DIRECT IMAGE VIEWER, SPECIFICATION FOR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A001700010006-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 26
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 24, 2001
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: July 10, 1964
• Content Type: REQ

Approved For Release 2001/05/11 : CIAS ~RRq-76 1 47A00170001
10 July 1964
Declass Review by NIMA/DOD
STATOTHR
Approved For Release 200 0006-7
 STATOTHR STATOTHR
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july 1964
4
DIRECT IMAGE VIEWER, SPECIFICATION
for
1.1 This specification describes the performance and
technical characteristics of an Experimental Direct Image
(High Resolution) Viewer. The Direct Image Viewer employs
a unique optical approact involving diffraction gratings,
to provide an observer with an enlarged aerial image which
can be viewed simultaneously with both eyes.
1.2 Major features of this viewer include the elimina-
tion of performance limitations imposed by the use of rear
projection diffusion screens, and the achievement of high
magnification viewing qualities comparable to advanced micro-
scope viewing objectives.
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2.1 The following drawings form a part of this speci-
fication:
Dwg. No. 7506L1 Layout Dual Magnification,
Direct Image Viewer
STATOTHR
Dwg. No. 7506L2 Assembly, XY Translator,
Direct Image Viewer
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3.1 Design - The overall configuration of the Experi-
mental Direct Image Viewer specified herein shall be in
STATOTHR general conformance with Drawing No. 7506L1.
The viewer shall employ materials of highest commercial
quality consistent with its intended performance and speci-
fied operating environments.
3.2 Performance Characteristics - The performance charac-
teiistics of the Experimental Direct Image Viewer shall consist
of the following general values:
3.2.1 Magnification - Dual individual magnifications
of 5X and 50X.
3.2.2 Observable Film Area - The observable film
area shall consist of a nominal two (2) inch
by two (2) inch square area in the film
plane at 5X magnification, and two-tenths
inch by two-tenths inch square area in the
film plane at 50X magnification.
3.2.3 Film Size - The viewer shall possess a capa-
bility for viewing single frames of either
70mm or 5-inch film chips.
3.2.4 Exit Pupil Size - The nominal size of the
composite exit pupil shall be 3.5 inches square.
v
3.2.5 System Resolution - At 5X magnification, the
Experimental Direct Image Viewer shall be
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capable of providing a system AWAR resolution
of 60 lines per millimeter over the used field
when referred to a high contrast target in the
plane. At 50X magnification, the viewer
shall be capable of providing an(AWAR) of 200 "',,;U
IVA
~~-Vi I.lKcy
lines per millimete r at the film plane with a
high contrast target while employing commer-
cially available lens. The resolution goal of
the system when operating at 50X shall be 200
lines per millimeter as viewed in the object
plane for a low contrast (1.6:1) target.
3.2.6 Light Intensity - The lamp intensity shall be
variable and of sufficient brightness to allow
the measurement of a 0.05 density difference
over a required density range of 0 to 1.8. As
a design goal, the viewer will provide a capa-
bility of measuring a desirable density differ-
ence of 0.02 over a density range of0 to 2.5.
3.2.7 illumination Spectrum - The illumination of the
viewer system shall be contained to a narrow
cron portion of
band w
the spectrum.
3.2.8 Film Positioning - The viewer shall incorporate---
a provision for remote film positioning through
X and Y translations to permit full coverage view-
ing areas for either 70mm and 5-inch film chips.
3.2.9 Focusing - A manual fine focus controll shall be
provided for each viewer lens magnification.
3.2.10 Film Temperature - The temperature of the film
when mounted in the film plane of the viewer 'ur-
ing operation shall not exceed ambient (75?F.'
more than 20?F. 7( VtA 1
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3.2.11 Viewer Controls - The Experimental Direct Image
Viewer shall contain a set of viewer controls,
front panel mounted, consisting of the following:
3.2.11.1 Power - ON/OFF
.7~ V04 c0,,v
3.2.11.2 burrP&Intensity
3.2.11.3 Magnification Selector, 5X and 50X
3.2.11.4 Lens Focus, 5X and 50X
+ X
one inch + one inch Y
/'-312 Power Consumption - The power consumption of
the viewer shall be approximately 800 watts of
110 volts, 60 cycle, electrical power.
STATOTHR
3.2.11.5 Film Translation
13 Physical Size - (Reference = Dwg. No. 7506L1).
The viewer shall consist of the following gen-
eral dimensions: Length - 66 inches, height -
26 inches, width - 29 inches.
.1 Weight - The weight of the viewer shall be
approximately 150 pounds.
3.3 Theory of Operation - In direct viewing optical instru-
ments, such as a microscope, the exit pupil is small, requiring
that the operator place his eye close to the eye piece for satis-
factory viewing. The present Experimental Direct Image Viewer,
with its larger optical elements and diffraction grating enlarges
the exit pupil in a manner that the operator may view with both
eyes the image and still have adequate head movement. In the
absence of employing diffraction gratings in the present viewer,
a single small exit pupil would exist, which would restrict the
operator to the use of a single eye and no head movement when
viewing at high magnifications. Through the insertion of the
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gratings in the optical path, and the use of a narrow portion
of the spectrum, many exit pupils are created, which when arranged
side by side and placed both above and below one another, form a
matrix of exit pupils in space providing an effective viewing area
of 3.5 inches square, where the operator may place his eyes for
viewing. This unique approach results from the use of a special
field lens, and specially designed and built set of diffraction
gratings. Near monochromatic ligl:t must be used in the viewer, or
the diffraction characteristics of the gratings will produce a
rainbow of images between matrix units (exit pupil images).
3.4 Technical Details
3.4.1 Viewer body, optical supports, and controls -
STATOTHR
3.4.1.1 Chassis - The viewer frame will be con-
structed from aluminum jig plate, and
rigid mounts will be supplied for all
optical elements. The large field lens
will be of a split design, and flange
mounted to one-inch thick plates. The
diffraction gratings will be mounted
between the field lens elements and
their one-inch separated flanges.
3.4.1.2 Film support and X-Y translation -
The film support system, as shown in
Dwg. No. 7506L2, accomo-
dates both 70mm and 5-inch film chips.
The film will be held by a vacuum to a
flat glass plate free of striations.
The glass platen will be mounted on a
mechanical mechanism which will provide
controlled X and Y movement of 2 inches
and translate the film 9 inches in X to
change magnification.
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3.4.1.3 Objective lens mounting - The two
lenses will be flange mounted with the
position of the flange being manually
adjustable for fine focus.
34 Auxiliary equipment - Two pieces of
equipment will be placed within the
viewer:
(1) The light source power supply will
be repackaged and mounted along one
side of the viewer enclosure;
(2) A small vacuum pump will be mounted
so as not to induce any vibration to the
optical path.
3.4.1.5 Viewer Housing - The viewer housing and
enclosure will have a hinged section at
the rear for access to the mechanism
and for inserting film and lamp replace-
ment. The front panel will contain the
controls and provide the proper mask
around the field lens and gratings.
3.4.2 Viewer Optics
3.4.2.1 Field Lens - A symmetrical design multi-
element, 15-inch diameter, field lens
will be used. The lens will image the
exit pupil of the objective lens 20 inches
from its rear nodal point. The lens shall
be of a sufficiently high quality as not
to degrade the high resolution image
requirements of the viewer.
3.4.2.2 50X Magnification ~Components 2 A large
aperture photographic lens will be used
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with a modified exit pupil producing a
square opening. The resolution of the
viewer is dependent upon this lens, and
the best commercially available lens
with an f number approaching unity will
be used.
A multi-element condensed system will be
used to concentrate the light to the
small 0.2 x 0.2 inch square film area
while filling the objective lens.
Field flatteners shall be employed to pro-
vide field curvature for optimum field
lens operation.
)''rg e, -.. .
3.4.2.3 5X Magnification Components - A ommer-
cislly available 6.5 incn foca`latlength
lens will be modified to contain a square
exit pupil equal in size to the 50X lens
case. e1 v `,77OL) LZ
The condenser system to be employed with
this lens will concentrate and illuminate
a 2 x 2 inch square area evenly.
Separate field flatteners will be used
for the same purpose employed with the
50X system.
Two additonal small mirrors will be
inserted in the path, one before and
one after the lens to provide the dual
5X magnification. The mirror in front
of the lens is movable to permit insert-
ing it or removing it from the optical
path. With film translation, the two
magnifications are obtained.
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3.4.2.4 Light Source - Two lamps and reflectors
shall be employed, one for each lens.
In addition, special interference filters
will be employed to provide the narrow
spectrum required.
3.4.3 Diffraction Grating - In order to obtain the unique
optical multiplication of exit pupils required,
special diffraction gratings are required. Two M
gratings are employed to diffract the light into
a multiplicity of exit pupils dispersed in two
directions 900 apart, thus providing a matrix of
exit pupil images.
3.4.3.1 For the prescribed magnification levels
and the size of the multiple exit pupil
required, a minimum of nine (9) orders
of diffraction are required, a central
order and four (4) on each side. The
difficulty of the grating design is that
all orders should receive the same amount
of energy so that each exit pupil appears
of the same brightness to the observer.
3.4.3.2 The gratings shall be of a 10 x 10 inch
ruled surface, which influences the field
of view of the system and the observable
film size. Special ruling techniques are
required and will be used to produce these
gratings.
3.4.3.3 The light is diffracted by one grating in
one direction, and then each diffracted
exit pupil is spread out in the other
direction by a second grating. The
-9-
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cascaded diffraction gratings produce
a decrease in light intensity, which is
then enhanced by the use of a narrow
band light source. Compensation is pro-
vided in the condensers, high intensity
lamps and the small f/number projection
lens at the high magnification.
3.4.3.4
o, e' ~
The nominal angular deviation of
various orders shall be:
he
First order
10
9'
Second order
Third order
2 0
30
16'
27'
1AJ
Fourth order
40
35'
The tolerance for
ations shall be +
each of the above devi-
10% of the above angles.
3.4.3.5 Intensity variations throughout the nine
orders shall be no greater than 40% be-
tween adjacent orders and no greater than
a 2:1 ratio between the lowest and highest
order in the nine central orders.
STATOTHR
3.4.3.6 The transmission of the order which trans-
mite the minimum amount of light shall be
at least 7% of the light intensity falling
44 c individual grating.
3.4.3.7 The glass quality to be used in the manu-
facture of the diffraction gratings shall
be greater than striae free through the
faces.
3.4.3.8 A maximum of 10 arc minutes of slope error
shall be a permissible planeness (figure)
of the glass.
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4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS
4.1 The optical components will be inspected and tested
to demonstrate compliance to the performance requirements stated
in Section 3.2.
4.2 The diffraction gratings will be inspected and tested
to show compliance to the performance requirements stated in
Section 3.2
4.3 A set of complete viewer acceptance tests will be con-
ducted to demonstrate satisfactory operation of all the functions
and specifications stated in Section 3.0.
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5.0 PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY
This viewer will be packaged and prepared for shipment and
delivered in accordance with accepted commercial practices.
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STATOTHR
TEST PROCEDURE
for
DIRECT IMAGE VIEWER
Project 7506
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STATOTHR
1.1 The Direct Image Viewer employs a unique optical approach
involving diffraction gratings to provide an observer with an
enlarged aerial.image which can be viewed simultaneously with both
eyes.
1.2 This document lists the tests and inspections to be
performed that, when satisfactorily completed, show that the
viewer meets the specifications listed.
2.0 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS
2.1 ~ Specification for Direct Image Viewer, 25 August
1964.
2.2 Phase II Development of an Experimental Direct (Virtual)
Image Viewer, 28 February 1964. (SECRET)
STATOTHR 2.3 Drawing 7506L1 Layout Dual Magnification Direct
Image Viewer
2.4 Handbook for Direct Image Viewer
3.0 REQUIREMENTS
2.1 This viewer has been designed to meet the general
requirements set forth in Section 3.2 of the document listed in
Section 2.1. Consideration has also been given to the objectives
listed in the Secret document listed in 2.2.
This is a prototype experimental viewer and therefore only
the minimum specifications were imposed to allow for flexibility
in the design and manufacture.
Section 3.2 of the specifications is listed below for
convenience in verifying the test procedures.
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3.1.1 Magnification - dual individual magnifications
of 5X and 50X.
3.1.2 Observable Film Area - the observable film area
shall consist of a nominal two inch by two inch square area
in the film plane at 5X magnification, and two-tenths inch
square area in the film plane at 50X magnification.
3.1.3 Film Size - the viewer shall possess a
capability for viewing single frames of either 70mm or
4 x 5 inch film chips.
3.1.4 Exit Pupil Size - the nominal size of the
composite exit pupil shall be 3.5 inches square.
3.1.5 System Resolution - at 5X magnification, the
experimental direct image viewer shall be capable of
providing a system AWAR resolution of 25 1/mm over the used
field when referred to a high contrast target in the object
plane. At 50X magnification, the viewer shall be capable
of providing an on-axis resolution of 200 1/mm at the film
plane with a high contrast target while employing
commercially available lens. The resolution goal of the
system, when operating at 50X, shall be 200 1/mm as viewed
in the object plane for a low contrast (1.6:1) target.
3.1.6 Light Intensity - the illumination system shall
be variable and will present to the eye, with an open film
gate, at least that amount of light flux as presented to
the eye by a lambertian source with illuminance of 100 ft/
lamberts.
3.1.7 Illumination Spectrum - the illumination of
the viewer system shall be contained in a narrow portion
of the spectrum centered around 508.6 mp.
3.1.8 Film Positioning - the viewer shall incorporate
a provision for remote f iim positioning through X and Y
translations to permit full coverage viewing areas for
either 70mm or 5 inch film chips.
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3.1.9 Focusing - a manual fine focus control shall
be provided for each viewer lens magnification.
3.1.10 Film Temperature - the temperature of the film
when mounted in the film plane of the viewer during opera-
tion shall not exceed ambient (75?F) by more than 20?F
at an average density (silver) of 0.8.
3.1.11 Viewer Controls - the experimental direct image
viewer shall contain a set of viewer controls, front panel
mounted, consisting of the following:
3.1.11.1 Power - ON/OFF
3.1.11.2 Intensity of Illumination
3.1.11.3 Magnification Selector, 5X and 50X
3.1.11.4 Lens Focus, 5X and 50X
3.1.11.5 Film Translation
+ two inch X
+ two inch Y
STATOTHR
3.1.12 Physical size - (Reference - Dwg. No. 7506L1).
The viewer shall consist of the following general dimensions:
length - 66 inches, height - 26 inches, width - 29 inches.
3.2 Theory of Operation
In direct viewing optical instruments, such as a microscope,
the exit pupil is small, requiring that the operator place his
eye close to the eye piece for satisfactory viewing. The present
Experimental Direct Image Viewer, with its larger optical elements
and diffraction grating, enlarges the exit pupil in a manner
that the operator may view with both eyes the image and still
have adequate head movement. In the absence of employing
diffraction gratings in the present viewer, a single small exit
pupil would exist, which would restrict the operator to the use
of a single eye and no head movement when viewing at high
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magnifications. Through the insertion of the gratings in the
optical path, and the use of a narrow portion of the spectrum,
many exit pupils are created, which when arranged side by side
and placed both above and below one another, form a matrix of
exit pupils in space providing an effective viewing area of 3.5
square inches, where the operator may place his eyes for viewing.
This unique approach results from the use of a special field
lens, and specially designed and built set of diffraction
gratings. Near monochromatic light must be used with the viewer,
or the diffraction characteristics of the gratings will produce
multicolored exit pupil elements.
4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS
Acceptance test and inspection will be performed to show
compliance with the requirements stated in Section 3.0.
4.1 Inspection
4.1.1 Inspect the viewer for overall workmanship in
compliance with the statements made in Section 3.1 of the
referenced specification. This statement is given below. The
viewer shall employ materials of highest commercial quality
consistent with its intended performance and specified operating
environments.
Record comments in Section 6.1.1 of Data Sheet.
4.1.2 Determine physical size of machine and record
in Section 6,1.2 of Data Sheet.
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4.2 Operational Test Procedure
Details on how to perform the various steps and tasks
required by this procedure are given in the viewer manual.
4.2.1 Prepare the viewer for operation. In performing
this task connect volt and amp meter to the input line so that
the power consumed may be measured and entered in Section 6.1.3.
4.2.2 Load the two film holders with 4 x 5 and
70 x 100 mm film chips.
4.2.3 Insert the 4 x 5 holder in the viewer.
4.2.4 Turn on the machine.
4.2.5 Vary the intensity over the full range.
4.2.6 Translate the film in X and Y over the entire
4.2.7 Check on the data sheet for compliance with
requirements No. 3.1.3, 3.1.8.
4.2.8 Operate the 5X manual fine focus knob and run
the image "through focus".
4.2.9 Change to 50X and operate the 50X manual fine
focus knob to run the image "through focus".
4.2.10 Check on the data sheet compliance with require-
ments No. 3.1.1, 3.1.9 and 3.1.11.
4.2.11 Return to 5X magnification and remove the film
chip .
4.2.12. Change the viewer to 50X.
4.2.13 Place a screen 13 inches in front of the
viewer; at the exit pupil plane. Measure on this screen the
size of the total exit pupil. Record this measurement on the
data sheet, Section 6.1.6 for compliance with requirement 3.1.4.
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4.2.14 Place a calibrated photometer probe in the
exit pupil plane and measure the illuminance falling on the
probe. The 3.5" x 3.5" exit pupil should contain 0.68 Lumens.
This is equivalent to 32 watts
cm
Record the measurement made in Section 6.1.7 on the data
sheet for compliance to requirement 3.1.6. As it can be shown
by calculation that a lambertian source with an illuminance of
100 ft/lamberts places 0.68 Lumens in the exit pupil plane area.
4.2.15 Return to 5X magnification position.
4.2.16 Insert the 70mm holder containing the resolu-
tion target.
4.2.17 Translate the film so that the target appears
in the center of the screen and adjust for best focus.
4.2.18 Read the resolution and record in Section 6.1.8
of the data sheet.
4.2.19 Move the target to all four corners of the
viewing area and read and record the resolution on the data
sheet. Verify that all readings are above the requirement
stated in Section 3.1.5.
4.2.20 Center the resolution target and then translate
to 50X.
4.2.21 Focus the lens and read and record the
resolution on the data sheet in Section 6.1.9. Verify that the
reading is above the requirement stated in Section 3.1.5.
4.2.22 Remove resolution target and replace with a
film chip photograph.
4.2.23 Go through normal operations of scanning,
viewing, focusing, changing magnification and so forth. Move
head around to get an idea of latitude in head movement. Make
any other checks that seem appropriate.
4.2.24 Record all comments in Section 6.1.10.
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4.2.25 Comments on sections of requirements not
covered by procedure.
1) Section 3.1.2 observable film area. with a grating
aperture of 10 x 10 and the magnifications involved, the film
areas observable are evident without testing. The optical
dimensions are given in the Engineering Report.
2) Section 3.1.10, Film Temperature. There is no
equipment available to measure this parameter. Therefore, the
temperature rise listed in 3.1.10 cannot be actually determined.
Satisfactory operation of the viewer, that is, no damage to the
film, indicates that the temperature rise is within satisfactory
limits.
4.2.26 Sign and date data sheet.
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5.0 PREPARATION FOR DELIVERY
5.1 Inspect the shipping crate for,suitability for shipment
of the viewer. The shipping container is to be used for air
freight delivery of the unit. In addition to the viewer, six
spare projection bulbs and five copies of the instruction manual
will be shipped.
6.0 NOTES
6.1 Data Sheet for Acceptance Test
6.1.1 Workmanship Comments
(signature of inspector)
6.1.2 Physical Size
Length Height Width
6.1.3 Electrical Power Consumed (magnification being
changed and lamp at full brightness)
60 cps Volts Amps Watts
6.1.4 Compliance with Requirements 3.1.3
Compliance with Requirements 3.1.8
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6.1.5 Compliance with Requirements 3.1.1
Compliance with Requirements 3.1.9
Compliance with Requirements 3.1.11
6.1.6 Size of exit pupil, compliance with
requirement 3.1.4. Size (inches):
6.1.7 Intensity of Illumination
Microwatts/cm2:
6.1.8 Resolution data 5X lens. Compliance with
requirement 3.1.5.
Position Resolution 1/mm
H V
On Axis
Upper Right
Upper Left
Lower Right
Lower Left
Average
6.1.9 Resolution Data SOX Lens - compliance with
requirement 3.1.5. On axis resolution: 1/mm (h)
(v) Average:
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STATOTHR
6.1.10 Comments on General Viewer Operation:
6.1.11 Signatures of Participants:
Quality Assurance
Inspector
Project Engineer
Customer Representative
(da te-
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Lens
(on test bench)
50X high contrast
low contrast
5X high contrast
low contrast
Resolution
On Axis
4?
6?
8?
600+
500
300
210
550
400
260
150
150
170
170
160
110
120
120
120
Viewer
50X - Grating (customer's
first)
High contrast
Low contrast
Diffusion Screen
High contrast
Low contrast
5X - Grating
High contrast
Low contrast
Resolution
On Axis
Edge
Corner
200
145
145
145
115
125
170
145
85
70
70
50
20
20
20
20
16
16
50X - Grating (First trial 2 x 2 from Bausch and Lomb)
On Axis
High Contrast 228
Low Contrast 180 (Exit pupil plane)
228 (with head at window)
NOTE: The last data listed indicates that the viewer
meets the design goal. Over 200 1/mm at a low
contrast of 1.6:1.
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