DOCUMENTS BRANCH TRANSLATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03109A000500010003-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 96
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: April 23, 1947
• Content Type: TRANS

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DOCUMENTS BRANCH
TRANSLATION
Number 64
23 Apr 1947
Prepared By
Documents Branch
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE GROUP
New War Department Building
21st and Virginia Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C.
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WARNING
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES W I TH I N THE MEAN I NG OF THE ESPIONAGE ACT 50
U . S. C. , 31 AND 32 . AS AMENDED . I TS TRANSM I SS I ON OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO ANY,
1 ?
i? II I% ere liti o ii f 11.
UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PROHIBITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THE
INTELLIGENCE IN THIS PUBLICATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT SPECIAL
AUTHORITY FROM THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE.
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PO 'A
S the magnitude ,1 ?eproduoLrg the many tables.
charts included is this document (DB Ic 2/008),
eat that the presented herein is of
immt Only to certain technical agencies.
Jranch has resorted to furnishing the transla-'
tion only to accompany loan oopies of the original.
s completely translated. Translation masks
are furnished for application against the origi-
pages of the document as indicated page by page.
The pagination given in the Table of Contents refers
iirictly to the original document.
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it. lossarch Grow
5p.cia. Pub1tcattor of the 7th earway Cosusissioa
CPYRGHT
PRIWORD
Doc No2
COMDENTIAL
The t ak of coUacttng and editing data on the weather of Easter
Asia was ente$.a to the 7th Survey Commiesion of the East Asia losearoh
Group and was carried out at the Central Meteorological Observatory.
The research was begun in 1939 and has at last been completed and the
results published. The data consists of six volumes, each dealing with
a separate area. The requisite meteorological inforaation from each
area hae been recorded with the greatest possible accuracy and we be-
lieve therefore that the data will prove useful in meteorological work
for 8L1 areas covered.
eMeing the course of thts research, the data and completed .0-
t were unfortunately destroyed *a 20 June 1940 in a fir* caused
by 1ttntn. Sasequently, tho pereonnel of the Statistics Section
of the Ceatral Meteorological Observatory, with the magnificeut support
of the meMbers of the 7th Survey Commission and many of the Secretaries,
worked diligently to restore the lost material and completed the work
about a year later.
The foreword has bsen written to place on racor the circumstances
the production of this volume.
June 19k3.
"ADA Takomateu, Chief
The Central Ketoro1otca1 Observatory
1
83110
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SICRIT
CPYRGHT
MOW
This 'voiia. of last Au i, Meteorological Da a deals vith Uri*
and is divided into three parts. The first part gives the average
figures for successive years and is to be used as a general survey of
liberian weather. The second part gives the actual figures for each
month and year. The third part is in the nature of an annex, with
cotes and maps.
eather observations in Siberia sse to have leea fairly complete
Ln recent years, but owing to the particular conditions of the couatry
Lt hs; bee* absolutely impossible to obtain any recent reports. For-
kuaately there was a collection of old reports available at the Central
ASteorologioal Observatory and a large *mount of material has teen
taken from the sources listed below;
Annals of the 1 G.ographtaal Observatory f Nicholas Iand.
1895 1905 s covers *period of 11 years. The survela
%kr? In length, some of them covering only 2 or 3 years. Observa-
tions were as three tines a day, at 0700 1300 and 2100.
Mash of the atmospher c pressure and temperature data was taken
fro the following tables;
of the 1S8R, PartI? Section I. AYerag
ur.figure* for USSR, by A.
eateer0egical Tables tor Foreign Countries. Cent time Central
Meteorological Observatory.
Atmospheric resew* is szpr.ssed in millimeters of mer
is corrected to 0 centigrade and standard gravity (lat tude k5 at
sea leVel).
T.*peratuze is given in centigrade' oorrected to t
=Imre Scale (Celsius Hydrogen Thermometer).
Taper pressure is Shown in millimeters; humi
age of saturation.
a
Sky cover is expressed in figures; 10 being oomplete cover 0
the total absence of cloud, and I. to 9 the varying quantities between.
Mind velocity is given in meters per second and frequency of direc-
tion is indicated by the 5 points of the compass an& percentage of total
observations. Days on which the wind was 1 meter per second or less are
termed *ca1m.11
Amount of r.cipttation is shown in millimeters and the reading
taken at 0700 hours eves the rainfall for the previous day.
2
GRIT
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CPYRGHT
rage month igurse for atmospheric presur., temperature,
es hunidity, sky cover and wind velocity are the averages
readings taken at 0700, 1300 and 2100.
Memimum and SiAiMUM atnospherio pressures for the month ere the
maximum and minimum readings taken at any of the three tiaes noted above.
The highest maximum temperature Jo the highest temperature recorded
at any of the three LAallzi observations. The lowest minimise tempera-
tare is the lowest thermometer reading during the month an the average
minim= temperature is the average of the lowest daily readings.
elesmber of days with miaimum teeperature equal to or less than
serow is the number of days vhen the temperature was 00 coati rade or
below aad correepondo to the number of days Of freesing.
itSimber of &aye with maxinum temperature eqeal to o
it the number of days when none of the three temperature readinge
bo. 00 centigrade and corresponds to the number of daye with nn
ether are those on whteh the total of the three
cover in one dr doss not ?mooed 5. Days of cloud
the total is not less than 25.
Days of precipitation (including rain, sleet, hati and snow)
days of .no an days of hail are those on which there as a fall ot
0.1 mm or more, the reading being taken at 0700 the following morning.
A fall of less than 0.1 is disregarded.
Ders of fog ars those on which fog was observed.
Days of thunder are those on which thueder occurred. The sig
indicates ligWWINgsmconpaeying local thunder and the sigaT indicates
distant thumder. When there is local lightning and distant thunder on
the same day the sling, only will be used and the distant thunder dis-
regarded.
Mlamidity and vepor preanre e easnred on a dry and wet bu3b
thermometer when the wet bulb temeratu. is 0.5P 0 or more. If it is
Isis than 0.50 0 they are calculated with & hair%-hygrometer in coajano-
%Ion with temperature.
Svaporation taiho in ere and le Meat= d ix the shade.
Sunshine is given in hours and the figure represents the total num-
ber of hours pr month daring which the ran shone undimmed by cloud or
nist. Insolation is the amount of time the ran shinee expressed as the
percent of the potential number of hours of sueAhine. This potential is
not computed astronomically but varies according to the terrain end
characteristics of tbs locality.
Salm corer is shown in ?unmet. so aad the ttizreg give the average
th for each ten-day period. The maximum snow coier is the highest
figure of the above ten-day averages.
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8
CPYRGHT
last day of freezing in the first half of the yesr (danusrY
and the first day of freesias in the latter half of the year
Deoember) are the last and first days on which the minimum
*operator* falls to 00 O or below, read on a thermometer within a
thermOsOrsen.
The last and first days of snow are the last and first days
ng the first and latter half of the year in which there was snow-
rest ng thawing of rivers are calculated for the principal
water emptying into the Pacific and Aratic Oceans.
Th. day of freesing of a river is the day when ice is first
observed filling the river from bank to bank, regardless of thickness
or the day in which ice ceases to flow down the stream. The day of
hew is the day 'Alen the ice is first broken up or when it begins to
move.
SUM
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CPYRGHT
0
Forever
Preface
YR1 I WM*
Part 1 * Average Figures for Succeesi T.ar Pass tzi Original To
Lits of Weather Stations (Wo 1,2,314) 2
Ikea? Atmospheric Pressure 13
Sea Level Atmospheric Pressures 17
MEtiMUK Ataospheric Pressure al
Minimum Ateospheric Presmare 23
Average Temperature 26
Maxims Temperature 31
Mimimum Tsuperature 34
Average hininue !.mp.rRure 31
Average Vapor Pressers
Average Rumidity
Average SW Cover
Average Wine Velocity
Prevailing Wind Dirac
Precipitation
Maximum Precipitation on a Single Day
MuMber of Days of Precipitation
Number of Days of Snow
Nunber of Days of Hail
Number of Days of local Thunder Aecompanied by
Idghtning
Member of Days of Distant Thender
Number of Days of Fine Weather
Number of Days of Cloudy Weather
Number of Days of Fog
Number of Days of Gale
on and Frequenoy Peroentage 51
55
6g
73
3umber of Date with Maximum Tempera 2
To or Less Than Zero
NUMber of Days with Minimnm Temperature gqual
97
To or less Than Zero
101
Soil Temperature
104
Average Depth of Snow
106
Maximum Depth of Snow
10S
Sesporation
110
Sunshine
110
141,0101es
110
First and Lest Dates of Freezing; First and
Last Snow
112
Pressing an& Thawing of Rivers
115
Frequency of Wind Direction
tart U ?Meteorological Tables by Tear an Month
11S
Prefa40
153
List of Weather Stations
155
Tebolsh (Province)
I. Deresovo
157
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CPYRGHT
Kamm 161
9. 04arsk 169
9. fieftai 173
10. nars*Stdorm 181
12. Trams 113
Tokoltk 1117
Zasodrskovskore 192
144
sadeviasky Pr Isk
Mrsaal
Belgashsksys Zto7*
llysk
Derma Osiora
DaliaskoyeOsers
Walk
Kelshrginakore Ulnas
Wenn,
Xlsaisslisk
Marna*
Nam
Needikidanalyy PrIlsk
Pravara
Tea*
rgraswiskly Ruda*
atilt& Oblast
IskpirSkr
Kastarallask
Vit-Kaasasorik
seapalatiaek
Warn
sk Mast
Aknallask
Oask
sk Oblast
? *Wasik17 Zavot
69. Unimak
6g. Ian&
69. lasaSchlaskly
72. Xraisnoyarsk
73. Mbrasinek
76. Tolstrs
TT. Tarkbaaak
akAS ASSR
79. 31apirsateheaskiy Prilsk
YakaSak
42? Sassahlys (Ustmoranik)
ftsbaa.golyslak
Olskansk
$T INSekara
Si Waken
69. lasskore Ust174
91. Srsdna?Kolraik
93. Torthoyansk
94. Tilmrek
199
197
202
204
210
21,
217
221
223
226
230
233
2
2k1
244
249
252
25,
9
3
267
210
274
219
251
5
302
305
310
314
317
31,
321
suRn
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CPYRGHT
SIGRXT
111. woo
Chita Oblast and 2Mryit MaxioUs* ASSR
120. Akatny
2.21. Akshe
122* Barged&
324 Goryashinak
1 Wieweek
Nerehinek
Nerohinskiy
Chita
? Troltskosavek
TerktneaOdinik
Kra
Ayan
1i49. Gishiga
152+ Wishes...ft etnadyre
Nikolskoye (serinG,
Sikelek UssuriyaktY
kikelayirrek-napAnure
Nosso.garienskiy Poet
151 ekbosek
160. Petropoulovik Lighthouse
161+ ?met
162. Petoretayy Lighthouse
164. Inskoeskoye
kryyle, Lighthouse
Vyaseaskaya
adivottek. Observatory
adivostok Port
176.
49. Xr
Onor
Ground ftrfaco Teversture
Soil r tare
vesbehensk
inda
ekaterioo-Zikolek
kty PAL*
skly Peet
chthomee
rivet and Lass Trert vst and Last $12OW
Ivies
Condi of Harbor' on the
Pasifie a
ARSOXI Haps
533 ft
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SNOUT
CPYRGHT
Icy to X (following P 3 of List of Contents)
a. Nap of Locations of Weather Stations, No 1.
b. The numbers correspond to those of the first
observation stations.
0. Arctic Ocean
a* Ysigm liver
S. Olt River
renisoi River
S., Yana River
h. Indigirka River
i- WPM River
J. Berinc Sea
k. Lena River
1. Sea, of Okhotsk
Amur River
n. Ussuri liver
0. Sea of /TAPIA
pi. Yellow Sea
41. Tarim River
its
of
11114 g !ow
INCRIST
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MIST
CPYRGHT
a.
(foilowing p 3 o List of Con ts
of Locatton of Wipather Stations We 2.
nathers correpoM to those given in the
nd, third and fogth lists of Weather Stet
Those of the third list are in ham tYP
those of the fourth in s1anttn figures.
q ass as for Map I)
for to; Moy to Map i OA
a
and
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CPYRGHT
swain
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i Number
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2 Place. Name MINT Z.7
.P-m?
---
sex n
? 0
3 Xatttu4s
6 Moan ?$*o spheric Pr..esrs
7 A*mospherio Pressure at Sea Loyal.
6' Ulla= Atmospheric Pressure
q Minimum Atmoepheric Prsewmr*
10 Mean Temperature
Itaxisrat Temperatur*
Minimum Temperature
13 Mean Minimum simpers, ur*
14 Vapor ?misuse
15 Mhmidity
K, Goyim
17 Wind Velocity
Is Prevailing Wind Diroction and Yrequency Percentags
Precipitation
jo Maxima Precipitatio
Number of Days of Pr*
22 Mhmber of Days of Snow
23 Nutber of Days of Rail
Number of Days of Local Ugh ming
2.5. Number of Days of Distant Thunder
24 Ne of Days Clear (Sky Cover 0.0-0.2)
Ne of Days Ova:vast
28 No of Days of rag
ii No of Dugs of Ga3..,
A a
agleDaz
NO of Days with Nail Temperature oval to or 1?u thaa Zero
*gperature equal to or less than Mem
31 No of Days with Minimum .
b.*
A pprovea i-or Keiease 1 uuu/Uti/2b ? -KU' UVAUUUbUUU1 UUUJ-1
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EG RT
CPYRGHT
?
Mace Iaaei p 2)
Xoirsk 9kruz (41114 01140
Kerssovo
2. Turginskt ye
Iondinekoya
Lamm
. Oder&
Padua
7. Samarovo
8. Satythins ye
9. Swett
D. Staro-Sidorovo
11. Tara
U. trusen
Toholsk
? Tobolsk AgrtCi1.t11ralSc
Tsrinsk
. ZsTodoukovskoys
ak Oblitat
176 Andovinsky Priisk
U. lama
19. islgachakoys Zimevye
20. lip*
21. Kolshoi.Nikolskiy Priisk
22. Borc,74 Onlira
23. Iturlinskoys 0zero
2k. Ltkulskiy Kim&
25. Kainek
z6. Kainak School
27. Kainak Railway $t.$ton
24. KOWA
29* Koragatakiy Torost
30. Kolchnginakoye Mine.
31. lalyhans
32. Iudhuk
Kuznetsk
. loktavskly Zavod
. Nariinsk
. Nary*
Neo4zhidanni7y?rftsk
311. Prows Oh'
39. Prorsko.ilimskiy Priiak
40. Salair
41. Spasskaya Rszidentalya
3. 42' Ursa
Tatarska
k. Okays
frumentsevakoys
. Tisul
47. Tomsk
les. Tomsk grtci
49. Tanrak
50. Y7IbSubras
51. Zmainogor
52. Zrranovikly Pu4Mk
omtPalltinA ghlast
53. altarlasis
54. Yamyshrerskoye
55. Nokpatky
56. Karkarslinsk
57. UntAasenogorsk
58. trIton,Bulak
59. Sesipalatinsk
Q. Kaplan
(Place Names p 4)
Actin
Tenisnmk
66. Yersahoykaoye
67. Kamenka
6. Kama
69. Iasachin kiy
70. Imams.
71. Ionkordiovekly PrUgk
72. Krasnoyarsk
73. Kinuainek
74. Neve*Narlinakiy Priisk
75. Nasimown
76. leastyr-Nos
77. Turkhansk
7g. Troitskoye
Tekst ASP
79. KlagovaihohensklY Prit
80. Yoxruka*Olekma
81. Yakutsk
82. Kasaohlye (17st-Tanak)
Narkhinskly taus
. Starkhinakeys
85. Nishars-Kolyask
46. Olikminsk
87. tistINaya
u.
Bodehavo
Rusakoye D'stsyo
Zamt
3.2
SMUT
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CPYRGHT
90. Suntst
91. Sr dne-Kolyask
92. ?tkbmo.ZadGukt7 PrUik
snsk
9T.Brat skt ostreg
95.
99. 210 001outsna7.
100. Mask
101. Irkutsk
102. Zbardovskaya Agricultural School
103. Iharbatovskoyo
104. Kirenak
105. Iultuk
106. Listvinichnoyo
107. Nondy
Nishne-Udinsk
109. Nikulayevskly Zavod
/10. Olkhon
111. Oao107
112. Usolys
U. Us$Itskt Zavod
Uk. Peschnaya Dokhta
11
Tsreh,t
11 un
Zalari
119. Terkhnaya 4
0 *ease p 6)
0.101140LendBurrat 1
? Akatuy
. Akiha
liargusia
. Bolfshov
Noroya
I3a*rskt7 Lighthouss
Doge
^ D0A0
GO27aChifl$k
129. Yaaarovka
O. Katansk
131. Kharaus
132. ihilek
133. Nangut
134. Report
135. Nysovek
136, Nerchinsk
137. Norchinskiy Zovod
1.31. Olaus
1394 Olovyannaya
shkaniy (Island)
140. sakhoy
141. etrovskly Zavott
142. Stretenik
143. Chita
144. Turinskiy Lighthouss
1 . Troitskosavsk
1 (Verkhnyaya) Xishikha
147. Yerkhne-Udinsk
kieritiae Knit
148. Aran
149. Gishiga
150. Grodekayn
151. Khabarovsk
152. Harkovo-na-AneOrs
1- ? Nikolayovski Lighthouse
1 . Nikolskoye (Serial; Is)
155. Nikolsk Vssuriyskiy
156. Nikolaysvsk.lisp-Asure
151. Novo Narionskiy post
15$. 0kbotik
159. Pavlinevka
160. Petropavlovsk:Lighthouse
161. ?civil
162. Povarotury Lighthouse
163. Preobrashenskoye
164. Bukoveko7s
165. Skryplev Lighthouse
166. Yysseaskaya
167. Vladiairskiy Poet
165. Vladivostok: Observatos7
169. Vladivostok Port
170. Vladivostok Station
par Oblast
171. Blegovoshchensk
172. Dshalinda
17 Yokaterino-Nikolsk
ofiskiy Priisk
heru7s701,0
randrovskly Post
177. G&iklno Yrashskoyo
HIM.)
176. le sokovskiy Pest
(ODONANI)
179. Kririoa Lighthouse
160. Onor
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CPYRGHT
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La
on
Irombor of Tsars Covered
Klan Milos rie?ressiue
Pros
voi
oe
es
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CPYRGHT
SECRET
(Place Names page 8)
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16+
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26+
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
45.
46.
47.
45.
Marre-Sale
Dickson (Island)
Ust Yeniseyskiy Post
Dudinka
Bulun
Monastyrskoye
Verkhne Imbatskoe
Bogoslovsk
Verkhoturlye
Blagodatka
NizhntylTagil
Sverdlovsky (Yekaterinburg)
Chelyabinsk
Irbit
Shadrinsk
Novosibirsk Bolshoye Krivoshchekovo
Rybnoye
Kotelnikovskiy Lighthouse
Klyuchevskaya
Troitsk
Konstanaiskaya Kontmahnya
Urkach
Sarymbet
Kokchetav
Atbasar
Parlodar
&vino
Borovskoye
Kolchuginskoye
Ian tui
PereValnaya
Pokrovka
Tygan-Urkan
Magdagachi
Pikan-Zeya
Buomnaak
Mazanovo
Gosh
Prone
Bolsheretsk
Turgay
Spasskiy Zavod
Utga (Ulan-Bator)
Mikhailovskoye
Tarbagatay
Zhorkiershiy Lighthouse
Kizil-Djar
Aralskoye More
49. Kazalinsk
500 Kzyl-Orda (Perovsk)
51. Turkestan (Dzambui)
Aulie-Ata
52.
53. Frunze (Pishpek)
54. Alma-Ata (Verniy)
55. Przhevalsk
56* Kopal
57. Koktal (Borokhudzir)
58. Ti-Hma (Urumchi)
(Place Names p 9)
59. Lu-kto-chfin (Linkchun)
Go. Yergenevka
61. Anuchino
62. Gamovskiy Lighthouse
63. Askoldskiy Lighthouse
64. Bikin
65. Muravyev-Amurskiy
66. Post Olga
67. Krasnovodsk
68. Cheleken Island
69. Uzumr-Ada
70. Chikishlyar
71. Kizil-Arvat
72. Ashhabad
73. Turtkul
74. Bayram-Ali
75. Sultan-Bend
76. Chardzhov (Leninsie-
Turkmenskiy)
77. Bukhara
78. Samarkand
79. Kerki
80. Termez
81. Jizak
82. Tashkent
83. Leninabad (Khodzhent)
84. Namangan
85. Margelan
86. Andizhan
87. Irkeshtan
88. Pamirskiy Post
89. Khorog
90. Naryn
- 15 -
SECRET
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CPYRGHT
2-
3
Dates Covored By Statistics
aru for ic1i SW tics Are i
a
Z6 -
BECPBT
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CPYRGHT
(Plano
Ismas
1. Tngorskiy
2. Itarro-Bals
3. Dickson Island
. Bhatanskoyo
5 2mlun
6 Pstrun (Bolbon
7. Torkhna labatskinv
1. BodchoTO
9. Ohersakorsvski
10. Larlyat
U. Sovir Start
12. Tneysva
13. 4707
. 01a
15. Sayakhan
16. Putrovskty Posolok
. 2hipitsinskoyo
12. Itolabanovo
19. 'Bihar
20. Timor
21. Unakba
22 Utkaoh
23. Okolakbal
214. Balyulat
25 Kokohstar
26. MikhailowsktyPoselok
27. Dorovekoys
28. lalandino
29. Tuankskaya
30. Oktnaldy Stan
1.tricyr
32. blehey? Male *kali
esgalny
314. Gorobitsa
3. Tapurgarr
. Pokrovta
Brofei Pavlovloh
38. Urusha
39. RoinaTo
40. lnkhlovo (Skovarodino
41. Tan-Urkan
14,.
143.
4 Ulanga
Man (Z
5. Deabull
46. Goadattt
47. Iukhtorin
46. Boxask
manoyskaya
U'
assa Names p 11)
Maxanova
Gosh
51. Otradnori
52. Bkiaohan
53. Barbi
. Tsimaeraanoyskaya
. Marlinskoro
56. Prange
57. Lazier
55. Turgay
59. Troitskir Poe1ok
60. 501an
61. Noth-Agaoh
62. Imokentisyrevskeyo
63. menrskopr
64. Ulkhaylovskors
65. Tarlogataya
66. Arkhara
q. Pork=
Da. tioviotskaya Garan
69. Eason Byboloy
70. Askold LighAhouse
71. spasek-Dalguiy
72. Teitsniyavka
73. Min
14. Post Olga
XsaultiOaVtlasl
75. Bolshsretsk
76. 14111
77, 51/12.4k4
8: 1st-Kaa k
Dshenkior
SO. Tinovskara
17 -
BBOBST
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CPYRGHT
SICRET
2.
I c"
ilevation
Precipitation
Milian* Precipitation in a Stile D.
Nunber of Dare Precipitation
Inutter of Day* ot Snow
nabs? of D478 of
Itsber of Dae of Local Lihtniig
Snits? of Days of Dietant Thunder
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CPYRGHT
(Place
2021,9)c
P 12)
(pask Oblast)
drovskoys
tystiskoys
Isksbliaaikova
iasb2ys
ova
bia
7. yeslaso
S. Nits*
9. Lipchiaskoye
10. Pokrovskoys
11. Kurakova
12. Isshkovo (Taal's')
Darras-Ica
k.Sosonovo
5. Nalkovskoye
b.Bogandinskoys
17. Yalatorovsk
13. 'shin
19. Tyakaliask
20. Pastyaskoys
221"ijek411
2 No ratan
224 Syrysnskoys
larpysak
? /*san4/05kt Posslok
Bolsboys Irivoshohskovo
Nalobragiao
27 ? Nelaboroftro
assiPa"ttnillf,9144'4
2. Zhelszinka
29. Lobyashly Posslok
30. Bolshoys Iladiairskoys
31. Sealyarskoys
32. Nrasaoysrskiy Poselok
wirk
Imonidovskiy Savo&
? Torkhas Sastuk
? Illanyaya 3u1saka
agiao
koys
? limiltsy
WOO
NsTo-AIexandr vs Zavod
et
2. Gobtts&
karitias? Minot ) Iry
43. ioslovskaya
gSELJaiSII
-- 44. Pristan
45. Pokrovka
46. Poyarkovo
MV1.1
T. lassogorsk Isloshi)
48. Ssrarokl
49. Voskressnakoye
-19-
101?
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balf P (from
p 1$ aad bait p
Mask for tables on
half p (tram *)
and p
/task for tables on
Zg. and
(to *)
Mask for tab
half (f
and
eau Atnespharic PTO SIMS ( TOWN) (Place liaises: List NO
Jan lob liar Apr itay Jen Jul Avg Sep Oct Soy Dec Dating Tsar
pheric Pres ( 700.0)
to List of )4et Observation Stations No 2.)
Ant Jul An Sep Oct leT Des entire Tsar
Ataospherie rassu
mg to List of list
Ur Jan Jul Avg Sep
Toomoi)
at 1 On Stat ions
CM Bet Entire TOOLT
?taospberie Prewar? Sea likers ( + 7 )
hoes According to Lis
Jab liar Apr Iv Jon Jul
Maximus Atsospharic ?MORO* ( + 7
ono Jan Feb
*oar Ala Jai Aug Sep Oct Jo
ton Stations No g.)
700nn) (Place
I. 1st Sap Oct Jov
re /ear
it
re Tatar
1?)
1.-?0001.0009000V601.?0-8/c1CIN-V10 9Z/80/6661. eseeieN .10d peACUMV
1.-?0001.0009000V601.?0-9/c1C1N-V10 9Z/90/6661. aseeieN .10d peA0.1ddV
)(ask for talkies
PP
part
Page
or bles 0a
ig sat 31
tables 0a
pages 31, 2. aad.
tables on pp
and. it
for tables on
g 00d.
0 ?)
re Ye*?
Mariam Temperatares (Pi
b Mar Apr Nap jun M. AM
Average
espenttares (Place
r Kay Jo* Jul Awl Sep
et List le
Oct Nov Dec Satire Year
tt,dea Pewperatnre(Place Imes: List
Feb Mar Apr
zit ire Tow
Sep Oct Mair Dec EntIre Y
a; List No
Nov Dec itntir
_LHOIAdO
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half pp 48 (frau 0)
115 Nul a ( to 0)
Mask for tablas on part
p (froa *) 52 5.3?
and 54
Mask fortables on
VP 11. am
Part 2, (to *)
Mask for tabla on
part p X (from *)
and part p (to *)
Mask for table* on
part p (from *)
on 60 and 62
Place Isms
IMMO Skr
t'Mar Apr Jun
eb
d Dir.ctten and treqi
b Mar Apr Noy Jan Jul. Ang
jerk lob hLsr Apr No7 Alm
at List I6 1)
Dec: Intim Tear
ce Nam t We 1)
t Nov Dec entire Tear
(Place s: Lis* We 1)
Aug Sap Oct Nov Dec Wire Tear
Precipitation (Place lames: List NO 10
Flees, Nemo Jan rob Mar Apr Mar Jur, Jul Aug Sep Oct IOT Dec 1nti
capitation on a Single Dap (Plan
Muss:
Place Nobs Jan Feb Mar Apr Icy Jun Jul Aug Sop Oct Nov Dec In
04 Maltittati Precipi t at i on on
(Place Names: List Ma4
'Inn Feb Mar Apr Vaty 'Tun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec /intl.
?22?
SECRET
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Kook for tables on part
pp a (from 5) and
part p (to 5)
for
(from:
70. 71 and
for table* on
p (from *)
Part P (to 5)
tables on p
to Pogo
for tables ala
part p
an Job Mar
Do
1
ea In re Tear
s of fraow (P s: List 10 4-)
Neti ARA Jul Avg Sep Oct 10w Dew &Airs
lanber of Days of Bell (Plane
PO Mar Apr May Jan Jul Aug S
Vaulter of Days
Job liar Apr Ne,y Jan Jul
s: LiSt No
Oct Inv Dec Nntire Tear
s: Li it
11)
t Now Dec Intire Tear
-a
7:- 1
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Mask for ta too
Part at PI/ (float
sag. Part st- "
(tot)
of Pao of Distaat
b Ir Apr
ce
s 14..* No I)
ass Valois List Vol 1)
t Now Deo &stir* Tear
Lace bawls-
op Oct Toy Dec
Moll)
re Tear
SIZELT
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for tables *a
and
Nash for
part p PP
2.3. and. part (to
Maek for tabi*s ea
part p pp
sad part it (to )
Mask for tables
part p (f
PP 21. 2.90
)Iask for table aa
pp .1:21. 102 *ad
Tab liar Apr May dna Jai. Axig Sep
Noah*r of Des of Gale (Place
Jan Pet Mar Aim Ilay Asa Jul Aug S
Ihinber of Days
Jane Jan ?eh
8. L
Dec inure Tear.
se; List Jo
Dec Entire Tear
List le 2)
Nov Dec Satire Tear
*Aire Tear
Sep Oct Jov Dec Satire
or less than Zero
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CPYRGHT
SECRET
or tabe
on p 104 to 105)
r Kay Jun Jul Aug
Oo
Nov
a. La it -.- Lazgttna. i.vation ....-
AMOS on pp 104 ax4 105)
(ant all eta/
headings after place
(P wee Eases as fo1lows:1
Page 10
b. Ciaikino azhekors
e. Dann sk
a. alezaatrovekly Pest
a. lakarokoY*
I. llortsuI
Bemire Ozer&
?age 112.11.
i. Zyranovekiy
1. Tomsk
J.. Okla
k. Astinsk
1. Akatu7
a. Chita
A, iareakav
a. Trwlea
sr. ithalikiy Zane,
q. Neodthidanniyr Priisk
SRCRET
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Approved For Rel se 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-0310 A0005
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r4
tO4 ti te4
4.1a 4. 4.1w 4r
0
a
0
?rt
lease 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP7/-03109A0005
0 (4
00010003-1
00010003-1
of p
Seek for
of
Xl
(Minimum f
thee Zero)
Oct IOv
lirst Last
date date Covered
Day Ns Day No Statistiee Dar MO Dar NO
v Dec Satire ear
Last Dates of Sum,
List SO 1)
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SNOUT
CPYRGHT
Alox d
Bolahaya
Alskandrovsks
Malaya
Amur
Om the Paol. to
ovka
oshohenak
Anadyr
Zavitava
Otshiga
Ingoda
Nakhtny
Nayba
Bircha
Lagernaya
Gaon
Onor
Ohl lka
Sopatenka
Takays
Toxl and, Zoo
Cada
Vssurt
drovskty post
drovskty post
Khabarovsk
Ntkolaysvsk
Blagoveshchensk
Itarkovo
lakhatlovka
Gishinsk
Chita
Okhotsk
Galkino Trisskoys
Berchinsk s
Pstropavlovfik
Lighthouse
Aksha
Onor
lerchinak
Stretensk
Ilikolaktiagarlysidy
Galkino Vrasskoys
Yastlysvskoye
Undtmekaya
Ikaberovsk
Ioslovskaya
Arq14 Goast
of Sitcrta
Provers Ob'
Aloxandrovo
Barnaul
Non*
Bruglikova
(Oontd on next page)
OF RIVIRS
29 -
SWIM
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CPYRGHT
to. frost preceding page)
Pas nskoys
Ua%'Kaexogorek
Ust-tamenogors Perim
Taaisbevskty Poselok
PaTlodar
easeroo
Krasnoyarsk PQs3.ak
Sealpalatins
Saaiyarskoye
Lekiazhiy Posslok
Oryerniy
Denyanskoye
Shelesinka
?ask
Tobolsk
Tara
Ishim oltek
Ishii
Pstropaylovik
Yosnesenskaya
Petropavlovskaya
Tobol 2verinogo1ovskoys
Talutorovsk
Irevlevo
Verkhne*Berkteri
Solfshe Blinn/kora
Tokolsk
Manly* Leonidovekly Zavo4
Ashiask
Zyrianskoye
Kashatakova
&nom()
P, 1,7 Walskoys
Mrilyassi
Seasnovskaya
Tsnise Krasnoyarsk
lakaohinskoys
Ko s ty1 nikova
Teniselik
Isktaovo
Tolstly Nos
Irkatsk
2retsbovi
Y1a4tairova
Contd on next pale
? 30
SKORET
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CPYRGHT
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SECRIT
CPYRGHT
(Mask for b1e8
On pp la to la)
7INPENCT Or WIND DIBICTIO )
Jan Yob Mar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep Oct IQT Dec 3ttr.
fin fr. Pi
/36 s Fart
32
SECRET
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CPYRGHT
- 33 -
SEM
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CPYRGHT
PIOLIPACD
is Part U of the Volume of Zest Asia Meteorological
Statistic. dealing with Siberia (Vol IV).
This volume gives for each year and month motoorologi
averages as well as the number of days of different types of weather,
soil temperature, evaporation, days of sunshine, depth of snow cover,
first and last days of froesing, first and last days of snowfall, the
freezing and thawing of rivers and harbors, and other useful informa
tion.
The figures given for atm spheric pressure and temperature are
he averages of the three daily readings taken at ONO, 1300 and
2100. The figures for vapor pressure, humidity, sky cover, wind
velocity, etc., are the averages of the readings taken at 1300.
Atmospheric pressure is expressed in sillimeters corrected to
00 centigrade and standard gravity (sea level at Lat 45?).
Temperature is given in centigrade corrected to the international
temperature seals (hydrogen thermometer).
Vapor pressure is expressed in millimeters and humidtty
as a percentage of saturation.
Sky cover is expressed in figures: 10 being complete cover, 0
the total absence of cloud, and 2 to 9 the varying Intermediate
gun Ities.
Ind velocity is given In meters per second; precipitation is
a millimeters, the reading taken at 0700 being the precipita
r the previous day.
Maximum sad minimum atmospheric pressures for the month are the
maximum and minimum readings taken at any of the three times noted
above. The highest naliMUM t er ere le the highest temperature
observed at any of the three Ldaiizf observations during the month.
The lowest minimum temperature s the lowest thermometer reading dur-
iag the month and the average minimum temperature is the average of
the lowest daily readings.
*Dumber of Days with Minimum Temperature Equal to or Loss than
Z.r0 corresponds to the number of days of freezing when the tem-
pore ure falls to 0? C or below, 1.e., Number of Days of Freezing.
'Luber of Days with Maximum Temperature Eva' to or Less than Zero"
corresponds to the Mabel' of Days with No Thaw, when none of the
three temperature readings is above 0? C.
Dere of fine weather are those on which the total of the three
observations of sky cover in one day does not exceed 5. Dare of
cloud are those on which the total is 25 or over.
- 34 -
SICRIT
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CPYRGHT
S1CRET
s of precip tation (inoluding rain, sleet. hat snow),
s of sflow, and Ws of hail are those on wbich there was a fell
of 0.3 ma or more, the reading being taken at ONO hours the fol-
lowing norning. A. fall of less than 0.1 mm is disregarded.
Days of to aro those on which fog was observed.
Dos of thunder are thoe on which thunder occurred. The si
ndicates lightning accompanying local thunder and the sign ir in-
dicates distant thunder. When there is local lightning and distant
thunder on the same do the sign F; only will be used on& she &ts.
tent thunder disregarded.
Ansidity and vapor pressure are meets= d on a dry at vet bulb
therorneter.when the wet bulb temperature is 0.5? C crmore. If it
se than 0.50 C they are calculated with a hair hygrometer in
is *junction with temperature.
Xvaperation is shown in meters and le measured in the
shade.
Ounihine is gilreil tn boars and the figure r.pz'esent the to '.
number of hours per month during which the wan shone undimmed by
cloud or mist. Insolation is the amount of can experienced expressed
in percent of the potential number of hours of sunshine. The
potential is not compute& astronomically tat varies according to
the terrain and characteristics of the locality.
Snow cover is shown in centimeters and is the aver dipth or
each ten-day pertott. The elleilsam snow cover Is the btghest figure of
the above ten day averages.
The last day of freezing in the firet half
to Juno) and the first day of freezing in the latte
year (July to December) are the last and first days en which the
minimum temperatare falls to 00 C or below, read on & thermometer
within a thermoscreen.
last and first daTe
snow are the lest
first day*
el first end latter hal,f of the year on which there was
The dates of frosting and complete freesv-over of the main
rivers that empty into the Pacific and Arctic Oceans are the dal*
pa Which they are covered from bank to bank with a sheet of ice
Watemer thickness or the days when all leoTereellt of floating
1,40 near the banks has ceased. The date of thaw 1$ the first do
on which the toe breaks or the water starts to flow.
?hie section includes the latest iuformation on the freeze-my
nditions of the herbors on the Paoific coast, based on The
Ate of Ice on the teas of the USSR; rase. 1-k; Winter 1924-192W
(*mission text)
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CPYRGHT
SNOUT
tot of Place-Names used in Part
OW from Weather Station List No
Names p 155)
qmsk Oblast)
10. taro-.0idorovo
12. Tyumen
13.b41ak
iG. Zemodoukovskoys
sot 1 st
dovintk, Priisk
1$* Barnaul
19. Belgachskoye Zimovy.
20. Biyak
220 Borovya Ozer*
23. Juslinskoye Qzero
25. Kainek
30. Kolchuginskoye Kinee
31. $010sal
33. Iusnetsk
354 Nariinek
36. Naas
37. Neodshidanniyy Pritek
30. Prevails Obl
7. Tomsk
Zyranovskly Rudnik
mask
enogorsk
atinek
azach&nekiy
72. Krasnoyarsk
73. Kinusinsk
76. Toletyr-Nos
Tarkhansk
? agoveshchenskiy kritsk
01. Yakutsk
02. lasachtye (Ust-aansk)
follows.
in Part I.
$4.Markhinskoye
$5. Nis olymik
$6. 01ektnsk
07. "O'Mara
SS. Rodchevo
89. Russkoye
91. Sredne-Kolymsk
93. iferkhoyansk
94. Vilyuysk
katsk Ob1ffist
90. Dushkachan
101. Irkutsk
104. Kirensk
107. Kandy
100. 1tz.rie-1Jdtn
111. Omo107
121. Akiha
122. Bargusin
120. Gorrccbtnsk
135. Wysovak
136. Nerchinsk
137. Nerchinekty Zavod
143. Chita
(Place Names p 156)
145. Troitskosavsk
147. Yerkhne-Udinek
gari,i,e pas'
140. Aryan
149. Olzhiga
152. Narkovo*na..Ansdyre
154. Nikolskoye (Bering Is)
155. Nikolsk Ussuriyekly
156. Ilkolayevsk..nap-Amnre
157. NOVO Marienskly Post
150. Okhotsk
160. Petropavlovsk:Lighthouse
161. Posyet
162. Povorotnyy- Lighthouse
164. Rukovskoye
165. Skryplev Lighthouse
166. Vyazemskaya
16S. Vladivostok Observatory
169. Vladivostok Port
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CPYRGHT
lit. shohensk
172* Dzha1inda
no-Nikolsk
Priisk
drovskiy Pest
on Lighthouse
- 37 -
SIORET
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CPYRGHT
There i a eeparate
is translation.)
he same heeding.
May Itux Jul Aug Sep
?
The Japanese items ramming dowm the left of the pages in this
grump ars translated as fellows. Numbers are those keyed in the
original document in red.)
2.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
1.
Mean Atmospheric Fressare
Maxima Atmospheric Pressure
Minimum Atmospheric Pressare
Mean Temperature
Rightist Maximum Temperature
Lowest Minimum Temperature
Average Minimum Temperature
Vapor Pressers
tumidity
UT Cover
Wind Ve1oOlt7
Rainfall (mm)
Maximum Rainfall in One Day
Number of Mays of Rain
Xualker of Days 0 &IOW
ltmber of as of Nail
17. Number of Days of Local Thunder
15. thusber of Days of Distant Thunder
19. NUmber of Days of Tine Weather (Sky Cover 0.0
20. limber of Cloudy Days
21. Number of Days of Tog
22. Number of Days of Storm
23. Number of Days with Maximum Temperature equal t, or
Less than Zero
24. ftmber of Days with Minimum Temperature eqaal to or
Less than Zino
Out
iteemency of Wind Direct/
Mean Maximum Temperature
Leweet Recorded Temperature
amber of Days of Rainfall of
Number of Days' of Rainfall of
31. Number of Days of Bainfall of
32. Member of-Days with Thunder
33. Highest Recorded TemAlrature
Zero
34. Number of Days of no Cover
0.2)
25.
26.
27.
25.
24.
0.1 ma or 3ss
1.0 mm or less
10.0 mm or less
craal to or less than
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CPYRGHT
SZCRST
35. Latest Snow Cover of the Tear
36. Average Depth of Snow Cover
37. Monthly Average Depth of Snow Cover
s appearing in the original document in French
a the top of each page, ore rendered as in
1. Part I. They aro identified. by nusiber.)
39-
1ST
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CPYRGHT
(Mak for TabLe on Lower Part of p
/Test
Snow
Ifrou44 Sums
Tab Mar Apr Map Jun Jul Aug Sep Do
aMes
. Tobolsk Okruc
Tyumen
C. Tomsk Oblast
d. ltkulskly Zavod
a. Barnaul
f. Borovya Ozera
G. 2yramovskiy Ru4a:11k
i. h. Tomsk
Atmolinak Oblast
j. Omak
sk for p
Groumd Surface Teaperat (Contd)
lab Kar
(Place
:nu Jul Aug cep Oct Z
a Talcttt ASR
b. khoyeask
O . Chita Oblast awl Buryat o golian
du Ciita
9. Sakhalin
f. Alexandrovek y Post
Ioreakovekly Post
b. Bukovskoye
Complete
Year
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SBORIO
(Mask Pates
Name Fags
sk Oblast
Borovya Ozera
Barnaul
Zyranovskiy Budnik
Tomsk
(p1100 Names, Pagele)
f. Tomsk Oblast
g. Akmolinek Oblast
11... Omsk
els VI. 1.0)
napora (U *red i aide)
Jan Feb Mar Apr MyJnn Jul Aug Sep
(Place am's, Page
1. Yeniseysk Oblast
j? Aohinsk
k. Chita Oblast and Buryat Mongolian
ASZR
1. Akatuy
Chita
A. Itaritill!4 tray
o. Galinko..Trazhekoye
Names, Page .,11)
itime gray
Ihnbarovsk
Alimandrovakiy kost
Rukovskoye
(Place Sa4104 aGe
t Maritime
,amas, Page 1119
Oblast
ova Ora
d. anovekii?Rudnik
f. 0 and Buryat Mongolian A251
g. hinekly Zavod
h. Akmolinek Oblast
i. Omsk
Names, Page 1125)
tima Kray
inko Trashskoye
sakovekly Post
mandrovskiy Past
Pakovekoye
?0 Co*p1.ete
'Mar
-
SgeBitT
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(Place Nes, Pas 4
a, krug
b. Thbelsk Agrioultu S
e. Sta Sidorovo
4. Obdorsk
41- Sargut
f. Tomsk Oblast
lg. Boron's. Oasts
Onto 1123
h. Tomsk Oblast
1. Ittulskiy Z& Yd
j. Kyranovskiy Ruda k
k. Isinsk School
1. Karagatskly /most
Tomsk Agricultural Sebool
n. Irkutsk Oblast
e. Delfshoye GolouIs
P. !,..**17*
10 alba Oblast and Buryat MongolianASSR
2'1' Obit*
(P Al)
s. Chita Oblast and Auryat Mongolian ASSR
t. Akatty
u. Maritime KraY
v. GrodeUnvo
v. Taniseyek Oblast
m. Krasnoyarsk
(UV)
* Sunshine (Rears)
2 * Insolation
DecOv oppleto
Year
-42-
REMIT
?
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SMUT
(Mask for Fag 4. 4
Dec
Jan TO
(Plao* Names)
Pegs ha
h. TOholsk (*rug
L. Teholsk
2. Surgat
. Karnak
Ishlm
Tyumen
Page gi
b. Waits
7. Kasen
0. Marrs
5. Tomsk
10. Marnaul
Page VI
o. 6itp*3atinek 0
35. holodar
59. Semipalatinsk
57. Vat-lamenogorek
4. Tenisaysk Oblast
1. Turhansk
2. Aohlnsk
II ?IL.
Minsk
a. Verkhne V4ineko
f. Yakut ASSI
79. BlagoveShehenekiy Ptik
93. Verkhoyansk
gg? AIWA
Apr May
Page
h. Kasaohlye (Ust- sk)
1. Kirensk
j. Bratskiy Ostrog
k. Irkutsk
1. Omoloy
P*64
a. Chita Obl
ASSR
Streten
0. Chita
p. le;rak:rsktY Zavod
T. Sakhalin
s. Alexandrovskly Post
rag .U.2.
t. Enkovskoy
u. Maritime Kray
v. Koslovskaya
w. Vladivostok
x. Okhotek
7. Nikolayevsb-na-Amure
z. Markovo-na-Anadyre
-43
REORST
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lskOkrug
ease as in List o I
Pegs M..?.
Page
b. Tomsk Oblast
Teniesysk Oblast
d. Yakut ASSR
Semipalatinsk Oblast
ff. Irkutsk Oblast
g. Maritime Ira
h. Irkutsk Oblast
1. Chita Oblast and 2n17a
J. Amur Oblast
( ) The first and last date
OP G or 'below, read on a theti
C
b Let
(and im all a
(Pub Mots: Too
eirat I
e following plans names)
only)
datesthe first and last on which the lowest tomperatures are
de
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Mask for ea4tns of Tables on pp
Jrssstng snd Thawing of River()
Observation
Station
Ce Nam as ollowel) lege
Jeresorka (*) Footnote On page 504 only.
Akatny The date of freezing is the daY
QYk Alexandrovskiy on which the river is covered
a post with ice from bank to bank.
AUMUMdrovka Alexandrovskiy reeardlesis of thickness or the
post day when the flow of ice near
Ibibarairsk the banks-Is:taps. The date of
ilkolayevsk thaw is the day on which the
llagovsehchensk ice breaks or the tee starts
Markovo tG move.
31agoveshdheask
Mikhailovka
Oinhinsk
Long Tears Thaw Treese Complete
1 Q?ust ton of
River now
Oita
Okhotsk
(talkie* Yrasskoyo
Nerchinsh
Fetropavlovik
Lighthouse
Akiha
()nor
Nerchinsk
litretenek
Nikolsk Ussuriyekiy
no Trasskoye
d Zags Tasilyevskoye
Undinskaya
Koilovskaya
Vet-Maya
Irkutsk
lirstskoye
Meehma
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*CO iezes0
Xeshma
Olonhi
f*nt e7
Irasnoyarsk
rasaohinskoye
Nostylenikova
Toniseisk
lasimovo
Tolstiy Nos
Indigirka Rusekoye Usty*
12?,
rtish Tampa e
Pastynskoye
Ust -Iamenogorsk
Temishevskiy Pose ok
Parlodar
Samorove
Irasnoyarsk Poselok
Semipalatinsk
Iolyma
Semiyars e
lebiashiy Poselok
Chyermiy
Demyanskoyis
fhelesinka
Omsk
febolsk
Tara
Akmolinsk
Ishim
PstropavloYsk
TosnesenSkaya
PetropavlovekaYa
Rodchevo
Sredme-lolymak
Nizhne-Kolymsk
Yakutsk
omoloy
Iirensk
Olekminik
Narkha
Pravaya Obe
AlexandroTo
Baxmaul
Narra
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SECRET
Tsbol
Pogo 514
Iruglikova
Swot
Obtorek
Itkalskly Zatoe
DMA
Novosibirsk
Nalotragino
Nolrbsil
Nolohsnovo
Volyi Slum
Zverinogolovskoye
lutorovsk
/7evlsvo
Verkbas-lerktisri
NWhe 3112uxikovs.
Tobolsk
Leonidovskiy Neva
Aoltirtsk
tyrisaskors
Nashatakovs.
Sergeyerro
Tutalskoys
lirilyussi
8senoTckye
Vorkboyansk
lAss4he
147
SNOUT
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CORMiTIOES &RD 7
RS 0 T PACITIC COAST 01 SIEBRIA
"Th. StatefI on the Seas of the USSR
(erint 1924-),920
eteee LEI isfored when ice needle hove crystallized, bu
have uot yet formed 4 o1it Bhaet of ice. The sea is covered with
floating particles of ice which form a thin aih.or lead-colore&
*OMR. It then forms a layer of ice which becomes ridged with the
movoment of the sea, and the effect of the wind blowing over the
*grease ice4 thus formed is to level of the ridges and give ths
surface a slipPerY appearance.
rit 122 consists of fragments of var one types of ice
ting on the surface of the sea. (Taken from An Album of
Toms," 1930, Published in Leningrad.)
lat is the solid ice ihelf extend ng from the
for a distance of about 10 miles out to sea, to which fl
beComes attadhede
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Grease Ice
(Maik and Key for pp la to
,Nk
-?
1.4
.14
42,
0
rl
1-4
1-4
ea
1.1
124
0
byr4
0
r-1 d
Kap 1. Middle Fart
2. Actual Zates
. No Freeze-up
. Lat N - Long &
5. Continuous
6. Navigable in winter
7. Navigable
S. :Wends to
9. To the horizon
10. With dogs and on foot
11. With horses
12. Twice onlr
13. Lighthouse
14. Tartar,. Straits (NARITA. KAI 0)
15. Not known
16. No stoppage of navigation
17. Continuous in the bar
18. With doge
19. Oa feet
20# Nil
0
80.
?
140
1-1
14
G4
4.1
0 T4
O 10.
Ps d
0 pm V
(Readings of Tables as Follows:)
pp 518/519i PP 520/521; Bering :12a
pp 22/533; pp :24/525 (top): Sea of Okhotsk
pp 524/525 (bottom): Amur Bey
pp 526/527 (top): Amur River
PP W6114: PP 524/5Z9; PP 53Q/ 532/53
Sea of Japan
pp 534531 (bottom): Siberian Sea
SWOT
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SZGRET
(Mask for p 511
Place Names, p 51,0
bb.
cc.
ere.
ff.
44.
hh.
14 ?
kk.
11.
31114
WI+
%b.
cc.
441.
ee.
-
if.
&M.
bh.
JJ.
kk.
11.
as.
%b.
dd.
se.
ff.
444;*
hh.
Laarentia Bay
Chaplina Caps
ProVideniya
(1) Vrevideniya Bay
(2) lmma Harbor
esta Gulf
adyr
(1) Nerpiohi BeY
(2) Anadyr Bay (Main Estua )
Olyutorskiy Fish Yactory (Apuka)
Tillohiki (Korfa Gulf)
iichiga (Litke Str)
Karaginskiy
(1) Ukinskara Bay
(2) Uka River, Tributaries
and Mouth
Bering Island, Nikolskoye
Nolygor
Petropavlovsk Lighthouse
(1) Open sea
(2) Avacha Bay (itntrance in the
Bar)
(3) Rakerwaira Bay
Berkman, Bering Straits
Preobrashenlya Bay
(1) Little By
(2) Large Say
(3) Open Sea
UStlEhayryusovo, Open Sea
Palana River Mouth
Yauskaya Bay
(1) Verevoloohny Gulf
(2)Temskaya Bay
khotek
Cimnikpin (Vdskaya Bay)
Bollehoy Shantar island (Y a Bay)
Aran. A7an BA,
AIL. Toro Mouth
(West coast of anchatka)
bb. Gishiga
CC. Yiliginskiy Priisk
dd. Sayakhan
-.Ate. Langur (Northern Part of
Nevelski Channel
ff. Prong* (Annr Istuary and
South Channel)
gg. Dshaose Point (South Channel)
hh. Nikolayevsk (Anur River)
Page Wt.:
aa. Khabarovsk of
Amur River
bb. Iloster Lamp Lighthoas
co. (1) De Kastri Bar
dd. (2) Tartary Straits
ee. Alexandrovsk (Sakhalin)
(?arta ry Straits)
ff. Jonquiere (Tertary Straits)
g. Miliautin Lighthouse
hh. (1) Tartary Straits
U. (2) SovistsimYa Gaven
jj. Nikolayevskty Point
PaCe 21.:
AIL. Belinsk4 Ztbtkouse
(Tartary Straits)
1211.a.?ymelni (St Vladimir BaY)
Clraikhachevsky Lighthouse
(7,
: id. (1) fovea Sea
te_. (2) Oliga by
ff.-Mfg& (?lleLW. TikhaYa
'.-- Pristan)
gi.- Niimenisy Lighthouse (Open Sea)
hh. Askolt Lighthousa
ii. Skryplava
jj. (1) Ussuriyskly Bar
SZOKRT
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Place NOISS
cc.
U.
04.
ff.
dr,g.
hh.
U.
kk.
2) .st Bosporus (Meet Side)
&margin (Patrokius Bay) Aii-a
Vladivostok Naval Observatory
(Golden Born Bay)
Vladivostok (Observatory Mount)
Tokareveki Lighthouse
(1) last Bosporus (Meet Side)
(2) Amur BAY
River Lighthallle (X"thera Part
Brasaovaki Lighthouse
(1) Amur Bay
(mmr Ba)
of Amur Bay)
(2) S1v7aekt Bey
GamOva Light (Peter the great )11,7)
Nesimov Light (Poslyeta Bay)
(I) ?salad* Road
(2) Novgorod Bay
(3) Zmpedition 'MY
Povoroiny Lighthouse (Open Sea)
North Point
Whalen
(Znd of Part II)
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2.
ol IT, SMELL
AIM AND
ion of A. mo s
Wilds
raturs
silty and Vapor Pressure
Cover
er of Cloudy and Pinot Da
Witten
Number of Day* of Procipitation
Snowfall
roe
Fruiting and Mewing
VARA
o Pr*seurs and Ntn6 Direotton
(Sea Level)
.emperaturs*
Average Temperatures
Ehmidity
Ter
er of Days of Overoast
ipitation
r of Days of Precipitation
b r of Days of Snowfall
Oyer
and Last Snow
of Filming aa4 Mewl
button of ftrmanently-Fromen Strata
-99
No 115.1
NO 117..119
No 120
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A ISTIOROLOGIOAL DATA; Tol i?1 S1BZA
.01141Xt MPS AND NOTES
kta1
Siberia is ettuatid in the northern half of the Nurasi
eon inent andis a vast area lying between 50?
600 and 180? lest. It in bounded on the north by t
900101 and on the *est by the Pesific; on the west it
fro* *trope by the Ural Mountains and. in the south it ed
by Itanetturia and Outer longolia. Prom * topographical poin
view it Is divided into olearly-distinct regions. Prma the
leyntains to the Yenisei liver are the West Siberian Lowlands;
between the Tiniest liver and the Torkhoyonski Mountains it.. the
Oeatral Siberian plateau and together these tvo constitute the
largest part of Siberia. Prom the watershed to the east coast
is the Par Eastern region. The Turkistan basin Use to the
south in Central Asia separating the West Siberian lowlands end,
the billy area of firghis. The above western area is the largest
natural leed-mass of Siberia. The vast area of Siberia also
contains the Tundra region, lying adjacent to the coast of the
Aretic Ocean, and the *WWI region further inland, which is
0oVere4 with a luxuriant growth of coniferous end &Wawa
forests. The region south of the Teiga is termed the Steppe.
South of the Steppe are deserts, which are found in each sone.
The formation of the continent into contiguous MOS in this
manner le the chief factor influencing the weather, so that a
stagy of the topography is of prime importance in considering
the meteorology of Siberia.
About a third of the zorthern part of Siberia 11 within
the frigid sone and, with the exooptioz. of the coastal areas and
the region near Lake Baikal, the greater part of Siberia has a
continental climate of the frigid. sone type. The chief char-1
esteristic of Siberian weather is the extreme cold during winterz
it experiences the most severe cold of any region in the world,
with the exception of the polar regions. In the vicinity of
Torkboyansk (Latitude Iorth 67?33t, Longitude Mast 133?241),
the average temperature foramen' is -50.1? O and a temperature
ef 4.67.0 O has been recorded. At high latitudes the winter
eights aro extremely long and as the sun is low in the sky durinf
the day its rays are very weak. In the far north it Is not
visible at all. Per this reason it is extremely cold during the
nights and the result is the peculiar cold climate referred to
above. larbors, rivers, lakes and the soil itself are all freesia
hard. During tbe slimmer the surface of the ground thaws, but the
soil several meters 'beneath the surface remains permanently
from. This area of perpetually from land covers 300,000 square
kilometers In the north and constitutes the remote Tundra region.
On account of the extreme low winter temperatures the high
sure area is concentrated and registers 775 Ma at its center
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Lta. This htLh pies
th of the A1entian chain
dry Winds to blow across t
ntineat and as far asJensin-
led to he ley pressures
tan Ocean. It
plains, Manchuria
Is he winter wind
s the winter climate of lax Last Asia. It blows in *
rection from the interior of the continent out to sea.
berlan plains the winds are generally SW or SSW; in the
area and the Amur area, MW or WI on the Pacific
or W. Wind velocity in Western Siberia is 2 to 4
econ4 and, in the Southern Mountainous region and the
rian Plateau it is generally weak, averseing approxi-
r per second with a large proportion of -windless days.
kee the extreme cold oomparatively bearable. The
however, is ourrounded by are* of high pressure end
e wiads are fairly strong, reaching 6 to 7 asters per second.
In winter there is very little precipitation in the Siberian plain
as temperatures are low and that which fall takes the fora of snow.
This snowfall is slight with 10 to 50 ea daring the three winter
menthe. This is because the air streams that bring the moisture
flow in from the dry regions of Mongolia and Manchuria.
ntrast to those of winter, the days of wasaor are very
e sun sinks below the horizon for a short -while, reappear-
almost immediately. The desk of evening Wages into the
the next den amd there is no interval of complete darkness
s is observed in Tokio. it follows that the amount of radiate
one day is large and the conseoatat rise in temperature is
teristio feature of the continent. During July the whole of
from Bast to West is In the isothermio range of 10? to 20? 0.
(mature of the land is high compared with that of the sea.
w pressers area is located In Mongolia and registers 753 mu
enter with moist air currents blowitg off the sea towards
th rior of the continent. This is the seasonal wind that con.-
e ismer climate of ler tastern Asia. As a rule it is a
d of 2 to 4 meters per second and its direction in winter
and =predictable. A westerly wind prevails in western
a a southwesterly wind in the mountainous areas of the south,
wind in the Treasbaikal sad Ural regions, a southerly and $W
wind in the region along the Pacific coast, and a WS wind in the
coastal area of the Arctic Ocean. The moist winds carry humidity
tato the continent and half the precipitation for the year falls in
the gamer. The mild temperature combined with rainfall makes part
of Siberia suitable for agriculture and there are thick forest of
anise" covering a broad area of the central sone. lowever, the
owner is very short and precipitation slight, which facts combined
with the low atmospheric and ground surface temperatures in spring
and autumn maks agriculture extremely difficult and unprofitable.
The ter eastern region, however, is favored by a comnarntivolY high
%operate:* and heavy precipitation owing to the prevailing stammer
winds and a certain amount of land therefore has been brought under
ealtivation. One of these regions stretches from Sinkiang in Mon-
golia towards Central Asia and is a great distance from the sea coast.
The moist wind blowing off the sea in the summer is obstructed by
the lakhiegan mountains and other mountain ranges and does not
POET
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he interior of the continent so that little rain, or
Ldlt7 reaches the area and there is a large proportion
of fine weather. Furthermore, the volume of evaporation is
and in winter when the wind blows seaward* owing to the in-
Of the center of high atmospheric pressure, the whole area
off from its source of moisture and is exceptionally
ific heat of the ground, however, is law and day sad night
ures vary itoutlY. All these factors go to produce large
dry desert land.
Annual variations in tempera ure are very marked in Siberia.
ranging between -20?0 and -3500 in January and between 1000 and
2000 in July. The Lena Rieer in the Tehutak region the Tana River
sed the Indierka Basin have a great variation, from 5000 to 60?C.
*ad in Terkboyeash the temperature reaches 66?0. Other places
normally have temperatures ranging between 40?0 and 50v0. Thus
ince a vinter with a very low temperature will be followed by a
summer with a moderately high temperature there vill be marked
tangos in temperature in spring and autumn. from Mara to Jima
the temperature rises by an average of 100 to 156 0 each month
and maximum temperatures are reached everywhere byJvly. From
August to Septetber there is a rapid drop of 1?to ew C. mud from
then until laveaber a sudden fall of a further 100 to 156 O. Sob-
tevesently the temperature reaches its minimum in January. Thus
there are rapid fluotaations in temperature from winter to rammer
and mummer to winter. If we sense that, as in the Tokyo area
variation of approximately 560 narks the dividing line between
winter and spring and amtemn end vinter. Siberia may be said to
have its *rine in May and its wanner in June, July and Angast,
with temperatures of 2.000 to 2000, and have its winter suddenly
in the middle of September. By about the middle of October the
whole of Siberia has temperatures below sere. Spring and autumn
are extremely short and to all intents and purpose. the year is
divided into winter and Ammer seasove only.
Al lusekoye Vetere and Kasachye on the coast of the Amul4aegemea
first snow fells in the earl, part of July; at Olelorsk. ?ark-
ik and Torkhoyanik. In the earl, part of September; at Tobelsk.
anat. Tomsk. Teniseisk, Iirensk, Olehmiesk anelaIntek in Ventral
Siberia. in the latter part Of September; and in most places in the
south, in early October. Some places in the Transbaikal region,
however, have their first =Well earlier, about the beginning of
Septerber, on account of the mountainous mature of the area. Most
pieces in the meth have their last snowfall about the middle of
Kay, but tide occurs later?about the end of Naye-in the mountain-
ous regions of Transbalhal. The central area has its Last snowfall
at the end of Kay and the coastal regions of the *retie Ocean in
the addle of June. In winter, precipitation almost elvers takes
the form of snow. The falling snow does not melt, snob successive
fall aseumuleting till the snow cover seethes its maximum depth at
the beginning of March. But precipitation iesmall and, caw cover
is proportionately slight, rarely exceeding 1 meter in depth, so
that although Siberia is a cold country' it is not often that skis
eau be used. In the Ob And Yenisei Plver basins in Western Siberia
there le a fall of SO to 100 cm; in the lower reaches of the Amur
57
porta
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earafa o), in the
0-50 cm; and elsewhe
cularly light over an
to Manchuria, the Lena
River Basin, and
it between 20-50
stretching from t
r end the Indigirka
There is a high proportion of days of snowfall (about 80 to
ZOO) tn bolsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, reniseisk Oblast aad
Oblast; there is a smaller number, between 20 and 40, over
that includes the Transbaikal Area, the Amur Oblast, the Amur
Basin, the Am River (a tributary of the Lena) and the Aldan Ri
Basin. These areas where sky cover, precipitetion and *vapor& on
are all slight in einter may be considered to form extensions of the
vast Mongolian deserts.
In winter, rivers, lakes and harbors are fren gmr; all shippiag transport either eases or becomes extremely difficult. Jut the
surface of tbo ice, on the other hand, is firm enough for tnneport
aut4 thee proves itself useful. The coasts and rivers of the Arctic
Onaa start to frees, up at the beginning of October and by the end
of Noventer ail the large and small rivers of Siberia are completely
frozen over. The riven flowiag south start to thaw at the end of
April. The mouths of the rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean an
Wrenn for a short time by the beginning or middle of June. The
places that are completely ice-free, however, remain so for about 10
days only. The Antic Ocean routine frozen over for & largo pert of
the year and tho northern coastline of Siberia is rarely ice-free far
1070 then a very short period. The ooastal waters of the Boring Sea
an frozen Iron Ow middle of November until the middle of Deceiber
aa4 'by Jame all the ice has thawed except for the northern part of
the Boring Sea Straits, which are not ice-free till late July or
early August. Petropavlovsk in Kamchatka* however, is never ice.
-
bound and shipping traffic is rarely interrepted. The Sea of Okhotsk
begins to fresse about the beginning of November and is ice-free from
about the middle of Bey till the middle of June. The 'coastal waters
ef the Sea of Joan 'are frozen from the middle, of November till about
the middle of December and are ice-free frost the middle of April till
the middle of Bay. Yledivostock harbor remains navigable all the year
rotted.
i eft& experiencee extreme cold in winter
is otten, surpr singly enough, as high as SO. But vapor
is Ver: low, about I am, owing to the low temperatures.
sense Siberia can be said to have a dry atmosphere. In
the rapid rise in temperature is not accompanied by ea increase
moisten, so that humidity decreases everyvhere and reaches its
minimum in Mar or June with a reading of 60% or 65%, slowly intros*
ing after this date. Vapor pressure increases with the rise irk
temperature and rattan its maximum at the saes tine as Seeperature,
i.e., in July, with a reading of 10 mm or over. In fewer a rise in
atmoe0hertc temperature is caused by the heat of the earth's surface;
and in tamer precipitation takes the form of showers which are
Imamate especially in the mornings. These places have a tropical
type of rainfall and contrary to expectation there are may thunder-
atoms. Then are particularly frequent in the zone between 500 and
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rage yearly number of days of thunder being 15, mostl7
These storms are less and less frequent as one pro
h and south of this *pas. Thai the &marts of Mongolia and
where the temperaturo in the summer is very high during
he atmosphere contains little moisture are less sabjeet
to Umnterstorss.
stria has a high .proportion of clear days in e wtnt.r due to
pressare area getherin4 over it. The average cover In
ru Siberian plains is 6 ?7; in Mongolia, Manchuria, the
region, the .Amur region,, Yakutsk Proviso*, and in the
'vines sky cover is exceptionally small, generallY about
area of Oeatral Asia, however, has a comparatively
f 5 or 6. The 'Water in those areas is inclined. to be
nore rainfall, haiidity and sky cover than la the
estuary readings for Tashkent,for precipitation,
.kr cover are, respectively, 44 mm, 74% and 6.4; and for
% eat 1.7, the wommbeing very dry. lathe Turan
the Black Sea the monthly precipitation in winter is.
about 10 ma. In summer it is also very dry with a
of 1 4 mn? so that it is to all intents and parposei
the summer prevailing wind sets in, sky cover over
olia and the Maritine province increases to 5 or 6 and
from. haachuria and the Maritime province into the
beria. The rainfall in Mongolia is somewhat heavier,
stili sufficient to moisten the earth. In western Siberia
the 107 cover decreases from winter onwards to 5 6, but rainfall
iacreases and in July there is a fall of 60 - 70 ma. The reason for
this it the proximity of the low-praisers area of urope. On the
ceaots of the Arctic Ocean, sky *over rise to T and rainfall inorea
sligh and rises to 30 nminjuin but never goes beyond this figur
? a the wmmner prevailing wind sets in from about May onwards, it
roquently foggy in the Poring Sea and Sea of Okhotsk and on tile
horse of the Sea of Japan. Tog increases in July and August, when
half the total number of days of the month may be foggY. This decreases
rePidly as one proceeds inland, but there are several days of fog Per
month in Irkutsk Oblast, the Transbaikel Kral and the Amur Kral, *spew
-
tally in July and August. There is, on the other hand, a great deal of
fog in the winter and in the Lana and Tana River basins a large number
of dare per nonth are foggy. In winter there are a large number of
smear days, but the climate is extremely cold; it is thought that this
cold in conjunction with radiation causes the fog. The vicinity of the
Tomei Peninsula and the Taimyr Peninsula on the coast of the Arctic
Ocean Is extremely foggy, having about 100 days of fog in a year.
As re; vaporation in winter the climate is extremely cold
and iiumi &tt7 te proportionately high; but all moisture takes the form
of ice and the amount of evaporation from the surface of the ice is
very small. At Tomsk in western Siberia the total moathly evaporation
for janUary (measured in ths Shads) is barely 1.2 mm; at Parnaul 3.4
204 at Perovia Osera 5.0 an; and at Nerohineki-Zavod in tho Treashaikm1
region it is less than 1 sm. No data is available on evaporation et
other pjaes, but it is thought to be approximately the same. In summer
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SBOUT
eaperature is high hunidity is somewhat less end *vapors-
rtionately higher. The monthly evaporation for Tomsk in
am; at Barnanl 110 um; at BoroviasOxera 191 mm; id Omsk
100 d at lerchineki-Zavod, 57 sa. With the exception of Tomsk,
evaporation exceeds the volume of rainfall.
the wiater, places at high latitudes have e short
ng nights. In the summer the reveres is true. As already
ed, daring the summer the dask merges with the dawn. SiTiaS
the phenomenoa known as the kwhite night.0 At the period of
er solstice, the sue does not rise at all OA the Arotie Ocean
regions and all summer solstice it does not sink below the
but centimes to circle around the sky. The following tables
veral exanples of the hours of sunshine and sunshine ratio
annery and July.
January
lour ell Info?,
Sunshine (
62
12
110
144
19
July
f Insolation
04
2!6
2
254
259
326
12
fo lows from the above that there is a treat deal more
summer than in winter. Isiefeetern Siberia there is more
d a greater number of 0407 dere in vixtsr than in
hat Insolation in winter is much less than in summer.
the Tramebaikal region, however, has au extreme4 drr
a winter gad a &accession of tine dJ-s so that insulation
gion is greater in winter than summer.
though Siberia has an extremely cold climate in winter and
'mature rises considerably in maser, the climate of the
it Lake Baikal end of the far eastera region Is affected br
water and aces* respectively, which temper the heat and
. The rise aad fall of temperature in spring and autumn are
soh less abrapt there and the simnel difference in temperature less
ed. The climetic conditions of these particular areas can be
arly understood if one compares the temperature of Avsovaya
Age of Late Baikal with that of Chita in the Outer Baikal
r.toa or that of Nikelayevek or Okhotsk on the Pacific Ocean with
that of Urbino or Yakutsk within the continent. Below Is & 41101
parati/e table of the temperatures for these places.
Chart o ae 6 of Annex)
ace NANO Jan Feb liar Apr Mar Jun Jul AugSep
0.
d. erMo
e. Okhotsk
Z. YeLtk
- 6a -
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pt en 0 44mosehe mssure an Piave
giber a has a continental climate and in winter is ixtremely Cold,
bet the huge thermal capacity of the surrounding oceans prevents h.
eliperature eros falling as low as it otherwise would. The result is
bigh premiere area stretching from the Aleuliaa Islands to Kamchatka.
Cold, warm winds blow clookvise fro* this high pressure area to the low
pressure areas of the Aleutians and the Indian Ocean. It is this pe-
wind that determines the winter climate of Tar Neste= Mit!.
Ia slimmer the continexit is flooded with strong =shim, sae becomes
extremely hot, but the tepperature of the surface of the sea does not
rise to any great extent, with the continent becoming a vast low pres
sure area and the North Pacific a large high preseare area. Thus in
the summer a wars moist wind blows off the sea over the continent. This
is the wind that (Moraines She summer climate of Per Eastern Asia.
Thus, as explained above, the stmospberic preesere in Siberia is highest
la winter (January and rebruary) ant lowest in rouser (July). In winter,
however, Kamchatka is adjacent to the low pressure area of the Aleutians
eat has its lovest atmospheric pressare in December and highest in Jame.
This is because at this time the Sea of Okhotsk high pressure area
extends over both the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamdhatka and as July Approaehes
the Okhotsk Sea high pressure area disappears and the Kamehatka area
tosoomes the route for She continental low pressure area. The atmospheric
pressure thee decreases slightly, but_rises *pin in August. The shores
of the Okhotsk $ea sad the Karafuto LSakhallai area lie on the dividieg
Usie betimes the two atmoopheric pressure erstems. They do not experience
shirked Change of climate daring the year and the nature of their climate
Li somewhat oomplicated? as these areas have two high pressure peaks in
spring and autumn an two low pressers peaks in summer and wiAter.
1m winter the wind velocity is generally low, frown 2 to 4 meters per
s.con. It is particularly light, from 1 to 2 meters per second, in the
nOnntailiOUS regiOne to the eOnthe in Irkutsk previa**, intim Transbalkel
and in the Amur and Yakutsk areas, where there is a largo proportion
* of cal veatherA These areas have an extremely cold temperature
of between -20 and 3Oi, but it is a comparatively bearable cold owing
to th stillness of the atr. The following figures give the trimming for
ealm weather in January: Irkutsk Chita 58%4 Nerchinek 88* nag-
evelacheask Prilsk 76%; 1ekntrLO 8%; Yakutsk 40%; Terkhoyansk 44%. It
eau be seen from these figures that over half of each month is windless.
The coastal area of Tar Bast Asia has & greater wind velocity, 5 to 8
meters per second, owing to the proximit of the high pressure area.
The conditions at the beginning of spring aad =Wan are different,
with greater wind velocities. In the Amur river basin and the coastal
area the wind reaches its highest velocity in April And May, during tha
transit of the continental low pressure area. IA addition, the wind vela-
city reaches a second peak in October during the transition of the con.
tinentel low preseure area.
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for p 7
rikkatiasia.,ilLet)
v. Ang Oct NOT DSO Entire
Tomir
as follower )
Obdor
b. Onritmt
C. Tobolik
d. Omsk
e. dkmolinek
f. Oithiga
?46k, Tarkhanik
b. Teniseisk
I., Toset
4. larnaul
k. Semipalatinsk
1. Minuelnik
mek
tsk
u.
V.
Y.
s.
as.
Vb.
do,
dd.
es.Ntkoik Island)
Covered
/sties
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1 to 13 ow the distributiontapepherie
rinoipal 4n tt.ctious for .sOb uth, the arrows
e frequency of wind direction aceorttn to the following
<
35%)
)4---
51
r36%
fee"--141
45%
65%
50%
)0r?
66%
- 70%
nos ei the at spheric pressure fi
)10N-- 70
*Ir "1:6%
the distributioa
of the prevailing winds and show their seasonal
The contineatal high presser* reaches its and
ary and shows a reading of 775 um or ever at its center in Uono1Ia.
Awl* of the continent of Asia Is covered by this high prim area.
The winds blow out to sea in a clockwise direction. In the regions
serronnding Lake Ialkal the southwestern Wald of the Western Siberian,
Plains Is modified by blowing over the lake water which is much warner
thea the werrouading country sett has a tendency to blow towards the
middle of the lakes The prevailing wind of the Transbalkal end Amur
legions is northwest; that of the Maritime Province is north or nort
west; that of Xmachatka and the coasts of the Boring Sea is northwes
or north; and that of the coasts of the Arctic Ocean is southwest or
south.
Ielerah the a of high atopheric prusure is in
n as in the previous month. It shows a diainished read ng of if
At its center and part of it shifts towards the southwest. The
prevailing wind_ directions remain mach the same.
In April the center of the high pressure as
he reeding of 766 am. It moves toward" the northwest
te is located it the northern past of Gen al Asia. The
?sure area beeins to move towards the Maritime Province and
a and although there is no great change in the direction of the
Pr ng winds they aro somewhat less frequent. On the a:hares of
the Sea of :ow, however, the wind shifts west to south and the
prvratItg rummer wind begins to set in.
the high pressure decreases to 762 end mii tto seolution
zi,.tue over an area stretching from the northern rnrt ot Ce ral Asia
to the outbern part of Anropean luosia and the area of low pressure
o novo in from Mongolia towards Manchuria and the Lena river
Western, Merle the prevailing wind is for the most part
westerly. In the Transbaikal area it blows northwest towards the low
e area of lanchuzia. In the coastal area of the Maritime Province
te r prevailing winds begin to blow south or southeast in son-
trait to Japan ant South Central China where winter conditions still
continue..
ONIMS the high pressure area
ern pert of Central Asia loses
ontinent diseppears. The low p
oontinue during Nay over the
fora and all high pressers over
lire area spreads out Over
num
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Mongo la la and over the Lena and Ye set river basins
and the pessuiegradually drops to 754 mm in Mongolia, Manchuria
and the Transbaikal area. In Western and 1:entra1 Siberia the pre-
vailing vind is from the west; in the Transbaikal Region, from
the northwest; in the Amur Region* from the north or northeast; in
the coastal area of the Maritisie Province, from the south to south.-
east; and lA the coastal area of the Arctic Ottean, froa the northeast.
Ail these winds blow toward the interior of the continent.
ly the pressure reading is 753 mm or lower over the 1arer
beria. The summer prevailing wind reaches its maximum
lowiag fraa the sea towards the interior of the continent
pressure area of Mongolia. It blows south or southeast
metal areas of the Maritine Province; east or nertheast in
C Ocean coastal areae; due west in western Siberia; and
rtheast in the Transbaikal region.
t the location of low pressure areas ad prey
are much the sane ao in July and atmospheric researe
?r, when winter begias, the begins
The high atmospheric pressure of the European area
towards Mongolia; soon & high preseare area is formed over
on talent and a low pressure area is formed from Manchuria over
a of Okhotsk and the Kamchatka area. Ia a short while the
reavailigg wind sets in over China, but in the interior of
and La the coastal areae of the Maritime Province the pre
wind direction does not change yet* as woald be exeeeted from
tion of the atmospheric pressure at thisitme. Tor the rest
ear the wind direction does not change greatly over meet
*stern Siberia and the southern part of the mountainous regions.
*Ws from the land towards the sea; that is, south or southwest
he Yamal and Taimyr Peninsulas on the Arctic coast* west in the
ty of the Lena river mouth which lies east of the above penin-
sale aad north over the eoasts of the_Sea of Ckhotek.
a October the high pressure area of the winter is fully formed
sad has a reading of 766 mm at its center* which is at a positioa near
the borders of Siberia sad Northern Moagolia. The prevailing winds,
ere those of winter; the southwesterly eammer wind 'which haa continued
to blow over the coasts of the Sea of Japan until aeptember has shifted
to the northwest and the prevailing wind over the coastal areas of the
Arctic Ocean is now southwest.
I* November awl December the location of ato hertc Pressure 5.3
the sane se in Jennar7, the centers of high revaure being 773
ma and 774 ma respectively at a position over Mongolia. The prevail-.
ing vitas are the sans ae in January and Pebruary.
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the e ce 1011 of he cotal area of the
s and the aka Baikal area, Siberia! has a imptiorkabir
tal climate. It has an annual variation in teeperture of
"thick is remarkably large =pared to the 22.6?C
variation experienced, at Tokyo. The solar radiation at high
latitudes in winter is extremely weak. The nights are long,
evaporation is very slight, and the solar radiation provides little
warmth. Verkhoyansk is believed to be the coldest place in the
verld with an iterate temperatuxe in .7annsxy of -50.10C and a
mimimam recorded temperature of -674?C. Ws will give here several
vocable reasons for the exceptionally low winter temperatuxet of
the Lena River, the Tana River and. the Indieirka basin, which nre.
nwar Yorkhoyansk;
Location at a high latitude ant the fact that the groun
idly.
winter there is little snow or humidity or evaoratien
a. There are continuous periods of fine weather which
ge IOSS of heat by radial cooling Lnd censequeet ex-
temperatures.
2e
w cover over thie whole area is
snow cover does not hold in
fact contributes to the extreme
about
earthts
eratares.
The motet air from the Elea does not reach these ares, as
e or Western Siberia.
The atmoeehere is for the most part still and windless end
air of the earthls surface does not mix with the warmer
rents of the npper strata.
These are the main reasons for the low
armed Verkheeanek.
es in the regions
The mean January temperature for a ;nrts Of Sibcrta are
between C aad -400G and the mean temperatures in July are 10 C
to 20?C. In the *oldest ;lame, Terkloyanek, the average grcaT
temperatur s 15?C and comp es with the same temperature for
ft/bike in Marafato je1iW in August. The most dharacteristic
feature of this climate, apart from the fact that it is a most
perfect example of a continental climate, is the great variation
in winter temperatures from year to year. It will be 90411 from the
exapples given below of mean January temperatures between 1895 and
1905 that the difference between the highest Ind lowest average
Jammer temperatures is aE much as 1000 to 15n3 within a short
miod. which is &A extreAely grgat variation, considering that the
margin in Tokyo is from re; to 5"0. If this variation took place
in Japan it would have e drastic effect, but in Siberia everything
is frozen and all living creatures go into hibernation so the effect
of the variation is not felt. In the Maritime regions of the Tar
last the heat and cold is greatly mitigated ly the proximity of the
-65-
SMUT
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SIORBT
sea and lake Baikal has a eimilar effect on its earrcandings. As .
already demetibei the temperatuee undergoes ewift dhanges in spriag
and =teens, winter making an abrupt transition into summer and
summer into winter.
(Chart 10) A.Va JOna4r2 ToPer#14141
1895 1896 189/ 1898 1699 1900 1901 1902 1503 19 9
a. Temak
b. Teniseisk
o. Yakutsk
d. Terkhoyanek
I, e.lureut
Maps 14 to 27 give the moethly distribution of temperature
reckoned at sea level.
Jasuary is the coldeet moath of the year. The tenperatere fano
to -P?0 in the Verkhoyeask area, which is enclosed by the innermost
isotherm. As one proCeeds outwards fror thic arse the temperature
rises. The Marian comlineat east of the Ural e i& withit the a2000
or below range; the Lake Baikal region and the Meritive INVVIACO,
where the climate is tempered by the proxieity of the lake water and
?Coen respectively are mild ooapared with the interior of the continent.
In 70bruary the isotherms remain much the same as in Januar/. but
the temperature Is slightly higher.
It March the wietry conditions begin to disappear to * very emal
extent la the Verkhoyaaak area and the leotherms ax a almost parallel
to the lines,iof latitudes. The rhole of Siberia still has temperatures
of under alerCe
In April the isotherm are almost parallel to the linos of latitud'
e
send the ieotherm 000 stretohes from east to wett along the latitade 52?
north. The temperatures on tba Arctic coact are beloa -200C.
In May the teeperatuxe Is steadily rising iA all placee, and the
isothera 0?C tow liee tioAtt the l&titUde 67c, north. About this time
the influetce of Che *ea and of Lake Baikal begias to be felt. Isoa
thence ran more or less straight from east to west, tut near the sea'
coasts they make a midden curve southwards an& in the Vat Lestera
oeastal areas they follow the llue of the sea coaets. The tenperature
of Lake Baikal le lower than that of the aurrouading couatrys
It June the tesperature of the continent risee eot4Aeuall7. but
there is no increase it the teaperature of the seas or Lake Baikal,
so that the effect they have on the climate in these areas is now
very marked and in the far eaater coastal regions the isotherns now
ran absolutely parallel to the seacoasts. The seacoasts azd Lake
Baikal are several degrees cooler than the interior of the continent
and the surrounding .and respectively. The teethe= 0?C has shifted
to the far torth a AO, =SS frOZ the aheres of the Bering 3ea along
the Arctic coastline. This is the aiberian summer season and gradually
- 66 -
8-MOReT
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thaw and becomeice-free.
he hottest month of the year and the taother* ran
the moBtart east and 'feet. The temperature is 2000 in
Southern Siberia and 5*C on the Arctic coast. As in July, the
isotherms run parallel to the coastline IA the Far Eastern coastal
districts and the temperature of Lake Baikal le extremely low.
In August the temperature of the interior of the continent
200 to 4*0 lower than in July, tut it rises on the coasts of
te Sea of Japan and in the southern part of Eamehatka where the
emperature now reaches its maximum for the year. The influence
f the sea and lake water is still evident and the coastal areas
are considerably cooler than the interior of the continent.
September is the month of transition into winter. The te
p.rtures of land and sea are about equal; the isotherms no ioxer
follow the curves of the coastline, but ran east and vest parallel
to the lines of latitude and register 0?0 on the Aretic coast and
1240 along latitude 50* north.
By October the temperature faU considera ly aad is tsro
nerth of latitude 550 N. Again, the mitigating effect of the sea
ead lake? water is operant and the isotherms carve from south to
north and ran parallel to the coastline. The ooastal area is
warmer than the interior of the continent and the Lake Belkel AT a
Ii warmer than the surrounding country.
I a November the temperature drops still iowx reacbtng .-3500
lowest point in the Verkhoyanek area, and all of Siberia east
'Urals is in the -1000 temperature ran. The ffeot of the
lake water is increasingly marked. The isotherms follow
the Une of the coast in the Far East and Lake Baikal Is a great
deal vrssr then the surrounding territory.
The temperature distribution in December I e zuob the saa. a
thc previous month, but individual tmeratur ar. somewhat lower.
it ft -45PC at its lowest point =and Veroyanek u& the rest of
Siberia is below -20*C.
The MCI set of as No 26 to 39, show the date6 in sp
and entamn when temperatures become -15?C, -10?C, 0?C,
10PC and 15?C. Owing to the effect of the ocean and lake water the
isotherms are generally retarded on the Par Eastern coastline ant
in the Lake Baikal area. In the middle of April the 0?C Isotherm
Lu fou ad to It. in the 4cinit7 of 506 latitude north. It moves
gradually northwards and by the middle of June it lien sling the
Arctic coast. In Autumn, in the middle of September, it is seen
to be OA the Arctic coast and subsequently moves southward at a rate
of 70 km a Ur.
By the middle of October it has reached the 500 1atitud. north
sone at the extreme south of Siberia. In Spring the thawing of the
rivers of Siberia follows the course of these lines. They start to
MUT
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thaw in the south and are generally ice free about 10 days after
the isogeotherm Oft has moved on northwards. In autumn the rivers
!repose about 20 to 30 days after it has moved southwards. (The
term freezing indicates that the river is covered with ice from
bank to bank.)
nest set of maps, No 40 45, shows the number of days
paz year when the temperatures are .-1500, 40?C and C and 000
or over, respectively,
As shown in the maps, there are less than 100 days in the
year When the temperature OA the Arctic coast is lower than -150
and about 90 when it is above sero? so that for the greater part of
the year this area is icebound and uummer has only a short ice-free
period. There is a larger proportion of mild days in the Far Mastern
coastal area and the Lake Baikal area on account of the ameliorating
influence of the ocean and lake water.
nape Me 46 and 47 show the number of days with maximum to era-
tut* belew zero and the number of days with, minimum temperature
below zero respectively. The former is the number of days with no
thaw and the latter the number of days when the temperature falls
below zero. There are few such days near Lake Baikal, but there
is a large number of such days in the mountainous regions of Trans-
laical having a minimum temperature zero or below.
4. ign$411z and Vapor PressuT,
On account of the coldness of the Siberian winter humidity
generally about 130%, but vapor pressure is extremely Low, about
am, because of the low timperatares. In spring the temperature
the interior rises rapidly, but there is no corresponding increase
of moisture, so that humidity diminishes and reaches its minimum in
May or June. In autumn the temperature drops rapidly and humidity
slowly increases and reaches its maximum In November or December.
la the Far Sastern coastal area, however, where the climate is tem-
pered by the prevailing winds and proximity of the sea, the winter
is short and the summer long and vapor pressure increases and dim
inishes with the temperature, reaching its minimum In January and
2.2iMUM in July. The following table gives humidity and vapor
pressure figures for a number of different plateet
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SEM
(k.sk for Table, p 12 of app)
ImariditY and_ apor Preessare
gores give humidity in percentage; the lower fues
pressure in millimeters.)
:an lab Mar Apr May Jun :u1 AugSep Oct Nov Dec Tear
a. Obdorik
b. Tobolak
C. Wawa
4. Tomik
e. Akmolinsk
f. Teniseisk
g. Torkhnnek
h. Blagoveshche y
Prilek
1. Yakutsk
j. lasskeys Ustye
k. Yerkhoyansk
1. given&
n. Irkatek
a. Chita
ca. Okhotsk
p. Nikolayevsk
q. Alemandrevskiy Post
is i humidity in the couxe of the year over the area
a )Lcnolt, Sinkiang and Turkistaa. These regions form vast
of &rit land with a number of scattered deserts, principally
obi Desert. Humidity is much the same from November to March
aad is high in western and central Siberia. It is slight over the
that includes Transbaikall the Amur Oblast* the west coast of
the Sea of Okhotsk, the Kolyma River, the Indioirka River and the
reaches of the Lena River, just as if this were an entenaion
arid lands of Mongolia. The center of the to humidity area
khoyanik and, it is thought, the fact that cold air of this
re on (seet maps on distribution of temperature end winds) flows
the comparatively mild areas of the Shores of the Sea of
k, the Tramsbaikal and Amur area is the reaton for the lack
dity. This can also be applied to the distribation of
snowfall and rainfall and the effect can be seen clearly in the
maps that deal with snowfall and rainfall. la western and central.
Siberia, humidity, snowfall and rainfall are comperatively beim,
owing to the flow of the moist air from Iurope into the cold
Siberian plain.
Thi following giv.i a month-b nth surv Y of the
tion of humidity, as depicted in maps No4.8, to 60:
In January, western and central Siberia have a high humidity
rale of SA it is 70%070 in the Outer Baikal region, the Amur
region, the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Norima River, and
0%* mule 790n%" of tbe Indigirlee %Ter: SQ!, on the coasts of the
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d 81 at Ata Alma in the
akk r
0 ? ,
Februexy the distribution appears to be much the same, but
lower at varicue placec in the Transbaikal region and in
e Ar region end the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk.
As the tepperature of the continent risee in March the hueldity
ef western and central Siberia decreases to 75% sad increases slightlF
in the Takutsk area. It retains still low, between 65% and 70%,, in
the Transbaikal and Amur regions and in the Indigirka Elver aad the
upper reaches of the Tana River.
As the temperature rises in April there is a general decrease
in humidity; 65% to 70% in western and ceatral Siberia, 60%
in the Transbaikal and Amur regional and 60% or less in t
hoyanek -area. There is no great change of humidity an the coasts
of the Arctic Ocean and the Far Eastern coastline, which register
75% and 80% respectively.
Kamidity continues to drop in May, wham it reaches its yearly
minimum in Central Siberia with a reading of 60% to 65%4 It is 55%
in the Terkhoyansk area and is even lower, less thee 45%, in the dry
sons stretching from Mongolia to Central Asia. It rises to 85% at
DOM places on the Arctic coast and to 60% in the Far Zest Maritime
area. Humidity tends to be low on the continent and high over the
sea.
dity is much the same as in the previous month, but
he moist sumer winds set in and blow from the sea over the Far
Eastern coastal areas. litre humidity is generally higher, being
over 80% on the coastline, in Kamchatka, and on the Arctic coast.
The temperature of the continent reaches its maximum in July
and Is also at Its highest in the Arctic Alia Far Eastern coastal
areas. At this time the summer prevailing wind is in full force
and blows from the sea toward the land. As a result, humidity in
the Arctic and Par Eastern coastal areas and Kamchatka is over 80%.
Likewise the summer wind has the effect of producing approximately
SO% humidity in the Amur Rill area. The cool moist sea wind blowe
over the continent, but as the temperatare Is hieh humidity Is not
particularly great. In central Yakutsk the temperature is fairly
high* but the area is out off from the moist summer wine by the
intervening Stanovoi and Tablonovy Mountain range. so that humidity
is generally low. In Forkhoyansk it is 60%1 in Mongolia and Turk-
istan it is extremely dry, about 40%, as in the previous month.
In August the temperature of the continent diminishes slightly
and the humidity rises accordingly. It is 80% in the Far Eastern
and Arctic Coastal areas, 75% to 80% in western and central Siberia,
anti 70% in the Terkhoyeask area. There is no change In Mongolia and
Turkistan which remain as arid as before.
September is the season of transition to winter. The summer
prevailing wind falls off end the winter prevailing wild setain.
The temperature of the continent drops rapidly and humidity, on the
* TO -
SBORIT
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contrary, inereaees. It becomes 35% on the Arctic coast, about
gO% in Western and. Central Siberia, and 75A near the Iadigirka
and upper reaehes of the Yana river. On the Far 1astern coast it
is somewhat less than in August.
In October the humidity is over SO% n we ern and central
Siberia and owing to the effect of the winter wiud, it is dryer
(75%) in the Far Bast coastal area. It is particularly low, 70%
or less, in the Okhotsk region.
In November the humidity rises to ?O% or 35 in western and
central. Siberia, but decreases in the lower reaches of the Yenisei
River. On the Far Zastern coast the cold air from the iaterior blows
Over the mild coastal regions with a resulting decrease in humidity.
Prom the at coast of Korea to Vladivostok it is 60% and 61% at
Okhotsk on the west coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. It is approxi-
mately 15% in the Outer Baikal and Amur regions and SO% to 35% on
the coasts of the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean. As winter approaches
there is a slight increace of humidity in Mongolia and Turkistan,
but these realons do not loae their characteristic aridity. Mon-
golia has a humidity. of 55% or less and Turkistan has 65%, a
remarkable increase compared with its summer rate.
NUmidity is mach the acme In December as in cvember, but
rises to 70;i, in Tarkietan which is fairly moist in winter.
5. 2LLSatibt
In winter sky cover Is extremely light over northern China,
Mongolia, Manchuria, Transbaikel? Amur, he rester:1 3ores of the
Sea of Okhotsk, the Yana River and the ladigirka river basin.
Wise regions have a large proportion of fine days in winter, as
precipitation is extremely slight owing to the dry climate. The
distribution of humidity aad rainfall can be clearly seen in the
attached maps. S17 cover is heavy, however, in western and central
Siberia and Turkietan.
When the moiet sea winds start to blow in warmer, sky cover
increases over the eastern coasts, the coast of Kamchatka and the
Arctic coastal region; but though it increases somewhat over Mon-
golia, it ialkill light, having a value of 5 or under, as the
summer winds are obstructed by the Tat..Tsting-an Kountain range
and de not reach the area, It is also slight over the upper roaches
of the Indigirka and Kama Rivers and the Aldan river basin, as
these areas are cat off from the sea wind by the Stan/ova mountain
raw. The &icy cover over Turkistan is 2 or less and its dry
summer is in strong contrast to its wet winter.
The following is a month-by-month survey of rainfall
tion, as shown in Maps No 61 to M.
In January sky cover is slight over an area extending from
Mongolia to Manchuria, Transbaikal, Amur, the west coast of the
Sea of Okhotsk and Verkhoyeask, and hem a value of 2 or 3. It ie
heavy* 6 to 7, in western and central Siberia and 5 or 6 in Turk-
istan Which is heavy compared with its yammer cover. of 1 or 2. It
is light, 5 or below, in the interior of the Kamchatka Peninsula
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MEET
oastline. In the Arctic coast area it is 4 or 5.
is practically no Change in letruary, with the exteeption
t decrease in Turkistan.
There is no change in western and central Siberia in Marsh.
increases to 3 or 4 in Transbaikal and Amur and on the west coast of
the Sea of Okhotsk and decreases to 4 or 5 in Turkistan.
Is western and central Siberia it is still between d 6
in April, but it decreases as one proceeds north nal is 4. or low
on the Arctic coast. On the Fax Eastern coastline it increases
to 5 or 6. In the Lanchatka peninsula it is slight in the interior.
but 7 orS on the coast. Transbaikal and Amur have a value of 4 or
5 and Mongolia and Turkistan have 4 or less.
In Nay sky cover is generally increasing ell over Siberia. it
is 6 or 7 in western and central Siberia; 5 or 6 in the south of
Tololsk Oblast and in Tomsk Oblast, Transbaikal and Amur; and it
decreases as one proCeeds south, being 5 or below in Mongolia and
4 or below in Turkistan. When the yammer wind sets in it increases
to 7 or over in the coaetal areas of the Par East. Nowiver, it is
only 4.4 in the Aldan river basin and Ult-,Maya.
June is much the same as May, with the exception that sky core
wither decreases in Turkistan to l or 2. It also decreases in the
Aldan river basin and Ust-)a7a is 3.4.
In July there is little chane in western and centre.]. Siberia.
Turkistan registers 2 or below and the Alden river basin is 5 or
less. This is bemuse the summer wind loses hmlf of its moisture
when passina over the Stanovoi mountains.
ky cover is madh the same in August as in Jiil7, but the yin
b o v
weaker and conseqmently sky cover on the Far Eaatezn coaat
shoe to e certain extent, and becomes 6 or 7.
The prevailing wind of winter starts to blow in September wtth
a consegnent decrease of eXy cover oVer Transbaikal, Awor, Manchuria
and the Far eastern region. It has a value of about 5 in Trans-
baikal and 5 or 6 in Amur, the coasts of the Sea of Japan, Rad the
west coastal area of the Sea of Okhotsk. In increases in western
and central Siberia and in the Far stern coastal area. It is g
Or more OA the Arctic coast and, decreaeing to the south, it stands
at 6 or 7 in western and central Siberia and is mach less in Mon-
golia and Turkistan which have a value of 3 or 4 and 2 or under
respectively. It is slight at Petropavlovsk on the east coast of the
landhatka peninsula and heavy on the west coast.
There is * slight increase in sky cover in October over *en ral
and. western Siberia and in the Lake Baikal area and Tranebaikal. It
decreases somewhat on the Far eesten coast and is approxim-lely 4 in
the Vladivostok area. It increases to 2 or 3 in Turkistan and de-
creases to 2 or 3 in Mongolia. From the center to the eastern coast
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tka
r 6 and is heavier, about 8, on the west coaet.
In Novembor Sky cover is heavier in woetern and central Siberia
with a value of 7 or 8, but it is slight over an extensive area that
includes Turkistan, Longolia, Manchuria, Transbaikalp MOW, Yakutsk
and the Tar Eastern coastal area, which have the following values:
kistan 3 or 4; roncolia 3 or above; MaLchuria 3 or 41 Men..
or above; Manchuria 3 or 4; Transbaikal and Amnr about 4;
'extern ocastal area and Takutek about 5. It decreases on
AtCttc coast to about 6.
he ception of Turkistbn, sky cover decrease everywhere
in ecebe. In western and central Siberia t is 6 or 7 au& 2 or 4
ovet Mono1ia, Manchuria and the Tar -;astern coast. In Turkistan it
inoreaseg to j or 6.
(Mask for abaon page 16 of apt)
Place lam*
aLlint
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
a. Obdorak
b. Tobolsk
0. larmaul
I. Tottek
*. Akmolinek
f. Yeniseisk
g. Turkhanek
h. 31agoveiho eneki7
Priiek
i. Yakutsk
j. Rueskoye UStya
k. Verhoyansk
1. Kirensk
it. Irkutsk
Ohlta
o. Okhotsk
p. Nikolayevsk
q. Vladivostok iarbo
r. Alexandrovekiy Po
e. Petropavlovik
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sscRa
k for Table on 17 of app)
V4Obsr of clout' salliailt&
4*(qoper figures show number of cloudy days: lower figures, number of
fine days.)
Place Name
Jan Feb Mar Apr Ilay Jun Sul Au Sep Oct Nov Dec
Obiorsk
b. ToIolsk
c. Barnaul
d. Tomsk
e. Atmolinsk
1. Yeniseick
g4 Turkbansk
b. Blagoveshobenekiy
Priisk
14 Yakatvk
j. Rusekoye-Ustye
k. Verkhoyensk
1. Irkutskag Chita
n.
0.
p. Vladivostok. Harbor
q. Alexandrovskly Post
r. i'etroavlovsk
In Siberia a day is termed clouny when the total s cover for the
three daily, observation periods it; 25 or over. Thiv, approximates to
the usage in Japan, where a day is termed cloudy if the average sky
cover for the day is 7.5. A fine day is one on which the tota1 cloud
cover for the three daily reacings is 5 or below. In Japan, a day
ia termed fine when the average cloud cover is 2.5 or below.
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A ts $3b.rta tt slight in winter aM over half the
is in the rummer. An area of rs
winter and cold dry air blows off the s4 tovars
produces fine weather. Oonseepently. ongoUa, Man
a, Transbaikal, Amur, the Maritime provinces and the Arctic
So t are all very dry and have a monthly precipitation of 5 ix or
less; western Siberia has a comparatively heavy precipitation of 10
to 20 mm, on account of its proximity to the moistursa.laden westerly
winds of Europe ad also to the low-pressure area of Europe. In
slimmer the continent forms a lov pressure area and moist air is
carried off the sea by the Ammer prevailing wind into the middle
of Siberia. Renee, precipitation is everywhere heavier in summer,
especially ia the Far Eastern regions of Manchuria and the Maritime.
provinces. It is also heavy in the tone lying between 50? and 60?
north, which has a yearly total of 3go to 500 mm. It to al** heavy
in %be zone lying between 500 and Go w north, which have aisarity
total of 300 to 500 um. It is lighter further math. On the Arctic
coast and in Mongolia it is 200 ma or less and in Manchuria and the
MOritime Provinces it is koo to 600 am. Turkistan, however, has a
winter preoipitation of 10 to 30 UM a month and a aummer precipita-
tion of 10 mm or less a month. Some places are extremely dry, with
0 to lan, and hence there are a number of deserts at various places
in the region stretdhing between Turkistan and Mongolia.
amchatka penineula projects into the Pacific: with he Bering
the east and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west; thue in summer
*posed to moist air current, on all sides so that its yearly
tation is very heavy, particularly on both coasts which are
nous. Precipitation is less in the interior which is table-i
petropavlovsk has a yearly total of 1000 mn. Precipitation
is surprisingly heavy &leo in th. zone lying between 500 ?n4 Goo
morth and there are 10 to 20 rainYMOre between May and. SePteebers
This is 'because in summer vapor pressure is 12 to 13 ma; there is
a large amount af sunshine and the graund surface is warmed. In
Mongolia and Turkistan there is also a large amount of sunshine and
the earthis crust is hot, but the air hes little moisture content
and accordingly thunderstorms are very rare.
The following is a brief account of the precipitation month-
nth (maps No 07-99).
Is January and February precipitation takeB the form of snow.
It is sitremely slight. 5 mm or less, over a wide area that includes
MCmgolia, Manchuria, Transbaikal, Anar, the west coast of the Sea
of Okhotsk. the Yerkhoyansk area, and the eastern coastal region.
The coasts of the Sea of Japaa have 10 sto; the oast coast of tam-
Chatka Penineala has 50 um and the west coast 20 mm or less. Western
Siberia and the Ob and Yenisei Rivers and the traaer Reaches of the
Lena River have a coaperatively heavy fall of 10 to 20 mm. It is
heavy in Turkistan in winter; razalinsk has a fall of 10 mm,
Tsshkent 44 mm and Ashyahabad 26 an.
Precipitatioa is much the same in Marc a in Jsmiarr and
lebraary, but it increases in Turkistan to 12 ma at Xasalinsk, 62
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mm t Tahet d 45 mm at AsAeuneoed?
In April preeipittton is somewhat heavier i Manchuria and
the Par astern coestal region, but it is lighter in Mongolia and
on the Arctic coast where it is 5 ma or less. It is 10 mu to 20
am in western Siberia and. 20 to 40 mm in the Tomsk and Semi-
palatinsk areas and in Turkistan there is little change froth
previous montb.
In May the iuner wind from the soe. h begins to blow on the
astern coast and the shores of the Sea of japan have a rain-
of 54 to SO mm. Western Siberia has 30 to 50 mm, the Arctic
10 ma or less, and Mongolia 20 am or less. lain is less in
tan, where the 'Duran Plain has a fall of 10 am or less.
In June precipitation on the eastern coasts increases gradu-
ally to 70 to 100 ma and in western Siberia to 100 ma. The north-
esstera oerner of Lake Zeikel has /Ass than the surroundiag
country, with a reading of 30 ma. The Kolyma and Indigirka Rivers
and the Aldan River basin all have a slight fall of 30 ma or below,
as the summer wind from the sea cannot penetrate the area on account
of the intervening Stanovoi mountein. Turkistan has 10 mm or less.
In July and Aagnst the summer seaeonel wind reaches its peak
end the sou* 500 to 60? north, from the eastern coast to oentrel
sad western Siberia, has a heavy rainfall. In the Marina provinces
it t 70 to 100 mm, about 70 mm in central and western Siberia, and
north of latitude 60? north generally 50 ma or less. North of
latitude 70? N OA the Arctic coest it is less than 30 am. Terkistan
now reaches its driest period of the year and has less than 5 ma and
in 60310 pleoes it has a precipitation of only 1 mm. The "Wring Sea
coast of Kaachetka has over 50 mm And Petropavlovsk has 100 mm.
The rammer wind falls off in September and when the winter wtr4
In precipitation decreases audAenly all over the continent, with
xoeption of the Shorts of the Sea of Japan where the summer bind
ues to blow and where there is a reinfell of over 100 aa. There
is 30 to 50 mm in westerm Slberia, Irkutsk Oblast, Transbaikal aad
Amur less than 200 um LAW OA the Arctic coast; and less than 3 sm
in Turkistan. In Namchatka there is no change from the volume ia
August.
in October there is 30 to 50 am in western Siberia; 30 to 50
mm on the Par Mestere coasts; 10 to 20 ma in the Lake Zeikel area;
20 ma in the Amur region; 10 to 20 nu in the Lena, Tens, indigirka
aad Koriaa river basins; less than 10 mm in Turkistan and Mongolia;
30 to 50 mm in Kaadhatke and over 100 am at Petropavlovsk.
In November precipitation deoreases everywhere. It is less than
10 in the area from Moagolia, Transbaikal, Amur, the Aldan. Tama
sadIntrka river lasing up to the Arctic coast; 20 to 30 us in
western Siberia; and 10 to 20 mm in the Lena river basin and the
Lake Baikal area. It increases at some places in Turkistan to about
10 sm.
Precipitation in December is ler e
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f Daye of P*yctpttat.tQn
ber of days of precipitation correepontts roughly t
of precipitation. However, in western Siberia the volume
ipitatioa is small and nuMber of da ye of precipitation
tonately large, since the volume of each fall of enow and
s of rain is small. The precipitation of western Siberia and
e rar Eastern. area is governed by different factore. Western
Siberia is affected by the at curreats from Europe which have not
ged their moisture and the weather of the rar Eastern regions
rolled by the wiater and summer seasonal winds. Generally
the middle and upper reaches of the Ob and Yenisei Rivers
a Siberia have their maximum number of wet days in November
December, 15 days or more per month, and their minimum musiber
and
in April.
The Per aBt, however, ha its minimum ;umber of wet days,
3 to 5, in December and January and its maxima, from 10
15 days, when the summer seaeonal wind is at its height ie. July
and August. In the Siberian plain in July there are generally over
10 as of rainfall, Which falls rather evenly from Bast to West.
The figures for the yearly number of days of erecieitation read as
follows; western Siberia and. the eastern Siberian plateaa, 140 to
160; Tarkistan, 30 to 60; kongelia, 50; Outer Baikal, Amur, the
Wiest Stores of the See of Ahotsk aad the Aran River basin, SO
to 100; the shores of the Sea of Japan. 100; Xemchatka Peninsula,
120 to 100.
The following
rainfall month by mo
brief survey of the
er of &qs of
In Januaey there are 15 daes of rainfall in the Omsk and. 0 ek
areas of western Siberie and 10 to 15 eleewhere. The vast sxea
that extend* over Mongolia, Outer laikel, Amur, Manchuria, and
the shores of the Sea of Jape= have only 3 to 5. The Arctic coast
and Petropavlovsktulamchetka, which is protected from the northe
westerly wind, have less than 10. ilsewhere, there is over 10 d.sys.
Turkistan area has 5 - 10 dAys.
February is the same as January, with the ?zcejtion of the
Omsk and Tomsk areas in weztern Siberia w ch have a decrease elf
about 10 days.
In March the Tobol, Iehim and Iruchi v basins it
western Siberia have less than 10 days. sel River basin
has over 10; tha shores of the Sea of Japan have 5 to 10; Lake
Baikal, Amur, the West Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk aad the Aldan
Rive r baein, 3 to 5; Turkistan, 4 to $; and the Mongolia area
less than 3
In 1r1i the west Siberian plain and. the Cent tartan
plateau have fewer days of rainfall. The Ob river basin and its
tributaries have about 6 and the middle readies of the Yenisei
River have 10. The Far il;ast hag e to 10 daye, the eastern 'coast
of Iamohatka over 10, and the western ooast less than 10.
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In Xer the Tran beekal and Amur areas and tl
Inirka river basins end Arctic coat have les
western SibertE to Yeninseisk Province and the s!loree of the Sea
of apan and the lower reacbes of the Amur River have over 10.
Petropavlovsk and Osernaya on the southern tip of Kamohetka have
over 10 days and the rest of Kaachatke has lest then O. The
Tuan plata of Turkistaa has less than 3 days and Mongolia leas
than 5.
In June western End central Siberia an& th estern coasts
*Ad Keeehatka heve over 10 days; the Aldan, Indigirka, Kolyma
and Anadyr river basins all have 7 or 8. These areas have comr.
paratively few wet days, as cloud End rainfall is affected by the
Stanovoi mountains. Turkitten is still drier, with 1 or 2 wet
days.
In July and Aagust the Aldan and Indi rka river basins and
rkhoyanek area have under 10, loss than in the previous
. Most pieces have over 10. Tarkietan has one wet daY.
Mongolia is wet compared with int ?r with 5 dere of
as the summer wind is broken by tbe Ling and
Tineshan mountains.
e winter wtnd *Carte to blow ear ke n September on the
tern coasts, wiql the result that there are fever days of
ra1nf all. Okhotsk and Ayan on the wet coast of the see of
Okhotsk, however, is wetter than in August and has over 10 dare
of Preeleitation. Tres this region to the Amur River and Man
churls the are over 10 days. Retween the Trenebaikel ere& awl
the Arden river basin there are 7 to s. In weetern and eastern
Siberia and in Turkistan there is no chanee from the previous
month. Petropavlovsk has less than 10 days and the rest of
Kamehatka has aver 10 deers.
In October the winter wind blows everywhere an east of the
ranebaikel area to the Far Maetern coastal regions preoipitation
creases to 6 to 8 dikes a month. There are over 10 in the area
between the Kolyma river and Kaadhatka; 10 to 15 in eastern and
western Siberia; end. 1 to 3 in Turkistan Where there is no greet
Change at this time.
Iu November pre.ipitat on at ecree to 4 to 6 days in
region between Transtaikal and the Far arta regions.
ntrast it reaches its yearly maximum of over 15 days lA
rn and eaatern Siberia. Turkistan ha 2 to 4 days end Kam
Peninsula, ?with the exception of the Petrepevlovsk area,
or more days.
December ie largely the , e az Novexber, except that pre-
oieitation in reases slightly to 3 to 5 days in Turkistan.
9. newfall
DI Siberia
cipitatition in winter is almost always in the
I snow on &comet of the extreeely cold climete. Thee the
? 79 ?
SECRET.
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CPYRGHT
EfLO
distribution e number of days of snout in winter core
re open to the distributors of the rnber of days of
precipita n. (See Nap To 113, Number of Days of nowfall.)
Annual snowfall figurel show that. the Aretio coast of ten
00 or more days of snowfall, *t ths snowy season is long;
possible to have snow there: almost all the year totond.
n and central Siberia and Kamchatka have over 80 days;
the Transbaikal and Amur areas, Manchuria, the eastern coastal
reto end the Aldan river basin have a smaller number, 20 to
0. Stowfell is light: and snow cover rarely exceeds I. meter in
depth. The falling snow it cold and does not melt* but ace
Oumulates; snow cover: reaches its maxim depth. at the begin-
nix.% or middle: of March in the Arctic reeicne and at the begin.
ing or middle of April elteehereo. MIT To 114 gives the dise
tribetion of snow cover at its maximum ere chows that it is
generally heavy over western 31beria and ramthatka and alight
over Tranetelkal, Manehuria, and the Aldan and Yana river basins.
Thus the lover reaches of the Tent set river have a cover of 100
cm; western and central Siberia 60 to 80 cm; and Kamchatka 100
cm. Cuter Baikal has barely 10 to 20 am -end the Aldan and Yana
Piver basins have 20 to 30 em. This snow cover helps retain- the
lbw temperature of the: earthts surface, thus. having a vital rela-
tion to the phenomena of the permenently frozen soil and also &
certain effect on the temperature in these regions. he maths=
limit of theoe permamently frozen layers of soil, Where the
snow cover ie deep, is in the vicinity of Tatanele and Bere%0V0 in
Siberia. In the east the area -with a thin snow cover extends far
to the: south to Transbaikal and the Aldan River.
The next maps, NG 115 and 116, show the first and last dates
of snowfall for the various areas. It will be seen tht the Arctic
coast has its first snow at the beginning of July end its last at
the end of June, so that in these regions it frequently shows all
the yetr round. The isochronic lineal for the first enowfall
generally ran parallel to lines of latitude, but farther south in
seathern Siberia they become compliceted owing to the influence of
Lake Baikal upon the climate and also to the existence of mountain
peaks. Here the first snows fall at the beginning of October.
Around the latitude 500 north the last allow fall occurs in the
middle of May; further north* at latitude 60QN in the latter part
of May; and at latitude 700 N about the middle of June.
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CPYRGHT
SeC ''T
Tht table below shows detes of first and la
Name
a. Qbdorsk
b. Tobolsk
e. fomek
d. Nernaul
? Akmoliesk
f. Yeniseisk
g. Semipalatinsk
he Turkhanek
1. Blagoveshchenekly
Priisk
4. Yakutsk
Viret Last Place Fame
Snowfall Snowfall
Nov 2 JUL 15 k. ekoye Letye Jul 6
liov 20 May 15 1. Verkhoyansk Aug 24
Nov 30 May 15 a. Eirensk Sep 23
Oct 2 May 9 L. Irkatek Sep /
ixt 6 Kay 21 0. Chite Sep 25
Sep 23 elay 13 p. Nikolayevek Oct 10
Qct 11 Apr 30 cle Vladivostok Nov 3
Rov 5 Jun 19 r. Alexandrovekly
Nov 6 May 25 Poet Oct 15
6, letropaviovsk Oct 25
Nov 16 May 13
Jun 13
jum
May 22
May 27
May 23
Mar 21
Apr i
Mar 17
Jun 9
10. ism
There is a trt deel of fog on the eaetern end Arcticmelee
and on the coasts of tamehetka, bet little within the coutinent. The
total number of date of fog on the kaeifie coast is 4' tc) 63 awl at
the Yamel end Taleyr Peainsulas on the arctic QC; t it is over 100.
Irkutsk, Transbeikal, Amur and Yekatsle have lj to e0 deys and the
southeru perts of weeteru :iiberia have between 10 and 20. There is
practically A0210 la the Yeniseisk, Turkhauak ani eurgat areas* the
sumer, in July end August, It is mu eh greater WI the PaCifiC and
Arctic coasts and in Traesbaikal and Irkutsk. The mid-reaches of the
Ob River and the Tobolsk area of weetere Siberia are it foggy in
October; the southern parts of westere Siberia, the Week, Dar:taxa
and kinusinek areae are meet foggy aboat Januere and Februarr; Taktek
aud Olekminsk, *boat Janaery.
The foge of the ler Liter a coaetal reox re caused by the
summer erevailine wine. This starts to blow t key and brings with
it a great deal of fog, Which Ir heaviest in July and Auguet. The
moist air from the south meetleg the cliffs of the sea coat rises
and mixes with the comperetively Cool air of the coastal regions and
turn& to fog. Vladivostok and the south coasts of Kamehetka are muf?
fle& in fog Ter over half the months of July an& Aagaut, which cause*
serious disreetiou of shijadn?. en the lanai peainsula on the Arctic
coast antit in the Nara area it is thick in summer and feirly thick
in winter. In summer the cold eortheaet wind blows elf the Arctic
Ocean aud mixes with warm meiet air of the area une iu winter the low
preseare area of ecandinavia often extende over these rations.
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CPYRGHT
SECRET
(Mask for Table on p 23 of App)
21a0e Name Jan Yet Her Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Qct Nov Dec
a. Ohdersk
b. Tobolsk
c. Barnaul
dob Tomsk
0. Akmolinsk
f. Yeniselek
g. Turkhanek
h. Blegoveshohenskiy
Priisk
i. Yakutsk
j. ausekeye-Ustye
Yerkhoyaask
1. Kirensk
n. Irkutsk
n. Chita
c. Okhotsk
p. Tiiko1eyev4k
C ? Vladivo3tot Barbor
r. Alexandrovkly Post
v. Petropavlovek
?
11. r4....amdaii
As winter is extremely cold in Siberia, its rivers and lakes,
harbors and soli all become frozen. Sheet or floating ice on the sea
is a great hindrance to :Atling .snd the presence or absence of floating
ice on the sea of Okhotsk and ereuna Kamchatka effects the weather of
Japan. On th:-1 Arctic coat rivers fzsese at the beginning of October
ctn. the ic-,14 1WITZ f/ra,;ually southward until by the end of November
the rivers au& lakes of the coatiaerlt are all frozen. Lake Beiktio
howTver, has a high thermal content and does not freeze until late
Decomber. The thaw starts in late April in the region of 505) north;
by the middle of MAY it has reached 60? north; and by the middle of
June it has reached the mouths of the rivers that flow into the Arctic
Ocean. Rivers and lakes become completely ice-free 10 days after the
toe loins to break up. Late Baikal is not ice-free until late in Nay.
Naps No 11T to 119 show the dates of freezing, thawing and complete
disappearance of ice. ?
The following Chart shows the dates of freezing end thawing of
the main rivers and will serve as a supplement to the information
given in Part I of this document:
-82-
SZORTET
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CPYRGHT
SIDOEIT
of River Observation Pest Thaw
f. Ob
*
Irtysh
*
kt. Ishim
? ?o bol
J. Chulym
N
k. Yenisei
1. Angara
Lena
n. Aldan
0. Kolyma
p. Tana
q. Indigirka
r. Vilyui
1. Alexandra*
2. Barnaul
? Obdorik
. Xenon
5. Semipalatinsk
6. Omsk
7. Tara
8. Tebolek
9. Samarovo
10. Akmolinsk
11. Petropavlovsk
12. Ishim
1. Prorina Golaskeye
1k. Iyevlevo
15. Verkhne-lerkhtert
16. rutalskoye
17. Achinsk
18. Xraencyarsk
lg. Nazimovo
20. Tolitly Boa
21. Irkutsk
224 Pratskoye
?3. Vladimirova
2-. Kinn**
25. Olekminsk
26. Markh
27. Uat-Paya
28. Rodeheva
29. Sredne Kolymak
30. gizhne Kolymak
31. Vorkhoyansk
32. lasachyle
33. Rusekcye tistye
34. Vilyuisk
NOM The day on Which river is said to be frozen is that day When
there Is a Sheet of ice stretching from one bank to the other,
regardless of thickness, or when the flow of ths river is con
pletely stopped by drift ice. The day on which a river is said
to have thawed is that day when the sheet ice thaws or When the.
drift ice starts to move with the current of the river.
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CPYRGHT
The Arctic Ocean is frozen for a large part of the year and there
is only a very short period in some places when it is ice-free. Bering
Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk ani the Zee of Japan are also ice-bound, but
he period when they are ice-bound varies eath year. However, the
coasts of Bering Sea start to freeze as e rule between- the middle of
November and the middle of January and gradually thaw towards June.
The northern parts of the Bering Sea Straits, however, are only ice-
tree fres lat. July nntil early August. The east coast of Kamchatka
thaws earlier and Petropavlovik is ice-free by the end of March.
Novever, Petropavlovsk is rarely completely ice-bound and even in
winter shipping is not usually interrupted. The shores of the Sea of
Okhotsk freeze about the beeineing,of Noveaber end_ Okhotsk and Ayan
thaw in the middle or at the end of Ray. Further north at Fidiga Bay
the freeze-up is a little later and the thaw takes place about the end
of April. Amur Bay begins to frees at the end of October and is ice-
tots from the end el, May until the and of June. Hemiya Straits
hNtraits of Tartarel freeze ebout the end of Nevember and thaw at the
beginning of hay. The shores of the Sea of Japan freeze in the middle
of December, and sometimes earlier in the middle of November, and are
ice-free about the middle, of April. Vladivostok harbor is rarely com-
pletely frozen and shipping is never interrupted. (See the information
LA Part II on freezing and thawing of places on the Pacific coast.)
On account of the cold climate of Siberia the ground is frozen
hard and in the north there is an area of 600,000 se kilometers with
permanently frozen stratum of soil. The earth's surface thaws slightly
in summer but the sub-soil remains frozen. This factor affects animel
and plant life., from the point of view of both agriculture andeengineer-
lag enterprises. Map No 120 gives the extent of the frozen areas. On
the Fat Zastern regions snow cover is slight in winter, but on account
of the extremely cold atmosphere there Is a permanently frozen strata
of soil which stretches southwards as far az latitude 'Oa X. let western
Siberia the deep winter snow cover preserves the warmth of the earth
and in addition the temeeratues is higher than in the Yer Last so that
the southern, limit of the permanently frozen sail stratum is in the
region of 65! north. The followine table shows the distribution of the
frozen areas (as in kap Bo 120) and also elves earth temperatures for
references, The *lading used GA the map Is to be interpreted as
follows:
1. Southern extremity of the permanently frozen
2. Geographically adjacent frozen areas.
3. Frozen areas with scattered zones that do not freeze.
4. Zones which do not, freeze but which include scattered frozen
SNOUT
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CPYRGHT
P 26 of APP)
Jon 7e1 NarApr May Jun Jul Au & $OP Oct flov Dee Yoar17
4. anak b. Lat 54P 431 11. Long 1250 521 L. Elevation 352 m.
0. Mean ToKporaturs
(motors)
d. Soil Tenperature
1.5
? * 2.0
* *K II
2.g
5.0
S. Sanaa].
5. Sloan TimpAisi
(asters
b. Soil Tempe ature
0.0
? 0.4
ii
? 048
le6
a 3.6
1. Tomsk J.(lat 56
kr, Mean Tempexature
(neters)
1. Soil Temperature
0.0
0.4
* 0.5
K 14
1,6
3*k
52? 201 14 Long 830 1.7f E. flevatton 162 m.
A? 55 .6. lilevatioll ).2k.9m.
$5 e.
?',401.1gT
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CPYRGHT
SCRIT
uroe Nalerial and liographY
VAIIITTO4re PhiOgue CentnIll 14M 'As
of tho Central Geographical Observatory Nice s a)
onthly an Yearly Summariee o ObeTvationE of the. Polar Hydro..
Meteorolcc oal Ste Lone, 1913...1925)
3. ec0
4.
Yoroian Cis ;leteotolozical . it
6.
ii
'9beoeeoro o cues 0 Vaii
Observations of eteoroiojica1 Stat ns within the Network
of the Vladivostok Meteoroloijoal Observvtory)
to
inn*d.
Xlima de linklia der Soz141katische4 ZiowAlt-aepu 1 tut marks
(Climate of the usa. Atlas)
in the
(Part I. ANara?e kanthly Atoepheric Pressure
USEIR by A. Kaminsky)
10. Obstrvation de L'Observatoire iviagnettuue et Me roloaiout
Dilaoutsk st dee station Uotooroloalquedo Son Reseau.
(Observations of the Magnetic and Meteorological Station of
Irkutsk and of the Meteorological Stttione within its Network)
11.
12. CieneTalpaUitie 9f Butsiap MeteorologY 1Japan).
13. World Geoart-ohY Vol 8 a/Win. (Japan)
14. The ilver-Yrofep Soil withtn the loundariesf the
E. Souman. (Russian text)
hAnd of Document Number 27390il
86-
SLOXIt
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CPYRGHT
SNOW
NIZA
Map No 1 Atmospheric Zressure and wind Direction January
0
a.
January
. Mapeo 2 Atmospheric Preseure and Wind Dtrctto3
49,*
Yebruary
Map lib 3 Atmospheric Fresgare an wind D
a.
March
4. Map No 4 Atmospheric i'rescare and Wind Dir
a.ft
Aprii
Atmospheric eressare and Wind
a
ion March
Apr
kap No 6
a.
a.
itay
Atmo pheric rcrc nd Wind Direction
II U
AMA
Jun.
7.
map 1:0 7
a.
Atmospheric Pressure smd Wind Direction
July
8.
Kap Lo
a.
Atmospheric Preegare and Wind Direction
August
Aucust
9.
Map 9
Atmospheric kreseure and Wind Direction
Septeiber
0
10.
Map NO 10
a.
September
Atmospheri resu.re nd Wind. 1)trec1 ion
*
October
October
11.
Map No 11
Atmospheric Fromm and wind Direction
November
November
Maw
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CPYRGHT
SORET
12.
Zap o 12
Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Direc ion
a.
December
DeceMber
13.
Pap NO 13
Atmospheric Er nd Wind Dirac on
a. "
Entire Tear
Entire Tear
14.
Me
Temperature (Sea ie
January
1881-1
4.
Janury 1531-1915 .
15.
M P No 15
Tetveratare (Sea 1ev1)
e.
iebruary 1581-1915
February laa.1915
16.
Map No 16
-Temperature (See level)
a. 11 ft
karch
1881-1915
March 1881-1915
17.
Ma No 17
Temperature (sea level)
a. 0 ft 41
April
1881-1915
April 1331-1915
115.
Map Vo ).3
Temperature (5ea level)
Sia7
1381-1915
May 1351-1915
19.
kap No 19
Temperature (Sea leval)
a? *
June
881-1915
June )J31.1915
20.
Kap No 20
Temperature (ea level)
a.
July
1581-1915
21.
No 21
Tempereture ( ea level)
gast
15814915
August 1551-1915
22.
Map NO 22
Temperaturt "ea level)
a. 11 tf
September 1551-1915
September 1881-1915
Temperature (Sea lev
a.
?October 18$i..191
October 1581-1915
- XS
SWINT
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CPYRGHT
24. Nap No 24
(mature (Sea
a.
November
Temperature (
9
a.
December 1S31-1
Temperature (Se
leve1)
100 10 4
YearlY Average* 1S81-19
27 Nazis= Amplitude of Temper
*
Montt17 Average*
ter
S495
1681-1915
Yearly Averages
-1915
a iTei> 1881..
2$. Nap No 2S Isotherms of Average Temperature
29. Nap No 29 Isotherms of Average Temperature
30 Map No 30 Isotherms of Average Temperature
31. Nap No 31 Isotherms of Average Temperature
32. Nap No 32 isotherms of Average Temperature
33 MAP So 33 Isotherms of Average Temperature
34. Nap No 3k Isotherms of Average TemPerstore
35. MALP No 35 Isothorms of Average Temperature
36. Nap No 36 isothorn of Average Temperature
M. Nap No 31 Isotb.rms of Average Temperature
3S. Map No 3S Ieotherms of Average Temperature
39. ito ft 34 Isotherms of Average Temperature
O. Nap SO
tattoxs
Averages
C in Spring
0 in Autumn
0 it SPring
-1000 in Autumn
iu Spring
5?C ii Autumn
0?0 ifl Spring
0?,3 in Autumn
5?0 im Spring
5?0 im Anima
1000 in Spring
1000 in Autism
50C
Nuaber of Days with Deily Average TemP
45?0 or over
41. MAD Number of Days with Dei
-10?0 or over
42. Nap lo 42 Number of Mays with Dail A
5?0 or over
43 SUmber of Days
oft or over
43. mew
ily Averag
Temperature
ra
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CPYRGHT
'lumber of Days with Da event
45. Map No k5 'Umber of Days with Daii ere emperature
13. Map 1446 Slumber of Days with Maximum T tare equal to Or
1011, than Al
MAW le 147 lUnber of Dfys with Mtnhrtu emprature equal 0 or
Zen than pvc
4. WO 0 Axperage Remidity
49. 1440 No 9 Average &oddity
50. Nap So 50 Average 'tumidity
51. Nap NO 51 Average Humidity
2 Nap No 52 Average SUmidity
53. May xo 53 Average Numidity
54. Kap NO 54 Average "tumidity
55. Map No 55 Average Damidity
56. mAp No 56 Average Humidity
57 Nap No 5 Average 'tumidity
i. Nap No 58 Average Ehmidity
59- )110 MG 59 Average Humidity
6o. ma?p NO 60 Average 'tumidity
61. Map No 61 Ski Cover
62. Nap No 62 Sky Cover
63. Nato 14 63 Sky Cover
Map Na 64 Sky Cover
65. N.No 6 sky Cover
66. Kap 10 66 Ski Cover
Map No 67 Sk over
Map SO 6s Cover
9.MaP No 69 Cover
70. Ma0-10 70 Cover
0 or over
October
November
December
'entire Tsar
January
letruary
March
April
Kay
June
July
August
September
October
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CPYRGHT
7. tsp 10 71 Sky Cover
72. Ka No 72 Sky Cover
73* No 73 Sky Cover
74. Map No 74 Wilber of Days of Overcast
75. Mal) NO 75 Wilber of Days of Overcast
76. Map NO 76 Number of Days of Overcast
77. Map NO 77 lamber of Days of Overcast
76. Map 10 75 1usiber of Dam's of Overcast
79, Map No 79 Number of Days of Overcast
$0. Map 14 $0 Belbor of Days of Overcast
Si.Map No 81 Imam of Days of Overcast
32e Map 10 R. Nhmber of Days of Overcast
53. Kap 10 53 lumber of Days of Overcast
54. Hap To 54 Number of Days of Overcast
85. Map 10 55 liusber of Days of Overcast
16. Map No 86 Number of Day. of Overcast
87. Map No 57 Precipitation (mm)
58. Map No g$ Preoipitation (um)
$9. Xap 34 59 Precipitation (um)
90. Map NO 90 Precipttation (um)
91. Map No 91 Pracipitation (m)
92. Map No 92 Precipitation (um)
93. Map lo 93 Precipitation (um)
94. Map No 94 Precipitation (mm)
95. mo so 95 Precipitation (mu)
96 Map No 96 Precipitation (mm)
97. Map No 97 Precipitation (mu)
90. Map No 96 Precipitation (um)
99. Map Bo 99 Precipitation (nn)
S*ptsab.r
October
November
December
Satire Tear
January
PetrmarY
March
April
Kay
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
tire Tear
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""w"""Pgalli.e""mr.W41"Lill'ITslg."""1"lihlt"al".
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CPYRGHT
100.
Map No 100
NaMber of Days of ProciPitation
January
101.,
kap 14 101
*Umber of Days of Precipitation
lo ruerY
102.
X4p 14 102
1UMber of Days of Precipitation
March
103.
Map NO 103
Immlor of Ds of Precipitation
April
104.
Map No 104
Moab'? of Days.of Preakitation
May
105.
Map NO 105
/amber Of Deys of Procipitation
Juno
106.
lap No 106
Number of Days of Precipitation
July
107.
Map 14 107
Motor of Days of Precipitation
August
NO2 No 101
lumber of Deis of Precipitation
Septontor
109.
Map Jo 109
lumber of Days of Precipitation
October
110.
Map NO 110
NUsibor of Days of Precipitation
?
Noveiber
Map No 111
Naber f;ags of Precipitation
December
112.
Nap 10 112
Nuabor of Days of Precipitation
lintire Year
113.
Map 14 113
lumber of Days of SnOvfell
Wire Yoe?
U.
so IS 114
Snow Cover (am) (at time of
depth)
115.
Nap 14 115
Yirst Snow
116.
imp No 116
Lsit snow
14.
imp lb 1.3.7
Isogrem of lquel Yressing Dates
111.
MOP NO 1111
'iota*
119.
imp 10 119
Ion:rots of Diseppeerunco of Ice
120.
imp NO 120
Distribution of Permsnently-Trosen Stra
11111111
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4,
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_