, and access to component
assemblies.
The frame will be mounted on casters to facilitate moving and positioning
of the unit. Leveling jacks will be provided at three points so that the casters
may be raised off the floor while simultaneously leveling the machine:
Machined pads will be located upon the frame for mounting and alignment
of the component assemblies.
7.2 COMPONENT MATERIALS
The majority of fabricated components will be constructed of aluminum
alloys and corrosion resistant steel alloys. The appropriate alloy will be se-
lected for each application with respect to usage, stresses, and manufacturing
techniques. All parts will be black anodized or black passivated (where nec-
essary) to enhance corrosion resistance and to minimize reflections within the
instrument.
7.3 EXTERIOR COVERING
The exterior covering of the machine will be kept to a minimum commen-
surate with appearance and protection of the internal components. The cover-
ing will be fabricated of sheet metal panels, formed and welded, (where neces-
sary) into such configuration as to provide easy removal of any or all sections
for ease of access and/or maintenance. The outer surfaces will be painted
conventional contemporary color (s),
ApprovedSFRe I22J2f08/06 :FA T7J5(L47 f fY00010036-4
 ?
0
0
Approvedgl5e rse fA2(08106 H' 8 L4JW&200010036-4
7, 4 9 1/2 -INCH FILM TRANSPORT
7. 4. 1 General Description
The transport system is to be an integral unit of the printing plane easel
assembly, and it will be possible to rotate the entire assembly about a hori-
zontal axis. The rotation of this assembly will allow for the accommodation
of variable pitch angles within the specified ranges. In addition, the entire
assembly will have the capacity of lateral translation to compensate for the
change in optical path length due to the lens tilt in conjunction with the easel
tilt.
The transport system will have the capability to handle 91/Z-inch wide film
or paper wound on spools of up to 500-foot capacity. The length of film to be
transported after each exposure will be approximately 65 inches, This length
will provide a gap between exposures that will eliminate the possibility of over-
lapping exposures.
The length of film transported during each cycle will be metered and inter-
locked so that an exposure cannot be initiated until the correct amount of film
has been moved into the printing area. The design of the metering device will
preclude involved mechanisms.
The threading of the film will not be a complex problem because the use of
idler rolls, drive rolls, and guide rolls will be kept to a minimum- The print-
ing plane easel will be designed so that a vacuum system, coupled to the easel,
will draw the film flat against the easel surface during exposure period.
A study of two transport methods (manual and automatic) has been conduc-
ted. Consideration has been given to the development costs, reliability, and
maintenance requirements, for each method. The two methods are described
in the following paragraphs:
7. 4. 2 Manual Drive Method '
The basic transport system will be composed of a film supply, vacuum
easel, metering device, take-up, and drive. Operation of the system will be
accomplished by means of a hand crank.
7. 4. 2. 1 Supply
The supply mechanism will embody a means of attaching a fully loaded,
500-foot capacity spool such that the material may be threaded directly into
the easel printing plane with the emulsion facing the lens. The material will
be unwound from the spool in a direction that will allow the emulsion to face
inward towards the axis of rotation.
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A spindle will be connected to the supply spool and a friction brake will act
on the spindle to prevent film spillage when the transport system stops.
Baffling will be provided around the supply spool to prevent accidental ex-
posure of the raw material by stray or reflected light. The entire supply area
will also be enclosed to prevent inadvertent exposure by control panel illumina-
tion. Access panels will be provided to facilitate loading and unloading.
A means of detecting and signaling a low-film condition will be embodied
in the supply mechanism. Appropriate audio or visual indications will be pro-
vided to alert the operator.
7. 4. 2. 2 Vacuum Easel
A vacuum easel will be provided to hold the sensitized material at the
printing pla.ie. The system. gill utilize the pressure differential principle to
hold the ni at ?ial i,.i contact with the easel.
Physically the easel will consist of a grooved and orficed plate mounted to
a cast vacuum plenum. The printing plane will be formed into an are represen-
tative of scaled down earth curvature. The easel plate will be provided with
edge guides to maintain the material position during the transport cycle when
the pressure in the plenum is equal to ambient atmospheric.
Pressure differential will be provided by an oil-less vacuum pump and an
accumulator tank, and controlled by a relief valve, a solenoid valve, and
switches. One switch will function to remove the pressure differential, as
required by the operator, for test and alignment of the instrument.
Use of the accumulator tank makes it possible to employ a constantly op-
erating low-capacity vacuum pump. The relief valve ensures the capability
of adjusting the vacuum pressure as required for optimum operation.
Thick walled latex tubing will be used for pneumatic connection of the
various components of the vacuum system.
The vacuum pump will be mounted on vibration isolators to prevent the
transmission of mechanical vibrations which could cause photographic deg-
radation,
7. 4. 13 Metering
A rubber covered roller of an appropriate diameter to make a specified
number of revolutions per frame length of transported film will be geared to
a single lobe cam. The gear ratio will be such that the cam will complete a
single revolution for each frame length transported. The cam will activate a
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roller-lever-actuator type switch that will be electrically connected to the
vacuum solenoid valve.
At the completion of a transport cycle the switch will cause the solenoid
valve to be energized through a holding relay. The holding relay will be con-
trolled by switches so mounted as to be activated by the exposure arm.
When the solenoid valve is energized, vacuum will be placed in the easel
chamber and the film will be drawn against the easel surface. This is a self-
braking feature of the system and the film will remain braked until a new cycle
is initiated.
'i. 4. 2. 4 Take-up
A light-tight cassette will be provided to contain the e2cposed film on a
standard spool. A thorough market survey has indicated that commercial or
military cassettes that will operate satisfactorily in the proposed attitude are
not available; therefore a cassette will be designed and developed specifically
for this contract.
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ficient friction will be included ill the cassette rollers to preclude the possibility
of film spillage within the cassette.
7. 4. 2, 5 Drive
The manual drive will consist of a removable hand crank fitted directly
to the drive shaft of the cassette- The cassette and hand crank will be located
within convenient reach of the operator.
7. 4. 3 Automatic Drive Method
Previous rectifiers have used an automatic film transport system that
embodied a sinusoidal drive mechanism. This mechanism starts and stops
the film with very low accelerations so that the motion is extremely smooth
and consequently excessive forces are not imposed on the film. Experience
has indicated that such sophistication is unnecessary for an instrument of this
type; therefore, the design has been simplified. This approach increases re-
liability and decreases design and fabrication costs.
The proposed automatic transport system will be similar in concept to the
manual system previously discussed in paragraph 7. 4. 2 except for the means
used to impart motion to the film. The same components will be utilized for
film supply, vacuum easel, and take-up cassette. The metering principle will
be the same but the physical arrangement will differ.
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Tc.E' film will pass around a rubber-coated drive/metering roller with
an angle-of-wrap greater than 200 degrees. The drive roller will be directly
coupled to a gearhead motor. The output shaft of the motor will be geared to
a single lobe cam that will trip a switch. The switch will serve the dual func-
tion of de-energizing the motor windings, and of energizing the vacuum solenoid
valve to provide braking of the film. The switch will actuate the components
through holding relays.
The film will be wound onto the take-up spool (mounted in the cassette) by
a torque motor coupled to the cassette drive shaft. The torque motor will be
stalled by the interaction of a tight wrap of film on the take-up spool and the
locked film on the vacuum easel. The automatic system will include all wiring
and compqnents necessary for proper response of the two motors.
7. 5 NEGATIVE FILM HANDLING SYSTEM
The various assemblies necessary for handling of the negative film xill be
mounted on a large aluminum alloy platen. This plate will be supported by a
series of large castings so that the optical axis of projection will be inclined
from the vertical at an angle of 30 degrees. This inclination results from "'hld-
ing the optical path to keep the overall dimension:; of the machine to a mi imun ..
The areas encompassed in the negative handling system are:
1. Supply spindle and associated drag brake and rollers
2. Negative film platen and supports
3. Nadir positioning, device
4. Film drive
5. Take-up spindle and associated components.
6. Densitometer
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The negative film is to be supplied on standard U. S, Air Force spools,
MS24343-6 (500-foot capacity). The film will be wound on the spool so that
the emulsion side of the film faces inward toward the axis of rotation. The
spool will be placed on the supply spindle so that the film will unwind when the
spool is rotated in a counter -clockwise direction.
A dancer-roll that will control the braking on the supply spindle, to prevent
film spillage, is provided. If the film leaves the spool too.fast, the dancer roll
will cause the brake to be applied to the spindle, and conversely, if the film does
not leave the spool fast enough, the braking force will be diminished.
7. 5, 2 Platen and Supports
The platen will -)e designed to guide and maintain the negative film in the
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same position that the original film is in when exposed by the camera system.
The configuration of the platen will be an 80 degree segment of a 24 inch ra-
dius circle,
The film will be supported along its edges. The center portion of the film
will support itself by the inherent characteristics of the cylindrical surface it
follows. Rollers will be located at both ends of the circular segment so that the
film will enter and leave the curved portion tangentially.
The platen will be supported from the main plate and it will be spaced from
the plate so that the centerline of the film format will coincide with the optical
axis of the projection system.
7. 5. 3 Nadir Positioning
The operator will manually position the nadir prior to initiating an expos-
ure of any particular frame. Upon receipt of data which specifies the offset of
the nadir indication with respect to the format centerline (in the direction of
flight) the operator will position a pointer which is mounted to the platen in such
a manner that it is free to move at the proper radius. A scale indication to which
the pointer may be aligned will be provided.
The operator will then manually position the film nadir fiducial mark so that
it coincides with the nadir pointer which has been previously set. This align-
ment is necessary for uniform rectification on either side of the true vertical
between the vehicle and the target.
7. 5. 4 Film Drive
A study of two methods of transporting the negative film has been made and
a fully manual system has been compared with an automatic system embodying
a manual positioning feature. A cost comparison of the two methods has been
prepared and is being submitted under seperate cover.
7. 6 EASEL TILT MECHAI~ 7SM (15" 5', 11. 7T' 5` or - 5 to 20')
As stated in section 6 of this report, it is necessary to tilt the copy easel
in order to rectify the tilt component of the panoramic photography.
To accomplish this physically, it is necessary to tilt not only the easel, but
the entire 91/.inch film transport system including the take-up spool, the sup-
ply spool, the drive mechanism and the easel.
All of the above mentioned components will be fastened to a single rigid
body. The rigid body will be mounted in a cradle type support which will allow
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the easel (and the other components) to be rotated about the horizontal center-
line axis of the 9 i/2-inch copy film.
Rotational force will be applied through a manually operated worm and
wheel. A graduated scale and pointer arrangement will be included in the mech-
anism so that the operator may readily determine the angular setting of the
easel.
7,7 EASEL TRANSLATION MECHANISM
The requirement to translate the easel along the optical center line results
directly from the easel tilt. Calculations have shown that the maximum trans-
lation required to maintain focus through the given range of tilt angles is ap-
proximately 0. 7 inch.
In the Gamma instruments, the translation will be accomplished by mount-
ing the entire film transport mechanism (including the tilt mechanism) on dove-
tail ways. The assembly will be driven on the ways (along the optical path) by
a manually operated lead screw drive. A scale and pointer will be included in
the drive system so that the operator may readily determine the location and
setting of the easel.
7, 8 SCHEIMPFLUG TILT MECHANISM
In order to satisfy the Scheimpflug Condition (as explained in section 6 of
this report) it is necessary to tilt the projection lens in a plane 90 degrees to
the scan-sweep plane,
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u.ype mountt~lg. A manually operated gear and sector drive mechanism, which
will include a scale and pointer indicator device, will serve to furnish the re-
quired Scheimpflug settings.
7.9 PROJECTION LENS DRIVE
In order to maintain the projected image in focus during the proportional
panoramic sweep, it is necessary that the lens and the projection lamp head
have a differential angular movement.
To accomplish the required differential motion, the lens will be rotated
about an axis coincident with the rotational axis of the exposure arm. The arm
will rotate a focusing cam through a gear train. The cam follower will drive
the lens through a rack and piniQn so that the lens rotation will be a function of
the exposure arm rotation.
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The focusing cam configuration will be generated in such a manner as
to provide the correct differential rate of angular displacement for the various
easel tilt settings.
The differential rate of angular displacement will be symmetrical about
the optical centerline, and the only point of coincidence between the lens and
the projection head slit will be at the nadir point of the sweep.
7. 10 EXPOSURE ARM DRIVE
The configuration of the printing easel is such that the image conjugate
distance is minimum at the nadir point and maximum at the ends of the scan
sweep. This condition causes a light fall-off that increases from the nadir
point to either end; therefore, if the exposure arm were to be rotated at a
constant angular velocity the print would be correctly exposed only at the nadir
location, with constantly increasing underexposure toward either end of the
frame.
The inherent light fall-off described above will be compensated for by vary-
ing the angular velocity of the exposure. arm. Two variables will be introduced
by the driving mechanism to give a velocity curve which approximates the recip-
rocal of the light fall-off curve.
The arm will be driven through its scan arc by means of a friction wheel
located to give a peripheral drive motion to the arm. A drive motor will be
connected to the friction wheel in such a manner as to convert rotation to trans-
lation. The translation will be transmitted to the arm through a sliding linkage
which will impart angular velocity to the arm. Because of the sliding linkage,
the translation force will be applied tangentially at constantly varying arm radii,
thus varying the arm's angular velocity so that it is minimum at the ends of the
sweep and maximum at nadir.
In addition to the velocity variation induced by the sliding linkage mechanism,,
another variable will be introduced by varying the armature voltage of the drive
motor. The drive mechanism will be coupled mechanically to a variable trans-
former electrically connected to the motor through a control rectifier such that
the position of the arm will determine the armature voltage- Voltage (and con-
sequently motor speed) will be minimum at the beginning of the exposure sweep
and will increase to maximum at the nadir point. Here the transformer refer-
ence will be reversed by automatic switching so that the voltage will decrease
to minimum at the end of the exposure sweep.
The arm will travel approximately 75 degrees to print the full format, plus
overtravel at each end. The overtravel will allow for controlled acceleration
and deceleration rates before and after exposure to reduce mechanical tran-
sient. Vibrations.
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