A SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER CRITERIA, EVALUATION AND SELECTION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03940A000100020001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 68
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 2, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 21, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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CRITERIA, EVALUATION AND SELECTION
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PART II
A SCIENTIFIC COMPUTER
CRITERIA, EVALUATION AND SELECTION
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SUMMARY iii
A. THE BASIS FOR THE SELECTION OF A COMPUTER 1
B. COMPUTERS EVALUATED 18
C. THE RECOMMENDED COMPUTER 22
D. GENERAL PURCHASING FACTORS AND
ASSOCIATED COSTS 36
Appendix - GLOSSARY OF TERMS 44
ii
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SUMMARY
A previous report discussed the present and future computa-
tional problems and the resultant need for a new computer.
It is the basis upon which criteria were developed and com-
mercial computers evaluated to meet the requirements of the
system. This report discusses these criteria and indicates
which commercial device is the best for this application.
Several other applicable machines were evaluated in the
selection process.
The computer, considered most applicable, is the Remington
Rand Univac 490. It is a real time computer specifically
designed to function in a complex of multiple input and output
devices. The forerunner of this machine was built for the
U. S. Navy. The recommended commercial version has been
completed and is in operation at the Remington Rand factory
in Saint Paul.
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A. THE BASIS FOR THE SELECTION OF A COMPUTER
1. General Criteria
Eighteen criteria were chosen as a basis for the evaluation and
selection of a computer. Some, as the discussion indicates, are
considered critical. Others are felt to be higk1y desirable. In
approximate order of priority, these requirements are listed as
follows:
a. Program Interrupt
b. Remote Data Entry
C. Buffered Input and Output
d. Random Access
e. Compiler Programs
f. Magnetic Tape Storage
g. Ultra-high Reliability
h. Solid State
i. Microsecond Access Time
j. Expandable
k. Floating-Point Capability
1. Paper Tape Input and Output
M. Print and Plot Out
n. Record of Satisfactory Performance
o. Compatible With IBM 729 Tapes
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p. Maintenance
q. Moderate Cost
r, Medium Size
2. Discussion of the Criteria
The following discussion indicates the reasons for the selection of
these particular criteria. The most critical established an
immediate basis for eliminating certain computers from considera-
tion. The remaining formed a basis for judgment. The selected
computer was chosen to meet all the critical criteria.
a. Program Interrupt is absolutely necessary in a system of severe,
overriding program priorities. This situation will recur and, as
a consequence, lower priority programs should not be lost.
Remote stations should be continuously operable and routine
programs should be concurrently admissible to the computer.
(1) Program Priority
The operator of a remote station will be able to call in and
request computer usage at random through the use of
program interrupt. He will have top priority and pre-empt
other types of computer activities.
Program interrupt will also allow the computer to function
with the greatest throughput of information. It will not be
necessary to tie up the computer for an emergency
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condition because the data processor will continue with its
normal functions with the full knowledge that high priority
work will be handled immediately by interruption of these
functions. It will be necessary to use the computer to
compute much general background information which will
go directly into storage. This reduced information will be
supplied to or used by the analyst on demand. The com-
puter should be able to work on these problems and yet, at
all times, have the capability of responding to an
instantaneous request.
(2) Housekeeping
In every computer installation there is a great deal of
what is known as "housekeeping", which includes trans-
ferring information from one tape to another, punching
new cards, trying new programs, and debugging
programs. Program interrupt allows normal functions to
go on until pre-empted and also provides for these
functions to continue (without the loss of any information)
after the interrupt is satisfied.
(3) Intermittent Programs
Infrequent computations will always be required by the
computer. Some of these will involve experimental work
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or new attempts at data reduction. These could be
accommodated during non-working hours. However,
program interrupt will allow these computations to be
done without interfering with any request to the computer
from a higher priority source.
b. Remote Data Entry, is one of the most important criteria because
of the potential on-line nature of future requirements. This and
other reasons are discussed.
(1) On-line
The computational nature of the future requirements is
estimated to be "on-line" or "real time". Problem
complexity will result in a continual flow of data to be
analyzed and attendant computation to be done. In order
to keep up, it will be necessary for the data analyzer to
get his computation done as he needs it. Otherwise, in
many cases, he will be unable to proceed. In the "on-line"
mode, the analyst will be able to recognize the need for
computation (or the need for any computer-stored or
provided answers) and immediately query the computer
from a remote station.
(2) Maximum Computer Utilization
A computer is an expensive and sophisticated electronic
system and its fullest justification often is in the fact
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that it can handle tremendous volumes of data. Remote
stations are essential for maximum utilization because
they can feed data and requests into the computer
instantaneously and whenever necessary. A computer
should not sit idle while its punched tape or punched card
input data is being carried to it.
(3) Minimum Dependence on Personnel
The maximum performance of the employees demands the
least amount of physical movement from one area to
another. A remote data entry -station is designed specifi-
cally for this- purpose so that information may flow without
the movement of humans. The analyst uses data, requests
data and updates computer-stored information continually
in the course of his work and he can most greatly benefit
by being able to communicate directly to the computer
through the use of these remote data entry stations.
Buffered Input and Output provides a temporary storage point for
input and output data. Its most essential benefits are dis-
(1)
Simultaneity of Operation
One of the many reasons that make simultaneity of opera-
tions mandatory is the number of concurrent users of the
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computer. Also, there is much information that must be
loaded into the computer every day as it is gathered.
Comparable operations of inputting, outputting, house-
keeping, printing data, and plotting data will always be
going on. and very often simultaneously.
(2) Optimization
Optimum data handling can only be achieved through
,multiple operations which, in turn, can only be done
effectively through the use of buffered channels.. Through
the use of buffering, the slower functions of reading-in
and writing-out can go on simultaneously with high speed
computing.
d. Random Access provides two very necessary attributes.
(1) Speed of Access to Data
It is essential that certain on-line data be available
instantaneously so that it can be manipulated and sent to
the requesting remote station within a matter of minutes.
The entire system should have this high-speed accessi-
bility. High-speed random access is envisioned as a
device capable of carrying all the information that any of
the analysts will conceivably be using within any certain
period. This means that the analyst can address this
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information with no intervention by anyone in the machine
room. Any random device would have to be capable of
accessing data in a speed of under 100 milliseconds.
(2) Accessibility of Data
The second major consideration in this category is
accessibility. Through the use of random access devices,
it is quite easy to place the information that will be used
within any specified period into this device so that it can
be called out immediately on demand. Information can be
easily changed within random access memory, moved
around, and reformated. An outstanding feature is that
the information can easily be updated by the analyst or by
the machine operators. Random access devices are
peripheral to computers and only computers will be con-
side red that provide them. They are modular in con-
struction so that additional ones may be added as the
volume of work justifies it. At present, it is assumed
that the storage capabilities needed by the random access
devices will be in the order of a maximum of 100 words
for 10, 000 kinds of information at any one time. This
would dictate a storage capability of approximately one
million words.
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eo Compiler Programs or Automatic Programming Routines are
essential to any large, varied, computer complex. The major
4164
reasons for their necessity are-,
(1) Programming Time Saved
It is difficult to estimate the cost of programming by
machine language programs vs. the cost of programming
with compiler programs without running through a typical
problem. A six-fold time-saving for the simplest of
programs is probably a conservative estimate. Because
of the limited number of personnel available and because
time is always an expensive premium, the use of a
compiler program is an excellent answer to a complicated
problem.
(2) Minimum Debugging
Only minimum debugging is necessary for a compiled
program because these programs have been gone over by
the originators in great detail and, in most cases, have
already been applied to practical problems.
(3) Accuracy
For the same reason, there is a greater assurance of
accuracy and fidelity in the use of these programs.
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(4) Program Libraries
Finally, there is the fact that many libraries of automatic
programs are now available. Although no other computer
facility may be doing the same type of problems, general
programs will still be available. It is anticipated that as
much as 80% of future programming will be done from
compiler programs or portions of programs already
written. As new problems arise, new programs must be
obtained to handle them, It will be found that the speed
of programming has been greatly increased because the
computer has compiler capabilities. The future will see
:Less and less programmers who are trained in, or have
the capability for, doing machine language programming.
:[n order to insure that this computer will be modern for
a period of five to seven years after installation, it is
preferred that it be able to use this new technique.
Magnetic Tape Storage. Storage on magnetic tape is a definite
''must" for this computer. The amount of information and data
available, and becoming available, dictates this requirement.
The amount of reduced data is vast. The only good way to store
this information for'computer usage (without going into pro-
hibitive expense) is by the use of magnetic tapes. The maximum
time to search a tape is considered to be approximately six
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minutes. The maximum over-all time usually involved in
obtaining a tape from secondary storage, placing it upon a tape
handler and getting ready to find the block of information upon
it, is in the order of fifteen minutes. Therefore, in
something like twenty minutes all the information that has been
placed upon tape can be found.
Ultra-high Reliability is one of the overriding criteria for this
computer. Because of the vital role that it will fulfill, and
because the work done is of such a timely nature, it is
absolutely necessary that a computer be reliable in operation,
speed and accuracy.
h. Solid State is a requirement because of the following reasons:
(1) Reliability
The reliability of solid state transistorized devices is
accepted. Mean times to failure of transistorized
devices are in the order of ten (10) times greater than that
of devices with thermionic tubes.
(Z) Minimum Heat Dissipation
Minimum heat dissipation is highly desirable. A solid
state computer is preferred because its heat dissipation
is in the order of five (5) times less than that of the
thermionic type.
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(3) Minimum Size and Mobility
As a general rule, all things equal, smaller sizes and
mobility are preferred. This adds a small degree of
versatility not available in large, cumbersome equipment.
The non-mechanical components of a solid state computer
are at least half the size of electron tube types.
(4) Modern
Computer capabilities and designs improve almost daily.
.A solid state computer implies the latest available
capability.
(5) :Expandable
.A solid state computer is suited for expansion because
additional components can usually be run on the power
supply provided or, if necessary, by means of a small
additional unit. In many cases, components can be added
to existing logic boards.
(6) Speed
The speed of solid state switching devices is on the order
of a million times faster than non-solid state switching
circuits. Solid state logic is preferred to provide a high
enough speed to do computational work within minimum
reasonable times.
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i. Microsecond Access Time is essential in this computer because
the volume of computations to be handled is large and will con-
tinue to get larger.
(1)
Complete Computatio:al Operation
It is essential that high-speed operation be an outstanding
characteristic of the chosen computer because it is only
with a high-speed device that all anticipated computations
can be performed. Security is a severe restriction. Also,
the unique type of problem cannot be readily handled by
other facilities.
(2) On-line Operation
The only satisfactory way to conduct an on-line operation
is to get the desired data to the requester in the absolute
minimum of time. In a flow system such as envisioned
for the Center, it is necessary that this information be
provided as soon as it is possible.
(3)
High Density Operation
The Center is routinely called upon to handle vast amounts
of computational activity in short emergency periods. This
type of activity dictates a computer that must be able to
quickly complete the job and get the right answers to the
right people,
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Expandability is an exacting requirement of this computer.
There are growing numbers of ways to gather data and ways to
gather much more data per mission. In order to handle this
anticipated load, it is essential that a computer be modular in
construction with vast capabilities for expansion, It is impera-
tive that it handle continually increasing amounts of data within
a reasonable period of time.
k. Floating-Point Capability is one of the major features desirable
for computation. This may be achieved in two ways:
(1) Floating-Point Hardware
Floating-point hardware is a built-in addition to the central
processor unit. Some computers have it as an option and
still others have a capability of having a floating-point
installed. The use of this hardware makes decimal com-
putation very simple and extremely fast. It is simple
from the standpoint of programming and fast from the
standpoint that it is automatic.
(Z) Floating-Point Routines
The alternative to floating-point hardware is Floating-
Point Routines. These are branches of programs laid
out so that the computer will handle and keep track of
the decimal point. The drawback to this approach is the
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fact that it takes quite a bit longer to do computations,
For instance, a typical multiplication with floating-point
hardware might take 40 microseconds, whereas, the
same multiplication using the floating-point routine would
take 400 microseconds. If this speed is not essential, it
would be worthwhile to save the money that would have to
be paid for the floating-point hardware. Here speed must
be balanced against cost. Additionally, floating-point
routines also take more storage, since there are usually
50 or 60 instructions. The accuracy, in both cases, is
the same.
to Paper Tape Input and Output to the computer must be provided
because present equipment produces punched paper tapes which
are in turn used as inputs to the computer. It is anticipated
that the use of punch paper tape will continue after the arrival
of the new computer because of the fact that many of the
machines that are, or that will be, utilized with the new
computer are paper tape producers.
M. Print and Plot Out
Current ouput is in a printed and plotted form. It is necessary
that a printer with a high-speed capability be provided in order
to keep up with the increased output of an advanced type of
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computer. In addition, there must be some type of printing
and plotting mechanism at many of the remote stations so that
direct requests can be answered immediately at these remote
stations, In other cases, where a very large amount of printing
or plotting is necessary, it may be done in the computer room
and physically brought to the requester.
no Record of Satisfactory Performance. Another criterion is the
record of satisfactory performance by the computer and by the
company which manufactures it. Some computers have been
evaluated which are not on the market yet. In this case,
serious consideration was given to the ability of the producer
to manufacture the data processing systems discussed. It is a
requirement that the delivered comboier be capable of
going immediately to work without having to be debugged and
reworked.
0o Compatible With IBM 729 Tapes. Compatibility with the IBM
tape format (Model 729 Tape Handler) is preferred because
that tape handler is so widely used and because tape formats
of that type are becoming so universally used. By holding to
this requirement, tapes can be produced that can be used by
most other facilities. In addition, information from other
sources written on magnetic tape in this form can be readily
utilized.
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Adequate maintenance is necessary because of the very com?-
plicated array of machinery in a computer. There are two
major types of maintenance performed;
(1) Contract Maintenance
All manufacturers require that rented equipment be
maintained by their own personnel or by personnel
trained under their supervision. Since they own the equip-
ment, they are responsible for it. In addition, most con-
tracts, at present, are written so that the customer pays
only for rental during the time the computer is up. Con
sequently, the manufacturers insist on having their own
maintenance crews so that the computer will be available
when needed by the customer.
It has been recognized that there are certain security
regulations that will have to be considered if contract
maintenance personnel are to be used. Negotiations,
from this standpoint, have been carried on with several
computer manufacturers and, in some cases? it is
believed that the suitable arrangements can be made.
(2) Owner Maintenance
If a computer is purchased, maintenance is assumed by
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the owner. In this case, the computer manufacturer will
train representatives of the purchaser in maintenance
procedures. In addition, the manufacturer will provide
additional and updating information on this computer or
on these computer systems.
Moderate Cost. It is felt that a moderate cost computer should
be recommended... if such a computer could be found that would
satisfy all requirements. This type has been found and it does
fall within the specified criteria herein listed.
r. Medium Size. A medium-sized scientific computer is preferred
by the nature of the computational problem. This choice is
based on the fact that the workload to be encountered, in the
near and distant future, is of such complexity and volume that
it can be most efficiently handled by a medium-sized computer,
From an empirical viewpoints the present computer is actually
on the fringe of the medium-size and the small-size computers,
Based. on this, it was decided that a computer at the other end
of the scale (the high side of the medium computer) would be
appropriate for anticipated computational jobs.
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B.
COMPUTERS EVALUATED
The following computers were considered in the evaluation and selection of
a machine for use in the computational facility-
1.
AUTONETICS
a.
b.
Recomp II
Recomp III
2.
BENDIX
a.
b.
G- 15
G-20
a.
205
b.
220
c.
B-5000
4. CONTROL DATA CORPORATION
a.
160-A
b.
924
c.
1604
5. . DIGITAL EQUIPMENT COMPANY
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6.
EL -TRONICS
7.
GENERAL :ELECTRIC
a.
210
b.
225
8.
IBM
a.
650
b.
704
C.
705
d.
709
e.
1401
f.
1410
g.
7070
h.
7072
i.
7074
j.
305
k.
1620
1.
9. MINNEAPOLIS-HONEYWELL
a. MH-800
b. MI-1-400
C. MH- 1000
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10, NATIONAL CASH REGISTER
as 304
bo 304-B
C. 310
do 315
e. 390
12. RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE
as 400
bo AN/RUYK-1
REMINGTON RAND
ao Univac I
ba Univac II
C. Univac III
do 490
e. Univac 1103-A
f, Univac 1105
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15. ROYAL McBEE
a> 4000
b. 9000
16. SYLVANIA
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C. THE RECOMMENDED COMPUTER
First Order Selection
All computers were judged against the 18 criteria mentioned previ-
ously. As a result, the list was narrowed to six computers that
might meet the requirements of the system. These six, shown on
Table I, were further evaluated against the eighteen criteria. The
six computers that were deemed capable and suitable for the considera-
tion for use were;
as IBM '7072
b, Burroughs B-5000
co CDC 924
do Univac 490
e, Bendix G-20
fo GE-225
First Order Comparison
The obvious point noted from Tables I and II was the fact that there
were eleven criteria which all six of these computers met. This was
probably due to the fact that they were chosen to perform in a
particular system. The criteria common, to all six were-
ao Program Interrupt
ba Buffered Input and Output
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40 co Magnetic Tape Storage
do Solid State
e. Microsecond Access
fo Expandable
g, Floating-Point Capability
h. Paper Tape Input and Output
i, Maintenance
j. Moderate Cost
k. Medium Size
On the other hand, there were seven criteria not common to all six
computers. The first two of these were most critical and formed a
good basis for elimination of at least two of the six computers from
further consideration. The criteria not common to all six were:
1, Remote Data Entry
M. Random Access
n, Compiler Programs
0o Ultra-high Reliability
P. Print and Plot Out
qo . Record of Satisfactory Performance
r. IBM Tape 729 Compatibility
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3, The Univac 490
On the basis of the analysis, the decision was made that the Univac 490
was by far the most suitable computer to be used in the fulfillment of
total system requirements. The 490 is a Remington Rand development
based on the proven design and performance of their Model 460 com-
puter which has been utilized by the Naval Tactical Data System at the
Naval Electronics Laboratory in San Diego for over a year. Except
for certain details of its memory cycle, it is identical to the
Univac 1206 Military Real Time Computer (AN/USQ-20), It was
specifically designed as a real time computer to operate with off-line
equipment and with remote inquiry in order to satisfy the require-
ments of the Naval Tactical Data System. The requirements of the
system are also real time. This, therefore, was one of the large
factors affecting this decision, The Univac 490 was the only one of
the six computers that possessed all of the eighteen attributes
specified as criteria.
4. Details of the Evaluation
Further comments about the six computers are made in Table II, The
point of interest in this tabulation is the fact that, although many
criteria were met, there was a great deal of difference in the capa-
bilities of the respective corr}puters as they applied to apparently
common criteria,
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Examining the criteria point-by-point is of interest:
ae Program Interrupt - All of the computers have program
interrupt capabilities. The Univac 490 provides this capability
with the addition of no external hardwares This was a specific
requirement of the Naval Tactical Data System. It means that
any remote or local requesting station can, on a pre-set
priority basis, process its requests immediately. The 490 has
the largest capability for this type of activity. It has twelve
input-output channels and therefore can readily handle many
remote stations with only a few multiplexes per channel. The
others, with the exception of the GE--225, were very limited in
this respect.
bo Remote Data Entry - The 490 was specifically designed for
remote entry as part of the Naval Tactical Data System. The
types of external hardware and requests made upon NTDS
are the same or similar to those required for this system.
Remote data entry, in the strictest computational sense, is not
common in commercial computers. The other two computers
that call out remote data entry capabilities are the Bendix G-20
and the GE-225. However, it appears that the term is really
being used in a business sense rather than in a computational
scientific sense. In other words, it is being used mainly for
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look-up rather than a combination of look-up and compute within
the central processor.
C. Buffered Input and Output - All of the computers have buffered
input and output. The 490 follows a Remington Rand concept of
full buffering with no additional equipment or expense.
d. Random Access - All of the six computers have random access
with the exception of Burroughs which will probably have one in
the future. The Univac is the only one that utilizes a drum
which has smaller storage capabilities than a disk file. However,
large drums can be added as work increases. In addition, Univac
is making a disk file which can be added with no reworking of
the basic computer at a later date. At present, a single drum
would appear to provide the desired storage capability for
random access.
e. Compiler Program - The Algol Compiler program, which is
considered essential, is standard with Univac. Remington Rand
is preparing large libraries of compiler programs for the Real
Time Computers. It is under contractual agreement to provide
compiler programs to some of the present purchasers of the
490.
An important point to consider in compiler programs is the
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number of tape units necessary to do the compiling. The
Univac only requires four, which is equal to the number re-
quired to handle the computing load. Most of the other com-
puters take more tapes for the compiler than for processing,
meaning that tape units, in addition to the four required for
processing, would have to be rented or purchased to handle the
compiling program and that they would sit idle at other times.
The Univac ability to use the minimum number of tape units for
compiling is a definite advantage.
f. Magnetic Tape Storage - All of the units considered have
magnetic tape storage. Their magnetic tape units are more or
less the same, and it is more a matter of the cost and the
controls to handle them.
Ultra-high Reliability - This Facility should stand by itself
since its data processing cannot readily be done elsewhere.
This requirement is essential because of the large and im-
portant part that computation plays in timely operation. There
are only two companies that are experienced in great depth in
computers of this type and magnitude. They are IBM and
Remington Rand. The IBM 7072 has not been delivered as yet.
However, it is very close to their 7070 system and the Univac
490 is very similar to several other systems of Remington Rand.
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It is difficult to assess the reliability of the other computers
because they have not had much time in the field. There are
several GE-225's-in. operation but they have only been delivered
within the last few months,
ha Solid State - All six computers under final consideration are
transistorized. The 490 is one of a series of solid state com-
puters built by the Remington Rand Univac Division. These
range from the solid state 80/90, which is a relatively small
business machine, up to the giant LARC computers, The
company has over. 1009 000 hours of operating experience on
real time computers,
io Microsecond Access - All the computers have microsecond
access. However, the General Electric Z25 is actually so much
slower than the rest and so slow in comparison to the state-of-
the-art that it is doubtful that the computer would be able to
handle the increasing computational load. The GE-225 is slow
because, as a business computer, it is not required to achieve
high speeds.
j< Expandable - All of the units are expandable in some measure.
One of the great advantages of the 490, however, is the fact
that the unit was designed to be expandable as real time opera-
tions increase. The twelve input-output channels and two
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communication channels give it a great deal of flexibility without
the addition of exchanges. The 7072 and the Bendix G-20 would
require quite a bit of additional expense in order to provide
equivalent capabilities.
k. Floating-Point Capability - All of the computers provide the
floating-point capability. Four of them provide floating-point
hardware and two achieve the floating-point arithmetic through
the use of routines. Of course, the four with hardware also
provide floating-point routine if one does not wish to rent the
hardware. On several of the machines, hardware is provided
at an additional cost, and on a couple of them, hardware is
standard. In the case of the Univac, no hardware is available
for floating-point. All floating point operations are done by a
routine. As stated, the major mission of this computer is to do
computation. Floating-point hardware can achieve this much
faster than floating-point routine. The Univac 490, however, is
considered to be acceptable even though the 'hardware is not
provided and cannot be added because the speed of mathematical
operations using a routine is almost as fast as other computers
with the floating-point hardware.
The bulk of the work involves "from-to" measurements and it is
anticipated that only the complicated perspective transformation
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1. Paper Tape Input and Output - The Univac has been providing
need be done in a floating-point routine. The voluminous filling
in of the "from-to" table can be done, most effectively, by
fixed point operation.
this for many years on computers and it is again available on
the 490. As already indicated, some of the computers studied
have not yet been delivered and those that have, have not always
had the paper tape input and output, although it could conceivably
be added later, if necessary.
Print and Plot Out - All of the computers have high-speed
printers for local use. Remote stations are presently available
only with Univac. Although IBM, GE and CDC
ecognize the
need for this remote communications link, none have designed
these into their systems, but would supply them for the
customers who would pay for development. Perhaps the most
familiar remote print-out application is the (Univac) Uniset that
is used throughout the country for airline reservations systems.
n. Record of Satisfactory Performance - The' only manufacturers
that have any record of satisfactory performance in the medium-
sized scientific computational field for this type of computer are
IBM and Univac. Once again, this is not intended to overlook
the engineering capabilities of the other manufacturers.
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oa IBM Tape Compatibility All of the units with the exception of
Bendix have the IBM tape compatibility requirement.
Maintenance - This is provided by all of the six manufacturers,
However, Burroughs and Bendix are just making their entry
into the large computer field and General Electric is making its
entry into the computer field for the first time. The only
companies that maintain large staffs of highly trained technical
personnel throughout the country are IBM and Remington Rand,
This does not mean that there are not good, competent personnel
in the other companies, but it does indicate that their service
facilities are much more limited.
Moderate Cost m Detailed cost figures on a rental basis are
provided in Section D - General Purchasing Factors and
Associated Costs. Any of the equipment that is not available
for each of the six computers has not been included in the total,
This has been done so that an across-the-board comparison
can be made. The major items not in the total are-
(1) Random Access and Control Units - These devices vary
so much in capacity and cost that it is unwise to include
them until a specific model for each manufacturer is
determined. Many of the manufacturers have more than
one Random Access Device.
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(2) Paper Tape Input m Prices are not available for all six
of the computers being considered.
r. Medium. Size - All six computers have approximately the
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/27 : CIA-RDP78-0394OA000100020001-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/27 : CIA-RDP78-0394OA000100020001-3
E. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
Some phases of the total program have been completed. Others will or
should be considered upon selection of a computer. The components of the
system, which will contribute to making the total system coherent, are as
follows:
to Preliminary Analysis
The concept of operation, the logic of the system, and a preliminary
analysis were presented in two repts. The first discussed the
nature of the problem,and the second presented the mathematical
foundations of this problem.
2. Detailed Specifications- Due to the fact that the Univac 490 has not
been used by anyone but Remington Rand, it is advisable to detail the
requirements that it must meet. This is not the usual case in obtain-
ing, an off-the-shelf computer, but it is deemed necessary in this case
to assure complete satisfaction. The specifications will mainly con-
cern themselves with peripheral capabilities, reliability and the
ability of the computer to handle the complex and volumetric problem
load to be placed upon it,
3. Programmiag - Agreement must be reached with the vendor regard-
ing the programs to be provided with the computer. In order to
accomplish this it will be necessary to provide as much problem
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K
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material as possible. Two other areas of programming are to be
analyzed. One is the programming by outside companies, and the
other is in-house production.
4. Personnel The staff necessary for supervision, programming,
operation, and maintenance of the computer complex should be
determined. and a Qualified Personnel Requirements document should
be is sued.
5. Facility - The architectural aspects of the computer facility (air
conditioning, fireproofing, cabling, types of storage space, lighting
and other mechanical and electrical considerations) are in process.
Attention will now be directed toward the specific computer chosen.
6. Old Computer - The involvements of replacing or retaining the
existing computer should be considered.
7. Vendor Facility Survey - At least one visit should be made to the
Remington Rand facilities at Saint Paul, Minnesota in order to
evaluate the facility and to see the 490 computer in operation. In
addition, the details of the specifications should be thoroughly dis-
cussed.
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ACCESS TIME-
(1) The time between the instant at which information is called for from
storage and the instant at which it is delivered;
(2) The time between the instant at which information is ready for storage
and the instant at which it is stored.
AUTOMATIC PROGRAMMING:
Technique whereby the computer, itself, will translate a program' written
in a pseudo language easier for the programmer to use, into a machine-
sensible language which the computer may use efficiently.
BRANCH-
A point in the programming routine at which the machine may change its
normal sequence of instructions based either on a switch setting or a
machine condition, such as a minus result in an accumulator.
BUFFER:
A device which stores information temporarily between an input or output
unit and internal storage. This device allows computation to proceed
while transfers of data between itself and the input or output devices take
place.
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COMMON LANGUAGE:
A machine-sensible information. representation which is common to a
related group of data processing machines.
COMPILE:
To produce a machine-language routine from a routine written in non-
machine language by:
(1) Selecting appropriate subroutines from a subroutine library, as
directed by the instructions or other symbols of the original routine;
(2) Supplying the "connective tissue" which combines the subroutines
into a workable routine;
(3) Translating the subroutines and connective tissue into machine
language. The compiled routine is then ready to be loaded into memory
and run; i. e, , the compiler does not (usually) run the routine it produces.
COMPILER (COMPILING ROUTINE),
An executive routine which, BEFORE the desired computation is started,
translates a program expressed in pseudo-code into machine code (or into
another pseudo-code for further translation by an interpreter). In
accomplishing the translation, the compiler may be required to:
(1) DECODE, to ascertain the intended meaning of the individual
characters or groups of characters in the pseudo-code program.
(2) CONVERT, to change numerical information from one number base to
another (e, g? , decimal to binary) and/or from some form of fixed point
to some form of floating-point representation, or vice versa.
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(3) SELECT, to choose a needed subroutine from a file of subroutines.
(4) GENERATE, to produce a needed subroutine from parameters and
skeletal coding.
(5) ALLOCATE, to assign storage locations to the main routines and sub-
routines, thereby fixing the absolute values of any symbolic addresses.
In some cases allocation may require segmentation,
(6) ASSEMBLE, to integrate the subroutines (supplied, selected, or
generated) into the main routine; i. e. , to adapt, to specialize to the
task at hand by means of present parameters; to orient, to change
relative and symbolic addresses to absolute form; to incorporate, to
place in storage.
COMPUTER:
Any device capable of accepting information, processing the information,
and providing the results of these processes in acceptable form.
DATA PROCESSING MACHINE:
A general name for a machine which can store and process numeric and
alphabetic information. (See also COMPUTER. )
DE-BUGGING:
A procedure to establish program accuracy by running the program with
selective data to find logical or clerical "bugs" or errors.
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DIAGNOSTIC ROUTINE:
A specific routine designed to locate either a malfunction in the com-
puter or a mistake in coding.
EDIT:
To rearrange information; for instance, editing may involve the deletion
of unwanted data., the selection of pertinent data, the insertion of informa-
tion prior to printing, zero suppression, etc. Also tests for validity and
reasonableness of information. Example: Day over 31, month over 12.
EXECUTIVE ROUTINE (MASTER ROUTINE):
A routine designed to process and control other routines. A routine used
in realizing "automatic coding".
An organized collection of information directed toward some purpose.
FILE MAINTENANCE:
The processing of a master file required to handle the nonperiodic
changes in it.
FIXED POINT SYSTEM:
A system of handling numbers in which the point separating fractions from
whole numbers is located between the same two digit columns. This
applies to the decimal, binary or other number systems.
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FLOATING-POINT ARITHMETIC-
A technique which operates arithmetically on numbers which are not
uniform in the location of the decimal point.
GENERAL ROUTINE:
A specific routine designed to locate either a malfunction in the computer
or a mistake in coding.
HARD COPY:
A human-readable document produced at the same time that information
is transcribed to a form not easily readable by human beings.
INPUT:
Information (instructions or data) transferred from external storage
(usually tape or cards) to the internal storage of the machine.
INTERNAL STORAGE.:
Storage facilities forming, an integral physical part of the computer, from
which instructions may be executed.
INTERPRETER (INTERPRETIVE ROUTINE):
An executive routine which, as the computation progresses, translates a
stored program expressed in some machine-like pseudo-code into
machine code and performs the indicated operations, by means of sub-
routines, as they are translated. An interpretive routine is essentially a
closed subroutine which operates successively on an indefinitely long
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sequence of program parameters (the pseudo-instructions and operands).
It may usually be entered as a closed subroutine and exited by a pseudo-
code exit instruction.
LIBRARY PROGRAMS:
An organized collection of standard and proven routines, which may be
incorporated into larger routines in a program.
MACHINE LANGUAGE:
(1) A language, occurring within a machine, ordinarily not perceptible
or intelligible to people. without special equipment or training.
(2) A translation or transliteration of the above into more conventional
characters but frequently still requiring special training to be
intelligible.
MACHINE LANGUAGE CODING:
Coding in the form in which instructions are executed by the computer.
Contrasted to relative, symbolic, and other non-machine language
coding.
MAGNETIC TAPE:
A flat ribbon of plastic, which is coated on one side with a material which
can be magnetized. Information is stored on the tape by a combination of
magnetized spots in certain patterns.
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A file of semi-permanent information, which is updated periodically.
MINIMAL LATENCY ROUTINE:
Especially in reference to serial storage systems, a routine so coded by
judicious arrangement of data and instructions in storage, that the actual
latency is appreciably less than the expected random access latency.
ON-LINE:
Operation of an input/output device as a component of the computer, under
programmed control.
OUTPUT:
Information transferred from the internal storage of a computer to output
devices or external storage.
POINT:
In positional notation, the location or symbol which separates the integral
part of a numerical expression from its fractional part. For example, it
is called the 'binary point in binary notation and the decimal point in
decimal notation. If the location of the point is assumed to remain fixed
with respect to one end of the numerical expressions, a fixed-point
system is being used. If the location of the point does not remain fixed
with respect to one end of the numerical expressions, but is regularly
recalculated, then a floating-point system is being used.
(Note: A fixed-point system usually locates the point by some convention,
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while the floating-point system usually locates the point by expressing a
power of the base. )
PROGRAM:
(1) A precise sequence of machine coded instructions for a digital com-
puter to use to solve a problem.
(2) A plan for the solution of a problem.
(3)
Loosely, a synonym for "routine".
(4) To prepare a program.
PUNCHED PAPER TAPE:
A strip of paper on which characters are represented by combinations of
holes punched across the strip.
RANDOM ACCESS:
Access to storage under conditions in which the next position from which
information is to be obtained is in no way dependent on the previous one.
RANDOM ACCESS STORAGE:
A storage technique in which the time required to obtain information is
independent of the location of the information most recently obtained;
i. e. , items do not have to be processed in sequence.
READ:
(1) To copy, usually from one form of storage to another, particularly
from external or secondary storage to internal storage.
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(2) To acquire information, usually by observing some form of storage.
(Note: Usually a process which can be called reading can also be called
writing, depending on the point of view of the observer. )
RERUN ROUTINE (ROLLBACK ROUTINE):
A routine designed to be used in the wake of a computer malfunction or a
coding or operating mistake to reconstitute a routine from the last previous
rerun point, which is that stage of a computer run at which all information
pertinent to the running of the routine is available either to the routine
itself or to a rerun routine in order that a run may be reconstituted.
ROUTINE:
A set of instructions arranged in proper sequence to cause a computer to
perform a desired operation or series of operations, such as the solution
of a mathematical problem.
SERVICE ROUTINE:
A routine designed to assist in the actual operation of the computer. Tape
comparison, block location, certain post mortems, and correction
routines fall into this class. Also called "operation routine".
SPECIFIC ROUTINE:
A routine expressed in specific computer coding designed to solve a
particular mathematical, logical, or data handling problem.
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(1) The act of storing information. (See also STORE. )
(2) Any device in which information can be stored. Sometimes called a
"memory" device.
(3) In a computer, a section used primarily for storing information.
Such a section is sometimes called a "memory" or a "store"
(British).
(Note: The physical means of storing information may be electrostatic,
ferroelectric, magnetic, acoustic, optical, chemical, electronic,
electrical, mechanical, etc. , in nature. )
STORAGE CAPACITY:
The amount of information that can be simultaneously retained in a storage
(or memory) device, often expressed as the number of words that can be
retained (given the number of digits, and the base, of the standard work).
When comparisons are made along devices using different bases and word
lengths, it is customary to express the capacity in "bits". This number
is obtained by taking the logarithm to the base 2 of the number of
distinguishable states in which the storage can exist.
(Note: The "storage (or memory) capacity of a computer" usually refers
only to the principal internal storage section. )
STORED PROGRAM:
A series of coded operational steps arranged in. a particular sequence and
placed in memory of a computer so that it can be interpreted and executed.
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SUBROUTINE:
(1) In a routine, a portion that causes a computer to carry out a well-
defined mathematical or logical operation.
(2) A routine which is arranged so that control may be transferred to it
from a master routine and so that, at the conclusion of the subroutine,
control reverts to the master routine. Such a subroutine is usually
called a closed subroutine. This avoids repeating the same sequence
of instructions in different places in the Master Routine. A single
routine may simultaneously be both a subroutine with respect to
another routine and a master routine with respect to a third. Usually
control is transferred to a single subroutine from more than one
place in the master routine, and the reason for using the subroutine
is to avoid having to repeat the same sequence of instruction in
different places in the master routine.
SYSTEM:
(1) An assembly of machines united by some form of regulated inter-
action to form an organized whole.
(2) A collection of operations and procedures, men and machines, by
which a business is. carried on.
TEST ROUTINE:
A routine designed to show that a computer is or is not functioning
properly.
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TRANSISTOR:
A small solid-state semiconducting device, ordinarily using germanium,
that performs nearly all the functions of an electronic tube.
UNCONDITIONAL TRANSFER OF CONTROL:
Synonym for "unconditional jump".
UNIT:
A portion of subassembly of a computer which constitutes the means of
accomplishing some inclusive operation or function, as "arithmetic unit".
UPDATE:
To modify a master file according to current information, which is often
contained in a transaction field, according to a procedure specified as
part of a data processing activity.
VERIFICATION:
The process of automatically checking the results of one data recording
process against the results of another data recording process for the
purpose of reducing the number of errors in data transcription. (See
also CHECK. )
VERIFIER :
A device on which a manual transcription can be verified by comparing
a retranscription with it character by character as it is being retrans-
c vibe d,
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VOLATILE:
A term descriptive of a storage medium in which information cannot be
retained without continuous power dissipation.
(Note: Storage devices or systems employing non-volatile media may or
may not retain information in the event of planned or accidental power
removal. )
WILLIAMS TUBE STORAGE:
A type of electrostatic storage.
WORD:
An ordered set of symbols which is the normal unit in which information
may be stored, transmitted, or operated upon within the computer.
Synonym for "minor cycle".
WRITE:
(1) To copy information usually from internal to external storage-- to
transfer information.to an output medium.
(2) To introduce information, usually into some form of storage.
(See also READ. )
ZERO SUPPRESSION:
The elimination of nonsignificant zeros to the left of the integral part of
a quantity before printing operations are initiated; a part of editing.
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