PHOTOGRAPHS AND RELATED TEXT ON CHICOM RAILROAD EQUIPMENT AND MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY0

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-04546A003100080006-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 23, 2003
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: March 6, 1967
• Content Type: REPORT

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Heaps are abundant in China. Some of the heaps produced include ramie, hemp,
jute, flax, Chinese jute, agave, plantain and rope hemp.
Jutes and ramies are grown in Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, heaps and
Chinese jutes in plains of North China, flaxes in river basins of Sungari and
Heilungkiang, agaves and plantains in tropical or sub-tropical regions such as in
Kwantung Province and rope heaps in plateaus of northwest China.
China produces about 80% of the world supply of ramie, which is often referred
to as the China grass. In recent years, China has expanded the cultivation of jutes,
Production Increase after Liberation
Hemp weaving industry of former China was quite inactive although there has
been an abundant supply of hemp materials. However, a policy of developing natural
and synthetic fibres was adopted after the liberation. An emphasis was placed on
cultivation of heaps and the development of hemp fibre industry.
An increase in production of heaps has been carried out through greater acre-
age, reform in cultivation techniques, raising superior quality and producing great-
er yield per acreage. The production increased greatly. In 1956, jute increased
3.9 times, hemp 2.9 times, Chinese jute 3.06 times and flax 1.6 times over the best
level attained prior to the liberation. The amount of jute produced in 1949 was
37,000 tons. In 1958, the amount increased to 310,000 tons or 8.3? times. Ramie
and flax cloths increased from 10,190,000 meters in 1949 to 35,000,000 meters in
1957 and was planned to increase further to 45,550,000 meters by 1959. After the
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three successive years of calamity, an acreage in 1963 was increased: 6,667 ha
for jute, 8,667 ha for ramie and 214,667 ha for hemp over the previous year. An
yield for ramie and hemp increased by 20% and jute and others by 10% for the same
petiod. It is quite evident that the further increase of hemp is being carried
out although there has not been a statistic since to show it. It can be seen from
the 140% increase in the hemp fibre products during 1965.
Chinese Ramie Holding World's No.1 Position
Ramie is an inddgeknous product of China, which produces about 80% of the world's
supply. It is cultivated from Hai-nan-tao in the south to the southern part of
Shensi Province to the north; however, 70% of the ramie is grown principally in
Kiangsi, Hupeh, Hunan and Szechuan. Among these provinces, Hupeh produces the
largest amount.
Growing of 8 superior brand including the Ta-yeh-lu have increased. Hupeh alone
raised 17,000 ha of Ta-yeh-lu in 1957?
Most noteworthy in ramie growing are the successful ramie seed propagation
experiment and the manufacture of "Chung-ma 63-1 ramie peeler" by the Hunan Hemp
Research Institute. Ramie has been considered perennial and peeling was by hands.
A mou of ramie from : natural perennial roots produces 5- 10 mou but it is slower
and more costly. Roots must be transplanted to a new planting area and the hand
peeling requires skill but hard labor and the efficiency is very poor.
Ramie seed propagation method is well received in Hunan. For axample in 19611,
a test planting of 500 msu (35 ha) in Liu yang wa s a complete success. There were
,,than enough young shoots when these were transplanted to 7,500 mou (500 ha) in
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summer. About 1/3 was ready for harvest in August. The yield was 6 - 7.5kg
per moue Second harvest was ready in October. A study showed that 500 g of
seeds produces 1 mou of shoots, which can be transplanted to 30-40 mou. The
cost of transplanting per mou is 2-3 yuan which is less than 1/5 of the amount
required for roots planting (Kuang-ming Jih-pao, 7 Fec 1964).
Peeling of ramie requires skill but the amount peeled is small and consumes
1/3 of the production cost. The discovery of "Chung-ma 63-1 peeler" double or
triple the efficiency and can be operated by an old person or by a child (Kuang-
ming Jih-pao, 7 Dec 1964).
Some of ramie factories includes Kuang-chou Ramie Plant., considered to be
the largest in Asia (20,000 spindles, produces over 20,000,000 meters annually),
Chu-chou No.1 Ramie Plant and the Tu-yun Spinning Plant (Kweichow).
Expansion of Jute Growing Area
Jute is the most abundant of all hemps in China. It is grown mainly in
Chekiang, Kwangtung, Kiangsi, Hunan and Kiangsu provinces located south of the
Yangtze River. Over 50% of the total supply is grown in Chekiang but the National
Hemp Special Work Conference designated Hunan, Kiangsi, Kwangtung and Kiangsi Chuang
Autonomous Region as vital areas for increasing Jute production. Hupeh and Anhwei
have also started growing Jute.
Chekiang has always been the largest Jute growing province in China and yet
continues to make spectacular gains. For axample, Hsiao-shan Hsien, which produces
60% of the Jute in Chekiang, made a remarkable gain through promoting mechanization
of drainage and irrigation systems, electrification, selecting better grade plants,
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rational crop rotation and closer planting, improving sewing method and improving
the field management. In 1963, this hsien cultivated 12,700 ha of jute. A total
yield and an average yield per unit of area surpassed those of the previous year.
An average yield was 1100-500kg per mou or over three times that of the pre-liberation
days. Production experiences gained here have been propagated throughout the province
and to other parts of the country.
Kwangtung Province is also one of the principal jute growing provinces. An
acreage in 1963 was 15,400 has which is 60% greater than the previous year. This
province produces approximately 25% of the total and the growing area was further
increased to 17,000 ha in 1965.
The Kwangtung Province Agricultural Science Institute developed two new strains
of jutes called "Yueh-yuan No.W" and "Yueh-yuan No.5", which are resistant to anthr-
acnose disease and give greater yield. These can be sown early but do not flower
toe soon. They are not only resistant to anthracnose but can withstand strong wind.
They have thicker barks and firmer inside. An experimental growing showed that
the average yield from these new plants was 15-20% greater than the existing types
and,of course,these newer types made better quality fibres because of their resis-
tance to anthracnose disease.
Warm climate of Kwangtung is suitable for growing jutes but the older types
when sown early causes early flowering and fructifies before growing tall enough;
therefore, the quantity if barks is small. However, an early sewing is necessary
because a delay in harvest season would cause a delay in planting of late rice.
Furthermore, the older types are susceptible to anthracnese which can hit as much
as 1l% of the crop. This disease develops when fertilizer is required and the use
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of nitrogen fertilizer increases the growth of this disease. The two new strains
developed by the Kwangtung Province Agricultural Science Institute have a very low
susceptibility of only 1- 2%,and since they are stronger against winds, they are
suitable for growing in sea shore regions (NCNA 21 Mar 1966).
Very little jute was produced in Hupeh Province in the past, but in 1965, about
900 ha was cultivated in 142 hsiens and 13 state operated farms along the rivers and
lakes. Yield averaged 250kg per 1/15 ha. Some achieved an yield of 350 kg/ineu.
Anhwei Province started an a large scale cultivation of 3,300 ha in 1965 and
produced a good result. For axample, Huai-yuan Hsien harvested an average of 250kg
of jute per mou from 400 ha of land. An acreage has been doubled for 1966 in
Anhwei.
About 1,000 ha of jute was grown along the shares of Tung-t'ing Lake in
Hunan Province.
In line with the expansion of jute cultivation, Chekiang Hemp Spinning Plant
was built in Chekiang Province followed by Nan-ch'ang No.1 and No.2 Hemp Spinning
Plants in Kiangsi Province and the Chang-thou Hemp Spinning Plant in Fukien Province.
The jute spinning facilities increased from 22,858 spindles and 966 weaving machines
In 19119 to 33,468 spindles and 1,1169 weaving machines in 1956? The production of
jute bags increased from 9,730,000 in 1919 to 115,000,000 in 1958.
Growing of Other Hemps
Hemps are grown in northeast, north, southwest, southeast and east China.
Shansi Province cultivated 11,200 ha in 1963. On 15 September 1963, 505 tons
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(3.4 times more than 1962) were purchased and about 70% of the products were
rated grade 3 or better. Hemp production in Shantung Province in 1963 was doubled
from the previous year and over 60% were rated either grade 1 or 2. Anhwei Province
cultivated 5,300 ha during 1961. Hemps from Ransu Province are superior in quality.-
Fibres are long and white and have a lower "gluey" characteristic and are strong.
An avergae yield per unit of area in 1965 wws more than double that of 19614.
Flax is grown in colder climates of northeast, Inner Mongolia and northwest
part of China. Flax growing aretin Heilungkiang Province was increased by 3,300
ha in 1961. Flax weaving industry is considered one of the newer enterprises of
the liberated China. Newly established plants included Harbin Flax Spinning Plant
in northeastern district and A-ch'eng Flax Raw Material Plant and Hu-lun Flax
Raw Material Engineering Plant in Heilungkiang Province.
In addition, a growing of agave and plantain is stressed in southern China.
For axample, an area for growing ggave was increased by 2,300 ha (over 30%) in
Fukien Province during 1965.
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Weaving preparation shop at Kwangchn~ Ramie Plant
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Part of Chu -c : - R .e Plant
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CHINA A 0492 HSIU SHAN 30 10 N 122 10 E
Spraying hemp plants at Kua-li People's Commune.
Confidential (8-10-15-24)
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25X
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25X1 CHINA TU-SHAN 25 50 N 107 32 E
Checking results o close-planting ramie.
Confidential (8-24)
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