AGRICULTURAL MACHINE INDUSTRY OF CHINA GIVEN SERIOUS CONSIDERATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04546A003200010003-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 15, 2006
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: March 15, 1966
• Content Type: REPORT

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Photos and Features of Chinese Industry, No. 611, 15 March 1966
AGRICULTURAL MACHINE INDUSTRY OF CHINA GIVEN SERIOUS CONSIDTI?N
Communist China started on the long expected third 5 -year plan from
this year, but judging from the editorial of the New Year's edition and
from other issues of the Jen-min Jih-pao, it seems that the third 5-year
plan will continue to follow the policy of "using industry as a guiding
hand with agriculture as a bass for people's economic development." In
the policy of agricultural production growth, the "four-isations", namely,
the water utilization, mechanization, chemicalization and the electrifica-
tion and the "eight point charter" of soil improvement, greater use of
fertilizers, development of water work's, distribution of superior products,
close planting, protection of plants, field management and improved im-
plements have been cited and the objective is for greater harvest undeterred
by natural calamities.
During the National Machine Products and Design Conference held in
Peiping in December 1965, a decision to place an Importance on mining and
agricultural machines based on above policies was established. The following
statement was issued.
"Basing on the,--task of the third year plan and the technical situa-
tion in the present day China, the importance will be placed on revolu-
tionary designs and production of mining and agricultural machines. From
a strategic mission, a large amount of practical and highly efficient min-
ing and agricultural machines must be designed as soon as possible." (NCNA,
21 Dec 1965) MORI/CDF Pages 1-14
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A large development of agricultural machines is expected from this
third 5-year plan. The trend toward development has become noticeable
and the results of this improvement have been reported frequently since
this year. The following is the trend seen in recent Chinese machine
industry centered around tractors, towed farm equipment, agricultural
products processing machines, irrigation and drainage machines, spraying
machines, etc.
Rapid Progress in Mechanization
The mechanization of farms in 8hina was placed on the agenda in early
1958 under the second 5-.-Year plan. A greater emphasis was placed after the
three successive years of natural calamity which began in 1959?
According to the New China News Agency report on 29 September 1965,
the production of tractors gained five time over the production of 1957
(214,629 (15 hp) in 19573 therefore, 123,1145 in 1965). The number of farm
machines stations (or tractor stations) totaled 1400 and the large scale
state operated farms totaled over 2,000. No national statistics on the
mechanized cultivation is given but about 60% of the farms outside of
Peiping, about 40% in Foshan Special District of Kwangtung Province and
about 33% in Northeast Provinces have become mechanized.
The above NCNA report also stated that the total drainage and irri-
gation facilities increased thirteen times over 1957 or over 7,000,000
-2.-
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horsepowers. About 90% of the entire provinces now have pump stations.
Kwangtung Province alone has spent 10,000,000 Yuan (150,000,000,000 yen)
in water works during 1958 to 19611. Over 70% of farm lands in Hang--chou--
Curia-hsing-- Hu-chou plains in Chekiang Province are equipped with either
diesel or electric pumps. Furthermore, the amount of mechanical and elec-
trical water drainage and irrigation facilities in Su-chou Special District
of Chekiang is said to be over 80% of the entire farmlands of China. The
total capacity of drainage and irrigation pumps in farms outside of Pei-
ping increased by 9.7 times that of 1957. During January to September
1965, 2,500 hydro turbine pumps were installed in farm villages through-
out the country.
The number of small and medium size farm equipment reached one billion
pieces in 1965 (NCNA, 27 Dec 1965)?
The steel materials needed for the manufacture of farm machines in
1965 increased by 27% over 1964. Test manufacture of new steel products
for agriculture increased by 21 items over 1964 (Chung-kuo Hsin wen, 15
Feb 1966). The Ministry of Metallurgical Industry and the Ministry of
Machine Building provided with 1,000,000 tons of steel and scrape iron
needed for the production of 1 billion pieces of small medium size fared
implements produced in 1965 ( NCNA, 27 Dec 1965).
13 Types of Tractors
China was not able to produce any tractor prier to 1957; however, tract-
or plants, other than No.1 Lo yang Tractor Plant, were established in Shang-
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hai, Shen-yang, An-span, Nan-ch'ang and Wu-han. lese plants produce
13 types of tractors ranging from a small horsepower to a largest one of
100 horsepower. Five of these 13 types were newly produced in 1965 (NCNA
31 Jan 1966).
Those known are the "Hung-ch'i 100"s "Tung-fang-hung 75", "Tung-fang-
hung 54", "Fang-shou 35", "Tung-fang-hung 28", "Yueh-chin 20" and
the "Kung-rung 7" hand tractor. Beside these, 160 horsepower "Tung-
fang-hung" bulldozer, }30 horsepower "Tung-fang-hung" land and water wheel
tractor, "Kung-rung 5" hand tractor were test manufactuted during 1965.
"Hung-ch'i 100"
This is a large type 100 horsepower tractor used for large
scale land develop>mmnt and water works. It can be converted to bulldozer,
power shovel, roller and crane for construction work.
"Tung-fang-hung 75"
This type manufactured by Lo-gang No. 1 Tractor Plant is a 75
horsepower tractor suitable for cultivation of dry farming districts in
northeast and, northern China. This tractor is basically a remodeled "Tung-
fang-hung 514"; therefore, 90% of the parts are interchangeable. The
model 75 is capable of cultivating 113 mou ( 1 mou - 1/15 ha) per hour,
which is 35% greater than the area covered by model 54. It can be also
used for ground leveling and for sowing. The materials used and the cost
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of production are same as these of model 54 and the fuel consumption is
"Tung-fang-hung 54"
This is a representative product of the Lo-yang No.1 Tractor
Plant. This is a caterpiller typo producing 54 horsepower and is used
mainly on farms. In 1965, Kwangtung Province used this model for rice
fields by attaching water resisting and friction decreasing devices.
"Fang-shou 35"
This type is=manufactured principaUy for rice fields. It has
35 horsepower and weighs only 1.5 ton. It has a very small turning radius,
which is suited for narrow rice fields of 3 to 5 mou. It is capable of
cultivating 5 mou per hour. It is easy to operate and can be used for
spreading fertilizer and drainage work by attaching appropriate equipment.
This type is produced in Shanghai.
"TER-hAW46ang 2gfi ---
This 28 hprsepower wheel type was designed mainly for cotton and
corn fields. It has a maximum speed of 25km per hour, which is suitable
for cultivating, ground leveling, sowing, fertilizing and transporting.
"Iuehchin 20"
This is a small multi purpose 20 horsepower tractor. This can
-C-
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be used in level fields but it is not suited for fields in narrow valleys
and hills. It is capable of climbing an incline of 25 degrees. It can be
used for sowing, weeding, harrowing, transporting and water pining besides
cultivating. It can cultivate 5 mou per hour. A. mass production of this type
started in 1965 at the Yun-ch'eng Tractor Plant in Shansi Province.
"Kum-nung 7" Hand Tractor
This 7 horsepower tractor is used specicfically in veg$alble,
fruit and terrace farms. It can cultivate about 1.2 mou per hour and can
be used for ditch digging, harrowing, weeding and for making levees. Eng-
ines can be used for producing electricity, threshing and for milling. This
type was designed in Shanghai and is produced in Shanghai, Wu-han, Peiping
and Shen-yang.
The Lo-yang Noel Tractor Plant produced Inly the "Tung-fang-hung 51$"
until 1965 but has expanded into producing "Tung-fang-hung 75" tractor,
generating unite, distributing type oil pumps and hydraulic suspension
system..-.At the same time, the plant also test produced 40 horsepower land
and water wheel type tractor and 160 horsepower bulldozer.
In 1965, the plant mechanized the electric plating department which
was formerly carried out manually. This mechanization increased the pro-
duction by 6.5 times. The cost of production decreased each year.- The
cot per unit in 1961$ was 1,000 yuan less than 1963 and the cost in 1965
was 1060 yuan less than 1966 The productivity of each worker increased
by 7.6 times. The total production increased by 80% and the waste ratio
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decreased by ii%.
Besides the plants mentioned above, Shih-chia-Chuang Tractor Parts
Plant, Wu-yang Nozzle and Oil Pump Plant, Nan-ch'ang Tractor Parts Plant,
Pang-fou Tractor Parts Plant, Iu-k'ou Internal Combustion Engine Parts
Plant, K'ai feng Tractor and Electric Machine Plant are either built or
being built for the greater development of tractor. industry. Among the
above plants, K'ai-feng Tractor and Electric Machine Plant started oper-
ating in August 1965. This plant produces 20 items including the direct
current and alternating current electric generators, selsyn motors, motor
Parts
regulators for charging and induction coils. The Nan-ch'ang Tractor/Plannt,
which specializes in the production of tractor gears and forged parts for
diesel engines, started iperating in December 19659 The size of these
gears varies from 20mm to 447mm and comes in 140 different shapes from
circular to cylindrical to bevel.
Superchargers to increase the efficiency of tractors were success-
fully test produced in October 1965 at E'un-ming and are now being pro-
duced in small quantity. The attachment of this supercharger on the "Tung-
fang-hung 54" tractor increases the horsepower to 60 - 65 and reduces the
fuel consumption. A complete line of tools needed for repair works is now
being produced.
Production and Development of Internal Combustion Engines for Farming
Internal combustion engines are necessary for mechanization of farms.
The internal combustion engine industry of China has made a rapid progress.
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At present, 50 - 300 horsepower diesel engines are being mass produced
to meet the agricultural need. At the same time, larger engines of 1400,
500 and even 1,000 horsepower are being manufactured.
In 1965, four types of 10 horsepower diesel and 5 types of gasoline
engines were designed and manufactured.
The production technique level of Chinese diesel engine industry imp-
roved greatly. They are now manufacturing exhaust gas turbine, super-
chargers, hydraulic gear box, fuel injection pumps and air cool diesel
engines (NCNA, 19 Feb 1966).
Approximately 1140 different types of internal combustion engines and
generating equipment are being used on Chinese farces today.
Over 100 typos of Agricultural Pumps
Over 100 types of agricultural use pumps were being produced in China
during 1964 (Chun-loco Hain-wan, 27 Oct 1964).
Nixed flow pumps needed in areas of sufficient water supply are being
produced. AIII present, 16 types have been test manufactured. A large pump
with an opening of 50cm can pump 1,800 tons of water per hour or able to
irrigate 280 ha per day. High head centrifugal pumps, hydraulic turbine
and hydraulic ram using diesel engines and mentors for terrace farms are
now being produced. Recently, the propagation of hydraulic turbine and
hydraulic ram pumpa are being pushed. These pumps are able to pump up
to about 10 meters from a lower level.
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Because of the shortage of water resources in northern and north
western China, water has to be talmn from wells; therefore, 19 types of
pumps including the mechanical well pumps, old type well pumps, centri-
fugal rapid flow deep well pumps were test produced. In general, these
pumps are capable of raising the water to about 30 meters from a well and
pump about 25 tons per hour. A large pump is able to raise to about 150
tons per hour. A centrifugal type can pump a water from a well of over
50 meter deep. CHIKURYOKfJ RAKAN [phonetic] pumps used in Outer Mongolia
are able to pump from wells of 70 - 100 meters deep.
In addition, other pumps suitable in various areas are being produ-
ced in large quantity.
Furthermore, 29 different agricultural use pumps have been designed,
test manufactured, tested and started producing in 1965. These pumps use
1OKW motors or diesel engines. Out of these, 1? are portable types suitable
for narrow rice fields in South Chico and 6 are suitable for irrigation
from underground water in northern China.
Cultivating, Sowing, Harvesting, Processing Farm Equipment
The following is on cultivating, sowing, harvesting, processing
equipment which have been successfully test produced and mass produced
recently.
Cultivating
1n,1965, U share and 7 share tractor drawn plows were successfully
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test produced in Liaoning Province. The 11 share plow can be used for
making rues, turning ground over and for sowing seeds besides the nor-
mal cultivating. This plow pulled by "Tung-fang-hung 54" tractor can cul-
tivate 10 ha in 10 hours.
Rice Planter:
China started on the test manufacture of rice planters since
1956. After many improvements, the planter fiaally reached a practical
stage. A specialized rice planter factory in Nan-ring of Kwangsi Chuang-
tau Self Autonomous Region began production of rice planters in November
1965. Planters produced in this plant is a claw type Kwangsi 65, which
is an improved version of Kwangsi 59-3 model. It is possible to plant
five rows at a time and is over twice as efficient as hand planting. The
umber of seedlings, position and depth of planting can be regulated. Op-
erating handles can be also adjusted according to operator's height. The
dead weight if this machine is 25 kg; therefore, can be easily operated
by one person.
Sower:
(1) Suspension type 48 rows fertilizer-planter
This machine was designed and built by the Harbin Agri-
cultural Machine. A simultaneous fertilizing and planting operations
can be carried out. It is possible to spread grainy, powdery or mixed
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fertilizers.
(2) Soil turning and planting machine
This machine successfully test produced by the Anshan
Kuang-hua Agricultural Machine Plant is capable of root removing, sow-
ing and furrow covering in one operation.
(3) Furrow sowing
This machine successfully test produced by the Anshan
Kuang-hua Agricultubal Machine Plant is able to sow about 17 ha in 10 hours.
(4i) Close corn sowing machine
The structure of this machine is more simple than the in-
ported square hole sowing machine. Planting is accurate and economizes
on seeds.
Harvester:
(1) Tung-fang harvesting combine
The self propelled grain combines, which were produced
from 1964, are well constructed and are equipped with hydraulic controls.
T#ese machines can be used in low moisture area. The result of harvest-
ing of wheat and rice in northeast China and Peiping area proved that this
machine surpassed the efficiency index of comparable foreign combines. It
can be operated by one person and is capable of harvesting about 13 ha per
day. 'Cultivating, threshing and grading carried out in one operation.
1/
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(2) Rice harvesting combine
This machine was designed by the Kwangtung Agricultural
Machine Institute and manufactured by the Kwangtung Tractor Plant. This
machine towed by "Tung-fang-hung 54" tractor can harvest over 3.3 ha of
rice in one day (10 hrs).
China now produces rice planters, tractors for rice fields,
rope pulled cultivating machine and rice harvesting combine. It can be
said that the Chinese have finally realized their long dream of mechanized
rice harvesting.
(3) Small rotating harvester
This machine was successfully test manufactured in Anhwei
Province. This one man operated and animal drawn harvester is capable of
harvesting 1 ha in 8 houbs. It weighs slightly over 150 kg and costs little
over 200 Yuan to have it built.
Farm Product Proceessing Machine
Threshers, flour mills, sweet potato cutting machines, cotton gins,
tea leaf machines, oil presses and other machines are being popularized
rapidly. For awi le, over 10,000 proccessing machines for food, oil and
fat, sugar, animal feed, tea, cotton and jute have been manufactured and dis-
tributed in Kwangtung Province during 1965.
In 1965, the No. 8 Ministry of Machine Building recommended the foll-
owing four types of grain and rice proccessing machines at the national
agricultural conferenc a for testing and selecting grain and rice procces-
sing machines held in Shen-yang.
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(1) NL-130 type spiral reinforced roll rice pearling machine
Weighs 35 kg, cost slightly over 50 Yuan, operated by one
man and has a capacity ?rpoarling 165 kg per hour.
(2) NSL-2.8 vertical type sand roll rice pearling machine
Millet process treading 1 to 2% higher than comparable machines
and ratio of rice being crushed lower.
(3) NM-150 cold air rice pearling machine
ProO3sts different types of grain such as kaoling, millet
and corn. Can process 300 kg of corn per hour and over 200 kg of mil-
let per hour.
(14) MNZ-C vertical sand roll rice pearling machine
Over 40 kg lighter than comparable machines and built very
rigidly.
Over 20 Types of Sprayers
According to a national plant protection machine conference held in
February 1966 at Nanking. Various industries provided farms with large
quantity of agricultural insecticide-sprayers during the past several years.
The number of types increased from 3 to 20 and the quality improved great-
ly. Between 19611 and September 1965, 3,000,000 of these equipment were
distributed (NACA, 29 Sept 65).
T#ey have succeeded in test manufacture of 7 power sprayers and these
ace now in production. The following are some of them.
?- 1-3 -
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(1) MAN 26014 long range sprayer
This machine is suitable for rice fields. It can pump the
water and mixes the chemicals automatically. It can spray up to a
distance of 15 meters.
(2) High altitude sprayer
This machine was recently test produced by the Shanghai Agri-
cultural Insecticide Machine Plant. The Kun-nung 7 type can be attached
to a hand tractor. It can spray up to a height of 17 meters and an area
23 meters in radius.
(3) New tiik type power sprayer
This machine is a new product of the Shanghai Agricultural
Insecticide Machine Plant. It is used in rice fields, fruit orchards
and cotton field.
(4) Portable sprayer
This equipment was newly produced by the Shanghai Agricultural
Insecticide Machine Plant used for forests and farms. It weighs 10 kg
and simple to operate.
The following semi-mechanical hand sprayers were tested success-
fully by the Tientsin City Insecticide Machine Pant during October 19650
(1) Chin-feng 12 back carrying sprayer
(2) NB-15 back carrying sprayer
(3) Brown plastic shoulder carrying light weight sprayer (35kg)
/Y.
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Technical Revolution of China's Expanding Construction
Material Industry Through Utilization of Industrial
Waste and Local Resources
C
For several years, the construction material industry departments
in China have exerted their utmost to expand production to meet the
national construction requirements of the Third Five-Year Plan, which
began this year. Cement factories were built throughout the nation
now ----
and are producing several tens of million tons of cement. The variety
of cemenit produced has also increased; high-grade and special types are
also being successively produced.
The cement industry was discussed in detail in No 46 of this publi-
cation (15 June 1965) therefore it is suggested that referral be made to
it and / in this report the great technical revolution of the con-
struction material industry, following the design revolution carried out
by the basic construction departments, will be discussed.
New Construction Material Produced From Industrial Waste
and Local Resources
At present, ordinary clay bricks are used as wall material in more
than 90% of the buildings in China. This brick is almost comparable to
the T'ai-chuan (3141/4331) and Han-wa (3352/3907) of ancient China -.-
small slabs that are heavy as well as fragile and lacking in adiabatic and
soundproofing qualities. The production of standard clay bricks requires
digging up of several tens of thousand mou of agricultural fields and
several hundred thousand workers to carry it out. At the same time,
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productivity is rather low for the amount of hard work required. The
rate of speed in construction work is slow and expenditures high when
bricks are used because each brick has to be laid manually. Consequently,
it cannot match the increasing construction requirements. Faced with
this situation, many of the construction material departments throughout
China have mtually united with design, construction, and scientific
research units and have manufactured many types of new, light-weight,
ut strong large-size, hollow wall material by utilizing industrial waste
and local resources and using them in place of standard clay bricks for
building construction. At present, the target of the technical revolu-
tion now being carried out by the construction material departments of
large
China is centered on solving thenwall material and steel material re-
quirements for construction, which is somewhi_backward in technique.
The production of new construction material from industrial waste
has developed greatly during the past few years. As of August 1965,
16 new products were either being produced or trial produced. More than
300,000 cubic meter of block were produced by steam nourising FURAIASSHU
[phonetic, concrete. The progress in research and trial manufacture
of ceramic granule (aggregate), which was launched rather late, has been
comparatively rapid, the intermediate tests for shale-ceramic granule
and the Ta-Ch'ing clay-ceramic granule have been completed. The blast
furnace slag is now widely used as raw material for cement and made into
various types of concrete products.
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newly built
Several tens of slag/brick plants have been recently put into pro-
duction throughout China. These plants can annually produce nearly
one million metric tons of furnace slag, mine slag, and FURAIASSHU bricks
as well as furnace slag blocks.
Aside from the foregoing, a number of model plants that will produce
new construction materials are being successively built. Model buildings
using the new materials are also being constructed to facilitate the
popularization of scientific research. Many of the construction material
departments are also diligently attempting to develop various types of
new material through industrial waste recovery. At the same time, the
departments concerned have made the necessary arrangements to carry out
technical innovations to increase productivity at some 1,000 state-
operated brick plants throughout the country.
Some Ten Varieties of New Wall Material Produced
in Peiping
More than ten varieties of wall material using industrial waste,
including mine slag, furnace slag, FURAIASSHU bricks and wal.boards are
now produced in Peiping. The Shih-ching-shan Slag Manufacturing Plant
was built in 1964. It entered trial production after the first phase
project was completed in August. This plant, situated close to the Shih-
ching-shan Iron and Steel Company, utilizes the slag waste of this company
and mixes it with some lime to produce blocks and bricks. The production
process at this plant is mechanized from pulverizing the raw material to
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molding. When completed, this plant will have the capacity to produce,
annually, 9,000 pieces of brick from 200,000 tons of slag.
Furthermore, from September 1964, research and tests to produce large
size wall block (panel) from FURAIASSHU and mine slag were launched by
the Research Academy of Architecture Science, subordinate to the Ministry
of Building Construction and the Shih-li-pao Structural Member Plant, sub-
ordinate to the Peiping ??junicipal Bureau of Building Construction. This
resulted in success within less than a year. Large-size blocks play a
major role in prefabricated construction. To date, cement and brick have
been used as raw material; however, the processing methods were compli-
cated and costs, high. The use of FURAIASSHU and mine slag as raw material
not only means utilization of waste from electric generating plants and
iron and steel plants but also conservation of cement and brick. The
scientific technicians at the Research Academy of Science had previous-
ly experimented with using FURAIASSHU to make bricks. The size of this
brick is smaller than the block. Since experience in producing large
size blocks from FURAIASSHU was nil, the designing and building of the
production line was completely a new experience. The technicians left
their laboratories and went to work at the Shih-li-pao Structural Member
Plant. They worked together with the other workers of the plant and
by combining the various departments under unified guidance, experimental
research was smoothly carried out. For example, only small scale
testing could be carried out in the laboratory while various coordinated
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tests under various situations could be carried out at the sites [con-
structionJ. Several months of effort resulted in the production of
some 200 types of blocks that met the pressure resistance and contractili-
ty standards. These blocks conserve about 40 kilograms of cement and
50 bricks per one square meter of construction as compared with concrete
blocks. A production line that can produce 7,000 cubic meters of large
size blocks, annually, has been completed at the Shih-li-pao Structural
Member Plant.
These new wall materials produced in Peiping are strong and possess
good adiabatic and heat insulation qualities and have been proven
suitable.
Peiping Successful in FURAIASSHU Ceramic Granule and
Foam Block Production
In 1963, the workers of the Tientsin Municipal Building Construction
Department began a research on construction material produced through
utilization of industrial waste. The coastal city of Tientsin is a
well integrated industrial city which annually requires more than one
million tons of construction material, including cement, sand, and stone.
These material were usually transported from regions 200-300 and even as
far as some 500 kilometers away. This municipality also requires several
hundred million peices of clay bricks during one year. This means
digging up between 30-40 ha of agricultural fields. At the same time,
more than a million tons of FURAIASSHU and slag are turned out annually
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by industrial enterprises, which makes it necessary for the State to
expend tremendous capital for disposal expenses. Consequently, inte-
grated use of industrial waste to produce new light weight building
material is greatly anticipated.
The Institute of Architecture Science subordinate to the Tientsin
Municipal Building Construction Bureau and the Northeast Academy of
Architecture Design have cooperated with each other and have carried out
experiments for more than a year and have succWeded in producing
FURAIASSHU ceramic granule (aggregate). This product is produced by
sintering FURAIASSHU, a waste from thermoelectric generating plants,
that has been mixed with a small amount of clay. When this product is
used as an aggregate to make concrete, the amount of cembnt used does
not change and the strength also remains the same while the weight per
one square meter is reduced by 300 kilograms. As a result, the founda-
tion work of a building can be simplified and cost, reduced. Furthermore,
the FURAIASSHU ceramic granule concrete can be made into various types of
heavy building material, including large size wallboards, baseboards,
beams, and pillars; however, according to the data submitted by the
Tientsin Municipal Construction Department, this large size wallboard is
one-third lighter than that ma a from standard concrete; the baseboard is
one-fourth lighter.
The workers at the Tientsin Runicipal Construction Department are
producing boards and slabs from FURAIASSHU, wool scraps, waste lime,
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scraps from steel manufacturing plants and using them in place of clay
bricks for walls. One cubic meter of blocks replaces 800 bricks; the
weight of the wall is reduced by one-third as compared with standard
brick wall; moreover, the heat insulation capacity is also much better.
Working with FURAIASSHU block is very convenient and construction costs
can be reduced by 10 percent as nails, saw, and planes can be used on this
block.
The workers at the Tientsin Municipal Building Construction Depart-
ment are producing light weight construction material, including
FURAIASSHU ceramic granules, foam FURAIASSHU silicon blocks as well as
FURAIASSHU bricks in large quantities. The improved FURAIASSHU ceramic
granule roasting vertical kiln, with an annual capacity to produce 25,000
cubic meters and the newly built 3,000 cubic meter foam FURAIASSHU block
trial
intermediatenproduction line are now in operation. Furthermore, another
large size FURAIASSHU ceramic granule plant with an annual capacity to
produce 70,000 cubic meter is under construction at present.
Heavy Duty Slag Hollow Brick Produce in Huai-nan Shih
During the early part of 1965, the Institute of [Architecturie
Science, subordinate to the Xnhw i Provincial Construction Department,
together with the Huai-nan Prefabricated Concrete Products Plant, have
succeeded in producing heavy duty hollow brick made from slag. The
strength, cold resistance, heat insulation, and corrosion resistance
tested
capacities of this hollow brick were many times and found to meet the
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the requirements of walls for homes. This heavy duty slag hollow brick
is light weight and attractive. The size ratios of standard clay tile
to these three varieties that were successfully trial prod~_ced are 3 to 6,
2 to 4, and 1 to 7 respectively; the weight is lighter as compared to
standard clay tile of equal dimensions.
The economic advantages are very large in the production of heavy
duty slag hollow tile, including the following:
1. Raw material for this brick can be obtained from slag and
FURAIASSHU coming from the blast furnace and electric generating plants,
respectively, thereby converting large volume of industrial waste. This
means not only conservation of land by eliminating piling of industrial
waste but also advantageous from the standpoint of sanitation and trans -
portation in the surrounding areas of cities.
2. This brick does not require clag therefore for every 10 million
pieces of slag brick produced, some 50 mou (more than 3.3 ha) of land
can be conserved.
3. The amount of mortar used in laying this brick is more than
30 percent less than standard brick, thereby increasing efficiency while
reducing cost. Furthermore, the production of this brick is not limited
a
to kcertain season and the production cycle,from processing of the raw
material to manufacturing the finished goods, is completed in two or three
days and is much shorter than the standard brick production cycle. Moreover,
the equipment to produce this hollow brick can be produced domestically.
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Kweichou's Active and Developing Construction
Material Industry
Kweichou Province, with its relatively weak industrial foundation in
construction materials, is exploiting its mountainous terrain and exerting
positive efforts to develop the production of construction materials with
the ashes, sand, rocks and coal ashes, which are found in abundance in this
province. The first workshop of the Kuei-yang Silicon Brick Plant for
producing cement bricks has already been completed and it is currently engaged
in test production. The Kuei-yang Shale Brick Plant for producing shale bricks
and the Kuei-yang Silicon Brick Plant for producing FURAIASSHU {phonetic]
blocks are currently under construction.
Heretofore, mountainous Kweichou Province was only capable of producing
clay bricks, which required the uprooting of vast acreages of fertile fields.
Since the soil stratum is somewhat shallow in Kweichou, soil from about 20
hectares were required to produce 100 million pieces of clay bricks. Moreover,
since "three straight days of clear weather" is a rarity in Kweichou, the
heavy rainfall generally restricted the productive period to 20-odd days.
Accordingly, production volume was low, quality was not ideal and the
production facilities lagged far behind demand.
The external surface of the cement bricks being produced by the already
completed workshop of the Kuei-yang Silicon Brick Plant is smooth and flat.
They are heavy and their resistance against pressure and breakage is quite
high. The external surface of the shale bricks test produced by the Kuei-yang
Shale Brick Plant, still undergoing construction, is smooth and flat. They
are extremely hard and durable and suitable for heavy duty such as construction
work. Cement bricks and shale bricks are both superior to the regular clay
bricks.
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These three new plants are using raw materials such as limestone, shale
and sandstone, which are extremely plentiful in this province, or FURAIASSHU
[phonetic or slag in place of clay to produce bricks for construction use.
This benefits agricultural production because it does not use up the soil
from the fields. Moreover, since they are not affected by the weather or the
seasons, they are capable of operating throughout the year. These three
plants are makeshift plants constructed on the principle that they would
use local resources, stress production and deemphasize livelihood. The
plant sites are all located atop-their raw material deposits. The workers
of the Kuei-yang Shale Brick Plant, which is located in the suburb atop
a shale mountain, initially constructed a shack on top of a barren mountain,
installed machinery, built a kiln, test produced shale bricks employing
native methods and submitted the calcinated bricks to the state. Thereafter,
using the imperfect bricks, they constructed their living quarters.
Group of FURAIASSHU_[phonetic] Brick Plants in
ueilunkkianp-Province
Two FURAIASSHU [phonetic] plants and one silicon plant began formal
production in Heilungkiang Province in October 1965. Six other plants have
already been constructed in this province. The raw materials used by these
plants are residues and ashes discarded by industrial enterprises. They are
being used to produce extremely useful construction materials such as
FURAIASSHU [phonetic] bricks and silicon blocks. As of October 1965, the
already operating plants had produced FURAIASSHU [phonetic] bricks and
silicon blocks comparable to several million red bricks and delivered them
to the construction interests in this province. According to use and test
result testimonials, the resistance of these new construction materials against
pressure and breakage surpass the quality standards prescribed by the state
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for red bricks.
Szechwan's R TAISHI [phonetic] Bricks Also
Beneficial to Coal Mines
In early 1965, the Yung-Jung Mining Bureau in Szechwan Province
successfully test produced BATA [phonetic] bricks using the BCTA [phonetic]
obtained from the coal mines. Thereafter, a succession of BOTAISHI [phonetic]
brick plants are:'producing BOTAISHI [phonetic] bricks in Szechwan Province.
The production of bricks using BOTAISHI [phonetic] in place of clay opens up
new horizons in the development of construction materials production and it
also lightens the load imposed on coal production.
BJTAISHI [phonetic] is a stromatolithic formation located above, below
or in between layers of coal under the ground. In digging for coal, it is
necessary to remove these stromatolithic layers of ff TAISHI [phonetic].
Heretoftre, in order to facilitate normal coal mining operations, a portion of
the BOTAISHI [phonetic] was used to fill the cavities created when the coal
was removed. The remaining major portion of the BATA [phonetic] was being
carried out and scrapped above ground. Statistically, the removal of 1/2-1
ton of BOTAISHI [phonetic] was required to produce one ton of coal. Since the
layers of coal are thin in many of the coal mines in Szechwan Province, very
little filler is required and huge volumes of fTAISHI [phonetic] are scrapped
above ground. Accordingly, large ground sites are required to accomodate the
BC TA [phonetic] calling for huge expenditures in manpower, materials and funds.
After repeated trial and error for over a year, the scientific researchers
and production officials in Szechwan Province certify that K TA_T,SHI [phonetic]
bricks are extremely high quality construction material. Physically and
chemically they are better than ordinary clay bricks - their compressive
strength is 4-5 times higher, they are less susceptible to breakage, and
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they can withstand acids, alkalies, efflorescence and freezing weather. They are
especially suitable for use as construction material capable of withstanding
the corrosive effects of acids and alkalies in the chemical industry and in
alkaline areas.
Since B'OTAISHI [phonetic] coexists with coal, it contains a certain
amount of combustible matter. Accordingly, the calcination of BOTAISH I
[phonetic] bricks require very little fuel. Tests prove that the calcination
of 10,000 BOTAISHI [phonetic] bricks using a traditional-type kiln consumes
less coal (about six tons) than the calcination of the same amount-of clay
bricks. Using a large kiln results in an additional savings in the
consumption of coal.
Development of AE Concrete in Peiping
Porous bricks and large lightweight bricks were successfully test
produced in Peiping in 1964. Clay bricks are heavy, create transportation
problems, increase the dead weight and cost of buildings, and they require
the destruction of vast acreages of agricultural soil. Since porous bricks
are perforated, they contain 30% less clay than the regular clay bricks.
Their load capacity is the same as regular clay bricks but, since their
basic weight is less, porous bricks can lower building costs. Large
lightweight bricks float on water because the~-are lighter than water. They
contain a large percentage of mud and their absorption coefficient is about
40% of the absorption coefficient of regular bricks. Since their absorption
coefficient is low and since they are not susceptible to freezing, they are
suitable for use as lagging material for refrigerators or covering for
steam pipes.
Additionally, a 4-story building -jade of air entraining (AE) concrete
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Y t
was recently constructed in Peiping. AE concrete is light and adiabatic.
The use of AE concrete in wall construction reduces the weight of construction
material from 1/3-2/3 and permits a large reduction in the weight of the
materials to be transported. Houses constructed with this material are cheaper
to heat in the winter and remain relatively cool in the summer. Since this
material can be molded, sawed or planed, and processed in various sizes and
shapes, it can benefit block-making methods and construction mechanization.
The raw materialsused for AE concrete are extremely variegated. Huge
volumes of industrial waste such as FURAIASSHU [phonetic] and slag are
being used as well as sand and shale. The primary ingredient attributing to the
light weight of this concrete is aluminum powder (AE ingredient). The
inclusion of aluminum powder creates air bubbles and provides a bread-like
appearance to the finished concrete.
AE concrete, a native product of China, was recently perfected through
the joint research efforts of the Research Academy of Architectural Science
of the Ministry of Building Construction, the Peiping Municipal Academy
of Architectural Designing, the Peiping Municipal Silicon Products Plant
and the Peiping Municipal Institute of Building Material Science. In the
process, the researchers demonstrated creative spirit. In foreign countries,
the aluminum powder waste is all disposed through roasting but in China,
it is being disposed safely and economically by chemical means.
Construction of a Prefabricat Building
Peiping Using New Wall Paneling Materials
Recently, a high rise building using two new types of wall paneling
materials - FURAIASSHU [phonetic] slag wall paneling and FURAIASSHU [phonetic]
aggregate wall paneling - was constructed in Peiping. According to an estimate
by authorities concerned, these two new types of wall paneling material are
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capable of withstanding the loads anticipated and their adiabatic qualities
are good.
The outer taalls of this building are constructed of 24-centimeter
thick FtIRAIASSHU [phonetic] aggregate wall paneling and its inner walls are
constructed of 14-centimeter thick FURAIASSHU [phonetic] slag wall paneling.
The dimensions of these wall panelings are 3-5 meters by 2.7-2.8 meters.
Since one sheet of paneling is sufficient for covering one wall surface,
one room can be assembled with four sheets of paneling. The main ingredients
for these wall panelings are FURAIASSHU [phonetic] waste from thermal power
plants and hard slag from iron and steel mills. The panelings are formed by
pouring these ingredients over steel reinforcement rods. Being light and
strong, the use of these wall paneling materials reduces the weight of the
building framework by 25%, thus reducing the basic weight of the building.
According to calculations by the authorities concerned, by constructing
houses with these wall panelings in place of regular clay bricks, they
can save over 250,000 yuan per 100,000 square meters of wall space and an
additional 100,000 yuan from industrial waste disposal costs. The use of
the
these new wall panelings in/construction of buildings would also benefit
block-making methods and construction mechanization and raise the tempo of
construction. These new cementless wall materials were discovered and test
produced jointly through the combined efforts of the scientific technicians,
the workers and the teachers/students of the Research Academy of Architectural
Science of the Ministry of Building Construction, the Northeast Academy of
Industrial Designing of the Ministry of Building Construction, the Peiping
Municipal Academy of Architectural Designing, Ching-hua University and the
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Peiping Municipal Bureau of Building Construction.
Technical Revolution in Steel Materials for
Use in Construction
In Shanghai, over one million square meters of housing for the workers
and elementary/middle school buildings were constructed with blocks made of
coal ash and FURAIASSHU [phonetic]. The use of these blocks raised construction
efficiency 50% and permitted huge savings in agricultural soil and funds.
In the field of steel materials for use in construction, which is
another vital point in the technical revolution within the construction
materials industry, certain areas are exerting positive efforts in the
development of low ferroalloy materials and thin steel such as high tensile
strength manganese ferrosilicen rods and high tensile strength steel wire
to replace the hitherto used-carbon steel. In comparison with carbon steel,
low ferroalloy materials permit about a 30% savings in the amount required,
they are more durable and their utility is more extensive.
As noted above, China's construction materials industry is currently
undergoing a technical revolution. In addition to its vital significance
in terms of the combined use of waste matter and local natural resources,
increased production and savings, its effects are extending into various
areas and directly influencing the framework of buildings, construction
methods, assembly work and the tempo of construction. This technical
revolution will promote revolutions in designing and construction, and it
will expedite realization of the construction [slogan] "grality, speed,
excellence and without waste." If China should continue progressing at this
pace, she will probably develop many more of her advanced original techniques
and expound major transformations in the field of construction materials.
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