DEAR SIR:

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78B04747A000400020013-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 61
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 7, 2007
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: December 8, 1966
• Content Type: LETTER

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SECRET S66-29-713/1
COPY NO.._..__OF.__S..._COPIES
December 8, 1966
Contracting Officer
4?ost office Box 6788
Fort Daris 'Station
Washington, D.C. 20020
We are pie aced to submit this proposal in response to your
RFP RD-5--57 dated. October 27, 196 3 .
Our proposal package consists of 1) this letter of transmittal,
2) our technical proposal and 3) a cost breakdown.
-)erform the proposed. effort on a cant-- lus-fixed--fees
25X1 A basis i which ineludes a fixed. fee of Delivery 25X11
of the final report will he made not later than. 12 months after
receipt of authorization to proceed..
It is contemplated that any contract r(.-.,suiting from this proposal
will contain terms and conditions compatible with a cos t--plus-freed fee
type contract. Our proposal is valid. for a period of ninety (90) days
after which we reserve the right to revise it due to changed. conditions.
No royalties are contemplated in connection with this procurement.
Should additional inform.tion be required. please do not hesitate
to contact me.
cc: 3 copies to
Post Office Box 8031
Southwest Station
min gton, D.C. 20021.
Manager, Contracts Administrator
NOTICE - THIS DOCUMENT / MATERIAL CONTAINS
INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED SATES WhWN THE MEANING OF
THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECTIONS 793
AND 794. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION OF
ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED
PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW.
Declass Review By NIMA/DOD
EXCLUDED FROM AUTOMATIC SECRET
DOWNGRADING AN UPI A PFft?ON
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~t .niw 1
1. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1. State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2-1
2.2 Hyperaltitud.e Photography . . . . . . . . .. 2-1
2.3 Proposed Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
3. Technical Approach 3-1
3.1 Introduction .
3.2 General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-1
3.3 Controlled. Crop Plots .. 3-2
3.4 Photographic Specifications . . . . . . . .. 3-3
3.5 Visual Photointerpretation . . . . . . . . . 3-L
3.6 Microd.ensitometry .. 3-5
3.7 Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-6
3.8 Crop Yield. Prediction . . . . . . . . . . .. 3-8
3.9 Predictive Techniques .. 3-11
4. J i.a Vementi or woric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
5. Illustrations 5-1
Related. Experience
Experience
Organization
Personnel
Equipment
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proposes to investigate what is believed. to be a
unique technique for the identification of crop species and the estimation
of crop vigor and potential yield. These techniques involve the correlation
of visual photointerpretive data with quantitative data acquired. by microden-
sitometric measurement of aerial photographs.
This proposal is based. on tests conducted. by_ that indicate that
different crops are imaged. on aerial photography in such a manner that micro-
d.ensitometric traces produce unique and. recognizable signatures. It is
expected. that further research will reveal that unique signatures will en-
able a trained photointerpreter to establish the id.enti y' and. health of the
crop at any particular time, and to estimate the probable yield. of the crop
at harvest, from a correlation of photointerpretative and. d.ensitometric data.
25X1 0 proposes to perform this research by obtaining photointerpretative
and d.ensitometric data from photographs of crops on which ground. data are
known. If the concepts explained. in this proposal give evidence of feasibil-
25X1 ity, 0 will apply the findings of the initial research to photographs of
crops on which ground. truth data are available, but which will not be examined.
until the interpretation has been completed.. If, as is expected, the tech-
niques described. herein correlate with the ground. data on crop species,
25X1 health, and. yield., 0 will extend the research to actual or simulated.
hyperaltitud.e photography of domestic areas, and. will attempt to show that
keys and. other reference materials can be compiled. that will enable a trained.
photointerpreter to make the required. estimates and identifications without
recourse to ground.d.ata.
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2. INTRODUCTION
2.1 STATE OF THE ART
2.1.1 The estimation of crop health and. potential yield-by interpretation
of aerial photographs is not a new concept. A high d.egree of accuracy has
been achieved. in deriving such data from large scale, high resolution photo-
e
o
us crops . Muc
grapny or vario
ma~1 on nanchromatic black-and-white photography.
2.1.2 Routine photointerpretation techniques have been used. for most
of this work. That is, interpreters have relied. on their ability to identify
different crops and to estimate their health by applying such clues as size,
shape, texture and. tone and. by making full use of corollary information such
as soil characteristics, rainfall data, and. past history of the agronomy in
spectrazonal studies, computer programs
the areas being studied.. In
were written that assisted in t =e interpretation of the unique spectral
Eth
characteristics of various crops within narrow wavelength bands.
2.1.3 As stated. above, the photography used. in these experimental and.
practical studies has been of large scale (often as large as 1:1,000) and.
of correspondingly high ground. resolution. As a result, many species of
plants could. be identified. by their shape or texture, by row spacing, and.
by other relatively small details. Similarly, color photography has been
obtained at low altitudes, where atmospheric conditions permit high fidelity
color rendition, and. color differences could. be readily detected..
2.2 HYPER.ALTITUDE PHOTOGRAPHY
2.2.1 Hyperaltitud.e photography is the primary, if not the only, source
of current :intelligence on many denied areas. This photography has been
exploited. very successfully to produce military and political intelligence.
To date, the limitation imposed by scale, resolution, and. lack of inter-
pretation techniques has precluded. the exploitation of this photography to
obtain intelligence on agricultural activity in the d.enied areas.
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work done to date has been with photos
f th
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2.2.2 Imagery obtained. at scales ranging from 1:80,000 to 1:200,000
cannot, of course, provid.e the photointerpreter with the same degree of
detailed. information available in large scale photography. The interpreter
can no longer rely on such clues as the shape and. size of plants to identify
or classify crops. However, other clues are available that give promise of
providing valuable information. Among these are texture, tone, and. spectral
response. Certain of these clues are detectable by visual examination of the
photography. Others may require the application of relatively sophisticated.
instrumentation to extract the necessary differentiations. A combination of
visual interpretation and. instrumental data extraction offers the possibility
of highly accurate determination of the identity and condition of agricultural
crops.
2.3 PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
2.3.1 It is suggested. that, even at the extremely small scales typical
of hyperaltitud.e photography, different crops will exhibit different and.
unique signatures. These signatures will result from the manner of planting
sical characteristics
h
th
)
y
e p
,
(row crops versus broadcast or ground-cover crops
of the plants themselves (broad. leaf versus narrow leaf; low versus high
lants (differences in verd.ancy between differ
f the
l
p
or o
growth), the co
plants, and. between the same plants und.er different climatic Condit p or at
different times during the growing cycle), the presence or absence canals or
other irrigation facilities, the types of soil suitable for growing specific
crops, and. other clues.
2.3.2 It is immediately apparent that an interpreter working with hyper-
altitud.e photography must rely on gross clues. If resolution of the order
25X1 of is the best that can be. expected, the clues must be discernible
at this resolution. Visual inspection of photographs at this resolution
should be adequate to differentiate between crop land. and. fallow or range
land., and. to permit crop classification in broad. terms (small grain, corn,
tuberous, leguminous, etc.) Texture created. by the manner of planting,
shadows, or the characteristics of the plants may be detectable. Many agri-
cultural practices typical of different crops may assist in their identification;
these includ.e crop rotation, contouring, fallowing, plowing or other pre-
seeding preparation, and. mulching and other post-emergence procedures. Al-
though many of these identifiers may be individually small, their appearance
in a large area will probably create unique and d.etectable textural or tonal
differences.
2.3.3 In addition to clues revealed. by visual inspection of the imagery
und.er high magnification and possibly in stereo, it is highly probable that
different crops will exhibit additional signature elements that can be d.etected.
only by the analysis of microd.ensitometric measurements. It is this feature
25X1 that 0 suggests as being worthy of further exploration, on the basis of
tests made in preparing this proposal. 0 has made microdensitometer traces 25X1
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of photographs of agricultural areas on medium (1:20,000) and. small
(1:200,000) scale photographs. The traces exhibit different patterns,
density amplitudes, and. density levels as the scanning spot moves from
one crop to another. Figures 1,2, and 3 illustrate the results of these
tests.
2.3.L1 The primary purpose of the proposed investigation is to develop
methods for estimating the yield. of small grain crops. It is necessary,
therefore, to establish the characteristics of the images of several dif-
ferent species of crops to determine those that differentiate small grain
crops from other crops. Additionally, it is necessary to establish the
characteristics of imagery of small grain crops at various times during
the growing period, and. in varying conditions of health/vigor. Ground
data and other corollary information must be acquired at the same time that
photography is acquired. in order that the results may be analyzed and.
correlated..
2.3.5 believes that the investigation proposed. herein will show
that hyperaltitude photographs of extensive agricultural areas contain
signatures that will permit the identification of crop species, and the
estimation of crop vigor/health and. potential yield..
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121 M* wit I
3.1.1 proposes to investigate the extension of visual interpre-
tation techniques to the exploitation of hyperaltitud.e photography for
agricultural, information.; In addition, and. most important, proposes
to augment the visual interpretation by the analysis of quantitative
microd.ensitometric measurements of the photography in the expectation
that strong correlations can be established that will permit trained.
interpreters to estimate crop yield.s with a small percentage of error.
The plan of investigation involves the following:
1. Acquisition of photographs of crops grown under controlled.
conditions.
2. Laboratory manipulation of the photography to produce imagery
simulating that acquired. at different altitudes and. with
different ground. resolutions.
3. Visual interpretation of the photography.
)a.. Microd.ensitometric measurement of the imagery.
5. Digitization of the d.ensitometric data.
6. Subjection of the digitized data to analysis of variances
techniques using computer programs especially written for
this purpose.
7. Correlation of the results of the visual interpretation and.
the computer derived data to establish signatures for different
species of plants, different health/vigor conditions, and.
parameters for estimating crop yield..
25X1 3.2.1 proposes to go from the known to the unknown. First,
photography will be obtained. of different crops raised. in a controlled.
environment; ground. truth data will be obtained concurrently. This photo-
graphy will be subjected to the operations outlined, in the preceding para-
graph. If the results of this phase of the investigation substantiate the
feasibility of the proposed. treatment, photography will be obtained. of crops
on which ground. data are available, but these data will not be used until
the photography has been interpreted. visually and. analytically. The results
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of this "blind." test will then be compared to the ground. truth data to
25X1 further establish the validity of the procedures. Again assuming that
the proposed. techniques are shown to be d, hywill peratte attempt tohoto-tude
extrapolate these techniques to the exploitation rouno.
graphy obtained under operational conditions over areas on which g
truth data are available. The interpretative results obtained. in this
phase will again be correlated with the ground truth data to establish the
validity of the extrapolations, or to determine areas in which the tech-
niques are deficient and subject to modification.
3.2.2 The primary objective of this study is to develop a method for
predicting the yield. of exportable crops. The most important of these
are the small grains, and especially wheat. Although it is possible
that the techniques proposed herein may enabler the interspretertto d oper-that 25X1 entiate between the small grain species,
of the investigation be limited to differentiating small grains from other
crops, and. to determining methods of predicting the yield of wheat
Assuming successful results under this limitation, be undertaken.
permit finer crop identification and yield. prediction may
3.3 CONTROLLED CROP PLOTS
0
25X1 3.3.1 After lengthy consideration has concluded.that it is not
(such as might be available
feasible to attempt to use existing photography
in the files of the Department of Agriculture) to conduct this investigation.
Although it is known that many federal, state, and. educational organizations
conduct carefully controlled agricultural experimentation and. maintain exact
and. detailed data on such experiments, it is believed test the sitesacquisitionwould.
of existing photography of crops at such experimental that
satisfy the requirements of this investigation would. be difficult, if not
impossible.
therefore has based. this proposal on the assumption that the
3.3.2
sponsoring organization can obtain the cooperation of a federal, stateeducational. agricultural experimentation station in providing target plots.
lo
The requirement is for the planting of six plots, each approximately one
mile in length and one-fourth mile in width, preferrably in juxtaposition.
The crops are to be as follows:
Plot 1: Wheat, nurtured throughout the growing season by standard
agricultural procedures.
~. t Plot 2: Wheat of the same seed batch, allowed. to grow without
human attention.
Plot 3: Wheat of the same seed batch, to be infected by some
disease or otherwise damaged at some point or points
during the growing cycle.
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Plot la.: Corn or sorghum, nurtured. by normal procedures.
Plot 5: Beets or soybeans, nurtured. by normal procedures.
Plot 6: One half devoted. to a mixture of wheat, barley and.
millet; one half devoted. to barley; both to be
nurtured by normal procedures.
3.3.3 These plots will be photographed at specific intervals during
the growing cycle (see paragraph 3.4 below). At the same time, ground.
truth data on the conditions in each plot will be acquired.. These data
will include soil conditions (moisture content, pH, nitrate content, etc.),
state of health/vigor of the crop, nature and extent of disease of damaged
crops, and. estimates of the potential yield of the wheat crops. Ad.ditionally,
photographs of each crop will be taken from the ground., using the same
types of film that are used. in the air. The data normally maintained by
the agricultural station, including climatological and. other general informa-
tion, will be mad.e available for this investigation. Spectroscopic measure-
ments of the crops at several locations within each plot will be mad.e.
3.3.4 At harvest, the actual yield of each wheat plot will be determined..
The predicted yield.s will be compared. to actual yields, and any differences
will be analyzed to d.etermine causes and corrective measures.
3.L.
PHOTOGRAPHIC SPECIFICATIONS
3.1.1 Photography of the control plots will be made on panchromatic
black-and-white film through the normally
used, minus blue filters. A minimum time interval wa be allowed between
the two types of photography; ideally, they will be made on the same flight
and. within a 30-minute period.
3.1.3 Photography will be obtained. at three times during the growing
cycle. The first mission will be flown when the crop in Plot 1 is between
1 and. 12 feet in height. The second. mission will be approximately one
month later, when the crop has attained its maximum height and. is beginning
to develop its spikes. The third. flight will be made just prior to harvest-
ing the crop on Plot 1. Two other flights will acquire supplementary data:
a mission just after the crop is planted to record. cultivation patterns,
and. a flight after harvest to provid.e information that will aid. in differ-
entiating between harvested. and. unharvested fields.
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25X1 resolutions of
3.4.4 The photography will be d.egrad.ed. in the laboratory to simulate
the scale, resolution, and. tonal qualities typical of operational hyper-
altitud.e photography. The degradation will be attained. by photographically
copying the original film at reduced scales; if necessary, the effects of
haze will be simulated.b degrading the focus or by use of a haze simulation
25X1 technique d.evi.sed by for other experimental work in high-altitud.e
simulation? Degradation will produce imagery with approximate ground.
3.4.5 Photography will be accomplished. between the hours of 1000 and
1400 in ord.er to coincide approximately with engineering photography
obtained. at hyperaltitude by operational systems.
3.1..6 Gray scale and. color patch targets will be placed at the control
plots to permit evaluation of the sensitometry of the processed. photography.
The d.ata obtained from this control process will be used. in correcting the
d.ensitometer readings daring the computer operations.
3.4.7 It is expected. that the feasibility of the procedures proposed.
herein will be adequately demonstrated. in time to permit the acquisition
of photography of uncontrolled. crops during the month preceding harvest.
The area to be photographed. will be typified. by large areas devoted. to
wheat and. other small grains, with areas of corn and. other crops interspersed.
25X1 throughout. Both panchromatic photography will
be obtained. on flight lines that will be selected. in accordance with crop
condition data to be obtained. from the Department of Agriculture or other
agricultural control agencies. The purpose will be to obtain simulated.
high altitude photography depicting different species of crops, and. espe-
cially different health/vigor conditions in the wheat crop. If possible,
actual operational photography will be obtained. of the same area, at approx-
imately the same time, to provide further corroborative information.
3.4.8 Assuming th2t the interpretation of the photography obtained.
as in the preceding paragraph continues to substantiate the feasibility of
the proposed techniques, the holdings of the sponsor will be researched to
locate hyperaltitude photography of d.omestic areas devoted. to small grain
crops. Crop yield data will then be acquired. from federal or state agricul-
tural agencies. The hyperaltitude photography will be interpreted in
accordance with the proposed techniques, and. the results correlated. with
the actual yield. d.ata.
3.5 VISUAL PHOTOINTERPRETATION
3.5.1 Determination of the health/vigor of the crop is of major concern
in this investigation, because this factor will be used as the scheme to
correlate image-d.erived data with crop yield.. Measurements of soil fertil-
ity, knowledge of the type and. quantity of fertilizer applied., soil moisture,
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pH, and temperature, and other physical elements will not be applicable
to the hyperaltitud.e photography. It is therefore necessary to design
a system which will account for such factors, but which will not be directly
concerned. with recognizing or measuring them.
3.5.2 The visual photointerpretation will be accomplished monocularly
and. stereoscopically. Various viewing devices will used, including
25X1 binocular mirror stereoscopes, zoom stereosco es an variable magn-
25X1 ification rear projection viewer, and a stereocomparator. The
interpreters will attempt to accomplish the following data extraction:
1. Delineation of areas of cultivated ground. exhibiting similar
textures, similar tones, and, similar cultivation patterns.
2. Detection of diseased. or damaged. crops.
3. Cataloging of differences in appearance between different
crops, and. between different conditions in the same crop.
4. Cataloging the differences in appearance resulting from
degradation of the same imagery.
Estimation of the stage of maturity of the crops.
8.. Correlation of the ground. photographs with the aerial photo-
graphs, and. of the spectrometer data with the color film
imagery.
9.. -Detection of agricultural practices associated. with crop
species.
3.6 MCCRODENSITOMETRY
3.6.1 The major premise upon which the proposed. technique is based. is
that analysis of microdensitometric measurements of the imagery will pro-
vide data on variations in density that will correlate with differences
between crop species, crop health/vigor, and crop maturity, and that these
data can be used. to predict crop yield. The validity of this premise has
been demonstrated in Figures 1,2, and. 3. The traces made across different
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crops and fields differ in visual appearance, in amplitude, and. in
average density level. These differences are believed to be re-
peatable, and to provide visual and. analytical clues to the identity
and condition of the imaged. crops.
3.6.2 microd.ensitometer will be used. to produce
the density traces. As illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3, different
visual appearances result when the X-Y ratio is varied. The scale of
the photography also affects visual appearance. Because the visual
appearance of,.the traces is expected to provide a valuable crop ident-
ification clue, 0 will experimentally determine the optimum combination
for producing visually interpretable traces.
3.6.3 The most important application of the densitometric data will
be in the statistical analysis of variances in density as described in
paragraph 3.7 below. To provide an adequate quantity of data, at least
three traces will be made of the photographs of each plot. A roximately 25X1
150 density readings will be made of each trace, using a Corn-
parator. The number of readings will be the same for each plot; the
X-axis intervals will vary according to the X-Y ratio of the trace.
3.7 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
3.7.1 Basic assumptions. The technique described in this proposal
is based on=e assumptions listed below:
:L. Densitometric measurements will exhibit differences
attributable to differences in the reflectivity of
crop species.
2. Densitometric measurements will exhibit differences
attributable to differences in the reflectivity of
crops of different health/vigor.
3. Densitometric measurements will exhibit differences
attributable to changes in the reflectivity of a crop
during its growth cycle.
Li.. Densitometric measurements will exhibit differences
in reflectivity caused by cultivation characteristics.
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5. The measured. differences resulting from assumptions
1, 2, 3, and 4 are unique.
6. The measured. differences resulting from assumtions
1, 2, 3, and. 4 will correlate with crop yields.
It is the purpose of the investigation proposed. herein to
ascertain the validity of these assumptions and., to develop operational
techniques and. reference materials for the estimation of crop yield.s
from subjective and. objective data derived. from visual and densito-
metric interpretative procedures.
3.7.2 The computer program that will be written for this investi-
gation will be designed. to extract the d.ensitometric information con-
tained. in the sample-to-sample differences for any number of samples,
while at the same time suppressing the d.ensity-to-d.ensity differences
that are the same for all samples. The computer-assisted. techniques
are described, below.
3.7.3 Density Matrix. In the quantitative analysis program, the
density measurements will become the elements of a matrix:
D11
D12
D13 . . .
D1j
D21
D22
D23 . . .
D2j
D31
D32
D33 . . .
D3j
Dil
Di2
Di3 .
Dij
The matrix represents the d.ensity measurements of I objects
in i samples. The first row contains the densities for j different
measurements in the first sample. Each sucessive row through i con-
tains i measurements of each of the sucessive samples. Comparisons
between samples can be mad.e by d.etermining the differences between
rows of the matrix. These results may be of any or all possible
sample combinations. The positive and/or negative characteristics
from sample-to-sample may be investigated..
Results of the sample-to-sample differences will assist in
"scrubbing" the data of blund.ers in density measurements caused by
dirt or faultly processing of the film. Differences between samples
from variations caused. by changes in sun angle or crop moisture
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condition may be d.etected at this point in the analysis. The
effective range of the density scale between samples is indicated.
3.7.1. Density Deviation Matrix. Since the sample densities
measured, from the photo image are relative to one another rather
than absolute, the density matrix is used to create a deviation
matrix. For each sample (matrix row) the average is computed. and
subtracted. from each measured. density (object).
1 n
DVij = Dij - n 2 Dij
j =1
Positive and. negative values will occur in the deviation matrix and.
the sum of the values will equal zero. The difference between any
two values in a sample (row) still has the same value as the differ-
ence between corresponding elements in the density matrix.
3.7.5 Variance, Covariance, and. Correlation. The variability
among the e ements of a sample (row) in t e deviation matrix furnishes
an indication of the information recorded in that sample with respect
to the image interrrogated. The mean sum of the squares of the devi-
ation matrix the sum of squares is computed. by:
2 n 2
Si = E DVij
j=1
and. the variance by,
1 n
2
Cli = n E DV i j
j=1
It is anticipated. that d.ensities of one sample will correlate
highly with d.ensities from another sample in the same category (example,
vigorous/healthy grain plot). The (product-moment) correlation coefficient
(R) between two samples (rows) is computed by,
i n
COVIm = n E DV; -j DVm;
j=l
Rim
COVim
(E DVij Z DVmj)z
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If two samples (rows) are perfectly correlated., the corre-
lation coefficient is unity. The correlation between samples is
,A KPH as the coefficient becomes less than unity. A strong corre-
A/e lation indicates the similarity of measurements between samples.
A correlation significantly less than one ind.icates that the measure-
ment to measurement densities are greatly different.
The anticipated correlations for the small grain crops at
the test control site are as follows:
1. A strong correlation between sample data within the
grain species. The strongest correlations will be in
the healthy/vigorous plots and less strong in the
stunted.
2. A weak correlation between sample data of between-
species groups. Health/vigor crop characteristics
are anticipated. to have little effect.
3. It is further anticipated that strong correlation of
the within species samples will be evidenced. in data
samples from the first and second. flights.
)4. For data samples from the third flight, the expected.
result is a general weakening of all previously strong
correlations.
The correlation coefficient has an add.ed significance. If
its value is squared. (R2), it is a measure of the fraction of the var-
iance of one sample (row) which can be predicted., based. upon the
variability of another sample(row). (1-R2) gives a measure of the
fraction of the variance in each sample(row) not accounted. by the
other.
3.7.6 Control Test Evaluation. After each of the photographic
missions has been flown an. EF-e7ata have been reduced to density
graphs, d.ensity matrix sample differences, and. variance and. correlation
coefficients, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the interpretative
procedure must be made. First, the differences exhibited. between
d.ensity matrix samples must be significant between crop species. The
greater these differences the more successful the interpretation.
Second, note must be made of all correlation coefficients near unity;
these should. be the within-species coefficients. Slightly less strong
correlations should. occur within the species as based upon lack of
vigor. Third, for all of the significant correlations identified,
it should be determined. how much of the variance for each sample may
be predicted. Fourth, the results of the test must be consistent from
mission to mission. Consistency of the results determines the measure
of success achieved.
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,titG LT
3.7.7 As described. above, the original photography of the con-
trol plots will be degrad.ed.to produce imagery at different ground.
resolutions. For each set of imagery, densitometer readings will
be made and. subjected. to the procedure described. above. The resulting
correlation coefficients will represent correlations between the
control site measurements on the original photography and. the measure-
ments on the first degraded imagery. Subsequently derived. coefficients
will be between successive degradation steps. At some point, if this
procedure is carried out sufficiently far, a correlation will cease
to exist. However, when the final correlation is made between d.e-
gradation steps, a coefficient will be computed. between the final
step and. the control test measurements. At this point, it will be
possible to determine how much of the predicted control test statistical
variance is lost when predicting the degraded step variance. It is
expected that the prediction (1-R2) will remain ov 50% of a2 for
those samples. dekov
3.8 CROP YIELD PREDICTION
3.8.1 During the test period, crop yields from the control plots
will not be known until after the photographic data have been reduced..
Therefore estimates of the yield from plots 1,2,3, and 6 will be made
by the agricultural station or agent responsible for the control test
site. Estimates will be made at the time of each photographic mission.
The accuracy of these on-site predictions (as compared. to actual yield
at harvest) will give insight into what may be expected from the photo-
graphic assessments. The grain yield. data from the test site will
provide only one yield. per-acre figure for each species plot. This
is inadequate for establishing yield. levels to be incorporated into
a predictive scheme. Supplementary yield. data are a requisite.
3.8.2 These supplemental data will be acquired. by photographing
uncontrolled crops (see paragraph 3.1.8 above) and. making on-site
estimates of crop health/vigor and. potential yield. concurrently with
the photography. The imagery will be treated in the same manner as
that from the controlled plots, and the results will be evaluated to
establish correspondence with earlier experimental data. A sufficient
number of samplings will be made to assure statistical accuracy.
Density curves and. correlation coefficients will be established, between
these supplemental data and. the control test data. The acutal yield
of the photographed. areas will be determined. at harvest; actual yield.
figures will be compared to estimated. yield figures obtained at the
time of photography, and. techniques will be d.eveloped.for converting
photointerpretative and. variation analysis data to crop yield predictions.
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3.8.3 Final validation of the techniques for crop yield prediction
will be made by applying them to actual hyperaltitude photography.
It is proposed. that the files of domestic photography held. by the
sponsor will be researched to identify frames that include photography
of wheat crops at the three times specified in paragraph 3.4.3 (at 'a
crop height of about 1 - 12 feet, at the time when the crop has achieved
its maximum height and. is beginning to spike, and immediately before
harvest). This photography will be interpreted. as described above.
Actual yield figures will be obtained. and compared. with the predicted.
yield figures derived from each set of photography. The correlation
between predicted and. actual yield figures will validate the proposed,
techniques, and./or will suggest modifications and adjustments that
will permit their use for the intend.ed. purpose.
3.9 PREDICITIVE TECHNIQUES
3.9.1 The quantitative analysis procedures described. above will
generate, numerical values that will represent the nature and degree
of similarities and. differences between reflectivities of different
crop species, different health/vigor conditions, and. different states
of maturity. These values, in conjunction with visual photointer-
pretative data, are expected. to prove the validity of the assumptions
made in paragraph 3.7.1.
25X1 3.9.2 In its final report, ~ will describe the methods by which
small grain crops can be differentiated. from other crops, and. by which
the yield of the small grain crops can be estimated. at various times
during the growing cycle. The report will include reproductions of
imagery acquired. during the investigation and. of microdensitometer
traces made from the imagery. It will also include documentation on
the computer programs that will be developed for the analysis of
variations and. the numerical data derived by operation of the programs.
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~-t1r.Kt 1
4. STATEMENT OF WORK
25X1 Corporation will supply the necessary personnel,
facilities, services, and materials to accomplish the following tasks.
Task 1. Arrange for the establishment and. maintenance of
control crop plots.
Task 2. Acquire aerial photography of the control plots
and of uncontrolled crops. Degrade the photography to simulate
hyperaltitude photography.
Task 3. Perform visual interpretation of the photography
and. report on information pertaining to crop identification and the
estimation of crop health/vigor and. potential yield..
Task Li.. Make microd.ensitometer traces of the photography.
Convert the densitometer traces to digital data.
Task 5. Prepare computer programs for analyzing the var-
iations in density represented by the numerical values derived. in
Task L.
Task 6. Compute correlation coefficients and. other numerical
Task 7. Analyse the photointerpretative and. quantitative
data to establish methodology for identifying crop species and. for
estimating crop health/vigor, maturity, and. potential yield. of small
grain crops.
Task 8. Prepare a report describing the investigation and
the methodo-developed, in Task 7.
The investigation will require approximately nine calendar
months. It is anticipated that Task 1 will be initiated. in March 1967.
The remaining tasks will be accomplished as photography of the control
plots is acquired.; it is estimated. that the photo missions will be
flown in the period. May - August 1967.
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The scale of the photo negative from which these densitometer
traces were made is 1:5,000. Points A, B, C, and. D as indicated
on the enlarged photo correspond to the same points respectively
along the traces as represented. in Figures 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,
and 1.6. A change in the ratio of the density trace represents
an exaggeration in the X direction. This expands the length of
the trace; the magnitude of the gray scale (Y direction) is not
affected. by a ratio change.
Figure 1.2. This trace illustrates density patterns, amplitudes,
and levels derived from the imagery of three different crops.
Figure 1.3. Represents a ratio of 1:10 between the photo negative
and the density trace. It indicates a step in the scale exaggeration,
and provides more detailed. density information than the corresponding
portion of Figure 1.2.
Figures 1.4, 1.5, and. 1.6. Represent a ratio of 1:20 between the
photo negative and. the density trace. They indicate more clearly
the density differences and. allow digitalization of the density
measurements.
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 L k t u t_ u E [ t. L L t t Z
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FILM: B&W 1 AIVCH 0 AUC
RATIO: 1:5
m . ioiilf iiijjpi'~100~111 ilwem~
uM
A
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 i u L L E t ! R E a
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FILM: BBr1 PANCHROMATIC
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"A
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 FILM: B&W PANCHROMATIC
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t t !. L u u L. L l-
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FIGURE 1. .4
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m
 FILM: B&W PANCHROMATIC
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I r s L 1 L. t 1
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FIGURE 1.5
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 a IY k t L C E
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FILM: B&W PA1Vc`ttt 0iiiiiC
RATIO: 1:20
A
FIGURE 1.6
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Z01MORL I
The scale of the photo negative from which these densitometer
traces were made is approximately 1:150,000. Points A, B, C,
D, E, and. F as indicated. on the enlarged. photo represent the
same points respectively on the trace.
Figure 2.2. Expresses a ratio of 1:4 between the photo sample
and. the density trace. The trace illustrates clearly those
fields which are similar, the abrupt changes caused by field.
boundaries, streams and. slopes.
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_4 ~Irmw l ' 11
a
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v` Ww ww, b
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 U)
0
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FILM: B&W PANCIMOMATIC
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 ~. l L U 1 l 1 1 l 4 L l l 1 l
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FILM: B&W PANCHROMATIC
RATIO: 1:4
FIGURE 2.2 (con't)
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BbST COPY
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organization. Under the terms of its charter, the center offers contract
services based on special capabilities in photogrammetry, geodesy, remote
sensor record analysis, photointerpretation, and photographic reproduction.
Specifically, the center is manned and equipped to provide services and pro-
ducts based on the following:
Analysis and interpretation of photographic and other remote
reconnaissance sensor records. Development and improvement
of data extraction and handling techniques. Preparation of
specifications for the design of image analysis and interpretation
equipment.
Analysis of photogrammetric and geodetic problems inherent in
the exploration of the earth, the moon, and the planets from
various types of platforms. Performing systems analysis to
develop specific analytical solutions and equipment performance
specifications. Testing of such solutions and equipments.
25X1 Calibration and testing of manufactured photogrammetric and
photointerpretation equipment and technology.
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frame photography obtained simultaneously, with emphasis on
cartographic applications.
Calibration and operational testing of =produced panoramic
rectifying printers.
formed in 1957 in response to critical needs for
advancing the state of the art in information technology. In meeting its
extensive contractual obligations to the Government, industry, and the
military, =has made substantial contributions to the fulfillment of
national needs, and has established itself as a leader in the country's
photo-optical and information handling industry.
Center is a part, is primarily engaged in design and development programs
for both military and nonmilitary customers. The scientists and engineers
of this group work as project teams, and apply their knowledge of many
scientific and engineering disciplines to the expeditious and economic
solution of systems and equipment design problems.
personnel were responsible for the first successful
panoramic photography from the air and, since that time, the majority of
programs undertaken by the group have been directed toward the development
of photographic systems and their related ground handling equipments.
broad background in the field of information technology includes
such major advances as:
Development of the world's largest photographic lenses and cameras
First concept and design of television viewfinders for pilots
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Pioneering in the application of information theory to optical systems
First accurate tracking of a manmade satellite (Sputnik)
Research into human factors relating to photo interpretation;
design and construction of advanced photointerpretation
viewing devices
Development of optical electronic image enhancement techniques
Development of photographic rectifying printers for panoramic photos
Integration of multisensor equipment in advanced reconnaissance
systems
occupies over 1 million square feet of floor space at
locations throughout the country. These facilities are devoted to the company's
engineering, research, fabrication, marketing, and administrative operations.
Net sales and income from contracts exceeded 25X1
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During its first two years of operation, the
participated in a wide variety of projects involving the application
of scientific, engineering, and technical skills in the general area
of exploiting the data contained in remote sensor systems. Most
of these projects have been direct or indirect contributions to
work on Government contracts; some have been in-house
efforts aimed at increasing the capabilities of 0 and of the
in specific technical and scientific areas.
The following pages briefly describe some of the major projects
undertaken by the Center since its establishment.
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1. In cooperation with U. S. Army GIMRADA and the American
Society of Photogrammetry, an analysis of the comparative
value of panchromatic, conventional color
aerial photography for the interpretation of vegetation, soil
types, cultural features, and drainage.
2. Under contract with the National Park Service, Department of
the Interior, an investigation into the optimum film-filter combina-
tion, photographic scale, and interpretation techniques for
archeological exploration by aerial photographic reconnaissance.
3. Under contract with a Department of Defense agency, a study of the
photographic parameters for an optimum target system for tactical
aerial reconnaissance.
4. As a sub-contractor on a Government contract, a study of the
present and future state-of-the-science in aerial color and
spectrazonal photography as an intelligence collection system, and
of techniques and equipment required to exploit the imagery from
such systems.
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5. Under contract to a Government agency, studies of the relationships
between panoramic and frame photography obtained simultaneously,
with emphasis on cartographic applications.
6. Under contract to the Defense Intelligence Agency, compilation of
a glossary of terms used in mapping, charting, and geodesy.
7. Participation in a study performed by =under a Government
contract on the feasibility and design of a survivable reconnaissance
data processing facility.
8. As a company-sponsored effort, experimentation and investigation
into methods of detecting, identifying, and determining the extent
of water pollution and sources of pollution by interpretation of photo-
graphy obtained with various film-filter combinations.
9. Under contract to a Government agency, performance of an engineering
test and evaluation of anL__~produced rectifying printer.
10. Under various Government contracts, and in support of=
engineering and design staffs, participation in and contributions to
the design of photo-optical systems produced or proposed by the
company, with emphasis on the incorporation of optical and geometric
parameters to assure the utility of the imagery in satisfying various
reconnaissance and cartographic requirements.
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11. Under a Government contract, the development of a mathematical
model and associated data processing programs for an advanced
reconnaissance -mapping system.
12. Under contract to a Government agency, the provision of consultant
services in an evaluation of the utility of certain orbital mechanics
computer programs.
13. As a speculative effort, development of a training course to assist
a Government agency in overcoming a serious shortage of image
interpreters.
14. Under various Government contracts, operation of precision
mensuration equipment to calibrate and provide error compensation
25X1 data for produced photo-optical systems.
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A major asset of the is the unique qualifi-
cations of the scientists, engineers, and technicians who compose
the staff. These people have been selected because of their
special qualifications in the military and civilian uses of aerial and
space photography for intelligence, cartographic, and commercial
purposes. Management plans for the Center call for a steady increase
in the number of employees to a total of 100 or more. Candidates
for employment are carefully screened to assure that they meet
the Center's high standards of professional competency and integrity.
Many of the staff possess advanced degrees in disciplines germane
to the Center's operations; many are former military officers and
enlisted men with long years of experience in the acquisition and
exploitation of remote sensor imagery for intelligence and cartographic
purposes. The Center is certified at the SECRET level; many of the
employees have been cleared at higher levels.
Brief biographies of key staff members are presented in the following
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EQUIPMENT
STK-1 Stereocomparator
880 Monocomparators
age Plane Digitizer
IBM 526 Key Punches on-line to the above
Multi-width Variable Magnification Rear
Projection Viewer
Zoom 70 Stereomicroscopes
irror Stereoscopes with Stereometer
Microdensitometer
Compensating Polar Planimeter
Quantalog Color Densitometer Model F-10
Densichron
V-184 10 x 10 Projection Printer
Holzworth 10 x 20 Contact Printer
Transflow Continuous Film Processor
latemaster and Lithographic Press
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:~c~ s 4a~f
(DATE)
BE US10-101
MAY FORM
ED.
U NO. 101 WHICH REPLACES
I AUG 5 54
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25X1
L
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4.1 Project Management
25X1
This proposed study program will be under the cognizance of the 0
,, ;a ~1ho+1~P
25X1
25X1
coror
Government, the contract.would
full support of appropriate operating elemenps of e
management as well as
the company
Successful completion of a program such as proposed here requires a
complete understanding of the problem and a management concept which is
sensitive to the progress of the program from the standpoint of the fiscal
lender time point of view as well as technical accomplishments,
d
ca
an
s
while being responsive to guidance provided by the Contracting Officers
technical representative.
=has, from its inception, employed a strong program manager
concept. Upon the award of a contract, a project manager is assigned.
Dependent upon the size and scope of the task, technical and administrative
personnel as well as security and other support personnel are assigned. In
the case of smaller tasks, aprogram manager is assigned and support is
provided as required. In either of the two instances, the assigned manager
has full responsibility and is provided complete access to that level of
management required to resolve problems in an effective and timely manner.
of the staff will be assigned 25X1
as program manager of this contract. Oth or ke personnel that will be 25X1
involved throughout the proposed study are
The program management and principal contributors to this
program are listed below:
Contributor
Hours Percent of total program
1000 18
350 6
150 3
500 9
500 9
500 9
A functional diagram of the proposed project team is presented on the
following page.
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PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Program Manager
25X1
Photo Data Reduction
Analytics Evaluation
Data Processing
Photo Interpretation
F
Photo Laboratory
Data Quantification
Densitometry
i i
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 Approved For Release 2007/09/07: CIA-RDP78BO4747A000400020013-8
March 14, 1987
Plans and Development Staff
tat & M Streets S. E.
Washington, D. C.
Dear Jim;
The enclosures submitted herein are in response to
your request at our meeting of March 8, 1987, and your
subsequent request by telephone on March 10, 1967. These
materials cover the four basic subjects, namely
-~aphy Acquisition
2. Agronomy Consultant
8. Test Control Site
4. Elucidation of Photographic Degradation Process.
sincerely,
25X1
lamer, Technical Operations
DKM:lsp
Enclosures
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.AMts tioq of RMAKES&
has a a rrelatlvna
rrdbudes oar respective tre nefts.
Ctrao a1 an-upmeue of to etanc l w
the uttlizatIon of their aircraft, crews a R it
to employ
of photography.
aerial cameras
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based upon the project requirements, the need for a
consultant to ensure the timely and accurate recording of ground
data at the control area site is evident.
The consultant tentatively engaged:
rimental Stations ensures the cooperation of the entire orpnizatton.
Assistance In gathering soil moisture readings and
throughout the program, and in placing the color and
targets will be assured.
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he to rauhip a' Eroce+!
As stated in the proposal, the original p,'
be flown at 5,400 feet and result In 1;10,000 scale imagery
approximately one foot ground resolution. 'als photography will
be further reduced to approximate 1:50,000 scale with ft
ground resolution and 14-100.000 scale with 10 foot resolution.
f aing # hniques may be used if warranted.
dUmastons with the sponsor, laze is considered to
ficant problem warranting farther axis, atmospheric
attenuation will be simulatedby procedures
phmw of the work will be under the direction of
d by
The attenuation of light though a neutral density filter will result
pherlo simulation.
There is no absolute certainly that the
ill result In completely satisfactory approximations
onsl conditions. Therefore, as -ted In the proposal, the
a: wr'a files should be searched to find examples of the saute or
of coverage to compare the degraded with the operational
a aclosure 5 briefly discusses the problem of atmospheric
Obnalatlon.
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E' NC LOSUEE 5
derable thought has been given to the laboratory
of the photography in order to simulate the appearan
of the grcui c scene from above the atmosphere. The atmosphere
surrounding the earth presents a problem since it has a distorting
tone reprwkction. This distortion takes thre main
forms: (t) a reduction in the overall of the ss ne
a geometric deformation caused by imaging through a nonhomo-
media in, and (3) a blue vesting of concern in color photography.
high attitude vertical photograp ,y, njit reduction is the
more, serious.
A clean atmosphere is composed largely of bltrvgeu and
ocygen s molecules, with trace amounts of several other gases.
These molecules are much smaller than the mean wavelength of
visible li tht. An atmosphere composed only of gas molecules is termed
tmoephe .
atmosphere also contains larger particles whose size
proximate or exceed the wavelength of light; e.g. , water
particles,
industrial bypro cts! pollen and similar
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particles are called ?Mb particles' , and an mosp rc
containing them be termed a : Mie atmosphere. ? The major" of Mie
particles art restricted to the tower regtws of
atmosphere ends at approximately 30, 000 feet. Although some dust
1)44 feet), and a predominantly dayleigh atmosphere exists alp
For photographic rpoees, the effective scatter:
Bring of light appear to be negligible.
have been coed above this aptitude, their contribution to the
to be made to direct?y simulate actual atmospheric
ha e. Instead, the *Weal effects produced by haze on lighting and tone
reproduction a:
elated. Atmospher
bred here; (1) the downward G,~'at
ht through tr
here Blow
c effects to
(2) the
give an apparent serial
of a ground scene as viewed from above the atmosphere.
;pass?:d as
.1 - l ighllght brightness of the sr :c
rL iov tight brightness of the scene
atmospheric transmission
atmospheric brightness
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 Approved For Release 2007/09/07: CIA-RDP78BO4747A000400020013-8
d scattering of light by particles In the atn
s the a aunt of tight r ived in the shadowed arcas,
thereby Increasing the shadow detail visibility, but at the same tin. -
reducin, the ground scene cast (sun to shadow illumination
mtlo). Vari on and manip .itatlon of the illumination syn
photographic degradation process, should provide for any
desired vartatton of this ratio by altering the intensity of the su
and the silght.
'fhe upward scattering of light into the camera has an effect
cut to uniformly fogging the film.
of shadow detail is reduced. This effect is simulated by
caking the exposure through a uniformly illuminated beam splitter.
The Illumination is controlled so that a wide raW of haze levels
The attenuation of light through transmission losses can
acted by using the positive through a neutral density pftlter
d ahead of the beam sputter. A diagram n of a device for
accomplishing this is shown on the hallowing page.
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 Approved For Release 2007/09/07: CIA-RDP78BO4747A000400020013-8
Lens transfer
characteristics
Photoflood hazelight
Photoflood (sunlight)
Transmittance of glass
(atmosphere attenuation)
Setup for laboratory correlation studies
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 Approved For Release 2007/09/07
P1 x 64 L04 :4 1
C~0-u^9 3
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