INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04864A000300030044-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 13, 2002
• Sequence Number: 44
• Publication Date: November 26, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT NO.
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT INDICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIES
HOW
'PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES, WITHIN THEMEANING OF TITLE IA. SECTIONS 743
*ND 7,4, or tos o,s. coos. AO MAMBO. IT* TRAMMIWON pa nit.
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CPW Report No. 57--USSR
CONTENTS
AGRICULTURE 1
INDUSTRY 5
MISCELLANEOUS 6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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7
Agriculture
There has been no noticeable change in the pattern of central and regional broad-
casts on egricultural activities since the closing of the All-Union Party Congress
in Moscow on14 October. Farm labor organization and the livestock industry are
still among the Chief topics Of discussion although the inadequate utilization and
maintenance of mechanical equipment claim considerable attention. A report from
Kurgan,?RUSR, (19 October) is critical of the continued lackadaisical attitude
toward agricultural education in the special 3-year schools for farmers and stock-
tWeederso Although attention to this shortcoming has been called on several
occasions before, says the report, the new educational year "is again beginning in
an unsatisfactorily organized manner.", In Katayskiy and Lebyazhevskiy rayons, for
example, the seminars have been postponed time and again for no Obvious reason. In
Karagapolskiy rayon the agricultural students have not been provided with the
necessary text books which, in fact, prejudices the entire training program. Such
"utterly impermissible failures", it is pointed out, will not be tolerated much
longer, and the Oblast Agricultural Propagand Administration had better eliminate
these educational drawbacks as soon as possible. ZAKARPATSKA PRAVDA admits
Inferentially (25 October) that the recent oblast agricultural exhibition could have
been more successful if the collective farmers "had assimilated the advanced
Michurinite science". Here, too, the Agricultural Propaganda Department is said to
pay insufficient attention to the preparations for the agro-zootechnical courses and
the dissemination of agricultural science in general. Only a short time remains
before the schools open, says the editorial, but the Party, Soviet and agricultural
organizations have done very little to prepare the farmers and schools for the new
educational year.
Cotton-growing and fishing, the two major branches of Crimean agriculture, are,
according to KRIMSKAYA PRAVDA (22 & 24 October), far below expectations. Both
labor organization and mechanization on the cotton fields are still unsatisfactory.
There are enough cotton-picking machines in the oblast ("more than 130") to double
the tempo of Work, but the inept utilization of the equipment is responsible for the
sorry state of affairs. Another contributing factor is the "slackened labor
discipline" in the collective farms which is the direct outcome of poor agricultural
leadership, The above-mentioned "sorry state of affairs"40,not amplified but the
references to. delays in cotton-picking and deliveries and the poor quality of the
stuff in general appear to provide some explanation.. ,In..some unnamed rayons the
equipment was found to be unsuitable for the work when the cotton-picking season
began, and in others the leadership was too slow to realize the urgency of the work
ahead. The to officials of Chernomorskiy, RazdOlenikiy, KirOvskiy and other rayons
as Well aS some Oblast executives are said to be derelict in their duties, and are
pointedly reminded that what Malenkov said at the recent Party Congress applies alsCPYRGHT
to them:
The Party does not need hardened and indifferent officials
who prefer their awn tranquillity to the interests of
the work, but does need selfless fighters...who place,
the interests of the State above all else.
The Crimea has been criticized before as one of the slow fishing areas of the USSR,
and KRYMSKAYA PRAVDA (24 October) complains that the oblast fishing industry has so
far shown no signs of improvement. The 1,000 fishing brigades scheduled to go to
sea in the coming season, which are due to start out any day now, "are not yet
ready." No further details are offered beyond a quotation from Mikoyanis unflattering
reference to Crimean fishing which in itself should be sufficient to shake the oblast
#nhing industry out of its lethargy and stimulate greater production.
Discussing agriculture in the context of general economic activities, CHERNOMDRSKA
KOMUNA (25 October) declares that corn and sunflower harvesting in Odessa ablest is
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still far behind schedule.. The paper is also somewhat skeptical about the "under-
taking" of the ?blast's state and collective farmers to complete "all agricultural
work by 5 November. If the performance of Shiryatevskiy, Tsebrikovskly and
Ivanovskiy rayons is any criterion, however, the oblast "still has a long way to
go" before its agricultural tasks are completed.
In ,an otherwise optimistic review of sugar production in the Ukraine, RADYANSKA
UKRAIW.(25 October) asserts that despite the great overall successes achieved by the
industry since the end of the war, some lagging oblasts are still "taking -cover"
behind the successful onet. .Indeed, in a, number of sugar-beet areas the delivery of
beets to State receiving points is much slower than last year." Although sugar
production on the whole is said to be the highest in the postwar years, the editorial
remarks somewhat oddly that
CPYRGHT
there are reasons for supposing that this year
too we shall have not less sugar but possibly
even more than in 1951.
The mechanization of this branch of agriculture, the paper maintains, could be
greatly improved if the available equipment were utilized to the full. But the
indifferent handling of the agriculturalmachinery results in frequent breakdowns
and involves: a. great deal of unnecessary manual labor in lifting the beets.. What
mismanagement has "accomplished" so far, the paper says, is "a great gap" between
the amount of beets already dug and that delivered to the State, In Kamenets-
Podolsk obleset it is 2.5 million emntners, in Vinnitsa almost 3 million and in
Kiev *last almost 3 million centhers? Sugar beet lifting, it la emphasized, is
far ahead of deliveries not because this phase of the work is proceeding according
to plan but because deliveries are "extremely slaw" by comparison.,. The whole
sugar beet business is said to be in a mess, since "nearly one-fourth of the beets
have not yet been.. dug upl. The shortage of trucks to transport the. beets could be
made good.bythsvextensive employment of draft animals but the Ministry of
Agriculture appears to "care very little" about that, and the result is the
familiar "great loss" (velyka thkoda) sustained by the State' This loss is further
enhanced by the "anti-State practice" of the sugar industry representatives in the
field who for some urectountable reason have been rejecting_ large quantities of good
beettly-declaring them faulty. In addition to the three Oblasts already mentioned,
the following are reported to be doing a very poor job of beet harvesting: Poltava,
Chernigov,,Sumy, Zhitomir, Rovne, Kirovograd and Odessa'. .
A broadcast fromSmolensk on 27 October states that the livestock industry was the
major. object of discussion and criticism at the recent oblast conference of the
Soviet Executive Committee. The high death-rate of the young stock, the conference
revealed, cOntinues unchecked, and the productivity of all the other livestock
remains pretty low. The conference, however, appeared to be more critical of what
it referred toes squandering of livestock "on socalled internal economic require-
ments" (dlya tak nazyvayamykh khozaistvennykh nuzhd). This stricture is in keeping
with the "State above all else" policy repeated ad .infinitum on every occasion.
Applied to this case, it simply means that meat products to be consumed by the
farmers must come from the balance remaining after the prescribed meat deliveries
to the State have been made. The aloe increase in the number of cattle, in other
words, could be speeded up to some extent if the collective farmers were to stick
to their meat allotments rather than requirements which are presumably greater.
The "exceesive" meat consumption by the farmers is Caid also to be reeponsible for
the fact that in som ::eyons, notably Smolensk, Dukhovshchinsky and Safonov the
number of head of cattle has been declining. Nor is that the only chronic short-
coming of the livestock industry that has been plaguing the officials Inadequate
and insufficient winter sheds for the stock have been the target Of frequent official
attacks before, and, as revealed by the Deputy Chairman of the oblast Executive
Committee, that problem has not been licked yet. He did not pursue the theme, however,
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except to urge the conference to set 15 November as the final date when all the
necessary preparations for stock wintering are tp be completed,.
RAMANSKA EUTOMYRSHCHINA (24 October) reviews the overall agricultural situation
in the ablest and finds it somewhat disappointing. The collective farms of the
reclaimed marshland areas (polesye), it is claimed, are not doing as well as
expected despite the *steady" flow of aid from the Party and Government. The
agricultural output of a number of rayons?particularly Korostenskiy, Lugynskiy,
Khorodnitskiy, Dovbyshskiy and Korotyshevskiy?is said to be far smaller than the
land is capable of producing. Higher yields, it is suggested, can be obtained
thromgh an intensive liming of heavy soil with the simultaneous use of organic
ana' Mineral fertilizer. Mentioned in passing also is,the low productivity of the
oblast livestock.
A summarized version of a VELIKOLUKSKAYA PRAVDA review (26 October) speaks of
the "serious situation"(seryoznoye polozhenie), in the ablastta agriculture. Many
Collective farms have not even begun to harvest their overripe crops which "threaten
to spoil the fields." The processing of long-fibre flax is referred to as lagging
far behindthe-plan.through the shortage of manpower and the failure of the
agrioultural offiCials to prepare permanent transportation brigades so that the
delivery, of the available flax to the State might be assured. The paper also
urged the oblast officials to look into the qualitative aspect of flax production
and "to take steps to combat vette.'
A long PRAVDA article by the USSR Minister, of Agriculture Benedictov broadcast on
27 October warns that only "a considerable upsurge in livestock breeding" T
(znachttelny podyom zhivotnovodstva) will make it possible to meet the growing
demands, for livestock produced His 'thesis is that additional meat supplies will not
' be available 'se long as the demand Is 'growing faster than the herds of stock, and
a further increase in the number of communal livestockAs still "the main task in,
the field of agriculture" (glavnaya zadacha v oblasti zemledelia). The root of all
agricultural-troubles, however, still lies in the inept utilization., of technical
equipment:T
Russian. vendor,:
One can say without exaggeration that today
everything depends on our ability to 'correctly
use the great quantity of machinery,. on our
constant care for the mechanization of all
labor-absorbing processes in agriculture.
Mozhno bez preuvelichenia skazat chto taper vs*
Zavisit glavnym obrazom pt nashego umenia pravilno
ispolzovat bogatuyu tekhniku, ot nashei postoyannoy
zaboty o mekhanizatsii vsekh trudoemkikh protsessov
salskogo khozaistva.
CPYRGHT
Benedictov makes it'clear that the "constant flow of machinery" to the collective
farm fields has not materially improved the mechanization situation since a largo
part of 'the processing of individual crops is either done manually or at best is
poorly mechanized.- Included in this work is the harvesting and binding of straw as
well as.the cleansing, drying and loading of grain. The industrial adjunct of
agriculture, farm-mohine building, is according to the Minister just,as guilty of
the slaw mechanization as are the agricultural officials. 'Up-to-date machines.are
designed "slowly" and just as slowly mastered and introduced, into actual production.
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In.a familiar, exercise In Belt-criticism, Benedictov:accuteshis awn miniatry of
falling ,down elin-the job Of helping theCollective farms to help themselves.
Production tempos are often too slow because of the faulty labor policy pursued
untiIreeently by a-numberof oblastsi and it.it the_duty.of the Ministry of
Agriculture to forestaIlany-deviation from'the_correct labor policy on the farms.
As pointed out in a previous CPW report, 'the post war introduction of the "link"
(zveno) system of agricultural labor premed a failure and' the return to the old
"prOduCtion brigade" (proizvodstvennaya brigada) was subsequently decreed by the
Party. The switch-over was painfully slowt however, and has been the object of
renewed criticism since Nelenkovls speech before the 19th Tarty Congress. Reflecting
the prevailing Party line, and undoubtedly the true situation, Benedictov goes on CPYRGHT
to say that
Russian version:
one cannot fail to mention the great shortcomings
-existing even now in the organization of labor. :In
many farms the production brigades are not of
permanent strength and have not been provided with
production facilities, which lead to a !depersonalisation'
of responsibility. Cases of weakening labor dieeipline
have been noted.
nelzya ne otmetit, chto t nastoyashoheye vrewa
imeyatsya bolshi, nedoetatki v oreanizatsii trudai
Na mnogikh kolkhozakh proisvodstvennie brigedy no
imeyut postoyannogo eoetava, za nimi ne prikrepleny
sredstva proizvodstva, chto privodit k obesliohke.
Imeyut mesto fakty oslablenia trudovoy distsipliny,
Agricultural etatute violations are referred to in passing as still very much in
evidence. They are in fact said to be sufficiently numerous to ?cause serious
damages .to commural property" (nanosyat seryozniy ushcherb obshchestvennomu
khozaistvu). Disparaging comment is made also on the indifferent attitude toward
the propagation of the latest achievements of science in agriculture. (Omitted
here, incidentally, is any criticism of the scientific bodies themselves, which are
frequently accused of lack of cooperation with agriculture). This time it is the
agricultural officials rather than the scientists and. other experts who are not
doing their share of the partnership, since many of the scientific achievements
"are often completely ignored." An amusing example of administrative red tape in
ihelepiatry of:AgricUlture is cited in the practice of issuing identical directives
on all matters of agriculture to all rayons, collective farms and machine-tractor
stations irrespective of their location or differing local conditions.
The result of the third quarter agricultural plan for the USSR (TASS, 27 October),
while indicating better results than in 1951, is on the whole unspecific about
actual attainments. With the exception of the already highly-publicized eight-billion-
pud grain crop, facts and figures are familiarly omitted. The highest crop yields of
grain are. said to have been obtained in the Ukrainei North Caucasus and the Crimea.
There is little reference to the recently-criticized law vegetable and potato
crops beyond the remark that they were "larger than last year." A summarized
ZVEZDA editorial (28 October) says that in "numerous" collective farms of the
Belorussian Republic the harvest yields were bad, and that stock breeding is not
progressing_ae it should. Instances of agricultural statute violations are' said
to be evident in Vitebsk; Molodechno and other ?blasts. All these failings could
have been remedied and eTen forestalled had the Party leadership on the oblast
and rayon level exercised proper supervision of the agricultural organs. No
further details are offered, however.
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Low, labor productivity and high production costs are the two main targets of official
attackjn the ,otherwise meagre output .pn industrial activities. The so-called
econoW.regime (rezhim-ekOnem00-as PRAVDA points out on 21 October, is. to be one .of
the.main,features of,thercurrent Five Year Plan. 'Overhead expenditures must be
drastically reduced in industryi agriculture and construction; abor efficiency
must bey-raised still higher, at least another 50% by the end of the current Plan,
andJAPrt.7?eute to. plan-fulfillment-done away with. These short-cuts, the press
and radio are at pains to-explaini amount to plan-fulfillment on paper which often
has, little tn common with Actual performance. First,. there is the deplorable
tondency_aot industrial management to concentrate on the production of goods
rtauiring simple operations and limited skill at the expense of more complicated
items., This device appears to facilitate the quantitative fulfillment and even
overfUlfillment of the planned output quotas and thus make it possible to restrict
the production of manufactures involving greater skill and precision. Second-1Y,
thi race for a quantitative showing inevitably leads to the production of infor
goods Which have to ,bo rejected and represent a total lose of labor and matarial.
SEVERNAYA PRAVDA (21 October) speaks of the "irregular" (neravnomernoye)
production of the Kostroma *last metal-processing plants, the textile and timber
industries. Uteneive idleness of machinery and low produotion quality, says the
paper, are still plaguing the mentioned induetriee, and it is high time for the
Patty to do something about it. Vhile the poor performance of these enterpriees
Is, according to the paper, utterly inexcusable,,the flex-processingindustry to
said to be lagging behind the plan for a very specific reason: Norking conditions
at the enterprises.-..have grown more, difficult." The latter point is not amplified
but, as has been frequently hinted in the past, it. suggests decreasing labor
efficiency through deteriorating material and welfere conditions-.
The industrial workers of Rostov Oblast, declares MOIAOT editorially on 21 October,
srs-still,"uot fully capable" of coping with the tasks required by the Communist
POW.. _The 'shortcomings which have been hindering production all the time "have
not. yet beeneliminated." Transportation and factory officials, the paper
complains-, seem to be reluctant to change to new and faster work methods that would
materially improve industrial production. Many mines ofthe Rostov Coal Trust
(Rostov-Ugol) are FULL unable to catch up with their production assignments. In
the Boko?oal, Trust (Bokov-Ugol) only four out of the five mines have managed to
keep up ,with the planned quotes.: The editorial is highly critical of the deceptive
"overall" output indiceelehicho it says, enable the badly working enterprises "to
live at, the -expense of the leading ones" (zhit za schet peredovykh).
The same topic of "embellishing production indices" (priukrashivanie proizvodstvennykh
pokazatelei) is discussed by PRAVDA on 24 October without mentioning any specific
industrial its or officials. The elimination of the "formal attitude" (formalnoye
otnoshenie), toward Party and Government decisions on the part of many industrial
officials, it is claimed, would go a long way toward the elimination, of the permitting'
production shortcomings. But Party discipline is still being disregarded by a
Certain number of (unnamed) Communist, Soviet and other officials:who are., not
perturbed (tie bespokoyatsya),by the fact that "the interests of the country are
jeopardized." We still have too many officials who assume that "they can do as they
please' and that Party decisions and Soviet laws do not apply to them. The result is
concealment of the truth about the real state of affairs.:
have also come to light shoving, that
administrative officials, with the connivance
of Party organizations', deliberately submit inflated
d othcr materials d dded
a
output reports.at a time when production plans:,.
actually remain ineompleted.
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6
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Isvesthy takzhe Way, kogdaskhozaistvenniki pri
POpdstitelatve partiynykh organizatsiy predatavlyayut-
-kevedamo-tavyshennie zayavki ha syryo i moterialy, pri
nevYpoltenii proizvodstVennykh pIanOv dopuakayut
,priPiski:v,Otchetakh o vypuske proddistsii.
MOLOT pursues the production theme again on 24 October by declaring that "war must
be _declared" On bed management, squandering and all other malpractices which lead
to wasting State funds and material resoUrces. The Mikoyan plant alone is said to
have. thoWn-a net loss of 200,000 rubles this year; but that is not the only factory
where "enormous losses" (gromadnie poteri) are caused by the reckless expenditure
of raw materials, fuel and electricity. Bad management is also held responsible
for the great-Ioases sustained by the North Caucasus Railroad, amounting to over
3 tilliontdblee.
CPYRGHT
At least one broadcast makes the inferential admission that the would-be recruits
for labor reserves are not always in a hurry to register. In a radio talk from
Poltava (18 October) the deputy head of the Labor Reserves Department berates the
oblast Executive Committee and its local branches for failing to attract the necessary
number of-recrdits from among the youth. The extremely slow registration in 4 number
of rayons, he says, is due to the lack of "explanatory work" (razyasnitelnaya rabota)
designed to stimulate the youths'. enthusiasm for training and work. These youths
must be given a description of "the life and work" of metal workers and miners and
the State's solicitude for theirwelfare. They must also be promised "cultural
services" (kulturnoe obsluthivanie) at the Poltava and Eremenchug gathering centers
.(sbornie punkty) before they are shipped off to their training destination.
Miscellaneous
Malaria, says Morozov,in a Home Service talk on 21 October: "has almost'been liquidated"
in the USSR with the aid of acritsin,.which is far superior to quinine, hitherto
considered the-Most.effectiVe remedy against the disease.- Among other, medical.
remedies said to have been evolved by Soviet scientists are ."GordeyeV liquid."
(Zhidkost gordeyeva) for' the treatment of swelling in ulcerous skin diseases', and
Ribitsin used against blood.' disorders and disorders of the lymphatic glands.
A TABS transmission for Europe,' on' 26 October quotes a Lisenkav TRUD article
commemorating the 30th anniversary of the liberation of the Soviet Far East from the
'"AnglOosAmericau44panese interventionists." The damages caused to the USSR by the
"sojourn of the Americans": as expressed in the enormous quantities of "stolen"
gold,' acalOimber: furs and factory equipment, is said. to amount to 225 million
rulae444
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT NO.
INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
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OF THE UNITED STATES. WITHIN THE MEANING OF TITLE IR, SECTIONS 7.9S
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ILLEGIB
CPW Report No. 57A--USSR
CONFIDENTIAL
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SUMMARY
Following a lull in the perennial drive against shortcomings in industry and
agriculture, occasioned by the 19th All-Union Communist Party Congress, the
pressure has been resumed all along the line. Agricultural propaganda is
diffuse in character. Some attention is focused on cotton-growing which is
said to reveal weak spots here and there despite the claim of overall plan
fulfillment. Similar weaknesses are attributed to the sugar-beet industry.
Farm labor organization, stockbreeding and mechanization of agricultural work
are still treated as problems crying for solution.
Criticism of industrial actilipties in the period under review is limited in
volume. Managerial dithonesty is regarded as one of the major shortcomings
slated for elimination. Labor efficiency on the whole is still apparently
considered unsattsfectory despite the quarterly and other statistical reports
showing fulfillment of the "planned" increase. These claims, however, are made
somewhat less than authentic by the repeated official reminder that streamlined
industrial production as envisaged by the end of the current Five Year Plan
will require at least another 50% rise in labor productivity.
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