FEASIBILITY OF USING RECYCLED PAPER

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-05599A000100090004-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 17, 2000
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: MF

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?
MEMORANDUM FOR:
SUBJECT
REFERENCE
Executive Director -Comptroller
: Feasibility of Using Recycled Paper
ILLEGIB
: Memo dtd 13 Jul 71 to DCI fr subject: STATINTI
ECO'FIP
- 1. This memorandum is for your information only and reports the results of
our study on the feasibility of increasing the use of recycled paper by the Agency.
2. The concept of more extensive use of recycled paper products has been
studied in coordination with research specialists who are directly involved in production
and recycling technology for the paper products and printing industries as well as the
Federal Government. At present, an average of 20 percent of this Agency's, and of
the nation's, total paper consumption is coming front fiber reclaimed front waste
paper. The National Academy of Sciences has recommended in a report to the Depart-
ment of Health Education and Welfare that goals should be set to increase such reuse
to 35 percent by 1985. Industry, in general, is accepting its responsibility toward
achievement of this goal and has made encouraging progress in improving the quality
of recycled products. In this connection, the management of pulpwood forests has also
advanced to the extent that this nation is now growing more pulpwood than it consumes.
Further advancements are also expected through improved forestry practices since. fires,
insects, and disease are now destroying more trees than are used for pulp production.
It is foreseen that pulpwood consumption may equal or outstrip production by 1985, how-
ever, if the use of paper products continues to expand. At present, one-half of 1 percent
erfilie_ nation ' s pulpwood production is being consumed in_meeting the overall paper require-
-rri-ento,of the Federal ,Governmentiz,e,_- /Le
/44- ler
- - Effective solutions to the following problems with recycled paper are presently
required, and are being sought by scientists and engineers to increase its potential use:
a. The successful recycling of waste paper is dependent upon its being kept
separate from other refuse. Collection, sorting, and transportation now account
for 90 percent of all expenditures for recycling, with the result that the cost of
recycled products is prohibitive, except in those regions where a recycling facility
is located near a concentrated supply of waste paper.
: 74-c -1" 1.777[1 7,1 ILL TY
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MPlaN,:yir 77":17.,
SUBJECT: Feasibility of Using Recycled Paper
b. Recycling produces more pollution than the processing of wood fibers
due to the presence of more acids and unusable fibers in the waste paper supply.
This pollution problem can be expected to increase since waste paper can only
be recycled twice due to degeneration of the fibers. The presence of unusable
fibers and pollutants, therefore, increases in proportion to the amount of pre-
viously recycled fibers contained in the waste paper supply.
c. The quality of recycled products is not yet assured and developments
are needed as to quality controls and improved machinery in the mills that use
waste paper.
d. It is impossible to produce recycled paper of higher quality than that
contained in the waste paper supply. For this reason the products of recycled..
waste are now limited primarily to lower quality paper products such as paper-
board, building papers, tissues, and toweling.
e. Commercial paper suppliers and printing houses generally do not
recommend the use of recycled paper for printed matter. Their reluctance
is primarily due to the lack of quality assurance and higher cost. It has not
been found satisfactory for use on printing presses such as those used by the
Agency printing facilities. Some commercial firms have found it adequate for
low quality multilith work. Recycled paper for printing production can be obtained
if the customer insists, but, no guarantee is provided against its inherent faults.
f. The 100 percent reclaimed paper now marketed on a trial basis for typing
correspondence does not equal the quality of paper now used for this purpose. Neat
erasures and corrections cannot be made to to its soft textured surface. This
problem was confirmed by internal Agency tests of the "Ecology" brand papers
distributed by a local paper firm.
The shortcomings described above will undoubtedly be solved as research and
development work progress. Until solutions are reached, the Government Printing Office
(GPO) is understandably reluctant to commit the Federal agencies to an all-out program
aimed toward the immediate, 100 percent use of recycled paper. GPO advises that an
opinion to this effect will be reflected in a forthcoming report from its Chief of Technical
Research Operations, Dr. Hobbs. The Agency obtains 85-90 percent of its paper require-
ments through GPO, and GPO has no plans at this time to stock paper having a high recycled
content.
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SUBJECT: Feasibility of Using Recycled Paper
The Assistant Staff Dire tor of the Joint Committee on Printing (JCP) advises
that the JCP also does not plan to,lonfortcWtie Government-wide use of recycled paper
due to the number of recycling problems requiring solution before the success of an
expanded program can be assured. Further, the JCP finds no merit in the several
bills now proposed in this area by legislative representatives and expects
none of them to be passed.
6. The remaining 10-15 percent of the Agency's paper supplies are obtained
primarily through the General Services Administration's Federal Supply Service (FSS).
Since the type of paper supplies provided by the FSS fall in the utilitarian category, i.e.,
paperboard, toweling, tissues, etc., these are presently adaptable to production through
the recycling process. The Director of the Standards Division, FSS, advises that standard
specifications have now been adopted for 14 of the various paper items which can be pro-
duced from recycled waste and continued progress is planned. As the standards are
adopted, the recycled items will be furnished to all Government agencies.
7. In summary, considerable research and development work remains to be done
in perfecting the recycling process arid the resulting products. We-will continue to keep
abreast of all progress in this area and 34411 take action to expand the Agency's use of
recycled paper products whenever we are-assured that their quality and cost are corn- /
parable to wood pulp products.
Robert S. Wattles
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Arr.lrolin'TIT!"7" ?? re,N.:
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The
Paper Industry's
Part
in Protecting the
Environment
-44
Appfo
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The
Paper Industry's
Part
in Protecting the
Environment
CONTENTS
Section Page
Highlights
3
Introduction
6
I. The Drive for Protection of Wati r Quality
8
II. Improving Air Quality . . .
14
III. Managing the Forests for the I- ,iture
17
IV. The Developing Reuse of Waste Paper
21
V. Forces for Progress
25
VI. Summing Up ........ .
27
Notes and References
28
Glossary
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HIGHLIGHTS
This statement broadly describes the part being played by the paper
industry in protecting the environment. It reflects the prevailing poli-
cies and practices among paper manufacturers* with respect to abate-
ment of water and air pollution, to forest conservation and to the
reduction of solid waste through the use of waste paper; it describes
the background out of which the industry's views on these issues have
developed; and it shows what has so far been accomplished, the lines
of action now being followed, and goals in view. Highlights of the state-
ment follow.
Water Quality
Expenditures approaching $500 million already made for water
quality protection, and unprecedented budgets for the years 1970-72
indicate the intensity of the industry's effort to abate water pollution.
Among significant results to date are:
? sharp reductions in the solids content of paper mill effluents
and a drop of over 50% in biochemical oxygen demand per
ton of production;
? increasing reuse of water in pulp and paper production, re-
ducing the need for water per ton of paper produced by well
over a third;
? recapture and recycling of nearly half a million tons of wood
fiber previously lost in waste water;
? elimination of all but traces of mercury in paper mill effluent;
? progress in developing technology of color removal.
The industry believes that further important environmental gains
can be assured with minimum economic strain on the communities
affected by:
? relating water standards and criteria to the present and real-
istically foreseeable uses of streams and lakes in specific
localities;
? extending the concept of publicly-owned facilities for treating
effluents from communities and industries, with industries pay-
ing use charges related to the costs of treating their effluents;
? increasing the financial ability of municipalities to join with in-
dustry in building treatment plants capable of handling both
community sewage and industrial wastes;
? giving due consideration to the needs of local communities,
.As used in this statement, the phrases "paper manufacturers", "paper companies", "paper
mills", "pulp and paper mills", "paper industry" and "the industry" include producers of
pulp, paper and paperboard.
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when setting waste-treatment schedules for old mills unable to
sustain the financial burden of rapid, large-scale investment in
rew anti-pollution facilities;
? r,?Iending beyond January 1, 1975 the five-year amortization
rit pollution control facilities permitted under the present law.
:Ind broadening the definition of pollution control facilities.
Air Quality
I he industry s outlays for air quality have been growing rapidiy with
$167 million already spent and $90 million more earmarked for addi-
tional air-treatment, facilities in 1970-72. Considerable progress has
been made in controlling atmospheric emissions, and work in this
field is progressing. Pulp and paper mills have reduced particulates
ii their emissions by 90%, with higher efficiencies becoming common
at many mills. Other lines of action currently receiving concentrated
attention include:
? introduction of new processes and equipment to abate odor in
s tack emissions:
?
farther research to advance air-treatment technology and find
practical solutions to air-quality problems still confronting the
igdustry. notably process emissions of sulfur dioxide.
As in the instance of water treatment, the industry attaches high
importance to the amendment of the present rules governing amortiza-
tion of air-treatment facilities, extending the 5-year amortization
period beyond January 1, 1975, and broadening the definition of such
facilities. Without such amendment the economic consequences of
government's regulations could be detrimental to many local com-
munities as well as to the industry's environmental programs.
Forest Management
Among the results obtained by the paper industry through advanced
forest management practices, three facts deserve special attent on:
- -lore eviective utilization of timber, of wood residues at the mill
ind of waste paper, which now provides some 46% of the wood
liber annually consumed in paper manufacture;
research by forest product companies to increase the growth
rate aid enhance the disease-resistant qualities of the trees
from which they draw their timber, and to obtain the maximum
ielei oi wood fiber;
- plantings oy paper companies since 1960 of over 3 billion
trees on their own and, and extensive ground preparation for
natural reseeding.
togetnei, these measures are materially increasing the timber
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yield per acre of the nation's forests ? a development that will aid the
industry in meeting future enlarged demand for its products, and that
will go far to offset demographic and economic trends tending to re-
duce the nation's forest acres. At the same time, the ecological values
of the industry's reforestation program and management practices
play a significant part in flood prevention, in replenishment of water
tables, in expanded recreational opportunities, and in increased ab-
sorption of carbon dioxide and increased production of oxygen through
photosynthesis.
Reuse of Waste Paper
At the present time some 20% of the paper and paperboard con-
sumed in the United States is made from recycled pulp. As a factor
in helping to mitigate the waste paper problem, recycling merits and is
receiving concentrated attention from paper companies and their as-
sociations.
Economically viable recycling depends largely on the quality and
price of waste paper received by the mill, and the degree of its separa-
tion from other substances. A significant fact in this connection is
that the related costs of collection, sorting and transportation may
well approach 90% of all expenditures for processing waste paper
into pulp.
Markets for recycled paper products are varied and substantial,
but to expand them significantly will require increasing consumer ac-
ceptance, development of new products, and the solution of many
formidable technical and economic problems.
In the opinion of the industry, some of the governmental goals pro-
posed for future reuse of paper require further critical review, espe-
cially with respect to their economic implications. The industry further
believes that legislation designed to attack the waste paper problem
through disposal charges or special taxation would hamper rather
than advance the cause of environmental protection. More realistic
and effective measures might be forthcoming, the industry believes,
from closer collaboration between government and industry special-
ists.
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INTRODUCTION
The nature of its business gives the paper industry strong practical
reasons for pursuing policies consistent with the findings of ecologists
and conservationists. Its very lite depends on the continual renewal of
its raw material source, the forests, and on an abundant supply of
good quality water. without which paper could not be manufactured.
Good air is important to the industry not only because of its bearing on
the nation's quality of life but specifically because mill personnel and
their families share the desire of the communities in which they live
for clean air. Self-interest and social responsibility thus point in the
same direction, and the industry's efforts for the environment have
paralleled pu bl ic concern.
As early as 1925 the industry initiated studies of water pollution,
and what may be called its ecological arm, the National Council of the
Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, was organized in
1943 and is completely financed by paper companies. Coordinated
research and application studies undertaken by NCASI, the Institute of
Paper Chemistry, the Pulp Manufacturers' Research League and the
Northwest Pulp and Paper Association over the past 40 years have
helped to make possible many technological advances, and have
opened the way for much of the progress recently made in environ-
mental protection.
Government Recognition of the Industry's Efforts
A number of government experts have taken note of the industry's
efforts for the environment. As long ago as 1958 the U.S. Department
of AgricJIture reported that the productivity level of forest lands owned
and managed by the paper industry was "more favorable than for any
other- major management group." including federal lands;1 and prog-
ress in this field has since continued at a vigorous pace. Officials of the
U. S. Department of Commerce stated in 1970 that "the pulp and
paper industry, as one of the major consumptive users of water,* is
accepting the social responsibility involved in polluting discharges
into streams. . . (The industry) has taken positive action to comply
with prescribed standards."2When David D. Dominick, Commissioner,
Federal Water Duality Administration, stated at a Senate Committee
Hearing. "We feel that industry, by and large, is investing at a rate
which more closely approximates the needed rate than we have ex-
perienced in the municipal sector,"3 he was not referring specifically
to the Paper industry, but the remark reflects in part the tangible ac-
Of the w-.ter u,eci by the paper industry oniy 4, to 5', is actually consumed The rest,
95% to 96%, ,s returned to the streams or lakes adjacent to the mills.
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complishments of hundreds of paper mills in coping with water pollu-
tion problems. Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine, in his capacity as
Chairman of the Senate Sub-Committee on Air and Water Pollution,
remarked in response to a statement presented by the American Paper
Institute on the subject of solid waste that the industry's testimony
was "impressive, in that it suggests a purpose and an organized ap-
proach to the problem which is reassuring."4
The Environmental Priority
Despite its progress, the industry has no illusions about the task
ahead of it in environmental protection. Outlays for this purpose
planned by paper companies for the 1970's will appreciably exceed
the large sums spent in the 1960's. One large company has announced
its intention to spend over $100 million for new equipment and systems
to combat water and air pollution in a four-year program to be com-
pleted by the end of 1973, and many other companies have earmarked
funds of comparable or greater importance, relative to their size, for
this purpose. Among the 200 member companies of the American
Paper Institute, which represents over 90% of the industry, invest-
ment plans for the years immediately ahead give a high priority to
anti-pollution facilities. This effort is gaining momentum in spite of
the federal government's withdrawal in 1969 of the investment tax
credit, and even though such capital expenditures and the substantial
cost of operating anti-pollution facilities generally reduce profits.
The Dollar as Yardstick
Although dollar figures cited in connection with environmental costs
are sometimes deprecated as not being meaningful, the fact remains
that the dollar, if backed by other data, can be a useful yardstick for
measuring the intensity of the drive being made by an industry on the
environmental front. The essential point is that the large outlays re-
ferred to in this statement are an accurate gauge of the concrete re-
sults being obtained. The money goes into the installation and opera-
tion of costly anti-pollution equipment specifically engineered for each
mill and for each type of problem, and into research aimed at further
advances in technology. Similarly, expenditures for reforestation and
forest management, while they are aimed in the first instance at pro-
tection of the industry's interests, clearly benefit the environment
through their part in controlling floods and soil erosion, in protecting
and extending watersheds, and in improving air quality through the
absorption of carbon dioxide and the production of oxygen.
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1.
ME DRIVE FOR PROTECTION OF WATER QUALITY
The effluent- of pulp and paper mills constitute approximately 15%
of the aggregate effluent of American industry.5 In order to minimize
the otrantity and enhance the quality of its waste discharges into re-
ceiving oodles of water, the paper industry is following four main lines
of action: separating and removing solids, some of them suitable for
reuse: minimizing oxygen-consuming substances; conserving water by
its repeated reuse within the mill: and reducing color in discharges.
Outlays by the Industry
The magnitude of the industry's water-treatment effort is suggested
by recent reports to the President from the Secretary of the Inter or on
the cost to the nation of achieving higher water quality. In 1968 a
Department of the Interior study estimated that to achieve an 85%
reduction in its gross wastes the paper industry would need to add
$75.7 million to its then existing investment in water-treatment facili-
ties. The 1969 edition of this study indicated that in order to reduce
the existing deficiency in water-treatment requirements and to meet
growth -weds an average expenditure oi about $25 million per year,
over the five-year period 1969-73, ought to be forthcoming from the
industry.6 The actual capital expenditures of the paper industry for
effluent treatment and disposal facilities, exclusive of operating costs,
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have been: in 1968, $49 million; and in 1969, $74 million; projected
expenditures for 1970 are $113 million; for 1971, $146 million; and
for 1972, $177 million.' Clearly the industry's outlays are geared to
much larger and more rapid results than were originally envisaged by
the federal government in the reports cited. The industry recognizes,
however, that even these expenditures may need to be further in-
creased as the pace of the industrial drive against water pollution
accelerates.
Reports from paper companies show that at the end of 1969 their
cumulative capital expenditures for construction and installation of all
existing waste water-treatment facilities stood at approximately $380
million, supplemented by other capital expenditures totaling $56 mil-
lion for special in-process loss control installations. Operating costs
of the equipment installed came to $27 million (exclusive of fixed
charges) in 1969, and this year may well reach $40 million. Research
costs, which ran at the rate of $4 million a year in the late 1960's, will
probably total $5 million in 1970.8
Results Obtained
Twenty years ago only about 37% of the nation's paper mills had
facilities for the treatment of waste water. Today 80% of the mills
which provide 90% of the total national paper and paperboard pro-
duction have such facilities in operation (or pay for the use of publicly-
owned facilities). A considerable percentage of these mills are enlarg-
ing and improving facilities already installed. As a result, the amount
of organic matter discharged in producing an average ton of pulp and
paper has been sharply reduced. Mills are removing from waste water
annually nearly one million tons of wood fiber, of which approximately
one-half is recycled. Other suspended solids present in mill effluents
are being reduced porportionately.
Formerly many mills in the paper industry used mercuric com-
pounds as a slimicide in the manufacturing process. More than a
decade ago, however, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration issued
regulations effectively eliminating the use of mercury compounds in
the manufacture of paper that might come into contact with foods.
Since then the industry has progressively reduced its reliance on
mercuric compounds in the manufacture of all products. Reports
gathered by the American Paper Institute indicate that the use of
organic mercurials for in-process slime control has been discontinued.
Such traces of mercury as are still found in paper mill effluents come
from two sources. One source (accounting for perhaps 50% of the
traces, in the opinion of some environmental specialists) is the streams
or lakes from which mills obtain their water supply, and in which
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mercury is already present, since it is an element of almost inescapable
prevalence in our environment. The remaining traces come from
caustic soda and chlorine required in paper production, and which are
partly supplied by chemical manufacturers using the mercury cell
process. The American Paper Institute has been informed that these
manufacturers. who represent about one-third of the chlor-alkali in-
dustry. are carefully monitoring their operations and refining their
techniques so as to reduce mercury traces to the absolute techno-
logical minimum.
Another major result of increased water treatment by paper mills
has been the reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from
140 lbs. per ton of paper produced twenty years ago to 68 lbs. in 1969.
While total production of the paper industry has -grown by 120% in
that oeriod, the total BOD load released into the nation's waterways
has increased by only 7%. Within the next two years the industry ex-
pects the total BOD load to begin decreasing significantly.9
Of comparable importance is the performance of paper companies
in lowering their need for water per ton of production by well over a
third in the past 20 years. This gain results from process improve-
ments which permit the reuse of a given gallon of water several times
before it is discharged. As a result, the total volume of water which
paper mills now discharge to the nation's streams is not much, it any,
greater than it was when the industry was half its present size, and the
water discharged is substantially cleaner.'?
The technology that made these achievements possible continues
to advance. Among significant recent developments are more efficient
solids removal systems and advanced mechanical facilities for de-
watering sludge. And coming closer to practical application is experi-
mental work now being done to reduce color in paper mill effluents ?
the purpose here being essentially aesthetic. While serious technical
and economic obstacles remain to be overcome, the 1970's may see
an effective solution of the color removal problem.
Setting Standards and Use Charges
Since the character of the environment varies greatly from place to
place, government standards and criteria for water discharges need to
take regional and local conditions into account. Sound and equitable
enforcement of regulations becomes feasible only when due considera-
tion is given to toe many and diverse categories of use to which streams
and lakes are put.
Much of the environmental benefit of the standards now estab; ished
may depend on the method by which industry is charged for the
effluent that it discharges into public systems. In the past separate
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and private facilities to treat mill wastes have generally proved to be
the most practical and economical solution, and the same approach
may well be taken in constructing a number of water-treatment instal-
lations in the future.
In many older mills, particularly those in or close to urban areas,
the lack of available land for treatment plants, and economies of scale
suggest the increased use of arrangements between industries and
municipalities for joint or regional treatment facilities. The industry
has already pioneered such arrangements in many locations and has
found this to be a constructive approach to urban water pollution prob-
lems. The federal government requires that for such joint ventures to
qualify for federal support their operating and debt amortization
charges be equitably proportioned among users according to the treat-
ment cost of their wastes. That the concept of the use charge is sound
is attested by the experience of over 100 paper mills whose effluents
are handled by treatment plants owned by local governments. Negotia-
tions with municipalities for such plants are currently in progress at a
number of other mill locations.
In sharp contrast to the positive values of the use charge is a pro-
posal currently being discussed at federal and state levels that would
impose a special tax on industrial effluents. This proposal could create
more problems than it would solve, and hamper the cause of environ-
mental protection rather than serve it. Instead of placing priority on
the provision of facilities to reduce pollution, it would impose a puni-
tive tax, while permitting violations of established standards to con-
tinue. Even if the proceeds of the tax were used, as its advocates
propose, for pollution abatement, this approach offers no substitute
for the well-established funding mechanisms of the use-charge system.
Values in Joint Government-Industry Action
The hopes of much of the industry for its water-protection effort
would come far closer to fulfillment if more municipalities were in a
financial position to join in early implementation of plans for com-
munity waste-treatment facilities to be shared with industry, with in-
vestment and operating costs equitably divided among all users. The
U.S. Comptroller-General has warned that "the present level of fed-
eral funding will not be sufficient to enable a significant increase to be
made in the effectiveness of the program in abating, controlling and
preventing pollution. On the basis of the present level of federal fund-
ing, it will be many years before the construction grant program is
completed."
Where joint projects between municipalities and paper companies
have proved feasible, considerable progress is being made. An ex-
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ample comes from Fitchburg, Mass. where the Nashua River had long
been degraded by sewage and industrial wastes. Three Fitchburg
paper manufacturers played a major part in arrangements with the
city for joint financing of two waste water-treatment plants, in which
the federal government and the state will also participate. Within five
years these plants are expected to restore the headwaters of the river
to acceptable biological, ecological, recreational and aesthetic stand-
ards. Similar results have already been achieved or are well within
view in a number of other localities where federal funding has per
miffed jointly-financed waste-treatment facilities, capable of coping
with community sewage as well as with industrial wastes."
The Problem of the Old Mills
As to the future of the old and marginal paper mills, the decision in
each case will plainly need to be based on detailed knowledge of
technical and economic factors. As a general rule it has been found
more costly ? often two or three times more costly ? to deal witi the
pollution problems of older plants than to install the necessary equip-
ment in a new plant at the time of construction. Early modernization
or replacement will doubtless prove to be economically feasible for
some older mills, but many may find difficulty in making the required
outlays rapidly without impairing their competitive positions, and
losing their economic justification for being. For such mills the time
element May be of crucial importance. perhaps determining their
ability to remain in operation. [he industry hopes that as regulatory
authorities set schedules for pollution abatement at old mills they will
consider the possible economic impact of their decisions on local com-
munities as well as on the mills. A number of old paper mills fall in the
category characterized by Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Murray
L. Weidenbaurn as ''facilities which are already in existence and which
were constructed in good faith under a different set of ground rules."3
The extent to which taxation relief granted to existing plants for
c:ombating pollution may benefit their host communities has not as yet
beer deeply explored in the United States. The government of Sweden
has recognized the economic problems confronting paper mills ii this
category by offering to subsidize their pollution-control installations
to the extent of 25% of the costs involved. Since even with such a
subsidy older but otherwise reasonably efficient plants are not in an
economic position to achieve full pollution control, the Swedish au-
thorities have established a procedure under which the abatement
schedules for such plants may be negotiated, and also an environ-
mental court to which a company may apply for modifications in a
scheduie that it considers unreasonable.
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In the United States, the economic strain on existing mills has been
somewhat eased by the five-year amortization period permitted by the
Tax Reform Act of 1969 for qualifying pollution-control facilities.
Legislation in some states allowing the issuance of industrial revenue
bonds has also been constructive. The rationale for the five-year
amortization provision, which expires on January 1, 1975, was clearly
stated in the report of the Senate Finance Committee on the bill: "In
effect, private industry is being asked to make an investment which is
in part for the benefit of the general public. . . . In view of the possible
undesired effect on pollution control by repealing the investment tax
credit, and the increasing magnitude of the air and water pollution
problem facing the nation today, the committee agrees with the House
that it is appropriate to provide an incentive to private industry for
anti-pollution efforts."'4
The industry's analysis strongly suggests that the usefulness of this
concept may be distinctly limited by the specified termination date of
the amortization period and by an unduly restrictive definition of what
constitutes an allowable pollution facility. Because of uncertainties
still surrounding water and air standards in many places, and fast-
changing technology, mills must take into account the strong pos-
sibility that facilities installed today may need to be replaced, modi-
fied or supplemented in a few years, at considerable additional cost.
The industry believes that if the existing law is to be fully effective in
encouraging anti-pollution installations for both water and air, it
should be modified to permit rapid amortization of expenditures in
this category beyond the termination date now specified. For many
marginal mills, the decision whether to close down or continue in
operation may depend on the amortization time allowed.
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IMPROVING AIR QUALITY
Atmospheric emissions from paper mills normally comprise_part,cu-
totes, odorous gases, visible water vapor and sulfur dioxide. Each of
these components requires separate treatment.
Particulates. which once were a source of serious concern in the
emissions of an important segment of the industry, have long had
concentrated attention. For some 20 years paper companies have been
using devices for collecting fly ash and other particulates from mill
emissions. At the present time 60% of kraft mills have installed
equipment capaole of removing 97.5% of particulate emissions from
recovery furnances, and in other mills installations for this purpose
are at the planning or construction stage. In the past five years there
has been steady improvement in the efficiency of equipment developed
for particulate removal. Improved electrostatic precipitators and other
dust collection equipment assuring removal of over 99% of particu-
lates, and permitting reuse of some of the collected substances, are
currently coming into use.
Emphasis on Gas Emissions
With the technology to control particulates well advanced and mill
outlays for this purpose on the rise, the industry has been focusing
sharply on the prevention of objectionable gas emissions, notably
those containing sulfur compounds. An important problem here is that
of odor. These odorous stack emissions can be controlled quantita-
tively almost to the vanishing point, but the human nose is so sensitive
that it can detect these gases even at concentrations as low as one part
per billion.
In the last decade, effective technology for reduction of odor in
paper mill emissions has advanced beyond the development stage.
With the recent advent of low odor emission recovery systems and the
process known as black liquor oxidation, it has become possible to
effect important reductions in odor at mill sites. Odor-reducing sys-
tems are increasingly coming into use in kraft pulp mills where odor
has been a significant problem, and engineering studies for such
facilities are being undertaken on a wide scale. In many mills extensive
operational alterations must be made before this type of facility can
function effectively.
The steam component of atmospheric emissions from paper mills
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is not normally considered a pollutant. Its only effect is on visibility,
usually confined to the immediate environs of the plant. Nevertheless,
feasible methods of controlling the sources of some of these emissions
have been developed, mainly by condensing the steam and reusing the
water. Ironically, much of the water vapor carried out of mill stacks is
created by scrubbing devices designed to reduce particulate matter.
The sulfur dioxide in stack gases is receiving close study from in-
dustry scientists and engineers. Many pulp and paper mills operate
their own power generating plants and the fuel required by these plants
is the main source of SO2 emissions. This condition is of course com-
mon to all industry that burns coal and oil. The problem will probably
not be overcome until economically usable fuels with low sulfur con-
tent become available or until control technology, still in the develop-
ment stage, becomes commercially practicable.
Sulfur dioxide emissions resulting from the manufacture of pulp
are generally much lower than those from power generation. Data so
far compiled from ambient air-quality monitoring systems indicate that
SO2 emissions from pulp manufacturing do not on the whole exceed
levels established by government air-quality standards; but the in-
dustry is carrying out extensive research to determine the processes
best capable of controlling and minimizing such emissions.
Company decisions on treatment of atmospheric emissions, what-
ever their nature, are necessarily affected by regional considerations.
The corrective action needed will differ widely from mill to mill, as a
result of differing population density, topography, meteorology, the
presence of other industry nearby and the processes used within the
mill. The same amount of atmospheric emission may call for more
rapid correction at one manufacturing site than at another. A paper
company operating in a number of different locations may find it
necessary to assign priorities in air-treatment facilities among its
various mills, as well as to decide on the most appropriate technology
for each mill.
The Industry's Outlay Grows
In spite of the need for exhaustive engineering and environmental
studies before air-quality equipment can be installed with assurance
in any mill, at the end of the 1960's the industry's capital expendi-
tures to reduce atmospheric emissions were substantial. They totaled
about $138 million for new equipment and $29 million for adaptations
and replacement of existing equipment's For the years 1970-72, the
expenditure for additional air-treatment facilities to be made by the
industry is estimated at over $90 million. The forecast for operating
costs of installed facilities, based on past experience, averages $15
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million annually, and for research and development $2.5 million.
These e>penditures, like those for waterquality control, represent a
rapid iy increasing proportion of the industry's capital budgets."
The equipment used in controlling air pollution is frequently an
integral part of a mill's process equipment. As a result, to instal! air-
treatment facilities in an existing mill may require far-reaching engi-
neering modifications. The financial base of a mill facing the costs of
such internal changes could be seriously weakened unless the new
equipment can be rapidly amortized, or the mill is given other tax
relief. The solution to this problem may well be the broadening by
government of definitions of pollution treatment facilities qualifying
for rapid amortization. As in the instance of water treatment, the con-
tinued operation of old mills may be threatened by regulations requir-
ing them to install air-treatment facilites, unless government tax
policy takes cognizance of their situation, and unless the schedules
set up by regulatory agencies for pollution abatement are realistic.
Incineration and Air Quality
A secondary oroblem of air pollution ? one which the industry cannot
control. hut with which it is concerned ? lies in the effect on air quality
of incine-ation of waste paper. Not every municipality has had to come
to gricis with this problem, since the majority rely on landfill for dis-
posal of solid waste, including paper. The value of waste paper as an
important source of wood fiber is stressed in a later section of this
statement, but from the point of view of municipalities, paper's bio-
degradability. enabling it to disintegrate when exposed to the atmos-
phere or to dampness for a relatively short period of time, makes it a
benign component of landfill where sanitary-type sites are available.
Where landfill is not practicable. however, incineration has long been
the courie followed by cities in disposing of collected waste paper
mixec with other refuse.
For scme time it has been feared that increasing incineration of
waste paoer, to say nothing of other solid wastes, would add materially
to air pollution in metropolitan areas. This anxiety is now diminishing.
New types of incinerators recently developed appear capable of elimi-
nating disturbing emissions into the atmosphere. As such equipment
is progressively installed, municipalities will be increasingly able to
dispose of collected waste without adding materially to air pollution.
It has been found, in fact, that where the right kind of equipment is in
use, waste paper which cannot be economically separated and re-
cycled can be the fuel which incinerates other types of solid waste,
such as garbage: and in some cases incineration with waste paper can
be used to generate steam and electricity.
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MANAGING THE FORESTS FOR THE FUTURE
The commercial forest lands of the United States now total some 500
million acres, and in spite of an almost continuous rise in the demand
for wood products, the nation as a whole is growing more wood than it
consumes. Growth alone, however, is not an adequate measure of the
environmental values of a forest. Long experience shows that wood-
lands deteriorate unless they are so managed as to encourage the
systematic replacement of older growth by young, strong and healthy
trees.
The National Forests, which include 97 million acres of commercial
forest land, are located largely in the West. It is estimated that 13 mil-
lion acres of government-owned woodlands currently require thinning
and other sound management measures; and that an additional 4.8
million acres of non-stocked or understocked lands are in urgent need
of planting.'7 The problem differs somewhat in the East, including the
heavily forested Southeast, where a large proportion of forests are
privately owned. Paper companies have found that only by owning or
leasing forests which they can manage according to the principles of
scientific forestry are they able to assure a perpetual growth of timber
with an increasing yield per acre.
Although the industry now owns about 50 million acres of commer-
cial forest, largely located in the East, and leases several million acres
of other privately-owned lands, two-thirds of the industry's wood re-
quirements are currently being met from lands of farmers, other
private owners, and state and federal agencies. Paper companies
representing a substantial segment of the industry look forward to
eventual ownership or leasing of sufficient forest land to provide them
with at least half of their annual pulpwood requirements in perpetuity.
The United States has always grown its own pulpwood, which is the
source of over 98% of the fibrous content of the paper it produces;
and since there is no prospect of large-scale, economically justifiable
timber imports, the nation must plainly preserve its self-reliant status.
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It is tierefore essential to recognize that, as matters stand, the inclus-
try's annual timber harvest, although it is expanding, will not forever
be adequate to meet the demands of growing paper consumption. The
increase expected in the nation's population and in its standard of
hying points to greatly enlarged consumption of paper and paperboard.
It has been estimated that by 1985 the industry will need 120 million
cords of pulpwood, or about double the amount used in 1969.16 The
problem is deepened by the probability that as federal and state
agenciet. and developing municipalities seek more land for highways,
airports. housing developments, wilderness areas and other public
uses, inroads will be made on forests, including those owned and
leased by paper companies.
Facing., a rising demand for paper products on the one hand, and on
the other the need to protect the ecological and raw material values
of its commercial forest holdings, the industry has been moving vigor-
ously along four lines on its owned and leased lands: reforestation;
forest management to produce higher rates of timber growth; genetic
improvement or trees: and greater utilization of wood fiber resources.
All other forest lands are benefiting indirectly from the greater knowl-
edge and improved techniques developed and demonstrated by these
programs.
-Reforestation and Forest Management
At a conservative estimate, paoer companies since 1960 have planted
over 3 billion new trees on their own lands in addition to the natural
reseeding that has taken place on prepared ground." Perhaps equally
important has been the development of such forestry practices as
tertil,zation and thinning to encourage the rapid development of
young trees. At the same time protective measures taken against tree
disease. destructive insects and fire have proved of major value in
minimizing tree losses.
Arotter techniaue of growing significance is the cultivation of
'even-age stands" of trees. maximizing yields. assuring greater effi-
ciency in harvesting, and avoiding wasteful injuries to young trees,
such as often occur when mixed stands are harvested. Taken in con-
junction, these practices can produce remarkable results. It has been
demonsa.ated that under optimum conditions on good land an acre of
well-managed forest in the South can yield as much as 21/2 cords of
pulpvvocd per year. as against a typical annual yield per acre of
1,6 (coo where advanced management techniques have not been
3pplied." So sharp an increase in the rate of yield is not to be expected
outside of the South. though a gradual improvement in yield per acre
nationwide is unmistakably developing.
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At the same time that new forestry practices are increasing per-acre
productivity, they also enhance the forests in three other important
respects: as air purifiers through the absorption of large amounts of
carbon dioxide and the production of large amounts of oxygen; as
sources of useful water, preventing floods, rapid run-off and erosion,
and replenishing water tables to the benefit of streams; and as recre-
ational lands. By 1970 over 90% of industry-owned forests ? 45
million acres ? were open to the public for a wide variety of rec-
reational uses. Wildlife, too, it has been found, benefits from a man-
aged forest, where abundant new growth provides food for deer and
other herbivores. This is in contrast to many old forests where new
growth is scarce and out of reach of most animals.
The heart of the paper industry's effort in reforestation and forest
management is a highly trained body of over 6000 foresters employed
by paper companies. These men not only have responsibility for main-
taining the industry's forests in prime condition; they also are extend-
ing the use of advanced forestry techniques to woodlands belonging
to other private owners who are looking for guidance.
The industry's outlay for forest conservation in the past 20 years
has totaled about $1 billion, and since 1960 has run at the average
rate of over $70 million annually."
Genetic Improvement of Trees
Further increases in the future supply of wood fiber are being
achieved by the breeding of superior trees, which are highly resistant to
disease and to insect attack, and which supply larger quantities of
usable fiber per tree in a shorter period of time than does ordinary
forest growth. In recent years the government and industry have estab-
lished 5700 acres of seed orchards to produce seed for growing genet-
ically-improved trees. Nearly 2000 acres of these seed orchards are
owned by the pulp and paper industry, and some are already producing
seed." There is particularly strong leadership in this field in the
Southeast where a cooperative program of 23 companies and three
state forest services is being carried on under the direction of North
Carolina State University.
The Institute of Paper Chemistry at Appleton, Wisconsin has devel-
oped and is currently growing in rapidly increasing quantities an
improved aspen hybrid which is expected in time to make an appreci-
able contribution to the nation's supply of commercial timber. This
effort may be accelerated by research discoveries recently made at
the Institute, where geneticists have succeeded in growing trees from
unspecialized tree cells by the use of specific nutrients.
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Better Utilization of Timber Resources
Of immediate importance in increasing the industry's wood fiber sup-
ply is its increasing ability to utilize timber resources more effectively.
Small diameter trees, and species of trees once regarded as useless,
are being harvested in the forests and processed for pulp. Research
now underway indicates that eventually even stumps may be economi-
cally usable. At many mills. sawdust and other wood residues formerly
discarded and burned as waste are being converted into pulp on an
increasing scale. Nearly 25% of the nation's total fiber consumption
for paper is now coming from these sources, with fiber reclaimed from
waste paper adding an additional 20%,, and fiber recaptured from
waste water about 1%. Thus some 46% of the annual consumption
of woo? fiber in paper manufacture is being supplied in 1970 from
raw materials iong thought to be largely unusable, and from secondary
materials." Section IV of this statement discusses the reuse of waste
paper as a further factor in conserving wood fiber.
Additional gains in timber utilization may come from many years
of industry research on the possible economic values of lignin, hemi-
cellulose and other substances, which constitute about half the dry
weight of most timber used in making pulp. The chief present use of
lignin is as fuel in generating steam and electricity. Within limits it
can take the place of more costly fossil fuels: and since the supply of
lignin is continually renewable through the growing of trees, unlike
most at fuels it can be burned without depleting the nation's energy
reserves. A few other minor but useful commercial applications of
lignin have also been found; and research in this field has led to
higher-yield pulping processes suitable for some paper products. It
is believed that continued research along this line may in time con-
tribute significantly to conservation and other aspects of environ-
ment ai improvement.
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IV.
THE DEVELOPING REUSE OF WASTE PAPER
Another important source of wood fiber, waste paper, is being given
considerably increased attention by the paper industry, the federal
government, and a number of states and cities. Accurate appraisal
of the environmental and economic potentials in recovering and re-
using wood fibers from waste paper must be based on a wide range
of data which have not always been sufficiently considered in forming
opinion on this subject ? notably the volume and components of paper
waste, collection and sorting procedures, the nature of recycled paper
products and their markets, and a variety of technical factors. The
essential facts in this connection are presented below, as a basis for
gauging probable future trends in recycling.
Volume and Components of Paper Waste
Of ihe 58.5 million tons of paper and paperboard consumed in the
U.S. in 1969, over 7 million tons remained in permanent use in such
forms as books and building materials or were disposed of in home
fireplaces or, in the case of such products as tissues, in sewer systems.
Some 11.4 million tons, or 20 per cent of the total, were reclaimed and
reused. Most of the remaining 40 million tons entered the solid waste
stream. On the basis of what is known of the disposition of solid wastes
as a whole, it is estimated that in 1969 about two million tons of waste
paper may have been used for landfill, 6 million tons incinerated, and
some 30 million tons deposited in municipal and town dumps, where
the biodegradability of paper causes its gradual disintegration. A cur-
rent trend to divert more solid waste from dumping to landfill and
recycling may well alter these proportions in the years ahead.
Of the tonnage reclaimed, the largest components are used corru-
gated containers, corrugated clippings and mixed papers from office
buildings, closely followed by newspapers and high-grade papers from
printing and converting plants. Of all the corrugated boxes produced
in 1969, about 25 per cent were collected and reprocessed. Of all the
newspapers printed, some 23 per cent were recycled.
Collection and Sorting Procedures
Collection, sorting and transportation account for more than 90% of
all expenditures for processing solid waste, including paper." Methods
of collection vary widely, and it is important to bear in mind that the
successful recycling of waste paper is dependent upon its being kept
separate from other refuse, starting at the source of supply ? the
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home, the office, the factory, and the retail store. Future reduction of
the percentage of waste paper deposited in dumps depends largely
on the availability of sites suitable for landfill, on related collection
facilities, and on public cooperation in making "clean" waste paper
available for recycling. When such separated waste paper is recycled,
printinc, ink, adhesives, coatings. plastics and other foreign matter
can for i he most part be removed and the fibers formed into new paper.
Waste corrugated is usually collected by scrap dealers from super-
markets, department stores, retail shops and factories and. after
sorting and baling, is delivered to mills. Mixed waste paper also comes
largely from dealers, while high-grade waste paper is frequently
shipped by converters and printers directly to the mill.
Used newspapers are collected for the most part by the Boy Scouts,
by schools, by various citizens' and religious organizations, and in
a few instances by municipal sanitation departments. Pilot programs
in Madison. Wisconsin and San Francisco have shown that collections
of old newspapers can be sharply increased when householders and
municipal sanitation workers cooperate to keep newspapers separate
from other refuse.
Recycled Paper Products and Their Markets
Many paper companies with suitably located and equipped mills and
with markets receptive to products utilizing waste paper have made
important strides in recycling and foresee continuing expansion of
their operations. By far the most important product of recycled waste
paper is combination paperboard, usually made of a variety of recycled
fibers, sometimes with a small oroportion of virgin pulp. Combination
paperboard is used in large quantities to make folding cartons. rigid
boxes, fiber cans. posters and book covers.
A market for recycled newsprint has also been established and is
expanding. Other successful products made in whole or in part from
recyclec fibers include building papers and boards such as gypsum
liner molded pulp items, drainage pipe, fine papers, and tissues and
towe6nF.. In determining the quality of recycled paper and its end
products, the quality of the waste paper available to the pulp mill is a
prime factor. it is impossible to produce recycled paper of higher
quality than the waste paper used except by the addition of new
wooc fibers.
Taken as a whole, the national market for products made out of
waste paper has been slow to expand. This fact, together with eco-
nomic and technical problems in collection and transportation, has
limited the industry's use of waste paper. An appreciable expansion
of such use will require the development of new products acceptable
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to the market. Research aimed at the expansion of markets for re-
cycled products is being carried on by the industry-supported Box-
board Research and Development Association, as well as by a number
of paper companies.
Technical Factors
While the separation of waste paper from foreign substances at the
pulp mill has become increasingly feasible, it is a significant element
in the cost of recycling, and necessitates disposal of the undesirable
materials. Pollution problems may also arise from the presence of
unusable fibers in the waste paper supply ? a not uncommon situa-
tion, since wood fibers lose some of their strength each time they are
recycled. The industry has been devoting close attention to these diffi-
culties and has made encouraging progress in working out solutions.
Current research aims also at increasing the efficiency with which
secondary fibers are formed into paper, and at improving further the
quality of the end products. Recent encouraging developments include
a new type of forming machine, a number of which will have been
installed by the end of 1970 in mills using waste paper.
Because transportation and labor are a major part of the cost of
collecting waste paper, the practicability of recycling varies regionally.
Specifically, investment in new plants designed to recycle waste paper
must be related to three main factors: estimates of reliable and eco-
nomical supply; market demand; and the availability of mill sites with
the requisite characteristics. The more concentrated the waste paper
supply, and the nearer the recycling facilities are to markets for prod-
ucts that can be made from recycled fiber, the better the chances of
success for such new plants.
Looking to the Future
Potentially, waste paper is certainly a source from which further sub-
stantial additions to the nation's wood fiber supply may be forth-
coming, but some of the projections made for the future reuse of
waste paper will require further critical review. For example, in a
report prepared for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
the National Academy of Sciences has recommended that by 1985
the nation reuse, in effect, 35 per cent of the paper annually con-
sumed, as against the present 20 per cent.25 Since it is estimated that
by 1985 paper consumption will have more than doubled, this pro-
posed goal implies an expansion of enormous proportions in the
industry's recycling facilities. Achievement of a goal of this magnitude
would almost certainly require new recycling technology, new systems
of collection, new marketing programs for new products, greater mar-
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ket acceptance of present products, and generally the solution of
far-reaching economic, engineering and environmental problems,
many of which have not so far been adequately elucidated.
The view is held in some legislative quarters that solid-waste pollu-
tion can be controlled by new forms of taxation. Legislation has been
advocated which proposes to raise funds through a disposal charge at
the manufacturing source to cover the cost of disposing of waste paper,
or by imposing a special tax on all packaging. The industry strongly
questions the equity and usefulness of these and similar proposals,
which give insufficient weight to the complexities of distribution and
consumption patterns in the American economy. If adopted, such
legislation would not only require price increases with potentially
serious adverse effects on markets, but would create costly adminis-
trative problems for the government.
The industry is also deeply concerned ? and believes that the pub-
lic, if correctly informed, would share its concern-- over legislation
or proposed legislation in some states and municipalities that would
ban a specific paper product in favor of its plastic "see-through"
competitor. Efforts to prohibit the molded pulp tray long used in
packaging meat and produce have been highly aggressive, regardless
of the tray's long record of proven acceptance by consumers, and its
demonstrated values in food protection and convenience. Aside from
the questionable premises on which such legislative proposals have
been based. they lose sight of environmental considerations ? notably
the-fact that paper trays utilize recycled pulp and are biodegraciable.
Even more important. laws of this nature directly violate freedom of the
market place, which is the ultimate protection of the consumer. The
paper industry takes the stand that to rule out any type of packaging
and create a monopoly for another type on grounds other than the
health and safely of the public is to set a precedent dangerous to the
free-market concept of the American economy.
At a time of rapidly changing attitudes and technology in the field
of environmental protection, when no one can predict the develop-
ments mat lie ahead, there is reason to believe that a considerable
degree of flexibility in government policy on waste paper will prove
essential in working out effective solutions. The entire waste paper
situation continues to be under careful analytical study by the indus-
try, which will share its findings with the responsible government
agencies.
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V.
FORCES FOR PROGRESS
Every paper manufacturer recognizes that effective control of pollu-
tion and protection of the environment are essential elements in its plan-
ning for the future. A large part of the industry's scientific and engi-
neering research is now concentrated on the abatement of pollution
and the enhancement of woodlands. The annual reports of the major
paper companies for 1969 give prominence to environmental activities
and make unprecedented financial commitments to specific environ-
mental goals. Many smaller companies have similarly multiplied their
budgets for anti-pollution measures.
It is sometimes incorrectly assumed that the industry's heightened
activity in environmental protection results entirely from governmental
and public pressure. While new laws and the national stress on ecology
have certainly speeded up installations of anti-pollution equipment,
company managements have long regarded environmental planning as
an inseparable element in sound business policy. That recognition is
demonstrated by the industry's support for the past 27 years of the
comprehensive environmental research projects undertaken by the
scientists and engineers of the National Council of the Paper Industry
for Air and Stream Improvement. The Council maintains regional staffs
in key areas of the country and has published hundreds of technical
bulletins, valued by ecologists and the government's environmental
specialists as well as by the paper industry.
Similar voluntary action for the combined purpose of protecting
the environment and the industry's resources has assured progress
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in the technology and management of forests. The view of the paper
industry on planning for environmental improvement was recently ex-
pressec by the head of one major company: "We must do it voluntarily,
not because we are altruists, but because we are good businessmen --
because we have the capability to find better solutions. -26 Reflecting
this conviction, environmental expenditures have become a large,
growing and permanent element in corporate budgets throughout the
industry.
The industry's progress in environmental improvement is also being
assisted by the recently-emerged multi-billion dollar pollution-control
industry. At the beginning of 1970, some 3000 American engineering,
chemical and equipment companies were competing for business in
this field, with the paper industry as one of their larger markets."
Paper company executives, while themselves actively engaged in many
poIlLtion-control programs applicable to industry in general, are being
continually informed by specialized companies about new engineering
developments that will help them solve pollution problems. They are
thus able to check out efficiencies of equipment and costs of operation
in far less time than was required for such investigations a few years
ago. While this influence for environmental protection cannot be statis-
tically measured, it is undoubtedly significant.
Most paper companies have assigned men to full-time corporate
responsibility to help guide environmental programs and now keep all
levels of their executive staffs informed about environmental matters.
In more than one company, management sends out to its entire
organization a frequent newsletter dealing entirely with environmental
problems and solutions throughout the nation.2'
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VI.
SUMMING UP
The commitment of the paper industry to environmental protection is
expressed both in massive budgetary allotments already made for pol-
lution control and in executive determination to get the job done. All
forms of pollution ? water, air and solid waste ? are receiving con-
centrated and priority attention from the industry's managers, sci-
entists and engineers. Recent technological advances have opened up
new and hopeful avenues of progress. Better understanding between
the industry and government at all levels is being achieved as more
data becomes available.
The issue of environmental protection in any locality is usually
much more complex than the general public realizes, involving as it
does regional ecology, community patterns, limited availability of
funding for municipal projects, and the variety of problems of different
industries. Even today, most Americans do not clearly understand
that some alteration of their physical environment is a natural product
of our civilization, one that results from an explosion not only of
population but of affluence and technology as well, and is directly
linked to rapid urbanization, with half of our national population crowd-
ing onto 1% of the land." These conditions unquestionably threaten
the sense of well-being of the society. In seeking to reverse the decline
in environmental quality, industry, working with government at all
levels and with concerned professional and public organizations, has a
clear responsibility to act promptly and with all vigor.
No one industry by itself can solve all the local pollution problems
with which it is concerned, or exert more than a modest influence on
what is being done by the nation as a whole for environmental protec-
tion. It is fair to say, however, that the paper industry has set a con-
structive example. How effective its effort will be depends in large
measure on the foresight and wisdom of federal, state and local policy
throughout the country, on public awareness and cooperation, and on
the condition of the national economy; but that the effort will be strong
and sustained there can be no doubt.
27
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INTRODUCTION
4.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
-Tanber Resources for America's Future." U.S. Forest Service Report No.
14. January 1958. p. 75.
-Tie Facts of Life About Pollution." by Aubert T. Linehan and Howard A.
Pns:. Chem 26. March 1970, p. 36.
Stenographic Transcript, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Air and
A'atar Pollution, Committee on Public Works. United States Senate. S. 3181.
frie Regional Water Quality Act of 1970, April 21, 1970, p. 192.
.Res3urce Recovery Act of 1969 (Part 4), Hearings before the Subcommittee
.Jit Air and Water Pollution, Committee on Public Works, United States
3.ei -de, S. 2005. February 26. 1970, p. 1877.
t. MI DRIVE FOR PROTECTION OF WATER QUALITY
5. 'Water in Industry: A Survey of Water Use in Industry," by the National
.14sLaJciation of Manufacturers and the Chamber of Commerce of the United
!itates. January 1965. pp. 16 and 73. Also, "Industrial Water Use," 1963
Census of Manufacturers, Table 2, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
lie Census.
6. -rtic. Cost of Clean Water and its Economic Impact.- Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, 1968, Volume I. Summary Report, pp. 22 and 24;
1969. Volume I, o. 148. The equivalent 1970 publication, "The Economics of
Clean Water." does not provide a breakdown of amounts required by indi-
vidual industries_
7. Data based on 1970 survey by the
!or Air and Stream Improvement.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
"Rtt,)ort to the Congress: Examination Ir to the Effectiveness Of The Con-
.I.riretion Grant Program For Abating. Controlling. and Preventing Water
Pollution," General Accounting Office. November 3. 1969. Digest, p. 2.
12. Another noteworthy example is the Green Bay Joint Municipal Treatment
completed with the cooperation of the city of Green Bay. Wisconsin,
four local puip arid paper mills, and the Federal Water Quality Administration.
his laboratory, pilot, and semicommercial study has developed the knowl-
eilee necessary to make decisions regarding design of a full-scale joint treat-
ment facility designed to maintain the water resources of Green Bay, and
also of Lake Michigan.
13. Remarks by the Honorable
itte Treasury for Economic
National Council of the Paper Industry
Murray L. Weidenbaum, Assistant Secretary of
Policy, before the McGraw-Hill Conference on
Industry and the Environment, New York City. June 16, 1970.
14. Tax Reform Act uf 1969. Report of the Committee on Finance. United States
1;4!trrt.e. H. R. 13270. November 21. 1969. p. 248.
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II. IMPROVING AIR QUALITY
15. "Control of Atmospheric Emissions in the Wood Pulping Industry," Final
Report, Environmental Engineering, Inc., Gainsville, Florida and J. E. Sirrine,
Greenville, South Carolina for the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, Volume III, Chapter 12, Table 12-2,
p. 12-10.
16. Ibid., Table 12-6, p. 12-16.
III. MANAGING THE FORESTS FOR THE FUTURE
17. Report of the U.S. Forest Service before the House Agriculture Committee
hearings on the National Forest Timber Conservation and Management Act
of 1969, November 18, 1969, p. 9.
18. "Projected Demands for Paper and Board," Forest Resource Report No. 18,
Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, December 1967, p. 53.
19. Calculated from data supplied by the U.S. Forest Service and the American
Forest Institute. An average of 800 seedlings per acre are currently being
grown on 4.7 million acres.
20. Calculated from data provided by the American Pulpwood Association; Union
Camp Corporation; "Georgia's Timber," U.S. Forest Service Resource Bulle-
tin SE-1, 1963, p. 12.
21. "Investing in the Future: The Paper Industry and the Environmental Prob-
lem," by E. A. Locke, Jr., American Paper Industry, June 1969, p. 22.
22. Data supplied by the American Pulpwood Association.
23. Data supplied by the American Pulpwood Association, the National Council
of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement and the National
Forest Products Association.
IV. THE DEVELOPING USE OF WASTE PAPER
24. "The Role of Packaging in Solid Waste Management 1966 to 1976," U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969, p. 116.
25. "Policies for Solid Waste Management," U.S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, 1970, p. 38.
V. FORCES FOR PROGRESS
26. "Two Weeks from Yesterday," address by Henry G. Van der Eb, President,
Container Corporation of America, at the annual meeting of the Paper Tech-
nology Foundation, Western Michigan University, April 9, 1970.
27. Actual count of list included in "Environmental Engineering: A Guide to
Industrial Pollution Control," Chemical Engineering, Deskbook Issue, April
27, 1970.
28. Environmental News published by Riegel Paper Corporation and Environ-
mental Newsletter published by St. Regis Paper Company.
VI. SUMMING UP
29. "The Experimental City," by Athelstan Spilhaus, Daedalus, Journal of the
American Academy of the Arts and Sciences, Fall 1967, p. 1133.
29
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GLOSSARY
ambient air quality criteria ? A scientific relationship between particular concen-
trations and durations of specific air contaminants, and the effects they produce
on persons, animals plants or materials.
amortization ? For tax purposes, writing-off against income a portion of tie cost
of capital assets in each of several years. Rapid amortization is a write-off in a
fewer number of years than the capital equipment might be in use, such as 5-year
amortization for pollution control equipment that might have a useful life longer
than a 5 year period.
biodegradable - The property of a substance that permits it to be broken down
by microorganisms into simple, stable compounds such as carbon dioxide and
water.
black liquor oxidation ? The process which supplies oxygen to kraft black liquor
and through chemical oxidation of certain unstable or reduced sulfur compounds
prevents them from escaping a recovery furnace system and thereby controls
odor from this source.
BOO (biochemical oxygen demand) ? BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen
used by -nicroorganisms to consume biodegradable organics in waste water. The
BOO test is widely used to measure the organic strength of waste water in terms
of dissolved oxygen that would be consumed if the waste water were discharged
into a natural body of water.
boxboard ? Paperboard used in the manufactiring of cartons and rigid (set-up)
boxes.
combination paperboard ? Paperboard manufactured from a combination of
recycled fibers from various grades of paper stock with the predominant portion
being recycled fibers, sometimes including a very minor portion of virgin fibers.
corrugated boxes ? A box made of paperboard referred to as containerboard.
Two facings of linerboard are combined with a center of fluted paperboard
medium. The center fluting gives the box rigidity and strength and, at the same
time, light weight.
dewatering ? The removal of water from sludge by filtration, centrifugation,
pressing, open air drying, or other methods which provide a material suitable for
disposal by burning or landfilling.
ecology -- The science of the relationships between organisms and their environ-
ment.
effluent (liquid) --The outflow of sewers or waste conduits from any source, such
as homes, industrial plants or sewage treatment plants.
emission (gaseous) ? The stream of waste gases released into the atmosphere
is the product oi combustion or industrial processes.
3o
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even-age stands ? Forest areas where the trees are all of the same age due to
planting or harvesting the entire area at one time. Even-age stands are desirable
for species whose young trees do not thrive in the shade of older trees.
fiber cans ? Paperboard which is spiral wound to form the tubular portion of the
fiber can, on which metal ends are usually crimped on the top and bottom. Fiber
cans are sometimes lined with plastic and frequently laminated outside with plies
of paper, foil and plastic.
fly ash ? The finely divided particles of ash entrained in flue gases from the
combustion of fuel.
fossil fuels ? Coal, petroleum and natural gas.
hemicellulose ? Any of a number of cell-wall polysaccharides occurring in nearly
all vegetable fibers which are not extractable by water or by most organic
solvents.
kraft mill ? A mill which manufactures pulp from fibrous cellulose raw material
by the sulfate process.
landfill -- A method of disposing of refuse on land by utilizing the principles of
engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area and to reduce it
to the smallest practical volume.
lignin ? The organic substance that holds together the individual fibers of wood.
Lignin is responsible for the dark color in pulp mill effluents.
mixed papers ? A grade of waste paper of various kinds and quality usually
collected from stores, offices, and schools.
molded pulp products ? Contoured fiber products molded from pulp for such
uses as egg packaging, trays for fresh meat or produce packages, plates, and
protective packaging.
newsprint ? Paper generally used for printing newspapers.
organic matter ? Chemical compounds of carbon combined with other chemical
elements, and gendrally manufactured in the life processes of plants and ani-
mals. Most organic compounds are a source of food for bacteria and are usually
combustible.
paper --The name for all kinds of matted or felted sheets of fiber (usually vege-
table, but sometimes mineral, animal or synthetic) formed on a fine screen from
a water suspension. Paper derives its name from papyrus, a sheet made by
pasting together thin sections of an Egyptian reed and used in ancient times as
a writing material.
paperboard ? A broad category of paper products generally referring to products
heavier, thicker, and more rigid than paper. Paperboard includes solid wood pulp
paperboard (paperboard manufactured predominantly from virgin wood pulp),
31
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and combination paperboard (paperboard manufactured from a combination of
recycled fibers from various grades of paper stock, and sometimes including a
very minor portion of virgin fibers).
particulates ? Small particles of liquid or solid matter.
precipitation ? The physical or chemical separation of a substance from solution
and usually associated with induced settling.
pulp ? Fiber material that is produced by chemical or mechanical means or a
combination of the two from fibrous cellulose raw material and from whici, after
suitable treatment, paper and paperboard are made.
pulpwood ? Wood species suitable for the manufacture of wood pulp.
recovery furnace ? fhe device employed to accomplish combustion of the
organic material in evaporated spent pulping liquor. The inorganic chemicals
remaining after combustion are recovered and recycled back into the pulping
process.
recycling ? The collection and treatment of a waste product (such as waste
paper) for use as raw material in the manufacture of the same or a similar
product.
reforestation ? The planting of a harvested forest area with tree seeds or seed-
lings. either by man or by natural seeding from adjacent trees.
secondary fiber - Fiber used as a raw material for making new products. The
fibers have been reclaimed from waste paper or collected during the manufacture
of paper and paperboard products.
sludge -- The concentrated solid material which has been collected in treatment
plants. Sludge must be treated and disposed of with minimum pollution of air,
land or water.
solid waste ? All items discarded after use in a solid state that must be collected
and oisposed of separately. Solid waste is collected by municipal collection sys-
tems. Solid waste does not include items discarded into sewage systems or those
emitted with smoke or gas.
sulfur dioxide -- A gas normally produced by the combustion of materials con-
taining sulfur.
wood chips ? Small pieces of wood from debarked logs for processing into wood
pulp.
wood fiber ? Fine, elongated cells of wood about 1 f.32nd of an inch long. Loose
wood fibers suspended in water make up wood pulp, from which most papers
are made.
virgin fiber ? Fiber which has not previously been used in the papermaking
process.
32
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Whatrtliiirte81010-v.I.a%f6'7CdririCIT?Of
the Paper Industry is Doing
Reporting on the activities of the Council, the chair-
man said that a two-fold recycling concept, recycling
into new products and recycling into energy, is the
solution to effective solid waste management.
F. S. Crysler, executive vice-president, Container Corp., and chairman, Solid
Waste Council.
The Solid Waste Council was
formed to meet the mutual needs of
API, the Fibre Box Assoc., and the
Paperboard Packaging Council in re-
sponding to the public attitude that
paper and board contribute more to
municipal solid waste than they
should. This public pressure to reduce
the percentage of paper and board in
municipal solid waste from its present
50 per cent level has precipitated four
primary objectives for the Council:
1. To study the solid waste problem
and our industry's role in it,
VT,t) search for and find answers
to ,sulid NVIIkte management, including
waste paper reclamation,
3.. TO Create awareness of the alle-
viation et solid waste through packag-
ing, and
4. To educate the public and gov-
ernment on the realities of paper and
board's relationship to solid waste
management.
The Council has established two
subcommittees?public relations and
technical and research.
Two committees
The public relations group will
communicate progress, answers and
conclusions developed by the techni-
cal committee as well as other appro-
priate groups. It will attempt to sort
out some of the "image" elements
which have generated the accusations
that paper and board manufacturers
are wasting wood and land resources,
and it will attempt to educate the gen-
eral public on the status of our indus-
try's involvement in recycling.
The committee hopes to communi-
cate several facts: That the industry
does much to conserve waste wood
and other fibers; That the industry is
unique in that it replenishes its own
raw material; That it reuses 20 per
cent of its production; and that food
packaging, though requiring disposal,
creates almost no problem relative to
From remarks at the Spring Meeting, Paper-
board Group, API, The Greenbrier, May 18,
1971.
the residue from whole foods which
Would otherwise be brought into the
city. These inedible discards are now
left at the processing plant and util-
ized for other productive purposes
such as animal feed.
The second committee is technical
and research. The API Board of Di-
rectors has approved a budget of up
to $50,000 for the remainder of this
year and a probable allocation of
$100,000 for 1972 to cover studies on
paper reuse, with solid waste and re-
cyeling experts. These studies will in-
vestigate the potential for waste paper
found in solid waste to be utilized for
new paper or other products, and the
role of paper in solid waste disposal
systems. The recycling study will ap-
praise both short term, and long term,
recycling goals, including the pro-
posed 35 to 50 percent level of recy-
cling recommended for 1985 by the
National Academy of Sciences. The
potential for recycling will be studied
in several ways: as it relates to various
grades of paper and board, availabili-
ty of suitable wastepaper at competi-
tive costs to meet the needs, compara-
tive manufacturing costs, capital in-
vestment required, and the impact
upon the environment and the general
economy of whatever action is consid-
ered and taken.
The committees will cooperate
and work with government organiza-
tions also concerned and involved in
this subject, including the Council on
Environmental Quality, The General
Services Administration, the Bureau
of Solid Waste Management, industry
groups such as the National Center
for Solid Waste and other profession-
al groups.
Recent information indicates that,
while CEQ and GSA are dedicated to
increased withdrawals of wastepaper
from solid waste for reuse in new
products, they are also desirous of
recognizing present levels of recla-
mation of fiber from lumber wastes,
rags, rope, bagasse and other fiber
sources otherwise wasted.
In its examination of recycling, the
technical committee will review and
evaluate the newer recycling and pulp-
ing systems, including deinking pro-
cesses and those where no deinking is
required. The latter, of course, refer-
ring mostly to paperboard.
The second major study will relate
wastepaper to municipal solid waste
disposal systems. One point that must
be made here is that, after taking out
the economically recoverable, non-
contaminated secondary fibers con-
tained in solid waste, the balance of
solid waste must be substantially re-
duced in volume or the problem wilt
continue to be a serious one.
Garbage disposal
If paper use doubles, the amount of
paper disposed of will grow from 40.
million tons to 80 million tons and
continue to be 50 per cent of munici-
pal waste, assuming all other factors
hold. On the other hand, if recycling
The concept of recycling refuse into energy via
incineration may be the eventual solution to the
residues and composites of all kinds of solid
waste which have no economic values.
48
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into paperAbebilyved0Fityr Release
per cent, thd- 'tonnage used will not
just double to 20 million, but will re-
double to 40 million tons. However,
the paper and board in solid waste,
will still increase to 60 million tons and
the per cent of waste paper in munici-
pal solid waste will drop to only 43
per cent from its present 50 per cent
level.
Over the years, the traditional
method of disposing of solid waste
has been to dump it on the ground or
in a ravine. Municipalities continued
to use this practice since it ?was cheap
in spite of the problems created.
However, this is no longer acceptable
for a number of reasons: the larger
cities have run out of land fill space,
open dumps pollute the air, support
rodent life and undesirable insects,
produce objectionable odors and thus
degrade the quality of the environ-
ment. While paper is biodegradable, it
also catches fire when combustion
starts in open dumps, further polluting
the atmosphere.
Where land is available, solid waste
can be deposited, compacted by bull-
dozer and covered with soil in a sani-
tary manner. 'Paper compacts readily
and is biodegradable, but at a very
slow rate in the absence of air, mois-
ture, and sunlight. However, as refuse
biodegrades in land fill, it causes set-
tling of land, produces gas and can
cause leaching of contaminants into
ground water. The amount and cost
of land consumed in sanitary land fills
can be reduced in the extreme if the
non-reusable refuse volume is reduced
by incineration, using the paper as the
fuel in modern equipment with high
temperature combustion, and heat ex-
traction for energy conversion.
Incineration important
Incineration reduces municipal
waste in two ways?the remaining
inert materials weigh only 25 per cent
of the original amount, and the vol-
ume is reduced to less than 10 per
cent. Thus, incinerated refuse requires
significantly less amounts of land fill
space and makes a firmer base for
future land use. Incinerator residue
can further be reduced in volume by
"mining" minerals and glass to ?the
extent they have economic value in
reuse. The paper content serves as a
clean fuel in incineration as it is low
in nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine con-
tent.
The concept of recycling refuse
into energy may well be the only
eventual solution to the final residues
and composites of all kinds, in solid
waste, which have no other economic
values. And this includes papers con-
taminated with chemicals, and sani-
tary wastes.
2000/r5108 : CIA-RDP78-04t99A000100090004-1
"These studies will investigate the potential for
wastepaper found in solid waste to be utilized
for new paper or other products, and the role
of paper in solid waste disposal systems," stated
Mr. Crysler.
A key point for all of us to remem-
ber is that even if waste paper reuse
were doubled, municipal waste would
still contain over 43 per cent waste
paper. It is questionable whether or
not we will be able to double the
percentage of our present reuse within
the next fifteen years, no matter what
the pressures arc.
We must realize that the govern-
ment looks at the solid waste problem
as being of primarily paper, since pa-
per and board account for 50 per
cent of municipal waste and have
recovery potential. What is often
overlooked is the fact that one of the
main attributes of paper and board is
its very disposability, which has been
adapted to human needs and conve-
nience, and renders much of the ton-
nage unsatisfactory for reuse in new
paper. The government officials focus
on our industry because they know
that we are already recycling at a 20
per cent level. We have proved recy-
cling to be a commercial success.
When the paper and board reuse rate
is compared with the approximately
one per cent for aluminum cans and
glass bottles, we come out well ahead.
The response by the public is sig-
nificant because the public does hold
the key to effectively getting more
waste paper reused in new products.
Before secondary fibers can become
even a greater commercial success,
there must be widespread acceptance
at all levels of consumption. Without
consumer demand for recycled fibers,
the rate of use will not increase. Fol-
lowing consumer demand, coupled
with proper economics, we must pro-
mote changes in specification stan-
dards so that secondary fiber can be
utilized more extensively in our
present products, and in new prod-
ucts.
Increased paper and board use
Paperboard manufacture reuses
eight million tons, or 30-plus per cent
of all board, without deinking, with-
out creating water pollution problems
in the process. Thus the percentage of
recycled fibers in paperboard could
be expanded without creating more
pollution. However, the same is not
true for paper conversion. Paper pro-
duction currently reuses two million
tons of waste paper, or eight-to-ten
per cent of total production, and most
of this requires deinking. To expand
this area, equipment that will prevent
water pollution is needed in each mill
undertaking the use of even the smal-
lest quantities of wastepaper.
It would seem that any increase in
recycling will have to come about se-
lectively. It would be wasteful, unec-
onomical and impractical to make
all mills install deinking and/or
cleaning systems and transport waste
paper to the generally remote
pulpmill locations. The important
point is how recycling can be in-
creased, not how evenly it is dis-
tributed between mills.
Additionally, municipalities need to
be shown that they should make sec-
ondary fibers available at the lowest
possible cost at the earliest point in
the collection system, before contami-
nation. Cities must realize that this is
a proper and desirable alternative to
having to pay the cost of disposal. If
waste paper is to be effectively re-
used, it must come out at the right
economic point before it enters the
solid waste stream.
Summary
In summary, the Solid Waste Coun-
cil must be concerned with whatever
approaches, in relation to secondary
fibers, will lessen the solid waste man-
agement problem.
The Council is concerned with
finding courses of action and answers.
We are convinced that a two-fold re-
cycling concept?recycling into new
products and recycling as fuel in
waste incineration?is the solution to
solid waste management. We do not
believe that public interest in the envi-
ronment has reached its peak, and we
are convinced that progress will be
made toward the social good.
Our industry may be able to deter-
mine the right response. In all likeli-
hood, this may not agree with al
ideas thrust toward us. How well we
are able to convince our public of
the right answers will determine in the
end what goals we satisfy.
Paper Trade Journ
al/July 12.. M71
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Approved For Release 2000/05/08 : CIA-RDP78-9,6599A000100090004-1
VOL. 1, NO. 2
ICE ?ATRDM
ftLIIJtE,1P .'
401111.0.1.1?1?114.........all?????????????
Published by the D. C. Department of Recreation
JUNE, 1971
OUR DIRECTOR LOOKS AT ECOLOGY
In April we proudly introduced Volume 1, No. 1,
of the Department's Ecology paper which we chose to call
RECREATION RECYCLER. This is your paper. We hope
that you find it interesting, helpful, and instructive. It is
published to stimulate your thinking and to motivate your
actions in the very important field of Ecology.
You will note that this issue has been printed on
recycled paper. We believe this may be something of a
first for the District. If it is a first we are happy that it fell
to the Department of Recreation to lead the way. This
action was suggested by one of our highly motivated field
employees.
For sometime yet our paper needs will have to be
met from pre-cycled stocks which we are required to pur-
chase from G.S.A. However, in the case of RECREATION
RECYCLER we feel that we must be honest and practice
what we preach. To do so we looked elsewhere for several
reams of recycled paper and were presented with a gift for
the occasion. We have taken this action to make a point.
We agree with you that Government must lead the way if
we are ever going to restore our environment. Unless there
is a demand for recycled paper there will be no economic
motivation for industry to act, and our solid wastes will re-
main a drug on the market.
We hope that we have lighted a little candle which,
while small, throws a ray of light where others may tread.
Joseph H. Cole
Director, Department
of Recreation
NOISE IS POLLUTION. And the United States is the
noisiest country in the World and getting noisier. If noth-
ing is done about it in ten years our environment will be
twice as noisy as it is today.
Mass. Audubon Society
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WE'RE STARTING NOW
In our first issue of RECREATION RECYCLER
we printed a symbol or logo as it is called, and asked, "Do
you Recognize this Sign?" If you are still puzzling over it
hold this copy of the Recycler up to the light and read the
paper's watermark. Recognize the sign? You can also read
the words "Ecology 100% Reclaimed Waste." There's your
answer. The revolving arrows are the symbol of a product
made from recycled material, in this case, paper.
We have been enabled to take this step through the
courtesy of Frank Parsons Paper Company, Inc., Washing-
ton, D.C. who very kindly gave us three reams of recycled
paper just for this printing.
Perhaps you would be interested in the story back
of the recycled paper which you hold in your hand, having
already learned its name from the watermark. This particu-
lar paper was made by the Riverside Paper Corporation of
Appleton, Wisconsin, using a patented "Poly-Solv" process.
The fiber in this paper comes from defective milk cartons,
paper cups, food packages and other waste that is wax and
film coated; waste that was previously destined for the in-
cinerators or land-fill sites (primarily manufacturing waste.)
By this special "Closed System" process that is environ-
mentally clean they say their paper is made without foul-
ing the air, the water, or the land, while recleaning the need-
ed fiber. The plastics, waxes, etc. (essentially petroleum
derivatives) are condensed and blended with high grade fuel
oil to provide a heat source for the process.
It is interesting to know that only 24 reams of this
paper (letter size) re-uses a tree, thus permitting one to re-
main standing where it grew. Those same 24 reams of 100%
recycled paper means that 130 pounds of coated paper
waste will not be sent to the incinerator or a land-fill site.
There are already a number of paper companies
who are now producing recycled paper of various grades and
as the demand for this type paper grows there will be more.
This is not the whole answer to our pollution pro-
blem, but it is a step in the right direction.
0090004-1
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CONGRESS IS AWA RE WHAT THEY ARE SAYING
Bills have been introduced both the House of
Representatives and in the Senatt au thoriztelt. and direct-
ing the two procuring agencies of the Federal Govanment,
General Services Administration and the Defense Supply
Agency, to prescribe regulations with respect tc the amount
of recycled material contained in paper procitred by those
agencies.
Congressman John G. Dow (N.Y.) and 40 cospon-
sors have introduced H.R. 8005 and H.R. F007 At the
same time Senator Howard W. C.anoon (Nev., along with
Senators Fannin and Bayh have introduced S 1839 and S.
1840 in the Senate bills, similar in intent to the House bills.
In introducing his hills (onpressmap, Dow stated
that the Federal Government is the largest sini0e paper pur-
chaser in the country buying more than 400,(0) tons a year.
He said the Federal Government has dee responsibility to
lead in the efforts to use recycled material to the greatest
extent possible.--RECREATION RECYCLER salutes Con-
gressman John G. Dow and all members of House and
Senate who are promoting these effor, s at solving our solid
vrasie problem.
EARTH WEEK - ON THE ft ECORI)
Senator Gaylord Nelson (1) Wisc.) is collecting all
the information available on Eadh Week 1971 such as
news clippings, programs of events, pins, buttons, bumper
stickers. etc.
We are proud to say that the Department had
seven items to contribute to the Senator's collection. AH
seven items reflect the vigor with which we ata tackling the
problems of the environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY - THE NEW BEACON
Dr. Oswald, President of The Pennwlvaltia State
University told the March graduates "the exciting thing
about this generation is that, for the most part, you are
choosing, in great numbers, to deal with the survival crisis
of our time." He said students today are questioning pro-
gress, and asking what is really advancement in the quality
of life.
"For some older people, them questions shake the
very foundations of life's focus," he said. "A generation
ago there was seemingly little doubt that more v.els better
and yet all of us stand to benefit from at least pausing to
lead."
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look around us and see in wilat directions various choices
"We travel together, passengers on a little space
ship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil;
all committed for our safety to its security and peace; pre-
served from annihilation only by the care, the work, and I
will say, the love we give our fragile craft."
Adlai Stevelison
Polhetion begins with people. And people can stop
pollution only when recognition of our dependence on na-
ture becomes second nature to us all."
Henry Gibson
Girls, do you think there is nothing to this air pol-
lution? A nylon stocking pluced on a leg form and set out
on a rife escape in the businos district in a large city disin-
tergated in two days from au e pollution according to Colum-
nist Dorsey Conners.
FADING ROMANCE
America's love affler with the automobile may
be starting to go on the rocks in urban areas. City dwellers
are beginning to become aware that the private car is exact-
ing too high a price in air and noise pollution and conges-
tion to be an efficient form of transportation in heavily
populated urban areas. The cost of insurance is beginning
to make the private ear exaci too high a price in operation.
--Engineering News Record April 15,1971
LT :5 121-,C ThEM
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EARTH WEEK was observed by the Division of
Neighborhood Centers April 19 through the 23rd.
There was so much going on all over the city that
it required a ten page program to list all the activities. We
haven't space enough to cover them all. Suffice it to say
that there were discussions, films, cleanups, plantings, bicy-
cling, Eco-contests, displays, art, trash-craft all showing
considerable imagination.
,5
RECOGNITION COMING OUR WAY
A very nice two page article about the Depart-
ment's Washington Youth Gardens with color photos by
our own Bill Hash appeared in the May 1971 issue of World
Traveler. Good work all you Gardeners!
EARTH WEEK FROM AREA 8
E cology - the name of the problem
A nswers - we're looking for them
R ecognize - that's the initial step
T ime - it will run out soon
H elp - that's your part of the solution
W ork - it will take plenty of that
E veryone - we need you to help
E ncourage everyone to
K eep working to clean up pollution
AFTER EARTH WEEK
In our first issue of RECREATION RECYCLER
we stated that Earth Week was our challenge. We are happy
to report that we in Recreation did ourselves proud that
week.
As we publish our second issue we must ask what
are we doing now? Have some of us turned our attention to
other matters? If we have, we must ask ourselves, what in
the world can be More important?
The environment in the 1970's is not a sometime
thing which we can think about when we feel like it. The
world is in the sad state that it is because we have, in the
past, given our environment only grudging attention. We
can't do that anymore.
Our very lives depend upon whether we remain
part of the problem or do our level best to become a part of
the answer. We are now in a fight to the finish. Let's make
it a fight worthy of the long glorious history of mankind.
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3
At the time of Christ the population of the entire
world was only about 250,000,000 persons, little more
than the present population of the United States alone.
By the year 2000 (today's 11 year old by then will
be 40) he will have no place to stand, for at the rate babies
are being born today the world population will be 6,300,
000,000 and accelerating every second.
THE POLLUTION EQUATION
Population Size X Per Capita Consumption X Environmental
Impact per unit of production = Level of Pollution
The above equation shows that Modern technology extends?
man's effects on the environment far beyond his biological
requirements for Air, Food and Water.
Pollution in the U.S. during 1946 - 1968 increased over a
range from 200 to 1,000 per cent.
From the April issue of "Environment"
POLLUTION MEETING
They talked of Air Pollution
And knew where of they spoke,
Discussion was informal
It was alright to smoke
They dwelt on smoke from Industry,
Car smoke called forth regrets;
As uncomplainingly, They breathed
Blue trails from cigarettes!!!
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BOOKS YOU MIGHT LIKE TO READ
The Washington Ecology Center, whose address is
2000 P St., N.W., Room 308, Washirgton, DC. 20036,
has produced a delightful little handbook eniitled "Wash-
ington Ecotactics Guide," 46 pages, puce S.50
For the interested Environmontalist it would be
difficult to get a better bargain for his hill' dollar, anywhere.
This is an action booklet covering the following
chapter headings: Air pollution, Water pollution, Transpor-
tation, Housing. Land Use & Urban Pl.mninit. Parks and
Open Space, Solid Waste, Power, Noise, Pesticides, Popula-
tion, Consumer Practices. Packaging and Ensironmontal Ed-
ucation.
Each of the above chapter, wis forth the problem,
Targets for action, What you can do, Where to complain,
and Groups involved in the action.
You have only to read this little book 10 learn
where you fit into the picture.
We strongly recommend thai you get one of these
booklets as soon as you can.
ECOLOGY FILMS
B F A Educational Media, a division to. Colombia Broad
casting System Inc. offers the following New 16 MM Eco-
logy Films for Rent. For information on how to procure
the films get in touch with Mr. Lawrence Lemmon.
Jr. - Sr. Hi/College/Adult
Man's effect on The Environment - 131/2 min.
color only Rental Rate S10.00
Junior - Senior High
Peace and Voices in The Wilderness 9'2 min.
color only Rental Rate S6.50
Elementary/Junior- Senior High
Noise - 10 min. color only
Rental Rate S8.00
ORGANIZATIONS WORKING IN THE FIELD OF ECOLOGY
(zaak Walton League of America
1800 Kent St.
Rosslyn. Virginia 22209 ( 528-1818 )
National Center for Solid Waste Dispo?al
1625 I St., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20006 296-2h64)
Concern. Inc.
2100 M St., N.W.
Washington, D.C.
(466-2066)
A DROP OF WATER
A drop of water has a history as old as the world.
It has been a part of every a( tion since our world was form-
ed.
One day it is the dew hanging from a blade of grass,
(Jr it may spend some time as ice in a glacier or a snow
flake.
It has been in the body of the dinosaur many times
over as it is in our own body z,nd blood today.
It represents 74% of what we call "me"
We use it and we abuse it. We drink it and we pol-
lute it. Worst of all we take this most wonderful gift of
God for granted.
Let us all save this ancient heritage without which
we could not sustain life more than a few days.
ZECYC Lt. QR. 11-1E.,
RA:T.5 ViiLLI)o ITS/
RECREATION RECYCLER is published by the
D.C. Department of Recreition, 3149 - 16th St., NW,
Washington. D.C. 20010.
Editor Lawrence C. Lemmon
Production Manager, Mary McKey
Typist Felene Bryant
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3
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FRANK PARSONS PAPER COMPANY, INC.
CO NEW YORK AVENUE, N. E. WASHINGTON, D. C. 20002
621/ [phone]
Recycled fiber - - reclaimed waste
What do these mean?
Riverside Paper Corporation has come up with one
answer and it is a good one. This letter is
printed on White Ecology Bond, substance 20, and
is watermarked "Ecology - 100% Reclaimed Waste."
It is just that, having been made from waste milk
cartons paper cups and other plastic and wax
coated Adisposables," collected from manufacturers.
Treated by Riverside's "Poly-Solv" patented process,
these waste products have been made into "Ecology
Bond" instead of being incinerated or used as land
fill.
Ecology Bond is made in White, Blue, Tan and Green
and is now in stock in our warehouse. It is avail-
able in substance 20 in four sizes, 81/2 x 11, 811 x 14,
17 x 22 and 22 x 34. Sample packets are available
for your inspection and trial. We are sure you will
be as amazed as we were with the quality and print-
ability of Ecology Bond - 100% reclaimed waste, as
proudly stated in its watermark.
Call 832-1000 for Ecology Bond and other fine papers.
FRANK PARSONS PAPER COMPANY, INC.
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S 100% RECLAIMED WASTE
Distributed By
FRANK PARSONS PAPER COMPANY, INC.
Washington, D. C.
AREA CODE 202 832-1000
,(9 A RECYCLING
INNOVATION
The fiber in Ecology Papers is 100%
reclaimed waste?not 20-40 or 80%,
but actually 100% reclaimed waste.
It comes from milk cartons - paper
cups - food packages - and other waste
that is WAX AND FILM COATED ?
? Riverside's patented "Poly-Solv" proc-
ess now makes it economically feasi-
ble to recover fiber from such coated
waste.
? Plastics, wax, inks and adhesives are
dissolved and the fiber salvaged and
sanitized for reconversion into excel-
lent quality paper.
*The process itself is environmentally
clean. A "closed system", it fouls no
air, pollutes no water and, the non-
fiber residue is converted into a clean
fuel supplement.
THE POLY-SOLV PROCESS
100% COATED
STEAM BOILER FTEAM * WASTES
CLEAN SOLVENTS
ROTARY >
DIGESTER0
SOLVENT
STILL
AND
CONDENSER
FIBER
-11
0
POLY WAX FUEL
4
FUEL OIL
THE WASTE
Bales of wax and plastic coated was
are prepared for processing in the re-
actor. It is primarily manufacturing
waste.
THE REACTOR
The prepared waste is "dry-cleaned"
with super-heated solvents under
closely controlled pressures. Three re-
cycles per batch are required to strip
the plastics, waxes and other contami-
nants from the fibers.
THE RECLAIMED FIBER
I.-t'0006000
The dry-cleaned and sanitized fibers
are discharged from the reactor into
our conventional papermaking system.
SOLVENT RE-GENERATION
The solvent from each of the three re-
cycles is separated from the contami-
nants and re-generated to process the
next batch of waste.
RESIDUE SALVAGE
The plastics, waxes, etc. (essentially
petroleum derivatives) are condensed
and blended with high grade fuel oil to
provide a heat source for the process.
WHAT'S YOUR CONCERN
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT?
Poly-Solv is a closed system which
fouls no air.
WATER
Poly-Solv uses water only for cooling
? and re-cycles it within the system.
TREES
Only 24 reams of ECOLOGY PAPER
re-uses a tree. (letter size).
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL :33
\e"
03
cb
Those same 24 reams of ECOLOGY 01
PAPER reclaim 130 pounds of coated
paper waste from incineration and CD
land-fill sites.
a
a
a
Contribute to a better
environment by insisting on ?
ECOLOGY Papers ?100% cs
Reclaimed Waste
WATERMARKED so people t
will know you care
This message is printed on ECOLOGY BOND
Sub. 20 (available in white, blue, tan, green
and grey).
Riverside Paper Corp., Appleton, Wis. 54911
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100% RECYCLED RBE/
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Approved For Release 2000/05/08: CIA-RDP78-05599A000100090004-1
1
1 41*
This unique medium has many practical and economical
values for the aggressive graphic designer and craftsman.
It dramatizes color combinations never exposed before
? and uses these combinations to attract, motivate and
create new dimensions in your intriguing designs. It has
good dimensional stability, excellent opacity, and accepts
all types of printing.
10096 RECYCLED FIBER
COLORS II
9,
SHEETS 16 COLORS
BASIS 25x38- 70*
STANDARD
WT. M ' 5th. CTN.
STOCK SIZES
II TONE GOLDS
TONE DELIS
11 TONE SALMONS
II 'CONE: GREENS
IT TONE REDS
II TONE BROWNS
II TONE BLACKS
It TONE PURPLES
35
\
31
Cfm ho?i (It
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Approved For Release 2000/05/08 : CIA-RDP78-05599A000100090004-1
RIVERSIDE
APPLETON, WISCONSIN 54911
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