MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE LOWER REACHES OF THE AMUR RIVER

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010021-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 152
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 21
• Publication Date: May 2, 1947
• Content Type: TRANS

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Prepared By
Documents Branch
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP
New War Department Bui !ding
21st and Virginia Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
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DOCUMENTS BRANCH
TRANSLATI 0 N
Number 68
2 May 1947
MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY CP THE LOWER REACHES
Lua AMUR?TIVER
?
,Prepared by
Documents Br&nch
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP
2430 E Street, N. T.
Ykshington, D, C.
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S U 4 4tJ R Y 9, C 0 _N TENTS
ToPorraphical Stud: of the Lower Reaches
--t-e - -
Doc No 256731
This is a complete translation of text, graphs, charts
and maps comprising a detailed intelligorIce report covering
a large area around the lower reaches of the Amur RiVer, in?
tluding Yakutsk, Khabarovsk and the iTorthern Maritime Krai,
This document is more'of a geographical than topograph?
ical study of the: area, since it includes information on the
industries, inhabitants, communities,ciimate and natural re?
sources. These elements of the compilation are consistently
'dealt with fromastrategical rather than statistical point
of view. The emphasis is not on the mere existence of a sit?
uation, but how an existing situation is apt to effect a po?
tential military strategy. The issuing authority and date of
compilation are unknown, but in view of certain dates appear?
ing in the text it would seem that the document was completed
about the middle of 1944.
Pates 1 through 12.8
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stMtt
comIlETEatiza4IILEbN 2567.
BILITARY TOiOGRAPHIC.I. STUDY OF THE
0?ER R " OF THE AMUR PATER-
CPYRGHT
141_,E OF CONTENTS
MLP?Areas Included in the Military Topographical Study of-the
Loliver Amur Oblast
INTRODUCTM R7MARal
Fart 1, GENERAL FEHARKS
Fart 2. STRATEGIC oBsru4TToNs
Fart 3,
SummPFY
II. Landing Operations
III. Strsiegy of AdvanCe to the
RivQr frOm
Tv, opemti6n up the Amur frEml
NikolaeVsk to tIle.K6msOth61
V, .1,ir Operations
VI, ?inter Operations
Banke. of the Atur
the Neighborhood of
Sk Region'
TOPOGRAPHY
I, Goographical Features (Annex No 1)
Geology and Soil (Annex No 2)
III. Rivers (Annex No 3)
A. sumpiry
B. COndition of the Various Rivers
IV. Lakes and Ponds (Annex Yo.1)
V. Siaus and Tundra '(Annex No 1)
VI, Forests (Annex No 1)
VII. Coasts and Harbors (Annex No 3)
A. Summary
? B. Seacoasts
C. Harbors
Islands
Fart 4, FOLDS, TRLNSPORTATION, COFEU\NICATIONS AVIATION
I. toads (Annex No 4)
II. Transportation (Annex No 4)
A. Railroads
B. See Transportation ,
(C.,17ater Transportation
D. Motor_Vehicles,an Transportation
III. Communications (Annex No 12)
IV. AviatiOn (Annex No 13)
A. Airfield's
B. Air Routes
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CPYRGHT
SECRET
Fart 5. CITIES, INHLBITLNTS, QIUTERS PROVISIONS
I. SuMMarY
II, TovnS PopUlated
Coastal 47eas
MErltiTe Crai
B. 4,rea s'fjou'th of
C, 4.rea Tor of
III, Inhabitants
IV. Quarters
V. Food, Fuel 7ater
Part 6.
Part 7.
Part 8.
Pert 9.
cLular
Places
of the Northern Fart of the
the Uda River
the Uda River
Supply
Z. Overall. :Climate . .
II. /,ercinautical'Meteonology
HFaTH OD HYGIENE
I. Human Health and Hygiene
.II. Health and Hygiene of Livestock
FORTIFICL,TICYS
INDUSTRY LYD F.;.TUP,LL RESOURCES
SUPPLEMENTS
No 1. Basic CtuAY of Landings on Icebound Coasts
No 2. Term .s Relating to the Ocean, Coasts and Harbors
No Conversion Table of 7eights and Peasures
, ,
I. Summery
II. Lumber Industry
III, Marine Products Industry
IV., SPlining Industry
V. IrdiptrY
VI. LgricUlture
VII. Hunting
?.knion-is
No 1. General Topcgralhical and Geograrhical Sketch
Lover Lmur Oblast
No 2, ?ypes of Soil of Lower Amur Onast Area '
b)Geology of Lower Amur Oblast Area
No 3. General Sketch of the Coasts, Harbors and Islands of
Lo' en .i.mur Oblast
No /,, General Sketch of Cormunieations Netvorks in the
Lover Lmur Oblast
No 5. Taps and Tables of Conditions in the Lower Reaches
of the :.mur tiaver ,
No 6. n.r of the Vicinity of J.), Kastri
, ,
No 7. Pap of the Vicinity of Nikolaevsk
No 8. Ea' of the Vicinity of ',Tan
No 9 rap of the Vicinity of Okhotsk
No 10, Map of the Vicinity of :ariinskoye
No 11, la of the Vicinity of Sofiskoe
No 12. Pop of thE Lower Lmur Oblast Communications Network
No 13. Summary ilp on Lirfield Establishments end ,..ir Routes
in tbE. Lover Lmur Oblast
No 14. Mar of Industries end Resources of Lover Lmur Oblast
of
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CPYIGHT
SPCRFT
INTRODUCT0RY RITif.RKS
1. The aim of this book is to record military torographical
data (principally operEtional geography) of the Lover Lmur Oblabt
(Nizhne 4mur).including the Maritime Krai north of Sovetskaya .
Cavan i?rid thE surrounding territories of Komsomolsk. It is offered
mainly for use in operational preparations by the higher head-
quarters, ES Vell as for use as an operational guide.
2, To Uae this book effectively it is advisable to refer to
the folloving publications and maps:
Classifi-
cation
Chart of Reference Books, pad M s
Title
Classifi- Date of
-cation For Prepara-
Mndlin tion
Luthority in
Charge of
Com nation
Book Overall Military Topo-
graPhy of 'Pastern U,StR
ard Outer Pongolia
(Part 2--Operational,
Geography)
.
Book Research Data of the Military Jan
Baikal-Lmnr Railway Secret____
Mlitary
Secret
May 1942 General Staff
Headquarters ,
Book Military TopograIhy Military
of the Regions of the Secret
Districts of the Old
Ussuri Prevince and
Khabarovsk (Ilan)
Vol III
1910 General Staff
Heedquerters
Distribu-
tion
ex-
pected in
near
future
Book Military Topography Military
of Sakhalin Region Secret
Book Military TopogrEThy Military
Of Kamchatka Region .Secret
Book
Military Health Record Restricted
for Far Fsetern USSR
Jan 1941
Lug 1943
Mov 19/1
General Staff
Headouarters
General Staff
-- Hoidouarters
41.0111.*01.10.???
"-tr Ministry
Book The Influence of Tcath- Secret
er on Operations
(military)in Far East-
ern USSR and the Prin-
2.111a1 SurroundiLELLreas
Jul 1941 General Staff
Headquarters
Book Notes on 7inter Confiden- Oct 1937 Kran-Tung Lrmy?
Operations tial ? Headquarters
? !"-
Book
lie p
Pastern Coastal rater Routine
Routes of Siberia (ordincry)
.(Vol I
Military Topo- Military
1001000,zraEh1cal Fa Secret
Jul 1930
HydrogrEphic
Office
General Staff
HeadcUErters
- 3 -
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SECEI
Ma ---1--- Geograllical and Toro-
50,2000 graLhical MET
Military Mar, of the Far.ast-
orn Regons,of the Soviet
Uni n
1,4p
Appondix:
Mit&ry
Confidential
r
ry ?
Secret
Genera Staff
Headoturters
?7,
1,,ug 194o, Military Gen.
eral Staff
?
. 1. There is ?room f!or flarthqr po.l.ishing and revon in ,the conterts
of this dOcument and mucl-'fUture ,investicatipn, mus.t be. anticiFEted.
,
2. The imAterE.rehtju_tOtumen geogrErhy hve beer taker. fror
111)01t.i:o&i,:.E.Ccirioinid, Lid .41.114.41r6fOgrCr:i* -6f thc Fr Ftstern USSR ad
Outer Congolia" ilhich is being currently Irere.red.
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CPYRGHT
snm
ThLcver.4,mur Oblast, Thich is a province of _Khabarovsk Fri,
$long,'narrow region embrtcing the test coast of. the SCe of
dkhotSk. Its area is about 519,600 square kilometers (roughly equal
to the *Japanese mainland excluding HOkkaide and Kyushu). Its "
populatior. is about $6,000 (in 1S39), and brely exceeds 0..15 persons
perqua,re kilomcter. (Manchuria: has over 30 persons per squere
kilometer)'.
Llmost the vholE arra is E region of forest-covered moUntain
?peaks, excelt for the lov-lyiN, ground, interlaced vith rivers,
$tre4',Ts, leks end ionds, ;hie} is to be seen in e mur Rives
Basin, commuricatiors are CT the v?hole urdeveloped, end ere knoun
to dc end mainly on water transiort in the ;Jour River, and on see
translort. Th coastline is regular, and in tinter it is ice-bound.
doca harbors am scazee; there are a fe uch as Dekestril Nikolaevsk,
'Okhtsk, EPA J?yar, vhosc velle has be.en increasing in recent years ,
because of the ooLnections b?Mpeer.Lmerica and Russia. This has
'been Tarticularly true of the vEricus 'ants in the lover le.rt of the
kmUr River Basin.
In former times this region, ill-favored as it is .ith a severe
O4iME:te'end located in r, remet,c corner of,th.c. .lobe had very fey
permanent inha'oitarts 'apart from t sall number of aborigines, and
there vere f"..o industries. 1though varir,us industries gradually
devoloied e.fterthe first .Five Year Flan (192t..1932), their economic
value is.stfli rot lcrgo, excert formarine products, forestry and
gold-mining.
Hovevcr, Komsomolsk, 1.hich is adjacent to this area has
recently been undergoing: an Extremely rapid development as En
industrial oitY.
Since this area is an important land, sea, end air connection
betteen the central pivotal area of Fe stern USSR (the ,Khabarovsk
KrO, Kamchetka? and 1.1T1Lrica; and since it forms the outer zone of
fortifieetion for.the definsc of important strategic areas such as
Kerpsomolsk, Khabarovsk, and.so or) the Soviet 'Union has been
zealously increasing its defense efficiency since the Fanchurien
Incident, by fortifying the vital mEritime Ereas end increasing the
construction of airfields,
Part . STRI.T7GIC OBSTITiTIONS
n this pert, various geographic conditions of the Lo?er Zmur
"ObLet area. h've becn. correlated, and observations made concerning
matters requiring srecial attention or careful considexation.from,th.
0tardroint of strategy. Conclusions have been briefly exIlained,
and since this kind of observatior is comprehensive in score, it is
to donsidrred carefully from every aspect, and although this-,is
mere introduction *Sing its exlcsitions op a simple tactical end
geographic point of view, it is extremely important not to err Olen
using it.
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I. SUMNILRY
,
L. ZI1-11.u1s. ignificEnce of Lower Lmur bblEst Lrea
Ls the Lover Lmur Oblast is sparsely popUlcted, communicttions
?re poor except in the Lmur Diver bEFin End in the important cotsts1
areas. It /1E.9, developed Cities, and no industrius 6rcept ma'rine
products and forestry.
Though its gercrel economic value is extromely small, the region
of the lou or reaches of the_ Lmur River hEs ti' : following important
militery significtnce:
1. It is situated in Lr important position from thc poirt of
?
vie of the ltnli, SLE Erd Lir communication betvocn StkhElin,
Km-
chtke End the LmericEn zOno.
The region .of the loler reaches of the Lmur River forms En
important bLse for communicEtion End supply 126- land, SEE, Elle air with
Kamchatka, the coast of the Sc. of Okhotsk and the distEnt Lmeric n
occupied zone of the North PEcific. Further,cch of the regions
mentioned above, End this region, together encircle our northcrn flEnk,
comprising E front on-which Lmerica End RUSSiE could plan strategical
cooperEtion. .Lccordirgly, possession of this eru.,, vould make it
possible to cut ther communicetions end supply routes End to complictte
strategic cooperEtion or the pErt of Lmerict trd RussiE by isolating
Kamchatka End the costal rogion of the Sea of Okhotsk.
2. Komsomolsk End Tchebarovsk form a btsc for offensive operEtior.
They vould form a bEse oP operations for en offensive from the Man-
churian area, or for sailing up the Lmur Fiver from SakhElin or
the Sea of JETc.n ErcE, or for crossing the Sikhotealin mountEin rangc
Lnd striking agrInst its flank and rur.
3. It has ravel btses, End its value for operations at set
would be grett, ptrticularly after the loss of the Vladivostok ere,.
Nikolaevsk, De Kastri, and CovetskEye Cavan are tt present
used as bases for all kinds o rships End their valuc vould increEse
particularly Efter tic loss of the Vladivostok erct, End should htVG
eightly significEnce in nEval oIcretionfi.
I. It forms E Fart of imrortent bescs for Lir ettEcks L.eLinst
JerEr end oenchurit.
Lirfields such es thosc Et NikolEevsk end Sofiskoe hEve grcEt .
vElue es outer fortificetions of thc Komsomolsk grout of Lirfields,.
u8 E btec for Lir Ettecks on a?pan and :1EnchuriE.
(Note): Komsomolsk has grezt military End economic vE]uc Ls a prominert
Lir 1:1-.,so for Etsterp RUESiE, End also Es the lErgest zone of hotTy in-
dustry in Ftstern Russit, since it is Edjacent to the Lover Lmur Obit.
Boc.aupe of its position, the coastEl region of the Sea of Okhotsk
is important for neutrElizing Lir operations On the northern Lir route
betycen Lmerict and Russia.
SUET
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pPYRGHT
s7cRrt
B. Stra,aic'Observations'on the %aily Of the Lower L.mur
5Dgt,W3?21
Since the Lower.Lmur Oblast -region is in gencrol,very moun-
tainous end thickly,forested cnd land communications are poor, the.
principEl.aret for the conduct of orc-rations, even taking into.
e,ccoupt th.e s:trteEic FignificEnce of thisregion Ls exIltined -above,
cat beilmited.ltrgely to the imur River basin? which ,contEins
NikolocVsk, De kastri, and Sovetskaye GEvan, End to strategic roints
on the ,;est ,coast of the Set of Okhotsk. roreover, these Ereas are'
militarily .End economically the pivotal port of this region, end
if they 11:cre occupied, it would be possible to have a hold on this
,
region.
'111-operttionagoinst the Lmur River BE:sin area could be,
achieved if the Army Group were to ltnd instrotegio ipints on the
i coast and then., after rapidly consolidating its hold on that Er.et,
frooeed AT:stmt.-3p Elong the bank of the Amur River.
Mbreover, in.view of the special characteristics of the topo7
grophy, Lir operations will be valuable., End should prove the de-
ciding factor Of the entire operEtion.
1. Landing Operations
OlimEtic conditions, such tp the freeing or thawing,
fog, the condition of the see, ctc., will htve great influence
on -6(.. period during which larding operEtions mEy be conducted.
Considering thesc factors, the most fEvortb3e reriod is Lugust
to October; re>t, to this is arch to July, while the leriod from
Novemocr to FebruEry is quite unsuitEblc.
The landing pints will hEve to be limited to the principal
hErbors, or thc vicinity of the mouths of rivers End so on,
bemuse of-mEneuvErs tfter lending, End thc,nEture of the coast (in
this area, in ptrticulEr, there Ere often cliffs from 10 to 100'
Meters high End tl-ErE Ere many r]Eces Ihcre it vould be difficult
for *V-CPCI.S to ).Erd). Basing our observtions or these factors,
It is clear that NfkolEevsk End its environs, De astri, SovetskayE
GCVEn, End other Ereos on the lolcr reaches of the i,mur River are
suitable as lEnding grounds for the main force. roreovcr, since
there is f fortified zone in each ,Erea, Es explained Ebove, ond?
since n additIon, shifs are dislosed Ebout the co Est (patrol
VeSsels belonging to the North Pacific,DetEchment End to the Coast
Gigrd Border Patrol),it is necessary.to.consider tl-ese points
cErefully in advance.
-Further, .in order to neutrElize the nortiern air route between
,Lmerica End Rusio and to tchicve suircnEcy'in tie SEE, of Okhotsk,
It would be Irnfitiblc if Okhotsk., iytn, aml4 other places 'vCre
scoured.
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CPYRGHT
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2. Orcrations up the 41ur FiVGX trom-the Cot1.region
The route of advance ur the Jrur River bEnk from the coastal
aroa.(De Kastri to Sevettkaya Gavar) uould be thc route crossing thc
northern r,rt of the ik1t1in ourtain Rance, There are four
principal .motor roads: the Chome-Kukla (orlosite Nikoltevsk) road;
the De Kastri-Chorc-Bogorodskoc road; the DelKattri-Sofiskoe road;
End the (.7ovctskayt-Gavan-torsomolsk rote; In lirter, it lould also
be postible to Trl.ake- ure of t1 mary Sled routes.
Note: In places en' tt cottt of the Cue of Okhotsk, tY rc
are no real motor rod', for they tmourt to no more than small,raths,
suitablc only for lack-horses.
3. Operctions up the mur RivEr from th( neighborhood' of
Nikoltevsk tovard th( region of tomsomolsk
It is rossible for ocean-going vessels of 2,000 tons crd less
to navigate the Lmur River from its rout to the, neighborhood of
Sofiskoe (to Khabarovsk in the high later period), and the river vill
accomodate VEEEC1S O apprOXinttely /00 tons throughout the arca ir the
by. wtter period (middle of Juno to end of July, End in Serterber and
October).
The chtnncl has msny branchEs, tnd it is flifficult to cut them
off, excelt in the vicinity of rofiskof.. i.here it vould be comrara-
tively dasy, ard it vould be EdIartagecus t? cErture vessels on the
river if possible, and use them for surilying the oieratior.
Lltheugh dettils are unkrewn concerning thc nature of the LJEur
Rivcr bank route (richt bink route), it can carry motor vehicles
between Kukla (on thc coast orrbsite Fikolacvsk) End rariirskoye.,
Exd in fart, bet Icer iariinskoye Ene"Komsomolsk. Rover, the gretter
Fart of it is considered E provision-vtagon route, and.ts there Ere
many areasof damr ground, lakes, ponds, End so on, considerable
construction work would be neccEstry to crable.it to carry motor
vehicles. i?,oreover, it is recetstry that trecitl care be tEken in the
operation Es there it thc small Lmur Rivcr Fleet or .the 1..mur
Ea.id it is cytromely imfortant for this orcretion to neutraliac it.
b.
Lir operations
The fofiskoe airfields and those in the.envirors of NikOltevsk
form the outer defenses of the Xomsomolsk group e of airfields ard have
great value for air orerations. (The leading air bases of Eastern USSR
are vEry valuable for joint Lmerican-Soviet operations. Hmever they
Ere comparatively disttnt from our silcre of influerce, and it would
be difficult to mount an offersive orcration againtt them by a.j.e,int
fighter and bomber force, In deitior the land communicatiers are .
scanty anci much time and difficulty lculd be involved in attacking them
by land oloration.) It is incrCasincly true, thEt the success or'
failure of air oreratient in thit area viii hEve great significarce
in deciding the trerd ef the ttire o/Er,tion.
The effect of vettler on the tire of orcratiors it comitratively
slight, and, on the Ihele, tley LIT, possible throughout the year;
but the most suitablc ier:od would be from :ugust to October.
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From th'e loint of view of topography there is E lack of suit,7.,,.
able ground for airfields. Lo -lying areas aro usually, swamp,
tundra, and posses other obstacles, and in all cares t good dei......
of tork would be recesSary for their establishment.
, It v,ould be possible to use the Amur Peiver and ihe 1Lkes,
ponds, tc., in the vicinity as seariEne bases.
5.. inter operctiee-ns-
. ,
E.. Since the minimum Mc,T;n tqmperature,(surface) in ti-is
regin i 20 to 25 degrees beim zOro, vintcr ?It:rations v:culd
be hindeted Considerably, but if egtlimEnt -veere ierfected, the
execution of operations should be possible.
b.' Since the coastaj-EteT.s Ere usually ice-bound for
@ distance of i,bout 45 to 75 kilometers offshore exCert betwoen
SakEslin and the mainland, .operations over tl7e cosetal ice. should be
1.essibie.
The,gult .of SEkhElin End the. Ttrtary Straits, ly-ing bet%een
&kKjin Erd the continent, Erc ice-bound in Ninier (Dcember to
trd from anuEry to KErch in lErticular the ice is in
good condition, If SEkhElin lere securtd, an olerEtion over the
ice from there to tic continent v,ould be possible.
c. On the lc.nd the lericd of fmozing del_Ends on the
locElity,,but is generally from Decerbtr to i ru During this
, period, river's, ltkes, lords, danq ground, turert, Ere so on, Ere.
Oa frozen Ere tit-emit Clumls cf vegetttion vhich are
found throuclout the arsLcs, tundra, etc., :ould constitute the
princicl obst,...elc to mov(nent.
LArLING:01.7ETIONS
A. Time
, 1, The most advantageous time yIll depend on sea and wet.ther
conditions. .Thc best .either a' fro :.Lugust to October, and thc
next best is from ME-rch to July. The :.i rind from November to
Fcbruaty is quite unsuitable.
2. Na turd obstacles to laneing
E. Frcozing End thtlAng
...?????
ThOugh irregular deyendirg upon the lectlity, the
following list gives tl'a gertral priods of fr(_eze and thL11
Location , Freezing
,Sovetskaya Gavan 7nd of November
De Kastri Beginning of
November .
:-iddle of L-ril
End of Airil
?
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NikolEevsk
Okhotsk
Note: See Supplement
CoEsts.0
b. :Fog
Middle of November
Pnd of MT
Beginnlng of November rrii
No. 1, flasic Study of Unding on Icebound
R7GTZFLL
0.????????????????.01?0,
Much fog from Arch
to ugust, cspeci-.
elly in JUnc, when
there Ere more thEn
10 dEys.
11111114111??????????????
C. Storms
TErtErv 21,11LuElz
1. Much fog from MEy,
to Julr becEuse of the
ecsterly Tind.
.2. RErely covers the
whole EreE. 'yest fog
,EpFt...rs Et ..the conflu-
ences of river.
3. PErticUlErly fre-.
euent during first fci;
hours fter sunrise.
---
CeEsttl region of the Gulf of TttEry
Many southeEsterly vinds. From
SeItember on, ever though there Ere
strong northwest inds, severe in.-
lEnd storms Ere: unueuEl.
B. ',Ending point's
ScE of Okhotsk
Region
1. Much dense
fog in flEy End
June.
2. Forms dur-
ing night End
&t sunrise, dis-
Erretrs tTo to
four hours Efter
sunrise.
Cosstel_Region of the ScE of
Okho-Wc.
Throughout the yeEr the Tind is
light. 7ind sreEd is 4-6 meters
per second in winter End
meters per vecend in summer.
1. The Gulf of 4,mur is shEllov ith scEttercd yEnd bers, End
there Ere fcT obstcics. in the chEnnels lcEding to thc lEnding points.
The minimum depth being 4 or 5 meters, shils up to 22roo tons oEn be
sccomodLted.
2. The nlicling dEtt on cotetcl conditions End princilE1
routes of EdvEnce Efter ltnding will be of rrimry interest in con-
sidering lEnding joints. It will Llsr be nocessEry to psy Ettention
beforehend to the possible existence of fortified zrrEs INErSiliTS.
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Location Lxistence of Routes for Advance. Canditions of the Coast
Sovets-.!,:aya 7"Lare is -a motor vehicle rot.d.
Gavan to.7omsomolsk.
De Kastri
T.cinity ?of
.7ikolccvs17.
_Van
. 7.11-Zd'ze As a motor vehicle rad to
SofiSLoe:and a motor, vehicle
raad ?te Bogorodskoe via Chomp.
- ,
Provision vagon road betTeen
Vlasyevo and '-giolaevsk.
There is a motor vehicle road
? bet?en Lva tolstogo and
? Ti1-7.oThevsk.
- .otor vehicle road bet?een Pronge
. and Dikla on the coast op-;osite
7ikolaevsk.
A pack-horse rod la-ds to Yakutsk.
CY-thok. A 2.:act-Lorse road leis to -.:.D.7,:utsk
eITO .
.Zapadnay6 Bay has sandy beaches
suitable for landing.
Cliffs surrounding the bay are 20-80
meters high. . :here is suitrble land-
ingPlace. of 5Q0-600 meters midway
between Spaseniya Point and Ores
Low sandy grounJ ,:7ith dense growth
of shrubs aid rass. 7asy for
boats to land.
In the vicinity of -Lye. Tolstogo are
?m.a.n-,; cliffs, but there e.re
-landing place S to the est end west.
7iuch sandy beach near ',,ronge Point,
excent at the Cane, lending ensy.
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Sandy beaches in the bay. Suitable
for 1;:.nJing but there are cliffs on
the north anc'l est facing the sea of
Okhotsk.
The greater prrt of the roadsteed is
sandy beach. TasL, to land everywhere.
wit')
Military Forces and
Installations which must
be considered
Fortified area. North
Pacific Detachment Base.
Bases for land and seaplanes.
Fortified area:- ,Submarine
and motor tornedo boat
bases. Eases for land
and seenlanes.
Fortified area. Submarine
and motor torpedo boat bases.
Bases for land and seaplane's.
. Seaplane base,.
Senolaiie bP se.:
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Notes:
1. There are Guard Unit boats at important coastal points (they
belong to the Coastal Border Guard Unit.)
2. Also in this area is one 'art of the Pacific Fleet (the North
Pacific detachment and one 'art, of the North Lrmy Gro.up (HrIDAN).
(For details see "Tables of Disfoiition.of coviet Troops in
rEstern Russia,")
Note: See Suplement No 1, tti3asic P.tudy of landing on Ice-bound
Coasts"'
III. STRAT7GY OF ADVANC7 FROM THY COAST TO
THY BAMI3 OF TIT AYUR RIVER
A. Conditions of the Routes or Advance from the 'ending Points to
the Banks of the Amur River
The nature of the routes of advance in this area is not clear
but since most-of the motor vehicle roads traverse mourtaint and
smampy ground, they require considerable rerair.
The roads run through a .mountainous region of -dense.forests.
Movement off the roads is difficult without special equipment.
? 1. Roads crossing the rortherr part of the Sikhote flirt
mountain range: ,
Route Type of Road Influence of Teather Amount of Mi-
. stery Force
Sovetskaya GaVan- Motor Vehicle -Apparently can be used 1 Strong Group
Komosorlsk ? all year as a motor (FTIDAN)
road (accuracy B)
Be Kastri- foto'. Vehicle Can be used all year 1 Group
Sofiskoe as a motor road from (ITILLY)
Be Kastri to Kizi.
Nest of Kizi the
ground is sv,ampy.
Repair materials can
be found in the for-
ests on both sides
of the road.'
'De Kastri- Motor Vehicle The condition of the 1 BetE,chnent
,Chome-Bo- road is net clear but
gprodskoe apparently it is aiso-
able by motor vehicles.
Chome-Kukla 1:otor Vehicle Generally appears 1 Group
(Coast Opposite good for motor (HrIDAN)
Nikolaevsk) vehicles.
?
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2. Route of Ldvance to Nikoleevsk
Change. of Teathen
- 7 .tary Strength
it can sustain
Pronge-Viko eevsk ilotor Vehicle Lrlears.gener7-
.
ally good.for-
motor.vehicles.
1 Detachmert
Lye Tolstogo- :otor Vehicle- Military road .1 force,
Pikolsevsk (BUILT)
Vlas.,Yeve-
Fikolaevsk
Transport
Vehicles
Good sled road
in winter
? 1 force
(BUT1.1.)
D. 'Facts to be Considered in Red to Cranization Eind rouinment
WM.!
1. It is necessary that the srganization of units be made up
according to tlo conditions of the roEds and toIograpl-y, and the
beet possible use be made of pack-horse units rngireer and signal
communications organization should be increased and strengthened.
The numbers of automEtic veer ors and mortErs Should also be increa
2. From Ootobcr through i Ey it in best, to carry equipment
against the extreme cold and even during the rest pf the year a
yinter overcoat is EdvisEble. Pince there Ere fey ton s and vil-
Itges, cold-proof tents are neccssarT. Lnti-mosquito couipment
is nece,-sary in surmcr, because of numerous noxious dllSeetS.
Voreover it is ,c11 for units to ctrry a number of entrenching
and forest tools.
3: It is extremely difficult to antiOpcpe suL)ply from the
lard itself since 3oCal product:16r is slight, jarticularly in
ETEArs; hence ruPcly facilities will have to.be.increared as much
as possible, and since the bad roads vil1 create mny,diffioulties,
it till be necessary to supplement sul/lies by air.
, 6. Though local forests will furnish fuel, it sill 00
nec6rsary to hive fuol-gttherinf, scuds,,
b. It tould be. difficult to obtain vegetables and stailes
. .
locally,. pv,t, since there are. many kindS of fish in river ard coastal
waters, some secondarT food could be Self-SuWied'if fish nets and
gear are carried. .
C Facts lust be Corsidcred in RolEtion to Opertior Movemcnts
1. BCCEUsc the forests in the greater tart pf this area,.esleci-
ally the silve,- rirs, are readily subject to forest firer before they
bud (in iarch and LIril)? rrecEutions must be. takr against, enemy
bombinEs ..11( artillery fire. Fire al ears to s- read at a sieed of
.about 6 kilometers per hour.
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2. Movement is difficult except on the principel,roads, especi-
ally in the aree There they cross the northern rart of the Sikhote Alin
Mountain Range. Many 'arts of the roads being long and narrol, it Ls
very likely that resistance from enemy infantry will be encountered.
3. The variation between night End day is great. From June
through August daylight is very long, lasting 17 to 19 hours. From
the end of way to the middle of July there is twilight all night
(the so-cEllEd nrerpetual teilightn vhich can be utilized for opera-
tions is generally about one-third of this). In vinter, on thc o-thEr
hand, deylight is not over 5 to 7 hours.
Accordingly, e force or:.rating in this area must give careful
considEration to selecting tire of njet movements, &yr attacks,,
etc.
OPFRATIth UF TH7 Lr UR FROM THF NFIGHBORHOOD OF
NIKOLATmiSit, TO TIT KO SOVOiSK RFGION
A. The Condition of the AmuT channel (principally between Yikolaevsk
end Khabarovsk. For details Bee Annex Yo 5).
1. High-water Se&F50/1: mid-'.y to early jure, End late July
to early tember.
Low-.ter caeon.: mid-June to 'late July, also ,7.fitember
end October.
3. Minimum depth: 2 meters.
4. Velocity: 1.5-3.0 kilometers per hour::
There are lighted beacons in all distritts and channel
facilitfes are,comIlete.
Ocean-going ur to 200C tons can navigate the channel
between Yjkolaevsk and Sofiskoe (from Sofisvoe to KhabErow-'k nevi-
gEtion is. possible only during the high-water season.)
6. Obstac3es: The icriods of freeze End thaw and the heavy fog
1,h1ch occurs from EEr3y davn to daybreEk in Sectegber End October
usually hinder navigation. In violent .ind lirgE wEves Elso hinder
navigation.
7,... TN-. freeze-up during the winte-r season (December to arch)
permits passEge on the.:
B. "Cuttina_Lhe Amur
The Almur is very wide with numerous sEnd bErs end men7 forks.
Then the course markers zre destroyed, nEvigation becomes difficult.
It is considered thet the vicinity of ."ofiskoe ',There there Ere few
branches to the clannel, is the most suittble point for cutting the
Amur.
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C.nFerational Routes along the Amvr Channel
Llthough details are unkroval as to the nature of the road
long the right bark of the Amur, betIveen Kukla (orlosite
Niko).aevsk) and Mariinskoye, it is,considered to be e motor
road. ,A Tart of the road betleen teriffnakoye Tamsorno1sk
vill carry avtomobiles and transport vehicles can traverse most
of it. Many marskes, lakes and 7i'onds occur in the area FO
that consieerable vJork yould be necessary to make it pessable
for automobiles.
Note: It has been reported by the intelligence that part of
the road bEtveen Nikoltevsk and Komsomolsk }is a couleted
reilv,ay roadbed. If this is true, this road vill serve as
an Operetional route.
D. TributariEs of the Amur
On the Lmgur River, upStream ravigation is Tossible for
small craft EE far as Kerbi (Poliny Osilenko) and togEther
vith the transiort vehicle rote, Lhich runs along the brk,
this serves as an operctional road irj,evarcing toward the
Ust-Umalta ngions.
F. The 'Smell Lmur Fleet
The base Et Kirov (north of Khabarovsk) maintains Etop
90 vessels: gunboats (POKLN), light-gUrbots (ITTEI), high-
speed torredo boats, etc. The neutralization of this iS very
important in ET oTeration,
Not Orgarization of the small Lmur fleet (bases on
the r:eviet LrMy in the 7aster.PS'R").
rTeble of Disrositior of
GurboetS.(HotN).
Gvhbot:As. (FT.lTTI)
High STeed tprpcdo bots
ivine-layers:and mine-sveepens
Total ersonn,-1 aproximately
7
5q0-ten
400-,t on
30.0-tor 5
200-ton 2
-about 40
about 20
6 or 7
4,00C or 5,C00 Men
LIR 0.1TRLTIONS
A. The airfields in the vicinitLof Sofiskoe and Fikolacvsk
fors the outer defenses of the Komsotelsk airfield group and
they are. ver7: valuable for dr operttions.
Note: Italue of Xomsololsk Lirfield Group
1. It is En imTorttnt base for combined Lir oicrLtions
by America-and7Russia, vith ar air route leading
CrowLmerica to tEE eastern Soviet territory via the
Aleutians and NEmchtka.
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2. It Elso is a-bas fer.air,..E.,ttelcks .0.Eq/1,t japan yd
ncIurc makirg posrible tl-e'use of long-rErge
bombErs EgEinst ianchui?ia,'soutkern,Eckhe3in Lnd
HolcE!do. .4rroxinE,te cistolcc froTYOmsor-olsk.to:
(liarbin) (2,00 .km
Ch'i-chfi-ha-erh (Isitsihar) 7,07C.km
Southern Sakhalin .4PC km
(Thikuka)
l'u-tan-chiEng F-5r
SLTporo 930 km
3.,
It. comparatively distEnt from our(Jelares0 zone
of 'orcrEtions, so.thEt offorisive operations by _COP-
bincd units of fighters and bombers will be rather
difficult, cYout from bEsos ir the southern "Ekha-
lin region. The distac.e. be:t(,(11 Ch.4-T(u7Esu
Komsor.,elsk is aprreximately (50 km, Ivhile thEt from
Shikuka to Korromolsk is apiroximEtely itO kr-
.
? 4. Because thii is deficient in' Overland bommunication
routes, Offensive land operations are tiro-consuming
and difficult.
5. There are Eircraft factoris, Munitions factorie5,,
oil,refireries? etc. .
B. rffect Of 7cather or Lir Oierations
?
1. Thc greEtest climatic hindranceS to'ajr orerLtions ate
freezing and thawing, cloud' L.:net mists vhjch accomjan low atmos-
pheric pressure in,vinter,.and:icing'conCitiont.
FreeingapC thaw
(1) During tl-c periods of freezing and thEl, most of
the.airfidds which Erc not surfEced 1:i11 be
temlorarily non-operEtionEl. This is E icriod
of about or month from the time rrovf,111 starts
(varies from place to i]acc, but ustally occurs
in lEte nctobcr) thc snol is frozen hard
(mid-Deccmber Et fl-e, lEtcst). 'The thEI,s vEry
from r:ic,o( to .licc, but uruE:11:- occur dur:ing
Arril or lay.
Note: In tic Ebove icriods, the usc of thesc
Eir-Pields lould be imosb1c ever if 'lanes
:1,cre equirpae with skis.
(2) SInce scarltne-landirg arcEs arc frozen from
Dec( mber,through A:ril, it JE L(417JSL,b1C to
cl-Ergo sear]ane floats to skis, but-tYcir use
is htzErdous if tie ice is not sufficientlY
thick.
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Cloud end mists .:l.h3oh accompany the winter love
(rovemher to kpril).
In low-pressure areas, in the neighborhood of
':front, c..loud strata rise to more than 5,0r0
meters) and'in:the: narrotel-of-the- Tartary Streit
the cloud strati: ire.thiCk-(txceeding.5-,OCO
meters); and it is often difficult either to rise
'above or to cross them.
c. ?-cirg conditions
Llthough. flying through lm,cr-ttratum clouds
in virter is accomranled by a danger of icing,,
.her the temperature is 300 bolo, zero (centi-
grade) usually they( is very little danger of
icing as long as therc is no mite:a revrsal of
temicrature.
Lugust through. October is considered most suitable,
N,arch through jrly is next to this and. UoVerber through February
is least sultabIc ?
C. Considerations upo.r.1 Fsteblishirrurts
Fxcluding the Lmur basin, this area is lacking in extensive
plains. Furthermore since tundra or marsh predominate in the
level land of the various river basins, ther is very little land
suitable for airfields. (On the high arid dry ground of the river
basins a fel, areas suitable for airfields are found.) To establish
-
airfields on tundra or swampy ground considerable work is recessalry,
especially for the use or large-type rlares.
It i advisable to lave the grettcr lart of the runway because
these regions become muddy in leriods of rain or thew. (July
through Ceptepbcr, 1,1ril through ay.) Fxcept in lirter, landing
areas for small or medium scaylt'ncs could be Established easily
in. thcj.ur river -system, and in harbors are lakes such ts the
*1 and Kizi.
VI. TTNTEF UrFOIONS
?
L. The average minimum temperature in this area' is about 200
to 259 below zero on the ground (the lost terrperature, 400
? below zero, is rnached in Fcbrutry). Ilthough this may consti-
tut some hindrtrce to adrter oicratjons, operators will be
yossiblc:" if thorough rcitratiors arc made. Hov'ever, trtnstor-
ting cold-veather Irovirions are other surTlies from rear areas
will limit oicrations grcttly.-
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b. It is common for coattal areas to freeze 45 - 7S km offshorF
(excl thng +he area between northern Sakhalin and the continent)
thas op-retional movem-nts on ie P are rossible at this time.
C. Ses_ziag_a_22aalefaion on Northern Sakhalin and AetalmaUx to
the Contnent cae- the rrozen Sea
?????????.????*??
B. The whole sea area south of the scuthern part of the Gulf
of Sakhalin, and north of the Tartary Strait freezes, and the in-
habitants communicate by sleds on this ice during January and Feb-
ruary. Generally the surface of the ice is rough toward Sakhalin
but from the central nart to the wPstern area the surface of the
ice is smccth. The thickness of the ice varies according to
temnerature, Wind, current and tide-but generally it is aro-nd 1.0
to 1.5 meters, and passage of +rucks is usually possible.
2. During bad weather, especially in the ncrthern reeion,
operaticns become dangerous because of freeuent loss of land marks.
3.. Suitable landing areas: Mi Pronge, Cape Petkh, and,Langr..
4. In advancing on ice, the organization of ski and sled
units ,*ould be advantageous, particularly if motor 1.eds were used.
Because of the'._rregular ice surface, it is advisable to carry nec-
esbary ools such as ice axes to trim dorn rcugh parts.
C. The Conditicn of Xivrs4 Lakes Swamps and Tundra in Tinter
Classificaticn
BiVers.
Lakes
Sramps
rinter.Conditions
'Frozen.
eime as abcve
Freeze apnroximatelY
:Month earlier than
rivers but art-
month e later than rivers
in thawing.
InfLence on Operaticnal
Movements
Could be Used as roads
Communication nossible
on ice
Although the -area is nass-
able for troops, clumps
of viTetation hinder move-
ments va-eatly.
E. Qganizcn and e uinment factors for winter oDarkIiens irbj.ch
deman
1. Heavy sncwfalls (ur to I meterain laces) generally occur
from October to April. During this neriod it is advisabe to
organize ski and skid unitSa and to kaep the weight cf firer.aa
dorn to a-minimum by carryiAg easily-handled automatic pistols., light and
heavy machine guns, and trench .mortars as main weiu)ons.
2. -Preparations against extree cold must be made
Since there are very few cities and villages, snecial
attention must be paid to frostbite nrevention, the necessity
for winterizedtents and rertable heaters.
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B. The vinter freezirg occurs both Eloove End beim. ground
(the northern lart of the Iol(J. i_mur Oblast lEs-lermanently--
frozen subsoil), End Le11-dig6ing, eErtbLorks, etc., Erc difficult;
CarC?l consideration must be given to such riltters ( it iF
EdvirEb]c to use mincr as obstacles, End str6 begs for movEble
obstEci(s or u_rthtork construction).
L. It .ds-Ldvist.ble to give careful corsideretion to
cqujrnert (sucl- as sleds) for tratsporting military Leacons Qvcr
ice e0 through. FmovArifts.
5. 7irtcrized vcapons, oil, tnd motor 'fuEls pre necessary.
.?
roto: In reg6rd to orgE:rizEition znd coUil.mpnt TEctors
Lh!ch di mend s c cit I considerttion in l'j.rter ort tions
-sEe nrformttSor for 7inter OlerbtlonSit coMIllcd by
.Etrturg Sa-my geE6CuE.rtETs.
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? Pert T 01 OGRLPHY
G7OGR4T.ICa FEATURFO
The Lover Lmur Oblast is a long trd ntrrow tract of ltnd which
encompasses the western shore of the Set of Okhotsk arid is tbout
5L9,600 sq km in tree. (It is about cquEI in size to Jaian exclud-
ing Hokkaido and Kyushu.)
Neirly the entire, Eret is covered with mountains; and level
ground interlEced with rivers, lakes t?rd fonds is found orly in the
Lmur RivEr b&sin. The mountainous region is entirely covered, exceyt
for a few-sumnits, by primsval, virgin forectf so thtt the !oyulEtior
is syarse End ovErland communicEtion is TmErkedly imieded. The south-
ern co Est linc is comyErEtively 11 irderted, but hts numerous
cliffs, and the set nctr the shore is often chEllow, so thEt there
are very few good hErbers. Ir the Ere s north of the Udt River mouth,
the shore is extremely rcgulEr, tnd the steep JM-ugdzhur range comes
down to the seEshore, forming Irecilitous cliffs, so thEt there are
almost no good hErbers. Duc to the nature of the topogrtpIy, End
since the climEte and weather Ere ntturally unfavorable, gerertl
developme.nt jr this eret has bccn very slow in the past. However,
Soviet Russia hs recently recognized thEt this region hEs very great
vElue from the standpolnt of nttiortl defence Erd ts E., link bctweer '
America and Russit, end so strenuous efforts htve been rEde to develop
it. This has been particularly true in the south, especially in the
Amur River bEcir. GeogrtihicEl fez tures outlined region by region
are EF follows:
A. The right bank of the Amur
This is E semi-muntEinous region (highest elevation F80 meters);
the steel Sikhoto Alin REnge runs rorth trd south neer the cost,
End it is thickly wooded. This renders eest-vest communicEtion
difficult. The coastline, though comptrctively rich in indentttions,
-is poor in good hErbors, ts there tre mtny yrecipices. Movemert in
the level lEnd of the river btsins is difficult because of the dense
growth of scrub trd sctttered muddy arecs, but communication is
comptrEtivel:- et-sy in thk vinttr if thers tre few snoydrifts.
B. Lover Amur River BEsin
The main fcEture of this arca is a swarpy plEin of clay, with
scattered lEkcs and 'ands throughout the bEsin. This is IErtiou-
larly true netr the confluence of the Lmur end Lmgun. The winter
conditions in this erca tre thE stre ts in the tre t described tbovc, but,
as clumps of vegetttion occur in the mtrshes even in vinter, there
are places whore all milittry movements Ere difficult.
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ETC=
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CPYRGHT
sfcm
Kom-omol-k 're'
0.though comiErttively oren rleins Ere found an the 1-siur
River bEsir surrounding ,Comsomelsk, the gretter rErt of th5c
is dther mErshlEnd or grEssy ilein loreover, the tri-
butEriEs of 4mur run in En directions, mEking movenent of men
shel' horses difficult throughout the ye Er excelt on the mE:in
rOeds. HoIever, communicetion is comreretively us:7 dur-ing
the 1,inter freeze.
During the high lEter setson cf the Lmur (rid- y to etrly
June, ltte July to c,.rly Scitenber) flooding i8 extremely
sevore enC tic. re sometimes looks like ECE. 7lis cree hts
increEred in militerY End econcric velue remerktbly Es the re-
sult of thi. recent relid develoimeit of J('orrsomolsk (1.eiwthe
esteblishrent of munici1t1 Erd collective enteririEes, tlu
esteblishrent of Eirborts, etc,). Comiletion of construction
on tIc 13tikE1-4.,mur Rellrecd to SovetskEyE GEven u 11 hEve greEt
significtnce in reslect to conrunicttiou.
D. reft bark of the imur -rid the .mgun Fiver bEsin ercE
continous gentlY-slering tebleltrC 500-600 meters
above se & levelpredominvtes in this Enz. It is irterlcced
vith rivers, lEkes, ronds Erd mErshes. Commuricttions in summer
f,re tlroost itressible exceIt by boEts tnC rEfts on the rivers.
The rivcr bEsirs ere meirly of clEy aich is cesy to lork, but
the lmer sections Ere genertlly let, end eErthLork construction
involves giving sieciel Ettention to drEintge. kgein in ,Anter
the 1.ork is very difficult bectuse it freezes to E derth of
eirroximEjely 10 meters. SuitEble ground for eirfields is very
scErce becEure there is vcry'littic cletred lErd, the scrub is
tell on level ground end there Ere mu 8.5tris. Considemble
tork 1,-)1110 be recessery to estEblish EirfiEldE.
r. The Soutlel,cstern CO4 St of the SeE of Okhotsk
The Yz.m 1ir PanLe (mEximum Eltitude triroxiritely 220C,
meters) end the DzhEgdy REngc (mEximum eltitude Eproximetoly
1200 meters) run elerg the,4.nur ?blest border, forming e
veterehed for tho Set of Okhote,E,end ;,.mur tEter syaten. The
, terrtin Is ruggedly mountEincuS, there no mtny greEt forests,
end rEsscgc is difficult. Llthough the river bans of the
, TUgurend the- Ude form the rost,eXtonsive rlEirs in this EreE,
movcments Ere still difficult bcceuse of the neny
sVcrEils, The mcurte,ins run close to tl-c see7shore, forming -
"sheer cliffs in meny ileccs, end betl.een them Ere found smE 11
er(ts of marry ground aich render lessEge difficult.
Southestorn Coest of OkbotEk Sees (North of UdE River
and"--O;L2f the la a R3V-077?
i.rrroxiMctely In the center is the Dzhugdzhur Renge,
extending from northeEct to southuest. Its southetetern
sloie is gencrelly vcr teel, End thEre Ere meny slurs
OrLrch4nE off End running to the cost, formirg steel cliffs.
, Its nerthIestern Fiore is modertte, not exceedirg 300 meters
' in corlEretivo hei&t, end extends Ls for Es the Yekut ;SER.
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CPYRGHT
!"FOTET
Excert for the sutmits of mountains, it is in genertl t rogicn of
dense, extensive forest, much of it virgin. The COCA lire is
unvE,rying, vith mtny sheer cliffs, End nr good htrbors; landing
is difficult and cverknd cemmur,cttion Eitor landing 'vould tlso
be extremely difficult. Lyer is the crly htrbor in this .arca.
G. The northern co -t of the cet of Okhotsk (centering tbout
Okbptsk &nd mity)
Various siurs Extending from the Izhugdzhur ?tar& EFIroach
the coast tortuously End most of the tres is E region of steer
mount tin retks, often thickly wooded or simmry, so thEt movemint
is difficult. level grrund is to be found only on that Itrt of
the coast lAhich in the vicinity of Okhotsk. ?Luther, exceit for
thc grtvel tlong the cost, it is Elmost entirely a tundrt rcgion
extendirg as ftr ts thr mountEins, End overTand communicttion is
very difficult. Fcvever, wher t:hc 'cried cf linter freezing
t rrives ,movi rent cvc ryt,here 3S CC SZr.
6701,CT.: SOP'
(Sec il.nnex To 2)
Geqrgy
The geologic corrosition is very simylc, since, for the most
pErt: it consists of lElt_ozric End Mesozic formEtions of igneous -
rock bn1 fe recent formttirns tre fnurd in the river basins.
Sance Tertiary formEtions (Ilich lie betycer the cider trd the more
recent formEtions) hrd1y airetr Et Ell, it can be Essured that it
is a region Ihich, being definitelzvarcient as t lErd formttion, hEs
undergone continuous eroSiveaaction. rEny folds (mrunttin rtngee)
develofcd from northetst to ?southvest Elrng the cotst of the Sea of
Okhotsk due to tectonic tction (t femoral tern for various Lotions
uhich ctuse changes in the lEnd) out of thc_ UdE River. The
ntture of the rock is Essumcd to be Extremely }rd, c2ccci t fer the
Juressic formEtionS
1. 'Lrea south of the Udt Livc_r
L. The coasttl cret facing tie Tarttry Gulf tnd the
Gulf of Stkht]in is comrosed mostly of volctnic ree7s (such Es
LndeSite, btstlt End tuff of the Cenozoic rra).exCert in the
vicinity of the river mcuths. .Lndesite Erd bEsElt vhich hEve an
cshy or ash-green color Ere of v ry fine gr in End excertiontlly
hErd. Jut those vhich tre red or violet in cclor art_ vEry corse,
tnd grettly Iezthered. In the northerr pErt of the TErttry Gulf
(region of th_c meuth of the Arun Fiver), CretEceous igncc u rocks cf
the csozoic rrE tprur throughout the cot, Id -fob juts out into
the set, forming recifices froL.I0 to 50 (End Et time's reEching'
100) meters in height. TIcir height terds to decreEse tovErd the
-
northerr rL cver. Erd river bEsins Ere for cd by
recent strEtt Ihich 1i0v b en leEtherod trd fcrm mar'shes'on a
smEll scEle,
r 22
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CPYRGHT STCR7T
b. The ere l.ich lies tlong the southwestern coest
of ther...,CE of Okhotsk consists of mErirc forE,etione of lime-
stone, sendetone, slate end t conglrmerete of the Juressic end
Triossic reriods of the Mesozoic Ere. 1Jetween these formotions
intruding igneous rocks (gronite, andesite end beselt chich were
forced in Es pert of the crustel movement of the lesozoic Ere)
Ere found, end et the rrint of contect-of these to, metemorphib
rock cen be seen. The Juressic strttt ir the eret southeest
of Udokeyt Bey ere lend formttions, end vsuElly the rocks SCCM
to be hErd.
o. The mountainous districts of the Ytm Llin, Luse
Lain end thc DzhEgd: Renges vhich lie neer the border vith ;.11.ur
()blest are chiefly comIosed of grtnite end fermetions of the
Ptleo2cic Er E. To the etst of them the Like tvoron eree end the
Lmur Fiver btsin arc low, level ground extending, ovEr o ide.reE
Erd consist either of Iebolcs or clty vhich Ere recent forme-
ticns. large areas of mersh Ere formed here due to the effect
of the \ether.
d. ?Becouse:the Ude Liver flows through e mount incus
region, its be sin hos no mErked eccumuletion of recent strete.-
,JUroesic strete ore found throughout most of the be sin -end only
in the lower reaches are Tcrtiery strete end igneous rocks of
the Mesozoic rre found.
2. i.ree north of Udo River
e. The Pribrezlny Perge is comiosed of rEleozoic
strote end its western tree is comrosed of igneous rocks of
the I esozoic rrt end of I're-C,mbriEn strEte which run lerellel
to the coot end ETC found in ?iones. Ler, lies over igneous
rocks of the fresozoic Ere, end the Eroe to the north is
mEinly comiosed of igneous (beselt, grenite) end metemorihic
rocks of the I esozoic rrE.
b. Okhotsk is situtted on the dividing line between
recent strett end alcozoic etrtte. The'northerr port is
-Comrosed of grtnitc, end recent formttions Ere found to the
wLst of the Okhote River.
, c. The northwestern corner of the. Lower ATur Oblast
(the Sterovoy end Dzhugdzillr Denges) is composed of the oldest
formations of rocks: Qembrien, Peleozoic End Triessic. In
'pleces,,intruded grenite isACjbe seen' and ifletemorphic rocks
ere to.be found. ?
B.
Country rock end climEte Ere usuelly thi imiortent fectors
determining the cherecterisfics of the -soil, but in this region
where the Eree is Cr extensive End the distribution of rocks
is cOmperetivcly simIlE, clirete his been the most influentiel.
The mist vaidely-distributedssoil is the redsol soil which
is created under cold end vet climetic cc nditiors. The exten-
,SiV6 foretts of the Lower hmur ()blest region grow in rodscl soil.
The soil con be classified Es follows:
? 23
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CPYRGHT
SFORET
1. Strong podsol soil, city podFol soil, end sendy podsol soil:
these soils ere found over ell kirCs of courier rocks end they Ey-
tend frincipelly throughout the whole Ere& north of the Lmur hiVer.
2. The city end fertile week podsol soil: found extensively in
the regions to the vest of the Dzhugdzhur Rtnge on the coEst of the
Tertery Gulf end on the right bulk of the Lmur (excluding tic' Sjk-
hote Llin Etnge). There ere ntny dense, mounttin forests in these
Ercas.
3. Feet podsol soil end poet stml soil: found tdjecent to the
strong podsol soil region of the verious mountein rEnges (the Sik-
hotc klir,Yem Llin end Dzhugdzhur) End the co Est of the See of
Okhotsk. They run north trd south in long,'nerrow tress. These
soils ere found meinly on very rocky mountain .slopes.
L. TeEk loCsol rock soil: often found neer the summits of high
mounteins, trictrs Et intervEls in the Sikhotc Llin Renee, end
forms e lone, nerrov belt in the YEm Llin end Dzhugdzhur Rtnges.
5. Steno soil, stem'. soil End Elluvitl soil: locEted Jergely
in the flooded trees of rivers. reis is found in. en extremely
narroz belt in the 10V-lyire ErCEF running elong the L.mur End
kragun rivers, on the berks of Lela- Evoron, end the Ude River besin.
6. Peet cley soil: lies Edjecent to the soil distribution of
.the foregoing itregreih End is found in the Ude end mgun River
besinr, End in the cotstel trees of UlbEnski end Tugurski Des.
The soil covering is extremely light.
7. and poCsol end sendy soil: found locelly on the cotsts of
Ulbenski End Tugurski Beys. The strd3 soil area is mainly covered
by pine groves.
Note: Concerning podsol soil
1, Formction
Organic Netter, which hes disintergrEted on the
surface of the ground beceuse there ere frozen leyers
in the lover erc'es, trd tic ecidity of dccomloced
IlEnts, which have eccumulEted neer the surfece of
the ground, ceuEe the iron, eluminur End city in the
soil to be weshed off doLnvards, and become soil
Esher to \hit? in color which is celled rodsol. (In
RUFEjEr rrCS01 meens.erh-Color soil.) Iodsol develops
in slenp ercas, or in other areer of &rip ground, end
is caused mainly by high reinftli in the rurEer. The
iodsol soil in. tle loI-lying lend elong the Lmur River
LEH( end the t found in etstern Itnchurie ard Sekhelin
arc all of this same tyre.
?2. Sreciel Cherecteristics.
? BcCrAISO of e lerge quantity of decomrosed plants
cortejted in this serdy soil, the surface is bleck-
.brown in appearance, End the lover Strete lacking the
? element of bleached clay erpeers es E layer of
recliner ashen color.
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CPYRGHT
c-7CDET
C. The Influcnce A.rf GGC10a E nd Ecil on IndustrY t na Stmteja
.??????????11 ?
1, BectuFc the ErE,E. tc.r i.rt of this Lrct is corn i cc .d of
old imeour f( rr,Ltions, th( rocks rc extrerc_ly ht,ro ? H( ncc
conetructj cr crd de structior of fort.lfacG rositicrs, corstruc-
tj m of rordo trd rt,i1r^t de, cYce vetior cf tunnels t?/ c
dr:111j ne L11 irvc con rid( r 1. diffi culty . Furth( /noon, thc
. nun-trolls cos Ftt 1 cliffs cc used bv ercri or :of set trd tird
tTrcseht ret t obstt cic to lf rding oferc,ti no.
luCh corr5d/ rt tion it bc e, vcri tc corruri crtirrs trd thc
corFtruct4( n of t j rfieldo in the icy 4nds (rt,rticult rlv ir thc
,Lmur Riv( r bn t rd on th( fritge r ( f lt s t rd crds)
? due t- th( dt grourd constitutes t serious ',1bottc2c
(osI f CjEll Ourirg tho rt iuy sc
, 2. Gild min( r, ccurrir jrncr11 hc,re thk re t re vi ins
cf ..clutrtz ir igit rock , r rc corncr in thc Okhotsk r( eirr t rd
in thc rceirr scut} 1 c?st cf thc Clrhctsk St?hcre rc exterrivc
? dci csitr of constructir n rtt( rit lo such s store , liDest t nd
tuff (the chic f c] crcrt in cerert) . Idsci r (11 , It rti cult rly
suitbJc for tree ?:rv.th, hr c fc rned? t r o: ter sive forest be lt .
The Fril J. rich 1,cct,uso the ul rcr 1 ty( rs contr ir t lcrge Lr court ,
of d( ccrIcsbd jJ.rits, but it ht- r the defects ( f being too dtrp
rci tAcidic t.rid hs n-t yet bcer us( d on t ltrTe setae e
lt rd. If ti.coc de'cots ctn be deelt with, hcv.ever, its
utilizt ti or till becorc jrc$b1c..
111. RIVFPS
(cc LrneY, Ne 1) ?
Sumrt.r7
The rivers in 'this Lret, / receed from their sources in
vtrious rwurttin cht.ins E t the frOntiers r rd flow chiefly tot-trd
the est. T}cy ccr; ty intc th c Gulf of TL rt4,ry , th Tcrtt,ry
Str4t, the 'Gulf of i,mur, the Guif .of ? SEkh lin, t-:rd thc at. ?of
Okhctck.
In Euncril, Lside fror, tho .LITur Rivcr system,, there &re
rtry ccricrLtivkly chort rivcrs, TI-ey trc chtrrpteristictlly
sht )1ri rd rl aft c f current.- ' Eurirv r/ inft 12 s thc Fr rJvLr3?
ov,ell mk idly, eften overfl (1 j rE thc :ir ot rks (LI ril , y Erd ?A)ly)
so tht t corirurj ct tirnr &r; fr( qucrtlz, di sru/ ted. In P Orrcr, r! ver
loggir 'r p. rt, 1 ; ter trcrs: crt t re ors Dole Lur tho
tinter freezc , tl ( y mty bc. ured t E Slf d rot Cs Thd rivers r rc
elso vt lur b"..he for the tmourt of sLrr,rt.:1174-p trout, rl t2lci 1 t ter
fifth, etc., hich they rrnduc(....
In Ecrcrt 1, river t?ttcr I suitt ble for drinkine, Lnd ctn
be urea', t c c s'-rc c fir v4tcr su.1 ly. ,
?
,
25 ?
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CPYRGHT
-SECRET
Region
Rivers vvhich flcw
Into the Gulf of.
, ,
Tertery, Tartery,
Streiti Gulf of
Lmur end the Gulf
of Sakhslin
,PrinciPel Evaluction.
fiveiNeieS
loleheye DE.dyt, Fua pclmon snd.salmon-trout
treeeught.
Tumnin
Lmur,River (with The majority of the rivers,sit-
^ Ampum. ucted it ester Russia facili-
Khungari tete trensrortEtion. It is
,ossiblc for steEpiships having
t total torrEge of 2,000 tons to
ntvigete ur to the!rroximity of
ofislfoe. It constitutcs,e swajor
line in the VEstern USSR water
trensFort Ero is situated et a
strEtegic rosition with respect
, te.conrection of the OvctEl
.reints-of Ftetern Russie with
KemchEtkE, Northern SekhElin end
-the Lmericen portion of
? the?4.mericen-RussiEn s&-borne
? communications,ctr be merEced by
? blockEding these rivers. The
? Lmgur. River tributery also Teci-
litEtes nEvigEtion. Besides
stlmon end salmon-trout, shallow-
lEter fish -ere caught in greEt
numbers.
Rivers which flow UdE River
into the See of
Okhotsk
? Ulye River
OkhotE Fiver
?Kikhtui River
In River ,
Fivers rhicl flev ? VeyE River
into the Lena
Rivcr
B.
.BQsides facilitating navigstion
? it, well-stocked wlth selmon
and sslmon-trcut.
Salmon end selmon-ArcuttrE
Caught.
FeclitEtes wcter trEuIor
Condition of tht Various,Riv,ers ? 1.
. 1. Elvers Ihich emrty nt thc GUlf of Tartsry
Bolehtyt-KhEdye River. Its source is. in the Eikhote
McuntEin REnge End it flow into ScvetskeyE CEvEn. Fort:- kilo-
meters frcm the rivcr mouth its bidt is 40-70 meters, End its depth
is 0.6-2.- metels. Uthough thE current is rElie, smEll boEts can
scer d
b. Turman River. Origintte8 in the Sikhote klin Mc untein
Range End hEe e length of Epproximttely 1200 kilometers, floIin& irto
Dattc Bey. Lcerese trees grow densely in the river btsin vhich is the
site of gold-dust CElosits. 1.1though the vidth of the river et the
mouth iF arprcyimetely 300 meters, there Ere 1lEces vithin 10 kilo-
meters upstrum thEt reach a v,idth cf 1.8 kilometers. '
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CPYRGHT
The deith cf vEter it 1.0-1.5 meters in the,lov, 1.ater reriod and
10 mEters in thE high v...ator reriod. SteEr lEurches can tsccnd
the rivcr from fts mouth to :ongoktr, E nativE village (Eriroxi-
mately 10 kiloncters urstrEEm frrm the mouth ofethE river). It
ecn Els( be nEvigEtEd by nEtive ctrcEs End rEft s for 20r kilc.,-
metcre trotreem.
c, The Lmur River if: the largest rivcr in thc ctstern
US$R. It is rf ercat,imrortEnc'e in rcsiect tr CrMrUndeEtiCrS,
eCOnCIT1CP, Lra militErT iffeirs. Shirt 'f 2,000 tons cEn cend
it from the m-,uth tr Sofiskoe,. There ,Erc shocls in rliccs End in
the 410-vEter seEsrn, in thc vicinity of hariinskoye, the deith is
somctimcs nom thEn 1 metcr. Lt tires thas mtkes nrvigrticsn
dEngcr(us. nEvivticr is rften hindcred by lErge Ltves Lhich Erise
durinE strorg lArds 017c,r lide trets. Bcth banks hEve' extensive
ntr,shy eElts chich cEkE commuricEtions difficult. The river j-s
fr.szen ovt,r in lAintor Enc CE.,11 be teed
River RiVer Rivr .Currcnt .1'Tcurc,
' Iridth Lerth SIced J.irttc.,m
(Hetcrs) (retEr) Wcter
second) -
4t4ur 2,900 at 13-15 i3O Stn
(mEin Yikdlac 7
6tIcem)vsk
t sled-r'Ed.
of, Condi-. Freez-
Urns ing
for (Thav-
,
fast ire
Artvel
,
, Liffi- Late
Cult Oct-
mid-Fcv
High (end
lev, litter)
rid-P,y-
etrl:T jtn
'ts Jul-
lete /...jr-mid-Sepi...
mid-}y Jur -late
: Juli
eIs, 'Odt
1',5- ruddy Diff!- .1,atc Jur, Jul,
2.0 cErth cult ,Oct Ser., -Oct
(r-lid-
Lngur? 200-500 3710
Rivcr
(lov.er
reaches)
Khungari 2C0 2-3 1.5 Icbtaes
(lower
reaches)
cult
The .i.mEtn:River 0.10v.sth-ftssege of river steamers uT to, the
vi6iijity Of Kerbi (Foliny OsiIenk), ir'the high-1,ater setscn:
end ur t6 the vi6inity of Udinskoe, 3n the 1.71-later settrn
rosiECtivcly.
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CPYRGHT
suRtT
2. Rivers vhich nor .into the, EkE of Okhotsk
E.' TICE River: its source is in the Dzhegdy Rtngc and it
fl(ws, into Udskeyt Day. Lpprrximetoly 750 kilometers leng,
river retchcs E lidth cf 200 meters at the mouth. Its deIth Et ebb
tide: is tImreximately 5 meters arid scull boats CEP revigt1c 121 to
Udsk(yE. (ammrrximtt,ely 80 kilometers upstream from the mouth). The
tide grettly influerces the current, vhich reaches 4. meter" et ebb
tide The flood tide current (produced aen.the sea rIxes due tr
the tide} is o reverse current rlaich may be strcnger then the river
;current, scmetimes reaching e bleed of 10 kilometers.
b. Ulyt Fiver: it source is in the Dzhugd2hur BEng(
End dmmtics into thc Sct cf Okhotsk. Its length is EirrexinEtcly
400 kilometers. Llthrugh the ini_mer roaches have o ift current,
the lorer rEtches Erc commentively oluEgish.
c. Okhott River: its origir is in the northerr Extrer:Ity of
the Dzhugdzhur 1,ountein Rang e and ori ties into the, P'et cf Okhotsk.
Its length is turcxim.tely 180 kilometers and its ridth at the
mouth is tMir(xirttely 150 Meters. Frr seven kilometers uTstreem
from the river south, its depth is 1.2 - 1.8 meters End ellor.s small
ship to sell III-Etre-ern.
d. Kukhtni River: its s-urcu is on the high mittcou, Oymcker,
end it empties into the Okhotsk roEdstetd. Th E river basin is a
tundra end forest regi-n, vhilc the cotstEl area is t marshland
rrhich has E luxuritnt grorth cf vericus t:pcs of grEss Erd shrubs.
The river mouth is 1.3 - 3.0 meters Coop. Shims 1.ith
dreft cf 0.5 meters can soil um to Ivtnovka villEge (EilroximEtely
20 kilometers upstream from the rdver mouth). Vore(vcr at high
tide, steamships of ebcut 3-meter drEft Escend Es fEr as 01-hrtsk
village (2.7 kilometers upstreEm frcr the mouth of the river).
Storms End rises ir the river usuElly chent.. the 'coition, del_th
end chtnrel of the river rear the mouth.
e. Inyt River: its source is in the .ol,ymsky RErge and it
empti(s into the SCE. cf Okhotsk. It is tmmroximEtely 300 kilometers
long and small boats car stil kilometers Uf from the mouth 'f the
river.
IV. LJTS LfD FONDS
(See Lrncx NC' 1)
1:st cf tho,lekcs and-kerds lie sycrEdicelly over the lrl
ground cf the river b(sin in the loor reacts cf the 4.mur Fiver.
They Ere linked 'with the imur fivEr by Ittcr rcutell erd reguhte the
encunt rf r.Eter in tl-c rur Fv(r. Th Et jc ti sty, rhen it (vcrfl(_Ls,
the lEkcs End rords fill um. In the 10r-vtter scescr, ;they are the
main srurce cf vEtcr for the river.
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CPYRGHT
svci rT
Nbmc, of Size of thc Cnnclition of the,
ake ',Eke Leke '-bter
Lbke,
Kizi Length - I km 1. The depth is 2.7 meters
Mx It.idtt 8.5 km et mIximum 1r vEter End
rc,dmcter 8.5 mcters Et mcximum high
133 km iter.
-
Low 1.,cter-
165 sq km
Hjh voter-
246 co, km
3. 11,,7c re ne.ny orcis
nfd it grnurd nn the
shore cf the 1Ckc.
2.. Lltough the' 3ske his
.1. soft clfy bottom, its
Icier 1(vol is stnd en
rcbbl(z.
4. The 'atter, fresh
frO full cr plcnts, is
imiure incl unsUiiLble
for drinking.
5. Then_ :rc, frequent
storms cr tYe lEke
EwluEtion
1. Cr be used es ,
veter trbnslort
rcut(. Fifty-ton
cless motor vessels"
,T17: (Trc,yir/tely
26 km) betv.eon
L.D6 I:Exiinskoye.
2. Llthough the ice
is rcugh, it czn be
us cd Es L rod tftcr
it is fr-zcn. The
ice oftcr crEcke trd
riscF.
I\trtc: TI-crc le L
11:n to gen c centl
betvccn LEk( Kizi
Erie De KEctri Eccnr-
ding tc
Tercrts (397) but
this is extr(piely
crmitniEd by ltrge T.Evcs, doubtful.
End dirilt. slrirg tr,c1 fE1J,
nbvigEti(,n is hindered by
fogs.
6. Freezesin LAE Oct.
ThLls in.lEto Lpr nr cErly
rt. NevigEble from eerly
rsy to eErly rnv.
Ldee IJcyl LEJlEth - /9 km 1. Depth minir,:um during the
i;sx 1A.dth-9 km 1c.1,-tter s?fscr is 1.5
- 23 sq meters. The delth cf flht.
km river lcbding to the Amur
River is 2.0 liters.
-It..ke Orel Length . 33 km
1.1Lx VAOth - 14
A.ree 276 s
km this chLnnel ore
.suitcble LP 1;inter
2. The shores ere; bordercd bnchorEge.
gentle hills covered -
vithc luxuriEnt grov,th of
trees.
2. Numerous hills cn the
southern sh-ro, 101,1Ying
,(1:q cLrth on the north...
' vcetern Shc.xe.
1. The eleximum derth is .33 The chernel vhich
MCA;E:?1", !.1"Ad thf, 1,,Ltercute connects with the
:vhich?cennects -Oth the . 4',mur River, end the
Lmur River, is 3,T-560 meters:lover reLchos of
Wide) 2-3 mcte'rs deep.
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CPYRGHT
svci rT
Nbmc, of Size of thc Cnnclition of the,
ake ',Eke Leke '-bter
Lbke,
Kizi Length - I km 1. The depth is 2.7 meters
Mx It.idtt 8.5 km et mIximum 1r vEter End
rc,dmcter 8.5 mcters Et mcximum high
133 km iter.
-
Low 1.,cter-
165 sq km
Hjh voter-
246 co, km
3. 11,,7c re ne.ny orcis
nfd it grnurd nn the
shore cf the 1Ckc.
2.. Lltough the' 3ske his
.1. soft clfy bottom, its
Icier 1(vol is stnd en
rcbbl(z.
4. The 'atter, fresh
frO full cr plcnts, is
imiure incl unsUiiLble
for drinking.
5. Then_ :rc, frequent
storms cr tYe lEke
EwluEtion
1. Cr be used es ,
veter trbnslort
rcut(. Fifty-ton
cless motor vessels"
,T17: (Trc,yir/tely
26 km) betv.eon
L.D6 I:Exiinskoye.
2. Llthough the ice
is rcugh, it czn be
us cd Es L rod tftcr
it is fr-zcn. The
ice oftcr crEcke trd
riscF.
I\trtc: TI-crc le L
11:n to gen c centl
betvccn LEk( Kizi
Erie De KEctri Eccnr-
ding tc
Tercrts (397) but
this is extr(piely
crmitniEd by ltrge T.Evcs, doubtful.
End dirilt. slrirg tr,c1 fE1J,
nbvigEti(,n is hindered by
fogs.
6. Freezesin LAE Oct.
ThLls in.lEto Lpr nr cErly
rt. NevigEble from eerly
rsy to eErly rnv.
Ldee IJcyl LEJlEth - /9 km 1. Depth minir,:um during the
i;sx 1A.dth-9 km 1c.1,-tter s?fscr is 1.5
- 23 sq meters. The delth cf flht.
km river lcbding to the Amur
River is 2.0 liters.
-It..ke Orel Length . 33 km
1.1Lx VAOth - 14
A.ree 276 s
km this chLnnel ore
.suitcble LP 1;inter
2. The shores ere; bordercd bnchorEge.
gentle hills covered -
vithc luxuriEnt grov,th of
trees.
2. Numerous hills cn the
southern sh-ro, 101,1Ying
,(1:q cLrth on the north...
' vcetern Shc.xe.
1. The eleximum derth is .33 The chernel vhich
MCA;E:?1", !.1"Ad thf, 1,,Ltercute connects with the
:vhich?cennects -Oth the . 4',mur River, end the
Lmur River, is 3,T-560 meters:lover reLchos of
Wide) 2-3 mcte'rs deep.
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SMUT
CPYRGHT
VI. FORTS
,(See LnneY No 1)
Ltrgcly bccLuse communicttions hLve been intdequote ur to
nol,, there is much virgin timber throughout this cree, Ind bu-
n(Ltl- the forest there Ire numerous shrubs erei fellen trees.
rilitery m.vements, esrecielly jesse.Le end obtervttion, ere
gre&tly hemptred, end pessegi,. is difficult even for feet-soldiers
in m,ny Fleces. Hci?ever Fround inhtbited trees, vhere forest
fires hove (ccured frequently in the ptst, tine lend is compErt-
tively gen tnC there Lre ileces chere movement 3s etsy. The
types of trees differ from pltec to Flece, but the principel
lkind is the lerch, Iith mony i11rvs, birch, ctc. The situction
in the verious erees is CF
R(gionz3
Division
Northern Cik'-
hote Oin re-
gion
ViclOtV- of
Yikoleevsk
Vicnity of
Ltkc Kizi-
De Xestri
Amgun River
Beoin
The coeStel
district on
the $ee of
Okhotsk
Kind of Tree
Fed rine
'Arch
Birch
rhite TilloN
Ljemoter of Trec
(Height ,r Trte)
20-30 centireters
1,4ein1y ltrehes; Diemeter of trees
meny birches in is rot aerge
vicinity of
li!.z? go
Firs, lerches 30-40 centimeters
end some red (10 meters plus)
Fires end .white
birches
Pine
Birch
Forest of miyed
eceroso. end
1E,tifoliL te
trees
s
r..17 ite Erch
. Zencv. c. trees
Pinus pc nte-
phylle
10-F0 cm. Neer the
corst e. mexAmum of
40 cno. The ?die-7
meter of the tree
increcsos with the
distEnce frOr; the.
cozst.
Forst Conditions t
Strttegic Influence
Feny &rots ore diffi,
cult for trensit even
by individuLl troorS
Under the forest
there ere dense
shrubs, meny erces
ore difficult even
for indiViduel trogs
to pess
It is t region of
dense forest with
mery feller trees.
The rtn& or vision
is smell. Eevement
cf individuel mon
Is possible but move-
ment in bottle force
vould be 'very diffi-
Cult.
Venous Ilents end
thorns grey thickly
under the trees,
serve to block frog,
movements.
There is ouch dense
forest; brenches
tre'deed; stunted undc?
growth benetth the
trees (on the ceest
there is e Overf Firus
Penteihylla vhich
sprels ever. 30 sq
meters);
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CPYRGHT
SECRFT
'(Contd)
Regional
Divieior
A. SUIIILRY
Kind of Tree
Diameter of Tree Forest Corditions
(Height of Tree) Strategic Irfluence
there are dead trees
standing; many fallen
trees, etc.; moss and
scrub also grow thickly;
both vision and move-
? mOts of troors are
'difficult. There are no
trees on the upper sloes
? .of the mountains neor
the coast, and yision is
good from.th urmits.
VII. COAST; ATP HARBORS
(See Annex No 3)
The region of the Lover Amur Oblast has in general an unbroken
coastline, except for cliffs risirg up at tl-e mouths of the rivers.
The lack of good harbors iv due to the many sand-bars Ihich form
there the rivers flor into the bays. 'Mather and climatic conditions
such as drift ice, thick ice, fog, taves, etc., also have E great
effect or the sea.
Consequently, large-scale landing operations carried out in this
region vould be greatly limited by the conditions mentioned above. The
landirg points rust be restricted to the areas around Sovetskaya Gtvan,
De Kastri, Mikolaevsk, Ayan, and Okhotsk in viev of the strategic
characteristics of the region, and August-"vtober is the most suitable
time of the year. icreover, in the tinter (Noverber-Airil), south of
the southern part of the Gulf of Sakhalin and north of (and including)
the Strait of Tartary the vitter is fro2er and communication is lossible
over the ice, Cacilitating offensive ogeretions from Northern "7akha1dn.
1. Region of the Ttrtary Strait (South of Gulf of Sakhalin and
north of the Tertary Strait)
Condition of Coast The coastline is'UnOroken. r.lcert for Sovetskacia
Gayer it is limited to some small bays. Usually,
O the mountains front directly on the vateris cdgc.
0 Good anchorages are lacking. The Gulf of Amur is
? 0
extremely shallow ard this hinders navigation.
? P
O Current A? slight cold current arises and follols along the
continental coast to the southtest.
O ,)
Tide Gulf of Tertary daily tides arc uneven. High rater
0
in spring and summer occurs during the day. High
g tater in autumn and tinter occurs at night. Gulf of
.H
Arur daily tides arc uneven. There is one tide ler
O day during most of January.
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CPYRGHT
rcRrT
Freezing and
Thawing
Teathe-ir.
Fog
d.
NVOZE blc
Period
Navigational
Hazards
?
Freezing feriod: middle of November to late
kyril. Although tie southveSt coact is com-
yletcly scaled off by an ice field, the cen-
tral parts of the northern section of the
Gulf of Saklalin and the southern yortion of
the, Gulf of Tarttry l'Els little or no ice. The
ice is 0.3-0.9 meters thick and its surface is
uneven. Th c southern lim5t of thE frozen area
is 479-Z80 north. latitude.
Oct-Marl much stormy veather,
kyril-Ser: generally clear.
Oct-t:ar: lp.est and northy,est
;Tay-,Lugt cast ard southeast vindsl,
Winds are variable in Alril and SeiteLber.
Foggy season: early 4r11-early Seltcmber.
Although the Sakhalin cear:t produces very
little, there is Muah fog on the continental
ceadt; it is esfecitlly marked in the north-
ern 'fart.
I id-Yay to late October.
Dense fogs (auturn), storms and the shoals
and tidal current of the Gulf of Amur.
? Advantages and In the Gulf of Amur, besides tle large sand-bars,
disadvantages of there (re the Iorst shoals in stern US9K.
the navigable Shirs crtering the Sca of Oklotak via this gulf,
or entering Trikolaewk from Sakhalin via SEk-
halin Channel: shil's of under 3.5-meter draft
take the out Clarnel, shi2s vith 3.5-5.0-meters
draft take ihe Sakhalin ard North Channels trid
vait ?for the tide at Langr Island. Channel
marke-s arc placed in the North, South and
Charrels, north trd oast of De Kastri,
but since lights have been installed only at
,Lner Island sandbar,navigEtion at right in
other ylcces is i,possible.
Suitt)le Shils The Gulf of-Tartary is suitable for any class
shiy. The Gulf of Amur .is ruit,ble for his
in the 2000-ton clasr and beim? hedium-sized
ails entering Yikoloevsk must lotd ,hile the
tide covers Langr sandbtr.
_Principal Harbors Sovetskaya Govan; Do Kastri; Nikoltevsk.
.F-ain Ports - d D4tt 1n, Sizimil Lazareva, Uarki.
ttoodsteads,
2. ILIElpn of the Set of Okhotsk
P
H4 Condition of the The southern fart is much
ACoast Akaderli and Udskaya Bays
has)feliv ineertations, and
to the coast.
indented and hes
The northern Tart
the mountains extend
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CPYRGHT
SECRET
p.
nndition
the Coast
Current
of It has only small tributaries at the mouths of small
rivers and there. E,T6 12.0 archorages.
k
4
cc, Freezing and
? Thal,ing of Ice
V ? "Feather
0
0 Fog
Navigable
perlod on. the
sea
Navigational
hazards '
AdVantages and
disadvantages
of the routes
o'D Suitable sh'ir s
0
Fri cirE,1 rorts
,2V7inor ports
&nd anchorages
There is r cold current, which runs courterclock-
vise, and is cElled the Okhotsk Sca Current. It sets
north along the vest cot of Kcmchatka and runs
Iestlard from qbout 55? north latitude. It follovs
the coast of the content, moving southlest End
reaches the ecstern shore of rEkhelin vi E the Gulf
of SEkhalin. The daily tides are almost (von.
ate October or cErly NovembEr to mid-Junc. Ix ice
field ruches 45-75 kilometers distEnce offshore.
From mid-May to. mid-July, it is exceedingly calm.
There i much rain during June, July end i.,,ugust.
During September the frost bins, Winter gradually
folloming
In the spring, there is E calm easterly In
rarch, the rill(' is variable, zith strong vinds from
the northeast. In sumlcr, there are calm south and
southIrst inds, but in Jun( there E.Ye many strong
south vinds in the southl,est part of thc Erea. From
autumn to winter, the iesterly virds are fEirly strong.
In Tinter there Ere many Etrong Lesterly
Frequent fogs in June, july andXugust.
Middle or late Ty to late October or. mid-41oirember.
Strong wind; thick fog; drift ice near shore in
spring and rummer.
In Ell Ereas of the sea there is much stormy iheather,
'and in late June, ?hen nEvigEtion is hEmpered by
srrirg drift ice, shirs moored in roor anchorages
should rur out to scE. ihips heading for tlis part
of the seE from the 1ritime Krci rrocced tlmost off-
shore of Sakhalin.
Due to rough ?ss in autumn, navigation is difficult
and dangerous for small-type shils, so that ships of
over 3000 tens-are'advisable.
None worthy of special mention.
Chumikan (Udskaya Bay); Lyan (a rort .with a land
trEnsport communication vith Yakutsk LSR); UlyE
Urak, Okhotsk (relay roints to the YEkutsk
Inya.)
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CPYRGHT
SPCR7T
$ea Coasts
'The cotstline of this region hEs feu indentations and is
hrgely rekulEr. This iv esieciElly trUe of the coast of the:
Sei of Okhotsk north of thc UdE River:
The sca is deep, and the mountain chains come Coln to
the coast; the cocEtlinc is formed for thc most part of rreci-
pitcus cliffs (reaching a maximum of 100 meters).
There are stnd bars at the moUth of the kmur River vhich
greEtly hinder rEvigEtion.
1. From Sovetskaya GavEn to Ce fazarcva
The cot line is extremely regulEr. There are ireci-
pitous cliffs everylhEre End the SQL iS CISCT?
1
Year tile various river mouths there Ere nErlol
lands 0-.,ere it is loss1b4 to land, but due to the adjEcent
mountain rEnges, which have an elevEtion of 200-300 meters
above, se E level near the cost, communication vith the hinter-
land is very difficult, End vith the exception of the Sovet-
skaya GavEn and De astri Bay there Ere no Suitable landing
rlaces.
? 2. From Care Lazareva to the Mouth of the Uda River
Frem,Lazareva CaIe to lenshikova CE.e there iv a belt
of highlands reaching .300 to 900 meters tbove sea level; the.
coast is-steeI and thickly forested. SuitEble landing places
are'scarte, and after lEnding, cOmmunication vith the hinterlan
is difficult,
Navigation at the mouth _of the limur River is only
possible via =rot channels between the sandbars.
Baydukov I1nd, Chkalov ;viand End Caro PetrovSki to
the north of Care orshikova Eje low sandy re ith dense
growths of grasses and shrubs.
Cape Petrovski to Care 1.1.1khtc1ya is a hilly region
and the greater rart of thu coEstal islands' arc Yrecipitous.
Generally the vater is very deerard it becomes deopEr tmard
the north.
,
Care EI:akhtelya stErds in En isolEted rosition and
appccrs like E rillEr of rock. Tic region ,from here to the
mouth of the Ude- Fiver has a much indented coast vith & Freciri7
tously stecr mountEin chEin reaching 600 meters tbove sec level
and forming cliffs tbout 150 meters high. There Ere also mEny
'reefs, some 30 kilomoters in length, End thcrc are very feu
suitEble hErbors.
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CPYRGHT
ETCIFT
3. Yrrth of the Ude River ;.',outh.
The Lzhugdzur REnEe rims elong the cot end mEny subsidiery
rengcs brench off from it. There ere E number of iromenterics
jutting out from the coast, but there ETC 1, fp I lerge beys end
Imlay rocks. It is steep ere, uith the excertion of the vicinity
of Okhotsk, level lEnd is rare.
The shore is gEnertlly stecy.End hts feu islends. Fevigetion
in fog is comiEretively CLE v (beceuse thc dcyth of the vEter is
gonerelly regular). Suiteble yleces for lending in this region
lould be in thc vicinities rf Ichotsk Ere
C. arbors
1. Sovetskeye Gevan
,The entrence to the herber is 1:bout 2 kilometers ikide.
Four rivors empty into it; lit ffords shelter from uird end WEVCS
&nd is the best herbor betv;een Viedivostek no Nikolecvsk.
?
The froezing period is disedventegeous ho over, -eince
this urea, is frozen over uith icc for helf of the yeer (from-lete
November to mid-ril).
The vEter death is from 1C to 25 meters Erd th( see
bottom of mud end sEr6 mekee it suitable. es En Enchorege for ships
of the 10,000-ton clEss. In this by Ell tya(s of military in-
stelletione ere lurriedly bcirv strengthened for its use as E base
for the North Pacific Detachment which is E lErt.cf.the Frrth rEcific
Fleet end consists of 1 destroyer, ebout 19 submerires, mine slecIers,
guard ships, high-siced motor-ton-cdo bots, etc. In eddition to
the va?rious kirde or shi l repeir End sillily equilmert, ir exiFtencc et
present, there is Else E seETlenc bcee.
Detells are veEye as to the ship-ere End dock instEllEtions.
As the eesterr termirEl of the Iroject(d.BEikel-Amur reil-
roe& line, this vill come to be very imyortant ,oth econor!celly End
militerily, End Es E part of communicetions by vet Erd lErd vhen
the rroj(ct reErs coulletion.
E. Itgozepedneya
The &roe eround the mouth. of the bey, though, effected
by the weves from the open sec, is suitable es en enchorege for
lErge ships. FJr.ell boats cen eccend the Bolsheye Khedye River for
one or tvo kilomEters.
b. Ztptdreye Bey
- The hErbol.- &reel- rhilo efferdirg E set? end good erchor-
.
&go, is rether nerror. It is unsuitEblu'es.en enchorege for large
shiys. It is e bese cf creretions for the rorth Pecific Facet Dottch-
Ment.
c. Severneye Bey
There iF sceplene lending Lice. It is exyeeed to
south vines End is rot suiteble frr ships to Enchor.
36 ?
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CPYRGHT
gcTrT
2. Lc KEstri ha:. (Sec Lnney
This bEy is one of the very important harbors in the
region of the Gulf of TtrtarT, the Tartar Streit ene the Gulf
of the 1.mur River. It is esscrtiol to the lEnd commuricEtion
rottes vhich leEd to t,he banks of Abe Lmur River, ono' sirce there
arc places suitoblc for cotstil )vrdings it is of Erect militcry
value.
The bay, no being uscd Es e submarine (re hagl-specd
torpedo bezt base, is co.uipped Nith smtll reptir are defense
installations. Ih(.re are threc islards in the bay, Ihich is
roughly dividod into en cuter Ene inner tnchcrage. The outer
anChorag( is E-uitEble for :nchorirg large vcssOls, are thO inner
for smell shirs.
Frceiing (Attends from ocrly Fevembcr until ltte Lprii;
it is usual for storrs to trise bcticon late Lugust end late ,
September. Llextndrov& anchoraLe is in thc harbor of De Ksstri,
ed contains vh, rf installations,
The COC,St bot suited to debtrketion end unloading is
the 500 to 600 meter stretch ,betxoer Spiserlya Point and Care
Ores; other ratces arc Irecilitous and unsuitable.
3. Nikoltevsk (Soo Lrnex 7)
This htrbor is locEtcd vest of Cale Kucgda on the left
bLrk about 56 kilometers upstream from the mouth of the Lrur
River; end ES t harbor connecting the 1,aters of the Lmur lith
the open see, it occupies En imiertEnt position from the point
of viev, of militEry cctivity and communicttions. But it is
difficult for ltrge ships to enter and leave L,S the charrel of the
river mouth end the Ttrtary Strtit ore shtllov; its development
Ls a lort of trade hEE been rettrded.
In the Yikolacvsk Incident of 1920, the entire city
ns rcly reduced to tshes Erd tie vtriors harbor instellctiors
for the mcrt ptrt vtrc destroTed. Lfter thet, since the estcblidh-
me:A of the ;resent government in poIer in 1(22, the grouth of
Nikolcevsk on a comrcrcicl Fort hts bcer. fostered, End the harbor
installations tro in the Irocess of being expended.
The highest record of freight htraling in 1935 uts
188,573 metric tons.
Thc Fort nay be used et any Um( as a btse for sub-
rarlres, high syced torpedo boats Ere seaplanes, Es there Ere
instEllatiors for supily, repair, etc. Lt present, there ere
tlso about 20 highspeed torpedo bolts; surftce d(cersec have
beer irstElled in tht vicinity rf tie Lmur River mouth; it has
shipbuilding ytrds, shil construction tnd repair l'orks are '
active.
Tc .irrer harbor is defined by send bars reclaiped
lend and K.ueget. 17-cint, no the ecpth of the vcter does not
excec0,275.5 meters.
?
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There circ seven piers, large End small, for the use of river-
gcing steamers, End en the 1,,estern side (-,f Klieg& is clic lier for the
U$ e of set-going shijs.
Since the outer hcrbor, is shallell shils 1,ith E drEft cf
more thtr 5.5 mutErs ctnnrt enter the jort. The in stream cf the
Amur River frenting rn th( outer harbor is Ebrut 1,r00 Letcrs in
f_nd frrn 9 to. 18 met'rs in depth., se that navigtti(n is possible for
set-going shijs cf 4,000 tons.
Belrr is a chtrt giving a general ideCrf the rericds of
freezing und thtwing and of the cpcning of navigEticntl r(utos in thu
harbor,
rntirely frozen
Beginning of thaw
Drift of ice fires Efter thav
Navigation lanes open
4. Port of /Ir..", (Sec Annex
, This i5 Cr( of thc
of Okhotsk; it is cxyorcd to
1ALVE6 drive in, it Effcrds a
k -
middle of Nove-ber
?middle (f Py
late ity
lttc Tly
8.)
best harbors along the cot of the Sc.
southerly tinds End, thr?ugh strong
grod anchorage.
The freeze-up begins the latter cl.rt cf
tinucs until May cf the following year; drift ice
appurs in Jure. The 6khota River has a derth of
meters ES far as 7 kilometers vistream.
5. Other Htrbors
Bay , Protection from.
wind
Varina- Geed eiccit frr
etsterly'v,inds
Datta Hay. Almost complete
exi.oeurc.
VE.1UG ES tn anchor-
age cr rotest(ad
(Ntme ef rr,adstead)
vtluable ts t shel-
tex fcr ergr oli/s
Pc(.r (attE)
September and con,-
from thc.north
from 1.2 to 1.8
Conditi(n of '"G' thcr
setcoast
r
Ettler a suit-
abc ilace for
landing upstr(am
from the river
mouth
Suitable land,
ing jlice cn
cEstern Fi00
cf Dttta
villEge
Sttrka Bay Protected against 4ditable for an- Sand btrs Et
the coUth chcring large vessels/the m,,uth cf
but installttions,are the river
lEcking
Mesolova . .Eposcel to :south- 4r, be useful
Bay east vinds" 1..oint of debarka-:
?'Urn for the Day
Of De Ktstri
Heavy fog
from rty to
July. Frozen
from ltte Nov
ctrly
Landing is
possible in
the vieirity.
of the Nosolova
41.1Nm.
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Taba
Exposed to south Can be used as a
winds temporary anchorage
. during offshore.
wind
Slascheva . Good
Nikolaya
Tugurski
Bay
Yakshina
Bay
Good except for
bay entrance -
which is exposed
to northwest
winds
Good
Sheltered
northerly
from
winds
Levyazhya Sheltered from
Bay northerly wiz*
?
-Lyutsun
Bay
Udakaya
Bay
Exposed only to
northerly Winds.
Squalls often '
strike from the
Valleys to the
smith
Loshadinaya
Bay
Eirinei- Exposed only to
skayt Road-southwest winds
stead
0
124
Mage
Anchorage
Komsomolsk
Many shoals in the
bay. Can aCcom6-
date about 10 ships
of 3-meter draft.
Suitable anchorage
SUitable anchorage
for large and small
Area-Gels
Suitable anchorage
for large-type
vessels
Suitable anchorage
for large-type
vessels
Of value as tem-
porary anchorage
Ships anchor 11 km
out from coast
(Chumikan)
Although very pre-
cipitous, there
are possible land-
ineplaces within
the bay
Low leel banks.
Valuable as a
landing point-at-
the.back of Niko-
16eVSk
The low sea coast
would afford-
landing'for small
boats
Vicinity Of coast
dotted with rocks
ao caretlUst be
taker in handling
boats
Far-reaching shal-
lows make landings
impossible except
. in small boats
knchorage for small-
type ships
A. safe anchorage;
can accomodate a
large naval fleet
?There are piers :
suitable:foran-
dhoring'ocean
going vessels.
The present coast-
al defense is lo-
cated here
Fully Equipped with
wharf installations
Ships With a
draft under 2.7
meters can pro-
ceed up UDA
' River
No villages in
the vicinity
Falls and streams
at head of bay.
Fresh water fishing
is possible
1Prozen
from late
Oct until
:early June
Many storms,
fogs, and
drift ice
Frozen:from -
Nov to May
The freez-
ing and thaw-
ing effect
of drift ice
is slight
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Vote:
River mruths trd:capes,not found in the above
table, aich Lre rrtdsteEd are listed belov..
Sizimi (Gulf of Tarttry), Laztreval Uarki
Trtsry Strait, Lays, Urck, Inya (Sct of Okhrtsk)..
D. Islands"
ThErc cre nr islands excert fry ShtntErskie Ishres
lic in the scuthlest crrer cf the Set rf Okhotsk.
Tlesc uninhbitcd tnd nun(rcus ircciyices Elrng their crErts
mEke it Lenertlly eifflcult to larc. raise rfich csr be us( 6 ,s
tnch(r,Ece trc Bc1s1ri ShtntEr Isltne, Chsntar Isltrel tre
Fcklistrv Isltrds, Ell in the Chtnttrskic Crrur.
Thee( isL,rds h'n srmt? ecrnrmic vsluc ir thEt they tre
inhabited by fur-bctrirg tnirtls: ectle (PhrcE End Ctllottrit
Ursin1), frxes, Gtc. It is tlsr. believed that irfields hve
been Li 1;d recc,ntly.
Region Name if IsiEre SuMmtry rf ToFography
Gulf of Chrme Isltrds
artary
They lic 4 kilrmctcrs ncrth-
ezet rf tic mcuth rf the
Cherie Rivcr. Tv,0 islErds in
lirc from nrrtinst tr sorth-
etst; thc rrrthern islare iv
tbrut 45 metcrs the
r: utIcrn 65 metcrs.
rifht isltres crverc, by
luxuriant grcvth (f ace-
rres trees; Pilytmlf, the ltr-,
Eest'islard, is Ebrut E5 meters
en its casterr. ExtrcmitY
iE a tri,nEuhr, Ineden
cencshtled boscrn lainted
thjtc
It f-rrs dcmc tocut 150
metcre hiEh. Thc c(Ecctst
is rrccilitrus tnd stecT -
(1.8 kilrrctcrs fr(r the
ccst, tie vtter lc 3C-40 iicters
deer).
4pr, ximtcly 40 kilometers
nrrtheast ,f CEpc rukhtelyt;
It ie 26 kilcmcters lonE;
mtny mcurttins, znd thc
1,at(r.trrund the islEnd is
deg- on Ell sir'es (1.8 kilo-
meters offshcre the Atter is
trfrc),imftEly 50 nctcrs ercr.)
Horerver tt cbb tide thf current
is great.
rvalut- tion
Of little
militsry
value.
.Khvetrilif Islands Pare vs tbcve
Sct cf Reineke iatrd
Okhotsk
Menshikovt
Islzrd
Same ss sbove
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IrI
See of Boiishel '
Okhotsk Paenter
(Contd) islerd
m
Frokelyevt,
Islnd

Ku rye
IslEnd
The lrEest islend nf the
ShentErskic ch in; length
End vidth Lre Ebout 65 km
et,eh; 1,450 sc km in Eret;
Wcunteins ell over the
isJend lergely covered by
forests. Thc ccrsts tre
stecr, vdth mny freci-
picas. It is difficult
for bot s to cntor, but it
is ecsy for them to lend
in Yekshine Bey on the
South coEst of this
islend.
Loected in the cistern
extremity Z-f the .islend
eheir; ebout 7 kilometers
loro end 6 kilcrocters
iddc. Meny moUnteirs, mex-
imum height (7P 860 meters.
Cots ere, prociritous end
steer.
It epreers thet En
ecrfic16-.hEs-recent.
ly been estEblichid
end since YEkshime
Boy is suitEble for
lending it is of
militEry vt. 1 ; it
is Llso of some
economic velue be-
ceuse of the scEls
(Phoce Celloterie
End Ursine), foxes
End other furbetring
enirtis feund
Little militEry
velue.
4,bout 11 kilometers long,
E.pd 6 km -tilde. The cotsts
ere steep.
Sem: es ebove .
es ebeve.
Byelichii The torogrErhy is merked Some
IslEnd by high reeks; the crests,
vhich ere ervered by
dense forcsfs,_Erc jroci-
itcu und steer.
Lbout 20 kilcmeters long; Lrek Bey is suit-
dome-shred End thickly ebbe es En
forested. On the southern tnchorege.
extremity, Lbrek Bey form's
E good hErbcr.
ER
1r4MLluii
4), S h ? ntt
IslE.nd
CC
Feklistov
,Islend
It runs cest-i,cet,- its mex-Lcbtjiye Boy is
imum width is 26 kilometerssuiteble 45 tn
End north-south it is 22 snchortge.
kilometers; ncuntetins rre
nurcrrlas tind Ere covered in
their in-Lex-L-1-r by dense
fcrest. The crests Ere
steer but on the scuthcrn
extremity there is "(byeztlyt
Bey Ihich forms t Enrd
enchorEge. ,
It is E fiErrov,, islE rad
about 15 kilometers long.
Tres Ern, luyurirntly,
old tY'erc ere Enehortges
on the southuost side,
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CPYRGHT
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ThRT 4 Ri;!.:.,DS TRI,NSPORTOION COMMUNIUTION ZVILTION
I. MOS ?
(Scc.: Lime,: 4)
There Ere the neturel peths used by the natives, end the modern
roads built for milittry purpses end to facilitate the exploitation
of natural resources. There ere still many details about these: net
roods rhich rcmein obscure.
Off the roads, there ere forestr End many marshes; in some tress
movement is difficult even for individual soldiers. Nrreover, then
ice (sncy) is melting or then snotdrifts Ere freezing, there Ere many
places there even. the rotdcbecome extremely difficult to traverse.
In the southern section of the lover retches of the Lmur OblEst,
the most importent roads ere es follow:
1. /lmur River Ccest Rred (on the right bank)
-
2. De Kestri.- Sofiskoe Roca
3. De KEstri - Yikoltevsk Rood (crest road)
4. Scvetskaye Govan - Komsrmolsk,
In the region i.hich fronts on the Sct of Okhotsk, rivers, sl,cnis
and mountEins Ere srmetimes intermingled, In the ptst, roads tere
limited merely to some rEturtl paths \Filch passes through the rttive
vill.tges. There is little informttion regErding the present condi-
tion of those r-ed,
on South of the Ude River
Recent nel, construction end reptir of reeds on the right benk
of the /1mur R:vcr north of Sovetrkeye GcvEn-Krmsnmolsk hes becn of
considerEble militEry end economic :1111P7rtEriCC ES V,C1.1 ES providing
a link bctyeer Lmcrige end RUSFi. Furthermore the Sofiskoe-Dc
Kestri-Cape LE7freVE reed hes been improved for vchiculer treffic.
Note: i_cccrding to En intelligence report there is En
oil pipeline from Srfiskoe-De KEstri-Ctpc LtzErevE thct retches to
the Okhc oil field in SEkhalin vie Prgibi on the crest opposite the
TertEry Strait (hccurEcy B). If tine, it is imp rtErt bcctuse of
trensportEtion of the crude nil frm Okha.
Principal rnEds
1. Scvetsktya Geven-Komsernoisk road. From SovetskEyt Gtver
on the Cu of *Rpm it crosses the Sikhc.tc Lain mcurttin rEngr.
Ec nomc ily end militerily it is en importEnt rcEd lee ding to Konsonc-
lsk on the bEnks of the imur. It tts only E peck horse trEil formerly,
but recently, tccomparying the progress of the ccnstroctirn of the
BaikEl-Amur PEilrrEd, it hes e_pErently been improved to o motor
vehicle recd. (,ccurLcy B). Hovever, it hts definitely been improved
into a motor vehicic reed for ebrut 90 kil-ncters cost of K-msonclsk.
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ttORtt
2.?? SovetSkaya Gevan-De-Kastri recd.-A:military rota following
the cost. It COnditiOn is not clear but it mustbe:a Taak-hcrse
read. '
3. De Kastri=Sofiskoe-Komsomolsk roadlL Between ,De Kastri and
Kizi (on the Shore of Lake Kizi) the.read i6 7 meter6 Wide. It has
a drainage ditch and is a geed road fcr paSsage ,rf field:transport
vehiclos and'motor'lvehiclos. It app4r6!that it 'general it will 16e,
able tb carry-motor vehicles between,Lake-Kiti and Sofiek6e.
The nature of the.road on the right bank of the Lmur between '
Sofiskce and Komsomolsk is nrt clear, but it is cf the. light vehicUlar
tyre. It rill need some construction to be a standird motor'vehjele
road.
There is t report of a pipeline betvoen Dc Ke stri tnd Sofiskce
(Accuracz- B).
' 4. De KEstri-nriinskeye-Kukla rotd (on the coast oirosite
Nikolt evsk ) .
There is t rejort of c roed thich carries-toter vehicles betIcen
De Kastri and Itriinsk-ye, but its tryth is d(ubtful (Accuracy 'B-C).
It aIpetrs that the retd f(llovine the Amur bctwen Mariisnkoye
end Kukla will gcrcr11y carry mctor vehicles but the details are
obscure.
5. pe Kustri-Carc LazareVaCape Pronge-KUkla-road (on the coast:
opposite Niko].acvk)
? The De KE:stri-cEpe Lazareve7Cape Pronkeroca has been a Tack
horse reaa until Tic, but it arTears to have been imprOved to E.,.
road for totnr vehicles redently,-but its nature is generally g.,7?c,di
(Accuracy A-B).
There is t report :(=,f a pipeline betreen Ktstri and. Care Lazareva
(Accuracy B).
road.
Thc road between DI:TO Pr nee End Kukla is a good motor vehicle
6. *Cape Lczareva-Bogcrodskc rd.
Crissing the Sikhote Alin Mounttlin Ran, it cones cut on the
banks cf the Imur. Frrmcrly, only a lack-horse rctd, there is t
reicrt that is hts been improved recently tr. a motor vehicle rcad
(Accuracy 4-0.
7. Nikoltevsk-Fag -Kerbi-Ust Umtltc-rkitchan
Between Fikrltevsk and Ikge it was a pack-hrrsc rrcd'until
1937, but it hts been impr(ved since then. In gc,d letther motor
vehicles, tnd at.cther times light Vehicles, ctn use'it. Test ,f
itgo it Eprears to be enertlly Ptssable fr light vehicles eyceit
in pericds -f rain or tham.
43 -
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repertec: ,that when.the JarEnese Army. dis-
patched troops -be -Siberia and occupied Nikoltevsk.in, 1918, .E.ric.jrr?
part rf the defending revelutirntry army and inhLbitants escaIed
westwtrd by this rota.
- r
8. Nikolacvsk-Vervehyevr rc d.
rnEd,:f.101x.s the:'QQEPt Pr Sk.11E.13.4,11. Up to';ar'w. enlY
light vehiclexrad, very recently it appears tr hEve been, imrrrved
but details aro obscure (Accuracy B). In winter it is a good sled
recd.
.ir
9. NikolEcvsk-Lve Trlstcgc rced.
A /-.JO. f'r militEry use Ihich letc;s tc the mruth rf the Amur
ctrrying.mrt(r vehiCics.
10. rinter rrads (sled reeds),
a. De astri-Srfiskee rd
b. Kizi-Mariinak-ye rrad
c, Ctre Itzrevt-Lake Klzi-triinekryc rcEd
d. Amur-River r(cd.
D. Re-irn nitth rf Uda River
Ur tr ncl, there hes beer Llnnst n(thirE in the ErcE ich
crI;Ild be cElled 4 rr'a Thr re (nlyy naturtl ptths linking (ash,
villEge End tley 'Eck bridges. Thcrc re E great mEw rbstcics
such ES rivers En(' mErshcs: Off thc rrEds rtssage is difficult.
_ .
Recently; frcr the st,ndicint of military-cffairs and devel-
opment of ret,,urces? there hs tIjErently been loctl corstructicn,
but detEils are obscure.
.TheroadS aro very Useful .E.s.c.lcd.rnads.in winter.. .
The frilcvinE arc the rrincirtl roads:
1. Ayan-Nelkan road,
It leads to Yakutsk and c;2.nneetswith the, vater;rrute rf
the ML3m River (Lldan River -at Nelktn). It appears tr be a pack-
hrrse traAl.but no,detailS
2. Okhctbk-Yalrutsk rrad..
It crnnects with the Aldan River water rrute. Its.nErture -
is unknrwr but one. part arpears-tobe a.motor:vehicie road. .
3. Oartsk-Magadn
, . .
Itio a 4,tck-.11.orse,trail Thichfollows tho. crest.. 0ne?
part seems to carry .light vehicles but details Ere not knen.
,
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srart
rinter-resd linkin Sekhilim end the,dontiment.
It freezes in tinter (lite N(verber-lste Llril) scuth of the
sPalthern yert of the Gulf of SEkhelin tnd ncrth of (tne including)
the Gulf of TErtsry. In the ccrter of the Gulf nf TErtEryit
either Oces nct freeze or thc.iCe is so thin that trEvel ever the
ice is denger-us. The ice Ix bout 1 meter thick (-2-1 the tster
rr'ute tre ref,ches 1.50 meters in the shEllcIs. The surfece -f the
ice rctr Stkhtlir is very uneven End mcverfert is diff3cult, but
cn the'cotst of the cOntirent the surfece is flet sne mevement
qietriste be easy.
? \
Fxcept in bed teEther, the inhEbitEnts tcrcrslly travel by
sled ver the ice frcm JenUtry nr (then the surftco ef'the ice
,is rrugh it is trimred detn trld reed mtrkers tic sct up). The
princirtl'sied r-Eds, Ere ss f-11,7vs:
1. My-Fobibi (Cep? argis) (h-rse-sled reed)
2. Prerge-Byrks (Tengi) (Orc-sled reed)
3. Gspc Petkh-LsnLsri (dog-sled reed)
4. angr-Tenleyo (Kimkh) (dog-sled reed)
Note: Judging fr,m, the tLickness of the ice truck pssstge
sppeers rcssible ever the bulk cf the TErtsry Streit end the
Gulf of kmur. The m(st suittb3e time for ptssaue over the ice is
anuery-MErch.
D. Irfluorce of 'inter on the Rotds
The cold teether in this cres is intense. In tinter (Nov-
ember-Lrril) most of the etmp cr,unC, rivers, likes, Tends tncl
gulfs freeze. Generelly, ccneiti, ns ere such thEt ressegc is
pessible. Iocslities very, but the inhebittntc rely on sleds
es thc principtl trtnsportsticn in tinter when there is enough
enc-lk (horse, dcg End reindeer sleds).
Netever, split fr'm the rcEds, it is principElly the rivers
(the Lmur her the grestest utility) End the crest (chiefly Cspe
Ltzerevs-PrrlIge-Mikelnevsk-Lvs Tlstrseo-Lsngr) which cen be used
es sled routes.
II. TRLNSPORTLTION
L. Rsilreeds
Except f-r the line tr, lc-I-sem-15k which brtnches (ff frcm
V'lechtycvks snd DezhncvkE ,n the Siberitn Ptilr,te, there sre
ne ether reilr, c.a.s, but frcm SovetskEys GEvtn-KomOmolsk, 'which
is cne pert of the rr-jected BeikEl-Lmur line, censtructirn et
present is continuinL sc in the pEst. It srpetrs thet the rose-
bed till be comrleted bcut the ftll of 1943, except srcund the
centrel mcuntein pssses (brj4ges n(t yet ccrirlEted).
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Krmsnmelsk BrwIch Lixq
MilitErily EnC ccon-mictlly it is tn imFrrttnt lire, brtn-
ching -ff the SiberiEn railrrEd Et -Vr,1cht.yeykt trd DeshncvkE
Sttticns, running ,t^ Krms,rmdsk. It 1,Es c,mT1cte0,in Nrvember 1936
End its cvertll length is 355 kilmeters.
-
The mann& stcck End fixed instEllttitns tre thf, stmc ts
the Siberitn Rtilrrte, but bectuse the line rt.SFOF rver uddc sv,tml-Y
zrnes, the rcEdbed hs erre pr sectirns. Lt the Fresent tirE,
crdinErily, tuc rr three trtirs run ler dEy. HrIevtr, the mEximum
number rf trtinc mrving Et t srccd -f 35 kilrmcterF Fcr hrur in
yin-ter is suricstOly 18, tnd Et rthc/ tires 19. Recently, rving tr
the demLrOs -f the Lmt_rictn-Scvict,ccclitirn Lnd th? eccn,mic End
milittry divelcmcnt f the K..-msrmf,lsk tret thLre is grrund frr the
susFici n thtt this rtilrctd is bank grt,CuElly strenEthened.
'
LEGEND:
Plan of the Zamsomolsk Line
Padali
Ulbin*
Selg
/./).
Zhelyurakeng?D - 7/
No 2 Volochaevka
Siberian RR
Volochaevka-- / r
Dezhnevka
-Khabarovsk
Station uhere there' are regular en7ine sheds
L., Stations Ndlere there are switen engine, sheds
() Waterinff stations
0 Stations here' there are freight sheds
*Approximation of Russian place name on basis of Japanese
Kana.
- 46 -
SteRrT
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CPYRGHT
SEPT
2. Baikal-Amur REAlr(ad (Projected Line)
Because: of the impact e-f the-Russo-German 7-ar in 1942,
e-nstructi( n ,f the Beikel-Lmur reilroatd has been susiended for
the most pErt, but bectuse of military demands 'end the need for
e link betucen Lmerice and Russia, the construction and survey
in the arct around Xomsomolsk is being cfrtinucd Es befcrc. In
the fell of 190 the roadbed between Komsomolsk and Sovetskaya
GavEn vas completed, except for one yart around the central
mountain passes (bridges Ere not yet complete).
Note: The projected Beikal-Amur line Lill be e Nindinr
railroad running for 4400 kilometers. It Lill .)rEnch eastrd fr,m Ttishet Es c suyIlementtry main line of the Siber-
ian railroad and Lill run to Sovetskaya Ga van via Ust Kiit
Ene Konsomolsk. Its object from the st.ndpoint of anti-
Japanese strategy is to strenrthen the lire between the
FEstern USSR and the European USSR and tr increase the Ceith
of Eastern USSR defenses.
From before the Russo-German Tar, tremendous construe,
ticn efforts sere being made. work ues carried out one:
plan first to construct a branch line running out from. the
Siberian railroad, and then, with its railhead as a base of
cpertticns, extcnd-it and estEblish conttct lith points to
either 'sid,e. At a time then coritructin had been delayed due
to the effects of leather, climate, topnErarhy end so on,
the Russo-German war broke out (1941); then =yelper and
material shortages made construction O?.cubly difficult.
Einajly in the Linter of 1942 the major 'art rf thc irrject
lq,--terri,rt?rily suspended.- For the ircsent,-it is judged
that chEnces are slight of opening trEffic on the whole line.
Note: There is tlso the following reIort n railroad
ccITistruction: (Reliability C)
a. Komsomolsk-Kharen-Nikoltevsk line.
b. Daren-Dc Kastri
B. SEA TRISSPORTATION
1. Harbors
South of the Amur River mouth
In this area ere the bays of Scvetskaye, De- Kastri,
Nikoltevsk, etc. These can scarcely be called first-class as they
are shallou end located in an tree where ravigaticn is difficult,
but they are very valuable as substitutes in case the icrts in the
southern Maritime Krei cannot be used.
- 1. Sovetskaya GINEM
Though the natural c-nditicns ere nt good in
this area, it can be called E L(Cd port. Ls L., port connected
with the Iroposed BaikEl-Lmur rail line, varicus installations
and ecnstruction can be effected, herce its potentialities nust
be cnsidercd.
le' =
Stan'.
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CPYR'GHT
SrGLET
At Fre:sent it 'op-pears 'that o railroad willA5e built td go
along Tith the motor vehicle road to Komsomolsk. 7ith its comIletion,
the value of the port will be further increased.
2. De KEstri
The noturol conditions end location of the port Ere
poor. Large ships hEve difficulty nEvigeting in the Torttry Streit.
But disregErding these fEctors, it is En important tort of thc lower
reaches of the Lmur River region, bectuee it is connected to Komso-
molsk End Nikoltevsk by motor vehicle rood.
3. Nikolaevsk ?
Though it is of primc wive CAS saaport of the Lnur
River nctlAork, its ntturtl conditfons os t boy trc poor. The ftct
thtt ltrge ships cannot enter the hcrbor (depth 4-5 meters), added
to the difficulty of rtvi&tion in the Gulf of Ttrt.ry, the TErtory
Streit End the Gulf of Lrur, hos deltycd development of this Fort
corsiderEbly. It wet:re thot various port instEllt-tions hove been
strengthened recently. In viol-, of the iAlyorttnce of its location,
Eald the informotion tbout the roilroEd-beti,cen Nikolocvsk End
Komsomolsk, it warrents Ettention.
4. -Okhotsk Sec area
Ayon End Okhotsk '
Though both. ports htvc been utilized from older times
as ports -linking the Ytkutsk trLE, they ore in poor cordition:
Becouse both the LyEn-Yokutsk rod -(i,A.th the Lent River netvork).ond
the Okhotsk-Yokutsk rocd Ere poor, the vEluc of the ports from the
point of vieu of self-support is smtil, but vith the development of
economic exploitction to the rorthetst, their vtlue CE,11 be 'expected
to odvtroc steEdily.
2. Summery Tt blc of I ort In-tt notions
-
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-
SECRFT
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<
. CD
a.

'
? cr, Name of Port
4' CD
Frozen 7.7hc-ed,
(lavigable) Qays 2-.3d Fiers
t (DI
_Sovetskaya Mid--Zovember to one 300-meter quay i two 3000-ton class . five. )2,000 7nknown
CD
a
0
Shto Ce?acity Freight Handling! ' pp
Food Storage ;Y.CD
,
?
- .
Quay s and Piers'
Anchorages; Cranes :Others cn
CD
: co
CAD
a) -
? -...
CD -;
; 03
?
; -
;
Gavan to late April late November over 10 varied ,-)ierd one 10,(r0-tul class ton class !
t--- _
1
I
De-Zastri Tid7-17:ovember Lte June to one 1,000-meter Several "Unknown
' four varied piers
P.
4-3 to late Aril.! early Tovembe4 whFrf
(i)
t.
likolevsk Early Thvember!
I:id-June to Seven -iers for four 3,00-ton
? to . ! zid-November river boats class
Ayan Early :ovemberi Late June to
to lz,Ac June 1 mid-ovember
Okhotsk Late NoveLiber Early June J
to early Decembe
?
f 0
,
S.:me 33,130 so 1 .
meters 1 lp
-
CD?
.one far sea-going
7one
None
4
i
Only tmalli Unl-noWn
shins: i ?
! I
i 1
1
. i
Hone
3,00("-ton j 7:nknown
1 class
j. I CD
CD -
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srcfiFT
3. Lo ding apticity rf Irrportbnt arbors
Nme Of Port
Yet,r1ir 1c. ding ceRcity (10)000 metric tons)
TotE..1 L.djucont Overside P.,esults
to rherf (yetTly)
6 q SovetskLyt. Gtvt,n 78 50 28
De KEtri c; 9
V., s
A' 4; Nikolt evsk ,
82
66 16
? Okhotsk
,M 0
C4'144 ? Routes
3
8
of nEvigt tion
3
8
18,9 (1935)
Not only is there t, ln,ck of re:tittle dz,te about those
routes of n:vigetion, but Els?, successful development of them
is difficult. For informetion the follmving teble shoc those
inifortt,nt things es collected E.nd evdreted from fregraentt:ry in-
, fornicAion.bet7eeri ebout Jt.nut.r7ir End the first pc.rt of October,
1943. (Lccumc:y B)
?
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-;?
?
SECRET
Havigation Routes.
Principal Ports wf rlall (A.mur-Region only)
Vladivostok-Jikolaevs-Oknotsk
Sovetskaya. Gavan, De Kastri, 7ifr.blaevsk
?
Vladivosto1-Jaeksandrovsk-17agEevo
De Kastri, Okhotsk -
VlEdivostok-Various 'Dors ,long the idaritime Kral
Okhotsk Sea
.
_____
.
Coastal ports to Petropavlosk
. ,---
.
Vladivottok-Aleksan:LrOvs.!.: .
Sovetskaya Gavan
Soets17=a7,7a C;avan
ereen 7ikolaevsk and 7habarovs; one
shi ran aground in Augeone in-Se-71.
'
,
Vladivostok-7i17olaevs''.
V1edivostok-7P!plaevskrovs1
Vladivostok-Sovetskaa Gavah
Summary of shipbuilding yards (1943 survey, Reliability B)_
,
-.2
(h)
---.14ame of Factory
Shipbuilding Yard
Location
7ikolaevsk
Fleet shipbuilding yard
7ikolaevsk
Amur shipbuilding yard'
Komsotholsk ?
'Ship repair yard Sovetskaya Gavan--a o
:-DrodUcs
River and fishing craft
Warships.
?
Installations . C)
:2 larEe-type phipways a
a
4 small-typp shipways01
a
a
a
Small-ty-)e.cruis-ers,:
river-
boats, assembl, rerairs
Slips - -
Docs 3-
Repairs and construction ot
4o1)o- ton class shins nossitte
SEC7=',Em
-51-
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CPYRGHT
srurT
C. -LTER TR,FSPORT
The economic and milit,ry value of Itter transiort in this
aret 15 exceedingly grett ir both war tnd reacc. It is esrecia-
ly imiortant EC E route_ for LmoricEn rcsourccs and surrlics
to RUSEL.
1. River Transport
a. Lmur River
Ocetn-going ships of 2000 tons Lrd beim: cam oper-
ate bctliveen Nikolacvsk and Sofiskoe (to Khtbarovsk during high
water). Llmost 2,2000000 metric tons of goods were transported in
1943.
Note: Tho 4.mur Liv (r, strEtcgicElly spctkinc, is
extremely valuEblc Es t suprleioenttry traffic crtcry of the Siberian
rtilroEd and ES E rEticrtl bourdEry it is very uscful in vErtinc
aS a suIrly route End route of advroc. Thc river bin is the
most highly develorcd region in Pastern, Pussit, and it contEins the
Burcyt cod field; thc 2cyc cold-mining district, and the Lmur
Oblast vhett-storcgf district. "rith the constructor of the imior-
tErt Komsomolsk industrial district End tht ircrcase in transiort
of Lncrican resources to Russia, the LFUT River is becoming in-
crusingly valuable.
(1) Condition of the Ttter Route.
action Ereed of Current Tidth (km) Deith (r) Nature of
(km rer kr) - Bottom
NikolLevsk- 1.5 3.0 - Sandy
'Ago
Lago-Mariin- 1.8 2.E More thtr . Sandy
skoyc 4.1
Marlimskoye- 3.0 2.3 Sandy
KcmSomolsk
Komsorolsk- 3.0 1.5 More than Sandy
Khabarovsk 4,1
Note: Downstream from Khabarovsk:
Pinimun river vidth - 800 muter
Minimum depth - 2 neters (loNw Iter yeriod:
mid-Jure to mid-July,
Scrterbor End October)
Eaxinum Wlocity ? 5 kr Fir hour (high 1,atcr period:
Ida. Pay to early July, lttc
July to early Sertcrber)
There tre lighted buoys in all sections, End navigation tide
are almost complete.
- 52 -
STOUT
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sron
breck
then-.
(2) FtvigEble.distLnces
In Serturiber.tndOctober from etrly dtwn to dt?::-
?
Oca,se foe rises. Ordiniry-lxvigttkon_ceLses tnd where
Sfnorg ihInds, the wEves becorc
BetiAeen
Nikolsevsk-Kosoroolsk
Komsomolsk-'atberovSk
NikoltevsV-KhLbtrovsk
(3) Ntvignble Period
t,ge 165-170 ds
Dirttnce (kr)
580
365
945
ate (.rxiil (or !id-!'y) to ltte October (tvcr-
Note: ril,-clz,cvsk vicinity 166 thus
Kht,bErovsk vicinity 1P4 dtys
-(4) Sirced of NLvigetion (per hour) (estinete for
1910 B-C)
UrstreLm Lnd
Dcl,nstr'er,m.'
UpstreLn
Lot.ded
rTrtY
DomstretTi LcE.ded
tmrty
end
ing
TovIng ,(km) PLssenger SteErer
2.50
1.25
8.54
11.00 16.75
12.50 17.50
. 1, unit usutlly consists of three liEhters under tot.
2. TK.EE. figures \ere obttined by tddinE the tctuel re-
sults of 1935 end by tEkinE into considerttion the
? ctrtioility end the conditions of the use of ships on
this river end the speed of the current, end by
furthcr ct.lculLting the everege srecd '0c:teen Niko-
,
? kevsk end. Uerchirsk, using experiences on the Sungtri
River es btsis. Seed mt7,be incrcts& in the lolcr
? ret.chcs of the river.
(5) Present cordtions of the ships (survey ct the
of 19/1 Lccurtcy B). The follmAng shes the vesstls belong-
to the Lover Lrur Shining Office:
Ptssengcr Vessels
Tugs
Freight lighters
Oil lighters
(km)
10
79
203 (Tote' 111,650 retric tons)
13 (Tottl 107,500 netric tons)
(6) Condition of the ,lharves
.(t) Nikokevsk Htrbor
,53 7
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CPYRGHT
SF CF
Section
Nikolaevsk-
Khabarovsk
? In the harbor there:-are; -4-bout sever- piers for the
.11.4e of river steam.e.r.s and one for the use of ocean-
goirg vessels betveen fre urcicined Lre nd Kvegda
era one large-tyre:lnd crane'. . There are jive tare-
houses on,-the:left of the entrance to, the river
harbor.
(b) Meg? Harbor
There are tto Nooder piers to vhiCh five 2,000-
tor class shils car tie up simultareoilsly.
(c) Tariinskoye
, Four 1,000-tor class s irs car tie ur at tle 'ler
Et the f--arLe tire.
(d) ofiskoe mdstu.d
There is a v-,oder lih,rf,v-here efEht 70-meter ships
car, anchor.
(e) Korsorolsk Harbor
? Tl-ere is a vharf about Sr() meters long and 5 meters
(7) .Ship buildir and relair facilfties (see section 2).
(E) ,GcTd'tions of trarsiort
? A.
(a) Detailed conditions of service
data
are cescure c.
Note: Conditions according to 4 1936 1-nlr Shining
.Office table are ar follovs:
Listtnce .(km) No of days for Number of
rourd trir (2L tires serviced
hours) etch day
945 6
.NikolaeVsk- 1,918
Blagoveschersk
Khabarovsk-
Nikoltevek
Khabarovsk-
Komsomolsk
92.5
365
Nikoltevsk- 840
Kerbi (Lmgun
River)
10
5
3
8
51 - "
srOPIT
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CPYRGHT
St arT
. (D) The 1943 erount of trensported goods is
geterelly es folloT5: B-C)
Nerc of river Shining Off.ice
/mur
Uirer .Lmur NAT-
office
Amount TrEnsi:ort .Goods Trans- ?
T0,000 metric tons) ported (10,000
-metric tons)
Lower mur Shi
yirg Office
. Amgun River
Iurber 80 Fish
220 reIroleum Feed
60
CoeI 20. Selt 4
'Crtin 20 . Otber 25
This,river is used chiefly in collector, distribution
erd trersiortetion of goo' end 'development of.Eold-minirgrin the
Amgur River beein bUt.there,ere severel E4'CLS of m:vigticn hezerds
such b$ hidden rocks er
Section
Ust Amgur .
Udinskoye
\
(1) Conditions of the Iheter route
pUTrent Speed h'jdth of Duth (Ti:) Neturc of
ler hr) River (m) River Bottom. -
Over 1.7 ardy
'Udskoye GugE 350 r.:trdv or Rocky
Gyge-arbi (P 1
Any-Osii,erko) 2.0 Over 145 ndy
Note: Downstretm from arbi:
.Minimum river vidth -200 meters
Vinimum depth - .0.F meters (lo\. yetcr
period': Eloptember end
October)
rLxfpl'ilm vcioc:ty - 5.7 km per Your (high 1:,ter
, - ,
,Eriods: June .erd '.11.11y)
Ntvicetionel Lids elmost complete in 'ell sections. In EeItu er
old October, thick fog crises from eerly devn until deybreek, -1(1
-nc,vigetior is comyIetely helted.'
(2) Navigtible distences
B13tween Ust Amgun-Kerbi (Poliny Osipenko) 393
kiloMeters
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SFCRYT
(3)
NLvigsble Feriod
From the middle of :Ity to midele of October or to erd
of October, (4vercge 160 ftvs)
(I)
(5)
Fsvigsble creed (See Amur Section)
Present condition of vessels
rven though ti ey belong to the Amur Shirying oCfice,
no detsilF 4?re knOvn-
()
TrsnsFortstion conditions
L fixed route hcs been opened 1,eti.een Nikolcevsk?erbi
(Poliny Osilenko) (520 kilometers). It is served by river icsserger
shils, sevErs1 freighter nd msi] ehiFs of 500 tone or 1e. All cre
of the loddle wheel tyie. It requires 7 full dLys for 1 round trip.
c. Aldsn River
Ar imiortnt- route linkirg lith the AyEn Region ir the
Okhotsk Co(t, Y,kutsk Legion cnd the "lbcrisn.ELilrotel ksinline
Scovorodino -ec. It is used for trsnsiorting of goods.
(1) Conditions of r'tter route
Section
Elied Ourrert
ridth of
Deith of
Fcture of
(km ph)
Fiver (retcrs)
Fiver
Bottom
(r(ters)
UFt k.ldsn Ust '1,y1
5.1
2,500
19.1
Strdy
,Ust Ncys-Uchur River
5.1
5.0
Ssndy
UchUr River-Torrot
(.5
350
5.0.
Rocky
Note: Downstresm from Tommot
Linimur river wldth ? 350 meters
,Minimum depth - . 2 meterth (low wster eriod)
i'Jsximum velecity 8.3 meters
There sr? nsvigetion cid s downstresm from Ust Lys, but there sre
mny rocks upstretir froE the cenfluence of the Uchur River, snd
gstion is impossible, excelt during high vster.
(2) MvigLble distcnce
Confluence of Uchur River - Ust Aldsn: 1223 kilometers.
Uchur Rivcr Confluence - Tommot: 395 kilometers.
(3) Msvigcble period
rty to mid- or lc tc October. (cversg( :35-110 ys)
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SECRET
(L) Navigable a4prcd
Concid6ri/4: the 1935 results and the capacities
of the shis on thi-S iv(', their utility, end Fixed 9f thi r:vcr?
End further acr the expEricnce on the Surcari Riv(r is taken es
t standard,tYE ravigtable sIeEd (per lour) is a:- follms:
Dovn a...nd Upstream
ClE.ssification
UPstreem (full)
Dovnetreem (empty)
Toyirg (km
per hour)
essenger vessel (km
yet Your)
3.50 12.75
(5) Present condition of the ails_
The cond.ition.r,vessels en this river is unknown
tithough they belong to thelene Shippirg Office,.
d, Maya, River (Tributary of the 41dt.n)
imiortent veter route linking the,i,ytn region on
the cost of th CCL. of Okhotsk -End the Yakutsk region it lc
used to carry goods.
(1) Condition of the.1:Eter route.
A
Section Syecd of CUrrent 7.i3th of River Deth Nature of
(km per hour) (kilometers) (Meters) 3ottom
17.0 . Eendy
Ust ye -Ycic'n.c
River Jurcticn-
Yudome rover
Junction-Yell-an
Note: (E) Dovnstretm from Nelktn:
f:finimum river vidth
Minimum deyth
11,0
C. ?
S.ndy
100 mtters
0.8 meters (lol INEtet c,riod)
.There ere r4Vigktion (Ads, but navigati.on is ressible only
durirg the'hi& veter per*d.
(b) The ri.r is navigible from I3s Loyc to1kon, e distErce
of , kilomaers.
(c) NEvigable from mid-ray until late October (averaging
,
140 deyo pEr year).
(d)
Navigable speed and present corditionsof ships unknol,n.
2. TrE,EL,14,EtEtion or the rakes end Fords cf Leke
,
It is imicrtnt Ls t 1,eter or ice route betvcen De Kastri
end Mariinskoyo,
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SrCRET
s. Conditions of the routes
There is t route betueen Eeriinskeye End Kizi uith no
port of cL.11 or the vey. It .sc'ems to.teke Lbout 4 hours by L.50-
ton cle'ss motor crEft.
b. NFvigEble reriod
GencrElly it i?s for the 6 months reriod from etrly icy
until etrly Neverber. During the frozen period, trEnsportEtion by
motor vehiclf.; is possible., CommunicEtio..ns over .the ice is arried
on betecn 'Uzi End Esrinskoye End Sofiskoe.
c. Condition of the u-herves
a. Kizi HErbor
.1 pier of logtrid store construction 30 meters long,
8 mcters uide end 2 meterS high.
2. ELriinskeye HLrbor
,Ehirs Of 1000,ton c1Ess cEn tic ur.
d. TrensiortEtion Conditions
Used by very fel rtssengcrs, it is used mtirly for thE
trEnsport of miljtEry goods, li.th or lumber Lien being trEnsrorted
by btrgcs tnd lighters.
Note: Th(re is tn intelli4erce rep-ft concerring IlErc for
the construction of' E cEnEl from lAke Ki:d. to De Kestri (1937), out
this rerort is considered quitc unrelitblc.
D. Motor Vehicles Ltd Trens-orttion
?
1. Vehicl(e
It CLI-CrE thEt before thc Russo-GirmEn 7,r there ler( many
trucks Lnd trEctors, but 0-,er the vEr stErtod, thcyverc sent IEst to -
be used on thE frort lines; fuel distribution b(.-ctme uneven, snd becauee
nf shortEge cf yErts end repEir ftcilitics mczt.of tnusi vetieles
bectne incicrEtive. Ordinrily thEsE rtteritls Ere controncd Et the
trEctor mLchinEry distributi:11 office (TC) End tre,diaributed to
the KOlkhcz End t1c ovkhoz ts r,c6Ed. During En orcrttion, 1,hen they
cen bc confiectted, they Ere of corsidtrEble strEtegjc velue.
L- ' Number Lnd tyres of vehicles in Lover Lmur,Obitol (1S40
survey, Rcliebility B-C).
(1) rrebEble number of voliCles (exceTt militLry)
-
ruck I15
? . PEroenger 110.- '
BUses
Special-frac valcie 15
srcrrT
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CPYRGHT
(2) ProbCble nuMber of eECh specicl C1L vehicle
IndustriO,
:gricu1turC.1 118
,IndustriLl municipEA 236
,trensport
Others
? 35z
b, There .re supply .Ind
2. Regionc.1 Trcnsportttion
Sleds ,(dog sleds, horse slids., ttnd reindeer sleds)
the most prcctictl t,nd videly used mums of iinter tmnsportttion
for th,c,grecter prt of the inhc.bitcmts.
L72
repir shops in
KomsomolSk.
sleds:
Type
'The follolArg tcble shom:1 the number of herso crt Lnd
Number LLte of 01E -?ifict.tion .Number Dute of
Survey Survey
Horses (non- L,162 Jimury 1939 Horse CLrts 23M 1936
militry)
Reindeer 48,202 amuLry 1939 Sleds 1940 1936
---,--- , .
Note: .Stc,nderd locd cLptcitics rf mu ns cf.trEnsIortLtiot
,
Tc Frec2ing Non-Freezing
Division LoE,d Ct;pcity DE,Yp Dis- LoLd DEyst;.
tt.nc6 ap,city DistEnce
.(km) (kg) (km)
_ _ 560 24 ? L50 24
2--5hee1:- Lr Lim by .1
horsccLrt. LnimL1
, IjrLipm by 2 . 660
Enimtlo
- DrElpm by. 1 450 24
? Freight. Lrimc=1 .
_sled t.)r.t.ln .by 2 560 28
E,niroLls
Fc.ssenger tin.vm by 1 300 (3 or 24
horse- unimt,l.
I. .pcople) ,
ct'.rt '1Dn_.11n by I2 ' 375,(4 or 28
,c,rimcis_ 5. people) .
DryAn by 1 270
Ftssener tr1171A
sled Drz,v,p by 2 330
:z nirrls
32
FE. cif 1-,nr;ic
24
32
600
3'2
24
- 5c; -
SECFTT1
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STCF7T
Note: r. The figures given Er? for one ey's journey viler
the crimEls are in continuous use but this cen be increEsed
by tbout 10 kilometers when the enimEls tre used for only E
short tive eEck dT. In the frozen vinter lericd, it ccr
be incrused 20 per cent o7rer the summer period.
b. Slightly surcrior to Chinese horses, these
horses heve greet rovers of endurence end .cen get by on the
sere cotrsc food, but they ero inferior Z'1,9 peck horses.
c. The loeding ctrt,city includes the eriv?r,
3I1, COLLVNIGLTIONS (See Lnney 12)
Though vire comnunicticn s? ems to be the principtl nuns of
communicction, the rEdio is develoling considertbly es e tecondtry.
tyre. s
7-ire copmilnicLtiors hive mEde their greEtest EdvEncement in the
territories elong the hour River corcentrtted Eround NikolEcvsk, End
they 8CCM ti bj nestly nilittry lines.
redic gives tor-Freed comrunicttinn, hes comrrLtjvely greet out-
rut End geed intrrtielitirs.
'Tire Commtriettion
1. 7dre telogrErhy
There iE t centrEl tclegr(rh office in YikriEcvsk, Ihich
connects 7itk ,Thetsk End Yekutsk, in the rcrthi,nd at connects -ith
'the regions of Kerscmolsk (KhEbarovsk) end CovetskETE GEvEn in the
south, tnd links ith northern 'EkhElin by Teens of en underwEter
cEble ressing Ecross the TErtEry StrEits.
Though tier( hes been no cleEr distinction betvcen rublic
End militery use in the EllocEtion of telegrerh lines, it seems to
hevc been ircErrEnged thEt they cer be lUt to militcry use if
necessity requires.
The rrincirEl tclegrElh instruments in WC Erc the hEndrovercd
or EutcnEtic teletyle mE,chirs, End, in 1{,ctl circuits, the "I emu
instrument" cr sounder.
Pine end Cryytomerie, vhich ere: ebundent ).ccellyihEtVe been
used fcr-th( telcgrErh roles, end elthnugh the "crenk t'pc" ere most
Irevtlent they Erc greduelly being rerleced by the "tiered, tree-
brench tyre".
The lines Ere ME C of 5-millincter iron ,ire.
-60-
MOTET
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CPYRGHT
tr,cr7T
2. Telephores
Lorg distEnce telorhcres
There hes been consideroble telephonc development
ir'recert yesrs, End irter-urbtr commuricstion is rossible.
The lines hEve beer irstelled Elong the principE.1 higlmays.
The teleihnne lire for militEry end gErrison use
Is chiefly of the multiplE-vire tyre, End conversEtion is
precticEl vithir distEnces rf 30r to 400 kilometErs.
b. Iccrl ttleihores
It the IrircipEa cities muricipEl tilerhone in,
stElltti(ns hEvc for'the most pErt beer ccrilited, Erd condi-
tions in 1922 Icr? Es follols:
01Essificstion City ' Number of Subscribers
Uriversel
bettcry
system
Komscmolsk
SovetsksE Gsven
Nikelsevsk ?
Lbout BOO
.Lbut 500
Lbout 600
Thnugh there Easo SCAMS tr, be exchengcs in Kerbi snd in the
NikolEcvsk port director's office, those Ere unconfirmed.
3. LdmiristrEtion of the communicEtinns nctork
Type of Service Jurisdiction
Public
Rtilv,tys
Gerrison
B. Tireless
Peoplegl Commisserist of
commuricetions
renples' CommissEriet
of trEnsiortetion
hoples Commisserist for
Ntiort,1 Defense (NKVD)
ommunicLtions
1. Tireless telegrerhy
Summery
The municirs1 ex-
cherge ecuipmert
is fcr,generEl
public use
Irsts116.tiore hEve
been constructed
slong n flv.y ifncs
for'reilvEy treffic,
cAld equilment
ltrgcly cnmrlete.
DeVeloped for the
most itrt ir the
territories south
of NikoleevSk end
cossta regions
Owing to the irreguler scattering of ctics over this
brnEd territory, Iireless telcgrEfly hEs del/eh-Fed Es Er imfortEnt
incErs cf communicEticn, both milittrily End econcricElly.
? 61
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CPYRGHT
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SUM_
There hts. been en especially remerkeble develorment
rc1css network. Msny of the wireless instruments
ere short-weve qusrtz (crystel) oscillsters.
2. The cbl:nrunicstionnctviprk, administrtion
Type
if Service Jurisdiction
Public
Red Lrmy Geners1
end
Navy Lir
Border Guird
. 'Unit
Arctic Oceen
nrelcss
Bsiksl-Lrur
$.4ey SurVe:- Unit
A
Fishing IndUStry
? nruste
Mining control
off ices
-c. BreadcestiLE
People's Commit
of CommUln
FCCO_Cs' CCM! It of
NEAT]. Defense
NKVD
? Burecu of Arctic Oceen
Nevigetirn Service
? office
Beikel-Lmur plsnning
Dept Fer-Festern
Section
UnknrIn
Unkm-wn
in t militsry
being used
'Sumnsry
One office et Okhotsk
deterrined et Iresent
KOM S C.T101.sk
Sovetska.,77s
Ge. w n
In Niko1euvsk,,7crbi, Ago, Bogcrodskoe, Chumiksn, Lysn,
skoye, Solentsy, Ulys, ctc../therr: ere rcley ststions crntrolled by c
Fedio Commisstriet of the Lower Lpur 0.1D1E?e,t, end these listen in by
mesns of privete wires, sild relsy the_Khsbarnvsk brosdcssts to the
public tt levge.
A. Lirfields
AVILTION (Sec Lnney, 13)
?
Thc best eirbtses of Eestcrn USSR trc in the southern pert cf
this tree, esiecielly tl ,.mur btsin. Bcctus( it is vtluzble
es t link between Lrar,ipc tine! RUEFiE, there hes burn E merked tendency
letcly to construct ncv tirfieldc. end strengthen old (-Les. This is
esiccielly true in thc vicinity of KoTiconolsk.
There Eru no lending srees in the north-bees-use of-tbu.difficul-
tics of Leeth(r, climate end t(i(grap:,-T, but then: ere u few rivers
end icrts that ere used es seer-lane findings. Though these t're
scettered end fel in nurber, tley must bc etchEd closely because of
the ineugurtticn end strength,enin6 (f the Scviet-Lrericen n(rthorn
Lir r'ute tnd tic tendency of this route to rove gradually southward.
SF= ?
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?
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CPYRGHT
STCPET
1, Distribution trid NEture
The distribution of tirficld's (including serplEne lrnding
and ttacc-off Erers) vhich etn be used for rrerttions fo11c the
Lmur River. They Ere exIceitlly numerous in the reighbrrhred of
KrmscmcJsk. Lirfields of the Lov.er Lmur Obltst'ErcE arc di-stribut-
od Ls shripn in the follnving ttblc (in additicn tr the Lrver Lmur
OblEst it includes the directly'cubnrdinte tre t ncrth nf Srvct-
skEya GavEn and KrnFe-molok).
LaRing Fields Setrltre'
Landing Lreas
Lrea Cnm- Inecm- Lir- Total Ccm- Inecm- Tetra
/let( "-lute strips- pletc jlete
instEl- instEl-
lttiens lttiens
Coasts of Tar-
tary Strait,
Gulf rf Tar-
ttry, Gulf nf
Lmur, Gulf of
Sakhalin
Lmur River
Basin
Sca rf Okhotsk
Coast ?
Total
2. Suitable Locatirns
2
Per.
centage
11
7 r
, 62
.6 7 27
13 18 100
Tide, fltt, arcas-suitEble fnr landing fields, Ere gencrElly
lackirg e)ccit in the Amur River Basin. Bectuse if tundrE End olpErrs,
there Ere very fel. areas thtt Ifeuld be tdequatc in the ether river
bEsins. Considertble corstr4ticn rork viii be recesstry tr cstEblish
airfields, csrecitily for ltrge-tyle plEncs. BurvEys Etve tr be
rtvcd bectuFc rf the mud during the rainy retscn End the fericds cf
thEw. Lrnding are Es for nedium-t7Te setrancs Erd belrv ctr, bc osttb-
lished in the icrts End bays cf the ents't and the Lmur River STstem.
B. Lir Brutes
1. CiviliEn tvittion
There is trEffic on the Lmur River tnd Elcrg:tho co t, but
overlEnd trErsp?rtcti-n is inadequtte. The Fir fEcilities dr nr to-
crmrdLte creinEry Itssengers, but Ere rtthcr limited to espec1t11T-
designeted iersrns in the milittr End the trvernnent, tnd trFtEl
articles, thus retlizing the Irintry value et flying Es En instrunert
rt nEtientl rclicy and E means of ccmmuniCEtirn hi c} is F nttiortl
necessity. Lir service iF irscgulEr End Ft timer, ring to the
ether Erd climate, it is r- mere rEpid thEn railrrEd trtnsrnrtttirr.
Theughi instEllttirns rr the 4,mcrictr-Srviet northern air
relate Ere being ermIletely equiTTed, rthcr irstElltticrs Ere nrt r,tking
rErid progress, This ret, is mErked extensive scalltre ltnding
trots.
-63?
EICETT
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CPYRGHT
EFCRET
-Principe; eir routes ere
s. The Kheberovsk7Nikoltevsk-Lyen-Okhrtsk-petropevlovsk
- , _
mEin EAT roUte, VLIuLble fhe KeMchetke eree.
b. The 'TchebtroVsk-Nik(IeVsk.=Okhe. tine
f
LmericEr oVc1t northern Lir route
'Note:
(1) It hts been developing since the summer of 1.42
? wi?th En old irregulEr dr rrute betYeer YEkutsk rnd
? Wahl to c nucleus: It tes Used for mess trenspor-
. tztic'n'-cfLncricer-mEde flEnes from 1942 to
the beginning cf 1943. It is 6,500 kilometers long.
Lt present (October 19//) the number of plenes
.trEnsiorted reEches 250-300 ler month. '(Lt thc be-
?ginning it-Ics 7O-0 per month.)
In vortime it is not merely t Sovict-Lmricon
supplcmcntery supply r-ute but it is L grett rur
btse from the sterdroint of Enti-JEpEnece strrtegy.
Judging from the EstEblishment End exitnsion
of rirfields End t?e strcrgtherirg of instellttins,
ettertion must be elven to the ftct thEt the Lmericen-
Soviet northern EiT route hts recently tended to move
South elong the cotst of the Sot, of Okhotsk, end the
lover v,eters of the. 1,mur River, ospecielly ir the
Nikoltcvsk-Komscrolsk Erce.
(2) This air route xos orgtnized by t civil oir urit,
end trs formed from the Lmericen-Lovict Forthcrn Lir
Route LirplEne Ferry Division Number Ono.; it'ic directly
controlled by tiu Civil Lir Urit Gcnortl Herdqucrters
of the NZ.VD (noy in Ioscol;,)/
(3) Th c trtnsport schedule is divided into the folloyirg
five. Cecticns bctween Nome end Krtsnryersk. Ordirerily
the plenes cre ferric(' one sectirn cr dey, end the trip
tekes five Clyc. l'hen the eether is bed it VOCFS tc
require S-16 deys (there is one cese of e 3-dry fliEht
in extremely &ord. yeLtIcr).
Section pistEnce
Ncme Velkt1 660
Velkel Scir ijen 1420
Seimijrn Yf kv t sk 1206
Yt kutck Kircnsk 1360
Thersk Krtcreytr c 9E'0
2, Lirfield Instellttions
(km)
. It tipetrs thtt the Lmericer-Scvdet ncrthern tir route hes
recently been redly equipped, cnd Tlens ere bring mode for the cx-
pEnsion End strengthening of inctelittions et Ohctsk Endo..geden, in
the cc:tot era- of,Okhetsk trd the 1:orsomo1ck orec of the 1(ver Lmur
River besin. The tb-ve must be roted frr the future in connebtion vith
the trend totrd strengthening routes to the. south, Erising from the '
1,mrriorn-rr1T1rt incrtl-rrr err-11+es
- 64 ...
ETCF FT
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AtA
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CPYRGHT
SF6RTT
INELBILTLVIL_ZLE.TERSLIUPPLY
I.
Thi.s crcE is very Spt rsely pcpuleted, hE,ving 0.14; people i-cr
squere kilometer, vkich: is,' 1/200th the populttion density of the
Empire cr Dlenchitrie
In the &roe ft. cin.g 'en. the Set of Okhotsk, vinter lests for
most of the ycer, end bect.uso the cold is severe, it creetes meny
problems v.hich render it unsuiteble for ht. bite+ ion, end there is
little dic,,velcpment of cities or pnpuleted erot.s, end tny density
of dvellings exists only net. r the irinciptl herbors. There ore
else no villt ger:, other then the srrtll nttivc, villegcs of the
Gui-
eks end Tungus ihich e. re sce tterod, ever the ref,icr. Thcre
crc (Tx 1 brick bud le. in ?. s in 3.1.1koL vck end lams. lsk , but
cd construction is fer m.L re prove lent.
Quertering fecilitics erc edequete fcr thtc, pulctacn, but
since Russitn houses tre srie 11, E. lerge que rtering ct/ city ce.nnot
be expected; Ertd, berreckS should be used ir, lt ccs 1,,hero troops
ste.tirncd, ,
Industry is not &vele] cd in this treeend' the resource of'
the jolultted ileces err_ cxtrcLely smell. Sirce the r'q..nsity of
viuletion is s]ieht, goverrincrt-runed comrcdity stores cenvot be
ltrge. Hence provisions ccnr't be erticip,ted from this trec, tne,
unit,E operitirg YLre lust soly rr c.rrying &ll thcir suillies Iith,
them or heving thee sent on Efterwr6s.
II. TCT'IV.:., 1'012131, TITD I U.SES
In gene re-1, this rc.e No /lc lrgc cities, but .Kor,lsoMolsk
end Nikc lt evsk t.re rcgule r t( 1ns. Their poi ult ti on is coril.ute C
in the tons of thrustnds. It:orosoriolsk, locE ted tt en import,: nt
pint cr, the ikel-Lmur Rei1rct d, s (level or od very recently,
End it is still ,develop:ing. De la stri Sovc Gr.171 n, Sofi-
skcc , 1.yen tr26 Okhotsk rt nk ncxt in size 1. ith pe'rult.tiors computed
In the thrust nds. Dete ils t rc not cletr, but be sic resources t re
1E. cking
GenerElly ct king, the, ft cilitice k f the cities LTC irc,.-mplete.
L:E.ry lE borers t houses ere cf ht sty construction so the querterinE
cepecity is extruzely poor.
The condi, t,icn of er.ch importe nt, city End ilicge re' the
opuleti on if its. environs is ehr-vm in th foilcoing teble.
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CPYRGHT
srcuT
City or Village Number nf InFIaEtion Summary. .
Houses
Xorsomolsk
Nikohcvsk
1.50C
70,000
25,000
Srvctskcyc Gtver 500 E,300
Scfirkoe
47'tn
Okhotsk
De iastri
Dettt
Mtriinsk-c
Bogoroeskrc
AhEilovskcyc
Kerbi
PIE gr?
Note: This ttblc is btscd on thc Jtrutry 1939 census, jubliohcd
by the ,Fovict Union, frd tekcs otT,Lr nctors intr ccrsidcrttirn.
It inc1&es corlulscry hbnrers tnC riljtiry units.
200
5,000
3,000
CO5
.,00C
5C0
2,50G
120
2,000
100
1,000
200
1,00C
139
60r
100
500
ICC
/00
Rec'ent report of incrcesc
to 15,00C houses end
70,000 1;erSons
Rclortod recent feiule-
tinn rf 40,000 (P.o1ibi1-
lty'0).
Section
Teble of Forulttion of rech Ocction
Lrce (sq km)Tnte1, Polultti,n FrTU1Eti,-11 per
Fq km
LnYer nun' OblEst
29,500
45,300
0.22
Uritsk
33,700
20,000
0.60
Pr1jn7; Osirenkr
36,000,
715GO
0.20
(Fornerly arbi)
Tugur-ChurikEn .
114,600
3'000..
0.03
Lyen Mei
166,600-
,coo .
0.02
Okhotsk
169,200
7.,200
0.04
Trtal
549,600
6,too
0.15
Note: Estimetcs of thc perultticr ero bsce. on thE: census
dete Enrr-unced by the Soviet Union :In the January 1939 survey;
militEry unit .rIC pcmluls(Jy laboreTs Ere inclueec.
L. Co'ct,1 nf the Nc-Ttherr Vvritimc Ir Ea
1. ScvetskEyE G?vEn
Until 1932 it h,c1 been n thirg rc thEr t little fish-
ing Fort vith scre 30 'rivet? Ic UES, trd -nc licr Ebrut 30 r,cters
lcng. It v. finE11y rcc-nizoe ts E Fr(r1 prrt dn 1932 end it
nt7lEe Scvetskcyt 0EvEn. L growing cty, it took hrg stcy f-rvErd
in Cevelrrment ithcr it becEric & militry Tc-rt ir 1C3. C mrlfting
its trz-TIsformation, it evolved es a military, econcric and communica-
Urns ccrtcr. Jt rescrt it is the b:s( -f the :crtl Pacific Dett.ch-
molt.
- 66 -
STOUT
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CPYRGHT
SECRET'
Its iMrOrtElICC s E commuricEtions center vill ?incTEEse
Es constrvcticn cl the BEikel-Lmur REilroed,to K(vscrolsk neErs
ccrileticr. In 1939, cerrying cut the municircl plEn, the number
of houses 11.LE 500 end the ropulEtirn 8,3OCI but there As e rcrort
thEt the icluattien hts r reeched'40,000 C). Thc
inhebitEntt, excert for the fishernen,ere rEiply :itborers 1,ho
vork in vEritus fEctrries in End out of thE citY.
The rrincipel government offices, fectorics End insti-
tutirns Ere Es follels: city srvict, munic4E1 militEry corl',E1-
sscriEt, Communist municipel committee, Rein PaVD, ccvernmert
benk, GuErd. Sect-r.Vnit hetdcutrters, pcler pltnt, shir building
ytrds, lumber min,ctnning fEctrry, flour mii1, vtrious munitions
fEctrries, schccls, community h(-spittl, rest office (tclelhrre-
tclegrEph office) trtnsmissior rk_hy stz,ti:n1 fishing cribinc.
2, DEttL
Lbrut 120 hructs (cstirloted), o r.ruhtirn of 2000: in-
htbittnts Irinclptaly crigc?&d in fishing, it iv 1.,--cctcC,, nur the
roEd from 81(17-(AskEyE GtvEn to Komsomr3sk. Its sem:1y ceEst is
suitEblc for'lLndings.
In the tolul there erc.e Coestel Border GuErd Unit, set_
lookouts, E post office, e forcstry cffiCe, fishing trust enter-
prises, E customs brench office, L rtdir st&tion, E grermtr
sch-O.11 etc.
B. ItrcE South of the UdE River
1, Nikolevsk (See Lnnex 7)
It fECES end Orrin'Etes the 4mur Rivir ertcry of Etstern
Soviet t'crritcry end forms r st'rttegic point in linking it ith
KurchttkE End the Lm-ricEr continent, It is the most imprrttnt
city militErily, econ(Ticelly End frcm the stendroint of
cortmunicEtiors. There Ere eb(ut 1500 hcuss End perulEtiEn
of.ebcut 25,000'(cstimEte). It is the cot importtnt ety cf the
Lever i.mur OblEst.
L. Neture ef the City
The city fLces tic aur River end runs bout L.3
kilometers southetst end ebout 1 kilometer northwest, '
Sevrel streets run cost end v,e'st., mLny run north
-end sovth; the pettern is regultr like the trrengerent of e chess
locLr0..
. Number of hcusJ.s end Irlulcticn
There were Lb rut 1300 houses before the. Mikoltevsk
Incident, v,hen m'st of them burned dolAn. In 192/ the privete
houses numbered 450, end Et present there, Cre on estimEted 1500
homes; the IcrulEti,n is sold to be 25,000 but the figure is n-t
precise. Very recently there hes been e reprt of 15,000 houses
-idt 70,100 rcluletion. (RcliEbility B-C)
- 67.-
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Rescurces
'4riculturtI products on!htist tsimll quantity of
vegetcb/es such Es. 1.(Actoes, Chinese 'ctbbtge nc radisheS, but there
is nn ,VETirus kinds iNf fish cre, cbundcnt? ctnrery is
leccted On the left IDE:nk rf the:iIpr recches 'cf: the river E.,t, Ironge
Firewoc-d is rlentiful for fuel- Cnd is trEnsported from
the river bcnk E,bout I. kilc.meters upstreEmirr'n Yik,-1Ecvsk.
d. Communicrtions
Other th.n E IT tor ve1-jc1( rote from, ti c tn Lvt
T-1stogo tnd trarthr.r to Ago then cre r-t}-in but ptths or sled .
rt-,E.(!s, 10st trcffic is trEnstorted. by !--ter tne in vinter lay sleet
over the ice. IA prtsert there is t regultr ferry frorr the Vlt.ei-
vostck ,Ln i1 tEnker mEk(s rune trips tc perilktric in Ncrth
Saht..2in. The tuJrcr goes c:irectly t- the refinery tt KhEbErr-vsk
but it usul2y r,Ekes trEnshipments Et, Nikrlcevsk.
In river trEnsr( rttli, n, Ln .Lmur Rivcr Systcr stecmer
ccnnects'the Xerbi cret, nn tLc mEun River End the NhEbEtrovsk-BlEIgn-
veschensk Exec, There Ere Eirfielde cnd1ncn, rlEces for both lcnd
Lne. sec pines E.,r-C it is c hub for Eir routes. ?
. There cre rcdic cnd rcdir relcy stctirns. There is tele-
grtphic connection from Nikolccvsk tfl the Khcbcrovsk Erec- Vic the
Vtricus vil4ges tiorg the'btnk of the Lmur RivCr.
o. Government ?Meer;
Ectories.
Princjitl government offices
North Lrmy Gr,up Ilet.dcprters, gtrrienn hcspittl, C-,tsttl
Gutrd Unit Regicntl Heteciutrtors, cb2Lst o),ccutive corrnittee, customs,
telephrm crc telegraTh offic !wst fface, rEdic relty sttticn.
Frincilcl fEct-rics
Poer ratnt., ship-buileinE ycrd, flour mill..,'Clcohol
rlcnt lumber mili, drinking-vsier-rurifying plcnt, brick fc-ctcry.
Notes: History
On 1 ugust 1E50 t RursiEn mvc1 cETtEin, ITI3rRSKI(*1)
stocmed up the ,LITur End 5F,7 kilof,ct?re frcm the river's mcuth he
plEntcd the RussiEn.fltg Cr' thL left'bEnk. The TScr'ct thet tire
lAcs Nicholts I End LP E result thc tclin vcs nE,med Nikclt.cvsk.
It t.tr Oesignited ts cErittl -f the f't,ritime, Province
in 1856, cre the milittry Tcrt being transferred from Pctrnpv-iovsk,
it bectre the militEry end ECrinistrttive centcr. In 1860, by the
treEty f Pei-pari, Pussic cccuiAud the Ussuri CA-7trict cne thE, rrc
vincicl Et-vernment 'fficcs erc, ovvcd to KhEbtrovsk En.) the militcry
purt tc Vladivostok pectUse.:f this; Nikolc:evsk tr.forcrily Cc-
clinLs, but in 1893 t'bcttElicn ef SiberiEn tr-:(i-s of the line terc
stEticned ther, tre, then roetcritle fcr the Cibcrin REilr-Ed lArc
trEnsrorted from tle our River, brint!inG grtdULI'prc'sperity.
(*1) Jarsnese transliteration cf,Russibn name.
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Lll this, acccmcEnied by thc develorment cf fishing tne cellec-
ticn of gold dust, occasioned a romErkEble eevc1orment.
In 1914 as e result of alteration in the ?iministrtticn
ilEns, this Ere .a V.ES inccryorEtEd in SEIchtlin ?blest Ere the
proviriciEd office vas esttblished in this city. Next to
Vlcdivost-k it bccEre the busiest Fort, End a jort building In-
ject VEF j/11:11gUrtee; but its devel-F:ent 1es checked Efter 1917
beceuse of t'c revolution En(' intarre3 disorder., an top of this
in 1c,20, the vhcli tr-v,r Ies burned dc-vn by ricters in thE. Nikr-
lccvsk Incident End tlenctfter it f(.11 into c7i1ete decEy.
Since 1922 it /ILE' been under the juriselictior of the
rresent r:(vcrnmcnt. Once egtin it ,:cs brcught into the mErf-
tige d,iftrict and LES on its wz to LrEduel recovery. In JenuEry
1926, ES.E result if en cterEti(r nc..ministrtti,n clEns, it ?
becEme jlEce vh(re tle Yikolaevsk Rn rxecutive Committee
vt-s locEt(C, end, in July 1931, together ihith the relnly establish-
ed Lover 4.mur Oblast, it become the odiinistrotivc center (f
that rr(vince.
2. Komscuclsk?
41, city of rising militery industry locEted, in the
Lmux. River btsin, end en imprtant transiortati(n point. ThEt
is to sy, it is E tcrmircl joint of the iiomsomolsk bre rich
line Ilich runs off the SibcriEr REilzoEd trunk line et Vole.
ehEyLvkz End, DczionEvkE. rlIcre is Elso o cjort thEt E roil-
rcEe hEs very Iccertly been ccrrtructEd to NikcIcevsk, notLith-
stEneing the feet thtt the BtikEl-mur REilrred e,(cs to this
T-int.
E. ImIcrtEnt fEctories
Pover Lmur shirbuildirg yErds, tirj1Ene
fEctcry, tErk fctcry, erenEnce fEctrry, ETruniticr fEct(ry,
Iron foundry, petroleum ilEnt, m-tcr vehicle F1Ent, flour
mill, bEkEry, brickyEre, rEjei fEct(ry, lumber rill, c(nent
rlEnt, meet-prccEssing IlEnt.
1D. Frincirel Gcvernmnt Offices
Municiptl s?vict, Ccmrundat puricipl c mmittee,
Reion militEry c'Irmitt(e, mur Le ger hcEdquErters, rEvings
buruu, Test office, civil police stEtirr, public jr sccutcr's
rffice.
c. Ccmmunicetions
(1) '''ater route
reguler stecmer cells et,the &Atte-mimed
shipring office.
(2) Railroads
The icorlscrolsk brench line 1.es startee in lc:36.
It hEs greet velue in connection i.tio the etcr- r,-ut(s.
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'ItE.:I-pears that at presert ,the Baikal7Lnur railrpEd
betl.een Komsomolsk E.nd SFvetskays Geysn is .under con-
struction.
(3) Lvistinn
;
. Itslresplane cTd. sir -it rtrttegic
point on the tir'routes
Notes: History:
It formerly called Perrskee. In 1880 it Lar built
as a srEll fishing village itinerEnt fishermen. By 1932 there
lere no mere than 50 hcusco, 1,ith E 1,oceen grEnnar school and
church. On 18 :Ey 1932, 800 perple of the Young Comrurist
League, Komsevol, Efter rtErting ireliminEry corstructien of a
risincireuctritl city, chz.ngtd the ntre to Komocmolsk. Unecr-
gc&ng a syceey eevelopment, it had En estimated prpulEtion of
70,000 in 1937, Ere YEr been groling steaeily.
3. De Kastri (.?c 4r.rt7 6)
Located in Lc_ artri Bay, it i ri mlortLnt trtnsiortttion
point or the shortest Lrd best rnEci Prom the cosst rf tle apEn Sc
to the Sofiskce area in the sLmur bEsin. It hes about 500 houses and
porulEtion of abrut 2,50(). GcoutOicEily, it ic thie most suittble
landing field anyv,hert E.lorg the c( Ertr rf the Gulf of TsrtEry, TartEry
Strait, rr tl.e Gulf of LMUT. It iS VEJAMble s bEsc fer lane snd sea
operatinn in the (vent of apsnort tttEcks on KhabEre-vok End Nikolacvsk.
It militErT instElltticns ircluee the De }C tri fortified.
There Ere Eir tnd sesilEfe bases in Edditiou to the fortified sret unit
heEequsrters, ihe coEstEl border guard sector unit htscquarttrs, the
motor torpedojbost bEre, Ihe rEdir st Ucn, post office, sch'nols, cus-
toms, rilitEry corrtruction heEdquErtcre,hcspitEl, etc. regular
ste,mer based Et VlEdivostok touches here.
Sofiskoe (Ste Lnne.x 11)
In importEnt cormuricstions Endn1itr nint or the blnk.rf
the 4..mur River. It hEs tbrut 200 houses, E rCcUlEtiOn Cf: about 5,000
and also hnd End reLllane bares.
Ships proceeding ur river my rtop here. It is rosrible for
shils of the 250-ton c1 ss to navigEte the Cornaya Ivater route.
BOCLUSC prt cf tht Lmur'hts fel tributEry vtter routes, this is
L.cnoci pItce tn cut off river commuricEtirns betvecn Nikoltevsk and
KhcbtrovSk.
NEriinskeye (Sit LTncx 10)
It fEcts tyG Lmur River, hes Ebout 100 houses, E porUlEtion of
about 100Q. The inEEbit,nts engEge chiefly in firhing End Egriculture.
In Edditien to schorlr, rost nfficc, ttlerFrone officc, fishirg asso-
ciEtion, etc., then cre bErracks fcr the land End rays]. forcts.
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6. Bogorodskoe,
,A transportation center located or the bank of the LTUT
about E0 ,kilometers north of rariinskoye. Its porulation numbers
about 1000 an there are about 200 houses. As well as being the
rortof call for ships navigating the Amur River, it has a motor
vehicle road to Lapreva which is ,a r.oint of connection with the
Gulf of Tartary and North,Cakhalin. The residents engage princi-
Ially in farming and fishing, The Raion executive committee, a
civil police station, lost office, telephone office, schools and
hospital are here.
' 7. Volochayevka (See Annex 6),
It as about 15, kilometers north of'De Kastri. The
houses number,about 100. Very recently as a result of the rros-
reritiy of De Kastri it has undergone a comilete change as a
military city. It has eight barracks.
8.?Kerb? (Fol.iny Osirenko)
The largest village in the Amgun River Basin. ? It has a
pchooll lost office and fur factory, and a roivaation of about
50.0 with about IQC houses.
Area N2E,112..iti!f the Ude River
Ayan (See Annex E)
The lorulation is approximately 3000. It has a pea-
rlane base, a radio station, etc.land electric light facilities
in,addition to a Coastal. Border Guard Sector Unit headquarters,
a Pain executive committee, a aion military committee, a court,
post office, meteorological station, bank, Okhotsk Fishing _
,Trust headquarters, a savings bureau, purchasing asociation,
grammar school, and kindergarten.
The tater sources are six wells and tto slrings, thich
freeze? 14 vinter? excert for one spring an one 1,,e11, so melted
snow is Used as drinking tater. The peoIle of the vicinity are
engaged primarily in fishing and secondarily in raisirg vege-
tables and stock.
,
-Okhotsk (See Annex 9)
the mouth of the Kukhtui River, there are about 500
houses and 3,000 people. It has every agency of Raion adminis-
tration-excert the executive committee there are Coastal Border
Guard Sector,unit headquarters, brick, oil and lumber rlants, and
a radio station,-
Thereis gold in certain raaces in the interior, and -
with the fishing locations on the coast it is the economic center
of the Radon administration.
It is an imrortant transportation center and a port of call
for regular ships on the Nagaevo and Vladivostok-Petroravlosk sea
routes.
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III. INHABITANTS (Population)
The 'Iopulation of the Lover 1.1PUT Oblast is barely 86,000, End
the density of dts IoIulation does not exceed 0.15 person per square
kilometer. The greeter part of the population is aboriginal, but ,
some European Russians who'h&ve arrived in the country &re living in
the lower region of the Amur River. The greater part of the abori-
gines are lit TunEusic Stock, and are mostly engaged in a life of
hunting. Apart from these, the permanent c9astal residents are prin-
cipally engaged in fishing.
In the region on the right bank of the lmer reacl-es
River live the Giliaks (NIBUFU*),. In 'laces on the coast
of Okhotsk live the Kamchadals, who belong to the ancient
Asia. They number no more than a fey thousands, and they
1Y Russianized. The specie' characterist cs of all the
races are set out in the folloring table.
Classification
Furopean Russians
Various ?peoples
of Turgusic
Stock
Peo-ples of_Tungasic Stock
Udehe
Nanai
Tungus Proper
Lamut
Negidal
Goldi
Samagir
Orochi
Evenki
Region Inhabited
Lower Reaches of
Amur and Princi-
pal Towns and
Villages
ThrotighoutlovEr
Smur Oblast, -
Occupation
Lgriculture
Nomads:
HIgting,
Fishing
of the Amur
of the Sea
stock of
ere eYtreme-
various
Special
Characteristics
There are princi-
ially the children
of the first conqu-
erors of Siberia,
and immigrants,.
They are unused to
hardship and vnt,
p&tient talci progressive
but rough in their
habits and bearing,
The Tungusic stock
has mixed Iith the
various peores sur-
rounding it and ap-
pears to have lost
much of its charac-
terisiics, but an-
cient customs have
been preserved by
the Hunting Tungus
who live in the for-
est, and by the
Reindeer Tungus and
others. In recent
times, under the
reforms of the Buz-
siLrs, theY-hEve
been gradually.
.turning from a van-
dering to a settled
life.
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0
.1-1
+)
?r4
.14
Classification Region Inhabited
CT.5
? W :StridkS Of.
(1)
Ancivit Lsia.
Xamchadals
Giliaks
Note:,
Principally the
Lover Readhes of
the Amur niver.
OcCUratien
? Fishing,
Hunting,
Nomads.
These races have
gradually been de-
creasing in /lumbers
since the Russian
imnigration. They
make use chiefly of
log timbers for their
dwellings, and meat
is their starle food.
1.As data is not prepared and there are no details
for the total numbers of the aborigines, a future census will be
nece8sary,
2. This table'hasbeen taken chiefly from the section
on the aborigipes in a study on the 'copies in Eastern USSR, pre-
pared in the General Staff Qffice,' in I,arch 1942.
Since this area is remote, it has ar extremely srarse porula-
tion which hardly exceeds 86,000 in numbers and a density of 0.15
persons per square kilometer. Except in the rrincilal cities,
the dvellirgs arc native structures for the mobt'part, and the
quartering of large forces would be difficult, This would be par-
ticularly true during the extreme cold winter.
It would be advantageouS to use the Russian barracks (in:
cities and at strategic points along the coast).) the living quarters
belonging to the fisheries'(Russo-Japaneae Headquarters are about
86 kilometers southwest of Okhotsk on the seE coast of the north
eastern part of the Ulya River), warehouses ,and Other buildings;
but many things are unknown concerning their construction, loca-
tion, etc.
A force operating in this region would be more or less com-
pelled to deiend on Russian bErracks. ?
It is generally possible to bivouac in summfr, but in lirter
it is vital,thEt preparations be made to protect against the cold,
etc.
It is rossible to bivouac in temperatures of 30 to 35 degrees
belov. zero, if Tyre-95 portablc tents and Tyre-95 octagonal. bell
tents are used. It is also ?necessary to choose a high, dry place
for bivouacking as there are many forests and areas of swampy
ground, Measures to ward off the damp are vitally necessary when
-bivouseking in forests or areas of awamry ground.
For quartering in vi.nter, see Notes-on-lrinter
ionsprerE.red by the Kuan-Tung Army, Headquarters,
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General Table of Quartering Capacity. of Principal Towns and
Villages in Lower Lmur Oblast.
Regional
Classification
Northern part
of the 1,1tri-
time Krai
Region south
of the Uda
River
Region north
of the Uda
River
Town .or Village
?
?
Sovetskaya Cavan
Datta
.Nikolaevsk
?Komsomolsk
De Ktstri
Sofiskoe
,Utriinskoe
Volochacvka
Kerbi (Poliny)
Osipenko
Ayan
Okhotsk
Estimtted
Billeting
Capacity
16,000
6000
50,000
140,000
5,000
4,000
2,000
-
1,000
6,000
, 6,000
Number
of.
Houses
500
120
1500
500
200
100
am
100
500
Porulation Existence
of iiilitary
Quarters
8,300 YeS
2,000
25,000 tt
70,000
11
. 2,500
11
5,000
1,000 It
It
11
600
3,000
It
3,000
Note: Porulatior, in this table, is based rrircipally on the
Soviet National census rublished in 1939; forced laborers tnd military
forces are included, Billeting capacity is, in general, computed ct
double the ropulttion.
FOOD FUEL,.. TATER; Siff PLY
A. 'Food
1. Food
Since ther( i' little arable land, agriculture production is
meager and self-sufficiency in grain is very difficult; but south of
liariinskoye along the Amur River bin, agriculturc is .more developed
&rid wheat and vegetables arc produced in this area.
Fishing is the only rouerful industry in this area. Besides
servings food for thc local population, a lurge quantity of fisI is
exported to other areas. An operational force uould htve difficulty
in securing food locally and would have to depend mostly on I:ht it
uould bring vith it and on uhat could be .sent on aftmards,
Note: Head of domestic animals in lozer Amur Region.
Cattle-
?8,700
Hogs_
-40,0,00
Sheep
500.
2. Forage
In addition tO small quantity of grain foruge derived from
barley, oats, etc.lfrom Lay to September it is rossible to use green
grass, but tra,e:ist-little of this, Orating forces,vould there.-
fore need to bring essentitl forage uith them or have it sent on-after-
wards.
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DISTRIBUTION CHART OF THE
INHABITANTS OF THE LOWER AMUR OBLAST
EAS ERN US
CAPE
LOPATKA
KURILE
ISL ANDS
= EUROPEAN RUSSIANS
UDEHE
OKI NANAI
131EI TUNGUS PROPER
KAMCHADALS
LAMUT
YAKUTS
LJ NEGI DAL
DECI GOLDI
SAMAGIR
EEO OROCHI
DIEI EVE NK I
r72 GIL IAKS
* TN: SYMBOLS OR COLORS
ILLEGIBLE
t PHOTOGRAPHS NOT
REPRODOCEABLE
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B. Fuel
hs forests ere ilentiful overyvhere, sufficient firelood is
Tith the srerse ropuletion hovevcr, collection of '
wood vould deTend on the soldiers. The stalks of verious grains
make e substitute for straw;t nd tre.a necessary materiel in
bivouacking, so it would be imrracticable to use them es fuel.
C. Tate'r Suuly?
Yost of the local inhabitants use river vate, but veil
water is used in ereas remote from tons and rivers though the
number of veils is very small. The vater is good ovoryvhere and
is easy to obtain.
AlthouEh the vater of the various rivers on tYe coast of the
Sea of Okhotsk is somevhat imiurc it cen be used for drinking:
(Page 106 is missing.)
PART VI. ClIDITE
I. 07R,-.IL CLMATE
A. This erea is situated in 4. high latitude,but the, topography
of the simrle end regional modification is comparLtively slight,
though it is uniformly effected by the See of Okhotsk.
In vinter, fine eether is feirly continuous although it is
extremely cold. ComrLred vith inland areas, the summer is cool
and very dr; rein Ails for &bout htlf of uch month End 71:321-
bility is rather roor.
B. The demp.igning season, climeticelly siuking, is es shovn
in the folloling teble. August to October is the most suitable
time, vith March to July next, end November to FEbrixry es quite
unsuitable. (According to e survey by the Northern 149th Unit,
March 19L4: "Climatic DEta for OrerEtions in Northecstern Aree",)
Month
Suitebility Jan Feb Mar .Apr Hey Ju h Jul Lu Ser Oct Nov Dec
Findings
Note;
Vore then 22 dey6 uiteble for opera i(*s.
20 to 21 days
16 to 19 deys
Less than 15 clE,y.
tf
11 11
fl ft
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C. Special characteristics of climate, thich need careful con-
sideration in the light of tie requirements ere as follovs:
,
1. --It is a region of extreme cold. The meer,Ilkirter tem-
pereturo'is 20 to 25 degrees belov, zero (in centigraidc.as are
follo%ing temperature. From October or, this miniMum terycreture
fells belol,zero End reeches its loest limit ,et 40 degrees beloy
zero in 'February. It is generelly-compareble to the temicrature
in the northerr Fart of Manchuria
L.ccerdingly, eFart from the fact that equirment-fOT-E-ni-ex-
tremely cold area liould be necessary for oierEtions in this area,
it ould be best to-take vinter overcoats even in sumMer.
2. There is great variation in night a/d day. , (Sec Insert
4) The variation betLeen night and day in this ar6a is great,
by virtue of its losition in the high latitudes. From Jurc to
kugust'the day is longest, lasting from 17 to 13 hours. From
the middle of Aey to the end of July, twilight appears all night.
.(The so-called perpetual tvilit.ht, ),hich can be'utiJized for
operations, is generally one-third of this) In tinter, on the
other hand, daylight lasts no more than 5 to 7 hours.
This IhenomEnon felloIs a northlard advance, and the verit-
tion gradually becomes greeter.. '
Units oIcra.ting in this area must therefore Fey cEreful
conideration to the selection of time for atteck, etc.
3. The coast is icebound, end ice generally reaches about
1 meter in thickness.
Ice fields vary from place to place, but they freeze from the
first of November to the middle of Lay, end the ice generally
reaches El thickness of about. I meter, althoue this is not constant.
Particularly south of the southern cart of the Gulf of Sekhalin End
north of, .-1-1d including, the Strait of Tertary, almost the yholo ?
surface freez(:s and becomes one greet ice field. (The Sea of Okhotsk
end "the northern Fart of the Gulf of Stkhelin also freeze for-a
diStenct of from 45 to 75 kilometers from the coast, ,and th( coest of
the Gulf of Tartary also freezes.) The surface of the ice on the
west coast of Sakhalin is extremely uneven and transport by sleds ir
difficult, but in the middle end to the west of this it is level
and communication is easy.
4. Fogs are frequent at sea.
From -Arch to laigust their occurrence is frequent, Terticulrly
ip,June_10-101 there is fog for more than ten days, but in other months
they seldbm occur. '
5. There are large snowdrifts.
The snot piles ur to a height of 25 to 50 centimeters, and
the &mount piled up is Iarticulerly large neer Sovetskaya Geyer (1.3
meters) and near Okhotsk (3:0 meters).
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E. There are long frozen layers of eErth.
there are layers of frozen earth in the greeter part
of this region, careful consideration is needed ih regard to the
building of fortifications, the constrUction of roads, the diEg-
ing of'ells, end sr on.
D. General Summtrv of Climate in Each Lrea
Regdop Coastal. Region of Gulf of
TartaryLTeei (Includes
Section Strait of. tartary, Gulf of
Lmur,. and Gulf of Sakehlin)
Lacrature 1. On summer days it is
cool, but the difference
betzeen night End day is
greEt. In NikolEcvsk, the
mean maximum temperature for
July is 23 degrees; the mean
minimum 3.7 degrees, and the
comparative difference 17.6
degrees.
2. Equipment for extreme
cold in winter would be
necessary for an operating
force, as also l'?ould be
winter overcoats even in
SUPM(T.
Rainfall From Vey to 8citember
rainfall is frequent.
(Nikolacvsk, 450 mr)
Snowfall 1. The period of snowfall
is October to Icy.
the north wind is 'strong
the snow drifts.
2. In Nikolaevsk, the quan-
tity of snow idled up
amounts to 1.5 meters.
Coastal Regienof the
Sea of Okhotsk
1. The summer is cold and
even at midsummer (July)
though it is hot sometimes
during the day, a fall of
temperature of 2 to t de-
grees in the mornings and
evenings is often E re-
minder of the cold.
2. Equipment for extree
cold in winter lould a -
necessary for an oicra-
tine force, as also would
be vinter overcoats even
in summer.
The rainy season is July
.und Lugust, when more than
half the annual rainfall
occurs.:
It ds-particultrly frequ-
ent in the soUthwest corner
but decreases steadily to-
wards the northeast. (Lyan
8c,T MO (Okhotsk, 33C mm)
I.The reriod of snow-fall
.1s October to Fay, and is
estimated at 90 days a yr-.
Snowfall is frequent in
Spring
2. The quantity of snow
piled up gradually in-
creases towards the north-
est. (Okhrtsk neighbor-
hood, 30 meters).
717
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CPYRGHT
SFCPET
,Regicr Coacte1 Region of Gulf of
Tart Ery fire& (Includes
Section StrEit of Tertery, Gulf of
'Lmur, end Gulf of Sakehlin)
Fogs
TJnds
June to Lugust are the vet
reriod at 80,90 ler cent;
November to 1:arch are drier
at 60-70 per cent,
1. They _occur often from Mey
to ally in a southeasterly
vind.
2. They occur everywhere on
the Lmur River end on its.
banks and arc rerticularly
frequent for some hours after
sunrise. It i8 rare thEt they
cover the whole area. of the
stream, but usually gether
et the roirts -of junction Of
branch streams, et the
mouths of velleys etc.
In slimmer southeasterly winds
ere freeuent. From Seitember
the northwest wind blows
strongly; but it rormelly does
not reach storm and strength
inlerd.
Freezing 1, Fre(zirg at the moutl of
the Lmur Tviver, mid November;
thav, mid-t&y, (On occesion
? it her-lens that it extends
? unti2 the.last part of Jim.)
2. The Gulf of Lmur, tc
Strait of Tartary, and Fe
on, frceze, End from J,nu-
ary to Arch communicction
litl Northern Sakhalin is
Tossible eve: the ice.
Coastel Region
of the
Sea of Okhotsk
Same es on the left.
1. Tley occur often in
siring (Ley, June) End
ere carticularly. thick.
2. They normelly occur
from nightfEll to sunrise.
But it sgretimes h[rrens
ti-,t they continue fof
the whol'e dEy.
Throughout the yeer
they-are not strong. In
? winter they .are L-6 meters/
sccor.d; n summer 34,
meterrlsecond.
1. Cost ? freezes eerly
November, thews letc
Hay (Okhotsk, Lyan)'
2...Ice:-fie1d extends for
a distnce of from L5 to 75
kilometers from the cot.
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I II
0
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A ? roved For Release 1999/08/25: IA-RDP78-03109A000500010021-
TABLES OF NIGHT AND DAY FOR NIKOLAEVSK AND OKHOTSK IN LOWER AMUR OBLAST
1944
OKHOTSK
NIKOI_AEVSK
,VA 47 4v47 47
zy
TWILIGHT
Ar 4
z Ak (NORMAL)
ff A v NF*7
A7
' v
-r?
011111
ZA' ;
-sL zv Av
,\N? AV Z
.\\HAA AA
NCI4rw4.
;
mai
redigk
PERIOD
OF
SUNLIGHT
!LIGHT
RMAL)
Wrfi
A4 AA
A'
OF
?
ArA
&ILA
PERIOD
OF
SUNLIGHT
. .
1117,/ ;,?7
'NW ;ey e
Ar A z
my. v
N\.1f,V A' AV AV A
" Av Af %V AV A
TWILIGHT
(NORMAL)
5 6 7
MONTH
7,1111111:.
\.
/,,NNIM
TWILIGHTNN7
(NORMAL)
4301,11K ;11
7 Af 4' AY
ZZ, ,7
5 6 7
MONTH
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CPYRGHT
II. AERON1UTICLL NETECROLCGY
L. The weather Thenomona of this region which have a great effect
on the flight of airplanes include fog, mist etc.. which are tie
result of the winter lot pressure areas. It is also recessEry to
give carefill consideration to icing conditions.
? Pany deti1 re still obscure but some informttion }Its boon
collected Ls a result of investigation of these 'factors. The
most desirable tine for military olerations is from Lugust to
October, with Lpril and july next. November-February is rather
unsuitable.
B. Factors to be Oonsidered when Selectir, Route and Lititude
1. Then there are no .inter 3cls and no frorts, the choice
of route is optional if thc altitude is over /000 meters. in
prevailing-wirds of winter the minimum height is 3000 meters Erd
over the EC& 2000 meters.
However, in the neighborhood of lows and fronts (cloud strtta
reaching about 6,000 meters) End in the narrow pErt of the
Tartary Strait, the cloud strata are extremely dense (exceeding
5,000 meters in height). There are many difficujties in rising
above or crossing them.
2. In tle rear of a movirg high ard even in t 'cried of
clear weather, tlerc are mtny instences when vision becomes
bad because of haze. Ir CESE.E. such as tlese it is advistble oto
mtke efforts to go around them.
3. ?hen t front running fror northeast to southwest in the
aftermEth of a moving 1,irter lov, is advancing yrd finally lies
north End south Ls it advances systvErd, grouis of lows
collecting on the frort develop markedly. It sometimes Yappers
that the weatler Ceteriorytes more quickly thin might Ircviously
11E:role been exrected. In such cascs it is advisable to select a
route which villtuoid most cf the grows of los.
L. Tows move quite raiidly in srrirg End fall. Because of
this, then are many opportunities to make effective surprise
attacks based on sound judgment of their sped of advance and
tine of /assage. Flying through the lower cloud strttL in
virtGr involves the danger of icing, but \hen thc temperature
is 300 beloI zero there is little dtnger of icing Ls long ES
there is no mtrked inversion of tomierature.
? 5. In 'winter the rear. detree to which the terperyture,
drops between the ground and 5000 meters is 0.24 (degrees per
hundred Meters) et Nikolaevsk 0.33 (degrees ler hundred meters)
KoMsomolsk. In summer it is about 0.46 (degrees ler hundred
meters) at KhEbarovsk.
In sun-Ter in thG vicinity of the lower reaches of the
Lmur River, if an altitude of roughly. 3,500 1,.leters is reached
(2,000-2,500 along the shore of the north part of the Sea of
Okhotsk), the temperature drops below zero.
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SECRET
6. The winds in the :upper air north of
of the Sea of Okhotsk are shown in the table
Lltitude (JEters) tind Direction
500 In both syt.ing'and
autumn west binds are
most prevalent arid in
Sumner westerly End
easterly winds rrE-vaii.
1000. The west wind rrevtils
throughout the y(Er but
-north_and south..1":inds. .
often blow in siring end.
an
est vind ir summer.
2000 In summer, fall; zncl-
winter, the west wind -
prevails, In syring the.
winds &re north to north-
West.
3000 'There is a westerly wind
throughout the year.
the central iortion
below,
wind
_peed (P'eters/Second)
Epring 10-15
Summer 5-10
Easterly bird 5
FE-11 15-20
Tinter 15
Spring 15-20
Summer
4U.UITTIP ?Q
Tinter 15
Siring,10-15
Summer 5-10
Lutwn 20
rinter 10-15
Spring 10-15
Summer 10
Lutumn 20
winter 10-15-
:srom
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LE:t ..LNKLagyhtv
IITLLTH LTD HYGIrrE
- ' 7
The region of the Lower Amur Obleet IS a'oomparatively.hbqthT!
place on the whole excert for its severSly cold ik.ther ImTarticu-:
lair there are no endemic diseases.
However, s conceftions of hEi'ene are irimitive, the srreLd -
of contagious disctses Ihidh orignate when river water is used as .
a source of wtter suirly must be considered.
The rrincircl local diseases of the native inhabitants are
malaria, venereal diseases (mainly gonorrhea), pneumonia, etc.
L. The General Corditions of 1,221.1._LIElene End Health
Llthough the Russian houses hEve ventilation End lighting,
they arc-tightly closed in winter to keer out the cold. Since
iechkas gireLlace, sletlirg riches/ are used, lice, bed bugs,
etc. re omnipresent and the drainage &round tYesc houses is
defective End insanittry.
In tle cities there &re usually RussiEr-tyle bzth houses,
but there are .generally tOo fel for all the inhabitants and
they do no bEthe regularly. Llthough the latrines Erc of the
sitting-tyle, they Ere quite insanittry: Drinking water is
transrorted in tEnk v(hicles frem C reservoir.
B. Institutions for Tedical Fx6mination
There are government laboratories, rrivEte hoslitals,
medical examinttion centErs, fArst Lid -Aations, mtternity
hcsrittlz hetlth stEtons, Etc but they vcre few in number.
Convalescent institutions vhich mtke use of hot syrings End
mineral srrinks Els? FGCM to be; in crerEticr.
The knm.n medical institutions Ere ts follovs:
Plt ce Names
Sovetskaya GE:cram
De KEsthi
Nikoltevsk
Sofiskoc
Komsomolsk
Instituticns for Medical FxaminEtions
Navy hosiiitl, and municilal private
hosiltals
Central heoritEls built by the milittry
l_rmy hosritEl and 4 ?tier general
hcsiiiLls
hoslital.
GencrEl hosrittl End 4 other municiially
established hcspitEls,
-el-
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C. Epidemic Prevention
The thinking of the inhtbitants on health and hygiene is
primitive, End, various contcgicus discEscs are provtlent since
their institutions Erc not well equipped. The inhEbited places,
in pErticultr, YEW, many lice, so there is e possibility of the
spread of much crittive typhus.
There are contagious disease research lEborEtories, isolE-
tion hespitals End deconttnineticr institutions for epidemic
prevention.
The inhtbitEnts hEve generElly bed preventEtive inocultticns.
D. Yedicires
There is little manuftcture cf medictl products so they ere
not reEdily obtainable. . .
II. HFLLTH LNL HYGIENE OF LIVESTOCK_
This tree hes ? moist climrte, much low dun' ground end is
rich in forcvts. The hcElth End hygiene of domestic tnimtls Ere
poor end numerous blood-sucking insects do greet htrm while they
ere groin g.
Public EI,Erencss of c livestock epidemic is rErc. Construc-
tion of veterintry hoslittls end similEr fe'cilities seems to be
improving grEduElly but they arc still too fez end smooth manegc-
ment of veterintry Efftirs is difficult.
The principal livestock epidemics E.-re as fOl1O1;.si
Name of the discEse General Conditions
Lnthrax Glanders
.Cattle plague ?
Eye diECESES
Disetse of bloody
excrement
Germs exist throughout the thole aret Ednd
they siretd during the /oriod of Ity-SeI.
The mein cturcs for spretd of this disctse
trc domestic tnintl burying places being
.zashod cut by non& or being dug 171- for
highzay end railrotd construction.
attic, pltgue does the greatest harm in
this region End the virus occurs through-
out thc-zhelo area.
Epidemic emong horses end many lose their
sight Ls a result. Szampy grazing lend
is the greatest: cause
Cattle plegue. Huch of it breaks out in
the forest fringes of the mourtvin regions.
The cause ls-not clear. Occurs freouently
near the .FICE COESt.
Others There is e widespread occurrence of glend
end skin diseases.
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CPYRGHT
, stutg
Part 8 FOFTIFICImION"
,
There is E totEl of four,fortified TlEcGs in this Erca, In,
three of vhich are fortifications End garrisons (Sovetskaya.
GEvan, De KEstri End Lolher (jizhne7 Lmur) End ono plEce Nhero
fortificttions re suspected. (Ckhotsk). Most cf these, except'
for the Lover (NizhnG) Lmur, fortified area, Nero constructed
Efter the Manchuritp?Incident. The troois coolcrEte vith the
fleet in these districts End their chief Eir is tc breEk up
enemy lEndings. This seems to indicate that these tro the
strong points of the coast defensEs (there is cJose conbEt eup
met n(rth cf De KEstri.)
Note,: Costal fortifications Ere up to modern construction
stEndards, but defenses on the lEnd front seem not to hEve
been stErted ts yet.
I. FORTIFIED LET/. OF SCVETSKLYL GLV,LN
, This LES built sirultEneously vith the htrbor construction
1Nhich yts becim Ebout 1935 and \,as prEcticElly finished by 1937
or 1938. '.1though thE conditions, Efter thEt tire ETE, not
cleErly detti]cd, the batteries hEvo tn underground,lEssEge End:
it is reported th%t thcy Ere fully Louiiped. In vieI of the
grett imiortEnco of this lort recently, it is surmised thEt
strengthering (f cEch kind of Gquipmont End cEch defense unit
has been undertaker. This hoyevor'is still uncerttin. Sovet-
skaya Gtvan is the main bEse for tle, Yorth,lEcific DetEchmnt
of the 1-Ecif3c fie...et, and, in the .future, in vicy of the corylc-
tion of thr Baikal-Lmur railroEd, it ,ill bE E lEndL,scE coruni-
cation confer. because of its JrportEnce, defense irsta3laticno
are prcbEbly grEeuElly bEing strengthened.
FORTTFIFD LREJ. F DE IC.I.STRI Lnney 6)
It apreErs thEt 1,ork. hes begun. bout 1932 End it htc doubt-
less beer strengthened SiTICC then. Detailed conditions
obscure but it is susrected &Et various instEllEtions INere
rather Ectiveay strengthened Et-ter the outbreEk of thE-, Soviet-
GormEn vuEr ir 1941;
gErrison force %cF, perytnently formed by the Red Lmy
Cbout 1938 End the nEgi Nab chEnged in 1941 to the iO4th
Fortified frEE.
This area consists of strEtEgic points Elong the TErttry
StrEit including Nikoltevsk and, (n the fluorite_ sIcre, Llekstr-
drovsk. Thi E L9.1.11 imrortEnt strEtegic area bectuse it protects
Sofiskcc Enc] the.inlEnd Lrair River region. '
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III. THE FORTIFIED AREA OF THE LUTE Liviur (See Annex 7
Fikolaevsk is situated in a /osition dominating the mouth of
the /7,mur River. Besides being a be for communications it North
Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the coast of the Sea of,Okhotsk and the Khaba-
rovsk region, it is an important ioirt on the route betveen America
and Soviet Russia. It has had batteries and other installatiens
since Czarist times, but these were destroyed at the time of the
Nikolaevsk Incident in 1923. In addition to restoration work begun
in 1932 or 1933, construction of special artillery .emplacements on
both sides of the river mouth was started. Although these 1,ere
completed around 1938 their condition after that time is not clear.
The importance of this port since the outbreak of the Soviet-
German var has constantly increased, so it may be presumed that its
fortificati-ns and installations have been strengthened. The gcrri-
son unit remains as it vas.
IV. OKHOTSK DISTRICT
Since it is E. strategic place fronting on the Sea of Okhotsk,
it is believed that fortifications and installations exist, although
reports are meager and details are not clf;ar.
Part 9. INDUSTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
I. StlEARY
The Lower Amur Oblcst covers C vide area and is qUite isolated.
Its communications arc- not developed and since the porulation is
sparse, industry is hardly vorth noting except for lumbering and
marine products. The lumber industry is in the process of gradual
development and it is blessed vith rich lumber resources. Accompany-
ing an increased demand for lumber, mills have appeared recently in
Nikolacvsk, Okhotsk, De Kastri, etc.
Salmon and various salmon-trout are plentiful in the lover reaches
of the Amur River and in the coastal areas. In 1868 the Japanese began
fishing and considerable development followed. The fishing catch was
large and it increased continually, but in 1899 End 1900, ming to
pressure by the Russian government, jaianesc fishing was prohibited and
it became a Russian monopoly. Even now. tlis prohibition is being en-
forced along the shore of the See of Okhotsk. The Soviet coastal fish-
ing industry has develcrcd very recently as an important industry; the
annual catCh is over 40,000 metric tons.
II. LUDDER INDUSTRIES
The greater part of the. Lover Amur Oblast is a forest area and it
is rich in resources. Lumbering is an important industry.
The types of trees are chiefly acerose treosj such up larches,
pinus pentaphylla, _etc, They are interspersed with a few latifoliate
trees.
? 84. -
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LTCPFT
The develorment of the lumber inclustry in this reginn is
naturElly retErded ts it i6 cfl Ere., lying in the north whore
communicEtionS are unsatiSfEctory End labor "(ler extremely
short. IuMbering isrestrictEd to the victy cf'rivers, c1t4es
and mines where it is easy to remove the trees. They Ere trEns- ,
' ported principElly by rfts'.
It is likely thtt the lumber industry a11 continue to
develcr Er neErs nf trancpertttion imrrove.
III iI1FrRoniscis INDUSTRY
Fish'Ere plentiful in the 101,er retches of the Lmur River
tnd in the 1:critime. Kt-EA End the mErine rroducts irductry,hEs
develcped in retent years to lositicn of greEt imrcrtarce.
The principll marine products Ere salmon, salmon trout,
herring, sErdirc, cod, etc. Loot of the catch undergoes E
simIle stlting and Tickling rrocess End is exported to Central
End ruroletn USSR.
Shallov vttor fish srch Es cErp and Eibel Erc ctught in the
LMUT River bin.
The history cf the fisl-irg irdustry Elcrg thE coast of the
southern rErt of this major dttcs back tc fisYing by the Japa-
nese in 1868. 'Llthough it 1,Es gradually developed, subsEquert
pressure 1*- PLUSSiE fr'q, 189c= to .15C0 wEs iter, End in the end
'fishing becEme RussiEn moneroly. The JET-Erin stil] fish along
the north coast of thE, Sct, of ilactsk.
The 'resent Soviet f-lshirg irdustr i beer great:ly dcv, lr
oped with its center os f011OWSt
,Iover LLur fishing trust Et riko-laevsk, the certrEl Lmur
fishirg trust at Komscmolsk and the Okhctsk End Lyan fishing
truEtc Et LyEn?. ,Eathough Eccurtte data on the yEErly catch are
leckirg, it ErTeEre to rcEch over /C,00r metric tors. The gnat-
er pf!rt, '70-E0 prcent, of thL hEul is c-mposed nf sElmon End
sElmon trcut.
Note: The yearly JEI,cresc-RussiEn tot] fishing b.aul
ri 1512 comes tc 12,000 tons.
IV. IINING IUDUSTRY
Onld ,trd ircr are importnt mineral resources.. Gild lies in
the irportant gold-prodncinr areas Cf rastern USSR and is
mined rrinciiElly in the diFtrict on th( left bark cf the lower
reaches rf the ,mur River. Crude iron cro is rroduccd an the
vicirity of YikelEcvsk supplying local iron rills, End there is
fr estimEted r:E,SEA-VC Cf 1650n,00G metric tons (the arnuEl irnn
ore rroduction is rbout 10,00C retric tcne). It 'is rercrted that
tw( ilEccs .where ircn is ircduccd hEve bcer disuovcred v
ly in the diFtrict of ,i,ricli(*1) in the loi,or reaches Tcent
tfee-
Lmur River.
JrpFnese translation of Russ En name.
- 85 -
stun
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SECRET
Besides these, it cppeErs thot thEre ore derosits of yclfrom,
ontinony End tin on the sides of Udyl LEke and smell amounts of
such metels Es had, zinc End coricr in the vicinity of LyEll.
,Uthrugh the caning industry of this regior WES EtErted in
Encient CzErist tirEs, its remtrkable production develormcrt hos
token plEce sirce the Fiiro Ycar Flans.
V. DIDUSTRY
Industriz1 focilities in the Lover Lnur Oblost Ere fencrelly
locking end /reduction in this orca, except for Nikoltcvsk, is neg-
ligible. In NikolaEvsk ore a ship-building yerd, olcohol, lumber,
flour and brick llants, ctc. wit] the Cevel-gment of lumbering tnd
marine industr,7, in etch imicrtant trot, then- Ere snall-ccole facili-
ties such ES lumbE/ mills, ccnncr:es, End fish-Frocessirg rents.
Komsonolsk is the '&1-gest industriel center in Etstern UCSF.
There ore En cu l refinery, iron vorks, tiriltne, tonk, gun, En-curd-
tion, ship-building, E,utomobile, paler, lumber mill End -)ther mili-
tery End civilier fectorios.
VI. .LGRICUIT'JJZ
The Lever i,mur OblEst is gencrElly unsuited to egriculture CY-
cert in the Lmrr,fliver bocip ming to Edvcrse soil ard vueother condi-
. tions. FErmingi'S 1-ir...ited.to the Lnur Rfver btsir. The cultiveted
cret does not Exceed 31PC,,hectErec.
Crocs ore yihot, rye, ond rots, I-otEtoes End vegotebles, but
there tre net enough for self-sufficiency.
VII. HUFTIK
Hunting.is.corducted or E. vi_de scol cs e moons cf livelihood
for the primitive res los .to live in the forests. Injtrticulor,
seEle such cs FLoco end Collotorio Ursire, fcx.cs, ctters: End .
squirrels live in the Charterskie In,irtor excellent furs
ore obtoincd or c result of hurting by th rEtives.
aii1E= NO 1. &SIC STUDY OF LaNDINCS CY ICEBOUND COSTS
This study by the 7th Engineers Regiment in Lecerber, 1937 is
o sumnEry et landing methods, vitl tho folloving basic Escumitionst
1. ThEt tLe. traisitrts of tl L military forces Errivirg off the
elroirted coEst vili be able to Er:cher in the.ror-fre-zen (.r.thinly-
frozer areo.
2. 717EA the SUE. ice directly E :cirs the continertol coot and
is not separated :from it.
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3. That the vird is landward, Ell ice floes Erc riled up
and irterlocked, there arc ice lakes End fissures, the ice is very
rough Erd passage fcr vehicles, hcrses, End even men is difficult.
On the outer edge cf this thibk ice field there is a thick-
ness rf criroximately 10 cms thich is mixed ILith hard fragments
End around it C ten-meter belt of thin ice. Its cuter edge is
extremely irregular.
. 13.;SIC Fi_CTS
L. Ice-breaking caLcit:v cf bocts
The ice breaking capabilities cf lErge End sr-Ell rotor
boats are deierdert Frim,rily cr the conditicns of the ice. Ice
of the same thickrEss is hLrd Et lcw mrrnirg Erd evening tenrcrE-
tures, but during the day it is &ft.
(TN: Pages 124 End 125 are missing.)
7. DE rk glasses Lnd thite outer clothirg.
D. rethcd cf FeEsuring Ice Thickness
1. h man cn hands and knEes shtkes the ice. If cthers,
several meters distant, feel this tremor the ice is about 12
centimeters thick.
2. Organizations
rf sectirn and summary of its action
There are five perile in cne secticr ircludirg the
section leader.. They advance tv...0 Et a time, under the supervisicn
of the sectirn leader.
a. If from a knceling pcsition a hole cannot be
lunched in the ice with one blrw of the Lick, it is more than 15
centimeters thick.
? b, The ice thickness is surveyed from E Trrne posi?-
tien by inserting a claw or brick harmer, a 5-inch nail or a
..sreeially-made skever.
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Advancing
Under
orders of
'
section
leader
rope
Section leader
judgment of nature of ice
survey,of.route of advance
Operation
personnel
rope
Aiding personnel
(L(alternate soldiers)
measurement of
thickness of ic,e,
tools for
piercing the ice
measurement rule
of thickness of
ice
materials for
marking route of
advance
?88?
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3. Sometimes the ice 'at the bottom of the hole drops,
.16 therefore thd thickness of the ice is misjudged; in such
CLFC),9 measuring rule is required.
Measuring Rule
4, ,There Ere gLps vhcre the tide ebbs Erd flows Eaorg'
the coast, so care must be taka, pErticulErly Vher it
F. ClothinE_Lrd Gear for Personnel
?
1. Clothing
winterized overcoats, small Lnd lErEe cloves Lnd
shoes, wain-Rept for ii,alking or ,thin ice (easily carried uher
necesstry), v,inferized hats and uhite cuter clothirg..
2. Tquipmcnt
BinoctlErs, (nor-conrissicnd officers E.rd ebove),
encle, glasses (dErk glEsses), life jEckets, berbco sticks, 1.5 to
2 mttsrs lorg (tied to the center of the body pErElIel to surfEce
of the ice v?hen welking tc revent sinkinE in the LEter).
F4_,_EalliLuELfor Traversing Thin Ice
?
To distribute the ii?cight over E vide tree it is best to
select matoriEls Ihhich are eLsily obtEired End built. The follow-
ing, for dxEmile, should be used.
1. Skis (long End shcrt) cEn bE used by men in flEces
vherc the ice iF level Ln(J smorth.
2. Crl, shds (fcrned by joining skis together) use,'
for bccgege End mEchine_guns.
, ?
3. YLkoshift ucoden shoes for the men Gorden shoes are
mEde from tYick, ide, INcodon bc-rds).
I. Srcvshoes for the nen
,5. Dogsleds (individual sleds)
For use of each. mar (sketch. follous)
8'9
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al
0.4 - 0.6 In
-r-
1.5-2.0 ni
. Straw snow-shoes (S4L1EiEL)
Snowshoes or straw snowshoes are necessary because
of the many uneven spots in the snow.
G. To revent Sldrping
SpeciEl features cEn be added to winterized shoes as
follows:
Role wound Eround the shoe
. SleciEl tetE.l attachents (see sketch).
spike
,
'heel
I
spike
H. Precautions when slEhiEE
If you sink, remoin c&lm and hang on to the stick.
2. If you panic when you fall and hurriedly lift your
self by hooking a foot over the edge of the ice to which you.orc
clingin, ,ru cause the ice to break again. ThErefore it is
best to lift yourself carefully and throl the body horizontally
ES quickly as lossible.
3. To save a person, throw him something that floats
such as E. board, or else lasso him or pull him up by the rope to
which he is secured.
L.,Soldiers who arc pulled out should be jut in a warm
place immediately.
. 90
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NOte:
-Tith e land temperetUre of 15 degrees below 0? end
e sea temperature of 4 degrees'beleW 00; men will die :after
they heve been retrieVed if they ere immersed for 15 minutes
End horses pulled out efter 5 minutes in the water will die in
10 Minutes, -
' II. VETHODS.OF LLNDING S1,1.I.L BOLTS
L. PrejEretion of lira and smell motor bots (peragrEph
which refer only to the engineers will be abridged.)
1. IErge End smEll.mcter botts ere covered by boErds
Ihich give rrotectior frcr sprEy trd ward off the cold vhile
nEvigEtin?. Lfter Errivel, if the ice is etk, or Violent
beachirg of the boat cEuses the weEk, soft ice Eround the beet
to crock these boErds con be eiread rut End used for landing
sefcly.
' 2. I'repErEtions must ,be rode to facilitate transmiss-
ion of order nd commends by voice tube betweer the boat cep-
tein end the helmsmen.
3. If the ice As found to be too thin it is necescery
to rrepare o great many velking aids for the men (end horses)
tnd reinforcerilent materiels, such as strewts,'-Wooden beards :
end steel net. 1
b. It will be recesm.ry to reduce the number of men
(E.nd.....horses) cErried to suit conditions.
B. NEviation
1. On rEsching the edge of the ice efforts must be
mode to find the thin ports, fird E vEy through them End strike
the field of thick ice Es lnrE Es,tle beet is Eble to break ice.'
There Ere many occEsiors when At is Edvistble to increase the
breakirg yover,of the bott by rocking it from left to right or
else by vithdrEwinE End 'advancinggcan
Care must be taken not to demage the anchor and
rudder in this operation.
2. BccEuse of the difficulty in changirg direction
while in the ice field, it is best to EdvEnce by direct route
LS fer es icssible to -ft:, Ere& where thc ice iF thick enough.
3. BecEuse of the movement of the hull in the ticlE1
current Ind mud, the Engine should be r,Edc to go tt slcv speed
Et first whcrcby the hull is mode tP press agEinst the ice.
In order to coke the bot stetionery the Encho'r rust bc. made
ready.
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C. Preptrction for Debarkinr
1. Then the beat is stationtry, the engineers immediately
musure tht-thicknesc ef the ice cnd tscertain thether operations
over tie icc Ere possible.
2. There is dtngcr ir dropping the engineers on the ice,
just ES there lculd be on a. vve-svert cost.
3. Then the ice is not thick ncugh, boards trd c stcel
net may be lEid on the icc trd the trools nty dror onto thEt. .
Materials should be laid as follovs:
a. First tttEch the stecl rct ti' one end of the board
End lay it gently on the ice. Ncyt put one crd of tnether board nr
the first, Erd rut thc cther crd or the bott. Debtrkttien of
trcops jE rade either by this meted (tr antj-clifping scheme is
used on thc board), rr elee by t srall rore ltdder. Those trnops
tho htve debtrkcd fintlly lty ipotrds, steel ncts End strct-ruts and
facilitate debErkaticr cf the other trocrs.
b. BCCEUEC, the board must bc ES C10?C as possible to
the ice it is tdvistble tc devise 7CESUTCS tr vrid disturbing the
ice E.ch as slicink amy the surfcce or riling ur the srov, under
the botrd.
D. tion of the rmbtrked Unit
1. Then thE enbcrked unit ccmmtndcrs recciIc vnrd from
the engineers thEt tlere are nc oosttcles to landing in the vicinit:,
details &2FC EIDOUt the ice thcad, etc.,teccreing to irevious pre-
paratJons End erders, they first irdictte tic direction trid landing
pcint trid order tie reconrcissarcE souads to debark. The bthcr
troops then debark quickly on the ice.
2. Thcugh nEturally the dipecticr nf advancec is rrimcrily
determined by ttctical demtnds, thb follevirg prints must alsc be
considered in order to advEnce safely over the ice:
E. Unice cf directirr because Cf unevenness trd un-
dulttion thcn ice very thick due to the lErge jms rf drift icc.
b. i.pprotch to river mouths yhtre the ice is usually
thick, sirce znnEs tround river rcuths l!here the Later is deer,
generEll: freezes ctsily.
.c, Netr the Erca nf exroscd and hideon rocks acre
the ice is usullly quite thick bectuse sea utter cncic easily fld
the ice cics not f-Jort readily.
d. It is advi.ntagecUs to cheese a direction in thich
the ice i driver tolivard 'land by the v.ird and tidal current.
3. It is best tr lay boards lengthtisc en thin ice cr else
srread straw-mats, steel rets, (20-30 centimeters mesh) ard btmboo
muts.
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.
I. Thcugh ice,may be ,hErd, there Ere ,yleces there drift
ice frtgmerts Ere jtmmed End tbe,ice mEy be thin. ?BecEusc.trecis
may fall thrcugh, thc device cf tying :the trecrs vith E net or
have them ell :rs' E leather rorc and cErry E. bambcc stick must
bE eliloyed. TI-en the icc field is covered Lith srcy E sieciEl
warninc about f'Elling threugh ie,recessarY. '
5. If the snoc has not been szeit av,E,Y End the ice is
thick enough, s1 in oP field Ertillcry vehicles and Enirals may
be checked with c Fick End by ect4ering strEw Ebout.
6. The princirles-..of rccd buildirL .1*.eavy vehdcles?-. -
.and critals :is-the -ElaMe dri"&rtfrr-E,-6-those for quickly-construct-
ed rcEds. Projecticns of. Ice cEn? bc chorred away with ricks Lnd
axes.
, ? ,?
Ln axe is ano.t useful -implement and'an obtuse-
angled blade 'is bet.
7. Because the ice is usuElly cracked by the ebb End
flow of thc tide tt t1E ivdirg li,TE between the land End sea icc,
the necessEry nEterids must be Frepred End carried. However,
cracking dccs not thEys occur at the roint then lEnd End sea ice
meet. Precauticns ruFt be tEken tgEinst the effect of sudden chErge
in the-de:th cf thE, set bottom some diFtEnce frog the cot. If
the difference in ebb and flow is srEll, or if the ice is quite
thick, epecitl irecEuticrs are nct required.
8'. When determiration of the (Depth of ice is difficult
owing to it teInecovcred vith snow, sieciel caution must be exer-
cised.
9. Dialing 1Endin6s, wind direction End force must be
rcted ,id precEutions takEn in thE case cf off-shcre
r. letsurEs to be taken for Hcevv Vehicles on Ice
1. The following methods should be used for field
artillery End othcr vehicles:
1 '
a. Increase thickness of ice,
' b, Syread boards,bundlcs:of smtll sticks, steel
nets, etc,
c. Break thin ice (by use of tools and explosives).
2, To increase the thicknes:s 'of the ice, LI ;CV dike is
built, the water'frEezes; and if tree branches, stravnd steel
rets have been added, its strength can be increased further. .(See
follevirg chart).
water
\\\ water 3.0
meters
\
era or tree2 branches
s
straws or straw
are used
(
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3. Snow etc.iis piled into the 1c7er iErt End levelled
BoErds, smoll sticks or ,steei nets dor be lid. (L non-slip
device is required fer this brErd.)
4.. To ground boot rp neorly hord ico the .thin
broken either by explosives or by Er ice stw.
If conditions remit
type icebreokers moy bc used.
SUPIELENT NO.L.
Term
RoodsteEd
Lnchoroge
-Shelter
Spits
Tongue
Bluff
Drying rocks
Rocky ledge-
Bor
Flood Current
Ebb Current
Srring tide
NeEp tido'
ice can be
srecitl shs such ts smtll-
TEE, S I.ELLTING TO .T.IT CCIatT COLE:TS i_ND HIS,?30EE
Exiltnotion
LT' crehrrtge un unbroken cost where to E ,
certoin extent, it is possible to,Evrid storms'
trid shiIs ctn onchor temprrordly.
? rlcce vhere the bottom End depth ort suitEble
tor shirs to Enchcr. ?
L genertl term for Er Enchorogn ip,here shirs.cEn
be orclored frr sofety Erd rrotected from strrms.
Pebbles tnd sond forptticrs in shEllov. ;Alter ihhich
do nrt follrIA the set coot End project out intr
the set, in the shorecf bird's bill, Ere ctlled
Ettdgpits rr rccksFits Eccrrding to their brttnm8;
O'er this is unlinclim they Ere coned srits.
L 1cv core vhich yrrjects out into the set End is
rcughly tongue-El-Eyed.
L high lEnd projecting nut intr the sco.rf river,
very. steep, End Elmnst perpendiculor to the:, Cur-
fEce of tht -
Slightly rounder in shop.? thEn cliff. Rocks
thich tm env:rod Et 'high tide.
L line of rocks runring rorollel to the coast ond
? hying the oppetronce cf t won-. -
? belt cf stnd End lebbles ,Ahich &ccumulttes ot
. the ertrtnces:tf rivers End boys. hindrance to
noyigetin.
Thc current cued by the tidol rise cf the set.:
The current coused by the tidEl fii cf the ECt.
Tido vdth the rrE:ximum rErge.
Tide the mir'imur rtnge.
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srurT
Spring rise
The height retched by mer,h high t..ter level ?of
spring tides Ebove detum level rf soundings.
No rise The height retchcd by mun high yEter level of
neer, tides cbcvc &tura level of soundings.
Holding ground L set bottom of'scft mud in which? the ship's enchor
will hold tightly lAith little cr no fur cf dreg'gng,
is celled good holding ground. bottom of soft
sErd or light coErse soil in vhich the grip. of the
tnchcr bill is bed, Itvith dtnger of dretiging the
tnchcr, is cElled Ixd holding .&rounde
Note: 43thrugh these terms Ere used mtinly by the nevy, they &re
Elven es reference bcceuse they ere quoted in this study.
SUE-TEO-NT NO_?. GONVITSION TLBIr OF TEIGHTS NL rLsurrs
Clessifiction Terms Metric System
Lineer 1 RussiEn mile (verst) 1.1 kilometers
1 st2hen 2.1 meters
1 crshn 71.1 centimeters
1 fut 30.5 ccntimetPrs
1 vershnk /.4 centimeters
-Teights T tsentner
1 rud
1 funt
1 zolotrik
Liquid CerEcity 1 bochke
1 vedrr
Lcretge 1 desyetint
29.9 kilcuLms . ?
16.4 kilogrtms'
/09.5 grains
/,..3grtms
4.9 hectoliter
12.3 liters
109.3 ores
Note: 1. Llthough the metric system 'is used et present in the
Soviet Ilion, there ore loctl peoples vie:, still use the
tbrve terms.
2. The fituros in this teble ore cerried only to one
deeimea piece.
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r
GENERAL TOFOGRA-FliICAL'AVD GEOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
'OF THELORAVVR 044ST
, .
Koloma R
Ko;ymski 1,4ountain Range
/.11Ya R
Tas Ky.stabyt Ran&e
Kukhtui R
Okhota R
7. blya R
8' Dzhu6dz,hur Mountain Rani,e
9. Indiirka R
? 10, Verknoynsk 1ountain Rantse
11. Alaan R
12. YudoL.o-hayski Kountain Rano
13. Maya P.
14. FribrezhnY Nountain Range
? 15. Ulskays B
16. ?U.a R
' 17. Tue,urski G
18, Ulbanski G
19. Tugur
20- Novania Mountain Range '
-21. Lake Orel
22. Gulf of Sakhlin
- 23. Gulf of Amur
24. Strait of Tartary
25. iikolaevsk
? 26. Ameun R
27. Lake Chylya
2.Mago
29. Lake Udyl
30. De Kastri
31. Aleksandrovsk
32, Lake Kizi
33. Sofiskoe
? 34. Amur
35' gikhote A1in0untain Range
36. Sovetskaya Gavan
37. KhunLari R
3. Komsomolok
39. Lake Evoron
40. Lusse 1in ilountain Range
41, Yam Alin klountain Ranee
42. Dzhaedy 1.0untain Rano
43. Buroya kiountain Range
44. TernaY
45. Khabarovsk
46. Birobia;han
47. Obluche
48. Bureya
49, ZaVitaYa
50. Kuybyshevka
51. Blagdveslichensk
52. Svobodny
53. Shimanovskaya
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ANNEX NO 2a
TYPES OF SOIL OF LOWER
AMUR OBLAST AREA
874/y0fro,
AYAN
1;
1... .) L' %,... 3
...
! ? ? .
I 4 , I
1 3".? '
\ 44 '''..'" 3
) 3 4 s
1 3313 /
: 3 3 L
.333 '`'N
' 3 4
3
3
2
4
3* 4,
2 3,
.3 A 4
4.
A
. / S.,
:A. 4
3
4 ..! 4
44 i
42 4, 4. .. !!........../
' 43. .... .????'" .... 4
4 ,
. . ?
, ....... . ...
S
S 4 SI
4
34
A 2.4
1,000 SOO
5.
S.
0
.?,. ..... , . .1.,?:?. ......... ...);?,14:11tIN
.... , ... ??? ...... ??? /
44 1 ' ....., . ..... "???? I
'NJ
5/ r, \
3. i
3 1
34 .....
MAP OF THE JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN FISHING
INDUSTRY FISH MARKET AREA
1
J
0
G --
0
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ANNEX No 9 (Contd)
r. Border Guard Sector Unit Hq
s, Freezing: Latter part of September
t. Thawing: Ice-drift from the north- during May and June
u. To Yakutsk .
3. Map of the Japanese and Russian Fishing Industry fish mar-
ket area
a. Marekan Pt
b. Japanese and Russian Okhotsk headquarters area
c. No bridge across the river
d. Japanese and Russian Okhotsk Head-uarters
e. No 2 fishing area
f. Japanese and Russian Okhotsk headr,uarters area
(Photograph not reproducible)
g. Forest along the seacoast (scrub forest)
(Photograph not reproducible)
h. No 3 fishing area (Photograph not reproducible)
1. View of Okhotsk No 5 fishing area taken from Ulya
river mouth (This photograph and items below, which
it includes, arc not reproducible)
485 - (TN: meters) hill. Soviet fishing grounds
No 5 fishing area
546 - (TN: meters) hill
Hogdan Pt
ANNEX N o 10
Map of the Vicinity of Mariinskoye
1. Summary
a. It faces the Amur River and has wharf installations
to accommodate 11000-ton ships. It is important from the stand- -
point of communicg,tions with automobile roads running to De Kastri,
Sofiskoe, Kukla (across from Nikolaevsk)*
b. There are about 100 houses and approximately 1,000
inhabitants. Principal occupations are farming and fishing.
c. Military installations
Airfield for land-based planes Amur River Small War-
ship Unit barracks, Red Army Unit barracks.
ciation.
d. Principal facilities
School Post Office, telephone office, fishing asso-
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ANNEX NO 10 MAP OF THE VICINITY OF MARIINSKOYE
MAR II NSKAYA
TRIBUTARY
,
?,1CiL. IS DOUBT-
-s-:FUL IF THISIfi*.'
INLET ;;;-
??
OAK 0 ? E
-MARIINSKOY
ITE. BIRCH
9
4 CURVES ???,,,,
0
MBER STOREHOUSE
Di El MO
.A,T5
UNKNOWN
ISLAND
9
MUNI
OAK
TEM PORAR
WHITE BIRCH
TUG WHARF
4G
GRAVEk... Tit
MARI I NSKA4:...
TRIBUTARY
4.1
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ANNEX No 11
:;ap of the Vicinity of Sofiskoe
Summary
-
a. It is located on the bank of the Amur River and is
a strategic point for military transportation. That is, it is a
junction for a land route (automobile road) to De Kastri and
waterways to Fikolaevsk aad. lomsomolsk. There are airfields and
seaplane bases, and both the airforce and Red Army units are
stationed here. (Recent reports of oil pipe lines to Okha,
Sakhalin).
b. Since the area fronting on the Amur River does not
have very many subsidiary waterways, it is ideally located for
intercepting river- connections. -
C. There are about 200 houses and about 5,000 inhabitants.
d. Important installations
Seaplane base, land airfield, military supply depot,
fuel dump installations, wooden pier (can accommodate -eight 70?meter
ships).
rEY
2. General nap
a. Amur River main stream
b. Very swampy area
C. Both apparently subterranean installations
d. It is reported that there are 14 Subterranean iron
re?inforced fuel dumps.
e. Land?based plane field_
f. To De Kastri
g. -Gornaya Waterway
h. Sofiskoe Mt
.i. To Komsomolsk
3. City Map
a. Main stream of the Amar.R
b. Approximately 1,200 meters
C. Hangar 70 x 38
d. Seaplane base
-e. Water approximately 26.. in deep.
f. Storehouse
g. To Komsomolsk
h. Clearing- the trees for road constructions ,
i. Since the ?surrounding area is scrub forest, the
garrison troops have no difficulty moving around.
j. Military supply depot. r. CHIGURI*
k. Barracks s. Underground installations
1. Headquarters t. Yavigation possible for 250
in. Cultivated land ships
Inlet u, Apparently subterranean
o. Civilian homes installations
p. Flour mill v, Automobile road
q. Military supply depot. w, To Airfield
50 x 20, 33 buildings x. To De Kastri.
? 125 ?
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CPYRGH SECRET
ANNEX NO 12
MAP OF THE LOWER AMUR OBLAST COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
YAKUTSK A.S.S.R.
SK ---------
-
/-'
,S
0
co
o
-
LANTAR
KHOTSK
SEA OF
OKHOTSK
AYAN
A
0
LEGEND
FOR USE OF BORDER GUARD UNIT
FOR RED ARMY
FOR AIR UNIT
GENERAL USE
BROADCASTING STATION.
RE BROADCASTING STATION
POWER PLANT
BORDER GUARD SECTOR UNIT HEADQUARTE
BORDER GUARD SECTOR UNIT
BORDER GUARD SECTOR PLATOON
OTHER UNITS
BOUNDARY
NAVAL BASE
GULF OF
SAKHALIN
OKHA
MAP OF RADIO
COMMUNICATION NETWORK
AYAN
!MIKAN
NIKOLAEVSK
OKHOTSK
KOLAEVSK
,
'
MARIINSKO(E
E KAST
KERB!
MARI
MOSCOW
NOVOSI
vusigRVSKOE
SO ETSKAYA
GAVAN
ABAROVSK
TO VLADIVOSTOK
)-V
)
)(01,90MOLSK
/
1.
r
t#,
VOkOCHAYE V
FISKOE
ERKIVE\ /ex
IA
0M15017SKber4:Z
ALEX
SIZIMI
KIROVSKO
NDROVS
SYURKUM
AKHALI
ATTA
HABAROVSK
0
?
LEGEND
N.
TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH S
TELEGRAPH OFFICE
MILITARY LINES
LINES FOR RAILWAY USE
GENERAL LINE
SUBMARINE CABLE
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KIREN
,,..r.?,-.-...._..- s 0,,.........,
g
- .-_---' +./`' ---
KRASNOYARSK t
.... , N., _,.......4,
t....-SKOVOINDIkO 7IRK _UTSK \
.... ''''..??...0","......'
ANNEX NO 13
SUMMARY MAP ON AIRFIELD ESTABLISHMENTS
AND AIR ROUTES IN THE LOWER AMUR OBLAST
SUMMARY MAP OF SOVIET-AMERICAN AIR ROUTES
??k
TO MARKOVO
BURUN
fi
ZHIGANSK
PE SCHMIDT
ADYFK-LATA'A
OKA)
ZYRYANK
* VI?
6
't? Os
6
YAKUTS
ALDAN k
LEGEND
SA, AIRFIELDS FOR LAND PLANES
Se SEAPLANE LANDING AREAS
? MAIN LINES
-- EMERGENCY LINES
PROJECTED LINES
RAILROADS
--- PROJECTED RAILROADS
*TN: COLORS OR SYMBOLS ILLEGIBLE
TO ts11014
KOLAEnK,
DUTCH
HARB
PET OPA
ft
ADAK IS
"I' tit
EIMCHAN !
SREgNIKAN
?UST T I NAYA
STELKA
? BERELYAKH
KHABAROVSK
?UMCHAN
1,7'1
OYMEKONI,
*14-
//
ST MAYA
LOWER
AMUR
OBLAST
OKHOTSK
APE ENKAN 1Z)
14.1
APE EYKAN
AYAN
MAGAD
LEGEND
AIRFIELDS FULLY EQUIPPED MR LAND PLANES
AIRFIELDS WITH SOME FACILITIES FOR LAND PLANES
? AIRFIELDS FOR LAND PLANES
o SEAPLANE LANDING AREA WITH INSTALLATIONS
.6 SEA PLANE LANDING AREA
MAIN AIR ROUTES
LOCAL. AIR ROUTES
? NORTHERN SOVIET-AMERICAN AIR ROUTES
NORTHERN SOVIET-AMERICAN EMERGENCY ROUTES
RAILROADS
-" PROJECTED RAILROADS
PRINCIPAL AUTOMOBILE ROADS
?TRANSPORT VEHICULAR ROAD
PRINCIPAL NAVIGABLE WATER ROUTES
1*- FUELSHEDS
* HANGARS
'T. BROADCASTING STATIONS AND WEATHER
OBSERVATION POSTS
IP AERIAL COMMUNICATIONS STATIONS
++ RADIO BEACONS - FIXED AND REVOLUTIONARY TYPES
r COMMUNICATION STATIONS
ALDAN?
TOMMOT
TU U
CH UMI KAN
?UDSKOE
? TUGU
ALEKSAN
BAY
ADE
BAY
ULAB
BAY
NIKOLAE
KI
KOLAYA
BAY
MOSKALVO
!GULF OF
SAKHALIN
? TN: COLORS AND SYMBOLS ILLEGIBLE
Oat'
KHAs-
ERESHCH
SAK HAL
NO
LYARVO
NOGLIKI
KOE
OGRANICHNOE
IMCHA
4- 4 ...... 4' ." 4
ANIKI 0
"
SKOV DINO
POLOVI N KA
UST UMALTA
NIZHN
TAMBOVSK?+
SOMOLSK
TARAIKA
BAY
OVETSKAYA
GA VAN
AFUTO
CHEKUN
OBODNY UST TYRM
KUIBYSHEVKA
I ZVEST
BR
SKOE
MARITIME
HOKKA
TO MOSHEGDA
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Scale - 1:2,500,00
_ ?
AJN2:12JA. JNO I)
Summary 'Lap on Airfield Establishments and Air Routes in the Lower Amur Oblast
Table on Airfields in Lower AMUr Oblast Region (1,44 - 1945)
Seaplane Landing Area
lictrict
Place Name
Land Airfields
Runways
Installations
l Revetments ?
Along the
Gulf of
Tartary
Sovetskaya
Gavan
De Kastri
20x20
Amur River
(Including
tributaries)
Komsomolsk
(South) 16x16
runway lx7
lx9
Complete
Open air
Region
(Korth) 30x18
runway 1x12
Generally
complete
Open air
ril
Kemsomolsk
(-forth 5x9
No 2)
Open air
KomsoMolsk
West
Krynac (-171n 1 Qk
(.7.at) 12x4
Ti 1 qhaa
s'nmp. palqt
Khummi
(st) 16x6
We
Fuel shed
Gorin
(East) 11x9
Gorin
(West) 15x3.O
Open air
Sredne Tambov-
skoe
Zizhne
Tambovskoe
Characteristic
Li-00a
Good
Installations
Hangar 1
here appears to
e installations
mall hangars 3
Characteristics
Good
Generally good
Generally good
apnprn,lly gnna
Generally good
Generally good
Good
- 126 -
SECRET
_LHOIAdO
SofiSkoe
Ilariinskoye
Kizi
Oz. Udyl
Kerbi
I,Tikolaevsk
Kedipm-sized
planes
15x15
Runway 3x1
SECRET
Generally good:
Generally good
There are
establishments
Along Sea
of Okhotsk
Baydukov
Island
Kosa(?)
Tugur
Ostrov
Bolshoi
Shantar(?)
Chumikan
Udskoe
Ayan
Cape Eykan
Cape Enkan
Cape Odzhan
Okhotsk
Fuel shed
Generally good.
There are
establishments
Good 0
some extent a
.seaplane landing area 6
C,)
CD
CD
Excellent CD :
CD
.
Co
cri
Seaplane landing area e)
-127-
SECRZT
0
-4
Co
cb
G4
CD
Generally good
cn
IV ?
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AMEX No 14
Map of Industries and Resources of Lower Amur Oblast Area
- Production Table of Principal Industries and hinerals
Plant Location
Product
Generating Sta
Iron ore
Copper ore
Aircraft
Tanks
Guns
Nikolayevsk Komsomolsk
14,0001ov (year) 471000 kw (year)
10,000 tons (year)
120,000 tons (year)
100 machines (month)
30 tanks (month)
10 guns (month)
6,000 heavy shells (month)
300,000 light shells
NOTE: In this table, "year" indicates capacity of production in.
a year, and "month" indicates capacity of production in a
month.
1. Inya R
2, Ulbeya R
7 Inya
Okhotsk
5. Ancha
6, Maya. R
7. Ayanmaik
S. Aldan,
9. Ayan
10. Uda R
11. Chumikan
12. Udskoye
13. Shaatarskie Is
14. Gulf of Sakhalin
15. Ohlya
16. hago
17. HEREnCHINSUKI*
1S. Amgun R
19. Guga
20. Kerbi
21. Udskoye . .
22. 3o1she'hikhaylovskoye
23. :IREOSUKaE*
24. Pokrovskoye
25. Udylskaya
26. Amur R
27. Nizhne Tambovskoe
Verkhne Tambovskoe
29, Komsomolsk
30, Raions directly subordinate
-
31. haritime Krai
32, Dyuanka
33. Sovetskaya 3
*Japanese traasliteration
KEY
34. Pilvo
35. Streit of Tartary
36. Gulf of Amur -
37. Nikolaevsk
3. De Kastri
39. NIROEFUSUKI*
?128?
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SE CRET
?
ANNEX NO 14
MAP OF INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCES OF THE
LOWER AMUR OBLAST AREA
42-
6:7
see
Op
?????
SEA
OF
OKHOTSK
`?-?
mapousGe
LEGEND
(1) GENERATING STATION
IRON SMELTING PLANT
O AIRCRAFT PLANT
O TANK PLANT
? GUN FACTORY
G AMMUNITION PLANT
G SHIPYARD
sg AUTOMOBILE FACTORY
OIL REFINERY
(E) GOLD (MINES)
IRON (MINES)
P COPPER (MINES)
p TIN (MINES)
O COAL
[El PAPER MFG PLANT
N ALCOHOL PLANT
? LUMBER MILL
BRICK KILN
o CEMENT PLANT
FJ FLOUR MILL
1? BAKERY
tS WATER PURIFICATION PLANT
B MEAT-CUTTING PLANT
O SALMON FISHERY
O SALMON-TROUT FISHERY
e HERRING FISHERY
? KOLKHOZ (COLLECTIVE FARM)
SOVKHOZ
Ci GOLD DEPOSITS
O BEING WORKED
O BEING DEVELOPED
O UNOPENED (MINES)
(SD RYE 0 CHARCOAL
(0 BARLEY S MARBLE
0 OATS - 0 TUNGSTEN
OPOTATOES ()ANTIMONY
C) REINDEER &LEAD
C) FISH TYPES 8 ZINC
NOTE: THIS MAP GIVES ONLY THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF INDUSTRY AND RESOURCES.
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[End of Doucment No 2567317
rEnd of DOCUIfISTS BRANCH TR,IISLVTION No 68_7
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