AIRBORNE AND GROUND DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT FILE #79

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A001000020025-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 51
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 27, 2011
• Sequence Number: 25
• Publication Date: October 30, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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AIRBORNE AN~ GROUND
DATA COLLECTI N PROGRAM
FINAL RE ORT
FILE # 9
Prepared by
30 October -1964
SECRET
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t
Frontispiece -
!iMultisensor System
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PREFACE
I INTRODUCTION
A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
B, PROJECT ORIENTATION
1. General
2. Target/Area Selection
3. Equipment Selection
4. Operations
A. PREPARATIONS
1. Airborne Systems
a. K-17 C Aerial Camera
b. SSD/RS-7 System
2. Ground Based Equipment
a. Ground Truth Kits
b. Radiometers
c. On-Site Planning
B. AIRBORNE OPERATIONS
1. Equipment Details
a. Aircraft
b. K-17C Aerial Camera Syst m
Page
2. ig an an c e u e
3. Problems Encountered
4. Personnel
C. GROUND OPERATIONS
1. Equipment Detail
2. Plan and Schedule
3. Problems Encountered
4. Personnel
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (COT~TTD)
~I
Section T itl e
LII DATA REDUCTION
A. AIRBORNE DATA
1. Processing
2. Image Retrieval
a. SSD/RS-7
b. K-17 C Photograp y
3. Review of Negative Qaulity
a. SSD/RS-7
b. K-17C Photograph Negative
4. Security
5. Problems Encountered
6. Data Presentation
B, GROUND DATA j
IV RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIOl~jS
A, RESULTS
B. RECOMMENDATIONS
Figure Title
Frontispiece -Texas Instruments Inco
Multisensor System
porated
Page
27
27
28
2 g 25X1
28
30
3 0 25X1
31
31
32
33
33
43
44
Page
I-1 Program Operations 5
II-1 K-17C Optical Resolution Target 8
II-2 Gray Scale Chart I 8
II-3 Camera Resolution Devices Layout Sk tch 9
II-4/5 K-17C Stereo Pair of Resolution Targ is 10
II-6 K-17C Resolution Board Location, San Diego 11
II-7 OSpecial Resolution Targets 13
II-8 Thermal Board Cross Section 13
II-9 Thermal Resolution Board 14
II-10 Test Strip of Addison Airport Resolution Targets 14
II-11 High Gain Field Processed Test Strip, Flight No. 12 15
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE
Figur e
II-12
II-13
CONTD)
Page
Ground Truth Kits
Stoll-Hardy Radiometer and Simpson
in Field Use
18
12.5-7 Ses.n Optics Sy~ter~
20
Flight No.
1.
Field Processed Test St
ip
35
Flight No.
2.
Field Processed Test St
ip
35
Flight No.
3.
Field Processed Test St
ip
36
Flight No.
4.
Field Processed Test St
ip
36
Flight No.
5.
Field Processed Test St
ip
37
Flight No.
6.
Field Processed Test St
ip
37
Flight No.
7.
Field Processed Test St
ip
38
Flight No.
8.
Field Processed Test St
ip
38
Flight No.
9.
Field Processed Test St
ip
39
Flight No.
10.
Field Processed Test S
rip
39
Flight No.
11.
Field Processed Test S
rip
40
Flight No.
12.
Field Processed Test S
rip
40
Flight No.
13.
Field Processed Test S
rip
41
Flight No.
15.
Field Processed Test S
rip
41
Flight No.
16.
Field Processed Test S
rip
42
Page
TARGET/AREA COMPARISONS
3
MAJOR GROUND TRUTH? KIT EQUIPM
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i
truth data.
File #79 (TI Project 56040) represe is one of the most
significant recent undertakings in the field of remo a reconnaissance and
ground truth data collection. Its importance lies i the frequency and duration
of reconnaissance overflights and in the completen ss of concurrent ground
In this program, daytime photography and around-the-clock
were accomplished. Two-
ground truth data packages.
man ground truth teams were assigned to each of s ven pre-selected target
areas. Their mission was to collect those data in Brent to each target site
that would facilitate or enhance remote reconnaiss nce interpretations.
These collected data were then reduced and assem led into unique image and
Though the performance of this com rehensive data collection
program is significant in itself, its true value rem ins to be derived. This
will be accomplished as a result of the forthcomin interpretation phase.
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1
1
1
This report describes
Project 56040 data collection to initiate a compreh~
for determining .the value of
aerial photography when applied to specific targets
nsive research program
as an adjunct to
qualifying as indicators
of military build-up. Total program emphasis is of directed toward imagery
acquisition methods, but to the problem of imager analyses and exploitation
techniques. The objective of this project was to c llect sufficient data to
allow a thorough evaluation of relative to
data acquired from photography collected a few ho rs earlier. Required
data fell into three primary categories:
3. Complete ground truth
2.
1. Daytime aerial photography
Project 56040 was restricted to data collection and
exclusive of interpretation.
Initial project efforts were to select
contained the seven target types specified by the to
project. This geographic area was to exhibit a mii
either natural or artificial, while satisfying the ma
These included accessibility to ground teams. Eqi:
performance of the project was then selected and tE
and ground operations were then planned and execu
a geographic area which
;k order, critical to the
iimum of flight restrictions
ny program requirements.
ipment necessary for the
:sted. Both airborne
:ed.
The largest project segment, exclusive of data collection ~ -
operations, was data reduction immediately follow'ng field operations. Here
all airborne information was identified, collated an select reproductions made.
Ground truth data from the seven selected sites we e reduced to a uniform
format. Final efforts involved preparation of this eport.
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2. Target/Area Selection
1
Seven target types were established
build-ups as follow:
Target No. 1 -
Target No. 2 -
Target No. 3 -
a civilian airport i
a railroad yard
a trucking terminal
as indicators of military
ted facilities
construction
Target No.
4 -
a port and its associ
Target No.
5 -
a facility under rapi
Target No. 6 -
Target No. 7 -
a storage facility
a military motor pool
Several metropolitan areas in the U ited States were studied
to identify which contained the above target types a d was best suited to the
program objectives. Tentative areas were compa ed on a target basis (See
Table I-1) and from this and other supporting data, San Diego, California,
was selected. In addition to containing each target type in a relatively con-
fined area, San Diego weather was predictable. T is area contains many
ancillary military and naval targets and exhibits c nstantly changing activity
levels. Basing facilities for the data collecting ai craft were also readily
available near the selected target sites.
Having selected San Diego, the prof ct manager, chief
scientist and two project engineers visited the city, accompanied by sponsor
representatives, to confirm target selection, mak initial contacts .and
observe target level-of-activity. From this visit, the suitability of the seven
target sites (military build-up indicators) was conf rmed. These sites were
specified as follows:
Site No. 1 - Lindburgh Field -San iego's municipal airport,
accommodating both major airl'ne traffic, private and
other commercial traffic. The field is located at the
north end of San Diego Bay.
No. 2 -Santa Fe Railway mars alling yards - is a train
make-up yard located near U. highway 101 and
Sigsbee Street.
Site No: 3 .- Pacific Transfer Ware souse and Terminal - a
trucking. facility which is one o the most active in the
city. It is located near U. S. ighway 101 and Sigsbee
Streets across U. S. 101 from ite No. 2.
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TABLE I-1
TARGET /AREA COMPARISONS
~n
`!
LOCATION
Airfields
R. R.
Yards
Truck
Terminal
Rapid
Construction
Military
Storage
Depot
Military
Motor
Pool
Sea
Ports &
Facilities
Total
Dallas/Ft. Worth
3
2
3
3
0
2
0
13
Houston/Galveston
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
19
San Diego
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
18
Balt. /Wash.
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
20
Buffalo
3
3
3
2
0
0
2
14
New Orleans
3
2
3
2
0
0
2
12
Rating
3 Complete facility, heavy traffic, large capacity
2 Complete facility, moderate traffic, capacity
1 Smaller facility, little traffic, capacity
0 None or unknown
n~
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Site No. 4 -Tenth Avenue Termina (Dock and Port Facility) -
is located at the southern end o Tenth Avenue. This
facility supports around-the-cl ck shipping activity.
.Site No. 5 -Luther Tower - is loca
Second and Beach Streets. Thi
"rapid" construction and at the
13 of the planned 17 floors.
Site No. 6 - U. S. Naval storage fay
Site No. 7 (following} and conta
store items. Activity, however
light hours.
Site No. ? - U. S. Naval motor pool
Station at the extension of Eight
This site exhibits high daytime
ed at the corner of
s building was undergoing
time of survey had attained
:ility - is located near
ins a wide variety of Naval
~, was restricted to day-
- is located on the Naval
h Street (National City).
activity .
Selection of the above sites as cont
was verified by the sponsor as meeting program r
exhibited the desired activity level, (2) were gene
(3) contained a wide variety of target sub-units, an
3. Equipment Selection
4. Operations
Program operations, as shown in F
into the following units:
fining the targets of interest
;quirements, i. e, they (1)
ally large in area,
(4) were readily accessible.
gure I-1, can be segmented
a. Planning
b. Systems Tests
c. Airborne data collection
d. Ground data collection
e. Data reduction
f . Materials presentation
g. Reporting
Each of these operations are descri
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d in the following section,.
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--- - -- -
SECTION II '~
Program Evaluation and Review Tee
planning (Figure I- 1) was employed for this progr~
control of preparations necessary for the program
1. Airborne Systems
a. K-17C Aerial Camera -The existing
aerial camera and A-28 stabilized camera mount i
tested in the month prior to pro~7ram data collectic
included general operations anc ?soluti~~n tests.
was achieved with system resol ~ .ran being defined
targets .
iiques (PERT) type
This allowed close
K-17C _ 25X1
stallation was extensively
operations. These
'roper system operation
n tests over prescribed _
The primary camera resolution tar et is shown in Figure
II-1, It' consists of alternating black and white pai ted strips on plywood,30
inches by 18 feet. These painted strips exist in th following widths:
24 inches White (W) and Black (B)
19 inches (W) and (B)
15-1/8 inches (W) and (B)
12 inches (W) and (B)
9-5/8 inches (W) and (B)
7-5/8 inches (W) and (B)
6 inches (VV) and (B)
4-3/4 inches (W) and (B)
3-3/4 inches (W) and (B)
3 inches (W) and (B)
1-7/8 inches (W) and (B)
Stereoscopic targets were also cons
of white-painted- cardboard boxes placed on poles a
the terrain as follows:
Stereo Target No. 1 - 19" x 19" x 2:
inches above ground)
Stereo Target No. 2 - 25" x 25" x 2!
above ground)
`All airborne systems are described in detail in Se
tructed. These consisted
t various elevations above
.. 5" (top of target 36
i" (top of target 25" -~
6
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~~~..~ ,
Stereo Target No. 3 - 22" x 22" x 25" (top of target 36
inches above ground) ',
Stereo Target No. 4 - 30. 5" x 30. 5i' x 27.5" (top of target
49 inches above ground)
Stereo Target No. 5 - 28.5" x 28.5 ' x 28" (top of target
58 inches above ground)
A third type target was a gray scal board. This plywood
board was 30 inches wide by 18 feet long and paint d in 18 steps ranging from
black, through the grays, to white (Figure II-2) .
The initial K-17C field resolution to
Texas Instruments Flight Test Center, Addison Ai
shows the target layout plan. Figures II-4 and II-!
_of the test plot. From the negatives of Figures II-
with 6-inch focal length, the computed maximum
millimeter, following the formula
sts were conducted at
rport (Dallas). Figure II-3
~ are K-17C contact prints
4 and II-5 taken at 2500 ft
resolution was 33 lines per
D = (h/f) (1 /RP)
where: D =minimum resolvable dimension
h =altitude above terrain (ft)
f =focal length (ft)
RP =resolving power in lines per ft
(ft)
No study of the grad scale significa ce or stereo capability
was conducted during these tests. ~'~ The gray scal and black and white bar
boards were also witnessed for each daylight miss on in San Diego. They
were placed at Site No. 1, San Diego Municipal Ai port, as located in
Figure ~I-6.
b. SSD/RS-7 System -The SSD/RS-7
tested following system modification prior to the
objective of these tests were to establish operati
optical and thermal resolution.
was performance25X1
Diego mission. The
worthiness and field
Optical resolution targets used duri g these tests consisted of
aluminum strips affixed to the asphalt apron .of Te as Instruments Addison
Airport facility (see Figure II-5). The plan layout of these strips is shown
in Figure II-7. To test the field thermal resolving capability of the system,
two types of "resolution boards" were constructed. Type No. 1 consisted of
two four-by-four foot flat black aluminum sheets o e layed out on a regular
' 'The original negatives of Figures II-4 and II-5 ar on file at Texas
Instruments,if detailed gray scale or stereo capa ility study is required.
7
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::e ~. t~ f . .d .. y
1 v- R,
-- -
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 .,x'4~ er?'sac ~'a tr`o'y:. 15"'~'"`a'aas~~
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NOE 4
I~~o 5.
N~o 2
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W
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~`~.~~~?e ~ ~ ~be~m ~~~ol:aat3ox~ Devices I~~y~~t ~lc~t~~
5 u}
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Figure Ii - 6 K-17C Resolution Board Location, Sari Diego
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blanket, the second upon a standard electric blanket. The first unit
remained at ambient temperature for control, the second was heated to
establish a thermal difference between units.
t
t
t
t
The second board type consisted of eight two-by-four foot
thermal sandwiches whose cross section is pictured in Figure 11-8. Two of
these boards are shown in Figure I1-9.
SSD/RS-7 resolution tests conducted showed the optical resolu-
tion of the FRS-7 to be less than two but greater than 1. 5 milliradians, i. e. ,
it could resolve target objects less than two feet apart but not those objects
1, 5 feet apart from an altitude of 1000 feet. These values were derived
from the negatives of Figure II-10. Meld thermal resolution, however,
could not be firmly established because on the first series' of Dallas tests,
system peak and bias level settings resulted in over exposed film. Unfor-
tunately, these tests could not be rerun prior to departure for San Diego.
Attempts to conduct thermal resolution tests on-site were largely precluded
due to other program requirements.
On-site system resolutions however can be estimated quite
closely as follows-
Optical Resolution - It is assumed that the optical resolution
of the system for San Diego can be related directly to
that witnessed in Dallas. Therefore, on-site system
optical resolution is called out as less than two but
greater than 1. 5 milliradians. This being an estimate
can be shown from Figure II- I 1 flown at 1000 ft. Shown
are the major lattice members of the three gasometers
on the horizon north of target No. Z. These members
are 9-inch and 12-inch I-beams.
Thermal Resolution - Although not "tied down" via controlled
resolution boards, the field on-site thermal resolution
of the SSD/RS-7 was checked by selecting and monitor-
ing existing field targets. These "targets" were
molasses storage tanks on Site No. 4 which exhibited
uniform top surfaces, yet,in one instance, had a
measured 10 F thermodynamic temperature difference,
the middle tank being warmer by that amount than the-
outside tanks. Note their appearance on Figure 11-10 --
a system test strip from Flight No. 12, July 1, 1964.
Thermodynamic temperature measured with a Simpson Thermo-o-meter
whose stated midscale accuracy is ? 1? F.
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413 /411
7',
Ln
711
t
t
a
1'
2
i A
MIL SPACING BASED 1000 FEET ALTITUDE
Figure II - 7
Special Resolution Targets
48 LINES 26 GAGE WIRE 4'
OWIZ2~~~
0 -000c~~
3/'4" MARINE PT
_
1/8" ALUMINUM SHEET PAINTED FLAT BLACK _...-
Figure II ? 8 Thermal Board Cross Section
OT
Ir
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0 k -r:. r. ~ k viu U
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Figure Ii 9 Resolution Board
(Temperature Being Monitored with Simpson Therm-0-Meter)
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Figure 0 11 High Gain Field Processed. Test Strip, Flight No. 12
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2. Ground Based Equipment
a. Ground Truth Kits During the initial portion of the program
seven ground truth kits were a- :. cmbled from "off-the-shelf" equipment (see
Figure 11- 12). Each item was c,t?cked for proper operation then checked. for
consistency with other identical items prior to kit assembly. These
;Aacceptance" tests were necessary to assure proper equipment operation
and allow transfer of componen- ~ rom k to kit where necessary. One kit
was then assigned to each of t, _ v-en - _tcs.
b. Radiometers Origi. al radiometric equipment selected for
ground truth data collection were two R.8D 25X1
transistorized portable radiometers. These devices, though originally
designed as high temperature monitoring devices, were applicable to the
program because of their high sensitivity and built-in black body references,
However,the supplier withdrew these systems two weeks prior to the
beginning of operation, in favor of the company's R-4D units, a less sensitive
device but still containin an internal reference source. The units were
tested by engineers for stability and consistency. These
See Section IIG for complete kit description.
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E
tests proved them unsatisfactory for program purpCrses in that they exhibited
a high noise level that precluded radiometric measurements at near ambient
conditions. Additionally, consistency of readings between the units could not
be achieved for targets considerably above ambient.
To accomplish radiometric measurements of the selected
targets and their sub-units, a attery operated HL-4 Radiometer*
No preparatory tests were con-
ducted with this instrument because of schedule restrictions. Because of this
and the need for a controlled black body calibration reference which was not
available, radiometric data collected were uncalibrated and acceptable only
on a relative basis (see ground truth 'survey books).
(see Figure 13) was acquired through
c. On-Site Plarn. ing - On- site planning was twofold, that derived
from the preliminary visit and that directly associated with on-site operations.
From the first visit necessary contacts and target selections were made.
On-site planning primarily took the form of brief meetings prior to each
flight. These meetings were used to inform both the ground teams and the
airborne crew of the current flight plan. Because of the fog problem encoun-
tered (associated primarily with nighttime flights) these meetings took on
added importance in that the flights were more on an opportunity rather than
a scheduled basis.
Be AIRBORNE OPERATIONS
1. Equipment Details
t
a. Aircraft - The aircraft used in the San Diego airborne data
collection operation was multisensor aircraft, a converted
North American B- 25-J (Frontispiece). Select specifications of this aircraft
are as follows:
Range:
Speed:
300 mph (max), 180 mph operational average
over target
Ceiling: 2 5 ' C ft
Communications :
LEE .-O to 1750 kilocycles
VHF, 118.0 to 126.9 megacycles
VHF, 151, 625 megacycles (fixed frequency
for ground team communications)
ILS: 108. 0 and 135.9 megacycles
*See Section IIC for system details.
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1~i ,:Lyam 0
Figure II m 12 Ground Truth Kits
s.pson Therm-0-Meter in 1' eld Use
e II m 13 St o11$Hardy Radio-meter
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25X1
.low
b. K-17C Aerial Camera System - The K-17C aerial camera's main
units are the film magazine, camera body and lens cone. The camera
functions as a fully automatic camera triggered by an external intervalometer.
Exposures are on a 9 x 9-inch format. For this operation the film magazine
was loaded with Kodak Plux X (ASA-80) film on 250 ft spools. Although the
camera is adaptable to both six- and twelve-inch lens cones, only the former
was used.
K-17C installation included the A-Z8A
Gyro-stabilized camera mount designed to accurately maintain the optical
axis of the camera (see References 1 and 2).
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DETECTOR
FIELD $TOP
Figure II - 1.4 RS - 7 Scan Optics System
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The optical system of the SSD/RS-7 is a split-image reflecting
system (see Figure II-11). The theoretical optical resolution capability of
the system is one-milli radian. Total scan. angle capability is 180?, however,
because little "interpretable" data can be collected near the horizons the
SSD/RS-7 used on this project was field stopped to 140?. Two scan speeds
are,possible, 8000 rpm and 4000 rpm, with the slower scan rate being used
during operations.
The detector unit was equipped with mercury-doped germanium
sensitive to energies from about 2 to 14 microns. The SSD/RS-7 system is
also equipped with a push-pull type filter arrangement which allows restric-
tion of detector energies to 8 to 14 microns. This filter was employed during
daytime missions to reduce the effect of reflected solar energies. A neutral
density filter was used at night to allow detection of energies throughout the
detector range. This filter was used rather than an open port to preclude
refocusing system optics between flights.
Detector cooling is accomplished by a closed cycle, North
American Phillips Model 4230OMP Croyogen helium cooler. This unit has
the capacity to reduce temperature of the detector element to 26?K.
The electrical signal from the detector is converted to a visible
light signal by a Sylvania 6 M 514 glow modulator tube in the recording unit.
The tube output was focused onto 70 mm Kodak Tri-X negative safety film
strip by a three-faced rotating pyramidal mirror and three adjustable micro-
scope objective lenses, all integrally mounted or directly geared to the
scanning prism.
Spacing of scan lines on the film is determined by the ratio
between: aircraft velocity and height above terrain (V/H). To maintain proper
recording speed, the film-drive speed is automatically regulated by a servo-
mechanism controlled by the V/H signal from the main control unit. In
addition, a variable density filter controls the amount of light the film receives
from the glow modulator tube. The density of the filter is also controlled
by the V1/H signal. At maximum scan speed, the system can record continu-
ously over a V/H range of 0. 0 to 0. 5 and with some discontinuity or gaps
between scan lines, up to a ratio of 1. 0. The V/H signal from the control
unit varies from 0 to 1. 0.
Several modifications to the basic SSD/RS-7 system were
performed under this project. The most significant of these was the align-
ment of.the system's scanner and recorder to extend its capabilities toward
the theoretical maximum of one milliradian resolution. Additional
modifications included:
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? Addition of a manual D. C. level control to the system's
post amplifier for video control during large changes in
terrain energies received by the system. An example of
large changes in terrain energy would be contrasts between
large bodies of water and land.
? Addition of 1. 0 liter/second Varian Vac Ion continuous operations .
vacuum pump. This addition though not available during the
actual mission, is designed to maintain system vacuum and
preclude a vacuum on the system between flight.
? Installation of one milliradian detector and field stop.
? Modification of the, system's V/H variable density filter to
be compatible with one milliradian recording field stop.
2. Flight Plan and Schedule
The mission plan called for parallel east-west flight lines
spaced in such a manner as to result in "blanket" coverage of the San Diego
Bay area. These lines were so placed that during the daytime they would
result in 20% side lap on the K-17C photographs and at night to result in
overlap to a scan angle of plus or minus 45? to the nadir.
Generally, these conditions prevailed during the sixteen
overflights of the area. On two occasions (Flights 6 and 14) this pattern was
halted midway through the mission and on two other occasions (Flights 2 and
16) precluded altogether because of incoming fog and very low stratus clouds.
In these cases northwest-southeast flight lines were flown over the primary
targets. On nearly every flight, difficulty in holding prescribed flight lines
existed because fog hanging just off-shore made turn arounds (hence subsequent
flight alignment) extremely difficult and dangerous.
Original mission intent was to schedule daytime and nighttime
flights as close to a 12-hour separation as possible yet have flights evenly
spaced throughout both day and night. Efforts were made not to schedule
any flights near sundown or sunup. Fog conditions in the Bay area however
rendered this plan impossible, especially regarding the nighttime flights,
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Actual flight times are listed below:
Daytime
Nighttime
Flight .
Time
Flight
Time
1
1300 hrs PDT 6/26
2
0000 hrs PDT 6/27
3
1400 hrs PDT 6/27
4
2100 hrs PDT 6/27
5
1000 hrs PDT 6/28
6
2300 hrs PDT 6/28
7
1130 hre PDT 6/29
8
2200 hrs PDT 6/29
9
1300 hrs PDT 6/30
10
0000 hrs PDT 7/1
11
1130 hrs PDT 7/1
12
2100 hrs PDT 7/1
13
1430 hrs PDT 7/2
14
0300 hrs PDT 7/3
15
1500 hrs PDT 7/3 .
16
2130 hrs PDT 7/3
Flight scheduling around harrassing fog conditions was the
most difficult problem encountered during this phase of the program. The
fog encroached the area in an unpredictable fashion and nearly precluded
Flight No. 2, the first nighttime flight. This flight was actually flown with
nearly 10/ 10 cloud undercast in some areas. Although efforts were made to
track the incoming fog bank, this tactic was largely ineffectual on mission
planning. Efforts to complete the nighttime flights while the area was clear
caused early evening scheduling. As a result this also influenced daytime
scheduling because of the 12-hour requirement.
Keeping the airborne sensor operable during this mission
turned out to be less of a problem than anticipated. Credit is due to the flight
engineers whose job it was to keep the system functioning. System malfunctions
generally could be classed as normal operational problems. Exceptional
system reliability was displayed during these operations with no rescheduling
being required for system malfunction reasons.
Other problems related to 1:he air operations could be classed
as minor regarding their effect on program performance. Among these were
loss of VHF radio. transmitter, frequent interference by other aircraft
operating in the area and noise abatement complaints against low flight air-
craft.
The aircraft crew and their assignments were as follows:
----------flight manager
----------Pilot
----------Co-pilot
23
S EC R EE T
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C. GROUND OPERATIONS
1. Equipment Detail
25X1
Ground Truth Kits (see Figure 11-12). Each
of the seven ground truth teams (one team. to each site) was assigned a kit
containing the instruments in Table II-1.
Bendix Friez Psychron
(Model 566)
Simpson Therm-O-meter
.Pacific Transducer - 3 ea.
'stick-on' units
Soiltest G- 190 (2 ea.) and
Science Assoc. #140 (2 ea. )
soil units
3. -Bendix-Friez Hand Annemometer
(SA 444)
Polaroid Camera (w/film and
filter) (#I I OB)
6. Ainsworth Brunton Compass
7. Sealed Beam Lamps - 2 ea.
8. Chart
9. Gossen Lunasix light meter
10. Binoculars
"Assigned to a supplemental radar program.
Application
Wet and dry bulb temperature
relative humidity, dew point
Target temperature
Soil temperatures at depths of
1 ", 311, 6", and 9"
Wind speed
Data recording
Orientation and heights of trees,
structures and terrain features
Night orientation
Cloud data
Incident and reflected light albedo
Visual tracking of aircraft
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--------Chief engineer
------ system engineer 25X1
--------Radar system engineer
Primary ground site data were collected using equipment
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In addition, each team carried a ground-to-air communication,
link for coordinating activities.
25X1 n, ,- radiometer was available to the
project. This is a portable battery operated field unit sensiiive Lu ~aulai~~
energies from 3 to approximately 25 microns designed for rapid measure-
ment of surfaces having an emissivity of essentially unity. The sensitive
elements of the head are two thermistors with two compensating thermistors
of unit
a bod
tion
lib
y
,
ra
to improve the stability of the zero. For ca
emissivity and known temperature must be available. Because no calibration
unit was available to the project all resultant radiometric data must be con-
sidered relative and not absolute (see Ground Truth Survey books submitted
earlier).
40
25X1
ground truth team's assigned tasks were
to collect those data deemed significant to airborne data interpretations.
These included micrometeorologic, photographic and site activity data.
Ground teams were on-site twenty-four hours prior to the first airborne
operation and remained until completion of the flight. During this period
each team studied their site and selected those major target sub-units
which best typify that site for continual study during the entire mission.
Examples of selected sub-units included for the airport site, the main runway;
for the railroad yard, tracks and box cars; and for the construction site, the
main hoisting crane. These select sub-units and their immediate backgrounds
were monitored for temperatures each hour during this initial 24-hour period.
In addition, complete micrometcorological data was collected every six hours.
On subsequent airborne flights each team monitored the selected
sub-units (temperature stations) and collected micrometeorological data
before and after each overflight. Photographic records were kept on the
appearance of the sub-units and any additional items related to site activity
(see Section IIIB). These data ;ire included in the Ground Truth Survey books.
3, Problems Encountered
Among the prob;;is enct u:.atered by the ground teams were
occasional equipment malfunct 17, several checks by local law enforcement ?
agencies (to determine personnel need to be on these sites
at odd-hours) and access to secure naval areas. None of the problems encoun-
tered were so serious as to preclude data collection operations.
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4. Personnel
ersonnel assigned to the ground oper
personnel
Ground Operation Manager -------
Site No. 1 (airport) ------?-------
Site No. 2 (railroad) -------------
Site No. 3 (truck terminal) -------
Site No. 4 (port facility) ----------
Site No. 5 (rapid construction) ---
Site No. 6 (naval storage) ---------
Site No. 7 (motor pool) ----------
were also assigned to collect
radiometric data at each of the seven sites.
ations
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All field data collected during the project were returned to
were processed in the
facility for pro
cessing. Airborne collected data
image processing laboratory;
Ground truth data reduction was accomplished by the site personnel, in the
drafting and study areas.
A. AIRBORNE DATA
1. Processing
Original airborne system film negatives were processed and
reproduced as follows:
a. RS-7 Negative Developing (Kodak Tri-X, SO 234 film)
1)
Developer
Kodak D-19
2)
Time
3.5 to 4. 5 mins.
3)
Temperature
68 ? to 78 ? F
b. RS-7 Imagery Reproductions
1) Paper Xerox Varaloid Fast F
2) Film DuPont 228R
c. K-17C Negative Developing (Kodak Plus-X)
1)
Developer
Kodak D-19
2)
Time
6. 0 to 7. 5 mins.
3)
Temperature
68 ? to 78 ? F
d. K-17C Photographic Reproductions
1) Paper Kodak Polycontrast Rapid
2) Film Kodak Dektol 1:2
Negative processing was accomplished with a Morse B-5
processing unit. All reproductions, both film positives and paper prints,
included in the site "Airborne Reconnaissance Data Reports" were accomplished
S E C R E --
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with a Log Etronics unit modified for use as a contact printer. Film
positives of all sixteen flights submitted were printed on a Sonne' continuous
printer.
2. Image Retrieval
Techniques used to identify airborne infrared and photographic
data collected during the project are described below.
b. K- 17 C Photography - Photographic negatives collected in San
Diego are contained on fourteen rolls. In general, two rolls of film were
required for each flight. Some rolls, however, contain partial data from
two flights, e. g. , Rolls No. 2 and 10. Identification techniques used for the
K-17C data follows.
Each negative, exclusive of test and special target shots are
identified by a three-unit identification. These units are (1) the flight number,
(2) the flight line (for these data a lettered flight line identification is used)
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and (3) the photograph number. All photograph numbers are in sequence for
each flight starting at one (1) and ending with the total number of San Diego
Bay area shots taken during that flight.
Photograph identification example:
where, 5 = Flight Number
B = Line Number
43 = Photograph Number
Contents of each of the fourteen rolls is as follows:
Flight
A-F
1
- 178
G-J
179
- 305
.A-C
1
- 88
D-J
89
- 282
A-G
1
- 201
H-J
202
- 293
Pt. Loma,
!agriculture
Strip
294
- 349
A-F
1
- 178
G-J
179
- 300
Pt. Loma
Special
301
- 368
A - F
1
- 179
G-J
180
- 303
`,H, IIS, IIIS
304
- 381
nerai Dynamics
;lcleu r,
;ycainore Canyon
cst: S , and
ne.r: Dynamics
L 'lant
382
- 421
11
1
151
11
152
- 308
309
- 358
12
13
G
1
- 215
13
13
Ii-J
216
- 307
15
A-C
1
- 89
15
D-J
90
- 292
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3. Review of Negative Quality
a. SSD/RS-7 Infrared Negatives ?- The SSD/RS-7~ imagery
was generally of good quality. Several operational problems, e. g. , fog
and system malfunctions, were encountered during the sixteen flights, none
so serious however, as to preclude scheduled data collection. A brief
critique of th data for each flight follows:
Flight No. 1 - Imagery appears underexposed at beginning of
flight,however, system adjustments provided good quality
toward the end of flight. Negatives were scratched due to
errors in handling. Light fog persisted over area, heavy
near coast. Altitude - 2500 ft.
Flight No. 2 - Image quality good. Undercast conditions prevailed
over area varying from thin toward the south to extremely
heavy near coast and toward the north. Altitude - 1500 it.
Flight No. 3 - Image quality good. Very heavy coastal fog with
some light fog over area. Some processing scratches exist.
Altitude - 2500 ft.
Flight No. 4 - Image Quality fair (appears flat). "Water spotting"
appears at beginning of negative roll. This is attributed to
shipping undeveloped film via unpressurized commercial
conveyences. Heavy coastal fog witnessed. Altitude - 1000 ft.
Flight No. 5 - Image quality fair to good. Light fog existed over
area, heavy in the north and over coast. "Water spotting"
is bad over entire roll. Altitude - 1000 ft.
Flight No. 6 - Image quality poor (flat). Light fog over area,
heavy in the north and over coast. "Water spotting" is bad
over entire roll. Altitude - 1000 ft.
Flight No. 7 - Image quality good. Heavy scratching appears over
entire roll. Source of scratching indeterminable but attributed
to errors in handling. Altitude - 2500 ft.
Flight No. 8 - Image quality good. Some film drive marks are
encountered. Also, some system and processing scratches
are present. Altitude - 1000 ft.
Flight No. 9 - Image quality fair (low contrast). Slightly hazy but
no fog encountered. Again heavy scratches appear. Occasional
processing streaks are apparent. Altitude - 2500 ft.
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Flight No. 10 - Image quality poor (flat). Static electricity
marks appear at end of roll. V/H is apparently mis-set.
Moderate fog existed over area. Altitude - 1000 ft.
Flight No. 11 - Image quality good. Light fog near coast.
Altitude - 2500 ft.
Flight No. 12 - Image quality good to excellent. Heavy unexplained
. scratches appear over entire roll. Altitude - 1000 ft.
Flight No. 13 - Image quality good. Detector "noise" was encoun-
tered. Area is clear of any fog. Some processing scratches
appear. Altitude - 2500 ft.
Flight No. 14 - Image quality good. Detector "noise" is apparent.
Flight plan was changed due to heavy incoming fog. Altitude -
1000 ft.
Flight No. 15 - Image quality good. Detector "noise" is apparent.
Some haze was encountered. Altitude - 2500 ft.
Flight No. 16 - Image quality excellent. Heavy scratches exist
over entire roll (cause unknown). Heavy fog existed over
north portion of area. Altitude - 1500 ft.
Test strips were pulled following all but one data 25X1
collection flight. These field processed strips are included as Figures III-1
through 111- 15.
b. K-17C Photograph Negatives - General quality of the San Diego
photograph negatives is good to excellent. The main degrading factor is the
unsharp framing of all shots. This exists because of K-17C mounting condi-
tions where, to obtain an unrestricted system field of view, would have
required cutting certain structural members of the B-25. This tactic was ill
advised because of scheduling.
4. Security
Remote reconnaissance data collected during this mission was
classified and handled under the Department of Defense Industrial Security
Manual, revised 31 December 1962 (attachment DD form 441). As a result,
all SSD/RS-7 infrared data generated is classified CONFIDENTIAL while
K-17C data is unclassified.
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Original SSD/RS-7 negatives, packaged by roll, carry the
following registration numbers.
Roll Number (Flight Number) Control Registration Number
1
1701
2
1665
3
2024
4
1702
5
1704
6
1703
7
1705
8
1706
9
1707
10
1708
11
1709
12
1710
13
1711
14
1712
15
1713
16
2025
All reproductions, exclusive of the single roll of film positives,
exist within the reconnaissance data books for each of the seven sites. Their
registration control numbers follow:
Site Number
Book Number
Control Registration Number
1
1
1879
2
?
1880
3
3
1881
4
4
1882
5
5
1883
6
6
1884
7
7
1885
Problems encountered in processing the airborne data were
many and varied. Paramount among these were extremely high tap water
temperatures (as high as 84? F) during the processing period. Although steps
were taken to rectify this, e. g. , acquisition of a water chiller, lack of
processing water temperatures was serious. An additional problem involved
exposing sensitometric strips on the ends of each negative roll. This was
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accomplished but satisfactory ,% not achieved and the resultant
exposed strips were removed. 1. a sons .or this were lack of operator famil-
iarity with the sensitometric equipment acquired for this project and lack of
precise control over processing water temperatures. These served to
invalidate subsequent gamma curves.
Airborne data collected in San Diego has been presented in a
series of reports containing SSD/RS-7 and. K-17C coverage of the seven
defined sites. All original negatives and one contact film positive of SSD/RS-7
data also have been presented. The seven. airborne site report packets contain
site descriptions, flight logs, flight line plots, processing notes, RS-7
film positives and paper prints and K-17C film positives and paper prints
organized by target site and flight. These image reports were submitted
21 September 1964. Original negatives were submitted 14 October 1964.
Reduction of ground truth information for each of the seven
target sites constituted one of the major blocks of effort expended during the
project. These data consisted of:
o Site identification through photography, maps and other
location data
o First surface materials identification, e. g. , water, soil,
asphalt, concrete and metal
o Selected temperature station identification through photography
o 24-hour temperatures (diurnal cycle of temperatures for select
stations)
o Micrometeorological data from the site taken before and after
each flight
o Activity monitoring through photography and written descrip-
tions
o General site photography
? Radiometric data collected at the temperature stations
o Visible spectrum reflectivity data
? U. S. Weather Bureau meteorological data at times of flights
o Miscellaneous data related to each site
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25X1
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These data were compiled by site, and presented in seven separate volumes
entitled "Ground Truth Survey, Site -- . " These volumes were submitted
21 September 1964.
The above data types were selected on the basis of their
envisioned usefulness to an interpretation of the airborne reconnaissance
data collected over each site. With these basic data the interpreter should be
able to easily extrapolate from the primary target sub-units monitored to
any other sub-unit. ( believes the data collected represents
an "overkill"; that is, more ground information was collected than can be
effectively used at this time in a standard interpretation of the airborne data.)
The primary data reduction problem encountered, as in all
programs of this scope, was, reducing the collected data to a uniform format.
In some instances, this was not possible because of the varying nature of the
targets involved. Site No. 1 (Lindburgh Field), for example, covered a very
large area relative to Site No. 5 (rapid construction). This fact dictated
differences in data collection procedures which affected the final product.
Standard drafting practices were employed in constructing the
site report books.
SECR =T
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Figure III ? 1 Flight No. 1, Field Processed Test Strip
.11
t
Figure III 2 Flight Noe 2, Field Processed Test Strip
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a
N
Figure III ? 3 Flight No. 3. Field Processed Test Strip
Figure III m 4 Flight No, 4. Field Processed Test Strip
Elm
36
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t
1
I
Figure III ? 5 Flight No. 5. Field Processed Test Strip
Figure III m 6 Flight No. 6. Field Processed Test Strip
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I
Figure III d 7 Flight Noe 7. Field Processed Test Strip
Figure III m 8 Flight No. 8; Field Processed Test Strip
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1
t
Figure III - 9 Flight No. 9. Field Processed Test Strip
Figure III - 10 Flight No. 10. Field Processed Test Strip
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t
.11
i
M
11,
Figure III m 11 Flight No. 11. Field Processed Test Strip
Figure III 12 Flight Nom 12. Field Processed Test Strip
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1.1
Figure III m 13 Flight No. 13, Field Processed Test Strip
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Figure III d 14 Flight No. 15, Field Processed Test Strip
 SEEN=
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Figure III m 15 Flight No. 16. Field Processed Test Strip
N
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RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
of minor logistics problems.
s Reliability of the SSD/RS-7 nd K-17C photographic 25X1
reconnaisance systems
e Capabilities of the B-25 multisensor system*
scheduling, authorization cont;, r. po ,.dace area, security and the myriad
relative to an undertaking of tl_i- a'ure -.nd resulted in techniques for their
solution. Among these were c,, ',,weather problems, manpower
Airborne and ground data collection efforts under
Project 56040 have resulted in comprehensive
reconnaissance data over a wide variety of military and vivilian type targets,
specifically in conjunction with seven pre-selected targets classed as indi-
cators of military build-up. During the conduct of this program the following
were demonstrated relative to operations.
o Capability to collect detailed ground truth data on an acceler-
ated schedule
Significant within the program were the airborne reconnaissance
and ground truth data presentations logically organized to facilitate interpre-
tation. These formats, conceived for this project, are being generally
incorporated as standard for future air and ground reconnaissance endeavors
by In additi.on, viewing initial airborne imagery by the
on-site ground crews resulted i:, the collection of additional significant
ground data, e. g. , photograph: anomalous appearing objects prior to
departing the area.
This project also served o identify many operational problems
data collected.
the results of the next program phase, i. e. , data interpretation (see Section I
Only following the interpretation phase can a true evaluation of results of this
segment of the program be conducted, especially in terms of the significance of
The extent to which final results of this data collecting segment
of the total program can be analyzed, however, will be greatly dependent upon
*Radar data were also collected during San Diego operations but under a
separate contract.
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B. RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations made from this point in the total program
are necessarily limited. However, the following can be expressed.
Processing the original negatives in a controlled laboratory
environment remains the recommended procedure as opposed to field
processing.
No undeveloped film should be sent by commercial carrier
unless shipped in pressurized containers or compartments. Film damage
through moisture condensation was witnessed where the film was shipped in
non-pressurized compartments (see Section III, A, 3).
A ground verification program should be instituted following
the interpretation phase to confirm the interpretations of the static features
of the area especially concerning the seven selected sites.
The data collected should be made available for other research
and training programs following completion of the total program. These data,
including the ground truth data, could constitute the most complete basic
data for interpreter training yet collected.
This project has provided a format for0 military
target analysis and it is recommended that it be applied to other critical
strategic and tactical target types.
Further comprehensive programs similar to the one described
herein should be conducted by a single contractor. That is, one group should
be responsible for the total program rather than splitting it between data
'collection and data interpretation. This tactic would make total target site
knowledge gained on-site, available to the interpreters. In so recommending,
testing, evaluation and personnel training. Efforts centered on imagery
interpreter's evaluation, however, may best be served by a division of labor
as took place in this subject program.
suited where the results to be achieved center around system performance
recognizes that a "single contractor" program is most
44
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/04/27: CIA-RDP78B04747A001000020025-9
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/04/27: CIA-RDP78BO4747AO01000020025-9
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/04/27: CIA-RDP78BO4747AO01000020025-9