OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03948A000100080002-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 88
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 22, 2000
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: November 1, 1968
• Content Type: REPORT

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OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES
November 1968
DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Office of Computer Services
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WARNING
This document contains information affecting the national defense of the
United States, within the meaning of Title 18, sections 793 and 794, of the
US Code, as amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or
receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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November 1968
GROUP I
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C 0 N F I D E N T I A I, and declassification
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Page
I. Scope 1
II. General 2
A. Philosophy of Interactive Processing 2
B. IBM 360/67 Hardware 4
1. The Virtual Memory Concept 5
2. DATBOX (Dynamic Address Translator
Box) 8
3. Associative Registers 8
4. Channel Hardware. 8
5. Storage Switch Units (optional) 8
6. Channel Controller (optional) .8
7. Configuration Console (optional) 9
C. Software Options for the IBM 360/67 9
1. TSS 9
2. Control Program (CP-67) .10
III. OCS Interactive System 11
A. Structure 11
B. Implementation 12
C. Problems 12
1. Timing Sensitive Software
2. Data Driven I/O
13
13
D. Systems Available 13
1. Time-Sharing System Monitor (TSMON) 1.4
2. Cambridge Monitor System (CMS) 19
3. OS-360 (IBM-360 Operating System) 27
4. Time--Shared Data Management (TDMS) 28
5. Administrative Terminal System
(ATS/360) 32
6. A Programming Language (APL 360) 34
IV. Terminal Installation
V. User Training
Appendices
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I. Scope
This report gives an overview-of the hardware and
software interactive time-sharing system which OCS plans
to implement in February 1969. User services are de-
scribed in more detail. The report intends to provide
information on the interactive system and subsystems
which are being planned for Agency analysts during the
1969 period.
In January 1969, OCS is replacing the IBM 360/50
hardware of its present time-sharing system with an IBM
360/67. OCS is planning a system in which all of the
present Model 50 software programs will run on the Model
67 in the same way they have been running in the past.
Any changes are intended to be transparent to the customer
or user. The official IBM Time-Sharing System (TSS) is
not the system which OCS plans to implement. OCS is
implementing a CP (Control Program) system, developed
jointly by Lincoln Laboratories of MIT (Massachusetts
Institute of Technology) and IBM at the Cambridge Scienti-
fic Center. This system is not an official IBM system
and has not received wide publicity. OCS is altering
the CP software and is adding several subsystems for
Agency users. The total, the CP system and its subsystems,
is described in this report. It is suggested that the
reader select those topics from the outline which are
pertinent to his interests rather than read the total
report.
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A. Philosophy of Interactive Processing
Computer processing systems can generally be
grouped into one or two categories; either batch
processing systems or interactive processing systems.
In the former case the system is designed to utilize
the processing power of the computer most efficiently;
whereas the latter system is designed to give the
most effective use to the remote terminal user. Thus
in one, optimization techniques are oriented towards
hardware performance and in the other they are
oriented towards the performance of the remote terminal
user. Most systems are not so clearly defined and
comprise blends of both types of systems. As an
example, the most efficient use of a batch processing
system would create maximum throughput, but poor
turnaround time (time between job submittal and time
of product return to customer). Typically, arrival
time of jobs at.the computer are quite aperiodic and
peaks and troughs of load occur. To avoid the troughs
of computer idleness, the input queue would necessari-
ly be overloaded and consequently most output results
would be delayed. In practice, such a method creates
unhappy customers.. Usually, as a compromise, customers
are given better service at the expense of less than
optimum throughput by various techniques, such as
"light loading", scheduling priority shuffling, etc.
In the interactive system, the user optimum perform-
ance objective is some times compromised by other
techniques, one example being the "shaving" of a
few milliseconds from each response to each of the
multiple users.
In all processing systems some input-output
processing must be performed. This may vary from
very minimal in a large scientific application to
a very large proportion of total time in an operation
(such as that of payroll) where a large data file
is passed through the machine. During input-output
processing there is mechanical motion which consumes
large increments of time relative to that time which
is consumed by processing in the central processor.
Modern computers are doing central processing and
input-output processing concurrently. Thus there
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can be an effective overlap of processing within a
time increment if the software provided is so
designed. If only one program is running in a
machine and this program is largely input-output
and is using very little central processor power,
in effect minimum and inefficient use is being
made of the machine.
In a general purpose processing environment,
such input-output jobs occur at random and by their
very'nature allow some overlapping of processing.
It is beneficial to have more than.one such program
operating in the computer at one time. Theoretically,
the more programs that can be run in the computer
at a given time, the more probability there is that
at least one of them will have completed enough
input-output so that it can use the central processor
efficiently. However, obviously there is a trade
off here in that core memory size is a limitation;
the number of programs that can be run in the computer
at a given time is constrained by the size of the
programs and the size of memory. Core memory is
expensive and yet it takes much core memory to run
many programs concurrently. Decreasing the size of
core memory may mean a throughput loss per dollar
in the sense that not enough programs can be run in
core to utilize the total system in the most- efficient
manner. In summary, in the batch mode the objective
is to run as many programs as possible concurrently,
so that the probability of using the central processor,
time effectively is optimal.
In the design of an interactive system an attempt
is made to give quick response time to every user
who is normally located at a remote terminal. The
user at a remote terminal generally enters data by
keyboarding and receives data by relatively slow
input-output operations such as by character by
character printing, which operates at about 12 char-
acters a second, or by a simple cathode ray type
display unit which also receives data at a relatively
low data rate. When the user is at a terminal, the
time between the finger strokes as he punches keys
is long in relation to the cycle time of a computer.
A computer can receive the impulse from a user's key,
cycle around and do a little bit of processing for
each of one-hundred users, then return back and
wait for the remote operator to push the next key.
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In practice most times the computer will make several
iterations through its whole list of users giving
each a slice of time before the remote terminal
operator makes his next stroke. Since the operator
observes almost immediate computer response to his
manually entered commands, the operator is given
the impression of being the sole user of a large
computer system. The remote user cannot use more
power than the system has available. Thus the remote
terminal is being effectively utilized and the human
performance is optimized.
In the design of an interactive system, prime
consideration must be given to the bookkeeping
operations which are involved in keeping track of
online remote terminal users. This bookkeeping
has a very direct effect on the machine since a
significant proportion of the CPU power is spent
doing this bookkeeping. Many interactive systems
use from 10 to 70 percent of the total machine power
in doing such bookkeeping. One of the more famous,'
but now obsolete, systems utilized 90 percent of
CPU power for overhead operations. On the other
hand some studies of user program performance at
remote terminals have been conducted and show that
performance of the users may be increased threefold
since they are able to have immediate response to
their queries and computations.
In summary: There are two types of systems:
The batch system, which is oriented to the efficient
use of the computer but which in a practical environ-
ment generally requires some compromise in order to
give a turnaround time of one to two hours for most
users. In interactive systems, the design objective
is to give. the remote user optimum utilization of
computer power to solve his problems. In practice
this generally requires some compromise to give
instantaneous (less than one-second response) to
all requests which in turn requires more overhead.
Many interactive system designs tolerate 20 second
response times but in some cases times of 10 to 15
minutes may be tolerated. These systems typically
reduce the proportion of the central processor power
spent on overhead operations.
B. IBM 360/67 Hardware
IBM 360/67 is a large size general purpose
computer which is equivalent to an IBM 360/65 in
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processing power. Basically, the Model 67 is a
Model 65 which has been extensively modified. Three
hardware components, a DATBOX (Dynamic Address
Translator Box), eight associative registers, and
special channel hardware, have been added to the
Model 65 to make it a Model 67. Special circuitry
has also been added to allow three additional hard-
ware components, storage switch, one or more channel
controllers and aconfiguration console to be added
as options. The optional hardware is used when
multiple processors are assembled as a duplex multi-
processing unit.
The DATBOX and the eight associative registers
were added specifically to facilitate dynamic
address translation which allows a dynamic relocation
of memory pages (a page equals 4,096 bytes). The
dynamic relocation hardware is used by special soft-
ware to implement the concept of a virtual memory.
In the virtual memory concept, independent multiple
users imagine that they have large memory sizes
available to them. One user may imagine and
effectively use more memory than the central hardware
has available, and multiple users in aggregate may
use many times the total real memory available. The
chief controlling software manages memory resources
and allocates these resources to users as per the
need of each.
1. The Virtual Memory Concept
Virtual memory is a software implementation.
It is beneficial to have hardware which easily
implements this type of software. The Model. 67
is the only computer in the IBM 360 line which
has hardware to aid in the implementation of the
virtual memory concept.
Considering the cost of core, storage cost-
per-byte increases in ascending order in the
following media: magnetic tape, magnetic strip,
magnetic disk, magnetic drum, and magnetic core.
However, the access time decreases in the same
sequence from milliseconds to nanoseconds.
Theoretically if magnetic core were inexpensive,
a large amount of it would be available to each
installation, and the thinking related to system
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programming and design would probably change.
However, since cost is a prime factor, the
concept of virtual memory was developed in
order to distribute large areas of core among
many users.
In the ordinary machine a great deal of
the core storage has been pre-empted for use
by either the hardware or by the resident
portion of the operating system. Lower core
is used for machine oriented cells such as
program status words, timers and 'diagnostic
scan areas. The resident portion of the
operating system may take from 50,000 to 100,000
bytes. The remainder of core is available to
the problem program but even much of the remaining
portion must be used for input-output buffers
and for the access routines which use the buffers.
Management of core allocation in a multi-
programming environment is a problem under the
best generalized multiprogramming systems.
Several independent programs reside simultane-
ously in core and make the request for addi-
tional core on a reservoir or pool of core
available to all of these programs. However,
even in this case, core size is finite and the
sum of the hardware-required core, the resident
system core, and that of all application programs
must not exceed this finite limit. As an addi-
tional problem, as variable sizes of programs
are loaded and terminated, interspersed sections
of core are vacated and cannot be used because
of fragmentation conflicts.
The ideal situation from a hardware view-
point is to have a very large amount of core
for each user and, of course, this implies that
core would have to be relatively inexpensive.
This is not the case. A large amount of core
can be simulated (if the proper hardware is
available) to the extent that no user need. know
he does not have real core at his disposal. A
good virtual memory system should be trans-
parent to the user. In order to implement or
simulate such a system; 1) adequate external
direct access storage is needed to hold all
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of the programs, and 2) a monitor system is
needed to handle the mechanics of swapping
sections of programs from direct access device
to machine and vice versa. Also, the monitor
system must provide the necessary relocation
of addresses.
In the IBM 360 there is a 24 bit addressing
structure which theoretical) allows memory
sizes of 16 million bytes (2 ~4 = 16,777,216).
With the virtual memory concept on the Model 67,
the control program allows each user to think
that he has 16 million addressable bytes of
memory at his disposal. The control program,
with the aid of the dynamic address translation
feature, translates these addresses into real
memory addresses; if the addressed code is not
available in real core, the control program
directly retrieves the addressed pages of code
from the direct access storage devices. In this
system there are obvious advantages to the user.
. a. He does not have to plan and
implement overlay structures. He can code
his program strictly on addressing and not
within the constraints of the storage
capacity of the system.
b. He does not need to be concerned
with infrequently used coding. The monitor
will make it available only when it is re-
quired.
c. He can act and react as though he
alone had the entire computing system under
his jurisdiction.
Each reference to virtual memory must be
translated to an address which occupies real
storage. The time cost of each address trans-
lation on the Model 67 is 150 nanoseconds.
In some cases, the cost may be higher if the
code does not exist in core and must be moved
from direct access storage. Despite a consider-
able overhead, the system effectively distri-
butes blocks of code internally to many users
over dynamic increments of time. (For further
information on the virtual memory concept, see
"Virtual Memory Concept" dated 12 April 1968,
attached as Appendix I.)
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2. DATBOX (Dynamic Address Translator Box)
The interface between virtual memory and
real core is the DATBOX. Only the supervisor
.deals with real core addresses. All other
programs deal with virtual memory addresses
which the DATBOX translates into real core
addresses.
3. Associative Registers
In order to quicken the translation
process, frequently arising addresses are trans-
lated with the use of eight associative storage
registers containing logical addresses and
results of the most recent address conversions.
The eight registers can perform all references
in parallel in a total of 150 nanoseconds. A
relocate instruction counter is also provided
to lessen translation time; therefore, instruc-
tions executed sequentially within a page do
not require an associative reference.
Special channel hardware circuitry has
been integrated to interface properly with
multiple CPU'--s or multiple channel controllers.
5. Storage Switch Units (optional)
This unit is used as a tie breaker which
controls the acceptance of memory requests in
a predetermined priority sequence.
6. Channel Controller (optional)
The channel controller is functionally an
input-output processor. Upon receipt of a
channel address word, the channel controller can
oversee the continuation of channel commands
without intervention from the CPU. The channel
controller is used to control both the multi-
plexor and the selector channel. Multiple
channel controllers can be used on the system
to facilitate reconfigurations. No channel
controller is needed on a simplex system.
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7. Configurati..on Console (optional)
Memories, channel controllers, CPU and
control units may be switched at this unit.
Any of these units may be partitioned to an
operating subsystem or switched offline for
operational reliability reasons.
C. Software Options for the IBM 360/67
Several software options are available for use
on the IBM 360/67. The Model 67 does have additional
instructions which are used to implement the dynamic
relocation address features. Thus Model 67 software
has a larger instruction set than that on standard
360 hardware. Several universities have written
time-sharing systems for the Model 67 which utilized
its special hardware features. However, all of these
which were analyzed were somewhat limited in nature
and at best were "experimental" systems. Two systems
are worthy of mention; TSS (Time-Sharing System)
which is IBM's official system for the Model 67, and
the CP System developed jointly by Lincoln Laboratories
of MIT and the IBM Cambridge Scientific Center.
TSS was.-developed by IBM and when first
implemented in 1967 performed so poorly that
IBM withdrew it from marketing consideration.
In fact, IBM redesigned TSS and in early 1968
implemented the new version on several Model
67's. Recent evaluations of this software by
OCS suggest that it is still not an acceptable
software package for Agency usage. It is a
workable system and long range plans suggest a
powerful potential; however, its present performance
per dollar is low by any competitive evaluation.
TSS, conceptually, is a very ordinary
operating time-sharing system; the system resides
on the machine and multiple users of this one
system process their problem programs subordinate
to the TSS. Each user has available up to 16
million bytes of memory and TSS allocates memory
to each user in turn by the implementation of
the virtual memory and its paging techniques.
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2. Control Program (CP-67)
Control Program (CP-67is a super-control
program; it is not an operating system. Opera-
ting systems such as OS, BOS, CMS, and even the
OS based TSMON time-sharing system run at a
lower hierarchical level. All are equal and
subordinate to CP. The usual operating system
performs two chief functions: resource (time,
memory, device) allocation and data management.
CP performs only resource allocation. Thus,
multiple combinations of resources such as
memory, tapes, and DASD (Direct Access Storage
Device) space can be defined to CP. A package
of the above resources (memory, tapes and DASD)
in effect is the equivalent of a computer; the
only missing ingredient is central processor
time. CP allocates this time by giving time
increments to CPU power to each defined combina-
tion of resources.
In effe.ct, we see a small control program
(CP) controlling multiple combinations of re-
sources, each combination having its own soft-
ware or operating system. Thus, we say that
CP controls imaginary computers (virtual
computers in the trade terminology). Each
virtual computer can run any IBM 360 system
and program. When CP must allocate more memory
than it has, it uses the dynamic relocation
hardware features of the Model 67, and uses
DASD space to simulate the real memory require-
ments.
In the OCS planning, as soon as TSMON
(Time Sharing Monitor, the system written and
used by OCS) is certified as correctly running
subordinate to CP, the combination of CP and
TSMON will be used. This transition from TSMON
.to CP/TSMON should be transparent to users.
One objective in using CP is to be able to use
other systems such as OS and CMS concurrently
while TSMON is operating.
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III. OCS Interactive System
A. Structure
The conceptual structure.of the interactive
system shows CP at the top hierarchical level (see
Appendix II). All usual operating systems such as
CMS (Cambridge Monitor System), OS (the Operating
System), DOS (Disk Operating System), and TSMON
(Time-Sharing Monitor Operating System, developed
by OCS) are one level below CP and are subordinate
to CP. Each user of a terminal may request the
operating system and the hardware configuration he
requires. CP will allocate the hardware and software
operating system required. As seen in Appendix II,
even though CP may have only 524K bytes of real
memory, each of the two CMS systems may have 256K
bytes, one OS system may have 512K bytes, the other
OS system may have two million bytes, the ATS system
may have 64K bytes and TSMON may be allotted 524K
bytes. Thus, the aggregate core allotted to operating
systems far exceeds the real core which is available
to CP. The "marginal" core is in virtual memory,
i.e., it is'on the direct access storage.
In Appendix II, the first CMS system with an
IBM/2260 as,a console could be creating and executing
FORTRAN programs, and displaying the computed results.
The second CMS system which, in this case, is using an
IBM/2741 might be creating and editing a data file. On
the OS system which, in this case, has a 2741 console,
the user may be compiling and executing a large FORTRAN
program. On the ATS (Administrative Terminal System)
which uses a DOS system, a secretary may be using a
2741 to create and edit a report or a technical document.
On the other OS system the user at the 2741 may be
receiving data from an RJE (Remote Job Entry) device
such as a PDP-8, IBM 2780, or a IBM 1130. Most RJE
devices for reading cards, punching cards, and printing
data can be attached to the system. In the last
diagram the TSMON (OCS time-sharing monitor) will be
accessed by a 2741 terminal which in effect simulates
the main console of the present OCS time-sharing machine.
The terminals attached to this system will access TSMON
and its virtual hardware just as they have been access-
ing TSMON and its real hardware components on the
IBM 360/50.
Execution times on the Model 67 are not quite
equivalent to those on a Model 65. Because of the
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dynamic relocation addressing, there is a slight
delay in execution time of instructions. Thus,
there is some inherent degradation of performance.
In addition, there is considerable overhead given
to CP in the allocation of other resources.' Trans-
ferring pages to and from real memory does take time
and absorb CPU cycles. Tests show that programs will
run on a virtual machine at a speed somewhat less
than that of Model 65. If only a few users are using
the Model 67, each program may run as fast as it
would on a Model 50. However, if many users are
accessing the system, some programs will run no faster
than they would on a Model 30. However, even with the
slower execution speeds, in many cases total turn-
around time from job submittal to production return
is less than in the typical batch system.
B. Implementation
The system is to be implemented in early February
1969. The Model 50 will be removed; the Model 67
will be moved in. The.physical shuffling of these
two machines will completely curtail services for
several days. Probably, not all necessary software
will be implemented on the first day in which the hard-
ware is running; however, there is confidence that
the system will run soon after installation since
many portions of software have been tested on a Model
67 and are now running. It is quite probable that
portions of the system will run in degraded form;
however, it is planned that they will run. It may
be months before the system is tuned to optimum
performance. Many things need to be learned about
the interaction of these diverse systems with each
other under one control program.
Many of the remote terminal devices which are
presently planned do not meet security specifications.
As equivalent remote components which do meet security
specifications become available, these will be tested
and phased into the system. A plan is underway to
test and evaluate Raytheon DIDS-400 and Sanders-920
terminals; both appear to have less emanation problems
than the components currently planned.
The CP software cannot handle certain types of
programs. Up to now, none of these types of programs
has been discovered in the Agency or in any of the
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software which OCS anticipates to use. Two general
types of forbidden software are timing sensitive
software and software with data dependent I/O.
1. Timing Sensitive Software
CPU cycle time cannot be guaranteed to
any one user. A total amount of CPU cycle
time can be guaranteed, but a minimum number
of CPU cycles cannot be guaranteed per time
'increment. For example, this applies to a
device at a terminal such as a small computer
which bursts (in parallel data paths) large
blocks of many bytes of data. A device which
transferred 100K bytes of data to the Model 67
in one burst may lose some bits if this transfer
exceeds the available time slice.
2. Data Driven I/O
CP handles an I/O interrupt initially
generated by a user system, makes the addressed
core pages available, and then generates the
command code to the real machine to process
the I/O. Data which is being transferred can
never alter the instruction sequence since CP
has already generated the real code. Thus,
data driven I/O is not acceptable.
Systems Available
Theoretically, any standard IBM 360 software
(with the exception of timing sensitive software
and data driven I/O described above) can be run
subordinate to CP. Implementation of TSMON, the
present OCS interactive system, is being given
priority. CMS (Cambridge Monitor System), an operating
system designed specifically to run well in a paging
environment under CP, is being given next priority.
OCS will implement OS early since this gives the new
system compatibility with present OS programs. Other
systems, such as TDMS, ATS, etc. are being given
lesser priority.
In order to present an orderly and transparent
transition for customers of the interactive system,
OCS is giving very careful attention to the TSMON
implementation. TSMON under CP in effect is a time-
sharing monitor within a time-sharing monitor and
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some unusual and unpredictable operating conditions
are anticipated. In spite of the unknowns, OCS
feels that it is master of the implications and has
confidence in producing good results. CMS is specially
designed to run well under CP. It offers proven good
performance under CP for a variety of services.
Under CP each user is given an USERID (user
identification code). For each USERID there is de-
fined a virtual hardware configuration and one or
more-software systems which are available to this
USERID. Thus when the user sits at his console, he
has a virtual machine with the operating system of
his choice. At present, terminals which are sub-
ordinate to TSMON cannot access other systems, but
an effort is being made to remove this restriction.
1. Time-Sharing System Monitor (TSMON)
The Time-Sharing System is composed of a
control program, service routines, and user
programs. The control program TSMON is a
problem program resident in core which directs
the operation of the System. By replacing
interrupt locations in the Operating System,
the monitor gains control, generates the time
sharing partitions, maintains a pseudo-clock
to designate..time intervals, and handles all
interrupts.
a. System Services
(1) CANT
The Conversational Access Method
(CAM) enables the user to "converse"
with the computer via remote terminal
devices. CAM comprises a package of
programs capable of reading from or
writing to any terminal.
(2) PAM
The Paging Access Method (PAM)
enables the user to easily create
and to manipulate files for the Time-
Sharing System. All files reside on
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a direct access device and are blocked
into 1024 bytes which constitute a PAM
page.
(3) RINUS
A PAM page contains one physical
record per 1024 bytes. The RINUS
program efficiently utilizes PAM
pages by writing records contiguously
and overlapping records between pages.
RINUS also provides indexing capabili-
ties.
b. User Services (Programs)
(1) DESKCAL
DESKCAL serves as a super powerful
desk calculator. Refer to Appendix IV.
(2) SOLVE
SOLVE'is a computational programm-
ing language and provides the user with
arithmetic operations, elementary
mathematical functions, and select
programming commands. Refer to Appendix
V.
(3) TORQUE
TORQUE (TSAR) is a program which
allows rapid remote querying of direct
access files and outputting of informa-
tion from these files in a variety of
formats and on a number of devices.
Refer to Appendix VI.
(4) LINUS
The LINUS program provides a
method of creating files, maintaining
files, and retrieving information on
a terminal. Refer to Appendix VII.
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(5)
TRUMP furnishes commands which
locate, display, and change fixed fields
in TORQUE (TSAR) files via the terminal.
Refer to Appendix VIII.
(6) Customized Retrieval
A package of compression, hashing,
and indexing techniques'is available
for the customizing of large files for
fast direct access in which the primary
search criteria is on one field. By
using these techniques, a staff pro-
grammer can very quickly put a user
file into on-line query operation.
Contact OCS/APS for further in-
formation and assistance.
(7) On-line BATCH
With the program BATCH, the user
can request a printout of a file from
the terminal. The following programm-
ing languages are supported-under BATCH:
Assembly Language, Programming Language/
One, and FORTRAN. Two IBM Operating
System utilities are available -- IEIIPROGM
and IEHLIST. Also two OCS utilities
have been implemented -- PRINT and
PUNCH. A special procedure TSBATCH can
be entered to simulate the terminal on
the printer.
Data can be directly entered on
the terminal or a LINUS or SOLVE file
can be loaded for program execution.
BATCH provides some limited batch
services from a terminal. The pro-
grams per se are not interactive but
program control is interactive.
The System schedules high priority
batch time for the job and prints the
input and output on the printer rather
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than on the remote terminal. An
option is being written in the system
to allow printouts to be sent to the
remote terminal.
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LIST. OF PROCEDURES FOR ON-LINE BATCH
PLILFCLG
FORTGCLG
ASMFCLG
ASMTESTL
SAMPLE
(assembles and'linkedits the file;
permanently saves output of linkage
editor)
PRINT
'PUNCH
IEHPROGM
IEHLIST
PGM=TSBATCH
ENTER PROGRAM NAME
? BATCH
SPECIFY PROCEDURE (AND PARM)
PLILFCLG
SPECIFY FILENAME FOR EXECUTION (OR'*DATA')
P-- *DATA
ENTER DATA (TERMINATE WITH
- FIRST: PROC OPTIONS (MAIN);
r- DCL AA FIXED (2) INIT (00) ;ON ENDFILE.(SYSIN)GOTO EF;
D-DO J = 1 to-80;
GET EDIT (AA) (F (2)) ;PUT EDIT(AA) (F (2)) ;
END;
- EF; END FIRST;
W-/*
ENTER DATA FILE NAME, '*DATA', OR 'NONE'
P- *DATA
ENTER DATA (TERMINATE WITH
-- 1245893467
JOB IS NEXT FOR EXECUTION
ENTER PROGRAM NAME
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2. Cambridge Monitor System (CMS.)
The Cambridge Monitor System (CMS) is a
conversational operating system designed to
provide a wide range of capabilities through
relatively simple commands at a terminal.
Users communicate with the system through
commands that cause compilation, file creation,
and numerous other operations. Familiarity
with the entire command set is not necessary
in order to use the system; typically, if the
system is to be used for an occasional FORTRAN
compilation and execution, a knowledge of only
two or three commands will be sufficient. Should
the user's needs be more varied, however, numerous
commands are provided which support many com-
plex operations.
Whether running on a real or a virtual
machine, CMS expects the following machine
configurations:
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device
virtual
address
symbolic
name
1052
009
CON1
console
2311
190
DSK1
system disk
(read-only)
2311
191
DSK2
permanent disk (user files)
*2311
192
DSK3
temporary disk (work space)
1403
OOE
PRN1
line printer
2540
00C
RDR1
card reader
2540
OOD
PCH1
card punch
*2400
180
TAP1
tape drive
*2400
181
TAP2
tape drive
At least 256K bytes of core storage.
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* The 2311-for the temporary disk and the two 2400 tape
drives are optional devices; they are not included
in the minimum configuration. 2314 disks can be sub-
stituted for the 2311's.
Under the Control Program (CP), of course,
these devices are simulated and remapped to differ-
ent addresses and/or different devices. For in-
stance, CMS expects a 1052 printer-keyboard
operator's console, but remote terminals are
2741's or 2260's, CP handles all channel pro-
gram modifications necessary for this simulation.
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Under CP, all CMS users share the read-
only system disk; on it reside the CMS nucleus
routines, which the user IPL's, and the other
routines and libraries that CMS calls as needed.
Since each virtual machine maintains its own
copy of CMS, users may modify it as they wish
without affecting either the system disk version
or the copies in other virtual machines.
a. File Management Under CMS:
Each CMS user is assigned two virtual disks
(a third disk is optional), one of which
is shared with other CMS users. The
shared disk contains the CMS nucleus, which
is loaded into the virtual machine by the
IPL console function. Also on this disk,
referred to as the "system (SY) disk" are
CMS commands which are not core-resident,
and system libraries of routines and
macros. No user may write on this disk
as it is read-only. Any attempt to modify
any of the system files results in an error
message.
The two other disks are known as the
"permanent" and "temporary" disks. The
user does not share these disks with any
other user, as they are accessible only
to him after he has logged in with the
correct USERID and password. The permanent
disk is used for files which are to be saved
from one terminal session to the next. The
temporary disk, which is optional, provides
space for work files which need not be re-
tained between sessions. This disk is
erased whenever the user logs out.
CMS uses a three-field file identifica-
tion to catalog both system and user files.
The fields are referred to as the filename,
filetype, and filemode of the file. Unique-
ness of any one of the fields is sufficient
to differentiate a file from other files.
CMS maintains a directory (the User File
Directory) of each user's files, which
includes information on the file format,
size and location. This allows the user to
specify files by using only the file identi-
fication or a portion of it.
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All CMS disk files are written in
800-byte physical records. The system I/O
routines handle packing of logical records
into this format. The record blocks are
written onto the user's disk area in random
order. CMS maintains chains of disk .
addresses to keep track of the files. These
chains are linked to the User File Directory,
which has an entry for each user file. The
directory is brought into storage when the
user logs in, and is updated whenever files
are used. Periodically,. and at least as
often as once per command, the updated
file directory in core is written out onto
disk, so that the permanent copy is as
current as possible. This insures, an accurate
directory if it is necessary to re-IPL CMS
during a terminal session.
The directory handles files up to 12.8
million bytes in length, which is beyond the
capacity of a whole (2311) disk pack. In
practice, the user's disk will not normally
handle files of that length, since it is
usually less than a whole disk. Whenever
CMS detects that only a few tracks are left
on the user's disk, a warning message is
typed,'*and files currently open are closed.
A program or command in execution is halted,
so the user may create more free space on
the disk by erasing some files, or copying
them from disk to other media.
Although most of the CMS commands oper-
ate on disk-resident files, the user also
has access to the card-read-punch, printer,
.and tape drives. The commands, in general,
create sequential files of fixed-length
records; however, the programmer using the
CMS I/O support routines is able to use
any record format with either fixed-length
or variable-length records.
Files are automatically "opened" for read-
ing or writing when the first read or write
is issued. Only eight files may be open
at the same time. CMS routines automatically
close files after every command, and after
user programs that complete normally. If
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a user program needs to access more than
eight files during execution, the FINIS
command must be called to close some files.
Files must also be closed between writ-
ing and reading.
CMS commands fall naturally into
four categories: file manipulation, compila-
tion, execution control, and debugging aids.
The file handling commands allow the
user to create, copy, move, combine, and
erase disk files. Other commands provide
access to the tape units, printer, and
card-read-punch. Under the CMS linkage
scheme, all of these commands are available
to executing programs as well as to the
user at the terminal.
The CMS language processors.are the
same ones used under Operating System/360
(OS); these include Assembler (F), FORTRAN
IV (G), and PL/l (F). The Assembler pro-
duces object programs that may be executed
under either CMS or OS, depending. on the
macros-used in the source program. Special
file-handling routines for macro libraries
are included. The FORTRAN and PL/l
compilers also produce OS-compatible object
programs. (The FORTRAN execution-time
support programs have been modified for CMS.)
The SNOBOL compiler and assembler-inter-
preter were adapted from programs designed
to execute under OS and are also available.
The execution control commands allow
the user to load his programs from single
object decks (the filetype TEXT is reserved
for relocatable object programs) or from
a library of programs. He can pass. a list
of parameters to his program from the
terminal, and specify the point at which
execution is to begin. To avoid relocation
(bypass the relocating loader) he can create
a file consisting of an image of the portion
of core storage containing his program, and
load that non-relocatable copy back at any
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time. Since the loading commands can be
accessed by executing programs, overlay
structures may be set up. The user can
also create a file which is a series of
commands, and then execute these commands
by typing a single. line (loading and execut-
ing that file).
The debugging command in CMS is called
DEBUG. It,allows the user to stop his
programs at pre-determined points and ex-
amine his registers, PSW, and storage, and
modify these if he desires. This informa-
tion may be typed out at his terminal or
printed offline. A program interrupt gives
control to DEBUG, as does the external in-
terrupt caused by the EXTERNAL console
function. The user may also employ the
program tracing routines, which record all
SVC transfers, or will record just those
in which an error return is made.
A description of each command follows:
ALTER changes all or part of the identifier (filename,
filetype, and filemode) of a file stored on the
user's permanent or temporary disk without alter-
ing the contents of the file.
ASSEMBLE converts assembler language source code into
relocatable object code using the OS/360 F level
assembler.
CLOSIO signals the Control Program that I/O to offline
unit record equipment has been completed and
that the spooling areas for this I/O may be pro-
cessed. CLOSIO is generally issued automatically
by the commands which access unit record equipment.
CLROVER clears overrides set by the SETERR and/or SETOVER
commands and causes-all recorded trace informa-
tion to be printed on the offline printer.
COMBINE copies the specified file(s), concatenating
them in the order given, into a new file which is
placed on the user's permanent or temporary disk
and assigned the specified identifier.
DEBUG allows the user to stop and re-start programs
at specified points and to inspect and change the
contents of registers, core locations, and hard-
ware control words online.
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DISK causes a CMS disk file to be punched out or read
in from cards which are in CMS card format.
DUMPREST dumps the contents of an entire disk to magnetic
tape or restores the contents of an entire disk
from magnetic tape.
ECHO tests terminal line transmission by repeating as
typeout whatever is typed in by the user.
EDIT allows the user to create card-image files on
disk and to make changes to existing files from
his terminal.
ERASE deletes the entry for a specified file (or files)
from the appropriate directory, rendering the
file inaccessible to the user, and freeing the
disk area containing that file.
EXEC executes a file containing one or more CMS commands,
allowing a sequence of commands to be executed by
issuing a single command.
FINIS closes-the specified.file (or files) by writing
the last record of that file on disk, updating
the User File Directory, and removing the entry
for that file from the user's table of active
files.
FORMAT
FORTRAN
GENMOD
GLOBAL
prepares the user's permanent or temporary disk
area for CMS use by writing blank records over
the currently stored information.
converts FORTRAN language source code into relocat-
able object code using the OS/360 FORTRAN G
compiler.
creates a non-relocatable core-image file on
the user's permanent disk which is a copy of
the contents of core between two given locations.
specifies (1) macro definition libraries to be
searched during the assembly process or (2) test
libraries to be searched when loading files con-
taining relocatable object code.
KE truncates information currently being typed at
the terminal to 72 characters per line. This
truncation will remain in effect for the duration
of the currently. executing command or user pro-
gram.
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KO clears overrides previously set by the SETOVER
.or SETERR commands and causes all trace infor-
mation recorded by these commands to be printed
on the offline printer.
KT stops typeout at the terminal for the duration
of the currently executing command or user
program.
KX terminates the currently executing program,
updates the User'File Directory, and logs out
from CMS, transferring control, to the Control
Program.
LISTF either types out at the terminal the identifier
and size of the specified disk file(s), or creates
a file on the user's permanent disk containing
information for use by the EXEC and/or $ commands.
LOAD reads the specified TEXT file(s) -- containing
relocatable object code -- from disk, loads
them into core, and establishes the proper
linkages.
LOADMOD
LOGIN
LOGOUT
reads a MODULE file -- which is in non-relocat-
able core-image form -- from disk and loads it
into core.
causes the user's permanent disk files to be
either saved or deleted, as specified. If
LOGIN is not issued, the files will be saved.
compacts the User File Directory, executes any
CMS command specified as an operand, and logs
out CMS, transferring control to the Control
Program.
MACLIB generates or adds to a specified macro library,
or types out the contents of the dictionary
of that library.
OFFLINE creates a disk file from card input, prints a
disk file on the offline printer, or punches a.
disk file on cards.
PL1 converts PL/l language source code into relocat-
able object code using the OS/360 PL/l F compiler.
PRINTF types at the terminal the contents of all or part
of a specified disk file.
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REUSE reads the specified TEXT file(s) -- containing
relocatable object code -- from disk and loads
them into core, establishing linkages with
previously loaded files and changing the default
entry point of these files to that of the first
file specified in the REUSE command.
SCRIPT either (1) allows the user to create arbitrary
alphanumeric text files on disk and to make
changes to existing files of this type from the
terminal or (2) types out the contents of the
specified file, formatting it.as indicated by
control words contained in the text.
SETERR sets error overrides which will cause trace in-
formation to be recorded for each SVC-called
program which returns with an error code in
general purpose register 15.
SETOVER sets normal and error overrides which will cause
trace information to be recorded for all SVC-
called programs -- both those which are executed
normally and those which return an error code in
general purpose register 15.
SNOBOL converts a card-image file in Snobol source
language into SPL1 interpreter language-and
executes SPL1 programs.
SPLIT copies the specified portion of a, card-image
file and appends it to a second specified card-
image file.
START begins execution of the loaded program(s) at
the specified or default entry point and passes
the address of a string of user arguments to
the program (s) .
STAT types statistics regarding the amount of permanent
and/or temporary disk space used; lists all user-
defined commands, or compacts the User File
Directory, as specified.
TAPE writes the contents of CMS disk files of any
type or size onto magnetic tape, or restores
these files by writing them from tape onto disk.
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TXTLIB either (1) generates or adds to a specified text
library, (2) types out the contents of the
dictionary for that library, or (3) creates a
file containing a list of entry points and control
section names contained in that library.
UPDATE updates the specified disk file with a file con-
taining control cards, where each control card
indicates whether the information immediately
following it is to be resequenced, inserted,
replaced, or deleted.
USE reads the specified TEXT file(s) -- containing
relocatable object code -- from disk and loads
them into core, establishing linkages with pre-
viously loaded files.
$ executes a file containing one or more CMS commands,
or loads into core a file which is in either core-
image form or relocatable object code and begins
execution of that file.
3. OS-360 (IBM-360 Operating System)
OS-360, the largest and most comprehensive
of the several operating systems furnished with
the IBM-360, will be used as a subordinate system
to CP-67. OS can be'SYSGEN'ed in one of three
optional forms, PCP (Primary Control Program),
MFT (Multiple Fixed Tasking), and MVT (Multiple
Variable Tasking). OCS has been using the latter
two options because they perform concurrent multi-
tasks such as SPOOLing and multiprogramming.
Both options require additional software and,
consequently, more overhead.
The PCP version of OS is planned for SYSGEN
in lieu of MFT and MVT because it involves less
software. The software of MVT and MFT repeat
some services offered by CP-67 which probably
would require extra paging and, thus, would de-
grade performance. The differences between PCP,
MFT, and MVT are transparent to users. With
any one of the three options, any remote terminal
can be viewed as the main console for the virtual
computer. Most services of the batch MVT systems
on the Model 65's will be available through other
Model 67 operating. systems.
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The use of OS is limited in practice, but
not in theory. Certain processes, such as long
computer bound jobs or large matrix computations,
probably should not be run on the Model 67. How-
ever, at this time it is impossible to predict
the parameters and attributes of programs which
will run better on the Model 65's. Every CP
user of OS services must proceed cautiously
and must be prepared to adjust to the batch on
Model 65 if his particular application is not
practical on the Model 67.
4. Time-Shared Data Management (TDMS)
The Time-Shared Data Management System (TDMS)
is a general-purpose system for managing data in
a time--sharing environment. TDMS enables in-
dividuals and organizations with large, and
often complex, data files to manage their data
with the speed and ease provided by a computer-
based system. TDMS is oriented to the nonpro-
grammer user, who, after learning some basic
commands, can work directly with the computer
to manage his data base. OC8 has not solved all
problems of placing this system subordinate to
CP, but the problems appear solvable. In early
1969, an estimate will be made as to a feasible
implementation date.
TDMS permits the user to describe entries
in a data base, to load them into the machine,
to ask questions about them, to perform calcula-
tions on them, to have the data displayed on a
cathode-ray-tube, to obtain hard-copy reports,
and to update and maintain the data base.
TDMS is "conversational"-- i.e., during
the man/machine dialog, the system may ask the
user to supply parameters, control-information,
file-names, operations to be performed, and
format desired, while the user, in turn, may
ask the system to define a term, to comment
upon a process he does not understand, to tell
him what steps of a procedure are available,
to explain.error messages, or to give the user
other tutorial help.
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TDMS provides the user with a complete,
integrated set of generalized data management
tools, including capabilities for manipulating
data files and generating reports or graphic
displays, performing on-line updating and re-
trieval, and managing many different kinds of
data bases.
The TDMS file organization employs list,
table, and inverted tree data-structures which
make optimum use of random-access, mass storage
devices. This permits the rapid retrieval of
isolated entries in the file, while maintain-
ing the hierarchical relationships among various
data items.
In the typical, case, the user will call
upon a large data base that he has previously
stored, the names and structure of which he has
determined himself. He can then request that
selected portions of his data base be displayed
or printed out for his analysis. He can ask
questions about the characteristics of his data
(limits, number of items of certain types,
average values, and so on); he can change values,
perform arithmetic operations on the data, and
combine or rearrange groups of data. Finally,
he can ask for hard-copy reports of any data ---
and in the format he prefers. Thus the user --
that is, the person directly concerned with the
problem--receives only the information he really
needs, at the time he needs it, and in the form
most usable to him.
For example, suppose a personnel administrator
had a large file of personnel data. Using the
Query program of TDMS, he could search for patterns
within selected subsets of this data base or find
answers to specific questions.
If, for example, he wishes to determine the
number of employees in some critical technical
specialty he might need to recruit'in the near
future due to a sudden increase in the military
draft, he could type in (by remote teletype) a
request such as this:
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PRINT COUNT EMPLOYEE NAME WHERE DRAFT STATUS EQ 1A AND NAME
OF TECHNICAL SPECIALTY EQ ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN AND MARITAL
STATUS EQ MARRIED.
He would immediately receive a count of
the employees whose draft status was 1A, who
were electronic technicians, and who were single,
divorced, or separated.
If he were then interested in knowing the
salary range and qualifications possessed by
present beginning employees in this job skill,
he could type in the request:
PRINT MINIMUM SALARY, MAXIMUM SALARY, AVERAGE YEARS IN
SPECIALTY, AVERAGE TOTAL YEARS EDUCATION WHERE NAME OF
TECHNICAL SPECIALTY EQ ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN AND JOB TITLE
EQ JUNIOR ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN
He might also be interested in knowing the
names of potential trainees for projected
training classes in that job skill. If so, he
might type in:-
PRINT EMPLOYEE NAME BY LOW EMPLOYEE NUMBER WHERE JOB TITLE
EQ JUNIOR ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN AND TOTAL YEARS EDUCATION
GR 14 AND APT SCORE GR 75
In addition to the retrieval capabilities _
available to the user through the Query program,,
TDMS also provides the user with the ability
to change selected entries on-line. This is
done by simply typing in the desired change,
for example:
CHANGE MARITAL STATUS = MARRIED WHERE EMPLOYEE NUMBER
EQ 32060 AND SALARY HISTORY = (800, 10/12/66) WHERE
EMPLOYEE NAME EQ JOHN BROWN
TDMS also provides various aids for the
user who is unfamiliar with (or who has for-
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gotten about) the structure of a data base, the
steps required to retrieve information, the
meaning of terms or operations, etc. For example,
to receive a list of commands available to him,
the user merely types a question mark;-to obtain
additional information about an error (after
receiving an error message from. the system),
the user types in the word "MORE"; to receive
information on words recognized by the system --
such as command words -- the user types in the
word "MORE" and the specific system word. For
example, if the user typed in a statement such
as
MORE SIGMA
he would receive a reply similar to this:
SIGMA COMPUTES AND PRINTS THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF A
DATA VALUE FOR AN ELEMENT, SUBELEMENT, OR ARITHMETIC
EXPRESSION
Similarly, if the user is unfamiliar with the
structure of a data base, he can type in the
word "COMPONENTS" and receive a list of the
components in the data base. If he is still
in doubt, he can obtain a fuller description
of the components, including their legality,
format, coding types and so on, by typing in
the word "DESCRIBE".
As shown in Figure 1; the basic data
management tools of TDMS include:
DEFINE - allows the user to create a new
data base description or alter an existing
one; inputs may be prestored or provided
interactively, on-line.
LOAD - accepts all types of numeric and non-
numeric data either batched or interactively,
from a console; performs legality checks;
permits error correction on-line; includes
the capability to convert pre-existing data
values to the required TDMS format.
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QUERY - allows the user to request single
values, multiple values, or entire entries,
printed on-line in a standard tabular format;
provides full arithmetic capabilities, plus
operators such as sum, minimum, maximum,
count, average, and standard deviation.
UPDATE - allows changing of values and adding
or deleting either single values or entire
entries.
DISPLAY - allows the user to define, generate,
manipulate, save, and recall a variety of
display formats.
COMPOSE/PRODUCE - allows the user to specify
report format and content in a user-oriented
language; provides arithmetic, ordering, for-
matting, and tutorial capabilities; produces
reports on the interactive console or line
printer.
MAINTAIN - provides for merging, subsetting,
extracting, ordering, restructuring, and
updating data bases; accepts one or two
different data bases, an on-line description
of the desired output data base, rules for
selection 'of data, and the transformations
that are required.
TDMS was designed to accommodate the needs
of the specialists in some technical field --
for example, military intelligence, finance, or
personnel management -- who are not professional
progranuners . They often have large volumes of.
structured data to deal with (that is, data
among which meaningful associations exist),
and they are required to manipulate these data
to solve pressing, everyday problems.
5. Administrative Terminal System (ATS/360)
ATS/360 consists of a group of application pro-
grams operating under IBM/360 Disk Operating System
and related computer equipment especially integrated
to handle large texts and data files. Data may be
entered into the system through the IBM 2741
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:'3r
ASE
UPDATE 1 f,y :>, NTAT_N /
4
DISPLAY,
rD AT ~~.
COMPOSE 1
Figure 1. TDMS SYSTEM COMPONENTS
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Q 10 EINTI
/ I- --r - \
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Communications Terminal, punch cards, and magnetic
tape. Data is stored in the form of a text stream.
A text stream is any combination of spaces, char-
acters, words, sentences, or paragraphs in any
sequence and entered at any period of time. It may
be assembled at any time for output. The text stream
may be outputted directly and a copy of the data
reproduced, or it may be read as input to be pro-
cessed in conventional data processing operations.
This system will be available in early 1969
under CP. It is being used successfully in many
commercial installations. For more detailed in-
formation on ATS specifications see APS/OCS.
6. A Programming Language.(APL 360)
IBM has developed a mathematically oriented
language, A Programming Language (APL 360), which
is useful to the non-programmer type on a remote
terminal. With a minimum of typing, the terminal
user is able to perform arithmetic operations and
complex mathematical functions and receive an
immediate response; operations and responses can
be stored in a library for future access.
The processing of the language arid the
execution of programs in the language presently
run on DOS (IBM's Disk Operating System). This
system can be run as a virtual system on the
CP-67 system in OCS. Only the IBM 2741 remote
typewriter device has the special fonts and char-
acters to run the language; and this device is
supported by the OCS CP-67 system. The system will
be available in early 1969.
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 Approved For Release 20 L? EIN-W8-03948A000100080002-8
Samples
1. In 4 bits, represent "7"
2222T7
2. Calculate average of any number of numbers
(+/Y) Y
"add the reduction of Y, divide the
dimensionality of Y"
3. "FICA" replaced by either ".044" multiplied
times "G" or "7800", whichever is the lower
value.
4. Expressing the equation: Y
Y = * ( t * 2) 2
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CONFIDENTIAL
 Approved For Release 20
P9V--78-03948A000100080002-8
IV. Terminal Installation
OCS has recently published a report outlining the
procedure for acquiring a terminal. Call extension 4000
for a copy.
V. User Training
Courses have been designed to train users in the use
of terminals and user services. Beginning in February
1969, courses will be offered through the OTR training
bulletin on the use of services such as SOLVE, TORQUE,
DESKCAL, on-line FORTRAN and on-line PL/l. Basic
orientation courses for persons who will be located in
interactive environments will begin in December 1968.
The course, which is announced regularly in the OTR
Training Bulletin, is five (5) days, one-half time
(15 hours).
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CONFIDENTIAL
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APPENDICES
-37-
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12 April 1968
VIRTUAL MEMORY CONCEPT
In multi-tasking systems, including time-sharing systems,
memory must be shared by the current users of the system, and
the constraints inherent in such sharing partially negate the power
of multi-tasking. As an example, computers may have the capability
to process a number of programs concurrently but memory may not
be large enough to hold all these programs concurrently. Sometimes,
the monitor itself, in order to handle concurrent or time-shared
programs, uses so much additional memory that the remaining
memory can process but one program. Virtual memory is one
method to give more transparency to memory size.
In the virtual memory concept a virtual memory size is chosen
which may be many times the size of actual core memory. In the
example of the 32 bit prefixed IBM 360/67, virtual memory is
4 billion bytes while core memory may be as low as 256K bytes
(the 24 bit prefix IBM 360/67 allows 16 million bytes of virtual
memory). Virtual memory consists of actual memory and the
remaining memory which is usually located on direct access storage
devices. For example 16 million of virtual memory may be as
follows: . 5M bytes in core, 3. 5M bytes on a drum, and 12M bytes
on a disk. Systems software is designed so that index tables
(usually in core memory) can locate all blocks of virtual memory,
and bring these memory blocks into core. Usually hardware is
specially designed (or modified) to perform special parts of this
transfer, such as rapid translation of virtual memory addresses to
actual memory addresses. These memory blocks, which are
transferred to and from direct access storage devices, are called
pages. (In the IBM 360/67, a page is 4096 bytes.)
Programs which are run in a multiprogramming environment
must be written in such a way that they can be adjusted by the system
during execution to run at any location within main storage. This
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requirement is dictated by the fact that it is impossible to determine
prior to running just what portion of main storage will be available,
This modification of the program is usually done just before it is
to be run.. The process of specifying what portion of main storage
a program is to be run in, is called relocation. Programs that are
written so that they can be run from any location in main storage
are called relocatable programs.
Programs are written in modules of 4096 bytes or less, Pages
(4096 bytes of memory) contain 1 or more modules and are brought
into main memory only when they are to be used. Each page is
stored at an available page boundary in main memory. Its actual
location, translation of addresses within the page, and translation
of addresses beyond the page are performed by a technique called
Dynamic Address Translation.
All referenced instructions are computed from the sum of the
displacement, the index register, and the base register. This
computation normally would consume a prohibitive amount of time
if software only were to be the address translation medium. A
group of associative registers (8 in the IBM 360/67) is used to hold
the most recently referenced instructions. These registers are
searched in parallel and thus maintain full CPU speed, unless a, new
page is addressed; the page is moved into actual memory via the
index structure (if it was not already in actual memory), and the
new actual address is computed and stored in an associative register.
A page is a fixed. number of bytes (4096 in IBM 360/67), Systems
which use virtual memory concepts generally move pages into memory
when they are being used. When they are not being used and main
storage space is needed for another task, they are written onto
secondary storage which is part of virtual. memory. Some advantages
of paging are:
1) Only those pages of a user's virtual storage which are
being used are actually in main storage.
2) Very large programs can be designed without undue
concern for the size of the computer's main storage.
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3) Re -entrant subroutines or re -entrant programs, such as
the PL-1 Compiler, can be shared easily.
SUMMARY
Virtual memory is conceptual but does give flexibility to memory
size restrictions through a combination of hardware and software
techniques. This concept combined with paging is one solution to
memory'size constraints. In practice, paging between actual memory
and secondary memory has been a disappointment in that I/O time to
perform the paging has been excessive and has significantly degraded
performance of most paging systems. Several systems (CDC 6400/6600
and several customer written systems for IBM 360) are using a slow
speed core as secondary memory. Some designers believe that paging
is an interim technique with no future promise. They hold that large
cheap memories will be the future solution to the inherent degradation
in all paging systems,
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ro -
ro
z
H
CP Console H
(524K BYTES)
(256K BYTES K256K BYTES)
CMS I CMS
(512K BYTES)
?i
OS I
2260 12260
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(64K BYTES)
ATS
(DOS)
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2314-1 2860-2
:Y
1Delivered,
not in use
Installed,
in use
2067-1
1052-7
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/08 : CIA-RDP78-03948A000100080002-8
This program serves as a desk calculator performing
the following operations and functions:
addition: +
subtraction: -
multiplication:
division: /
exponentiation:
sine: SIN
cosine: COS
square root: SQRT
absolute value: ABS
natural log (> Y) : LOG
common log: LOG10
raise "e" to a power: EXP
Rules:
1. One line is executed at a time.
2. Format of statement:
Pvariable = expression
.....or......
c+. expression
3. A variable must begin with an alphabetic char-
acter and may consist of 7 alphanumerics.
4. A maximum of 8 nested parenthesis are allowed
within one expression.
5. The value of a variable is maintained until
the variable is reassigned a new value.
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6. When using fixed-point notation, four (4) decimal places are
obtainable from all operations except for the following functions which
provide 5 decimal places: COS, SIN, ABS, LOG, EXP, LOG1 O.
7. All computations are performed in binary floating point where
the high order binary digit of the fifth significant decimal digit is
rounded before the result is converted back to decimal.
8. Floating point notation is applicable with an exponential range.
of ?. 74. A constant is expressed as decimal digits followed by "E" and
a signed exponent.
1. Angles from the sine and cosine functions are expressed in
radians.
2. Format of function statement:
P- variable = function (expression)
... or ...
Q? function (expression)
3. EXP raises "e" (the base of the natural logarithm system) to
a given power.
a. format: > EXP (expression)
... or ...
4a* variable = EXP (expression)
b. example: :P EXP (9)
8103.1
c. the value of the parenthesized expression cannot exceed
174. 673.
2 -
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EXAMPLES:
"ENTER USER STATEMENT"
JwB=9
11B=91f
Ow C = 5
sic = 5"
e-A = 2 + SQRT(B) + C* ,`:3
"A = 13011
I-COSA = COS(A)
"COSA = -.36729"
t+-A = COSA + SQRT(B) + C,,,',3
"A = 127. 63"
WSQRT = SQRT(256.7968)
"SQR T = 16. 02 5"
PZ = SQRT(SQRT)
"Z = 4.0031"
t-A=2+A
"A = 129. 63"
-SIN = SIN(COS(SIN(980)))
"SIN = . 83302"
%-A = 512 + 372 + 416
"A = 1300"
SQRT(B)
1'311
c-Z = 2. 56E+4 + 2.45E-2
"Z = 25600"
P-XY = 567. 3E+3 **2
"XY=3. 2183E+1 1"
bFINISH
NOTE: All the underscored are computer responses.
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 Approved For Release 2000/ IW 3 FTDP78-03948A000100080002-8
SOLVE
Table of Contents
Description
I. Arithmetic Operators and Built-in Functions
A. Description
B. Priority of Operations
C. Implied Groupings
II, Arithmetic Data Characteristics
A. Precision
B. Range
C. Floating Point Constant
III. Program Commands
A. LIST
B. EXEC
C. FINISH
D. RESTART
E. DELETE
F. VAR
G. IF
H. ELSE
I. DCL
J. END
K. GO TO
L. DO
M. SEQ
N. STOP
IV. Special Features
Page
A. Arrays
B. Labels and Variables 8
C. Dollar Sign 8
A. Writing a Statement
B. Inserting or Replacing a Statement
8
9
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"Solve" provides the user with arithmetic operators, built-in
functions, a few programming commands, and, in general, the ability
to perform various computer functions via the display terminal. In
accordance with the language and programming specifications, "Solve"
permits the user to type a program into the Mod-50, to enter numeric
data, and to execute the total as is the normal procedure.
I. Arithmetic Operators and Built-in Functions
A.
Description
1.
Addition: + and Subtraction: -
2,
Multiplication:
and Division: /
3.
Exponentiation:
4.
Relational operations (which always result as "l"
(TRUE) or "0" (FALSE).
ao greater than: ~.
b, greater than or equal to: - =
d. less than or equal to:
e. equal to:'
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a. AND: &
b. OR: I
c. For example:
A = 5
B = 4
$C = (A> 4) & (B=7)
EXEC
C=0
6.
Square root: SQRT
7.
Absolute value: ABS
8.
Sine: SIN
9.
Cosine: COS
10.
Natural log:
LOG
11.
Common log:
LOG10
12.
Raising 'e" (2. 71828) to a given power:
EXP
a. format: r. symbol. = EXP (expression)
b. example: P- $A = EXP (9)
R- EXEC
A = 8103. 1
c. the value of the parenthesized expression cannot
exceed 174. 673.
B. Priority of Operations
1. ~,> _, G s C =r =
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C. Implied groupings (which may be altered by a maximum of
3 nested "parentheses").
1. Addition and subtraction associate from the left -- exam-
ple: 2+2 - 3+2 = ((2+2)-3)+2 = 3
2. Multiplication and division associate from the left --
example: 2/2*3/2 = ((2/2)*3)/Z 3/2
3. Exponentiation associates from the left -- example:
2--*2 *3 = (2r*2)**3 = 64
4. Mixed operations associate from the left -- example:
2+2* 3**2 - 6= 2+(2*(3**2)) - 6; Z>3&4>1 (2>3)&(4>1)=O
II. Arithmetic Data Characteristics
A. Precision
1. Five decimal digits are significant.
2. * All computations are performed in binary floating point
where the high order binary digit of the fifth significant
decimal digit is rounded before the result is converted
back to decimal.
B. Range: floating point notation is applicable with an exponen-
tial range of + 74.
C. A floating point constant is written as a string of decimal
digits followed by the letter E and a signed decimal exponent.
III. Program Commands
A. LIST
1. must be entered as a unique command.
2. lists the complete program.
3. useful as a review of the program in toto.
4. it does not remain as,part of your program: it is executed
as soon as entered.
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5. in order to temporarily halt a listing, depress the
SHIFT and ENTER keys which will freeze the current
screen contents.
a. to re-activate the "LIST, " type in "GO" and de-
press the SHIFT and ENTER keys.
to de-activate the ".LIST" permanently, type in
"END" and depress the SHIFT and ENTER keys.
6. variations of LIST
a. "d LIST n" this will list your program from state-
ment n to the end of the program.
b. " P-LIST n, rn" this will list the program from state-
ment n to statement m.
c. After execution of LIST, the user may continue to
add instructions to his program.
1. must be entered as a unique command and may not be pre-
ceded by a label.
2. allows the user to execute all of his statements (in fact,
this command is mandatory in order to do so).
3. provides a listing of the variables and their respective
results (refer to "SPECIAL FEATURES, DOLLAR SIGN"
for a discussion about displayable variables).
4. in order to temporarily halt execution, depress the SHIFT
and ENTER keys which will freeze the current screen
contents.
a. to re-activate the "EXEC," type in "GO" and de
press the SHIFT and ENTER keys.
b. to de-activate the "EXEC" permanently, type in
"END" and depress the SHIFT and ENTER keys.
5. after execution:
a. the user may continue writing a program.
b. values entered during execution will be purged
automatically after each EXEC instruction.
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6. "EXEC" does not remain a part of your program; it is
performed as soon as entered.
7. variations of EXEC
a. "EXEC n" this will execute the program from state-
ment n to the end of the program..
b. "EXEC n, m" this will execute the program from
statement n to statement M.
C. FINISH
1. must appear as a unique command.
2 terminates the program SOLVE and allows you to call
in another.
D. RESTART
1. must appear as a unique command and may not be preceded
by a label.
2. allows the user to purge his program and start writing a
new program while SOLVE remains intact.
E. DELETE
1. an rote er must appear after DELETE (at least one blank
between them) -- the number refers to a previous single
line which the user wishes to delete.
2. example: a,- DELETE-50
F. VAR
1. may be entered as a unique command while writing your
program.
2. applicable after completion of your first EXEC instruction.
3. provides a list of those variables whose values have
previously been computed by an EXEC instruction.
G. IF condition THEN !statement
1: may be preceded by a label.
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2. the outcome of the condition must be a "1" (TRUE)
or "O" (FALSE).
3. the condition may represent a compound expression --
for example: IF (A> 0) & (BETA < 1000) 1 (BETA> 1500)
THEN $SWT = 1.
H. ELSE expression
(TO BE IMPLEMENTED)
(TO BE IMPLEMENTED)
J. END
1. may be preceded by a label -- example: L1abeI JEND.
2. used to:
(TO BE IMPLEMENTED)
K. GO TO .
1. may be preceded by a label.
2. directs control. to a specific label -- for example:
v- INIT: A(J) 1. 255
J = J+ 1
LOOPEND: GO TO INIT
3. format: Mabel:' TO TO label.
L. DO V
(TO BE IMPLEMENTED)
M. SEQ
1. The computer provides a 4 digit sequence number for each
line of user responses.. SEQ sequences the user's pro-
gram by the increment of 10.
6
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mus be a unique comman an is executed as soon as
entered.
3. variations of SEQ:
a. SEQ n -- n must be a numeric or a pre-assigned
variable and provides re-numbering by the incre-
ment of n.
b. SEQL -- provides the user with a listing of the pro-
gram while it is being re-numbered.
c. SEQL n -- same as SEQ n with a listing.
terminates processing from a LIST or EXEC (after
depressing the SHIFT and ENTER keys).
permits the user to continue writing his program.
IV. Special Features
*A. Arrays
1. maximum of three dimensions.
2. must be defined within a DCL statement along with its
dimensions.
3. within a DCL statement, the dimensions must be numeric.
4. an array name may contain a maximum of 7 alphanumerics
where the first character is alphabetic.
5. when referencing an, array within your program, any sub-
script may be an expression (whose value cannot exceed
the integer in the DCL) -- for example:
DCL A(1-0,10)
ral4
t.a J = 5
Y = A(J,I + J)
6. initializing an array.
TO BE IMPLEMENTED
7
r- 0
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1. a 7 alphanumeric maximum.
2. the first character must be alphabetic.
3. a' colon must immediately. follow a label.
C. Dollar Sign "$rr
1. immediately precedes specific variables (not labels).
Z.- entered by the user while typing a program.
3. when it precedes a variable on the left side of any equal
sign, this indicates that the variable and its value are
to be displayed after execution (i. e. EXEC). Therefore,
it is essential to include a dollar sign in front of all
variables you wish computed; otherwise, no results will
be visible upon completion.
4. when it precedes a variable on the right side of the equal
sign, the computer is to request a value during execution
rather than to assign a value at the offset. Therefore,
data values may vary with repeated EXEC statements and
several computed results will be easily obtainable.
5. for example:
-$A=$B+7
I- EXEC
rr.B=tr
HHA = 911
t- EXEC
rr.B="
rr 5
"A = 1211
V. USEFUL PROCEDURES
A. Writing a Statement
The computer will provide a 4 digit sequence number
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("0010") when ready for your entry. Any "legal" statement
may then be entered. Those statements considered "legal"
at the offset include: assignment statements, conditional
statements ("IF"), repeat statements ("00"), and declare
statements ("DCL"). All other commands would be legal as
subsequent entries. As a rule of thumb, each statement
should begin to the immediate right of the start symbol (P-)
which appears whenever a user response is required input.
A blank should delimit a keyword from a variable.
All assignment statements are recommended as your
leading entries. The statement stands as follows:
[label;,]' variable = expression where the equal sign
indicates a command and the expression includes constants
and/or functions and/or operations. Only one variable may
be assigned per statement; you cannot assign values to two
variables on one line by distinguishing them with parentheses
and the "AND" sign.
As a helpful reminder, type a dollar sign in front of each
variable you wish displayed after execution.
B. Inserting or replacing a Statement
Precede the new statement with your own sequence number.
If a statement already exists with this sequence number, the
new statement will replace the old; otherwise, the new will be
inserted sequentially. For example:
0010
I-
$A= 10
0020
$C -B+A
0030
I-
$D = SQRT (C) + A - B
0040
ra
15$B=20
0040
a
LIST 10, 30
$A= 10
$B = 20
$C -B+A
$DSQRT(C)+A-B
0040
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Table of Contents
I. Description
A. IF-
B. FIND
C. COUNT
D. Syntax
E. Output and Subsequent Reference
III. Output Commands
A. LIST
B. DISPLAY
*C. PUT
*D. PRINT
E. Syntax
F. Output
Page
IV. Special Features
A. Pound Sign
1. as Input 6
2. as Output
B. Refinement of Hit Records
*C. Indices
D. Special Commands
1. END 8
2. FINISH 9
3. NEWFILE 9
E. Diagnostic Messages 9
A. Entering a Query
*B. Naming and Classifying a New Data Set
with "PUT1?
VI. Sample
* to be implemented
10
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TSAR is a general purpose system which allows rapid
remote querying of previously created direct access files
and outputting of information from these files in a
variety of formats and on a number of devices. *Every user
query consists of one or more commands, each followed
by information which modifies that command and makes it
meaningful. There are two types of commands, search
and output; therefore, the two types of statements in-
clude either command followed by an expression or a
fieldname.
Though similar in many respects to TORQUE, TSAR is
faster, more flexible, and incorporates several new
capabilities which the user should find helpful. In
addition, TSAR can be used with already existing TORQUE
(slightly modified FFS) files, so that present TORQUE
users need not recreate their files. AEGIS users,
after running their files against an existing periodic
conversion program, may also use TSAR.
Search Commands
A Search command requires TSAR to examine a file
and designate certain records as "hits." TSAR must
have certain conditional information upon which to make
this decision; that. is, certain expressions or condi-
tions must follow a search command, the satisfaction
of which constitutes labeling any given record as a
"hit."
Only one of the three following search commands
may appear in any given query:
A. IF - causes an entire file or an indexed
subset to be scanned for hits. The in--
formation in these hit records is then
available for further querying or for
outputting. It is advisable to use IF
when information about a certain category
of records is needed.
*to be implemented
- 1 -
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B. FIND - causes a file to be scanned for
the first hit record. The information
in this single record may then'be out-
putted.
C, COUNT - causes an entire file to be
scanned for hits and produces a tally
of the select records. A COUNT state-
ment cannot be compounded with any
OUTPUT statement; therefore, it alone
is a query. COUNT is somewhat faster than
.IF but only a tally can result and no
further investigation of these records
is accorded to the user.
Syntax
Algebra - like expressions follow
-a search command. More than one ex-
pression may follow a single command
if each expression is separated by
an "&" (AND) or "I " (OR). Each of the
legal expressions takes one of the follow-
ing forms:
fieldname-operator-fieldname
fieldname-operator-literal
fieldname-operator-function
fieldname-operator-multiple field
fieldname-operator-range
1. Any fieldname in the file can
legally be investigated.
2. The four valid operators include:
. (equal)
> (greater than)
< (less than)
(not equal)
None can be compounded.
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A literal is an alphanumeric
data item. It must be delimited
by quotes only if blanks are im-
bedded, special characters are
included, or if an alphanumeric
begins with a number - e.g.,
NAME = 99,NAME = S409, NUMBER =
'44-S'TE-RUE'
A function consists of a function
name followed by one or more
fieldnames or literals which are
delimited by-parentheses and
separated by commas. Three
probable functions include: SCAN,
AVERAGE, SUM.
A group of fieldnames, literals,
and functions can be enclosed
within parentheses and separated
by "&" (AND) or " 1 " (OR) ; there-
fore, all refer to the same field
e.g.,
IF NAME = (99 t 'HARRIS,JOHN' )
6. Range is a pair of.numeric literals
presented in ascending order and
separated by a hyphen. The operator,
in this case, must be an equal sign
- e.g.,
FIND DAY = 13-31
7. Parentheses may be inserted freely,
and their use is encouraged if any
doubt might possibly arise.
E. Output and Subsequent Reference
After entering an IF or COUNT, a tally
of the hit records appears. Since FIND scans
for only one record, the user is notified
when it is found.
*to be implemented
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Further investigation of the same
III. Output Commands
Output commands require TSAR to reproduce infor-
mation from direct access file records, in either
formatted or free form, on a specified output device.
A. LIST - causes the desired information
to be displayed on the user's terminal
(e.g., IBM/2260, IBM/2741) in a column
format.
hit records is assumed only after an
IF or FIND command (i.e., any subsequent
statement will reference the same
records). Refer to "REFINEMENT of HIT
RECORDS."
played, each data item is preceded by
the fieldname.
B. DISPLAY - same as LIST except, when dis-
set-to be created, containing data items
accumulated from the existing file
(i.e., to create a file of your hits).
PRINT - causes the requested information
to be reproduced as hard copy. A batch
PUT - causes a new direct access data
print job is scheduled with your request
taking highest priority over the rest
of the batch. The PRINT command should
be used sparingly since it can extensively
tie up a printer.
E. Syntax
The output command is followed by
either a list of fieldnames or the keyword
RECORD.*
In a command with multiple
entries, each fieldname is
separated by a comma or a
blank.
*to be implemented
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2. The field is singled out of
a record.
F. Output
RECORD is a request to out-
put the entire record.
1. After a LIST command, re-
quested fieldnames appear
at the beginning of each list-
ing to form a title line, and
data items from each hit appear
one under the other. If a
record does not contain the
data, "NONE" will appear in
its place.
2. The DISPLAY output is a key-
word sequential listing of all
the requested data in the form:
fieldname = 'one data item.'
A number appearing in paren-
theses after the fieldname
signifies a periodic field where
the extent of the periodicity
is designated by the number
itself. If a record does not
contain a specific field, the
pound sign (fl replaces the data
item. Refer to "SPECIAL FEATURES,
POUND SIGN" for further details.
3. Refer to "SPECIAL FEATURES,
REFINEMENT of HIT RECORDS" for a
discussion on subsequent refer-
ence after execution of an Output
command.
*to be implemented
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IV. Special Features
A. Pound Sign "#"
1. As Input in a Search Command,-"No-Care
Character" allows the user to issue a
search when he is concerned only with
locating certain positions in a data
item, therefore, ignoring the rest. it
also allows him to search when unsure
of the spelling of a data item.
For example, if the user is interrogating
.a personnel file for a person whose last
name is either LANE or LANG, he could
,enter the query
and TSAR would search only on the char-
acters LAN. Therefore, names such as
LANE, LANG, LANSMAN, LAND, et cetera
`would be tallied. Similarly, if the
user wanted to search an inventory file
for a certain type of part, he might issue
IF PART = 'M_###-970--4313- ' .
The pound sign can only be used on literals
which are not strictly numeric fields. (The
RANGE function is best suited to that case.)
2. As Output of a DISPLAY Command -
a. If a pound sign appears immediately
after the fieldname, the field was
defined as numeric when the file
was being created, - e.g.,
DATE# = '111345'
b. When a pound sign appears as a data
item, the record does not contain
the requested field..- e.g.,
BIRTHPLACE = '#'
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Refinement: the ability to investigate a group
,of previously hit records. Refinement cannot
always be assumed since not all commands return
a group of hit records.
1. An initial query is one which investigates
.the file in its entirety. When the file
has first been opened and "READY" appears,
the statement(s) you enter is an initial
query. If this. statement consists only
of Output commands, no records will be
distinguished as hits; therefore, the
subsequent entry could also be called an
initial query. In fact, "hits" are avail--
able only when the first entry contains
an IF of FIND statement. **After the
COUNT command, "READY" reappears, and the
next sequential command again references
the entire file (i.e., an initial query).
An obvious indication of the subsequent
reference is the program message. If
"READY" appears, your entry will refer-
ence the entire file; and if "ANY FURTHER
INSTRUCTIONS?" appears, you are working
with a subset of hits.
3. When refinement is assumed, the user re-
directs a query to the file in toto by
entering "N" or "NO" or "NEW Q" in reply
to "ANY FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS?". There-
fore "READY' should reappear.
4. Refer to the example.
*C. Indices
TSAR allows the user to create a file of hit
records for use immediately or at a future
time. The index is created as follows: after
a query containing an IF search command is
completely executed by TSAR, the question
ANY FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS?
appears. At this point, if the user wishes
7 -
*to be implemented.
** The FIND command only permits subsequent outputting, no
further searches.
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an in Px n +- ha h,+- .__~____,
in the latest search he simply enters
INDEX NAME
where "name" is the name the user wishes to
give to this subfile. The name must be unique
only with respect to other subfiles of the same
file. After the subfile has been created the
message
will appear. The user may then continue with
refinements, outputting, or a new query.
After an index has been created, the user may
search his file on this index by simply enter-
ing the command at initial query time, i.e.,
when READY appears. As soon as TSAR has veri-
fied that the "name" index exists for this
file, it responds with another READY, and the
user may then enter his query.
When the user'no longer needs an index he
simply enters
and the "name" index is flagged for deletion.
1. An index may be created only by executing
a query which contains an IF command and
which produces some hits (I.E. > 0).
2; The user is urged to use the indexing
capability sparingly, and to delete
subfiles as soon as they are no longer
needed, since these subfiles can use up
large amounts of disk space if created
indiscriminately.
D. Special Commands
1. "END" - causes the current phase of
execution (e.g., a search or a list)
to come to an immediate stop, and the
next phase to begin. There'is no loss
of information when this instruction is
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entered. (For example, if a search is
'ENDed before normal completion, the hits
obtained thus far are available for.re-
finement or outputting.)
2. FINISH - causes TSAR to terminate.
3. NEWFILE - causes the current execution
to end, and a new file to be requested
for querying. The same security procedure
must be passed before the new file is
made available.
E. Diagnostic Messages
When the TSAR syntax analyzer detects an
error in a user query,, it pinpoints its
location and gives a brief explanation of.
the error on the line following the query.
The user is requested to reenter his query.
Only after an error-free query is entered
can any processing take place.
V. Useful Procedures
A. Entering a Query
A "statement" is defined as a command
followed by a f.ieldname (with or without
conditional information depending upon the
"type". of command). A query consists of
one or more statements entered simultaneously.
The sequence of command statements within a
single query has no bearing on the results.
A query is entered after "READY" or "ANY
OTHER INSTRUCTIONS?".and is limited to 160
characters and to one search statement.
When the file has been opened and "READY"
appears, your first query always implores
the complete file. An IF or FIND would
enable "refinement;" all others would require
another initial query to follow.
*B. Naming and Classifying a New Data Set with "PUT"
*to be implemented
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Ji 10 1
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VI.
Sample
Line
ENTER PROGRAM NAME
1
TSAR
2
TSAR LOADED
THE TSAR IS READY
ENTER FILENAME
PERSONNEL
KEYWORD =
two BLUEBIRD
PEOPLE FILE IS OPEN FOR QUERIES
'READY
- COUNT SEX = M & GRADE
9
47 HITS ENCOUNTERED
READY
sw LIST NAME, DEGREE MAJOR IF SEX = F & GRADE 7>10
14
15
NAME
DEGREE
MAJOR
16
ATWELL,SUE
BA
HIST
17
HATFIELD,ROBIN
NONE
NONE
18
PERCY,KAY
BS
ECON
19
ECON
20
ANY FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS?
P- IF GRADE > 12
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2 HITS ENCOUNTERED
ANY FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS?
p? LIST NAME, GRADE
NAME GRADE
ATWELL,SUE 13
PERCY,KAY 14
END OF HITS
ANY FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS?
DISPLAY NAME SKILL
DISPLAY FORMAT
NAME ' ATWELL , SUE'
SKILL (1) = 'COMPUTERS'
.SKILL (2) = 'TYPING'
NAME _ 'PERCY,KAY'
SKILL = 1111
END OF HITS
ANY FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS?
NEW Q
READY
FIND NAME _ (BROWN ISMITH (DOE)
BEGIN SEARCH
RECORD FOUND
ANY FURTHER IN -7-k7CTIONS?
Line
24
25
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NEWFILE
ENTER FILENAME
(et cetera)
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Table of Contents
Page
I.
General
1
II.
Commands
A.
Description
2
B.
Chart of Commands and Abbreviations
7
III.
Special Features
A.
Slash-Asterisk
8
B.
*filename
8
C.
INPUT mode (A, F, U)
8
IV.
Useful Procedures
A.
Creating a File on the Terminal
9
B.
Switch from EDIT to INPUT Mode
10
V.
Sample
11
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The LINUS program provides a method of creating files,
maintaining files, and retrieving information on a terminal.
Files created through LINUS can be used by BATCH and SOLVE.
One of the functions of LINUS is to provide file-
creating capabilities, besides file-handling. Files
created with the LINUS program, referred to as LINUS
files, can be investigated by LINUS commands. SOLVE
files can also be queried with LINUS.
Each file in one directory must have a unique
identifier as a filename. The identifier can be 1 to
8 alphanumerics where the first character is alphabetic.
If a new file is created with a filename duplicating
an existing file in the same directory, an error
message is displayed, and a different filename is re-
quested.
A file can be built on a terminal or run through
batch processing:
1. To'create a file on the terminal, the user
calls the LINUS program, names his new file, and
switches the program to the INPUT mode to accept
lines of type as records. The new file automatic-
ally resides in a directory if one was identified
during the log on procedure. If no directory was
identified, the new file lies in the public area.
A utility program is available to copy the file
into a specific directory.
2. To create a LINUS file in the batch, the
file is on computer cards preceded by the card:
(7* filename
where "filename" is all that eventually will be
required to identify the file. The last card in
the deck must be a slash-asterisk:
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i e will appear in the public area and can be
moved to a directory by the utility program.
All files are stored on disk and formatted into
record. One line of type (or one computer card) consti-
tutes one record. All alphanumerics and special symbols
are accepted data.
FILE HANDLING AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Files can b7 1iiaintained and interrogated with LINUS
commands in the EDIT mode. Each command is in-
dividually executed and affects only one record at a
time. Exactly which record will be affected depends
upon the location of a pointer. Whenever the EDIT mode
begins, the pointer is above the first record in the
file. It points to different records, moving down the
file, after execution of most editing commands.
The record currently marked by the pointer is identi-
fied by its line number displayed on the IBM/2260 Display
Terminal at the upper right hand corner. This line number
is maintained internally for the 113M/2741 Communica-
tions Terminal and can be obtained by entering "STATUS".
The System limits the number of times any terminal
user can INSERT, REPLACE, CHANGE, or DELETE records from
an existing file - in the EDIT mode. The maximum gen-
eration is set at 50 times, and the latest count is dis-
played on the terminal whenever the file is opened.
In the INPUT mode, the system has set a maximum
to the number of times a terminal user can add to an
existing file, distinct from the "maximum generation".
The user can add an unlimited number of records at
each INPUT session; however, he is restricted to 1.0
INPUT sessions.
II. COMMANDS
A. Description
The user communicates with the program through commands
entered on the terminal. One blank lies between the command
and the operand.
in contrast to the INPUT mode which allows creating a new
file or adding records to. an old one.
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1. INPUT - signals the System that the user wants
to create a file or add to an existing one.
It is a mode; the System expects input in the
file one line (record) at a time without in-
terruption or response from the program.
While in the EDIT mode, the user can
switch to INPUT; however, the converse is
NOT true.
2. EDIT - allows the user to edit a LINUS file and
indicates editing commands will follow.
3. NEWFILE - allows the user to change files with-
out terminating the LINUS program. The current
file is unloaded, and the user calls up a new
one.
4. FINISH -- terminates the LINUS program.
5. LIST - a LINUS file is displayed on the terminal.
6. PURGE - causes a file to be erased from the
System. Use is restricted to one's own file.
A purge must be affirmed (enter "YES" or "Y") in
order to execute the command.
7. COPY - duplicates the file on a disk. The dupli-
cate always appears in the same area (i.e.,
Directory or Public Area) as the original.
Originals and duplicates in the public area.
can be accessed by all terminals.
A new filename and keyword can be assigned
to the copy, besides setting the maximum gen-
eration.
8. -LOCATE xxx...
This command moves the pointer down to the
record which contains the given combination of
characters. Only enough of a character string
need he specified to identify it in a record.
The second time the given character string
appears in the file can be located by giving
the LOCATE request twice. .
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LOCATE searches the file for the re-
quested character string and prints the entire
record in which it is contained. The record
containing the character string is displayed
in its entirety.
If the LOCATE request fails to find the
character string, a message is printed, and
the pointer is situated beyond the last record
in the file.
searches the file for the first record
which begins with the given character string.
Therefore, the character string identifies
the first few characters or the first word in
a record.
This command moves the pointer down to
the first record which begins with the given
character string.
10. TOP - causes the pointer to move above the
.first record in the file.
11. BOTTOM - moves the pointer beyond the last
record in the file and switches control to
the INPUT mode. The command assumes the user
wishes to add records to the file.
12. INSERT xxx...
The user can insert a new record while
in the EDIT mode. The character string re-
presents an entire record to be inserted
after the record designated by the pointer.
The new record can be INSERTed between two
previously adjoining records. The pointer
is set to the newly inserted record.
A maximum of 77 characters can follow
the command INSERT; however, the letter "I"
suffices as an abbreviation to insert 80
characters.
Beginning with the record at which the
pointer is set, "n" records are deleted.
Pa e 4
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The pointer is situated at the last deleted
record. The number "n" can never be less
than 1.
14. REPLACE xxx...
The given character string replaces the
record currently designated by the pointer.
A maximum of 77 characters can follow the
command REPLACE; however, the letter "R"
will suffice in order to enter up to 80
characters.
15. CHANGE /xx/yy/ n G
In the record designated by the pointer,
one string of characters is exchanged for
another. The record is changed from "xx"
to "yy", accepting any alphanumeric or special
symbol except slash (/). Each string can vary
in length, distinct from the other, and the
program will space the characters accordingly
-- all characters in the record are moved to
the right if more are inserted than originally
appeared, and all are moved left if less are
inserted.
The CHANGE command affects the first "xx"
in the record. If !'G" is included with the
command, every "xx" in one record will be
exchanged for "yy". If a number "n" is
indicated, the CHANGE affects "n!" number of
records beginning with the one distinguished
by the pointer. If "G" is inserted, "n" must
be at least "1".
16. PRINT n
Beginning with the record designated by
the pointer, "n" records (lines) are displayed.
The pointer is then set to the last printed
record.
If the pointer is set after the last
record., the PRINT begins at the top of the
file. The "n" must be greater than zero and
can exceed the actual number of records, in
which case printing will stop at the bottom
of the file.
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The character string "xxx..." is
appended to the line designated by the pointer.
The insertion begins immediately after the
last character of the record; there must be
enough space at the end of the line to allow
for the insertion, since the line ends after
the eightieth (80) character.
The pointer does not move down after
execution of APPEND.
The pointer is moved down "n" records
(lines) starting with its current location.
In the INPUT mode, IGNORE deletes the
immediately preceding line of data ONLY
while the user is adding to an existing
file.
20, VERIFY - determines whether the program will
respond to-certain commands.
the default case. The program
replies to the following commands:
1) INPUT and EDIT
2) FIND
3) LOCATE
4) CHANGE
5) DELETE
the above commands are not visually
verified.
Of the above list of commands, only
LOCATE and FIND commands will be verified.
CHANGE, DELETE, INPUT, and EDIT are
suppressed.
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B. Chart of Commands and Abbreviations
Command Abbreviation
CHANGE C
INSERT I
DELETE D
PRINT P
LOCATE L
FIND F
REPLACE R
VERIFY
APPEND
TOP
BOTTOM
NEXT
FINISH
LIST
NEWFILE
PURGE
COPY
INPUT
EDIT
none
L
none
none
none
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A /*
The slash-asterisk signals the end of input data
and the end of the edit mode without terminating LINUS.
It can be used to abnormally terminate COPY, PURGE,
and LIST. The /* is entered exclusively on a line.
When the program requests a filename, "*" pre-
ceding a name indicates a new file is to be created
with the given name. Later investigation of the file
requires the filename only, deleting the asterisk. If
a duplication of names arises, an error message is
printed and a different name must be entered.
C. The INPUT mode (A, F, or U) describes the data
format of the file.
(1)
- a. "F" - The file will be a FORTRAN pro-
gram. Each record will be formatted as a FORTRAN
statement.
b. "U" -Data will not be formatted by the
System; it will be entered on disks exactly as
formatted by the user.
c. "A" - The file will be an Assembly
Language program. Each record will be a source
statement composed of a label (optional), opera-
tion, operands and comments (optional).
The source statement must be formatted
as follows:
Label -- the first group of char-
acters represent the label and are
entered to the immediate right of the
Start Symbol. If no label is included,
at least one blank column must be
allowed after the Start Symbol before
entering the operation.
T1T
to be implemented
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Operation - Assuming a label exists
the second group of characters would be
the operation. Otherwise, the operation
would be the first group of.characters
preceded by one or more blanks to the
right of the Start Symbol.
Operands - the subsequent group of
characters separated from the operation
by at least one blank, comprises the
operands.
Comment -- A string of characters
can be included as a comment as long
as one or more blanks separate the
string from the operands.
When the user later queries the file and
displays (or prints) a record, the labels start
in column 1, the operation in column 10, the
operands in column 18, and the comment in column
40. A string extending beyond column 72 is
automatically continued beginning in column 16.
For example:
Input Source Statement Display of Source Statement
Col. 1 Col. 10 Col. 18 Col.. 40
LAB2 LR 6,8 LAB2 LR 6,8
BCR 6,8 BCR 6,8
XR 6,8 XR. 6,8
DR 6,8 DIVIDE IF> jd DR 6,8 DIVIDE IF. O
A. Creating a file on the terminal
To create a LINUS file on the terminal, the follow-
ing steps are required:
1. Assuming the log-on procedure complete,
the LINUS program is loaded into the computer.
If a directory is indicated during LOG ON, the
new file will reside in that directory.
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2. The new file is given a name when the
.filename is requested by prefixing the name.
with an'asterisk (*).
3. The user can require a password for
this file.
4. The Input Format is determined by A
(assembly), F (FORTRAN), or U (Undefined).
5. Input data is typed and entered one
line per record.
6. The line (records) tally is displayed
on the IBM/2260 Display Terminal at the upper
right hand corner. A tally is maintained
internally for the IBM/2741 Communications
Terminal and can be obtained by entering
"STATUS".
The same number identifies the line in-
dexed by the pointer while interrogating the
file.
7. A slash-asterisk (/*), appearing ex-
clusively on a. line, signals the end of input.
B. Switch from EDIT to INPUT mode
Records can be added to a LINUS or SOLVE file. In
the EDIT mode on a new line, the user-skips a space be-
tween the start symbol and the cursor and depresses the
SHIFT and ENTER keys; this step switches the System from
the EDIT to the INPUT mode. Input records can be entered
a line at a time.
If the input format was'described as "A" (Assembly),
switch back to EDIT from INPUT mode by skipping a space
on a new line and depressing the SHIFT and ENTER keys.
"BOTTOM". also switches control to the INPUT mode
after it moves the pointer to the bottom of the file.
Refer to the fourth (4th) paragraph of "FILE HANDLING
AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL" for additional information.
Page 10
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V. Sample
SPECIFY DIRECTORY (OR 'NONE')
t-- DIRECT2
ENTER PASSWORD
F- APPLE
ENTER PROGRAM NAME
r LINUS
LINUS LOADED
**LINUS (TYPSET) ONLINE**
ENTER FILENAME
- PERSONNEL
**LINUS PROGRAM**PROCESSING FILE--PERSONNEL
ENTER OPERATION-(INPUT,EDIT,NEWFILE,LIST,FINISH)
- E
EDITING FILE--PERSONNEL
LATEST GENERATION IS 0002
Mo LOCATE JONES
0140;JOHN PAUL JONES;NOV 13, 1922;PROGRAMMER;B.A.
rm L JONES
0150;JOHN S. JONES;MAY 27, 1937;FIN.;M.B.A.
~_. TOP
VERIFY OFF
C /B.A./A.B./ 555 G
I, JONES
0140; JOHN PAUL JONES;NOV 13, 1922;PROGRAMMER;A.B.
-- INSERT 0141;JOHN R. JONES;MAN 3, 1945;E. ENG;B.S.
V ON
-r F 0150
0150;JOHN S. JONES;MAY 27, 1937;FIN.;M.A.B.
APPEND ,B.B.A.;
PRINT 1
0150;JOHN S. JONES;MAY 27, 1937;FIN.;M.A.B.,B.Fi.A.;
t /*
LINUS PROGRAM**PROCESSING FILE---PERSONNEL
ENTER OPERATION-(INPUT,EDIT,NEWFILE,LIST,FINISH)
w, FINISH
(each line preceded by Start Symbol represents a user entry.)
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 APPENDIX VIII
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TRUMP
TRUMP furnishes commands which locate, display, and change
fixed fields in TORQUE files via the terminal.
A. SEARCH - causes a file to be scanned for the first hit
record. The first record containing the data value is desig-
nated as a "hit. " This record is then available for DISPLAY
and SET.
The instruction (composed of-command and body) com-
prises the following format:
SEARCH f`eldname = 'data value'
command bo y --
One "data value" is requested per instruction and is dc-,
limited by single quotes. The user must be familiar with
the form and order of the data. For example, if a file
reads "JONES, HARRY" then the query requests "JONES,
HARRY," not "HARRY JONES." Only enough characters
need be entered to uniquely identify the data value; for
example, SEARCH NAME = 'JONES, H' will identify "JONES,
HARRY" rather than "JONES, RALPH. "
A pointer distinguishes a single hit record. When a file
has been initially opened, the pointer is above the first
record. The SEARCH command moves the pointer down the
file until a hit is made. No hits relocate the pointer on top
of the file. The pointer determines which record will be
affected by the subsequent DISPLAY or SET command. The
pointer only moves after a SEARCH command.
B. DISPLAY - displays the data values, preceded by the field-
names, on the scope. A record must have been designated
as a "hit" by a previous SEARCH instruction.
The fields to be displayed are listed after the command:
DISPLAY field,, field2, . .
A single field or a string of fields can be listed. If a string
of fields exceeds the 80 character maximum for the line,
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the last complete field on the line should be followed by a
comma. That line should be entered in the computer.
After the System has completed its display of the fields
and data values, the user should continue to enter the re-
maining fields. The end of the string is indicated by typing
a blank space and by entering the data in the computer.
The DISPLAY command can be entered without listing
any fields; the system would display the entire record which
was hit in the preceding SEARCH instruction.
C. SET - changes fixed fields in a hit record.
SET fieldl = 'data valuel' field 2 = 'data value2', ... .
A record must have been designated as a hit by a prior
SEARCH instruction. After a field has been SET, DISPLAY
can be used to verify the change. Input must conform to
the length and character specifications of the receiving field.
Several fields can be included within one SET instruction.
If the string of fields exceeds the 80 character maximum for
the line, the last "fieldn = 'data valuen"' is succeeded by a
comma, and the line is entered in the computer. The comma
signals the system that more fields are to be changed. The
user merely continues to list the additional fields and data
values.
D. TOP - relocates the pointer at the beginning of the file. The
SEARCH command moves the pointer in front of a "hit"
record. (Any subsequent DISPLAY or SET instructions
would apply to the one hit record.) In order to SEARCH the
entire file, it is necessary to start with the pointer at the
TOP of the file.
E. FINISH - terminates TRUMP
II. Sample
ENTER FILENAME
~" PEOPLE
ENTER KEY
t* MILLIONS
FILE OPENED, CONTINUE ENTER COMMAND
:- SEARCH NAME _'JONES'
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FOUND RECORD
ENTER COMMAND
I,--- DISPLAY
NAME = 'JONES, HARRY'
NUMBER = '00700'
BIRTHDATE = 11113451
EOD = '092766'
GRADE = '09'
DEGREE = 'BA'
ENTER COMMAND
.e> SET NAME ='JONES, HAROLD BIRTHDATE = 111346
ENTER COMMAND
X- DISPLAY NAME, BIRTHDATE, NUMBER
NAME = 'JONES, HAROLD Q. '
NUMBER = '00700'
BIRTHDATE _ '111346'
ENTER COMMAND
TOP
ENTER COMMAND
I" SEARCH NAME ='CABLE'
FOUND RECORD
ENTER COMMAND
I- DISPLAY NUMBER, NAME, BIRTHDATE,
NUMBER = '00603'
NAME = 'CABLE, GLARK'
BIRTHDATE = '031339'
CONTINUE
t', EOD, DEGREE
.EOD = '102668'
DEGREE = 'MA'
ENTER COMMAND
r- FINISH
END OF TRUMP
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CONFIDENTIAL
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