FINAL STUDY AND TEST PLAN FOR OPEN GATE FILM-TO-FILM CONTACT PRINTER AND FILM CLEANING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A000900010001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 109
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 18, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 25, 1964
• Content Type: CONT

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FINAL STUDY AND TEST PLAN
for
)PEN GATE FILM-TO-FILM CONTACT PRINTER
AND FILM CLEANING
U.S. GOVERNMENT
Declass Review by NIMA
r / DOD
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section No. Page No.
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 B a c k g r o u n d..... . . . . . 1
1.2 The Open Gate System . . . . 2
1.3 Object of this Study . . . . . 2
1.4 Technical Consideration. . . . 3
1.5 Operational Requirements . . 5
2.0 OPEN GATE STUDYr:. . A.....r,. .o.a ` 6
2.1 Test Program . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Open-Gate Technique Evaluation 11
3.0 FILM CLEANING . . . . . . . . . 35.
3.1 Ultrasonic Cleaning . . . . . 37
3.2 Electrostatic Cleaning . . . . 38,
3.3 Solvent Washes for Cleaning. 41
3.4 Air Knife Cleaning Systems 42
3.5 Vacuum Dust Elimination System 44
3.6 Results of Film Cleaning
Feasibility Stu y. . . . . . . 45
4.0 TEST PLANS . . . . . . ... . . . . . 47
4.1 Open Gate Evaluation . . . . a 47
4.2 Film Cleaning Evaluation . . . 52,
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APPENDIX
Exhibit
Page No.
A.
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
B.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . .
66
C.
CONTACT PRINTING EXPERIMENT . . . .
71
D.
CURSORY INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRO-
STATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN CHARGED
FILMS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No. Page No.
2.1 Experimental Setup. . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Effect of Contacting Pressure on
Output Resolution . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Typical Air Bearing System. . . . 17
2.4 Formation of Air. Film in an Air
Bearing System. . . . . . . . 19
2.5 Air Bearing Open Gate . . . . . . 22
2.6 Hydraulic Gate. . . . . . . . . 23
2.7 Vacuum Contact Printer, . . . . . 25
2.8 Corona Attraction . . . . . . . . 27
2.9 Pressure Roller Open Gate . . . . 29
2.10 Belt Transport Open Gate. . . 29
2.11 Electromagnetic Repulsion . . . . 32
2.12 Air Bearings with Source. . . . . 34
3.1 Static Discharge. . . . . . . . 40
4.0 Universal Film Cleaning Enclosure 53
4.1 Vacuum System for Film Cleaning . 57
4.2 Foam Cleaning System.. . . . . 58
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ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the feasibility of applying open gate
techniques to achieve improved performance in a continuous film-
to-film contact printer. As a second objective, a study of
film cleaning methods applicable to this printer was performed.
The open gate study centered around the problem of assuring
intimate film contact in the open printer gate. Included
was the consideration of using a "liquid gate" to assure
contact and to enhance the resulting transfer of photographic
information.
.A limited test program was performed to evaluate the effect
of contacting pressure on information transfer, as well as.
the effect of inserting a contacting fluid between the films.
These tests were conducted under specular as well as diffuse
illumination conditions.
Although test results were somewhat limited by the low-contrast
photographic targets used, they indicated a significant improve-
ment resulting from the use of a "liquid gate." Information
transfer appears to be relatively independent of contacting
pressure for pressures above 1. PSI in a dry system. These
tests set performance criteria for the various techniques con-
sidered.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Considerable effort has been expended over the years to
minimize loss of resolution in duplicated copies of aerial
photographs produced in film-to-film contact printers. It is
well recognized that a continuing loss of information is in-
herent in the process of photographic duplication as progress-
ive generations are reproduced. Considerable ingenuity has
been applied to maximize the transfer of information or resolu-
tion between successive generations of duplicated photography.
However, the resolution loss remains significant, especially
where the image contrast is low.
Currently, continuous strip-film-to-film printers tend to
use a rotating drum as the platen surface. Film contact is
maintained either by film tension or by using a tense fabric
web to produce contact pressure. Exposure can be external or
internal with respect to the drum depending on whether film
or web tension is used. However, distortion resulting from
the curved platen or relative slippage of the films further
tend to degrade information transfer and fidelity. Dirt and
scratches can be easily generated in a system with inherent
film slippage.
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These problems appear to be minimized by going to a flat
gate system. Here, by definition, the films move through the
exposing station with zero relative velocity so that distortion
and image smear caused by film slippage is eliminated. More-
over, by eliminating the glass platen, a possible source of
dirt and film scratching is removed from the system. A further
advantage of this so-called "open gate" system is the improve-
ment in quality resulting from the elimination of distortion
or image defects produced by the glass platen.
1.2 The Open Gate System
For purposes of definition in this report, the "open gate"
system refers to a photographic printer configuration wherein
the duplicating film is exposed in contact with the negative
stock as they move without slippage through a flat printer
gate. Machine contact with the image areas is eliminated by
removing the usual glass platens. Contacting pressure can be
maintained between the films by a variety of techniques which
are discussed in this report.
1.3 Object of this Study
The object of the present study was to evaluate the
feasibility of applying the various techniques considered to
assure film contact in the gate of a continuous "open gate"
printer. Evaluation was based on maintaining high performance
compatible with current state of the art. Arbitrary perform-
ance criteria have been set at an output'resolution of 300 lpm
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(line pairs/mm) from a high quality, high contrast input tar-
get with the printer operating at a film speed of 50 feet per
minute. Consideration has been given to other factors con-
tributing to degradation of image quality in the printer.
Included in the study was an evaluation of techniques for film
cleaning.
Based on this study, ,a test plan has been prepared defin-
ing an evaluation program to prove-out the concepts advanced
in this report and to explore the engineering problems
encountered when these techniques are incorporated in an auto-
matic printer. This test plan is included as Section 4.0 of
this report.
1.4 Technical Consideration
Evaluation of the various techniques considered was based
on several performance criteria. These are described briefly
below:
1.4.1 Contact Pressure - Each technique was initially
selected and then evaluated as a method of producing cohesive
or compressive force between the negative stock and duplicat-
ing film in the printer gate to assure contact. Pressure levels
used were based on an experimental evaluation related to their
effect on information transfer.
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1.4.2 Image Distortion - Each technique was evaluated
based on its possible contribution to image distortion. These
would be primarily due to lack of flatness in the printer gate
or the introduction of distorting optical media into the optical
path at the printer gate. Also, of course, relative image
motion during exposure will produce a loss in resolution due
to smearing.
1.4.3 Light Sources - Each technique was evaluated to
assure compatibility with the light source requirement of the
printer.
1.4.4 Film Handling - Each technique was evaluated with
regard to its influence on the film handling requirement. The
integrity of the negative film must be preserved under all
operating conditions. In other words, any system developed
cannot produce scratches, dimensional distortions or any other
film damage on the archival negative film.
1.4.5 Environmental Effects - Each technique was evaluated
in terms of the requirement to maintain a controlled environment
in the area of the film. Compatibility with the photographic
requirement for clean conditions, controlled temperature and
freedom from toxic vapors or materials was considered.
1.4.6 Other Considerations - Other factors were also
evaluated. These include ease of implementation, compatibility
with a continuous operating mode and engineering practicality.
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Other specific factors were considered such as exposure of the
raw film stock by electric spark discharge. These considera-
tions are discussed in greater detail in the appendix.
1.5 Operational Requirements
Although the physical and chemical characteristics of the
film base and emulsion of the negative stock, and the density
range, contrast and graininess of the developed silver image
are uncontrollable factors in the negative, it has been demon-
strated that several factors can be controlled to,maximize
information transfer. These are itemized below.
- Maintain uniform film contact with sufficient
contact pressure.
- Minimize film buckling or curl.
- Use normal specular illumination for exposure
(over a narrow angle)
Introduce "liquid gate" techniques
- Eliminate unnecessary optical media from the
light path
- Remove dirt and contaminants from the system
- Match the spectral characteristics of the source
to the response of the raw stock
- Minimize distortions due to film tension
- Eliminate relative slip between negative and
duplicating film
- Keep exposure time short
-.Minimize machine vibration
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In this study the ultimate goal has been to maintain a
resolution limit of at least 300 lpm in second generation
duplicate negatives produced in a printer operating continu-
ously at 50 feet per minute. In order to meet this goal,
the following criteria were established at the beginning of
the study:
1.5.1 Both input negative or positive and raw stock
must move at the same velocity without significant vibration,
jitter or creep.
1.5.2 Contact pressure at the gate must be adequate to
assure maximum information transfer.
1.5.3 If a liquid gate system is used, there must be no
film damage, distortion or contamination.
1.5.4 Environmental conditions within the printer must
be controlled to meet the photographic requirement for dust
and dirt elimination, as well as temperature and humidity con-
trol. In addition, the requirement for minimizing the genera-
tion of R.F. interference was imposed.
2.0 OPEN GATE STUDY
The open gate study consisted of a survey and analysis
of applicable techniques. These included novel approaches
which may require development to reduce to practice. In order
to-evaluate the applicability of the approaches considered, a
limited test program was performed to establish several
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important criteria which included the following:
1. Pressure level required to maximize transfer.
2. Effect of a contacting liquid on information transfer.
3. Effect of source diffusion on information transfer.
Several techniques were considered and are discussed in
the following order:
- Liquid Gate Systems
- Air Bearing Systems
- Hydraulic Systems
Vacuum Systems
- Electrostatic Techniques
- Electromagnetic Techniques
- Mechanical Systems
- Other Considerations
2.1 Test Program
In order to determine the effect of contacting pressure
and liquid gate conditions on the transfer of photographic
information in a contact printer configuration, limited tests
were performed with the best photographic target we could pre-
pare on available equipment. The tests were designed to
answer the following questions:
- What is.the effect of contacting pressure on
information transfer?
What is the effect of liquid contact on
information transfer if operating in the
"liquid gate" mode?
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- What is the effect of specular or diffuse
illumination on information transfer?
1. Target
A 45x5X photo-reduction of a USAF 1951 test tar-
get, on Eastman S0-105 emulsion, was used. The visual resolu-
tion threshold was 650 lp/mm with a microdensitometer contrast
(AD) of 0.02, measured with an effective slit width of 0.3
microns.
This target was then sequentially contact printed
nine times through an Eastman 649-GH intermediate to produce an
Eastman S0-132 nine-target-array to be used as a submaster.
Final microscopic resolution in the submaster ranged from 230
to 290 lp/mm. Microdensitometer contrast ranged from 0.10 to
0.18 at the limiting resolution.
The resulting submaster target consisted of nine
test targets in a 3 by 3 matrix array on approximately 1 inch
centers. The overall target was approximately 70 millimeters
square.
2. Test Setup
Tests were performed in the test configuration
shown in Fig. 2.1. The gate was illuminated by a .040" pin-
hole aperture at a distance of 5 feet. The pinhole was effect-
ively filled by radiation from a mercury lamp, filtered to
limit maximum wavelength to 5000 angstroms. Spectral
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CONTAINER FILLED WITH
ZNO.7-1/2 , SHOT ACTING ON
CONTACT AREA OF 7.55 SQ. IN.
FOAM PLASTIC
N // 11
114X4 X 4 GLASS PLATE
LE ITZ
FLUORESCENCE r----~
LIGHT SOURCE
WITH HBO-200
Hg LAMP
iLOCATION OF GROUND
GLASS DIFFUSER
x,,0.044/ HOLE
I CONDENSER . LENS
F"~Ist. SURFACE MIRROR
BLUE FILTER
(SCHOTT - BG-12)
,FIGURE 2.1 Experimental Setup
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characteristics of the lamp and filter are attached in Appen-
dix A. Provision was made for diffusing the light on an
optional basis. This was accomplished by inserting a ground
glass diffuser midway between the pinhole and the printing
gate.
The submaster test target and the negative raw
stock were inserted in emulsion contact between 1/4" plate
glass platens. Effective contact area was 7.55 square inches.
Contact pressure was applied by weighing the upper platen with
a calibrated amount of lead shot.
3. Test Procedure
Tests were performed under twelve test conditions.
These included three conditions of contact pressure, with and
without liquid gate, and with and without optical diffusion in
the system. Prints were made on Eastman S0-278 (Type 8430)
photographic film.
Duplicate test images were made for each test
condition. Test sequence was randomly arranged to minimize
the effect of systematic error. The latent images were pro-
cessed in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations
and the images were evaluated microscopically by two observers.
Data correlation was reasonably good.
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The test conditions are given below:
Pressure: 0,0.33, 2.12 psi
Liquid Gate: (90% toluene, 10% Freon-113)
optionally inserted
Diffusion: Ground glass, optionally inserted
4. Test Results
The results of these experiments are plotted
in Fig. 2.2. A detailed description of the experiment is
included as Exhibit C in the appendix.
From these experiments, we conclude that a
significant improvement in information transfer results from
the use of liquid gate techniques. Moreover, liquid gate
assures intimate film contact since resolution is essentially
independent of contacting pressure under these conditions.
Under dry conditions, resolution improves rapidly
with contact pressure at low pressure values but improvements
are small above pressures of 1 pound per square inch, especially
in the case where specular illumination is used.
2.2 Open-Gate Technique Evaluation
A critical evaluation of several techniques applicable to
open gate systems included a comprehensive literature search
of U.S. Government reports, private communications, patent
literature and periodicals. A bibliography is attached as
E,N,hib.it,11.10 The following conclusions were reached' as a result
of this study.
11'
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w
.I
i.-2.12 PSI
I 2
PRESSURE
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH.
FIGURE 2.2 Effect of Contacting Pressure on Output Resolution.
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D-DRY-POINT SOURCE I
o-WET- POINT SOURCE
o- DRY- DIFFUSE SOURCE
O- WET-DIFFUSE SOURCE
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2.2.1 Liquid Gate Systems- Measurements have been made
of the attractive force between Mylar sheets brought in
intimate contact with a thin water film separating them. The
adhesive force is thought to be created by a pressure differ-
ential produced when the intermediate air-film is displaced
by a liquid. Shear forces measured were approximately 0.23 psi.
A liquid gate system was reported in 1957 for
printing motion picture films! In this system two wringer
rollers were mounted so that the films "V" together under
sufficient pressure to leave only a thin liquid layer between
the films. Excessive wringer pressure had to be avoided be-
cause it caused the two films to adhere so tightly that irregular
slippage occurred between the negative and raw stock as they
passed over the periphery of the drive roller.
Liquid gates (wet printing) are in use for films
as large as 70 millimeters2; however, the literature.emphasizes
that experience and equipment are predominantly for 16 and 35
millimeter films.
The reported purpose of the liquid gate systems
in general is (1) the virtual elimination of printing defects
caused by scratches and other surface irregularities on the
negative and (2) improvement of definition by providing a con-
tinuous optical medium through which the exposing light passes
1` 3s
from the negative to the raw stoc0 a.i_= Where total immersion
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techniques were used for contact and projection liquid gate
printing, Newton rings were never observed and the acuitance
of a second duplicate in immersion printing is twice that
obtained in ordinary printing1'4.
In gate designs where the liquid circulates, cool-
ing and better film positioning results. Cooling of the film
is especially desirable when a high intensity source with its
attendant heat is used.
Immersion printing minimizes deterioration of tone
reproduction caused by light scattering. However, there is
practically no difference in the graininess of prints obtained
by either dry or wet printing methods. All prints obtained
by immersion printing had resolution greater than that obtained
in ordinary contact printing. The gain in resolution is great-
est when liquids are applied to all film surfaces, intermediate
when applied only to the emulsion interface and least when
applied only to the substrate sides4.
If scratches alone are considered, the effects of
scratches can be eliminated on the negative by applying a thin
liquid layer to the support side of the film just before print-
ing since most film scratching occurs on the support side.
Slight emulsion scratches can usually be ignored whereas deep
emulsion scratches cannot be eliminated with liquids in any
6
case .
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In any total immersion system, air bubbles tend
to follow splices in the films. These. bubbles have been
successfully removed by a fine camel's hair brush contacting
the films within the liquid bathl.
In addition to simple immersion, contacting liquids
have been applied by wick, spray or roller. In order to mini-
mize film damage, the method chosen must not introduce con-
taminants in the contacting liquid.
Uniform distribution is of prime importance for
if the films are not wet evenly, improper contact of the
materials results in distortion and variation in print resolution.
Criteria for selection of liquids are exacting,
but an evaluation by Delwiche, et al., is comprehensive.
It has been definitely established from our limited
testing program and from the literature search that a liquid
interface between the film enhances information transfer. The
advantage of this technique to automatic printers must be care-
fully weighed, however, against the substantial engineering
problems introduced by the liquid handling. These include
possible film damage effects, machine contamination, liquid
handling and supply systems, and vapor venting requirements.
2.2.2 Air Bearing Systems - Air bearings are being used
.
in film and paper transport systems with much success 819
Studies by Ott, et. al., 10 show that application of air directed
by jets against the base of one film provides contact nearly
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equal to that obtained with a vacuum frame. The advantages
of such a system are:
a. No friction or rolling action,
b. Economy by using air,
c. Cleaning action on films,
d. Independence of base thickness of either negative
or positive.
Problems which may be encountered are possible
limitation of gate size and possible degrading effects of air
turbulence on information transfer. Basic concepts of an air-
bearing or hydrostatic-bearing system 11 are presented below.
A simple,single-recess air-bearing system is shown
in Fig. 2.3. All air-bearings have two main parts - the bear-
ing pad which is stationary; the runner which may or may not
move with respect to the pad.
The important parts of an air pad are the recess,
? the air inlet orifice, and the sill (Fig. 2.3). The runner is
flat and separated from the pad by a full film of pressurized
air. The amount of separation is termed "air film thickness."
Air bearings may take any geometrical form from flat to cylin-
drical, conical and spherical. However, in all cases, the
runner shape must conform to that of the pad. Air from the
recess flows across the sill to the pad exit, where it is dis-
charged. To maintain the air film clearance, the outflow of
air from the bearing must be continually'replenished.
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DISTRIBUTION-71 LOAD AIR FILM
RUNNER, THICKNESS, h
(PHOTOGRAPHIC
FILM).
BEARING PAD SILL
TO OTHER SUPPLY TO OTHER
BEARINGS MANIFOLD BEARINGS AIR INLET
RESTRICTOR
(COMPENSATING
ELEMENT)
BEARING PAD RECESS
L- AIR FLOW
DIRECTION
SOURCE OF
PRESSURIZED
AIR
FIGURE 2.3 Typical Air Bearing System
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Air bearings can be applied to almost any device.
Full-flow filtration insures the delivery of clean air required
for film cleanliness. Breakdown of the air supply system will
result in bearing failure; in critical applications, such as
the film-to-film printer, standby systems are provided to pre-
vent film damage. Although air bearings require a relatively
expensive and complex supporting system, they offer advantages
not found in any other type of bearing.
These include:
a. High load carrying capacity at all speeds (including
zero speed) for all types of relative motion.
b. No starting friction and extremely low running friction.
c. No contact between bearing or film at any operating
speed; thus, bearing life is dictated by air supply
system life.
d. Predictable and adjustable bearing performance with
regard to load-displacement characteristics, frictional
drag, temperature rise, and stiffness.
e. Minimum driving force (film tension) required for the
films at any film velocity.
Some external circuitry is required for all air
bearings. Thus, the bearing is really a part of a system, and
its operation depends upon other members within the system.
A simple bearing system with the pressure source at zero
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 (e) INCREASED LOAD ~1. (f)-DECREASED LOAD
~._
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.FIGURE 2.4. formation of Air turn in an Air earing System
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pressure is shown in Fig. 2.4a. The runner or film under the
influence of a load, W, is seated on the bearing pad. As the
source pressure builds up (Fig. 2.4.b) the pressure in the pad
recess also increases. The pressure in the recess is built
up to a point where the pressure on the runner (photographic-
film) over an area equal to the pad recess area is just suffici-
ent to lift the load (Fig. 2.4c). This is commonly called the
v'lift" pressure.
Just after the runner (photographic film) separates
from the bearing paid (Fig. 2.4d), the pressure in the recess
is less than that required to lift the film. After lift, flow
commences through the. system. Therefore, a pressure drop
exists between the pressure source and the bearing (across a
restrictor) and from the recess to the exit of the bearing.
If more load is added to the bearing (Fig. 2.4e),
the air film thickness decreases and the recess pressure rises
until pressure within the bearing clearance and recess is
sufficient to carry the increased load. If the load is now
decreased to less than the original (Fig. 2.4f), the air
film thickness increases to some higher value, and the recess
pressure decreases accordingly. The maximum load that can be
supported by the pad is reached, theoretically, when the
pressure in the recess is equal to the pressure at the source.
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A system for use as an air bearing open gate is
shown in Fig. 2.5. Basically, an air bearing is used as the
platen of the system to support the raw stock. Air nozzles
or jets are used against the backing of the negative to pro-
vide clamping or contact pressure at the open gate aperture.
System operation dicates a single manifold. Volu-
metric flow rates of the nozzles and air bearing must be equal,
QN m QB, the air films remain equal, hN a hB, for any drop or
rise jn manifold pressure in the single manifold system.
2.2.3 Hydraulic Systems - The relationships and
diagrams used for the air bearing in Section 2.2.2 apply either
to liquid or air. Figures 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 can also be used
to describe a type of hydraulic system in which a liquid is
used in a hydrostatic bearing as a backing platen and air jets
are used at the aperture for pressure contact. Choice of
liquids is important to prevent film damage or contamination
but the rest of the system analysis is the same as that of the
air bearing.
Another approach involves the use of liquids under
pressure in a confined volume. As an example, Fig. 2.6 depicts
a gate system using such a pressurized liquid. Pressure is
only great enough to provide true laminar flow; that is, the
Reynolds' number is less than 2000. Seals are used to prevent
excessive leakage and, essentially, to squeegee the films into
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' LIGHT
SOURCE
OPEN
GATE
APERTURE
'hn
V Y v Y ' V '< NEGATIVE
RAW STOCK
QB
N
MANIFOLD
L- hB
AIR BEARING
FIGURAp~r&,ed I Re E l/@Rigl3: lkDP78B04747A00090001000.1-1 . 2?
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LIQUID IN LIQUID OUT
GLASS
PLATEN
SEALS
NEGATIVE
~. DIRECTION OF
FILM MOTION
RAW STOCK
LIQUID IN
LIQUID OUT
FIGURE 2.6 Hydraulic Gate
intimate contact. The liquid under pressure prevents the
film'surfaces from contacting the glass and maintains film
contact. The liquid entrance and exit can be joined to the
supply to provide a semi-closed cycle. This is not a true
open gate because of the glass platen, but it maintains
film contact in the`gate without mechanically contacting
the film.
2.2.4 Vacuum Systems - Good contact between two
films can also be produced by a vacuum printing frame, but
this is impractical in a continuous film-to-film printer.
Therefore, requirements must be established to define another
type of vacuum system: The following would be system
requirements:
23
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a. Techniques for maintaining vacuum between the films
without requiring abrading contact with them.
b. Maintenance of a vacuum between films in a continuous
flow system.
c. Prevention of contamination in the evacuated areas
from external environment.
The following are possible design considerations:
a. The use of a chamber for applying vacuum between films.
b. The control of contamination by use of an absolute
filter type packing.
c. An increase in contact pressure by use of an external
air bearing in conjunction with a vacuum.
Two unique systems of vacuum contact printers are
described in the patent literature 12. The first system is
step and repeat, and the second is a continuous contact printer.
The system depicted in Fig. 2.7 combines a side
vacuum with a preliminary vacuum chamber and air bearings in
close proximity. The purpose of the chamber is to eliminate
as much entrapped air as possible. For clarity on Fig. 2.7,
the exposure gate with its air bearing, air jets, and side'
vacuum is shown separated from the vacuum chamber. Actually,
they are immediately adjacent to the chamber and may be part
of it. As the films leave the vacuum chamber, they are
immediately acted upon by the air jets, the air bearing and
24
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APERTURE
AIR JET
SIDE VACUUM
AIR BEARING
SECTION A-A
FIGURE 2.7Vacu Contact
Printer
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side vacuums. After exposure, the films separate normally
and are rolled on their take-up reels. This is a continuous
system and all sections operate at a continuous vacuum and
flow rate.
2.2.5 Electrostatic Attraction - Based on the fact that
charged bodies in an electric field exert mutual mechanical
forces upon each other, tending to produce relative motion to
decrease the field energy, electrostatic attraction was con-
sidered as a possible technique for films in an open gate. A
preliminary experiment to determine feasibility was performed.
Thin Mylar film, simulating film base, was mechanic-
ally charged using a charged steel roller. The attractive force
between two oppositely charged sheets was gauged by measuring
the shear and normal forces necessary to separate them. The
experimental results never produced the level of contacting
pressure theoretically predicted, presumably because of in-
efficient transfer of charge or inadequate mechanical contact.
Moreover, when sensitized photographic film was charged with
a contacting roller, the surface pattern of the roller was
imprinted on the film as a photographically developable latent
image.
Another approach, involving an ion generator, may
permit the application of electrostatic charge to photographic
films without mechanical contact. Such a system concept is
depicted in Fig. 2.8. The emulsions are shielded from the
ppendix, Exhibit D
26
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corona glow by light baffles, and ions are carried by an air
stream to the film surface. Air velocities are an unknown
requirement but estimates range from one to 4 inches per
second. Close control and protection of equipment and per-
sonnel from stray ions would be required.
2.2.6 Mechanical Systems - Mechanical systems for main-
taining film contact usually consist of drive rollers, pressure
rollers, various tension devices, and platens. One such
contact printer is described in an unclassified report 14
Although the system described is not an open gate system as
defined, it is an example of present mechanical systems.
A pressure roller open gate, such as the one
depicted in Fig. 2.9, may be advantageous. The gate aperture
width is determined by exposure requirements. The pressure
rollers are spaced at minimum distances to permit the optimum
support for the films; a tension system drives the films.
Even though this system is a continuous open gate, several
possible problem areas do exist; among them distortion effects
due to film tension, contamination due to roller contact, and
perhaps inadequate film contact in the gate.
Figure 2.10 depicts a belt transport open gate.
Assuming that a semi-rigid belt can be developed, the nega-
tive and raw stock can be clamped by air jets to it in the
narrow gate aperture. Pressure rollers (indicated by dotted
lines) can be used if contact pressure does not damage the film.
28
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NEGATIVE
RAW STOCK
PRESSURE
ROLLERS (4)
TRAVEL
FIGURE 2.9 Pressure Roller Open Gate
RAW STOCK
PRESSURE
ROLLERS
BELT TRANSPORT
AUXILIARY BELT CLEANING
FIGURE 2.10. Belt Transport Open Gate
29
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The endless belt could be maintained at a cleanliness level
necessary for high resolution printing by an auxiliary clean-
ing system.
2.2.7 Electromagnetic Techniques - Electromagnetic
techniques have been adapted for the purpose of shaping metal.
The particular technique reported15, called "Magneforming",
takes advantage of the magnetic repulsion produced between the
fields of an electromagnet and those produced by eddy currents
in an.electrical conductor exposed to the primary field.
In this technique, a dynamic field is produced by
discharging a capacitor through a shaped coil. Mutually
repelling. fields are produced by the coil and by the eddy
currents in a conductor in the field. Sufficiently intense
repulsion can be. produced by this technique to force metal
into a variety of shapes.
If a conducting layer existed on one film layer,
the possibility of using a dynamic magnetic field to assure
film clamping might be attractive. The conductivity of the
developed silver grains in the negative is probably not high
enough to produce a useful effect.
Obviously, force must be'exerted against a rigid
backing plate if the film is not to be badly distorted. Such
a support could be an air-bearing support plate. Presumably
a high frequency AC field would be required to insure continu-
ous contact in a strip-printer.
30
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Such a system is shown schematically in Fig. 2.11.
2.2.8 Other Possible Considerations -
1. Adhesive Systems
Some advantage might develop if the negative
stock and raw stock were tacked together adhesively during
exposure. This would assure minimum relative motion between
them and if the optical properties of the tacking material
were properly chosen, would offer the enhanced information
transfer found in liquid gate systems.
Systems can be visualized where the two films
are attached over the entire format area or simply tacked at
the film edge out of the useful frame area. The latter tech-
nique might offer some advantage in conjunction with a vacuum
system for drawing out residual air from between the films.
There are several problem areas which must be
studied in detail before such a system would be practical.
These include the following:
(1)
Methods of application and removal of
the adhesive material without film
damage on a continuous basis and with,
uniform contact.
(2) Choice of an adhesive which will have
no detrimental effect on either negative
or raw stock.
31
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LIGHT
SOURCE
NEGATIVE
RAW STOCK -----~
BACKING PLATE
AIR BEARING
FIGURE 2.11 Electromagnetic Repulsion
( HIGH 1
FREQUENCY
AC
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(3) Optimizing optical characteristics for
maximum information transfer.
(4) Obtaining adequate tack to assure con-
tact during the printing operation.
2. . Pneumatic System
Another system under consideration was the use
of a simple air bearing system, which consists basically of
two cylindrical air bearings between which the films travel.
The interior of one of the air bearing sections contains the
exposure lamp. The systan is depicted in Fig. 2.12.
3., Rotatin System
Another approach uses centrifugal force for
providing the contact force between two films. In the simplest
sense, this could be accomplished by rotating the entire film
transport at high speeds. Although at first consideration this
may sound impractical, a similar technique has actually been
used for holding the film flat in a panoramic camera. Entire
cameras have been rotated, as for example the series of
"whirling dervish" panoramic cameras.
Two methods have been considered: The first
places the platen at the end of a long moment-arm. The film
supply and take-up spools are at or near the axis of rotation.
Calculations of contact force are presented in the appendix.
33
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 t t 1 t i t t t t.
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FIGURE 2.12. Air Bearings with Source
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The second method employs a centrifuge, introducing
a liquid to aid in building up the spin forces. Inert liquids,
such as freon or toluene are possible materials. Evenness of
liquid distribution over the format and platen-sealing repre-
s sent two major design problems. Obviously, the problems of
minimizing the effects of machine vibration must also be
analyzed.
2.2.9 Results of the Open Gate Study - The several
open gate techniques that were studied are compared in Table
2.1. which lists the advantages and disadvantages of each
technique as well as a short evaluation of each.
3.0 FILM CLEANING
Dirt on aerial film can degrade the quality of information
transfer in at least three ways:
1. Dirt can obscure useful information or add noise to
confuse the photointerpreter.
2. Dirt particles can produce scratches on the film by
abrasive contact or galling.
3. Dirt cm prevent intimate film contact and therefore
reduce information transfer over substantial areas.
A study has been reported17 which provides a quantitative
measure of the obliterating effect of various size dirt particles.
The study concludes that dirt particles below 3.5 micron dia-
meter could not be detected when aerial information is printed
in contact on E.K. SO-243.
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,Liquid Cate
1.
Elimination of Newton rings
1. Exacting criteria for liquid
2.
Film cooling
selection
3.
Decrease of light scattering
2. Removal from films may require
4.
Greater resolution
recovery equipment if liquids
5.
Decreases effects of scratches,
are costly
etc.
3. Flammability and toxicity may
6.
Excessive roller pressure not
required
require closed system
4. Possible hazard to personnel
Air Bearing
1. Contact nearly equal to that of
a
fr
1. Possible turbulence
Li
ti
2
i
li
2.
v
cuum
ame
No friction or rolling action
m
ta
ons on a
.
t or
aperture width
3.
Economy in use of air
3. Relatively complex and expensive
4.
Cleaning action on films
4. Stand-by system required for
5.
Independent of film thickness on
either negative or positive
fail-safe operation
6.
Minimum film tension for driving
7.
Predictable and adjustable
8.
Bearing life not affected by film
contact at any velocity
Great contact pressures can be
obtained
Use of fluid in hydrostatic
bearing ,
Closed system for pressurization
High pressure seals
Not a true open gate
Extremely complex supporting
system
Electrostatics
1. Good contact between films with 1. Vacuum frame difficult in
vacuum printing ft..me continuous open gate
2. Can be used in conjunction with 2. Maintenance of vacuum between
air jets films difficult
3. Contamination of evacuated
areas is possible
4. Application between films may
1. All charged bodies in an elec-
1.
cause emulsion damage
Sensitization of raw stock
tric field exert mutual
2.
Possible film damage
mechanical forces on each other
3.
High voltage requirements
to
2. Good contact is theoretically
achieve adequate force
possible
4.
Attraction of dust
Electromagnetic 1. Great forces produced by msg-
Repulsion netic field in conductor
2. Cleanliness of system
3. Minimum film tension
'Mechanical Systems 1. Simplicity generally consists
of drive rollers, tension
devices, contact platens
2. Rotating drum usually used as
platen
Simple Air Bearing
(Light source
within bearing)
1. Good contact
2. Open gate
5. RF1
6. Close control of temperature
and humidity
1. Unknown effects on emulsions
on raw stock
Advantages outweigh disadvantages.
Liquids can be chosen which will not
affect films or personnel, or the
effects will be small and easily
removable. Actual method of appli-
cation requires careful analysis and
design.
Advantages for outweigh disadvantages.
Design of such a system is exacting,
and fabrication is to close tolerances.
No known effect on films or personnel.
If a system can be developed for con-
tinuous flow, feasibility may be
proved. However, at present, disad-
vantages outweigh advantages.
Because of the continuous flow system,
a vacuum system may be difficult to
implement. However, if a reliable con-
tinuous flow-through vacuum type frame
could be developed this might be the
best system although a vacuum is not a
true open gate
Cursory tests do not show a positive
answer. Possibility of remote corona
charging, but extensive development and
study are required in order to provide
an answer
An adaptation of a system used by
industry for metal forming and fasten-
ing. This would require extensive
testing and development before
feasibility could be demonstrated.
2. High temperatures due to high
currents
3. Conductivity in developed image
may not be enough for force
development
1. Abrasion in roller system
2. Physical distortion in tension
system
3. Smoothness and synchronism of
drive is an absolute factor to
prevent slippage
4. Small radius drum creates optical
distortion
1. Unknown effects on emulsions
2. Problem of application and
removal
Not an open gate system. Resolution
limited by mechanical system.
No standard adhesives would probably
do the job. Basic research required
to produce properties required.
3. Material compatibility
1.
Good contact
1.Stand-by system required for
Minimum effects on films or personnel.
2.
Simple
fail-safe
Design criteria are exacting. Advan-
3.
No friction
2. Complex supporting systems
tages far outweigh disadvantages.
4.
Cleaning action on films
3. Limitations on slit width.
5.
Predictable and adjustable
6.
Open gate
Centrifugal Force 1. Open gate system
2. Good contact pressure
36
1. Rotating mass at end of moment Dynamics of system with high inertia
arm forces of film spools, motion, etc.,
2. High rotational speeds for with all the disadvantages, far out-
adequate force weight any advantages.
3. Whole system requires rotation
4. Uneven forces for flat gate
S. Uneven lengths for cylindrical
gate
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Film cleaning techniques are available which remove
particular dirt above sub-micron particle size. Five techni-
ques were analyzed and include the following:
a. Ultrasonic cleaning
b. Electrostatic cleaning (with static removal)
c. Air knife cleaning
d. Solvent washes
e. Vacuum cleaning
f. Detergent foam cleaning
3.1 Ultrasonic Cleaning
Ultrasonic film cleaning is now capable of removing parti-
cles as small as 0.5 micron. Ultrasonics has been used as a
standard in the laboratories since 195718. The cost of clean-
ing solvents is high but recovery systems eliminate most of
the losses in the system.
Films never contact the ultrasonic transducers or guide
rollers on the emulsion side. Maximum vibration occurs closest
to the dirty surface of the films for easy particle removal.
In general. ultrasonic cleaning is a fast, clean method
of particle removal. The high cost of proprietary cleaning
solvents and initial equipment investment are the only disadvan-
tages noted in the literature.
System parameters18 of a safe and efficient ultrasonic
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a. High speed, fully automatic operation
b. No mechanical contact of film.
c. No dried solvent marks on the film
d. Solvents available which do not react with the film
e. Does not require heater drying likely to cause
emulsion distortion
f. Static free
The action of an ultrasonic cleaner is described in detail
in the appendix of this study.
3.2 Electrostatic Cleaning
The patent literature19 describes a method in which elec-
trostatically charged dirt particles are removed from unwinding
film. An electrostatic charge accumulates during the film
unwinding operation and is transferred to particulate dirt on
the film surface. Oppositely charged electrostatic brushes
and accumulators sweep the particles from film. The accumula-
tors hold the particles to prevent atmospheric contamination
within the machine.
Another patent reference20 describes a method of removing
static charges so that free dust particles can be easily re-
moved. A highly charged brush with a discharge point near the
sweeping end neutralizes static charges on the film by ionizing
an airstream which washes the film and neutralizes the residual
charge. According to the claims, the particles are removed by-
subsequent brushing action.
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Other patent references 21'22 describe methods of clean-
ing films using rotating brushes to remove electrostatic
potentials. Air blasts are then used to remove dust particles.
Commercial bulletins23 describe dust and static removal
equipment. The systems described use sweeping brushes, elec-
trical inductors for static elimination, and air jets in con-
junction with the brushes.
The systems previously described relate to cleaning of
the developed negative stock alone. Simple techniques for
charging the raw stock may cause film damage or exposure by
arcing or electrostatic discharge13,24
A possible method of cleaning raw film stock with electro-
statics and air or vacuum is depicted in Fig. 3.1. High volt-
age AC fields are applied to the film to neutralize the static
charges which hold and attract dirt and dust. The center-
tapped DC source biases the system and provides, essentially,
an even balance of positive and negative charges. The induced
AC field removes the static build-up on the film and the
particles can then be easily removed by an air knife system or
good vacuum system, possibly in conjunction with an air knife.
Because of the unknown elements,in electrostatic or AC
field dust removal, a test program would be required to evalu-
ate such a system.
39
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 t_
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HIGH VOLTAGE AC
C.T
DC
FIGURE 3.1. Static Discharge
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3.3 Solvent Washes for Cleaning
Although there are occasions when film can be cleaned
successfully with an air blast, vacuum, brush, or related
technique; it may be more effective to use a suitable
solvent25.
The function of the liquid is fourfold:
a. To dissolve dirt
b. To loosen and disperse dirt. that does not dissolve
c. To give mobility to possible grit to minimize
scratching
d. To discharge static build-up on film.
There are several solvents usually accepted as film
cleaners. The most common solvent has been carbon tetrachlo-
ride. It is good from the standpoint of evaporation, it is a
good solvent for oils, it is inert to film and is incombustible.
Although pure carbon tetrachloride meets many of the require-
ments of a film cleaner, it is a definite health hazard25. The
fumes are poisonous and excess exposure may be fatal.
Another widely used solvent is based on a small group of
hexane related hydrocarbons. However, even though some toxicity
may be present, the-major drawback is a low flash point and a
dangerous potential fire hazard.
Freon 113 is a good cleaner. It is not flammable and
only slightly toxic. It has no effect on film base or equip-
ment, but its wide commercial use is limited by its high cost
and its extremely high volatility.
41
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Inhibited methyl cloroform (1, 1, 1-trichloroethane) is
another solvent in common use.
Most of the solvent washes are mixtures; many of them of
proprietary nature. Blending of solvents is usually empirical,
but the blends are generally made with high and low flash
point materials to control the flash point. Another considera-
tion is the overall toxic effects; blends are made to reduce
the toxic effect.
While solvents and their blends are used most advanta-
geously in ultrasonic type cleaners, other cleaning techniques
utilize wicks or brushes for film wiping 2S. The operation is
usually manual but even if the solvent-wick technique were
automated, it is apparent that many problems would arise, such
as abrasion, contamination of the wick or brush, solvent con-
tamination, film streaking and possible static charge build-up.
Finally, no information is available to be able to pre-`
dict the minimum particle size that can be removed by a solvent
wick system.
3.4 Air Knife Cleaning Systems
Air blasts or air knives are used primarily for cleaning
negatives during the printing cycle in motion-picture film
laboratories. The air knife removes dusts whose adhesion to
the film is low25.
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During laboratory handling of film a certain amount of
room contamination is attracted to the film, even in a clean
room environment. Clothing, gloves, and the like, produce
lint while additional dust appears as particles scraped from
the film by edge guides, gates, etc. These can be removed
effectively by the proper use of air blasts or air knives.
On the other hand, fingerprints, oils, adhesive marks, and
similar materials adhere more tenaciously and are not removed
by th? purely mechanical action of an air knife.
For dust removal, the momentum of the air stream provides
the energy for loosening and removing the particles. Hazards
to the film in air blast cleaning include deposition of dirt
or "sand-blasting", and possible airborne oil droplets which
mottle the film and enhance adherence of dust particles. At
times, physical deformation of the emulsion results. Finally,
an air stream moving against a poor electrical conductor, such
as film, generates static electricity so that controlled high
humidity to maintain adequate moisture content in the emulsion
25
is essential in air blast cleaning if other static removal
techniques are not employed.
Of course, it is an obvious requirement that any dirt
removed by the air be prevented from redepositing elsewhere
on the film. This requires adequate air paths so that, once
the dirt is suspended in the air, it is removed quickly from
43
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the film vicinity to prevent reimpingement and settling onto
critical areas as the air velocity drops.
Air blast cleaning partially fills an important need,
but has limited objectives and applicability. It is extremely
doubtful that a sub-micron maximum dust particle size can be
attained.
3.5 Vacuum Dust Elimination Systems
Problems involved in vacuum systems are somewhat similar
to those of air blast or air knife systems. Uniformity of
vacuum is an important consideration. Generation of a very
high vacuum for sub-micron particle size removal is another
problem, as is generation of static electricity. Abrasion
can occur by entrance of foreign material through the seals
of the system. Of course, as in an air knife system, an
obvious requirement is that any dirt removed by the vacuum be
prevented from redepositing elsewhere on the film. Adequate
vacuum paths are required for quick removal of dirt from initial
areas. Vacuum will not remove fingerprints, oil, adhesive marks
and the like, and it is highly doubtful that a reasonable size
vacuum system is sufficient for removal of dust particles as
small as the 0.5 micron goal.
44
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3.6 Results of Film Cleaning Feasibility Study
Two systems appear most promising for film cleaning from
information available - ultrasonic cleaning and electrostatic
cleaning. These conclusions are drawn from a comparison of
dust elimination techniques, listed in Table 3.1.
45
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COMPARISON OF FILM CLEANING TECHNIQUES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Air Knife 1. Effective removal of 1. No oils of efinger- Partially tc., by air quirementsfoffgood re
loose dust p ' cleaning, but is tar
4. Air momentum provides blast
energy for loosening 2. Air moving against unde- from 10 effective. Dis
films causes advantages
and removing particles velope charges
3. Limitations on dust
particle size
1. Removal of loose dust 1. No removal of fingerprints, Disadvantages outweigh
2. Momentum creates energy etc. leant effective for Static for particle removal 2. Limitations of dust rated pood cleaning.
particle size
4. Generation of very low vacuum
to remove small particles
1. Dissolving and removal
of fingerprints, oils,
etc.
2. Loosening and disper-
sion of particles it
does not dissolve
3. Discharge static build-
up
4. Mobility to possible
grit to minimize
scratching
Usually a manual operation
1
Because of the apparent
-
.
.
with solvent and wicks
disadvantages, this sys
t be recommended
2
Film streaking
tem canno
i
.
3
Abrasion quite possible
on,
for a continuous operat
ti
.
4
Contamination of solvent
ons
but only for small sec
.
5.
No information on minimum
of strips.
. particle size
Ultrasonics 1. Fully automatic 1. Critical choice of solvent
2. Reasonably fast speed 2. cleaner
3. Static free High cost of cleaning sol-
4. No dried solvent marks vents dictates use of
5. No harm to picture area solvent recovery system
6. Sub-micron particle,
removal
7. Oil, grease, etc.,
removal
Electrostatic 1. Neutralizatiati,of static 1. Careful protection of film
Cleaning and charges which attract fmarklbbreakdown in
Static Removal and hold dust static s
regdirement
2. Simple system 2. st High fie field
3. Possibility of usage on 3, Close acontrol
troldofytempera-
raw stock
Advantage's far outweigh
disadvantages. Present
systems clean to 0.5
micron particle size.
Induced AC field neutral-
izes static build-up.
Particles can then be
removed by air knife or
vacuum.
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4.0 TEST PLANS
4.1 Open Gate Evaluation
Liquid gates and air bearing techniques will be evaluated
as applied to a continuous film contact printer. The object
of these tests is to establish a means by which photographic
data contained on good quality aerial negatives can be trans-
ferred to duplicating stock at speeds up to 50 feet per minute
at a resolution of 300 lp/nun or better. So-267 film,having
widths of 70 mm, 5.5 inches, and 9.5 inches will be used for
these tests since normal duplicating stock does not have the
desired resolution capability. All exposed film will be.pro-
cessed in accordance-with manufacturers' specifications.
An experimental frame and housing will be designed and
fabricated to accommodate both a "liquid" gate system and an
air bearing system. The housing will be daylight operational
and will house the negative and raw stock, the light source,
the gates, and the necessary drives.
The test program will initially be focused on generating
five foot lengths of test negatives using typical aerial film
70 mm, 5.5 inches and 9.5 inches wide, processed in accordance
with manufacturer's recommendations. High esolution (500
lp/mm), high contrast (500-1) targets will be uniformly dis-
persed over the test area.
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4.1.1 Liquid Gates - Design and Fabrication - The liquid
gate system will be designed and fabricated to accommodate
various types of liquid applicators as total immersion, wick,
spray, roller and squeegee.
4.1.1.1 Test Program - The test program will util-
ize a clean roll of the test negative film and raw stock placed
in the housing with provisions for accommodating a specific
means of liquid application and exposing the test film. Each
distinct test run will expose a five foot length of raw stock.
Variations in contact pressure, film speed and source diffusion
will be included in the tests. Liquid application and removal
will also be studied particularly as applied to the negative
film. Resolution measurements will be made visually for each
set of parameters.
4.1.1.1.1 Test Procedures
a. Preliminary testing will be done on a sub-system
basis to determine the means for liquid application as wick,
roller and immersion techniques. The most pertinent will be
used in the test program for which liquid removal systems as
air, vacuum, and squeegee will be studied.
b. Contact pressure variations in the proximity of
the gate will be varied by means of rollers or squeegees.
c. Film speeds will be varied in steps of 10,30 and
50 feet per minute. Intermediate speeds can be selected if
necessary. Linear velocity of the films will be measured with
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a speed indicator. Film tensions will be measured statically
by use of an accurate scale at the point where the films leave
the gate.
d. Diffused and point source lighting will be used.
Light intensity will be held constant and film exposure will
be held constant by adjusting the aperture for various film
speeds.
4.1.1.1.2 Materials and Equipment
a. Resolution Target
b. Test negatives of 70 mm, 5.5?inch and 9-1/2-
inch wide (rolls)
c. Rolls of test film stock (80-267) same width as (b)
d. Photographic chemicals
e. Light sources, diffused and point
f. Liquids for gates
g. 80X - 100X microscope for resolution readings
h. Light intensity meter
i. Tension measuring devices
j. Accurate speed indicator
4.1.1.1.3 Evaluation of Tests - Each test will be
randomly replicated a minimum of 5 times and each of the tar-
get resolutions will be read with the 80X - 100X microscope.
Average resolution values will be plotted versus con-
tact pressures for the various film speeds for diffused and
point source lighting for each film width.
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If any resolution value on the replicated tests
varies more than plus or minus one target group, the tests
for that particular pressure, film speed, and light source
will be repeated.
Effects of contact pressure, types and methods of
liquid application, and methods of liquid removal will be
evaluated. Long and short term effects of liquids on nega-
tives and raw stock will be studied.
4.1.2 Air Bearing - Design and Fabrication - The air
bearing system will be designed to accommodate various means
for applying film to film contact pressure at the open gate.
Fabrication will start only after a careful engineering analysis
of nozzle and pad configuration has been made.
Air Bearing System Tasks:
a. Design air bearing system to accommodate
various means for applying film to film
contact pressure.
b. Fabricate-air, bearing system.
4.1.2.1 Test Program - This test program will utilize
a clean roll of the test negative film and raw stock placed
in a housing with provisions for varying air pressure on the
film sandwich consisting of negative and raw stock. Film
speed will be changed in discrete steps as before with exposure
from.a diffuse and a point source. Resolution measurements
will be made visually for each set of parameters.
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4.1.2.1.1 Test Procedures -
a. Preliminary testing will be conducted on a
subsystem basis to determine a suitable nozzle configuration
for varying and controlling film to film pressure at the aper-
ture. Only those configurations offering promise will be
tested at varying film speeds.
b. For chosen configurations contact pressure at
the gate will be varied by adjusting the clean air supply press-
ure and possibly by controlling air layer thickness.
c. Film speeds will be varied in steps of 10, 30,
and 50 feet per minute. Intermediate speeds can be selected
if necessary. Linear.velocity of the films will be measured
with a speed indicator. Film tensions will be measured static-
ally by use of an accurate scale at the point where the films
leave the gate.
d. Diffused and point source lighting will be
used. Light intensity will be held constant and exposure will
be held constant by adjusting the aperture for various film
speeds.
4.1.2.1.2 Materials and Equi ment
a. Resolution Target
b. Test negatives of 70 mm, 5.5-inch and 9-1/2-
inch wide (rolls)
c. Rolls of test film stock (SO-267) same width
as (b) .
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d. Photographic chemicals
e. Light sources, diffused and point
f. Pressure gauges
g. 80X -10OX microscope for resolution readings
h. Light intensity meter
i. Tension measuring devices
j. Accurate speed indicator
4.1.2.1.3, Evaluation of Tests - Each test will be
randomly replicatec'a minimum of five times and each of the
target resolutions will be read with the 80X - 100X micro-
scope.
Average resolution values will be plotted versus
contact pressures for the various film speeds for diffused and
point source lighting for each film width.
If any resolution value on the replicated tests
varies more than plus or minus one target group, the tests for
that particular pressure, film speed, and light source will be
repeated.
Effects of contact pressure for the selected type
of air bearing systems will be evaluated.
4.2 Film CleaningEvaluation
Much effort has already been devoted to the cleaning prob-
lem by both government agencies and private industry for which
some successful operating machines now exist.
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 l
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FILM
TAKE-UP
PRESSURIZED
SECTION
TO
AIR SOURCE
TERMINAL BLOCK:
1. 115 VAC
2. VFD INPUTS
3. HI-VAC
4. DC
HIGH VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
WITH C.T.D.C.
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FIGURE 4_.0 Universal Film Cleaning Enclosure
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Ultrasonic liquid cleaning as used in the Richards CT-11R
(.5) machine appears to be one of the more satisfactory methods
for removing all types of film contaminants but operation and
initial cost are high. Fortunately, film does not often become
contaminated with more than dust or film fragments to require
cleaning by this method. Therefore, the proposed test plans
will be concerned with exploration of other cleaning methods.
The object of the proposed tests is to evaluate other ap-
plicable cleaning techniques for film widths of 70 mm, 5.5-inches,
and 9.5-inches wide using both typical processed negative and
typical duplicating raw stock materials. The negative film will
be under exposed and developed in accordance with manufacturers'
recommendation so as to have uniform low density. Testing will
be done on film which is purposely made dirty with dust and
finger prints (on negative film only) then cleaned at speeds of
10,30 and 50 feet per minute. Preliminary tests will be conducted
at the low speed of 10 feet per minute for a given film width and
only the most promising methods will be evaluated at higher speeds
and other film widths. Short and long time effects on emulsion
and base will be studied. Cleaning effectiveness of the proposed
methods will be observed with a microscope to determine remaining
particle size and population density plus removal of fingerprints.
Evolution criteria will be generated as a part of the test program.
The universal film cleaning enclosure shown in Fig. 4.0 will be de-
signed and fabricated to accommodate various film cleaning methods
such as vacuum cleaning (Fig. 4.1), detergent foam cleaning (Fig.
4.2), and electrostatic cleaning techniques. Each system may be
54
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itive pressure, filtered air input chamber to prevent contamination.
4.2.1 Vacuum System for Film Cleaning - The vacuum system
tested singularly or in any combination for all widths of film to
be tested. Internally, the cleaned film will be spooled in a pos-
for film cleaning shown in Fig. 4.1 appears to be a good system
for particle removal. Rotating fine camel hair brushes will re-
move particles adhering loosely. It is intended that the ultra-
sonic transducers further loosen particles which are attracted
with greater adhesion. The air knives will essentially separate
the particles from the film and the final vacuum will remove all
loosened particles.
4.2.1.1 Test Program - Ten foot lengths of developed
negative film having a uniform low density will be made dirty by
dust particles of 3 micron size and larger. Excess particles will
be lightly shaken off and a visual examination made, using a micro-
scope to determine particle size and population density. The film
will then be cleaned using various combinations of methods.
4.2.1.1.1 Test Procedures
a. Ten foot lengths of 70 mm film will be coated with
fingerprint smears and made dusty.
b. Dust particle size and population density will be
noted.
c. Film will be cleaned at 10 ft. per minute using
various combinations of cleaning methods
d. Remaining dust particle size and population density
will be recorded
e. For the best combination of methods, film speeds
of 30 and 50 ft/mm will be tried as well as film widths of
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5.5-inches and 9-1/2-inches. Typical raw stock will also be
tested with observations made before and after test using safe
light so as not to expose the emulsion.
4.2.1.1.2 Material and Equipment
a. Test housing with cleaning methods
b. Pan of dust
c. Test negatives of exposed and developed film
of low density or 70 mm, 5.5-inch and 9-1/2 inches wide.
d. Typical duplicating stock of widths as in C
above.
e. 50X - 100X microscope
f. Accurate speed indicator
4.2.2 Deter
gent Foam Cleaning - Detergent foam cleaning
appears to possess some advantages over vacuum cleaning tech-
niques since it may also remove fingerprints. Further, the
foam is low cost material and is not toxic as are the liquid
cleaners used in the Richards machine. The proposed system
configuration is shown in Fig. 4.2. The dirty film will pass
only through the foam and not be subjected to the liquid so
as to keep moisture'content of film as low as possible.
.Rotating camel hair brushes will aid in the cleaning operation
and any residue of foam will be removed by the air knife. It
is expected that air at 80?F and about 20% relative humidity
will provide satisfactory results.
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FILM TRAVEL
TO SOURCE
OF VACUUM
VACUUM
CHEST
VACUUM NOZZLES
AIR.KNIVES-
SURGE TANK (HEADER)
TO SOURCE OF
PRESSURIZED FILTERED AIR
VARIABLE
FREQUENC
OSC ILLATO
ULANTRSADSUONIC
TR
CER(S)
ROTATING BRUSHES
FIGURE 4.1. Vacuum System for Film Cleaning
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 l l E t_ l I I
FILM TRAVEL
AIR KNIVES
(AIR TO BE ABOUT 80?F
AND AT.s 20% R.H.)
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ROTATING
CAMEL
HAIR BRUSHES
LOW FREQUENCY
TRANSDUCER (10-30 CPS)
VARIABLE
FREQUE
Tn
R1
TA~
V
FOAM DRAIN
FIGURE 4.2 Foam-Cleaning System
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4.2.2.1 Test Program - Ten foot lengths of developed
negative film having a uniform low density will be made dirty
by dust particles of 3 micron size and larger. Excess part-
icles will be lightly shaken off and a visual examination made,
using a microscope to determine particle size and population
density. The film will then be cleaned using various combina-
tions of methods.
4.2.2.1.1 Test Procedure -
a. Ten foot lengths of 70 mm film will be coated
with fingerprint smears and made dusty.
b. Dust particle size and population density will
be noted..
c. Film will be cleaned at 10 ft. per minute
using various combinations of cleaning methods.
d. Remaining dust particle size and population
density will be recorded.
e. For the best combination of methods, film ?
speeds of 30 and 50 ft/mm will be tried as well as film widths
of 5.5-inches and 9-1/2-inches. Typical raw stock will also
be tested with observations made before and after test using
safe light so as not to expose the emulsion.
f. Short and long time effects of foam on emulsion
and base will be studied.
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4.2.2.1.2 Material and Equipment -
a. Test housing with cleaning methods
b. Pan of dust
c. Test negative of exposed and developed film
of low density, and unexposed duplicating film of 70 mm, 5.5-
inches and 9-1/2-inches wide.
d. Typical duplicating stock of widths as in C
above
e. 5OX - 10OX microscope
f. Accurate speed indicator
4.2.3 Electrostatic Cleaning - The Electrostatic method
of cleaning of negative and unexposed duplicating film appears
to offer some advantages in that dust and film fragments
generally adhere to the film by electrostatic attraction.
Special attention will be given to corona and AC field genera-
tion, static removal and vacuum or air knife particle removal.
Ionization effects on film and Radio Frequency Interferences
will be studied.
4.2.3.1 Test Program - Ten foot lengths of developed
negative film having a low density will be made dusty by dust
particles of 3 micron size and larger. Excess particles will
be lightly shaken off and a visual examination made, using a
microscope, to determine the remaining particle size and popula-
tion density. The exposed duplicating film as received from the
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manufacturer will be put through the cleaning operation to
determine any effect as fogging, on such film. Cleaning film
of other widths at speed of 30 and 50 ft/in will be attempted
only if the preliminary tests prove successful.
4.2.3.1.1 Test Procedure
a. Ten foot lengths of 70 mm negative film will
be made dusty.
b. Dust particle size and population density
remair}ing on film will be noted.
c. Film will be cleaned at 10 ft/min. at various
levels of corona, AC field and air flow,
d. Remaining particle size and population density
will be recorded.
e. At the best cleaning condition, unexposed
duplicating stock will be put through the cleaning operation
to determine any detrimental effects to the emulsion.
f. For the best combination of conditions, provid-
ing satisfactory results are achieved, film speeds of 30 and
50 ft/min. as well as film widths of 5.5-inches and 9-1/2-
inches will be tried.
4.2.3.1.2 Materials and Equipment
a. Test housing with cleaning methods
b. Pan of dust
c. Test negative of exposed and developed film of
low density, and unexposed duplicating film of 70 mm, 5.5-inches
and 9-1/2-inches wide.
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d. Typical duplicating stock of widths as in C
e. 50X - 100X microscope
f. Accurate speed indicator
g. Regulated DC power supply to 5,000 volts
h. Regulated AC power supply to 1,000 volts.
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APPENDIX
hibit
E
Page No.
x
A.
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
B.
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
C.
CONTACT PRINTING EXPERIMENT . . . . . . .
71
D.
CURSORY INVESTIGATION OF ELECTROSTATIC
90
ATTRACTION BETWEEN CHARGED FILMS. . . . .
63
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EXHIBIT A
1.
Stott, et al., "Printing Motion-Picture Films Immersed in a
Liquid, Part I: Contact Printing," J. Soc. Motion Picture
Television Engrs. 66, 607-12 (1957).
2.
Imus, et al., "Optical Printing of Liquid-Coated Negatives
at Technicolor," J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs.
69, 545-7 (1960).
3.
"How Color Negative Film Surface Characteristics Affect
Zwick
,
Picture-Quality," J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs.
71, 15-20 (1962).
4.
Blyumberg, et al., "Investigation of the Quality of Photo-
graphic Image in Immersion Printing,Tekhnika Kino i Televid
6, No. 5, 1-9 (1962).
5.
Turner, et al., "Liquid Gate for the Projection of Motion
Picture Film," J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs.
71, 100-05 (1962).
6.
Demoulin, et al., "Application of a Liquid Layer on Negative
Films to Eliminate Surface Defects in Optical Printing,""
J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs. 68, 514-16 (19.59).
7.
Delwiche, et al., "Printing Motion- Picture Films Immersed
in a Liquid, Part III: Evaluation of Liquids," J. Soc. Motion
Picture Television Engrs. 67, 687-85 (1958). -
8.
"Air-Liquid Film Transport," Ind. Photo. 12, 60-61
Anon.
(1963).
,
9.
Levine, et al., "Flotation and Edge Guiding of Paper Web
for
Electrostatic Printing Press," RCA TN No. 457, September
1961.
10.
Ott, et al., "Internally Directed Air to Improve Contact
Negative Life in Continuous Motion-Picture Printers," J.
Motion Picutre Television Engrs. 66, 109-11 (1957).
and
Soc.
11.
Rippel, "Design of Hydrostatic Bearings," Machine Design,
9-part article, August 1, 1963 - December 5, 1963.
12.
Hassler, "Mechanism for Contact Printing," U.S. Patent 2,408,310,
September,24, 1946.
64
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EXHIBIT A (cont'd)
13. DELETED.
15. Anon., "Technology .... metal working" ("MAGNEFORM-ing"), Time,
p. 73, May 8, 1964.
16. APEL Report No. NADC AP-6205, 15 June 1962.
17. Specht, "The Obliteration of Small Image Details by Dust
Particles on the Film During Exposure, Photo., Sci. Eng. 8,
138-40 (1964).
18. Perkins, "An Ultrasonic Film Cleaner," Brit. Kinematography
40, No. 4, 103-07 (1962).
19. Lindau, "Film Cleaner," U.S. Patent 3,077,625, Feb. 19., 1963.
20. Hanscom, "Brushes with Means for Neutralizing Static Charges,"
U.S. Patent 3.083,318, March 26, 1963:
21. Schwartz, et al., "Static Cleaning and Dust and Particle
Removal,"U.S. Patent 2,980,933, April 25, 1961.
22. Hanscom, et al., "Device for Cleaning Photographic Film by
Rotating Brushes and by the Neutralization of Static on the
Film," U.S. Patent 3,128,492, April 14, 1964. STATINTL
24. Norman, et al., "Improvements in and Relating to Apparatus
for Applying Liquid to Sheet Material," British Patent
926,951, May 22, 1963.
25. Fassett, et al., "Practical Film Cleaning for Safety and
Effectiveness," J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs.
67, 572-89 (1958).
65
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EXHIBIT B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
? Adelstein, Leister, "Nonuniform Changes in Topographical
Aerial Films," Photogram. Eng. 28, 149-161 (1962).
? Altman, et al., "On the Spatial STability of Photographic
Plates," Photo. Sci. Eng. 5 (1961).
? Altman, et al., "The Halftone Effect in. Photographic Printing,'"
Photo. Sci. Eng. 6, 130-4 (1962).
? Anon,
"Air-Liquid Film Transport," Ind. Photo. 12, 60-61 (1963).
? Anon. 'Technology ..... metal working" ("MAGNEFORM-ing"), Time,
p. 73, May 8, 1964.
? APEL Report No. NADC AP-6205, 15 June 1962.
? Blyumberg, et al., ".Investigation of the Quality of Photo-
graphic Image in Immersion Printing," Tekhnika Kino i Televid
6, No. 5, 1-9 (1962).
? Brock, et al., "Film Stability Investigation," Photogram.
Eng. 29, 809-818 (1963).
? Brock, "Ima e Evaluation for Reconnaissance," J. Appl. Opt. 3,
No. 1 (1964). STATINTL
? Bungay, "Improvements in or Relating to Apparatus for Applying
Liquid to Web Material," British Pat. 788,939, Jan. 8, 1958.
? Calhoun, et al., "A Method for Studing Possible Local Dis-
tortions in Aerial Films," Photogram. Eng. 26, 661-672 (1960).
? Carlin, ULTRASONICS, McGraw-Hill, New York (1949).
? Clark, et al., "The Effect of Granularity of the Neative on
the Tone-Reproduction Characteristics of the Print, Photo.
Sci. Eng. 6, 84-91 (1962).
? Craig, "The LogEtron," Photo. Eng. 5, No. 4.
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66
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EXHIBIT (cont'd)
? Delwiche, et al., "Printing Motion-Picture Films Immersed in
a Liquid, Part III: Evaluation of Liquids " J. Soc. Motion
Picture Television Engrs. 67, 678-85 (19585.
? DeMoulin, et al., "Application of a Liquid Layer on Negative
Films to Eliminate Surface Defects in Optical Printing J.
Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs. 68, 514-16 (19595.
? Exley, et al., "The Interrupted Processing Method of Compen-
sating for Exposure Errors in Aerial Photography," Photo. Sci.
Eng. 5, No. 2 (1961).
? Fassett, et al., "Practical Film Cleaning for Safety and
Effectiveness," J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs. 67
572-89 (1958).
? Fore, "An Automatic Rewinding and Cleaning Machine for Motion
Picture Films," J.Soc.Motion Picture Television Engrs. 66,
19-21 (1957). -
? Frieser, "The Modulation Transfer Function in Photography,""
J. Appl. Opt. 3, No. 1 (1964).
? Grunwald, et al., "Automatic Film Cleaner," U.S. Patent 3,019,464,
February 6, 1962.
? Hanscom, "Brushes with Means for Neutralizing Static Charges,"
U.S. Patent 3,083,318, March 26, 1963.
? Hanscom, et al., "Device for Cleaning Photographic Film by
Rotating Brushes and by the Neutralization of Static on the
Film," U.S. Patent 3,128,492, April 14, 1964.
? Harper, "A High-Speed Velvet Cleaner for Color Negative," J.
Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs. 66, 17-18 (1957).
? Hassler, "Mechanism for Contact Printing," U.S. Patent 2,408,310,
September 24, 1946.
? Hausdorf, "Device for Cleaning Photographic Films and Similar
Articles, Especially Motion-Picture Films," U.S. Patent
2,791,788, May 14, 1957.
? Hempenius, "Aspects of Photo raphic Systems Engineering,""
J. Appl. Opt. 3, No. 1 (1964).
? Higgins, "Methods for Engineering Photographic Systems,"
J. Appl. Opt. 3, No. 1 (1964).
67
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EXHIBIT B (cont'd)
? Imus, et al., "Optical Printing of Liquid-Coated Negatives
at Technicolor," J.Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs.
69, 545-7 (1960).
STATINTL ? James, et al., Fundamentals of Photographic Theory, Morgan
& Morgan, New York, 2nd Edition, 1960, pps. 175-177.
? Levine, et al., "Flotation and Ede Guiding of Paper Web
for Electrostatic Printing Press, RCA TN No. 457, September,
1961.
Lindau, "Film Cleaner," U.S. Patent 3,077,625, Feb. 19,.1963.
? Lipsner-Smith Corporation, "Operating Manual CF-2 UltrasonicSTATINTL
Film Cleaning Machine," (Pamphlet).
? "Manual of Physical Properties of Kodak Aerial and Special
Sensitized Materials," Sections 11.5 and 14.2.
? Miller, et al., "Fiber Optics in Motion-Picture Printing,"
J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs. 70, 701-04 (1961).
? Norman, et al., "Improvements in and Relating to Apparatus
for Applying Liquid to Sheet Material," British Patent 926,951,
May 22, 1963.
? Osborne, "A Means of Preventing the Formation of Newton's
Rings During Contact Printing of Motion Picture Film," J. Soc.
Motion Picture Television Engrs. 67, 169-71 (1958).
? Ott, et al., "Internally Directed Air to Improve Contact and
Negative Life in Continuous Motion-Picture Printers," J. Soc.
Motion Picture Television Engrs. 66, 109-11 (1957).
? Perkins, "An Ultrasonic Film Cleaner," Brit. Kinematography
40, No. 4, 103-07 (1962).
? Reichard, "A System for the Recovery of Solvent Vapors,"
J. Soc. Motion Picture Engrs. 72, 548-52 (1963).
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EXHIBIT B (cont'd)
? Rippel, "Design of Hydrostatic Bearings," Machine Design,
9-part article, August 1, 1963 - December 5, 1963.
? Rosenau, "The Probability Distribution of Camera Resolution,"
J. Appl. Opt. 3, No. 1 (1964).
? Rothschild "10 Ways to Eliminate Dust, Scratches on 35 mm
Negatives, t' Modern Photography 22, 128 (1958).
? Schade, "Modern Image Evaluation and Television (The Influence
of Electronic Television on the Methods of Image Evaluation),"
J. Appl. Opt. 3, No. 1 (1964).
? Schwartz et al., "Static Cleaning and Dust and Particle
Removal,' U.S. Patent 2,980,933, April 25, 1961.
? Schwienbacher, "Method and Apparatus for Wetting Sheets of
Photographic Foil Material," U.S. Patent 3,104,603,
September 24, 1963.
Scott, "The Present State of the Art with Regard to Detection
Recognition," J. Appl. Opt. 3, No. 1 (1964).
? Segal, "A Study of High Intensity Light Sources," Illuminating
Engineering, 259-62, May, 1955. _
? Sharpe, et al., "Adhesives," Int. Sci. Tech, 26-37, April, 1964.
? Simonds, et al., "Analysis of Fine-Detail R production in
Photographic Systems," J. Appl. Opt. 3, No.el, 23-8 (1964).
? Specht, "The Obliteration of Small Imae Details by Dust
Particles on the Film During Exposure, Photo. Sci. Eng. 8,
138-40 (1964).
? Stott, et al., "Printing Motion-Picture Films Immersed in a
Liquid, Part I: Contact Printing," J.' Soc. Motion Picture
Television Engrs. 66, 607-12 (1957).
? Streiffert, "A Fast-Acting Exposure Control System for Color
Motion Picture Printing " J. Soc. Motion Picture Television
Engrs. 59, 410-16 (1952j.
? Suits, "Photographic Printing Method and Apparatus," U.S.
Patent 2,890,621, June 16, 1959. _
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69
 ? Summers, "Analysis of the Resolution Capabilities of Photo-
graphic Materials," Wright-Patterson AFB, AFSC, Reconn. Lab.,
ASD-TDR-62-430 (ASTIA AD 289885), October, 1962.
? Turner, et al., "Liquid Gate for the Projection of Motion
Picture Film J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs. 71,
100-05 (19625.
STATINTL
? Turner, et al.) "Printing Motion-Picture Films Immersed in
a Liquid, Part II: Optical Printing," J. Soc. Motion Picture
Television Engrs. 66, 612-15 (1957).
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vtr,UtcuX, UL1LCH0U1NL(J , Jonn Wiley & Sons, New York (1951).
Whittemore, "High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Dischar e Lamps
for Photo-Printing," Engineering 176, 547-8 (1953).
? Wolfe, et al., "The Relative Photographic Efficiency of
Certain Light Sources," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, No. 9 (1953).
? Yost, "Maximization of Resolution in Photographic Duplication)
Photogram. Eng. 29, 275-81 (1963).
? Zonars, "New Low-Contrast Developer for Rapid Processing of
Aerial and Duplicating Films," Wright-Patterson AFB, AFSC,
AF Avionics Lab., ASD-TDR-63-487 (ASTIR AD 415 459).
? Zwick, "How Color Negative Film Surface Characteristics Affect
Picture Quality " J. Soc. Motion Picture Television Engrs.
Z, 15-20 (19623.
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EXHIBIT C
CONTACT PRINTING
EXPERIMENT
by
Optical Technology Department
September 15, 1964
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section No. Page No.
ABSTRACT. . . . iii
I. EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . 1
II. EQUIPMENT AND PREPARATION . . . . . . . . 1
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS. 5
IV. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
APPENDIX. . . X11
1. Light Source Characteristics. . . 11
2. Sensitometry. . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Resolution Extrapolation Consider-
ations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No. Page No.
1. Experimental Printer . . . . . . . . . , . 2
2. Schematic Showing Target Locations on 4404
Master, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Effect of Contacting Pressure on Output
Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Radiance and Spectral Sensitivity of Photo-.
graphic Materials with Short Arc Mercury
Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Radiance and Spectral Sensitivity of Photo-
graphic Materials with Zirconium Arc . . . 12
6. Sensitometric Curves for 8430 Material with
Filtered Mercury and Unfiltered Zirconium
Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Film Resolving Power Curves Based on Dif-
fraction Limit Input
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
I. VISUAL RESOLUTION OF 649-GH AND 4404
MATERIALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. CONTRAST DATA. . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. EKPERIMENTAL MATRIX. . . . . . . . . . .
IV. SUMMARY OF AVERAGED DATA: RESOLVING POWER
VS PRINTING CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . .
14
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ABSTRACT
Multiple transparency prints of a 40 x 60 mm array of nine
resolution targets were prepared; final resolution values were
within the range of 120 - 160 lp/mm. Printing conditions included
point and diffuse illumination, several dry and liquid-raw
stock interfaces, and variation of interface separation as rep-
resented by mechanical pressure.
Results indicate that with liquid interfaces image quality
was consistently high regardless of pressure; on the other hand,
dry interface images improved with increases in contact pressure,
occasionally approaching the quality of liquid interfaces. Res-
olution at pressures >0.3 lb/in.2 was about the same for both
point and diffuse light sources; the only difference apparent
was that mottle, fringing (Newton rings and particle diffraction)
and the reproduction of minor abrasions were more pronounced with
point source light.
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1. EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this investigation was to determine, by visual
resolution measurement, the influences of light source, original-
duplicate separation, and original-duplicate interface medium on
print quality. Resolution of at least 300 lp/mm was desirable.
The number of tests was rather limited; thus, results are also
limited to the conditions of test, and results under other con-
ditions should not be inferred.
II. EQUIPMENT AND PREPARATION
The experimental printer is shown in Fig. 1. The two 1/4-inch
glass plates were selected for absence of scratches, bubbles and
striae as determined by 25X shadowgraph projection. One of the
plates was used as the fixed platen resting on three pads on the
horizontal chassis plate. The combined thickness of the target
array original and the raw stock was 8.8 mils so, for a free "no
pressure" condition, the upper platen was spaced 11.5 mils from
the fixed glass by pads outside the film area. During the expo-
sure sequence, the upper platen and auxiliary weight were removed
for loading and unloading of raw stock chips. Exposure was con-
trolled manually and timed by stopwatch. Time of day, barometric
pressure, humidity and temperature were recorded for each exposure.
1
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CONTAINER FILLED WITH
~NO.7-1/2 SHOT ACTING ON
CONTACT AREA OF 7.55 SQ. IN.
PRINT STOCKS I I I /FOAM PLASTIC'
1/4 X 4X 4 GLASS PLATE
oLOCATION OF GROUND
~_- GLASS DIFFUSER
0.046' HOLE
1 COPYFLO CONDENSER
LEITZ
FLUORESCENCE
LIGHT SOURCE ~~-I$t SURFACE MIRROR
WITH HBO-200 ~~
Hq LAMP
BLUE FILTER
(SCHOTT BG-12 )
FIGURE 1. Experimental Printer
The materials selected as representative of high resolution
operational materials were Kodak Type 4404 (formerly SO-132) as
the input, or original, and Type 8430 (SO-278) as the reproduction
stock. The 4404 is a panchromatic, 2.5 mil base film which East-
man Kodak reports as capable of 475 lp/mm high contrast threshold
resolving power while 8430 is orthochromatic with 5.6 mil base
and 335 lp/mm capability.
To surpass the 300 lp/mm reproduction level, an array of high
contrast targets was positioned within a 70 mm format area so that
each individual target on the 4404 material was identical to the
2
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others in its maximum visual resolution threshold. Thus, it would
be possible to assess local variations in contact with the repro-
duction material.
Known suppliers of very high resolution targets were contacted
for such an array printed on 4404 material, or lacking this special-
ized requirement, on any transparency stock. Unfortunately, no
arrays were located and it was impossible for any supplier to pro-
duce and deliver a special master in the two-week period allotted.
However, a single 650 lp/mm target image was available, so the
array was produced in-house. This target, printed on SO-105 material,
was a 45.5X reduction, by a special microscopic instrument, of a
USAF 1951 high contrast target. The visual threshold--the combination
of contrast modulation and line and space dimension degradation--
was 650 lp/mm. The target was a positive image (black lines on clear
surround); thus, to obtain a positive image array on the 4404 master
Kodak High
print, it was necessary to make an intermediate negative.
Resolution Plate Emulsion (formerly Spectroscopic 649-GH) on 35 mm
material was chosen as the submaster stock to assure that the inter-
mediate quality would contribute a minimum degradation in the
transfer process. The single S0-105 original was multiple printed,
using the equipment assembled for the experimental program (Fig. 1),
so that each target image was located within a nine hole mask
(Fig. 2). No liquid interface material was used and the local
pressure on the SO-105 target area was 4 lb/in.'. The final master
was printed on the 4404 material with a single exposure through the
649-GH negative by a similar technique, but with 0.7 lb/in. exerted
through the top platen area.
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The values of resolution for 649-GH and 4404 materials, observed
with a _ Ortholux microscope at 80X, are presented in Table I.
The array locations refer to the positions in Fig. 2.
TABLE I.
VISUAL RESOLUTION OF 649-GH AND 4404 MATERIALS
649-GH 649-GH 649-GH
(4404) (4404) (4404)
Visual-Resolution
1 mm
364 325 290
(290) (258) (230)
364 2325 364
90) (290)
(290) (
364 2325 290
58) (230)
(290) (
STATINTL
For additional qualification of the target preparation sequence,
microdensitometric scanning, with the _ Model 4 instrument and an
effective slit dimension of 0.3 x 9.0 microns, resulted in. the micro
contrast data of Table II for the corresponding visual resolution
thresholds.
TABLE II.
CONTRAST DATA
Visual Visual Visual
Kodak Resol. Contrast Resol. Contrast Resol. Contrast
Film Type (1P/mm.) AD (lP/mm) LSD (lp/mm) AD
S0-105
650
0.02
650
0.02
650
0.02
649-GH
364
0.02
325
0.02
290
0.06
4404
290
0.10
290
0.10
230
0.18
4
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 It should be noted that at the visual threshold level all
contrasts were in the "low" category, demonstrating the character-
istic contrast reduction which, unless specifically qualified in
a target description, must be assumed when the general term "high
contrast target" is used. While the lower frequencies of such a
target may present line and space contrasts (density differences)
exceeding 2.0, the expectation that the high frequencies offer
similar characteristics cannot be valid without microdensitometric
qualification. High contrast, high resolution image transfer must
be initiated with a truly high contrast target image, not merely
the image of a high contrast target.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
The 4404 Master exhibiting the resolution values given in
Table I at the locations shown in Fig. 2, was contact exposed
within the twelve element matrix outlined in Table III.
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TABLE III.
EXPERIMENTAL MATRIX
Top Platen Auxiliary Weight
Source Contact No Pressure 2-1/2 lbs. 16 lbs.
Dry x x
Liquid x x
Diffuse
Dry X
Liquid
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SOLID BLACK AREA
SOLID BLACK CIRCLES
WITH ~ TARGET I N CENTER
FIGURE 2. Schematic Showing Target Locations on 4404 Master
Two exposures were made for each condition of the matrix,
randomly distributed within the matrix. Dry samples were made
in a group prior to those involving liquid, to prevent inter-
mingling of effects from residual liquid or cleaning damage in-
fluencing dry conditions.
The liquid was a mixture of,90% toluene, 10% Freon 113. It
was applied at the center of the interface area by pipette in
quantities such that excess did not penetrate to the film-platen
surfaces.
Film chips were processed in one batch on each day of expo-
sure, under conditions of controlled agitation, temperature and
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drying. Chips were identified by random number. Resolution
readings were made by two observers the same day as exposure
and processing, and were recorded by each observer only with
reference to the chip identification number. This technique
was used so that observers were not influenced by the pressure,
source or interface condition. All reading was done with a
Ortholux microscope at 80X, with 400X available for checking of
visual magnification threshold detail. A total of 450 resolving
power readings (including the 4404 Master) was recorded.
Resolution values were first plotted, with reference to tar-
get array location, for each chip to establish graphic trends of
the raw data. Values for the nine locations were next averaged
by three techniques.
a. readers and replication (four readings/location/
condition),
b. readers (two readings/location/chip),
c. replications (two readings/location for one observer
condition).
Examination of these data showed:
a. observer agreement to within one target element.
b. replication agreement to observation tolerance.
As a result the resolution data corresponding to the locations
of maximum value in the 4404 Master array (i.e.,the five locations
read as 290 lp/mm) were used in final evaluation .of the twelve ele-
ment matrix. The readers and replications for the 8430 chips were
numerically averaged for each condition and the resulting values
are inserted in the matrix as Table IV and plotted in Fig. 3.
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TABLE IV.
SUMMARY OF AVERAGED DATA:
RESOLVING POWER VS PRINTING CONDITION
Source
Point
Diffuse
Top Platen Auxiliary Weight
Contact
No Pressure
2-1/2 lbs. 16 lbs.
(0.33 #/in.2) (2.12 #/in.2)
.Dry
71 lp/mm
135 lp/mm
122 lp/mm
Liquid
145 lp/mm
155 lp/mm
167 lp/mm
Dry
76 lp/mm
108 lp/mm
130 lp/mm
Liquid
145 lp/mm
142 lp/mm
145 lp/mm
D - DRY-POINT SOURCE
a - WET-POINT SOURCE
O - DRY- DIFFUSE SOURCE
p - WET-DIFFUSE SOURCE
Imo, 0.33 P S I
PRESSURE- (PSI)
FIGURE 3. Effect of Contacting Pressure on Output
Resolution
8
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Figure 3 shows that, at the maximum pressure, all data fall
within a three target element range (677 sequence). At this
resolution level the spread is 40 lp/mm. Should this resolution
spread at maximum pressure hold true for higher input values,
any discrimination between the four conditions would not be de-
tectable at stepped 6VT target frequencies exceeding 400 lp/mm.
On the other hand, the three element range might extend to the
higher values as well, so that, at 800 lp/mm, the spread would
correspond to a 300 lp/mm differential.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Quantitatively, the resolution data indicate that maximum
reproduction fidelity occurs at maximum pressure for all four
source and interface conditions. The spread of data at the 0.3
lb/in.2 test point is not appreciably greater than that at maxi-
mum pressure, and only when the master-duplicate materials
were free within a 11.5 mil spacing was a distinct advantage of
the liquid interface over the dry condition apparent. The liquid
usage produced high resolution with all source dimensions and
pressures.
On a qualitative basis, the following observations were made:
A. A distinct mottling background was apparent in the target
region under 80X magnification, with point source illumin-
ation, at all pressures, and with both liquid and dry
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interface media. The effect did not appear when the
diffuse source was used.
b. One Newton fringe structure ("L" shaped rather than'
closed) appeared with no pressure, dry interface and
point source. The widest dark band width was measured
as 20 microns.
c. Randomly distributed Airy disk-like formations of rela-
tively uniform size (diameter of third ring = 200 microns)
appeared with the point source, both liquid and dry in-
terfaces and with increasing pressure. The visual im-
pression was that of a diffraction image.
All these effects were most pronounced when the point source
was used, but the.resolution targets were not masked detectably
in the few cases in which the locations were coincident. The
mottling effect can be largely attributed to the gel backing sup-
plied on the 4404 material.
In Fig. 2 it can be seen that only the immediate areas sur-
rounding the targets were exposed through the master; thus, large-
area defects, if any, were obscured. This was also true in the
case of liquid interface bubbles, which were observed'as distinct
differences in density, with sharp borders but less definable in
diffuse light.
It is concluded that in the reproduction of 70 mm area mater-
ial, the maximum information is transferred under conditions of
a diffuse illumination source, with contact mating pressures ex-
ceeding 0.3 lb/in.2. The use of a liquid resulted in very consistent
resolution data for all conditions of illumination and pressure.
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APPENDIX
This section presents material pertinent'not only to the
experimental procedure but also to the extension of the conditions
to other potential contact printing applications, particularly
in the areas of light source characteristics, sensitometry and
resolution extrapolation considerations.
1. Light Source Characteristics
Figures 4 and 5 were compiled from manufacturers' liter-
ature for comparison of the radiance and spectral sensitivity
characteristics of the mercury source and filter used in the
experimental equipment, the photographic materials included in
the target preparation and test, and the data associated with
the use of zirconium. The zirconium arc source exhibits a more
general long wavelength peak typical of tungsten and xenon sources
and was used for exposure tests to broaden the base of the exper-
imental analysis. In addition, it was observed that the use of
the toluene-Freon mixture effected 30% absorption of the mercury-
filter radiation (300-500. m?) .
2. Sensitometry
Figure 6 combines experimentally,measured absolute D-Log
E curves of the 8430 material used with filtered mercury light and
unfiltered zirconium. A speed increase of 9.45X and a gamma in-
crease from 1.0 to 1.4 is apparent in the use of the mercury as
compared to the zirconium. This order of increase over Kodak
tungsten radiation sensitometric data is also evident:
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NOTE: ORDINATE COMPARISON BETWEEN
CURVES NOT VALID
/ENERGY DISTRIBU-
TION OF SHORT
FIGURE 4. RELATIVE RADIANCE AND SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF
PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS WITH SHORT ARC MERCURY
SOURCE.
I NOTE: ORDINATE COMPARISON BETWEEN CURVES NOT
I VALID
TYPICAL SPECTRAL
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
FIGURE 5., RELATIVE RADIANCE AND SPECTRAL. SENSITIVITY OF
PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS WITH ZIRCONIUM ARC.
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Speed (1/E) at 1.0 above fog
Gamma
Kodak" (tungsten)
0.06
0.9
Mercury
7.95
1.4
Zirconium
0.84
1.0
*Manual of Physical Properties;
Aerial and Special Materials.
Also included in Fig. 6 are the data resulting from con-
tact printing with changing exposure of an = 750 lp/mm target STATINTL
(acquired after completion of the basic experiment) on 8430 using
a zirconium point source and liquid interface. Note'that the
resolution maximum generally follows the straight line portion
of the D-Log E curve, with a maximum at a log E of 0.025 mcs.
In the process of this exposure-resolution measurement
under dry contact conditions image halation occurred, but intro-
duction of the liquid eliminated the effect. Halation did not
occur in the exposures with the filtered mercury source. It is
understood that 8430 stock has a yellow dye added to the emulsion
to minimize halation in the blue region; however, the continuous
spectral nature of the zirconium may result in a residual spectral
component at the long wavelength region of emulsion sensitivity.
3. Resolution Extrapolation Considerations
Figure 7 was plotted to evaluate the experimental data
in terms of theoretical resolution limits. The linear input-
output relationship is approached by the four test materials
with decreasing target frequency. The maximum value end points
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SO-278 SENSITOMETRIC CURVES
USING D-76 6 MIN. AT 68'
a) HBO-200 Hg SOURCE
BG-12-FILTER
b) SYLVANIA 40W ZIRCONIUM SOURCE
RESOLVING POWER AND D log E
ABSOLUTE LOG EE (MCS)
FIGURE 6. Sensitometric Curves for 8430 Material with Filtered
Mercury and Unfiltered Zirconium Sources
S0-105- O
SO-105 to 649-GH DRY-
649-GH TO SO-132 DRY-
S0-132 TO SO-278 DRY-
ITER 20OX REDUCTION TO SO-278 WET- 0
FIGURE 7.
100 1 000
Film Resolving Power Curves Based on Diffraction Limit
Input
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So 105 R]
SO-105 TO649-GH DRY='O
649-GH TO SO-132 DRY-?O
SO-132 TO SO-278 DRY-,G.
ITEK 20OX REDUCTION TO 80-278 WET-0
FILM RESOLVING POWER CURVES BASED
ON DIFFRACTION LIMIT INPUT
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were plotted using Kodak data, which in terms of input, are the
diffraction limits of the reduction optics used. The observations
STATI NTL STATINTL
made during target preparation, experiment, and the use of the
=target mentioned above are entered. All but the _ tar-
get data are the result of cascading the micro-contrast charac-
teristics of a single image specimen such that the output of the
first generation becomes the input of the second and so on. Also,
the target frequency scale suggests the order of data scattering
that maybe expected at all frequency levels.
15
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EXHIBIT "D"
CURSORY INVESTIGATION
OF ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION
BETWEEN CHARGED FILMS
November 14, 1963
STATINTL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section No. Page No.
I . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . .
A. GENERAL
B. NORMAL ATTRACTION ON PARALLEL
PLATE CAPACITOR . .. . . . . . . .
C. NORMAL ATTRACTIVE FORCE ON
PARALLEL PLASTIC SHEETS
1. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . .
3. Factors and Measurements.
4. Test Design and Procedure . .
5. Data and Analysis . . . . . .
93
93
94
94
94
96
96
96
96
97
97
D. SHEAR FORCE BETWEEN PLASTIC FILMS 97
1. . Purpose . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Summary . . . . ... . ? . ? ?
3. Factors Studied and Measure-
ments . . . . . . . .
97
98
98
4. Test Design . . . . ... . . . 98
5. Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 99
E. CHARGING OF FILMS . ... . . 99
1. Objective . . . . . .... . . 99
2. Equipment . . . . . ... 99
3. Results . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
Section No.
Page No.
IV. CONCLUSIONS . . . .?. . . . . . .
100
V. RECONNENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
100
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure No. Page No.
1. 101
.LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Page No.
I.
100
II.
102
103
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I. INTRODUCTION
At the request of a government agency a cursory investi-
gation was made to determine the feasibility of employing
electrostatic forces in a high resolution film to film contact
printer. These tests were conducted employing unsophisticated
equipment in the interest of expediency and economy.
II. OBJECTIVES
To perform a cursory examination of the potential applica-
tion of electrostatic attractive forces between film strips in
a film to film contact printer. The effects of several charg-
ing methods on silver halide film base materials were also
evaluated.
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III. TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
A. GENERAL
The investigation was carried out in four parts. Part I
was an analytical examination of the anticipated forces. Part
II was an attempt to verify the predicted forces empirically
on a 10" x 10" parallel plate capacitor. Part III was to
examine the shear force characteristics generated by liquid
gate and electrostatic attractive forces applied by metal
rollers. Part IV was an examination of corona and metal roller
charging applied to Eastman Kodak high speed panchromatic film.
B. NORMAL ATTRACTION ON PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
Equation for a parallel plate capacitor:
Ec p. 8-45, eq. 24
F -V2KA where C = KA
8 x 4 x
F=V2C
2x In MKS system:
F = newtons
V = Volts
C farads
x = meters
A - square meters
On the 10" x 10" parallel plate aluminum jig
capacitor, the measured C was:
C = 9500 x 10 12 farad
x = .003" (2 - .0015"
.'.Fnewtons
plate
Thicknesses of "Mylar")
= V 9500 x 100 2_)
2 .003 x 2.54 x 10 2 )
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io
Fnewtons V2 (9500 x l0 12 ) V2 (9500 x 10" ) - V2 (9500 x 1C F8
.015 x 10 2 .015 1.5
= V2 (6330 x 10 8.
or Fnewtons = V2 (6.33 x 10-4 )
I newton = .224 lb.
)
Flbs. = .224 V2 (.663 x 10-4
Fibs. = V2 (.149 x 10-4) (For results, see Table I)
CALCULATIONS FROM EXPERIMENTAL SHEAR TESTS
Tests were run on 2 "Mylar" sheets charged between rollers
operating at 2.5 KVDC.
On a charged area of 24 square inches, the median shear
stress on a series of replicated tests was about .17 lbs./square
inch =T
Section 8 of the Kodak handbook gives the coefficient of
friction of aerial films including Estar base as variable
between .2 - .6.
The friction force is
F = 0
or in terms of stress
T = V?
where F = lbs.
N = normal force (#)
ix = coefficient of
friction
where T = shear stress (#/sq.
inch)
Ex coefficient of
friction
normal stress
(#/sq. inch)
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If we assume is = .2 and solve for P, then
p = T = .17 - 185 lbs./sq.in. normal stress as compared
- - --I - = 931 Ike Ise l.
17=
AtI = .6, P = .17
At Fz = .4 (average),
P
.283 lbs./sq.in. (calc. P = .931)
P = .17 - .425 lbs/sq. in..(caic.
. ?
These values are all close considering that the die-
electric thickness does not account for air, cement, etc.
C. NORMAL ATTRACTIVE FORCE ON PARALLEL PLASTIC SHEETS
_1. Purpose
To determine the order of magnitude for forces normal
to parallel capacitor plates when subjected to charge potentials.
2. Conclusion
A force on the order of .08 lbs./sq.in. was observed
with 200 volts dc applied to 10 x 10 inch metal plates coated'
with 1.5 mil "Mylar: and placed in contact. This force was
observed to be monotone increasing with voltage up to 2000
volts beyond which the force reduced sharply, probably due to
breakdown of the "Mylar" materials. The measured time constant
for decay of the applied charge was observed to be approximately
.8 seconds, attributed to conductive leakage through faults
in the plastic film.
3. Factors and. Measurements
This was intended to be a simple experiment designed
to determine the magnitude of the attraction force between
parallel plates separated by dielectric material. The response
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of such forces to a change in charge potential was of some
interest so that several levels of voltage (500, 1000, 1500,
2000 and 2500 vdc) were used. A separation force normal to the'
plane of contact was measured using a 0-80 lb. spring scale.
4. Test Design and Procedure
Two replications of a single factor, 5 level design,
conducted in randomized sequence was employed. Test plates
were 1/4" aluminum "Jig Plate" 10 x 10 inches square and
coated with 1.5 mil "Mylar" sheet. In testing, one plate was
placed in physical contact with the other, a voltage applied,
and the force required to separate the plates was measured.
5. Data and Analysis
Test results are tabulated in Table II. Experimental
error was quite small with the exception of the results at
1500 volts. Valued entered as * are greater than 0 but less
than 4 lbs. and were not measured due to the equipment avail-
able. A maximum of .08 lbs. per sq. inch was observed at 2000
volts dc. Higher voltage resulted in less force suggesting
some sort of change in the electrical properties was taking
place. The cause for this was not completely determined.
D. SHEAR FORCE BETWEEN PLASTIC FILMS
1. Purpose
To determine the,shear force between two pieces of
"Mylar" plastic when charged electrostatically.
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2. Summary
With 2.5 KV applied to the plastics, a median force
of .18 lbs. per sq. in. was obtained. Another series of tests
were performed using a water film layer between the plastics
and without charge. In this case, a median force of .23 lbs.
per sq. inch was recorded.
3. Factors Studied and Measurements
The tests were conducted so as to measure shear force
between films. Since it was expected that area and applied
voltage would have the most pronounced effect on the shear
force, these were chosen as the variables. The voltage levels
applied were 0.5 KV, 1.5 KV and 2.5 KV on either 12 or 24
square inches of contact area.
4. Test Design
A randomized two by three full factorial was used.
Voltage was applied between steel rollers supported in a suit-
able dielectric framework. A controlled contact area was
passed through the charging rollers, and specimens were pull
tested. The "Mylar" was .0015 inches thick. As a standard,
a thin water film was used between the plastics, with 36 square
inches of contact.
The measurements` were made in all cases by application
of dead weights.
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5. Analysis
Test results are tabulated in Tables III and IV. At
1.5 KV and .5KV, the forces between the two plastics were
insignificant. At 2.5 KV, attractive forces were of the order
of .14 lbs. per square inch. There was some lack of repeat-
ibility of measurements from test to test.
?E, CHARGING OF FILMS
1. Objective
To charge silver halide film both with positive and
negative corona and between conductive rollers to study charg-
ing effects on the emulsion.
2. Equipment
-Model A Processor
2500 VDC NJE power supply
2 roller charging unit
Tri-X pan film (ASA - 400)
3 mil "Mylar" sheet
D-72 developer solution and normal fixants
3. Results
Positive and negative corna fogs the film, both with
and without a 3 mil "Mylar" protective sheet.
The roller charging unit both covered and uncovered
with 3 mil "Mylar" produced fogging.
*Two 1-1/4-inch diameter steel rolls 4-inches long held in
non-conducting bracket.
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. Very exotic charging methods would have to be used.
2. Theoretical forces obtainable from electrostatic attrac-
tion (see Fig. 1).
3. The liquid gate in itself provides clamping forces that
greatly exceed those theoretically obtainable with
electrostatics.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Evaluation of actual clamping forces required.
2. The forces should exceed those existing at the liquid
gate. An evaluation should be made of techniques
offering greater potential forces.
TABLE I
a
V
V2
F lbs . `
) (100 jr? plate)
P (,#/in
500
25' x 104
3.7
.037
1000
106
14.9
.149
1500
2.25 x 106
33:5
.335
2500
6.25'X 106
93.1
.931
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TABLE II
APPLIED POTENTIAL TEST SEQUENCE SEPARATION FORCE - LBS
Volts DC (Normal)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Measured Capacitance
2
10
7500 pf Start
9500 pf Finish
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TABLE III
Contact Area 2.5 KV
411 x 3"
2.1 lbs. (3)
0 lbs. (13)
2.2 lbs. (14)
2.4 lbs. (6)
4" x 6" 3 lbs. (11)
4.8 lbs.,, (15)
4.3 lbs. (16)
1.5 lbs. (12)
TABLE IV
Order of Test
APPLIED VOLTAGE
1.5 KV 0.5 KV
0.5 lbs. (7) 0 (5)
(10) 0 (8)
-Force
Shear Lbs. lbs./in
8
9
12
Conditions: Water Film used between plastic sheets
Contact area 36 in.
2
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