FINAL REPORT NO. CLOCKWORK DELAY MECHANISM, 24 HOUR WORK ORDERS CK-15-529, CK-15-529.1 AND CK-15-529.2

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03642A000800050001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 179
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 22, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

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Copy so. Of
Labs of Pages ./a1. __
its
IAL
?a"/ W-01-T-
QLM-0K A LAT .I. F1AIM. 2A mom
Work Orders tS-15-529, tX-13-529.1
and W-15-U%2.
C-59411
This material contains information affecting the national
defense of the United States within the meaning of the
espionage laws, Title 18, USC, Sees. 793 and 794, the
transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an
unauthorised person is prohibited by lave
ARTHLSt A. LITTLE, 10-
30 Memorial Drive
Cambridge 42, Massachusetts
1 ~.'LV E1! if .
Ti?4T 1 l1 t-1
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,9TU, ztr
D1
Client
091W Ng#
1 through 4
Arthur D. Little, 1=. 5
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I
II
III
IV
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY AND RECO i,LNDATIONS
C)NTRACTURAL HISTORY
WORLD WAR II PROTOTYPE CLOCKWORK DEVICE
A.
B.
General History
Description of World War II Prototype Clockwork
Delay Device
V
DESCRIPTION OF THE CLOCKWORK DELAY MECHANISM, 24 HOUR
13
VI
DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
16
A.
General Background
16
B.
Design Criteria
17
C.
Watch Movement and Accessories
20
0.
Alterations to Watch Movement and Accessories
22
E.
Movement Lubrication
25
F.
Watch Movement Mainsprings
29
G.
Movement Timing and Calibration
31
H.
Mechanism, Case and Accessories
34
I.
Firing Linkage
36
J.
Accessories
37
VII
PRODUCTION HISTORY
A.
Specifications
38
B.
Movement Production
39
C.
Mechanism Production
41
VIII
PAO(AUING
A.
General Packaging Instructions
43
B
Design of Packaging
44
.
C.
Unit Packaging Procedure
45
APPENDIX A - Specifications
APPENDIX B - Drawings (Bound Separately)
APPENDIX C - Personnel Involved in the Project
APPENDIX D - Arthur 0. Little, Inc. Interim Report No. 1
APPENDIX E - Arthur U. Little, Inc. Interim Report No. 2
APPENDIX F - Arthur D. Little, Inc. Interim Report No. 3
APPENDIX G - Memorandum Report
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Figure No.
an
1.
24-Hour Clockwork Delay Mechanism, with
transparent face removed
14
2.
24-Hour Clock Work Delay Mechanism Watch Movement
14
3.
L & R Industrial Cleaning Machine
28
4.
American Time Products, Inc. "Watchmaster"
33
5.
Clockwork Delay Mechanisms, Nested in Bell Jar
47
6.
Nitrogen Gas Purging System
48
7.
Unit Package Can, Padding and Wrapper Components
49
8.
Unit Package Components, in Preparation for
Sub-Packaging
50
9.
Sub-assembled Case
51
10.
Interior of Unit Package
52
11.
Canning Machine
53
12.
Final Unit-Package Can
54
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IN? 3DUCTIQN
The history of demolitions and active sabotage work is in large
part made up of Instances in which explosives, incendiaries and other media
have been initiated to produce damage at a fixed, predetermined time delay
after setting. The reasons for use of a delay period are twofold; first, to
insure the safety of personnel setting the charges and, second (and perhaps
more important in sabotage work), to wreak havoc at a time when its gross
effects would be at a maadawr.
Historical methods by which delayed initiation has been produced
have been many, each reflecting the limitations imposed by the tiniM eleamts
available during the era of their use. The advent of accurate ^sohanisal
watch movements, however, did such to open up new fields of possibility in
this work* by their use, the tactical employment of accurately and reliably
tined wants was greatly expanded, since the former limitations of short delay
periods, questionable accuracy and extreme environmental sensitivity were in
large part relaxed.
Introduction of the mechanical clockwork delay neehanism, however,
brought with it the inherent problems of reliability, soft and, more recently,
storage life. It is with the redesign of a 24r-hour clockwork delay mechanism.
based on the World War II, U. 3. Navy Mark III device, and the solution of
these inherent problems that this report is concernede
am
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110 SUDMAHY ANP C ND I S
Under the authority and funds provided by Work Orders Q K-15-529,
GR 15-52'9.1 and tj-15.529.2, redevelopment of the World War II Clockwork
Delay Device, (U. S. Navy Firing Device, Mark III), and pilot production
of 1,000 Clockwork Delay Mechanisms, 24-hour, were undertaken by
Arthur D. Little, Inc. an April 23, 1951. The developmental work by ADL
was accompanied by both model and production work by two suboontraotorsj
Thomaston 3pocial Tool Company of Thomaston, Connecticut, produced the devises
minus the o] Ookworks, and New Haven Clock and Watch Company of New Haven,
Connecticut produced the clockwork movements and their asesssoriss.
During the program, problems of various different sorts aroae.
Those regarding general design and, performance criteria were resolved with
the assistance of consultants who were experienced in the World War II effort
along similar lines. Problems of tooling and production standards were
resolved directly with the major subcontractors mentioned above. The persemnl
involved in the project, and the identity of their various organisations, are
summarised in Appendix C.
An initial pilot lot of approximately one hundred devices was pro-
duced early in 19%. These devices were subjected to various test programs
designed to determine their ease, reliability and accuracy of operation under
varying combinations of temperature, humddity, pressure and time. The major
questions of reliability and accuracy were considered not only from the field
operations viewpoint; much attention was given also to the contributions of
manufacturing and storage conditioning and their effect on the and performanse
of the device. Each of these questions is discussed in more detail in the
following sections of this report.
as=
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As a result of the program. Specifications and Drawings were
developed, reflecting all recommended changes to bring the original U#3. Navy
Firing Device, Mark III, up to date as a more reliable and accurate 24-hour
delay mechanism. Under these Specifications and Drawings, a total of 1,072
devices were produced; 79 of these were designated as training devices not
to be used for actual operations, and the ruining 993 were first-line
operational snits. Those Specifications and Drawings are to be found in
Appendices A and S of this report.
Although the redeveloped 24-hour clockwork delay mechanism is
significantly better than its World War II predecessor as regards ease.
reliability and accuracy of operation, it is subject to several severe
restrictions which, in our opinion, should preclude its further manufacture
in large quantities. In brief, the reasons for this belief are as follower
1. X&Amn d t is only 24 hour* t This leaves a large
long-time delay range which is uncovered except by the
limited supply of J-Feder delay mechanisms and the
nominal delay devices such as the time pencil, AC delay.
*too
$ 0eMmsue-dations Any further efforts in the mechanical,
clockwork delay field should be made toward a device
capable of at least one week and preferably an the
order of one month maximum's delay.
2. The des1 is not s2umtrig about the firj&x in center
Contrary to the World War II situation which did
not stress minimums clearance dimensions for many items, messy
present devices, to which the clockwork delay is applicable,
M M
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SECRET
require smaller initiating mechanisms. A case in point
is the Initiator; the Clockwork, because of its
assymetria design, extends approximately one inch beyond
the initiator tube diameter.
8egce eadatIon: Future clockwork delay mechanisms be
designed symmetrically about the firing pin axis.
3. The sass 4eoijm is -c~rliKn The rectangular case is
considerably more difficult to seal than is one of circular
cross-section. The latter section is very inexpensively
and effectively sealed by weans of 0-rings. The circular
section is less expensive to machine and given dimensional
tolerances are more easily achieved in rotating tools used
to handle such shapes.
Recam?maendation: Future clockwork delay mechanisms be
designed for cylindrical oases, in conjunction with (2)
above.
4. The present design cannot be wound or set under water;
the MS.IMLE am be atone;. at AM tim; These first
two design features should be eliminated in order to
insure a more versatile device; the last, to preclude
tempering or disarming after it is once set.
eoo* ndndations The case, safety and starter design of
future delay mechanisms should include these features.
3ECRET
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xx. CONTRACTUAL HI3TORT
During the period from April 23, 1951 through June 30, 19551
covering the redsrelopomt and pilot production of the 24-Hour Clockwork
Delay Device, the following Work Orders were issued to Arthur D. Little,
WWk rAW Ds
April 23 , 1951
$ Sao 22
$ 500.00
Initial investigation
Clockwork devalo at
and consultants
r
Ovembeerr 3, 1951
February 26, 1952
3.000.00
3,000.
6,000.00
April 11, 1952
69,443.00
Production of 1,000
Mechanism
Nay 19, 1952
8,000.00
Production of 1,000
watch aovesentc
Kay 7, 1954
U00.00
Continued testing of
pilot lot, inspection
of production lot, and
unit packaging.
198,643.00
*Total Ixpe?ded
$105,143.00
**Theo* figures do not represent audited or accounting costs ......"
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SECRET 6
WORLD WAR 11 PPROTO"" BY
LOCK
A. t3RRAL HIS=
One of the oldest problems of Division 19 of 051W was the develop-
ment of a clockwork delay. Much work was done at the University of Chicago
by Dr. K. S. Kharaseb, but did not result in a suitable devise. In January.
1943, when first contact was made with the Leeds h Northrup Company, all
previous work on time delays of all types was disclosed. This ineluded the
Chicago work.
Because it was known that the Engineer Board at Fort Belvoir,
Virginia, had three different cloak manufacturers under contractoa develop
clockwork delays, no particular impetus was given to L t / as a contractor
until late in February, when 033, SC, and Division 19 representatives
gathered in Philadelphia and presented to Mr. B. J. Wilson of L h N samples
of the various devices then available. At the same time requirements were
framed for the development of a delay suitable for use with the Limpet. In
addition, mechanical firing was specified, and it was hoped that this could
be centrically designed. Contact was made also at this time with
Kr. R. H. Whitehead of the New Haven Clock and Watch Company. and during March
his interest and cooperation in the problem were secured.
At a large meeting in April, 1%3, attended by the Honorable
Norris Lubbock, Deputy Head of ISRB, and Wing Commander T. R. Bird, definite
requirements were framed for a clockwork device. These included the spesi--
fication that it should be insensitive to temperature change, vibration,
magnetic field, shook, and imm rsion. In addition, it was pointed out that
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it should be based on a cheap watch movement to allow large production. In
this meeting Kr. Wilson showed for the first time a prototype of the mechanical
system he proposed to use in conjmotion with a watch movement. This differed
materially from the early Xhrasch design utilising an Elgin watch. The
central firing feature was not preserved and seemed to be a small sacrifice
for convenience and speed.
By Jms, 1943, Kr. Wilson had constructed in his shop the first
12-hour model, based on a New Haven movement, which was capable of a 5-minute
setting accuracy by retention of the minute hand. This model underwent tests
during the following weeks and later appeared so favorable that the Division
decided upon a semi production. At their request the Engineering and
Transition Office proposed as contractor the Houston Company (SAO-27). The
negotiations with Houston dragged, however, and eventually 083 felt itself
in a position to begin its own procurement. Leeds & Northrup thereupon eca.
tacted the Automatic Temperature Control Company, located near then in
Philadelphia. New specifications were prepared, and an 033 contract for
500 models was forthcoming.
Meanwhile, the British at Stations II and III had continued the
development of a central firing unit based on the Eureka Clock, than used in
British aircraft. This device was very cumbersome, large, and sensitive
to shook. It d!d not survice the extended test program, and eventually 3C
accepted the Leeds & Northrup device as a store.
At almost the sea* time that 033 began its contract, the DOLO
Committee become aware of the development and brought it to the attention of
the Navy for use of the Underwater Obstacles Group. Its acceptance by the Navy
SE=
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CR 1
was immediate and startling; six thousand units were requested for delivery
in two months. OSS and the Navy thereupon came to an understanding, by
which the Navy took over the procurement contract and agreed to supply 085
and SOS with their much smaller requirements. The Bureau of Ordnance pale a
few minor changes in the Leeds & Northrup design, only one of which later
turned out to be serious. This was the modification of the stiff dial which
replaced the hour hand by a thin disc. This modification was later abandoned
and the original design readopted (designated Firing Device, Mark III).
From November, 1943 to December, 1944, the Leeds 4 Northrup Compaspr
acted as consultants to the Automatic Temperature Control contract. This
function was of the greatest value and convenience. In April, 1944, Kr.
B. J. Wilson was so disturbed by the lack of Navy inspection and so feartal
that serious trouble might therefore arias, that a meeting was held in
Philadelphia Naval Inspection Board with the interested parties in attendance.
The Navy accepted all the Leads & Northrup suggestions for correction. and
in addition re-inspected all the units which had been made. This confirmed
Mr. Wilson's statements and the entire production, numbering several thousand
units which had been made up to that time, was returned to the manufacturer for
reconditioning. NRL tested the 12-hour delay also with, on the whole, more
favorable results (NRL Report No. 80 of May 4, 1944, and No. BOA of August 2. 1944).
Meanwhile, Kr. Wilson had also been working on the development of a
24-hour model which he completed in June, when ten models were received by
the Division and distributed to the interested Services. The 24-hour model
was identical with the 12-hour model in all respects except for the gearing at
the Now Havens movement. Appraisal by 038 and the Navy resulted in a small
procurement on their part.
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In duly, 1945 the existence of very scull 8-day moments used in
Naval aircraft sane to the attention of the Division, and it was thought
that these night be sash enough to fit the case of the U--hour and 2rhour
delays. Xr. Wilson proceeded during the following months to show that this
was possible, and in August, 1945, two models were received. These aroused
the interest of the Engineers and 038, but sines their arrival coincided with
9-J Day, no production took place.
XRL, throughout the program, was always of assistance in testing
the different models. Their results obtained with the 24r-hour production
confirmed their earlier ones obtained with the 12-hour (NHL Bsport Ne. 193
of April 9, 1945 and No. Z11 of May 30, 1945). Their conclusion was that
both devices were 'hatter-tight, rugged, not impaired by either a magastis
field or serve vibration, and capable of operating satisfactorily under all
probable climatic conditions".
The 12-hour model was produced in large nuwbers (20,500) and of
the 24-hour device, 1,500 were manufactured. The 093 and SOB use for either
type was not limited to Limpets. Wherever an exact timing of an explosion
was required this special time delay was available. In contrast to the
Pencil, it was never intended as a general issue item but was reserved for
special operations. The principal Navy use was in connection with the
detonation of underwater explosive charges placed by the Underwater Demolition
Groups which trained at Fort Pierce, Florida, and later performed such
spectacular services in the Southwest Pacific.
MM
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SECRET 10
B. Dr-OCRIM011 OF WtOM WAR 11 PROT , CLQCEW R K O Y
Among the construction and operational features originally required
were the following points, all of which were successfully overcome in all
three modelai
1. Accuracy of 15 minutes in the 12-hour delay,
30 minutes in the 24-hour delay, and 15 minutes
in the 6-day delay.
2. Cheapness and robustness.
3? Ready setting and adjustment in the field.
4? Convenient pocket size.
5. Resistance to temperature change and deep iuaersion.
6. Safety and starting means operable under water.
7. Magnetic protection,
In general, the Mark III delay and its companion models consisted
of an aluminum case ease 2-4/16x2-3/8x1.-3/16 in. with a transparent plastic
window beneath which the dial and setting hands were visible. Two knurled
thumb screws projected from the case; the one on the back operated the
safety, and the one on the aide started the devise. Magnetic protection
was provided by an iron back plate which carried two plugs, providing access
for winding of the movement and setting of the delay. All joints were
equipped with gaskets or stuffing boxes to insure waterproofness. The
particular, cheap pocket-watch type movement used was a back-wound and back.
set type made by the New Haven Clock and Watch Company. It required only
slight modification for immediate insertion in the Mark III case. The hour
hand was replaced by a cupped disc having a narrow slot in the circumference
and the internal friction drive was modified to increase its reliability at
drive and minor changes were made in other elements. The minute hand was
st=
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retained to secure precision of setting, a feature missing in most mechanisms
of the type available at that time.
When the starting knob was turned to running position, the movement
balance wheel was automatically given a kick to insure its starting, and the
tripping lever moved downward to make contact with the hour disc. As time
passes, the hour disc moved under this lever until the previously-mentioned
slot coincided with a pin in the and of the lever. When this occurred the
lever dropped toward the center of the hour disc and, by a series of levers
and latches, a firing pin. restrained against a 15-1b. spring, was released
to accomplish the detonation mechanically. This pin was located in the side
of the aluninmo case so that the unit is asymmetric. A safety was provided
by means of a removable member interposed between the striker and the detonating
train. Should premature release occur, the striker was caught by the safety.
In the field operation, the mechanism would be started and the safety them
removed in accordance with custom.
The 24-hour delay was identical with the 12-hour except for the sub-
stitution of a disc which makes a complete revolution in 24 hours instead of
in 12. Naturally, a scale having 24 divisions, instead of 12, was also pro-
vided. The multi-day device, which in practice was found to be reliable up
to 6 days, had two concentrically mounted discs, the outer one rotating once
in the maximnea delay period of 6 days and the inner one rotating ones in 12
hours. A minute hand was retained, together with the usual hour and minute
dial, so that the setting was as accurate as with the 12-hour delay. The
tripping lever was held by the outer disc until the slot in it permitted it
to fall through. It then rested an the inner disc until the proper hour and
minute arrived, when the slot in the second disc allowed the lever to continue
its travel, trip the latch, and release the linkage and striker.
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The ?teal Report, containing detailed data on World War II,
clockwork developments is covered in )ivision 19, Serial No. 31, Section R.
of July 15. L%5, submitted September 7, 1945?
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VCPM 13
V. D ! oar of IMFS CL MHANISK. 24!-AM
The Clockwork Delay Mechanism, 24-Hour, is a precision-type tiring
device which may be set for delay periods varying from 5 minutes to 23 hours
45 minutes. As implied by its name, the device is driven by a watch .eshanisn.
The physical size of the device, without accessories, is app:o?,iaately
Z-9/16" x 2-3/8" x 1,-5/16"; the unit weighs approximately 1.18 lbs. (537 gas.).
This relatively high unit weight is caused by the die-east zinc case in which
the watch cove ont, dials and firing linkage are housed. Figure 1 shows the
face of the devise. In its physical aspects the redeveloped device is gener-
ally similar to its World War n predecessor, described in Section III of this
report.
The Clockwork Delay Mechanism is designed to fire two (2) types of
primer-detonator combinations. The first combination, the standard coupling
base primer and Corps of Engineers non-electric detonator, can be tired without
a special adapter of any sort. The second, the U-34 detonator, requires a
special, stab-action adapter which is supplied as accessory equipment with the
packaged device. With these two, the Clockwork Delay Device can be used with
most of the explosive and incendiary devices used by the Client at the time
of the developaantprogram. Because of the non-central location of the firing
pin, however, the Clockwork device will not necessarily have the same miniaum
clearance dimensions as the device with which it is to be used.
In operation, the Clockwork Delay Mechanism can be employed at
temperatures between an extreme low of -43'? and an extreme high of ?1600F.
Accuracy at these limits, however, is questionable, since the watch mechanism
tends to run "slow" (i.e., the timed delay is actually longer than it should
be) under both extremes. Accuracy within ? 3 minutes in 24 hours is readily
sum
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Fig. is 24-Hour Clockwork Delay Meahanism, with
transparent face removed, showini, dial
and firing linkage.
Fig. 2s 24-Hour Clockwork Delay Mechanism
Match Movement
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achieved within the te.rperature limits of --10?.r' to 1'2-~)'F. At 70?F, the
accuracy of the delay period is within +0 and -2 minut,, s in 24 hours; this
accuracy is specified as a requirement for final acceptance in3pection.
The case and its adapter are water-and oil-tight under static rres,~ure heads
of 50 feet of water. By me 4ns of careful selection and p:' eparat-ion of a
particular unit, water tight integrity at equivalent ieptns up to 100 feet
of water have been ac" ieved. The gaskets and seals of the device are co::,pleetely
resistant to water, lubricants and fuels and most Solvents under the pressure
he ids mentioned above.
The packaged Clockwork Delay Mechanism includes several accessories
for its prepar:tiori and adaptation. These items inciaiee a windin
a special adapter for +, he K-34 detonator- a coupling base adapter and :primer;
an M-34 detonator; a coil of faire for attachin=; the device to targets; and a
tube of obscuring compound to cover the dial face and prevent 1a,er observation
of the time setting. The entire kit is enclosed in a tear-strip can of ap-
proximately 4-1/8" D x 4-1/4" high.
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VI. D V:EL,~'PN ANT HISTORY
A. f`:NSAAL 3:1CKG4%'.QUND
16
The period from April 23, 1951 to approximately December, 1952
marked th:: formative period of the Clockwork Delay project. During this time
the primary tasks were those of establishing design recauirements and criteria,
locating potentially interested manufacturers ard, finally, working with these
rLanufar. he ae ': t. r,ny predetermined period of tL e
frorr. 15 r nut,~,^3 tc ?4 11 urs and if fe?a3j.b1 L...' to 7 days.
12.
Can axle wound and c.9ut in field wit;, no tools other
an
those in c,r.:ta :1 :.r. cpsr:ttor 1houl'.i b -:ble to w .rnd
and
set device with ,,,1ovi;3 011s
13.
"sickly, easily t nd safely attached or installed.
14.
Simple to rr n of tunrrovided a quick and accurate method of evaluating the over-all k;atch ;,ovement
u.ality. In this latter it proved of great value in the detection and elini-
..=t` o, of watch ::even{ants that were sub-st.ndard for various reasor.s, such
a eccentric :mars, burrs :a.n.i :iirt.
The "v'atchrraster" timer as shown in Figure 4 was used throughout
the tent ^rograrn; iuring this usa r th technique was developed by .;,ich the
.r1'.1ividu.La.1 watc~ ~,: cnvmta could tit ;;u:ickly c-_,librated r their f i.-_'31 'r,
:rnacticn in ediatel.l prior to ; acka~ ing. The technique finally developed
w?.r 31 follows:
,ri nl rai.'.. :t prin.
f uli. jt.
b. Allow ri for four hours.
c. i,lust nstantaneo! 3 be=at rate to between 0 ar d +;.
minute per 24 hours error.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/22 : CIA-RDP78-03642A000800050001-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/22 : CIA-RDP78-03642A000800050001-7
Fi: ure 4. American Time Producta, Inc.
"t atchns$ter", Model 0--17 Tinier,
Used to ilecord l ovw nt ]'er-
'orm_ance During Tests and
Calibrate 1,yovements for Final
Ir.snectton.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/22 : CIA-RDP78-03642A000800050001-7
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/22 : CIA-RDP78-03642A000800050001-7
~~. ylli11;11. yn.;J .y a.1r~sa J..'.ii.:.
'r.hzile it had been aec.ide, earlr L. th tkia1: Erie 1esi:;n a
"'a care duplic at e_~ t ,u3e tiie u i;.;iri