PHOTOGRAPHS AND RELATED TEXT ON THE SHANG-HAI FILM FACTORY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04546A003300010006-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 75
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 3, 2004
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: March 16, 1967
• Content Type: REPORT

CENTRAL INTEL1IGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person Is prohibited ?y low.
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or
25X'
REPORT NO.
SUBJECT Photographs and_Related Text on the DATE DISTR. 16 March 1967
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE AC4.
SOURCE:
Unknown
NO. PAGES
. REFERENCES
THIS is UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
Unedited translation of Asia News Service Photos and Features ationsof Chinese
1965 and the following p
classified when detached from the report.
The plant became operational on Septem ,
sensitized blue film for movie, x-ray and photographs (including model 120
Brownie-type film). The text is on file in the CIA Library and is un
Ind ustry, No. 51, 1 September
Jianzhu Xuebao, No. 10, 1964; Chinese Photography, No. 4, 1964; Kuang-ming
Jih-pao, 25 September 1964; China Pictorial, No. 7, 1965; China Reconstructs,
No. 9, 1965.
The photographs listed below are obtainable d from Graphics Register
by CIA Photo Accession the open see were r above. hua News Agency
photographs as well as P
The unedited translation of,Photos and Features of Chinese Industry
discusses the first film base plant domestically 1964. It produces China. transparent
CIA Photo Accession No.:
1032072,
1032638,
1076147
Shang-hai Film Factory
Exterior of the new film base plant.
1049002
Cellulose Section.
1066082,
1076148
Film Base Workshop.
1076146
Film Coating Shop.
1077256
Trade mark and packaging of the "Shanghai"
1077259,
1077260
brand 35mm film.
Processing 35mm and'120 film in Film Base Shop.
Enclosure: As stated above
Distribution of Enclosure
CIA Library
NPIC
NP- /DDI/IAS
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BRIGHT OUTLOOK FOR THE CHINESE SENSITIZED
MATERIALS INDUSTRY WITH THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST
FILM BASE PLANT
Source: Chugoku Sangyo Shashin Tsushin (Photos and Features on Chinese
Industry T____
No 51, 1 September 1,9b5., PP 1-9.
On 10 September 1961k, the very first modern film base plant blue-
printed and set up by China itself officially started operations. For
the construction of this plant, over 110 plants of the various industrial
branches of Shanghai have pooled their efforts to manufacture the equip-
ment, to fully promote the combined strength of three kinds of people:
the leading cadres, the technicians and the workers. Moreover, by carry-
ing out an exemplary revolution in blueprinting the construction of bases
that have been greatly expanded since last year, they have succeeded in
building a plant appropriate iftmxJ~x to the conditions of China, requiring
little capital and building space and yet of very fine quality. All as-
pects of the construction have received a great deal of atten-
tion and thus, the new plant means a great deal in the development of the
sensitized materials industry of China. Hereunder, we would like to re-
view the present state of film production
in China as centered around the construction of this new plant.
Beginning of Film Manufacture After the
Great Leap Forward
Before Liberation, there was no sensitized materials industry in
China whatsoever. Before the Great Leap Forward, in 1958, several small
plants producing photographic paper in Shanghai were pooled to make the
Shanghai sensitized film workshop. The very first plant was located
i*,,the former carbon paper plant was and had a worker population of 100
only. To apply highly sensitive emulsion, the workers improved upon the
equipment, fabricating such instruments as stainless tubs and cooling,
drying, and cutting equipment. Besides experimenting over and over with
xmix rudimentary equipment, they finally succeeded in manufacturing the
first "Shanghai mark" films. After this success, "the end of
etvtd 1n II
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1959, they kept on expanding the plant,, and continuously discovered many
automatic applicators for three years during, installing in the meantime
accessory equipment such as cooling equipment, ventilating equipment,
and boilers. Together with the improvement of the equipment, the plant
also expanded the number of film varieties, bettered their quality, sell-
ing them everywhere in China.
At the same time that the Shanghai sensitized film workshop was
erected, up to the end of 1959 in the whole of China there were built
more than ten sensitized materials plants. For instance, the Paoting
Film Manufacture WrEck Workshop was started construction in July 1958,
paudmocKi the first stage of con-
and
struction was completed in 1960. This workshop planned to produce an-
nually 330,000,000 meters of black-and-white
m and color movie film, of X-ray film and of photographic film. Itatt
At the end of 1958, the Tientsin Camera Wndak Workshop saw its renova-
tion works completed, planning to produce 2,400,000 square meters of
X-ray and other films during 1958.
National Production, A Necessity Forced Upon
China by the Stopping of the Import Flow
Thus, by 1959, though the Chinese had succeeded in producing color
films, they still had to rely on foreign import for the film bases. In
1960, the modern revisionists completely stopped i ,providing movie
film to China. Before that, some countries had offered to help
China construct a film base plant, but then they had broken their pro-
mises and recalled their specialists, cancelling their assistance pro-
gram.
To remedy this situation of dependence upon foreign countries and
to supply China out of its on efforts, the Chinese govern-
ment decided in the second part of 1962 to build a film base plant at the
Shanghai sensitized film workshop, charging the Shanghai Light Industry
Blueprinting Institute with the blueprinting of the plant.
Film base is a quite precise chemical industrial product, it must
be strong when stretched out and not break (Movie films get projected
over 600 times each), it must be smooth (not more than 1/12 of 70 microns:
this is how small the differences in thickness can be allowed, that is
just by a hair breadth), itr,.st be pxmt* even (there should not be a
whit of dust or air bubble). Besides all these charac-
teristics, it also requires a x x relatively high degree of production
processing and sophisticated auxiliary equipment since the sol-
vent is inflammable and poisonous. This makes it that in the"three new"
(new manufacture, new processing, and new equipment), the Chinese are
up to excessive difficulties owing to the fact that they do not have
the technical means, the manpower needed and especially the experience
required.
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The situation, however, did not allow of any
hesitation. The blueprinters adopted and promoted a revolutionary spi-
rit, broke down many limits, got the cooperation of various branches
dealing with construction planning, manufacture, processiflg, installa-
tions, and scientific reseairch: they overcame Athe difficul-
ties one by one and completed the new plant in a spbndid manner.
Completion In A Little Over A Year
The time it took to blueprint the plant was exceedingly short: the
preliminary blueprint for expansion was completed in 68 days and the
execution plan within six months. It took no more than one year and a
half to go from the determination of the plant site to the construction
of the whole plant, Jtz and even the production of manufactured goods
in accordance with specifications,
mm= Up to now, it used to take three years generally for the con-
struction of something on a similar scale of investment as the pres-
ent plant to be completed, end of the three years one year and a kix
half would have been needed for the blueprinting of the project.
This plant has to a certain degree been modernized, its production
operations mechanized, it is also equipped with devices for the preven-
tion of explosions and of dust as well as mitk for keeping the same tem-
perature and degree of humidity within the plant (amounting to over 300
pieces of equipment altogether). Yet investment in capital construction
amounts to relatively little and the site available is not so large ei-
ther. Production officially started in 1964 only, yet the quality of
the manufactured goods already reaches the level of foreign products,
or at least approaches that level. The arrangements made for the whole
construction works have been made in a practical and
solid manner, leaving no problems axxtxNwrwmrkix3q or corrections to be
made in regard to execution or installation of equipment. The construc-
tion planning department was also very happy with the blueprint. As for
the quality of the works, it has been given a certificate of excellence
by the State Control Commission.
Breaking Away from Foreign Blueprints and immkiNg
Blazing the Way for One's Chan Conception
The Shanghai Light id Industry Blueprint Institute worked on the
blueprint of the sensitized film plant for about
three times. The first two times were wholesale copying from foreign
blueprints, never surpassing the stage of preliminary blueprinting. In
Zxmuctn the last T* blueprint, m at they
had to wrestle immediately with the question of working within the frame-
work of foreign models. Consequently, earnestly learning from experiences
contrary to the tee[ correct ones found in foreign blueprints, they suc-
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ceeded in putting them to good use, refraining from putting blind faith
in the foreign blueprints, working from the realities of China and plot-
ting China's on original road.
If one is to follow the foreign blueprints, there must be "imposing"
entrances, wide pathways, green areas, and high-standard welfare facili-
ties, etc. But here, in following the maxim of building the country in
an economical manner and the directives from the leadership, they decided
not to do anything whatsoever that would be alien to the masses such as
a large main entrance to the plant, they also decided not to build anew
tka any administrative or welfare facilities, improving and remodel-
ing instead in a practical and economical manner s the shrine tknixxim
, the simple warehouses, and the people's s dwellings
that already were there before to make them into the offices of the new
plants,etc. Also as far as the stipulations regarding the prevention of
fire and explosions are concerned, there are many among those set
up for foreign blueprints that do not agree with the xthud2tm concrete
conditions of China. Should one decide to follow them all, one would
need a great deal of land. After studying the questions over and over,
the blueprinters Atmmmnmm9 finally discovered ways of doing in agreement
with the conditions of the present site, economizing on the fire and ex-
plosion prevention expenses and saving also a great deal on a lot of
land. As a result,, the arrangement of the whole film base plant went
very finely and rationally and by comparison with J:NX works of the same
format as required by foreign blue-
prints, it can do without a great deal of land s while saving enormously
on the investment of capital.
ES
In the film base plant, there reprocessing departments for nitro-
cellulose and film-laying materials. If we were to go by foreign blue-
print stipulations, tkK this processing room would have to be maintained
at a room temperature of 26-28?C during the summer. This require-
ment is determined, however, on the basis of foreign J1 I tempera-
tures. Shanghai's summer temperatures being much higher than those of
foreign countries, one would have to install a great deal of refrigera-
tion equipment if one were to mechanically introduce this stipulation.
The blueprinters consequently based themselves on the concrete conditions
of Shanghai to draw up the blueprint and while keeping to the principle
of guaranteeing the quality of manufactured products, they rationally
improved upon the stipulation. As a result, they succeed in doing away
with a great deal of refrigeration equipment and installations.
During the production process, there is also required the use of
a three-level piston corrosion pump--this is according to foreign data--
but then, this pump is too bulky and heavy, requiring a great deal of
wood, of complicated ss1 construction, of high costs and besides,
not very easy to manipulate. The blueprinters xxnt went to
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work for nearly a month in the plant and together with the workers, they
experimented fourteen times to gather 169 data, then aided by nine ma-
chine factories, they finally succeeded in blueprinting and manufacturing
on an experimental basis a new format of pump. This new pump proves to
be superior to the three-level piston corrosion pump while its weight is
5 percent lighter, allowing an economy of 46 percent on the electric
power needed. The cost of manufacture of one such pump only comes to
one sixth of the three-level one.
Learning From the Realities of Production and From
Scientific Experiments
To solve a whole series of technical difficulties in the equipment
and blueprinting, the max following four methods have been followed:
First, to use the results of experiments at the Shanghai Sensitized
Film Workshop in the last few years.
Second, to perform scientific experiments with the iuctdf help of
fifteen plants and scientific research units.
Third, to send blueprinters to related worksites and investigate
their equipment.
Fourth, 1M to use technical data from both within and without the
country, compare them and analyze them to find out onels on way of draft-
ing the blueprint.
in theprocess of setting up the blueprint, the blueprinters have
carried out relatively extensive investigations and research, experi-
ments and surveys, mobilizing altogether 451 persons, making inquis
to 303 persons in 159 units, collecting and rectifying 78 volumes of
data. Moreover, with the close assistance of fifteen plants and
scientific research units, they wrestled with seven key points, per-
formed 22 experiments, determined 30 parameters regarding the venti-
lation of the film-laying process, the temperature level and preseure,
etc. They also solved a series of complicated problems such as air-
conditioning, the prevention of dust, the supply of nitrogen., and the
protection against explosions.
Thus, of the 300-odd pieces of equipment found in the plant, except
for an imported piece that lies unused in the warehouse, everything is
made in China. Altogether there are 55 kinds of special use
equipment designed by the Shanghai Light Industry Blueprinting Institute
accounting ft for 122 pieces of equipment found in the plant.
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Solution of Many Difficulties Through Investigations
and Research
At the plant there are framed accelerated pressure filters that are
generally made out of stainless steel in foreign countries, but then stain-
less steel is not only hard to get in China, it also costs a great deal.
After investigation, the blueprinters did not think that one necessarily
had to use stainless steel, consequently they thought of finding a new material
to replace the stainless steel. Together with the Shanghai
City Light Industry Scientific Research Office they worked
for over a month and overcame various difficulties,
experimenting with tens of anti-rust metallic materials. h "I t
They final-IX succeeded with the help of the Shanghai Casting Ree3arch
Office pnthe use of an witm aluminium alloy. By the time this alumi-
nium alloy framed accelerated pressure filter was designed and manufac-
tured, it was found to be superb during the experimental stage.
In the production of film base, there is a stage where acetic acid
fibers are pretreated. According to foreign blueprints, this process
would involve breaking by hand and drying in the drying room, requiring
the workers to work intensely and yet giving only a poor efficiency.
The blueprinters consequently decided to build a new eglpment and reno-
vate the processing method used up to now. They decided to learn from
everywhere, inquirtRg making inquiries to nine plants, surveying 20 tech-
nical data, collecting charts and involving 25 persons struggling for
18 days to finally succeed in the design of an acetic fiber breaking and
drying combine, mechanizing the hand process.
At the film-laying department in the main building of the plant,
the precipitation discrepancy is not supposed to surpass
two centimeters, there is supposed to be no cracks. But the geological
makeup of the ire plant site is extremely bad and several buildings
newly constructed on this site all kmm get cracked. Thus, capital con-
struction in this case represents a technical difficulty by itself. The
blueprinters therefore looked around, made inquiries, asked for
advice, investigated and discussed the questions, they carried out on-
the-spot investigations, ."a' visited with nine units, investi-
gated 12 buildings, investigated about the geological makeup and the
design data to find out clearly about the re asors for the cracks. Finally
after taking various measures, they solved the problems.
Manufacturing Equipment Before Schedule by Three
Kinds of Combinationx With Wide Assistance
Many a piece of equipment of the film base plant have been manufac-
tured at the Shanghai Ta-ming Iron Workshop. This plant having been x
the combined facilities of two
small handicraft cooperatives, one dealing with electrict welding and
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the other with metalworks, the workers at there number only 200 persons
with xm no modern machinery or building at their disposal. These workers,
however, operate with small machines to manufacture much larger parts
by the method of laboriously proceeding little by little iaK in case
there is no large machines available. In the manufacture of two-layer
heat exchange pipes, for instance, the large-size steel pipes
are supposed to be bent into U shapes without folding creases or bumps,
which is something impossible according to foreign literature. Nonethe-
less, the leadership of the plant, the technicians and workers wrestled
with the problem of manufacturing them without the benefit of pipe bending
machines and finally found a method. It is this small plant that provided
the film base plant with 80 percent of its needed equipment, producing
everything in accordance with sJxtpm2xK specifications and in time.
45 plants in Shanghai pmacbbcA manufactured equipment for the
film base plant but on some complicated machines, nine plants have cooperated
to manufacture them. To supply the machinery according to plan,
these plants have formed an "assembly line." ] Once part
is completed by one p lant, it is immediately sent to the next.,--,r the
Second Textile Machine Workshop which undertook J dm complete the final
assembly to start production as fast as possible, the jobs have been exe-
cuted in the most urgent manner at the other plants. The workers worked
overtime and so, on New Yearfs Eve, 1963 the various kinds of
machinery were brought into place for installation.
Even Blueprinting Methods Stop Being Copies of For-
eign Models, Learning Instead From Parallel
Intersecting Enterprises
Up to now, even the blueprinting methods have been mechanically im-
ported from abroad. Because of this, every step in the blueprinting pro-
cess had been sttcJm strongly adhered to, once the first step is not done,
the second step necessarily does not get implemented. Among the various
specialized departments, it is very strongly stressed that they should
not design things on their on when there is no models available and that
even should they be able to do so, they must wait while the procedures
found in foreign literature are never changed even though for a bit.
The blueprinting of the film base plant has been done in extreme
urgence, and that is why, the execution of the blueprint, manufacturing
and installation of equipment had to be done almost at the same time as
the blueprinting. The situation made it that it had to take advantage of
lm= the methods of parallel and intersecting enterprises.
As far as the various stages are concerned, they are prepared as
much in advance as possible , providing
the condtions necessary for the next stage. Since it is impossible to
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draw up preliminary blueprints for expansion without having a definite
construction site, five sites were investigated in a dash during a mere
period o f 20 days. Once the site has been decided upon, the questions
of blueprinting principles were made clear and the preliminary blue-
prints for expansion were worked out at top speed. With the completion
of the blueprints, work was immediately started on the execution charts
of the solvent tank and pumpx site that is not subject to many restric-
tions, without even waiting for the final decision on the expansion blue-
prints. The very day the zxp expansion blueprints were accepted, the
first execution charts were sent to the work site.
ON"
With regard to relations xi,various specialized fields, things
have been sped up because of the promotion of mu-
tual assistance and activeness, common discussions and immediate under-
taking. For instance, up to now everything used to be designed one after
another whether it is the processing method, ventilation or refrigera-
tion, taking over a month each. But now, right from the beginning things
x get executed while the discussions were taking place, which is why
bra the time the processing chart ',completed, the ventilation and refri-
geration plans would also be completed. Consequently, the blueprinting
process gnts got shortened to over half the time as compared with up till
now.
As far as relations between superior and inferior echelons are con-
cerned, promotion of JamkxiEx1 democracy in technical branches has been
stressed and should they be dealing with important questions, they would
call a "three combination" conference so as to study and solve these
questions together.
In relations with outside plants, they did not wait for the technical
materials gathered by the Construction Planning Department to circulate
and come around, they positively search for them by their own efforts.
In regard to the order xt of charts to be fulfilled, they made it a point
to meet the demands of processing and manufacturing as much as possible.
Thus, when the charts were handed Emm; over in a bunch, the processing
and manufacturing departments could zzqdat carry them out in a hurry.
Once they were through, they would be Imuctkoxxoxt handed the
next batch. And again, they would complete these. Thus, the blueprint-
ing, execution, manufacture and installation processes all advance one
another; whether the room is completed or not, the equipment would still
be installed, or the roof and flour are being worked on, the equipment
would still be installed in one corner, and thus from the beginning to
the end, the speed of construction has been improved quite a lot.
Remaining Blueprinting Deficiencies
The blueprinting of the film base plant was very successful, yet
it was not totally devoid of deficiencies and problems. The Shanghai
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Light Industry Blueprinting Institute has described these shortcomings
and A problems in the following manner:
Generally speaking, by comparison with the standard film base plant
of progressive foreign countries, the present plant does show a definite
lag behind* which is not in any way near catching up. The destruction
of restrictions that must be wiped out has not yet been done exhaustively
and in some points, in someplaces, there is still the phenomenon of im-
porting wholesale foreign models. For instance, the indicator of the
film-laying department represented a carbon copy of foreign standards
ann consequently had to be rectified three times to get fixed, represen-
ting so much duplication and waste. In depth and in the order of blue-
printing, there still remain troublesome procedures and thus 28 percent
of the process pipeline installation charts did not even get used. In-
vestigation and research sometimes are not adequate, the blueprinting
not in accordance with reality, and the execution of works at some spe-
-cialized departments careless, creating several problems. For instance,
the investigation of water sources was botched and thus there was not
enough water, the selection of the automatic controller did not corres-
pond with reality, mistakes and oversight within the blueprints themselves
were also by no means rare. Some blueprint criteria get overblown, and,
Id 5 a great deal of capital ?n investment can still be saved. For
instance, the capacity to treat river water can be many times more than
the actually needed level.
Bright Future for the Sensitized Materials Industry
Thus, the film base plant of the Shanghai Sensitized Film Workshop
is responsible for the equipment, manufacture, installation and even the
earth work as designed by the 2kxkNg Shanghai Light Industry Blueprinting
Institute, a branch of the Ministry of Light Industry, Forty-five plants
xtimg~m altogether from the departments of light
industry, machinery, electric machinery, survey, textile industry and
chemical industry manufacturedequipment and completed the expansion plant
in a short period of over a year on the basis of m assistance and coopera-
tion in every respect. In April 1964, the pt new plant started xxpmmbE
production on an experimental basis and the very first products
were used as movie film xks& in such pictures as "Young ImE Lu Pan" and
"Big Li, Small Li and Old Li" produced by the movie printing plants of
Peking and Shanghai and recognized to be of good quality c after assess-
ment by related units. Since mcbmd3ig officially starting production,
J5mqmtx the plant has continually produced transparent or light blue film
base which is then sent to various parts of China as photo film, movie
film or X-ray film.
In June 1965, as because some poor material xr was mixed in a supply
of Model 120 rollx film (Brownie size) produced by the Shanghai Sensi-
tized Film Workshop, the 50,000 rolls that were sent to Peking were. a.U
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t taken back, it was reported. As this is because there was finger-
print and traces of adhesive tape on the films, the plant has taken ad-
vantage of this to improve upon the packing of films, the processing
conditions, even the control which was applied to five rolls out of every
400 before is now reduced to five rolls out of every one hundred. The
Model 120 films produced by the Shanghai Sensitized Film Workshop are
shown on sale all over China and recently ttxxrw~ their quality has
improved thanks to this affair.
Besides this plant, the Kwangtung Kung-yuan Photographic Chemistry
Workshop in 1965 succeeded in producing on an experimental basis strong,
middle and 2 soft-tone films used in printing (Vmmm panchromatic and
orthochromatic) that used to be imported altogether. Also, recently
there have been produced everywhere in China printing paper for photo-
copying, which industry is being widely propagated. Thus the sensitized
materials industry of China seems to be developing with leaps and bounds
in the future. The people connected with the blueprinting of the film
base plant described mm above have for the most part been
post-1960 school graduates, and the workers who have grasped the produc-
tion techniques of film base are x on the average 25-year old youths
raised at the plant itself. This fact alone warrants a great deal of
expectations as to the future development of the branch.
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ILL-EGIB
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Packages of "Fei-t'ien-nu" printing paper.
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Film Baas Shop of the Shanghai Seeitive Film Plant, which was
constructed in 1959 and began operating formally in early 1960. Film
base for 35 mm film, 120 (brownie) film and sheet film is being processed
here.
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CHINA WAC 492A SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
an2hai Film Ft Processing 35mm and 120 film in film Base Shop,
25X1 L I
(25)
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ILLEGIB
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CHINA WAC 492A SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
Shan hai Film Ft . Processing 35mm and 120 film in Film Base Shop.
25X1
Confidential (25) CIA 1077259
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The Film Base .1b-op of the Shanghai " ensitive Film Plant was
constructed in 1959 and began operating formally in early 1960. It is
engaged in the prccessing of film base for 35 mm file, 120 (brownie) film
and sheet film. This photograph shows cane corner of this shop.
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CHINA WAC 492A SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
Shanghai Film Fty. "Shanghai" brand :35mm film.
Confidential (25)
25X1
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"Shanghai tl brand 35 mm film, a product of China.
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Next 9 Page(s) In Document Exempt
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BRIGHT OUTLOOK FOR TILE CHDIESE SENSITIZED
MATERIALS INDUSTRY dITII THE COMPLETION OF THE FIRST
FILM BASE PLANT
Source : Chugolku Sangyo Shashin Tsushin (Photos and Features on Chinese
.9 5, pp 1-9.
Industry , No 51, 1 September 3.965,-
:n 10 September 19611, the very first modern film base plant blue-
printed and sot up by China itself officially started operati?)ns. For
the' construction of this plant, over 110 plants of the various Ladustrial
branches of Shanghai have pooled their efforts to manufacture the equip-
ment, to fully promote the combined strength of three kinds of people:
the leading cadres, the technicians and the workers. Moreover, by carry-
ing out an exemplary revolution in blueprinting the construction of bases
that have been greatly expanded since last year, they have succeeded in
building a plant appropriate 3.-h to the cond.ithns of China, requiring
little capital and building space and yet of very fine quality. All as-
pects of the nniw construction have received a great deal of atten-
tion and thus, the new plant means a great deal in the development of the
sensitized materials industry of China. Hereunder, we would like to re-
view the present state of bmk'LmmbdWacs film production
in China as centered around the construction of this new plant.
Beginning of Film Manufacture After the
Great Leap Forward
Before Liberation, there was no sensitized materials industry in
China y:~hatsoever. Before the Great Leap Forward, in 1958, several small
plants producing photographic paper in Shanghai were pooled to make the
Shanghai sensitized film workshop. The = very first plant was located
at the former carbon paper plant was and had a worker population of 10U
only. To apply highly sensitive emulsion, the workers. improved upon the
equipment, iabricata.ng such instiuments as s-cainless tubs and cooling,
drying, and cutting equipment. Besides experimenting over and over with
xxdx? rudimentary equipment, they finally succeeded in manufacturing the
first "Shanghai mark". films. After this success, spanni g to"the end of
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1959, they kept on expanding the plant,., and continuously discovered many
automatic applicators for three years during, installing in the meantime
accessory equipment such as cooling equipment, ventilating equipment,
and boilers. Together with the irnprovernent of the equipment, the plant
also expanded the number of film varieties, battered their quality, sell-
ing them everywhere in China.
At the same time that the Shanghai sensitized film workshop was
erected, up to the end of 1959 in the whole of China there were built
more than ten sensitized materials plants. For instance, the Paoting
Film Manufacture Wrak Workshop mm started construction in July 1958,
and the first stage of con-
struction was completed in 1960. This workshop planned to produce an-
nually 330,000,000 meters of black-and-white PH.- I
s and color movie film, of X-ray film and of photographic film. xtx~tk
At the end of 1958, the Tientsin Camera ib=dcKk Workshop saw its renova-
tion works completed, planning to produce 2,400,000 square meters of
X-ray and other films during 1958.
National Production, A Necessity Forced Upon
China by the Stopping of the Import Kow
Thus, by 1959, though the Chinese had succeeded in producing color
films, they still had to rely on foreign import for the film bases. In
1960, the modern revisionists completely stopped i' providing movie
km film to China. Before that, some countries had offered to help
China construct a film base plant, but then they had broken their pro-
mises and recalled their specialists, cancelling their assistance pro-
graM
To remedy this situation of dependence upon foreign countries and
to supply China x e out of its otim efforts, the Chinese govern-
ment decided in the second part of 1962 to build a film base plant at the
Shanghai sensitized film workshop, charging the Shanghai Light industry
Blueprinting INxJjzt? Institute with the blueprinting of the plant.
Film base is a quite precise chemical industrial product, it must
be strong when stretched out and not break (Novio films = get projected
over 600 times each), it must be smooth (not more than 1/12 of 70 microns:
this is how small the differences in thickness can be allowed, that is
just by a hair breadth), itri.st be pmddqz: even. (there should not be a
whit of dust or air bubble). Besides all these charac-
teristics, it also requires a xx relatively high degree of production
processin and sophisticated auxiliary equipment since the sol-
vent is inflammable and poisonous. This makes it that in the "three new"
(now manufacture, new processing, and new equipment), the Chinese are
up to excessive difficulties owing to the fact that they do not have
the technical moans, the manpower needed and especially the experience
required.
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The situation, however, did not allow of any
hesitation. The blueprinters adopted and promoted a revolutionary spi-
rit, broke down many limits, got the cooperation of various branches
dealing with construction planning, manufacture, processing, installa-
tions, and scientific research: JWthey overcame the difficul-
ties one by one and completed the new plant in a splendid manner.
Comn_letion In A Little Over A Year
The time it took to blueprint the plant was exceedingly short: the
preliminary blueprint for expansion was completed in 68 days and the .
execution plan within six months. It took no more than one year and a
half to go from the determination of the plant site to the construction
of the whole plant, thx and even the production of manufactured goods
in accordance wither + specifications,
Up to J d= it used to take three years generally for the',con-
struction of something on a similar scale of investment as the pres-
ent plant to be completed, and of the three years one year and a ktxhxkd
half would have been needed for the blueprinting of the project.
This plant has to a certain degree been modernized, its production
operations mechanized, it is also equipped with devices for the preven-
tion of explosions and of dust as well as sh for keeping the same tem-
peraturo and degree of humidity within the plant (amounting to over 300
pieces of equipment altogether). Yet investment in capital construction
amounts to relatively little and the site available is n.)t so large ei-
ther. Production officially started in 1964 only, yet the quality of
the manufactured goods already reaches the level of foreign products,
or at least approaches that level. The arrangements made for the whole
construction hmandu= works have been made in a xxxX practical and
solid manner, leaving no problems xasxc~xae~xi xr or corrections to be
.made in regard to execution or installati)n of equipment. The construc-
tion planning department was also very happy Frith the blueprint. As for
the quality of the works, it has been given a certificate of excellence
by the State Control. Commission.
Breaking Away From Foreign Blueprints and imakixg
Blazing the Way for One's Own Conception
The Shanghai Light If Industry Blueprint Institute worked on the
trlxm rma~.t blueprint of the sensitized film plant for about
three times. The first two times were wholesale copying from foreign
blueprints, never surpassing the stage of preliminary blueprinting. In
2mmuckm the last xu rt blueprint, x .V.. axmdixtz lu they.
had to wrestle immediately with the question of working within the frame-
work of foreign models. Consequently, earnestly learning from experiences
contrary to the = correct ones found in foreign blueprints, they sue-
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ceeded in putting them to good use, refraining from putting blind faith
in the foreign blueprints, working from the realities of China and plot-
ting China's oti~m original road.
If one is to follow the foreign blueprints,, there must be "imposinrt?
entrances, wide pathways, green areas, and high-standard welfare facili-
ties, etc. But here, in following the maxim of building the country in
an economical manner and the directives from the leadership, they decided
not to do anythinU whatsoever that would be alien to the masses such as
a large main entrance to the plant, they also decided not to build anew
Jd= any administrative or x welfare facilities, improving and remodel-
ing instead in a practical and economical manner x the shrine
the simple warehouses, and the people's x dwellings
that already were there before to make thorn into the offices of the new
plantx,etc. Also as far as the stipulations regarding the prevention of
fire and explosions are= concerned, there are many among those set
up for foreign blueprints that do not agree with the xitamtJbm c nc:reto
conditions of China. Should one decide to follow them all, one would
need a groat deal of land. After studying the questions over and over,
the blueprinters dix finally discovered ways of doing in"agreement
with the conditions of the present site, economizing on the fire and ex-
plosion prevention expenses and saving also mz a great deal on a lot of
land. As a result, the arrangement of the whole film base plant went
very finely and rationally and by comparison with tlm works of the some
format as ~it~axx~xx~ required by foreign blue-
prints, it can do without a great deal. of land x while saving enormously
on the investment of capital.
In the film base plant, there are processing departi:rontx for nitro-
cellulose and film-laying materials. If we c;Tere to go b-. foreign blue-
print stipulations, tJrax this processing roost ,sou}_d have to be maintained
at a room temperature of R 26-2800 during the sum:ter. This require-
ment is determined, however, on the basis of foreign zxxDud= tempera-
tures. Shanghai's summer temperatures boin; much .Tither than those of
foreign countries, one would have to install a reat deal of rcfriera-
tion equipment if one were to mechanically introduce this stiprtl.ation.
The blueprinters consequently based themselves on the concrete conditions
of Shanghai to draw up the blueprint and while keeping to the principle
of guaranteeing the quality of manufactured products, they rationally
improved upon the stipulation. As a result, they succeed in doi",.gg array
with a great deal of refrigeration equipment and installations.
During the production process, then is also required the use of
a three-level piston corrosion pump--this is according to foreign data--
but then, this pu:.rp is too bulky and heavy, requiring a great deal of
wood, of complicated xxd construction, of high costs and besides,
nimzt not very easy to manipulate. The blueprinter x, ? went to
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work for nearly a month in the plant and together with the workers, the,,
experimented fourteen times to gather 169 data, -,,I13.n aided fib;; * ni ile . chine factories, they finally succeeded in blueprinting; and :nanufactu.ring
on an experimental basis a new format of punp. This new pump proves to
be superior to the three-level piston corrosion pump whilo itp weight is
h5 percent lighter, allow=ng an economy of 46 percent on the electric
power needed. The cost of manufacture of one such pump only comes to
one sixth of the three-level one.
Learning From the Realities of Production and From
Scientific Experiments
To solve a whole series of technical difficulties in the equipment
and blueprinting, the ft following four methods have been followed:
First, to use the results of experiments at the Shanghai 9enpitized
Filin Workshop in the last few years.
Second, to perform scientific experiments with the h. help of
fifteen plants and scientific research units.
Third, to send blueprinters to related T-orksites and investigate
their equipment.
!.Fourth, za to use technical data from both within and wi-th;iut the
country, compare them and analyze them to find out one Is nun way- of draft-
ing the blueprint.
In ' theproeoss of setting up the blueprint, the blueprinters have
carried out relatively extensive investigations and research, experi-
ments and surveys, mobilizing altogether 451 persons,, mak:ink inqui s
to 303 persons in 159 units, collecting and rectifying '13 volumes of
data. Moreover, with the close assistance of fifteen plants and
scientific research units, they wrestled with seven key points, _ne.r-
formed 22 experiments, determined 30 parameters regard ng the venti
lation of the film-laying process, the temperature level and preceure,,
etc. They also solved a series of complicated probloms such as air-
conditioning, the prevention of dust, the supply of nitrogen, and the
protection against explosions.
Thus, of the 300-odd pieces of equipment found. in the 1ant, except
for an imported piece that lies unused in the warehouse, everything is
made in China. a?x Altogether there are 55 kinds of special use
equipment designed by the Shanghai Light Industry Blueprinting Institute
accounting fx for 122 pieces of equipment found in the plant.
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Solution of Many Difficulties Through Investigations
and Research
At the plant there are framed accelerated pressure filters that are
generally made out of stainless steel in foreign countries, but then stain-
less steel is not only hard to get in China, it also costs a great deal.
After investigation, the blueprinters did not think that one nocessarily
had to use stainless steel, consequently they thought of finding a new material.
bonu[d to replace the stainless stool. Together with the Shanghai
City Light Industry Scientific Research Office they worked
for over a month and overcame various difficulties.,
experimenting with tens of anti-rust metallic materials. m?
They finally succeeded with the help of the Shangnai Casting ,es+irch
Office with the use of an. xt5m aluminium alloy. By the time this alumi-
nium alloy framed accelerated pressure filter was designed and iianu.fac-
tured, it was found to be superb during the experimental stage.
In the production of film base, there is a stage where acetic acid
fibers are pretreated. According to foreign blueprints, this process
would involve breaking by hand and drying in the drying room, requiring
the workers to work intensely and yet giving only a poor efficiency.
The blueprinters consequently decided to build a new egiipment and reno-.
vate the processing method used up to now. They decided to learn from
everywhere, jmDpdbd3q making inquiries to nine plants, surveying 20 tech-
nical data, collecting charts and involving 25 persons struggling for
18 days to finally succeed in the design of on acetic fiber breaking and
drying combine, mechanizing the hand process.
At the film-laying department in the main building of the plant,
the precipitation discrepancy is n9t supposed to surpass
two centimeters, there is supposed to be no cracks. But the geologic-tl
makeup of the Jolu= plant site is extremely bad and several buildings
newly constructed on this site all k.,got cracked. Thus, capital con-
struction in this case represents a technical difficulty by itself. The
blueprinters therefore looked around, made inquiries, asked for
advice, investigated and discussed the questions, they carried out'on-
the-spot investigations, in 3ocul visited with nine units, investi-
gated 12 buildings, investigated about the geological makeup and the
design data to find out clearly about, the reasors for the cracks. Finally
after taking various measures, they solved the problems.
Manufacturing Equipment Before Schedule by Three
Kinds of Combinations With Wide Assistance
Many a piece of equipment of the film base plant have been manufac-
tured at the Shanghai Ta-ming Iron Workshop. This plant having been a
the combined facilities of two
small handicraft cooperatilves, one dealing with electrict welding and
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the other with metalworics, the workers xt there number only 200 persons
with xm no modern machinery or building at their disposal. These workers,
however, operate with small machines to manufacture much larger parts
by the method of laboriously proceeding little by little xm in case
there is no large machines available. In the manufacture of two-layer
p?pixkpia heat exchange pipes, for instance, the large-size steel pipes
are supposed to be bent into U shapes without folding creases or bumps,
which is something impossible according to foreign literature. Nonethe-
less, the leadership of the plant, the technicians and workers wrestled
with the problem of manufacturing than without the benefit of pipe bending
machines and finally found a method. It is this small plant that provided
the film base plant with 80 percent of its needed equipment, producing
everything in accordance with specifications and in time.
45 plants in Shanghai 1 manufactured equipment for the
film base plant but on some comp31catod machines, nine plants have cooperated
to manufacture them. To supply the machinery ?xxttxxX according to plan,
these plants have 71 1 formed an "assembly line." i= Once mccme part
thing is completed by one p lant, it is immediately sent to the next. The
Second Textile Machine Workshop which undertook JJ=. to cotrDlete the final
assembly to start production as fast as possible, the jobs have been exe-
cuted in the most urgent manner at the other plants. The workers worked
overtime and ?nct so, on New Year's Eve., 1963 the various kinds of
machinery were brought into place for installation.
Even Blueprinting Methods Stop Being Copies of For-
eign Models, Learning Instead From Parallel
Intersecting Enterprises
Up to now, even the blueprinting methods have been mechanically im-
ported from abroad. Because of this, every step in the blueprinting pro-
cess had been zttnkm strongly adhered to, once the first step is not done,
tho second stop necessarily does not get im.iplemented. Among the various
specialized departments, it is very strongly stressed that they should
not design things on their own when there is no models available and that
even should they be able to do so, they must wait while the procedures
found in foreign literature are never changed even though for a bit.
The blueprinting of the film base plant has been done in extremo
urgence, and that is why, the execution of the blueprint,. manufacturing
and installation of equipment had to be done almost at the same time as
.the blueprinting. The situation made it that it had to take advantage of
pxx= the methods of parallel and intersecting enterprises.
As far as the various stages are. concerned, they are prepared as
much in advance as possible providing
the condlions necessary for the next stage. Since it is inpossible to
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draw up preliminary blueprints for expansion without having a definite
construction site, five sites were investigated. in r dash during a more
period of 20 days. Once the site has been decided upon, the questions
of blueprinting principles wore made clear and the preliminary blue-
prints for expansion were worked out at top speed. With the completion
of the blueprints, work was immediately started on the execution charts
of the solvent tank and pumpz site, that is not subject to many restric-
tions, without oven waiting for the final decision on the, expansion blue-
prints. The very day the zxp expansion blueprints wore accepted, tic
first execution charts were sent to the work site.
With regard to relations Wis. various specialized fields, things
have been sped up because of .mrb the promotion of mu-
tual assistance and activeness, com:lon discussions and immediate under-
taking.. For instance, up to now everything used to be designed one after
another whether it is the processing method, ventilation or refrigera-
tion, taking over a month each. But now, right from the beginning things
get executed while the discussions were taking place, which is why
bk the time the processing chart ? completed, the ventilation and refri
geration plans would also be completed. Consequently, the blueprinting
process gotx got shortened to over half the time as compared with up till
now.
As far as relations between superior and inferior echelons are con-
cerned, promotion of Jamindm-nt democracy in technical branches" has been
stressed and should they be dealing with important questions, they w:)uld
call a "three combination" conference so as to study and solve these
questions together.
In relations with outside plants, they did not wait for the technical
materials gathered by the Construction Planning Department to circulate
and come arou.s-nd, they s positively search for them by their o M. efforts.
In regard to the order ut of charts to be fulfilled, they made it a point
to meet the demands of processing and manufacturing as much as possible.
Thus, when the charts were handed over in a bunc"h,, the processing
and manufacturing departuurents could zmqft!st carry' -ahem out in a hurry.
Once they were through, they would be Aid=xtuhanded the
next batch. And again, they would complete these. Thus, the blueprint-
ing, execution, manufacture and installation processes all advance one
another; whether the room is completed or riot, the equipment would still
be installed, or the roof and floor are being worked on, the equipment
would still be installed In one corner, and thus from the begin=d.ng to
the end, the speed of construct:i.:n has been improved quite a Tot.
Remaining Blueprinting Deficiencies
The blueprinting of the film base plant was vary successful, yet
it was not totally devoid of deficiencies and problems. The Shanghai
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Light Industry Blueprinting Institute has described these shortcomings
and 9 problems in the following manner:
Generally speaking, by comparison with the stendard film base. plant
of progressive foreign countries, the present plant crow show a definite
lag behind. which is not in any v ray near catching up. The destruction
of restrictions that must be wiped out has not yet been done exhaustively
and in some points, in sonoplaces, there is still the phenomenon of in-
porting wholesale foreign models. For instance, the indicator of the
film-laying department represented a carbon copy of foreign standards
an' consequently had to be rectified three times to ge?t fixed, re_] 'esen-
ting so much duplication and waste. In depth and in the order of blue-
printing., there still remain troublesome procedures a,nd thus 28 r6rcent
of the process pipeline installation charts did not even ;et used. I+-.n-
vestigation and research sometimes are not adequate, the blueprinting'
not in accordance with reality, and the execution of works at some s-p?e?-
uialized departments careless, creating several_ robi For ir:Stanc ,
the investigation of water sources was botched ;.rid thus fifer was not
enough water, the selection of the automatic c~ahtrollor dial not cores--
pond with reality, mistakes and oversight :rit'a r: the blueprints themselves
were also by no means rare. Some blueprint criteria get overblown, and a great deal of capital an? investment can still be saved. For
instance, the capacity to treat river water can be many times more than
the actually needed level.
Bright Future for the Sensitized Materials Industry
Thus,, the film base plant of the Shanghai Sensitized Film Workshop
is responsible for the equipment, manufacture, installation and even the
earth work as designed by the Skxtxg Shanghai Light Industry Blueprinting
Institute, a branch of the Ministry of Light Industry, Forty-five plants
altogether from the departments oflight
industry, machinery, electric machinery, surrey, textile industry and
chemical industry manufacturodequipment and completed the expansion plant
in a short period of over a year on the basis of x assistance and coopera-
tion in every respect. In April 196)_G, the t new plant started MqmxkA
xmcta? production on an experimental basis and the very first products
were used as movie film rimck in. such pictures as "Young Lu Pan" and
"Big Li, Small Li and Old Li" produced bthe movie printing plants of
Peking and Shanghai and recognized to be of food. quality after assess-
ment by related units. Since wag officially starting production,
tharAx the plant has continually produced transparent or .light blue film
base which is then sent to various parts of C,iiiia as .t iroto film, movie
film or X-ray film.
In June 1965, sz because some poor material xr was mixed in a sup->Iy
of Model 120 rolls film (Brownie size) produced by t he Shan hai Sonsi-
tized Film Workshop, the 50,000 rolls that wore sent to Peking were ;ant
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m taken back, it was reported. As this is because there was finger-
print and traces of adhesive tape on the films, the plant has taken ad-
vantage of this to improve upon the packing of films, the processing
conditions, even the control which was applied to five rolls out of every
)00 before is now reduced to five rolls out of every one hundred. The
Model 120 films produced by the Shanghai Sensitized Film Norkshop are
shown on sale all over China and recently their quality has
improved thanks to this affair.
Besides this plant, the Kwangtung Kung-yuan Photographic Chemistry
Workshop in 1965 succeeded in producing on an experimental basis strong,
middle and xml:e soft-tone films used in printing (Vmu= panchromatic and
orthochromatic) that used to be imported altogether. Also, recently
there have been produced everywhere in China printing paper for photo-
copying, which industry is being widely propagated. Thus the sensitized
materials industry of China seems to be developing with leaps and bounds
in the future. The people connected with the blueprinting of the film
base plant described axn above have for the most part been
post-1960 school graduates, and the workers who have grasped the produc-
tion techniques of film base area on the average 25-year old youths
raised at the plant itself. This fact alone warrants a great deal of
expectations as to the future development of tree branch.
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ILLEGIB
ILLEGIB
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i
250-HP fishing -os constructed by the shanghai Ch'iu-hsit
shipyard. These -'' were constructed exclusively for the `S'hanghai
Fishermen's Commune and the Ch'uan-shah Ch'un`tao Fishcprm.en's Cu rune.
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CHINA WAC 492A SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
Chiu-hsin Shpyd, 250-hp fishing boats for us;in Shan hai Fishermen's
and Chun-tao Fishermen's Communes.
Confidential (2 CIA 990532
25X1
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wZ
U F ~
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7 =
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
PHOTOGRAPH FILES
d p
MOUNTED PHOTOGRAPHS ARE
NOT TO BE REMOVED FROM THE FILE
COPIES WILL BE FURNISHED FOR LOA
OR RETENTION UPON REQUEST,
USERS MUST
OBSERVE SECURITY CLASSIFICATIOI
OF EACH PHOTOGRAPH AND ARE FURTHE
CAUTIONED THAT MANY ARE COPYRIGHTE
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CHINA WAC 492A (KIANGSU) SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
250 hp trawlers built by Shanghai Shipyard. Ching Chi Tao Pao, No. 864,
4/13/64.
Official Use Only (25,30) CIA 990532
UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION
I S FORBIDDEN
GR AP H I C S S REGI STERI pRroved For
~+
FORM NO.
??
I SEP 55 788
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ILLEGIB
ILLEGIB
ILLEGIB
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New type ocean-going aquatic prcducts research and investigation
boat ('Tung-hai Hao) constructed by the Fhanghai Ch'iu-hsin Shipyard
in '_a-ay 1964.
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/ UCJ
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Ice conveyor bridge at the port of Yen-t'ai in Shantung Province.
Outgoing fishing load ice at this port. The port of Yen-Val has
developed markedly as a fishing base these past several years. The number
of fishing veep using this port as their operational base has increased
eightfold since the early post-liberation period.
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CHINA WAC 381C (SHANTUNG) YEN-TAI 37 32 N 121 24 E
Ice-transport bridge built by Marine Products Co. to deliver ice to
trawlers directly from United Ice Plant. Kung Jen Jih Pao, 6/21/64,
Official Use Only (28,29) CIA 1004090
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 wN
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MOUNTED PHOTOGRAPHS ARE
NOT TO BE REMOVED FROM THE FILE
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OF EACH PHOTOGRAPH AND ARE FURTH
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CHINA WAC 381C (SHANTUNG) YEN-TAI 37 32 N 121 24 E
Ice-transport bridge built by Marine Products Co. to deliver ice to
trawlers directly from United Ice Plant. Kung Jen Jih Pao, 6/21/64.
Official Use Only (28,29) CIA 1004090
5 FORRI DoE , pproved For Re ease
GRAPHICS REGISTER/OCR
FORM NO. 7Op II
I SEP 55 v0
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Fishing nets being machine-knitted at the Shanghai Wang-chu Manufacturing
Plant. In step with the developments in ocean fisheries, this plant converted
several years ago from hand-knitting to machine-knitting. This electric
knitting machine is also a product of China.
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CHINA WAC 492A SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
Wang-chu Mfg plt. Fish net knitting machine.
Confidential (25)
25X1
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One seFAent of the fishing port of Shanghai. With huge state
investments the Shanghai Ocean Fisheries Company has enlarged its docks,
added new fishing Via, and incresa:ed its fish processing capabilities
and its fish net manufacturing capabilities.
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CHINA WAC 492A SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28 E
Shan i Ocean Fishery Co, whfs on lower Huang-pu R.
Con i ential (30)
25X1
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dt-~ 4L-I-
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Supersonic fish detector installed aboard the "Tung-hai Mao."
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CHINA SHANGHAI 31 14 N 121 28E (4w11C ~~2A)
Supersonic fish detector on TUNG-HAI Hao fish research vessel.
25X1
Con i entia
(23,30) CIA 1077262
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CHINA WAC 381C YEN-TAI 37 32 N 121 24 E
25X1 Unloading Scabbard fish.
Confidential ,
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Scabbard fish unloaded from the fishing s at the port
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A fishing port and fishermen of Ch'uan-sh*n Chun-tao in Chekiang
Province, proiinent fishing grounds in China.
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 O~fl
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TECHNICAL PROGRESS IN CHINESE OFFSHORE FISHING
In 1936, the total amount of marine products produced E in China
for the calendar year was 1,500,000 tons. With 490,000 tons for 19119,
910,000 tons for 1950, 1,330,000 tons for 1951, 1,720,000 tons for
1952, ixR2 1,899,000 tons for 1953, 3,100,000 tons for 1957,
4,060,000 tons for 1958, and 5,020,000 tons for 1959, the industry has
made Jmtg gigantic advances after Liberation, it is now catching up with
the world's first producer in this field, Japan, showing capabilities
for surpassing Japan xxmm even. In April 1960, at the National Congress
of People's Representatives, THsu Teh-heng, Minister imncft-
. Fisheries, set forth the aim of 5,800,000 tons for 1960
but thereafter, as in the case of other x39 branches, the ac-
tual figure of national production in the field of fisheries rajogoda-
iikk has not yet been published, making it unclear whether the
proclaimed objective was reached or not--this also goes for the actual
achievementsi in production after that date.
Around 1960, China was visited for three continuous years with great
natural calamities that on the whole caused stagnation of the national
economy. The fisheries branch was also adversely influenced,. as it saw
the phenomenon of not having enough fishing instruments and others, thus
causing quite a stagnation. Starting from around 1963, the branch once
again started to show a tendency to progress and now it seems to have
entered a stage of rapid progress and activity even on such points as
the amount of fishes collected and technical equipment
starting with fishing boats and nets.
Unlike Japan, on the huge Continental China where abound large and
small rivers and lakes, freshwater fishing occupies an important place in
the Jadx fishing industry, accounting in 1959 for 115.6 percent of the
total fisheries production as compared to 54.1 percent produced by deep
sea fishing. Various marine cultures were also produced to the rate of
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45 percent in inland waters as compared to 55 percent produced by the
seas. Here we would like to investigate into the recent conditions re-
garding various points of technical progress achieved by the Chinese
offshore fishing industry that are of deep interest to the Japanese
fisheries world.
Fine Fishing In 1965
Offshore fishing in China this year (1965) from the spring to the
summer has been very fine.
According to a release of the New China News Agency dated 3 May 1965
from Peking, the amount of marine products taken in soon after the spring
fishing period by the fishermen of Hainan Island and of Chan-chiang
Special Zone which constitute the southernmost fishing zone of China has
every time been from 10 to 30 percent larger than the amount taken in the
year before for the same period. At the Min-tung fishing ground # in
Eastern Fukien, the amount of fish takings up to the middle of April 1965
was )43 percent higher than that taken in during the same period fa in
1964. Even crab fishing in Hopeh during the spring has proved to be out-
standing for the recent past and in Hwang-hwa Hsien the amount of crabs
caught in a mere period of ten days came to almost double the amount
caught during the fishin xmm periods of all of 1964. In the Liaoning-
Tantung (formerly Antung) area which forms the xffst= northernmost off-
shore fishing area of China, the catch taken in from the middle
of March to the middle of April came to three times that caught tJq for
Jdmxxxkm the same period in 1964. Besides, on many fishing gxmubm
grounds in Chekiang and Shantung, etc. the differences between this year
and last year's catches have all been xJm at about the same level.
The summer catches also proved to be unprecedented large catches
for recent years. According to a New China News Agency report ix dated
4 August 1965 from JUmqpd= Hangchow, the various kinds of fishes caught
during the summer fishing period at the Chou-shan fishing ground totalled
115,000 tons, of which "fusei" accounted for over 35,000 tons, a larger
figure than the total "fusei" catch for three years between 1961 and 1963.
A New Nethod of Hauling Fishes: the "Counter-Current Double
Operation"
The above rich catches have been owed to various conditions such as
the satisfactory weather conditions of the fishing excursionsx,, and
the improvement of the technical equipment of the Chinese fishing boats,
etc., but the most special feature has been the stabilization and improve-
ment of the hauling level due to a revolution in fishing methods.
This can be seen as a general pattern at the Chou-shan fishing ground
and others.
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This revolution in hauling methods is a combination of two kinds of
operations, counter-current netting and current netting, called "Counter-
current double operation."" The development of fishing boats at the Chou-
shan fishing ground from the old junks to motor-powered sailing boats
has also Mm=m progressed rapidly in the last few years, at present
half of the fishermen in the whole area are in a position to fish xJdd;k
with motor-powered sailing boats. Up to now even these motor-powered
sailing boats have hauled but with the counter-current net. This fishing
method has been conceived for the hauling of large zkmEtz shoals of fishes
such as large and small gold fishes, cuttlefishes and scabbard fishes,
that form during the active period but as for those fishes that live
scattered or underwater, or again only in the upper layers, those that
have a high economic value such as the Aliohaelangata, pomfrets, and
Scomberomarus niphonius, that method has no value. This is why the Chou-
s an fishing grounT-Egbdm remained at a backward level, unable to raise
the hauling level to a stabilized one during the year.
Consequently, in order to sound out the path to increased production
throughout the year, in the last few years people at various localities
have groped for a now method and
as a result of constant practice they found out a new method called ""coun-
ter-current double operation." This method consists of surrounding the
shoals by dragging nets on two flanks when you encounter xkw~dm dense
shoals, and of gill net fishing when you meet with scattered fishes. In
Chou-shan, at the time of experimentation ti -ith and propagation of
this new method, the leading cadres in the field of fishing from the
special zone, from the hsien and from various main pmopimik people Is
communes or production brigades went deep into the locality, learn this
rah method that was invented out of the combined effort of the local lead-
ing cadres, izhx technicians and commune members and
by experimenting with it, they succeeded in
completing and improving upon the method,, expanding this activity of mass
technical exchange to a large-scale. By either inviting = people from
or sending them to or helping them in various communes and production bri-
gades, they mauppmat energetically propagated this method. At various
communes and production brigades, people have also on a basis of self-
help improved upon the netting implements xxd while the materials supply
department endeavored to supply large volumes of nylon netting and plastic
buoys.
The cost of current netting is cheap, its manipulation technique
mmg simple and easy to learn, requiring little labor while catching a
great deal of fishes of high economic value. Whevever this method
is propagated to, the income in fishing increases considerably. This is
why the production brigades which newly m4m adopted this method in 1965
mlim come to over 700 and the units that went out fishing during the lat-
ter part of the summer fishing period and those that planned to go out
during the fall fishing season came to over 1000, representing an extra-
ordinary increase as compared to 1960.
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The State-Run Fishing Companies, the Kernel of the Modern-
ized Fisheries
The above revolution in hauling methods is truly remarkable as an
indication of the progress of the Chinese fishing industry but it is some-
thing that cannot be separated from the modernization process that has
been going on rapidly within the Chinese fishing industry during recent
years.
Before Liberation, practically all the tmdm fishing boats in China
were junks (wind-powered sail boats) that were under the extreme influ-
ence of the weather and the fishing areas were limited to rivers or lakes
or along the coasts. After the Liberation, however, the Chinese fishing
industry adopted new methods while carrying on a program of semi- and full
mechanization at the same time, it has proceeded to a revolution in the
techniques and especially since 1958, with the rapid increase in the
amount of motor-powered sailing vessels that got used in the industry,
the Chinese fishing industry has greatly changed its guise.
First, the state-run fishing companies became the nucleus of a large-
scale fishing production thanks to mechanization. At the time of the
Liberation, all there were were three such companies in Shanghai, Luta
and gskixg Tsingtao while there was mdzT not a plant specialized in the
xw, manufacture or repair of fishing vessels. At present, however, there
are large state-run fishing companies in Luta, Yent'ai, Tsingtao, Shang-
hai, Choushan and Nanhai. Besides, in the majority of the provinces
along the coasts, there have been set up relatively small-scale fishing
companies. As for manufacturing yards for fishing
boats, they have started to be built during the first Five-Year Plan from
1953 to 1958 while the number of fishing boats built and designed on a
self-help basis have increased year after year wabcyJm. The state-run
fishing companies in Luta, Yent'ai, Tsingtao, Shanghai, Choushan and Nan-
hai, etc. have xt? done all their fishing using modern motorized fishing
vessels.
Parallel with the development of the Chinese fishing industry, there
have been set up modern i?skixg consolidated fishing enterprises in sev-
eral main fishing production bases along the coast of China. In Shanghai,
Tsingtao, Yenttai, and Luta, etc. the harbor and bay facilities have all
been expanded, not only with the construction of fishing shipyards, but
also with the construction of modern marine product processing plants,
refrigeration plants and warehouses. Sx=k Such plants as the xtainx
State-run Yent'ai Fishing Company Consolidated Processing Plant which
started operations in 1960 have had all their equipment designed
and manufactured in China itself, from the freezing, ice-maki ?g and
storing equipment to the general usage facilities. The cold storage
capacity of the plant is equivalent at xt any one time to over 200 full
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shipments of fishes and lobster, or to over 3000 cold storage trucks.
Thanks to the existence of such modern fishing consolidated enterprises,
the various kinds of hauled-in marine products undergo a mech-
anized production process to become canned fish, frozen fish, frozen
lobster,t powdered and seasoned fish, etc. Some might further be
processed to become medicine or industrial raw materials. The ice pro-
duced at the ice manufacturing plant automatically gets transported onto
the fishing boats and piled up immediately to servo in cold storage
on the seas.
From the Junks to the Motor*Powered Sailing Boats
Besides these modern fishing companies, the fishing industry done
by the people's communes along the coasts also registered rapid progress.
The most outstanding expression of this progress can be seen in the txmax
fmw 11 replacement of junks by motor-powered sailing boats: In the
Choushan archipelago, there were only 76 motorized sailing boats but this
figure j3agdami jumped to over 1200 in 1963, at present accounting for 40
percent of the total haul in the area. In Chu-hai hsien of Kwangtung
Province, for instance, the haul taken in by motorized sailing boats du-
ring the first half of 1964 even accounted for 98 percent of the total
haul of the hsien. At present in the 150-odd hsien and town along the
coast, every place has at a number of motorized sailing boats
in operation.
Recently, these boats are for the imst part equipped with nylon fish-
ing nets. The manufacture of nylon fishing nets in 196)4 in the area of
Luta (Liaoning Province) showed a jump of about six times the level of
the year before, this year (1965) the volume has expanded to over 40,000
pieces of synthetic fiber net for the whole province of Liaoning. In
the province of Fukien also, there have been manufactured 40,000 pieces
of running gill nets during 1965 while in the province of Kwangtung, the
special zone of Shantou alone produced over 1000 seines and over 2000
gill nets during 1965.
Modern Equipment Such as Shoal Detecting Devices and
Others
Moreover, equipment such as fish-shoal detecting devices, oil-pres-
sure net lifting devices, electric net-weaving machines, marine product
processing machines, etc. have all been produced internally and xtxJ;x
started to be furnished to various units. The fish-shoal detecting de-
vices are based on the principle of ultra-sonic waves. After having
been laboriously worked out by the production departments of the Shang-
hai Ocean Telecommunication Machinery Workshop and the Chungyuan Electric
Machines Workshop, they have been successfully produced on an experi-
mental basis, experimenting with various models. Of these detecting
devices, some which are from 250 horse power to 4dffix 500 ium horse-
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power are used on the medium and large-size fishing boats xxcbc
xtkmm while others, smaller, are used on the motorized sailing boats
belonging to fishing production brigades in the people's communes: they
have all been successfully produced on an experimental basis by 1963
and starting from 196L, they have been used in actual fishing produc-
tion, thus promoting their great power in enabling the hauling of huge
amount of fishes and others.
Besides, as far as JJ= special models are concerned, we have the
whaling boat "Yuan-lung-hao" and the new model of oceanogra ?hic research
and investigation boat, the "Tung-hai-hao" Irt ;n constructed
by the Shanghai ChTiu-hsin Shipyard, which are active ixxm?ft on off-
shore fishing grounds.
The whaling boat "Yuan-lung-hao" is a small-size whaling boat of
1200 horse-power built in 1963 and meant especially for hauling the
rich xhx resources in whales along the Chinese sea-coast: this model has
come into operation in the Yellow Sea and on the Eastern China Sea.
The oceanographic investigation boat "Tung-hai-hao" was built in
May 1964 and transferred to the department that uses it. On the boat
there are four investigation and research rooms dealing with planktons,
with the life, the physics and the chemistry of fishes. It is also
equipped with various kinds of special experimental devices. This boat
has been dispatched to the Choushan fishing ground from July 1964 with
first the mission of collecting data regarding the growth, distri-
bution, excursions habits of the fish shoals around the Choushan fishing
ground.
Since 1961, the kKknm Talien Diesel Engine N/orkshop has officially
started the production of small-size Diesel engines for use on fishing
boats ss2 which have started being supplied to the
fishermen: this is an indication how technically advanced the Chinese
fishing industry has become.
These specially designed Diesel engines for use on 229 20 horse-
power boats fthdl Model 2 to 10, after having been used by the fishermen
of the two areas of Choushan and Luta for a period of one year on an
experimental basis, have got to be officially produced. These engines
are of small size, they are light, they are easily started and of rela-
tively easy manipulation, at the same time they do not vibrate too
much, require an economical amount of oil to run, and they are fit for
inuum use on small-size fishing boats. When installed on a 15-ton gauge
fishing sail boat with the accompanying gears, they can run 7-8
nautical miles per hour in regular weather, and 4-5 nautical miles when
1xMdMbc the boat is loaded. Should an electric starter be added to the
Diesel machine, the i3mEc-res engine can be started fast even in emer-
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gency situations in times of rain and storm or in a temperature of less
than 10?C. Should a belt carriage and a small generator be added to the
Diesel engine, the generating power can be made to move the net rolling
machine and to provide tigkixta lighting for use at night.
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 Approved For Release 2004/,03/26: CIA-RDP7
BRIGHT OUTLOOK FOR THE CHINESE SENSITIZED
MATERIALS INDUSTRY ir1ITH THE CO~;PLETII.)N OF THE FIRST
FILM BASE PLANT
Source: Chugoku Sangyo Shashin Tsushin (Photos and Features on Chinese
Industry), No 1, 1 September 19 5, pp 1-9.
On 10 September 19611, the very first modern film base plant blue-
printed and set up by China itself officially started operati,)ns. For
the construction of this plant, over 40 plants of the various industrial
branches of Shanghai have pooled their efforts to manufacture the equip-
ment, to fully promote the combined strength of three kinds of people :
the leading cadres, the technicians and the workers. Moreover, by carry-
ing out an exemplary revolution in blueprinting the construction of bases
that have been greatly expanded since last year, they have succeeded in
building a plant appropriate iw to the condithns of China, requiring
little capital and building space and yet of very fine quality. All as-
pects of the construction have received a great deal of atten-
tion and thus, the new plant means a great deal in the development of the
sensitized materials industry of China. Hereunder, we would like to re-
.view the present state offilm production
in China as centered around the construction of this new plant.
Beginning of Film Manufacture After the
Great Leap Forward
Before Liberation, there was no sensitized materials industry in
China whatsoever. Before the Great Leap Forward, in 1958, several small
plants producing photographic paper in Shanghai were pooled to make the
Shanghai sensitized film workshop. The uea? very first plant was located.
"it .the former carbon paper plant was and had a woricer population of 100
only. To apply highly sensitive emulsion, the workers unproved upon the
equipment, fabricating such instvi menns as si:ain_i_ess tubs and cooling,
drying, and cutting equipment. Besides experimenting over and over with
xmix rudimentary equipment, they finally succeeded in manufacturing the-
first "Shanghai mark" films. After this success, spanning.-to-the end of
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1959, they kept on expanding the plant,, and continuously discovered many
automatic applicators for three years during, installing in the meantime
accessory equipment such as cooling equipment, ventilating equipment,
and boilers. Together with the improvement of the equipment,-the plant
also expanded the number of film varieties, bettered their quality, sell-
ing them everywhere in China.
. At the same time that the Shanghai sensitized film workshop was
erected, up to the and of 1959 in the whole of China there were built
more than ten sensitized materials plants. For instance, the Paoting
Film Manufacture .k Workshop mss started construction in July 1958,
and the first stage of con-
struction was completed in 1960. This workshop planned to produce an-
nually 330, 000, 000 meters of black-and-white
x and color movie film, of X-ray film and of photographic film.
At the and of 1958, the Tientsin Camera KmAxh Workshop saw its renova-
tion works completed, planning to produce 2,1.00,000 square moteisof
X-ray and other films during 1958.
National Production, A Necessity Forced Upon
China by the Stopping of the Import Flow
Thus, by 1959, though the Chinese had succeeded in producing color
films, they still had to rely on foreign import for the film bases. In
1960, the modern revisionists completely stopped W providing movie
im film to China. Before that, some countries had offered to help
China construct a film base plant, but then they had broken their pro-
mises and recalled their specialists, cancelling their assistance pro-
gram
To remedythis situation of dependence upon foreign countries and
to supply China m i out of its otim efforts, the Chinese govern-
ment decided in the second part of 1962 to build a film base plant at the
Shanghai sensitized film workshop, charging the Shanghai Light Industry
Blueprinting KKU? Institute with the blueprinting of the. plant.
Film base is a quite precise chemical industrial product, it must
be strong when stretched out and not break (Movie films sr got projected,'
over 600 times each), it must be smooth (not more than 1/12 of 70 microns:
this is how small the differences in thickness can be allowed, that is
just by a hair breadth), itr.nst be prattg even (there should not be a
whit of dust or air bubble). Besides all those awn , charac-
teristics, it also requires a nsx relatively high degree of production
processin and sophisticated auxiliary agyNx equipment since the sol-
vent is inflammable and poisonous. This makes it that in the"three new"
(new manufacture, new processing, and new equipment), the Chinese are
up to excessive difficulties owing to the fact that they do not have
the technical means the manpower needed and especially the experience
required.
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The situation, however, did not allow of any
hesitation. The blueprintors adopted and promoted a revolutionary spi-
rit, broke down many limits, got the cooperation of various branches
dealing with construction planning, manufacture, processing, installa-
tions, and scientific research: ?r they overcame the difficul-
ties one by one and completed the new plant in a splendid manner.
Completion In A Little Over A Year
The time it took to blueprint the plant was exceedingly short: the
preliminary blueprint for expansion was completed in 68 days and the
execution plan within six months. It took no more than one year and n
half to go from the determination of the plant site to the construction
of the whole plant, tka and. even the production of raanufactured.goods
in accordance with to specifications, Aram
Up to now, it used to take three years generally for the Con-
struction of something on a similar mm scale of investment as the pres-
ent plant to be completed, and of the thre:3 years one year and a 3 f
half would have been needed for the blueprinting of the project.
This plant has to a certain degree been modernized, its production
operations mechanized, it is also equipped with devices for tiiio .preven-
tion of explosions and of dust as vel"i as sit for keepin! the same tem-
perature and degree of humidity within the plant (amounting to over 300
pieces of equiTpment altogether). let investment in capital construction
amounts to relatively little and the site available is n )t so large ei-
ther. Production officially started in 1961... only, yet. the quality of
the manufactured goods already reaches the level of foreign -products,
or at least approaches that level. The arrangements made for the whole
construction hxrax} x works have been made in a xxxy practical and
solid manner, leaving no problems x~zx ~vrtea } or corrections to be
made in regard to execution or install atiin of equipment. The construc-
tion planning; department was also very happy with the bluepprint. As for
the quality of the works, it has been given a certificate of e;;ci lencc
by the State Control. Commission.
Breaking Away From Foreign Blueprints and akb
Blazing the Way for Ono 's Own, Conception
The Shanghai Light i Industry Blueprint Institute worked on tie
mumi & mxi t blueprint of th.o snnsitizi d film plant for about
three times. The first two times were wholesale copying from fore-~gn
blueprints, never surpassing the stage of prelim nary blueprintingg. In
X=x-Ax the last k1auprK blueprint., ~ x~ zz:,cs x es} aiya: rx 1,1-(-_y
had to wrestle immediately with the question of working within th fraeo-
work of foreign models. Consequently, earnestly 1-earning;, from experiences
contrary to the s= correct ones found in foreign blueprints, the suc-
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ceeded in putting them to good use, refraining from putting blind faith
in the foreign blueprints, working from .the realities of Cr.xiria and plot.-
ting China's own original road.
If one is to follow the foreign bluep.r_nts, there must be
entrances, wide pathways, green areas, and hi,-ii-standard welfare -",:.cili-
ties, etc. But, here, in following the maxim of building the, cotntr;, in
an economical manner and the directives froia the loaders:)ip, thny docicled
not to do anything; whatsoever that would bo alien to the masses such as
a large main entrance to the plant, they also decided not to build anew
JJM any. administrative or w? welfare, facilities, Loproving and remodel-
ing instead in a practical and economical manner iz the shrine ttudzcabE
the simple warehouses, and the people's x dwellings
that already were there before to make them into the offices of the now
plantx,etc. Also as far as the stipulations regarding the prevention of
fire and explosions are concerned, there are many among those set
up for foreign blueprints that do not agree with the*h c ,nerete
conditions of China. Should one decide to follow them all, one would
need a great deal of land. After studying the questions over and over,
the blueprinters 2 :T finally discovered ways of doing in agreemont
with the conditions of the present site, economizing on the fire and.
plosion prevention expenses and saving also mz a great deal on a lot of
land. As a result, the arrangement of the ;Thole film base plant went
very finely and rationally and by comparison .ti th works of the sane
format as 1x~xrz?~z~ required by foreign blue
prints, it can do without a great deal of land amt while saving enormously
on the invest: hont of capital.
In the film base plant, there are processing depart;:iontx for nitro-
cellulose and film-laying materials. If we were to go b.. foreign blue-
print stipulations, Jztm this processing room would have to be maintained
at a room temperature of 26-2306 during; the summer. This re4u_i.re-
ment is. determined, ho.:ever, on the basis of foreign m ' .; tempera
tures. Shanghai's summer temperatures being much higher than those of
foreign countries, one would have to install a. great deal of 7efri;era-
tion equipment if one were to mechanically introduce this sti:ullation.
The blueprinters consequently based' themselves on the concrete conditions
of Shanghai to draw up the blueprint and while keeping to the principle
of guaranteeing the quality of manufactured products, they rationally
improved upon the stipulation. As a result, tho succeed in doing away
with a great deal of refrigeration equipment and ins -IV- all at-ions.
During the production process, there is also required the use of
a three-level piston corrosion pump--this is according to foreign data--
but then, this pump is too bulky and heavy, requiring a great deal of
wood, of complicated mid construction, of high costs and besides, xbc?xm
not very easy to manipulate. The blueprinters x went to
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work for nearly a month in the plant and together with the workers, they
experimented fourteen times to gather 169 data, then aided by nine ma-
chine factories, they finally succeeded in blueprinting and manufacturing
on an experimental basis a new format of pump. This new pump proves to
be superior to the three-level piston corrosion pump while its weight is
45 percent lighter, allowing an. economy of i6 percent on the electric
power needed. The cost of manufacture of one such pump only comes to
one sixth of the .three-level one.
Learning From the Realities of Production and From
Scientific Experiments
To solve a whole series of technical. difficulties in the equipment
and blueprinting, the following four methods have been followed:
First, to use the results of experiments at the Shanghai Sensitized
Film Workshop in the last few years.
Second, to perform scientific experiments with the hatEd help of
fifteen plants and scientific research units.
Third, -be send blueprinters to related worksites and investigate
their equipment.
Yourth, 2 to use technical. data from both within and without the
country, compare them and analyze them to find out one's own way of draft-
ing the blueprint.
In thoprocoss of setting up the blueprint, the blueprinters have
carried out relatively extensive investigations and research, experi-
ments and surveys, mobilizing altogether 451 persons, making inqui33es
to 303 persons in 159 units, collecting and rectifying 78 volumes of
data. Moreover, with the close assistance of `'1A' fifteen plants and
scientific research units, they wrestled with seven key points, per-
? formed 22 experiments, determined 30 parameters regarding the venti-
lation of the film-laying process, the temperature level and pressure,
etc. They also solved a series of complicated problems such as air-
conditioning, the prevention of dust, the supply of nitrogen, and the
protection against explosions.
Thus, of the 300-odd pieces of equipment found in the plant, except
for an imported piece that lies unused in the warehouse, everything is
made in China. Altogether there are 55 kinds of special use
equipment designed by the Shanghai Light Industry Blueprinting Institute
accounting it for 122 pieces of equipment found in the plant.
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Solution. of Many Difficulties Through Investigations
and Research
At the plant there .are framed accelerated pressure filters that are
generally made out of stainless steel. in foreign countries, but then stain-
less steel is not only hard to get in China, it also costs a great deal.
After investigation, the blueprinters did not think that one necessarily
had to use stainless steel, consequently they thought of finding a now ,^oi:ari
1dbVbcafxxxxd to replace the stainless steel. Together with the Shanghai
City Light Industry Scientific Research Office they worked
for over a month and overcame various difficulties,
experimenting with tons of anti-rust metallic materials.
They finally succeeded with the help of the Shanghai Casting jesarch
Office wi;U the use of an m aluminium alloy. By the time this alumi-
nium alloy framed accelerated pressure filter was designed and r ianu.fae-
turgid, it was found to be superb during the experimental stage.
In the production of film base, there is a stage where acetic acid
fibers are pretreated. According to foreign blueprints, this process
would involve breaking by hand and drying in the drying room, requiring
the workers to work intensely and yet giving only a poor efficiency.
The blueprinters consequently decided to build a new eq >ment and reno-
vate the processing method used up to now.. They decided to learn from
everywhere, -making inquiries to nine plants, surveying 20 tech-
nical data, collecting charts and involving 25 persons struggling for
18 days to finally succeed in the design of an acetic fiber breaking and
drying combine, mechanizing the hand process.
At the film-laying department in the main building of the plant,
the precipitation discrepancy is not supposed to surpass
two centimeters, there is supnosed to be no cracks. But the geological
makeup of the thnxx plant site is extremely bad and several buildings
newly constructed on this site all hmm get cracked. Thus, capital con-
struction in this case represents a technical difficulty by itself. The
blueprinters therefore looked around, made inquiries, asked for
advice, investigated and. discussed the questionx, they carried out on-
the-spot investigations, txrwJma0A visited with nine units, investi-
gated 12 buildings, investigated about the geological makeup and the
design data to find out clearly about the reasors for the cracks. Finally
after taking various measures, they solved the problems.
1lanufacturang Equipment Before Schedule by Three
Kinds of Combination With Wide Assistance
Many a piece of equipment of the film baso plant have been manufac-
tured at the Shanghai Ta-gin ng Iron Workshop. This plant having boon
the combined facilities of two
small handicraft cooperatii;Fes, one dealing with electrict welding and
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the other with metalworks, the workers at there number only 200 persons
with = no modern machinery or building at their disposal. These workers,,
however, operate with small machines to manufacture much larger parts
by the method of laboriously proceeding little by littler in case
there is no large machines available. In the manufacture of two-layer
heat exchange pipes, for instance, the large-size steel pipes
are supposed to be bent into U shapes 'wi.thout folding creases or bumips,
which is something impossible according to foreign literature. Nonethe-
less, the leadership of the plant, the technicians and workers wrestled
with the problem of manufacturing than without the benefit of pipe bending
machines and finally found a method. It is this small plant that provided
the film base plant with 80 percent of its needed equipment, producing
everything in accordanoowith sJoLpmba specifications and in time.
45 pm plants in Shanghai p3arrbbut manufactured equipment for the
film base plant but on some complicated machines, nine plants have cooperated
to manufacture them. To supply the machinery ?.x. according to plan,
these plants have = formed an "assembly line." 1 Oncecxm part
:ta, is completed by one p lant, it is immediate. 1y sent to the next. The
Second Textile Machine Workshop which undertook to comolet.e the final
assembly to start production as fast as possible, the jobs have been exe-
cuted in the most urgent manner at the other plants. The workers worked
overtime and m. so, on New Year's Fve, 1_963 the various kinds of
machinery were brought into place for installation.
Even Blueprinting Methods Stop Being Copies of For-
eign Models, Learning Instead From Parallel
Intersecting Enterprises
Up to now, even the blueprinting methods have been mechanically im-
ported from abroad. Because of this, every step in the blueprinting pro-
cess had been xctbdm strongly adhered to, once the first step is not done,
the second step necessarily does not get im?;uleru.ented. Among the various
specialized departments, it is very strongly stressed that they should
not design things on their on when there is no raodel.s available and that
even should they be able to do so, they must wait while the procedures
found in foreign literature are never changed even though for a bit.
The blueprinting of the film base plant hies been done in extreme
urgence, and that is why, the execution of the blueprint, 1anuy'acturing
and installation of equipment had to be done almost at the same time as
the blueprinting. The situation made it that it had to take advantage of
pxx= the methods of parallel and intersecti.nr enterprises.
As far as the various stages are concerned, they are prepared as
much in advance as possible
the conc&ions necessary for the next stage. Since it is impossible to
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draw up preliminary blueprints for expansion without ng a definite
construction site, five sites were investigated in a dash during a more
period of 20 days. Once the site has boon decided upon, the questions
of blueprinting principles were made clear and the preliminary blue-
prints for expansion were worked out at top speed. With the completion
of the blueprints; work was im uediately s.tacted or. the exocuti.n ci_arts
of the solvent tank and punipx site that, is not 5tthj_-ct.to many re.utric-
final deci.si on the expansion blue-
tions, without oven waiting for the
prints. The very day the mqa expansion blueprints Uye.ro accepted, the
first execution charts were sent to the work site.
With regard to relations xidGh various specialized fields, things
have been sped up because of the promotion of mu-
tual assistance and activeness, common discussions and immediate under-
taking. For instance, up to now everything used to be designed one after
another whether it is the processing method, ventilation or refrigera-
tion, taking over a month each. But now, right from the beginning things
a got executed while the discussions were to sing place, which is why
by the time the processin1; chart completed, the ventilation and refri-
geration plans would also be completed. Consequently, the blueprinting
process gztz got shortened to over half the time as compared with up till
now.
As far as relations between superior and inferior echelons are con-
cerned, promotion of jMxhn?Emt democracy in teebnicol branches has been.
stressed and should they be dealing with. important ques .i,.nts, t ey w,)ii'd
call a "three combination" conference so as to study and solve those
questions together.
In relations with outside plants, they did not wait for. the teclhnical
materials gathered by the Construction Planning Department to ci.reulalo
and come arotnd, they yrz positively search for them by their own efforts.,
In regard to the order r of charts to be fulfilled, they iiia(lc it . a point
to meet the demands of processing and manufacturing' as much as )-,)ss Lbl c.
Thus, when the charts were handed mrmz~ over in a bunicih, the i, -ocessi;lg
and manufacturing dopart:!ents could rzXO.:_3 ca. h y r,ctei,r out ~i hur2 y,T.
Once they were through, ,they would be 'Lwidod the
next batch. And again, they would complete tlicse. Thus, the bl_u.epririt-
ing execution manufacture and installation proc0sscs advance one
another; whether the room is completed or not, the equipment would still
be installed, or the roof and flour are bein -; worked on, the equip mient
would still be installed in one corner, and thus from the beginning to
the end, the speed of construction has been Liproved quite a lot.
Remaining Blueprinting Deficiencies
The blueprinting of the film base plant was very successful, yet
it was not totally devoid of deficiencies and problems. The Shanghai
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Light Industry Blueprinting Institute has described these shortcomings
and t problems in the following manner:
Generally speaking, by. comparison with the standard film base plant
of progressive foreign countries, the present plaint does show a definite
lag behind. which is not in any way near catching up. The destruction
of restrictions that must be wiped out has not yet been done exhaustively
and in some points, in some places, there is still the phenomenon of.im-
porting wholesale foreign raodels. For instance, the indicator of the
film-laying department represented a carbon copy of foreign standards
an-1 consequently had to be rectified three times to get fixed, represen-
ting so much duplication and waste. In depth and in the order of blue-
printing, there still remain troublesome procedures and thus 28 percent
of the process pipeline installation charts did not even get used. In-
vestigation and research sometimes are not adequate, the blueprinting
not in accordance with reality, and the execution of works at some spe-
uialized departments careless, creating several problems. For instance,
the investigation of water sources was botched and thus there was not
enough water, the selection of the automatic controller did not corres-
pond with reality, mistakes and oversight within the blueprints themselves
were also by no means rare. Some blueprint criteria get overblown, and
a great deal of capital xu investment can still be saved. For
instance, the capacity to treat river water can be many times more than
the actually needed level.
Bright Future for the Sensitized materials Industry
Thus, the film base plant of the Shanghai Sensitized film Workshop
is responsible for the equipment, manufacture, installation and even the
earth work as designed by the Skx?Ng Shanghai Light Industry Blueprinting
Institute, a branch of the Ministry of Light Industry, Forty-five plants
altogether from the departments of light
industry, machinery, electric machinery, survey, textile industry and
chemical industry marrufacturodequipment and completed the expansion plant
in a short period of over a year on the basis of as assistance and coopera-
tion in every respect. In April 196h, the pt new plant started mcpmmM
modud production on an experimental basis-and the very first products
were used as movie film xkzt in such pictures as "Young favE Lu Pan" and
"Big Li, Small Li and Old Li" produced b, the movie printing plants of
Pelting and Shanghai and recognized to be of good quality 3 after assess-
ment by related units. Since md=ing officially starting production,
the plant has continually produced transparent or light blue film
base which is then sent to various parts of China as photo film, movie
film or X-ray film.
In June 1965, xg because some poor material xr was mixed in a supply
of Model 120 rollz film (Brownie size) produced by the Shanghai Sensi-
tized Film Workshop, the 50,000 rolls that were sent to Peking were cant Ertl
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z2dt taken back, it was reported.' As this is because there was finger-
print and traces of adhesive tape on the films, the plant has taken ad-
vantage of.this to improve upon the packing of films,.the processing
conditions, even the control which was applied to five rolls out of every
.400 before is now reduced. to five rolls out of every one hundred. The
Model 120 films produced by the Shanghai Sensitized. Film Workshop are
shown on sale all. over China and recently- j ? their quality has
improved thanks to this affair.
Besides this plant, the Kwangtung Kung-yuan Photographic Chemistry
Workshop in 1965 succeeded in producing on an experimental basis strong,
middle and nmbE soft-tone films used in printing ( panchromatic and
orthochromatic) that used to be imported. altogether. Also, recently
there have been produced everywhere in China printing paper for photo-
copying, which industry is being widely propagated. Thus the sensitized
materials industry of China seems to be developing with leaps and bounds
in the future. The people connected with the blueprinting of the film
base plant described am auove have for the most part been
post-1960 school graduates, and the workers who have.grasped the produc-
tion techniques of film base are x on the average 25-year old youths
.raised at the plant itself. This fact alone warrants a great deal of
expectations as to the future development of the branch.
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