(sanitized)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 189
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 17, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 29, 1946
• Content Type: TRANS

elea?e,1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-0~e -1
9A0002000100 1-6
q or M
-32 F-5
WDC
WASHINGTON DOCUMENT CENTER
TRANSLATION
Number 27 29 Aug 1946
ISSUED UNDER THE JOINT AUSPICES OF
THE INTELLIGENCE DIVISION, W D G S
AND
OFFICE OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE, U.S. NAVY DEPARTMENT
Id.
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
This document contains information affecting the national defense
of the United-,States within the meaning of the" Espionage Act, 50
U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended. Its transmission or the revelation
of its contents in any manner to any foreign agencies or other
unauthorized person is prohibited by law. Reproduction of the
intelligence in this publication is prohibited without special
authority from the Director of Intelligence, WDGS, War Department.
Approved For Release 1.999/08/25: CIA-
 A JAPANESE FLAN FJR HYLRCEIECTRIC DLiTFLpPM~ NT`.
T& LzLLUV~ I S ~1I CAA ..._ ,~t
1. Document 252519 is the basic report containing the
plan for the hydroelectric development of the Yellow
River. It was issued by the Far Eastern Research
Section in May 1941 and is made up of 10 parts.
2, Document 252533 is a revision of Part 1 of the,
basic report issued by the North China Electric Works
in August 1941. The corrections, amendments and re
visions contained in this document have been incor-
porated in Part 1 of this report wherever applicable.
3, Document 252536 is a further revision of other
parts of the basic report issued by the Far Eastern
Research Section in August 1941. The corrections,
amendments and.revisions contained in this document
have been incorporated in the report wherever. appli-
cable.
4. Document 252528 is an addendum to the basic report
issued by.the Far Eastern Research Section in May 1941.
It contains four sets of tables and'graphs giving
detailed analysis of the flow of the Yellow River at
Shan.
A table of contents for the entire report is
given on the page immediately following.''
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.Far Eastern Research Section
Survey Committee No 2
North China Committee
Subcommittee ~o 4
1a 1941
Note: This report comprises translations of four documents
. as follows:
 Approved For Release 1999/08125: CIA-RPP78-03109A000200010091-.6
CI YRGHT
VOLUME I
Preface
Map I - Yellow River Hydroelectric Development Area
Map II - iiap of the Yellow River Valley
Part 1. Introduction
Part 2. Basic Survey
.Part 3. Plans for the Generation of electricity
Part 4. Economic Factors
Part 5. Relations of the Hydroelectric Plan to Flood
Control and dater Supply
VOLU12, II
Part 6. Adaptability of the Yellow River fcr Industrial Uses
Part 7. Geology and Subsurface Resources of the Yellow River
Basin
Part 8. The Trend of Supply and Demand for Electric Power and
the Significance of dater Power from the Yellow River
Part 9. Plans for Extensive Industrial Development.
Part 10. Plans for the San-men Gorge Site
Addendum: Tables and Graphs on the Flow of the Yellow River
at Shan
Bibliography of Survey Reports Dealing with the Hydroelectric
Development of the Yellow River
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TABLE OF CON TENTS
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 Approved for Release 999/08/25 , CI!# R 7 3 O~ Q
BMTkCTED
Number 27 29.Aug 1946
A JAPANESE PLAN FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPH:UNT
OF THE XFL, 1 RIVER IN CHINA
VOLUME I
(Parts 1 - 5)
ISSUED UNDER THE JOINT AUSPICES
OF
THE INTELLIGENCE DIVISION, W D G S
AND
OFFICE, OF NAVAL INTELLIGENCE, U.S. NAVY DEPARTMENT
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Distribution List
Hq AAF
White House
OCE
BJSM
CAS
ID
OP-32 F
OP-32 F-14
OP-32 F-2
OP-32 Y-1
OP-32 Y-2
OP-20-2 (via OP-32 Y-1)
COMNAVCHINA
CINCPAC
COMSEVENTHFLEET
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 Approved For Release. 1999/08/2.5: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
This is a report on a plan for the hydroelectric development
of the Teflow River in North China, and the use of the power thus
produced by electrochemical and similiar industries. The report
includes data on the area's subsurface resources, industrially
usable water, etc.
The hydroelectric developments have been designed to con-
tribute to river control and to activities which depend on water,
excluding water transporation. If inclusion of the latter should
be deemed necessary, the present_ plan will , reqiiire rcvision to
increase the heights of the dams, etc., but the parts dealing with the
generation of electricity will not be affected. It was felt that
the production of electricity is fundamental to the utilization
of the water of the Yellow River. When its problems are solved,
all other problems will solve themselves.
Chairman OCHIAI Kaneyuki
Secretary AKIYA1,A Masao
Members OTA Asakura
MORITA Fukuichi
ISA'ojA Ki.i,isachi
ISHIKA'-.A Naeatoshi
TAKEYAMA Toz ii.o
SAKAGUCHI Tauashi
HOAIUCHI Kazuo
ARAI Yuzuru
ORAL Saburo
ARISAKA ivllasayoshi
YANO Katsumasa
AKIGUSA Isao
HARAGUCHI Yoshimasa
Special OCHIAI Kushiro
Member
North China Electrical
Industries Co Ltd
it
'I
South anchuri an Railway,
North China Economic
Research Dept
If
n
It
It
East Asia Development Co
Main Construction Office
ii
North China Development
Co Ltd
Worth China Electrical
Industries Co Ltd
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
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A JAPANRS4' .PLAN FOR HYDRUEUCThIC DEV2LOPI1NT Or
Far Eastern Research Section
Survey Committee No 2
North China Committee
Subcommittee No 4
May 1941
CPYRGHT
Preface
Map I - Yellow River Hydroelectric
Development Area
Map II - Map of the Yellow,Rider Valley
Part 1.' Introduction
Part 2.. Basic Survey
Part 3,. 'Pla.ns for the Generation of 4lectricity
Part 4.,'Economic Factors
Part 5. Relation of the Hydroelectric Plan to
Flood Control and :Water Supply
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
A Japanese Plan for Hydroelectric Development of the
Yellow River in China
WDC Doc 252519, -33, -36, -28)
This is a translation of four documents prepared by
the Japanese Far Eastern Research Section in 1941. They
constitute a broad survey of the possibilities of hydro-
electric development of the Yellow River in China, indi-
cAting eleven sites where power generating stations might
be advantageously constructed.
The translations are published in three volumes.
The basic document, '^7DC,No 252519, containing ten parts,
has been divided. Parts 1 - 5 are in Volume I, and Parts
6 - 10 are in Volume II. Two documents, WDC 252533 and
252536 include revisions and corrections of material con-
tained in the basic report, 252519. The material from
them has been incorporated in the main body of the report,
wherever applicable, rather than being presented as
separate translations. Volume III contains the complete
translation of WDC 252528, which constitutes an addendum
to the basic report and gives a detailed study, in
graphs and tables, of the flow of the Yellow River at
Shan.
The basic document deals with such topics as a
basic survey, plans for the generation of electricity,
economic factors, relation of the hydroelectric develop-
ment plan-to flood control and water conservation,
industrial potentialities of the Yellow River, geology
and subsurface resources of the Yellow River basin, the
trend of supply and demand for electric power, plans for
extensive industrial development, and plans for the
hydroelectric site at the San-Men Gorge. These are
supplemented with numerous tables, graphs and maps, in-
cluding a large map of the entire area under study and
detailed maps of the eleven projected hydroelectric
development sites.
These are from a series of documents on economic
and industrial subjects which were acquired by a US
government mission to Japan and China in the Fall of
1945, and which are being translated by WDC.
Pages 1 through 136
MA - r
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A' J. PANE B PLAN r'OR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOP1LENT OF c"
THE )ELL9,i RIVER IN CHINA
. CPYRGHT
Far Eastern Research Section
Survey Committee No. 2
North China Committee
Subcommittee Nb 1. -
May 1941
PPt itiT_L.._ IS4I'_ODUC T,jQN
I Potential Water Power
II train Considerations in the Development of
the Yellow River
III kethods of Utilizing and Transmitting
Electric Power
IV Sequence of Developments
V Investigation of Terrain and $oil at Dam Sites
VI The San-men Gorge Hydroelectric Site
_5 ~,-
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 Approved For Release., 1999./08/25.: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6:
CPYRGHT,
RESTRIC M
I Potential Water power
Although in'ancien.t times the Yellow River was known on 'Y
as the River of Sorrow,-it was said that he who controls this
river has control of the country. Its tremendous potentiawalue
has become evident with the development;of modern engineering.
East Asia', facing the modern world situation, cannot afford to
overlook-this natural resource. Although the present invest-
igationwas limited to those parts of the river which were be-
lieved to be valuable for water power, it disclosed eleven sites
for hydroelectric power plants in the approximately 1000-kilometer
stretch between Pao-t'ou and Deng-chin. This stretch could
produce more than eight million kilowatts per day ( at 60 per
cent load factor) and in an average year supply over 40,000,000,000
kilowatt-hours of electric power, as is shown in the table on
the following page.
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The following table shows the basic cost of electric power,
calculated,as 12.5 per cent of the total construction cost per
kilowatt-hour of output. This latter figure includes interest,
operation and maintenance costs, taxes, etc., and is calculated
on the assumption of total consumption of electric output. The
rough estimate of engineering costs is based on present commodity
prices, and assumes that the methods used on the Yalu River, which
has a considerable larger flow, can be utilized here. It includes
costs of construction, railways and other temporary installations.
For each kilowatt of output the construction cost. is about
430 yen and the average basic cost of electric power is 1.1 sen,
at the coal mines. The construction costs are calculated accord-
ing to the standard costs in 1935, and, although they may be low,
conditions for the project are ideal. (See table on following
page.)
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25; CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
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CPYRGHT
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11 Main Considerations in the Hydroelectric Developments oi'
the Yellow River
The following are the main points which should be kept in mind
when considering the hydroelectric potentialities of the Yellow
River:
A. yolementary Sources of Electricity Unnecessary
One plan of power development would, it is calculated, pro-
duce a maximum of 9,000,000 kilowatts (at about 60 per cent load
factor). According to this plan, the largest reservoirs which could
be produced by building the Ch'ing-shut-ho and San-men Gorge dams
would compensate for the enormous sacrifices involved by securing
definite control of the erratic water volume of the Yellow River
and thus insuring an even flow. Supplementary sources of electric
power would therefore be necessary. This is a great economic advan-
tage.
B. . rportant Subsurface Resources Located Close at Hand
Fortunately, inexhaustible coal and limestone deposits are
found aleng both banks of the river in the stretch where dam pro-
,ects are contemplated. Over 1,000,000,000 metric tons of gypsum
are buried near T'ai-yuan, and electricity could be transmitted
economically to the alumina deposits in Shantung. Electricity
could thus be supplied to many electrochemical industries.
C. Low Basic Cost of Producing Electricity and Small Quantity
of Materials Needed for Construction Work
The Yellow River offers hydroelectric generating sites which
have few equals anywhere in the world. This makes the amount of
construction material required per unit of power output exception-
ally small and the construction cost correspondingly low. Con-
struction costs which allow for more than enough material at the
present high commodity cost prices would, as shown in the section
on construction costs, still allow. electricity to be delivered
at the coal mines at an average rate of 1.1 son per kilowatt-hour.
This construction cost may perhaps be higher than that of previous
projects, but this is due to the present high cost level. It is
believed that this project would actually cost less than any other
project if constructed during the same period.
It would be profitable to compare this project with one to
produce electricity by coal in North China. North China is short
of industrially usable water.. Whatever water is available is
hard water and would require considerable additional labor and
necessitate a relatively high unit cost. The construction cost in
kilowatts of output would be about the same for the Yellow River
project and a steam-generated project. There are rich coal deposits
but mining them would require extensive eouiument, capital, and labor,
and in time, progressively less economic veins would have to be worked,
so that the cost of the coal. would certainly not decrease below its
present figure. Electricity so produced would not become much more
economic than it would be at first. Hydroelectric Do-er on the other
hand would become -progressively cheaper. It -rould probably require
less and certainly no more iron and etsel than a steam-generated
electric project which would require a large quantity of special steels.
- 10 -
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CPYRGHT
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Thus, even from this viewpoint, the hydroele' ctric.,projeot.
wrould.be. more economical.
Yellow. River Flood Control
Water power sites on the Yellow xiver would all require:
largedns. Those at Ch'ing-shui-ho and San men Gorge. would:
f mpound'especially large volumes of water. The completioniof
the'` dam 4t .San-men Gorge and use of .its enormous reservoir would
Lone make possible the control of the floods which have raged
for 4,000.. years.
E. nef is to S 'n an Irri t'r _jn the Lower River
and to Food Production
The construction of the San-men Gorge dam alone would make
possible an equalized flow of the Yellow River throughout the
year. It would help down-river shipping when the Hsiao-hen-ti
(keng-e,hin) irrigation dam draws off water for the canals and
farm land and it would also greatly increase agricultural Aro-
duction. Diverting part of the Yellow River into its old
'canals would also make its water available for irrigation any
where along these canals, and would produce a very great increase''.
in agricultural production in those areas.
F. Problems lavolyed in the Water sower Development of tha
Yellow giver
xs shown above, hydroelectric development of the Yellow
River would bring great benefits, but its negative aspects must
also be considered. Most points-where electricity would be
generated are far inland. :+U sites except the San-men
Gorge and the two dams below it have poor communications. The
reservoirs in the Ch'ing-shut-ho and San-men Gorge areas would be
very.l,arge and flood an enormous area of farm land, (about 1560
and 780 square miles respectively). The latter encompasses an
especially important and densely populated agricultural area.
However, these disadvantages are not insurmountable. Although
sites are. far inland, industrial products can easily be trans
orted:'to th?,.coastal.region by train or canal, and with modern
techniques it is not impossible to transmit electricity: as far
as th4.,.coast.. Since each site would have a large power outptit
(averaging 750,000 kilowatts), extensive railroad construction
is economically very feasible.
Finally there--is 7teep'age from the still water, but this
problem could be solved-"Wi-,.h a.-little work and study. When one
considers how many times thi's' area would-be saved from floods
and how greatly agricultural production would...be increased,
the water loss by seepage is relatively unimportant. Fortunately,
the sites are all exceptionally,.favgrable, so that even if
extensive - countermeasures were taken, :the.basic .cost of el.;ctric
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CPYRGHT
In this connection it. must be remembered that although the stagnant
reservoirs at Ch'ing--shui--ho and the San-men Gorge would have very
large losses from seepage because of their size, the dams there must
be built to the calculated height or the other sites will suffer.
Should they not be built to that height, the volume of flow of the
Yellow River could not be equalized; the other power sites could not
produce the-calculated amount of electric power throughout the year,
and maximum output could not be maintained during the dry season.
This would, necessitate supplementary steam electric power stations.
To avoid this waste and to utilize completely the full natural value
of the Yellow River, it is clear that the dams at Ch'ing-shui-ho
and the San-men Gorge must be at least 60 and 70 meters high respec-
tively (distance between normal river level and the lake surface
when full).
III Methods of Utilizing and Transmitting Electric Power
As mentioned above, the Yellow River area has very rich deposits.
Coal deposits along the river in Shansi, Shensi and Honan are almost
inexhaustible and limestone is found all along the Yellow River.
Industries which use coal, limestone, water and air as raw materials
can be established anywhere along the river as the hydroelectric
project is developed. If locations are selected where industrially
usable water is available, the unlimited supply of air could be
utilized to"produce artificial fertilizers (ammonium sulphate and
ammonium nitrate) and synthetic gasoline, as well as carbide and
finished products made with carbide. This region could thus produce
a large quantity of the raw materials needed for the defense and
national development of China. With the modern technique of high-
tension transmission, all of North China could be supplied with
electricity, which could be utilized for the refining of aluminum
from alumina shale. It could also be utilized in the production of
steel.
Areas where a large consumption of electricity by future electro-
chemical industries may be expected were determined from consideration
of: (1) proximity to sources of electricity, (2) proximity to rich,
usable mineral deposits, (3) abundance of industrially usable water,
and (4) transportation facilities. These areas are as follows:
Ta-t'ung Area
T'ai-yuan Shih-chia-chuang Area
Hsin-hsiang - Chang-te Area
Tien--thing - Tang--ku - Pei-p'ing Area
Chico - Chi-nan Area
Han-k'ou Area
All these districts are, situated from.250 to 600 kilometers from
hydroelectric sources and could therefore be supplied with the large
amouits of electric power required. However, it must be assumed that
if the 220,000 volt transmission cables, as used in Japan and Manchuria
in the past, were used, it would present many difficulties. In order
to transmit such high voltage it will be necessary to study the direct
transmission of 400,000 volts research on which Is at present being
undertaken by Germany, Russia and the United States.
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CPYRGHT
The table on the next page shows those products vital
.to East Asia which would be produced and the quantities in
which they could be produced if these contemplated developments
were near completion.
(Table follows on next page)
3
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- ~ ~ iV 5equenca of Developments.
The water poG~er development of the Yellow Fiver could begin
at any point dictated by electric poi+~er needs, but for flood control,
the San-men Gorge dam should be developed first. This should be
followed by. the dam at Ch-ing~shv.i-ho. Further developments should
be determined by the demand far electric po~~~er and the problems of
establishing construction railroads, This report arranges the other
dams ia.-the following order: Chi-k~ou-chen, Ho-ch~u, Esiao-hen-ti
(Meng chin), Tien-chtiao, Pa-li-hu-h ung (Yuan-ch~u), Hu-k-ou, Yv.-
men-ktou,. 'den--shui-~.u,an. ? . -. ,
Following is a comparative list of electric po~oer installations
of the.leadi~g,,.world,.pow?rs (total production of hydro- and steam-
electric power).,
united states., , 37,E+66,00o k+`~-~
~STR~CTED
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RCS TRIC TED
CPYRGHT ,
But the importance of electricity to Japan makes it itaperative
that the Yellow }river basin be developed.
V, Invastig~tion of Terrain and Soil at Dan Sites ~??
This is chiefly a theoretical plan based on existing.-
publications and maps, and the sites are not rigidly fixed.
The only actual field investigation made by the survey
committee, since it began work in 1939, was on the Ch'ing-
shui-ho da^~ site in late 1940.
_l~ecording to this investigation, the Yellow River above.
Ho-ch'u is approximately 300 meters wide and flows through
a continuous gorge of precipitous cliffs (about b0 degrees),
which ir, some places are 200 meters high. The rock is :costly
limestone, and suitable for dam construction,
The investigation by IVorth Cnina area Hrmy in early
June 1941, of the dam site at the San-men Gorge, showed that
a stratum of diorite-porphyrite several thousand meters wide
cuts across the river there. moreover, the lower raa:ohes axe
psarrmite and psephite. This geology favors the construction
of dam some 1~0 meters in height. These investigations have
yeilded practically the's,9me results as our theorectical
planning,
Unt~_]_ fwrt}~er field investigations are made, the feasibility
of buillir_g dsns at other points is uncertain. i~z.~,s and tech-
nical Fzh]..i~:~.t.~.ons give the width of the river between No-k'ou-
ch~r. ar.:l iil i1'i~?:?-k~UU as 300 to, 500 meters. nt the ,~~-.rots selected
for p:ojec;,eo ;Ism sites, the river seems to be na~r~a,~ and flows
betv~ec;n ~tecp ci.iif's, 'rue cannot tell, without a^':i.~:.w aaaminaticn,
w'~ethF:r the rock structure at all the sites is su].;~ed to dam
construction., but according to surveys made by the Chinese there
are at ]_east t;vo or three suitable locations. Deductions from
maps about the etrer? sites would probably be largc>1y ~orrect.
It can be assumEd from the surveys by the army and t~}r~ Chinese
that there is c'iefinitely a dam site near Yuan-ch'u, one of the
two possible sites downstream from-the San-men Gorge. The
sites chosen in tt-ie present survey may not be the best, but
the best ones are certainly located somewhere near thzm. The
sites farthest downstream should be investigated vrithin the
next few mont}is.
~?: T:;~.,. Ss,n^nna~, Gorge $ydrbaloctric Site
r~s }gas begin explained, the site at the San-:men Gorge should
ba the first one developed because. of the enor,Tious quantity of
electric. power it would produce and its great effect on flood
control and irrigation downstream. Hollowing is a summary of
data concerning -she San: men Gorge project:
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A. ~iia
Loc.~,tion
Height
Length
Caneete
kequired
B. rceservoir
;maximum 'luater
Level
i~iaximum
Length
Area
Ir;undated
Total Volume
of Reservoir
4uater
heservoir
Water Available
for ,~Jater Power
Time Required
to Fill reservoir
with Sediment
C . Vo~ucrte of~ow
Average Total
Annual Flow
imaximum Flow
Available for
4dater rowet
ectri4 ~'ower
Maximum Capacity
~inual Uutput
H.ESTnICT~D
spprox 25 km downstream from Ping-lu,
Shansi Province.
Approx'70 m (the difference between the
normal water level and t;~e level of the
reservoir-lake when full).
Base: Approx 300 m
Crest: Approx 500 m
Appr cx 1, 400., 0v c'u m
Approx 2,200 sq km (including river. bed)
Approx 40,000,000,000 cu m
Approx 27,000,000,000 cu m
over 4d years
hpprox 43,~U,~o,ao0 cu m (1,350 cu m per sec}
2,100 cu m per sec
1,123,p00 kw (6Uk load factor)
Before development of Ch'S~??i3ztii-ho site
hpprox 4,?20,000,000 icw-hr
i.fter development of Ch'ing- ehui-ho Bite
5,410,000,000 kw?hr.
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E. Rough Estimate of Construction Cost
442,000,000 yen (Includes cost of construction
of railroads., cement manufacturing plants, steam-.
electric power plants and compensation for flood-
ed land)
Construction
Cost per kw 394 yen
Construction
Cost per kw-hr 8.2 sen
Basic Cost of
Electric Power 1.0 sen
per kw-hr
(12.5 of construction cost)
It was decided to charge the entire cost to electric power.
However, since the project would contribute directly to flood
control and irrigation, these could reasonably be assigned part
of the burden. This cost distribution would greatly reduce the
basic cost of electric power and make it the cheapest electricity
available in East ksia.
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CPYRGHT -
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A JAPANESE _PL_ AN_ FOR HYI?ROEL;-E~CTRIC DEV~ZAPDSENT QF THE
-
YII,I,UU Ri v ran ~ N~G ~R~
~PYRGHT
Far Eastern Research Seetioli
Survey Committee~No 2
North China Committee
Subcommittee No 4
:.. May X941
PART 2. BASIC SURVEY
ARISAKA Masayoshi
TA~f,E OF CONTENTS
II Description of the Yellow River and
its Drainage Basin
III Climate
IV Relation between Rainfall. and Volume
o f flow
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~PYRGHT
RES'I'R.ICTED
I. Introduction
The Yellow River is over 4,5:10 kilometers in length and drains
an area of 760,000 square kilometers. The stretch of over 1,000
kilometers between Pao-t'ou and Cheng-thou is a succession of gorges
and gives the riv~r great,possibilities as a source of water power.
This part of the report formulates the plan for developing this
water power and takes up the basic natural factors which affect its
potential value. The water power of a river is proportional to the
volume of water times its fall. Those two factors must first b~; d~-
termined.
The fall in the Yellow River cannot b
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CPYRbHT
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CPYRGHT
b
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cu N to
;A 4 r"1% r-4
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With the exception of the amount which settled on the river bed?
he entire volume of alluvium carried by the 13 floods was assumed to
ave been deposited on the plains. Excluding that which settled on
he river'.bee., one half of the alluvium carried down by the floods of
he remaining 70 years was deposited on the plains. It can thus be
alculated that, during the three centuries prior to 1852, some
10,000,000,000 cubic meters of silt were carried down to the sea,
5,000,000,000, cubic meters were deposited on the plains and
,250,000,000 cubic meters settled on the riverbed. This totals
57,250,000,000 cubic meters, or an annual average of 520,000,000
ubic meters.
These figures are not mathematically precise and merely serve to
ndicate the percentages. The estimated volume of silt deposited on
he plains is too conservative. ;although a single flood carried
72,000,000 fic7 cubic meters of silt, as shown in the table on page
, the above estimate of 1,350,000 fsi:/ cubic meters is far too low.
lso, the estimated silt load in floodless years is too low. Judging
rom those figures, the amount of sediment deposited on the plains
hould be three to five times the stated figure, and the amount which
ettled in the river-bed should also be several times the figure given.
e average annual silt load should be twice the stated 524 million,
r 1,050,000,000 cubic meters.
The volume of alluvium deposited on the plains fluctuates
etween 40 and 100 percent of the volume of that carried on the sea.
f breaches in the dikes were prevented, the rise in the river'be:;
ould increase 40 to 100 percent. Thus the rise, which has formerly
ounted to 1.5 meters in a century, would probably increase to two
r three meters.
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 CPYRGHT
Ap rnvPrl.Fnr RPIPacc 1994/0R/25 - CIA-Rr1P7R-03109A000200010001-R
A J$PArTESE P 1 FOR Ir QEL~CTRIW DEVELOPP,!@NT
OF IM Yl'i ..OV U T rrae -r-
Continued
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I Introduction
ARISAEA t,1aflaYoshi
II Basic Factors in the Plan and the Selection of Sites
III Dams
IV Reservoirs
V Control of Flow and Amount of Usable ?^?'ater.
VI Effective Head
VII Electrid Power Output
VIII Silting of'Reservoirs.
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P'ar Eaeterm Ret h,.Sectfon
Srvey C6mM1t_tep .Yro. 2
North, China' ,E.ommit;t ee
SubcQmizI t tze. )To, ,.4 ,rv May 1941
ELECTRICITY
 CPYRGHT
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RESTRYCTED
Introduction
River Conditions, Gradient, Width and Effective Fall as They
Affect cater Power
Broadly speaking, the Yellow River may be divided into three
major water-power areas: an upstream area from Kuei-te through
Lan-thou to Chung-wei; a middle area from Ho-k'ou-chen to Yu-men-
ktou, and a downstream area from Shan to Meng-thing, Data for
the upstream area is scarce, and the area is far away from present
potential consumers of water power. This discussion is, there-
tore, largely limited to the middle and downstream areas.
The upper stream from Lan-thou to Chung wei flows through a
rock-strewn gorge. Year Piing-hsia it flows out upon the Ordos
plain and meanders in a great bend for a distance of 1000 kilo-
meters. At Ho-k'ou-chen, the beginning of the midstream section,
it again enters a gorge and flows directly south, forming the
boundary between Shansi and Shensi.
'Following is a description of this mid-stream section (based
on "Thoughts on the Yellow River," 'W'ater Supply Problems in China,"
Mr OKOSHI's "Treatise on the Control of the Yellow River and on
aerial photogre:ph maps):
Below Ho-k'ou-chen the mountains gradually close in from both
sides until, at La-ma-wan, the river enters precipitous loess cliffs
20 to 30 meters high, which constrict the width of the river to
about 300 meters. At this point the water is from two to five
meters deep and flows at 1.2 to 1.5 meters per.second.
Near the confluence with the Ching-shut River both banks are
limestone cliffs which reach 100 meters and more in height, and
continue past Hsia-chieng-wan and Lao-niu-wan on the Suiyuan-
Shansi border to a point 15 kilometers above Ho-ch'u. Favorable
dam sites can be found almost anywhere along this stretch.
The gradient of the river bete-reen.Pao-t'ou and La-ma-wan, a
distance of 170 kilometers, ranges from 1/6,500 to 1/3,000; in
the 110-kilometer ravine area from La-ma-wan to Ho-chiu, it
ranges from 1/3,000 to 1/?20.
Year Ho-ch'u, the river broadens to 1,000 meters, but at
Hsun-chien-ssu, it again enters a series of gorges like those
around Hsia-ch'eng-wan. Below Pao-te, and also near T'ien-
chiao, midway between Esun--chien-ssu and Pao-te,-the river con-
tains large boulders which produce swift rapids. Of all the
Yellow River gorges, this stretch bet-een Ho-chiu and Pao-te
presents the maximum gra.dient--approximately 1/445 for a dis-
tance of about 55 kilometers.
From Pao-te past Lin-the-y1, Hei-yu-k'ou and Lo-yu-k'ou to
Chi-k'ou-than, a.dietance of approximately 209 kilometers, the
gradient is 1/1,54+0. The width of the river ranges from 300 to
500 meters and cliffs exceeding 100 meters in height are found
on both sides of the river. Chia-chou, which is located on a
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100-meter cliff`on the'Shensi side"in this stretch&'is"ofteof"the=c}iief
cities along the gorges of the Yellow River. The other important cities,
such as Pao-te and Chi-k'ou-then, are likewise situated rather high
above-the ..river:
7rom Chi-k'oti-then east Wu-pu to the vicinity of Yen-ehui kuan,
the' Cliffs on both' sides of the river become still higher. At Ma-then-
kuan, ust above Diu-k'ou, they are over 400 meters high.' The course. of
the river,through the gorges In this area is especially winding, .mea-
suring 3b0 kilometers on the 200 kilometer air-line distance between
Chi-k!ou-chen?and Hu-k'ou. The gradient ie only 1/2,300-
At Hu-.k'ou, where the river is approximately 200 meters wide, there
is a waterfall with a fall of'over 10 meters. Below this point, the
river has?a,proaounced gradient. A comparatively short canal here
(approxima.te'lr 2,000 meters long) would achieve a fall of-over 30 meters.
For 68 kilometers between Hu-k'ou and Yu-men-k'ou, the river is at its
narrororest--approximately 200 meters. However, it is at least $ to 10
meters deep and the crater is exceedingly calm. The average gradient
below the Hn-k'ou waterfall is 1/1,100. % Below Yu-men-k'ou, the cliffs -suddenly open; the slope becomes
gradual and the impression of a gorge disappears.
Throughout the great bend from Yu-men-k'ou to Tiung-kuan and
Shan, the average width of the river ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 meters,
narrowing to 1,000 meters or wideriing to 10 kilometers in a few 'places.
The average gradient ranges from 1 3,000 to 1/4,000. The banks level
off and there is no site suitable for dam construction.
Below Shari the width of the river gradually diminishes to an
average of 300 td'500 meters at flood level. A 20 per cent grade at
both banks forms a gorge 160 kilometers long'--hich extends to a point
25 kilometers above P,7eng-thing, where the river gradually widens again
and enter's,its'dyked portion. This gorge generally resembles the
terrain betureen Ho--k' ou-chen and Yu-men-k' ou.
The?toporaphy and soil conditions of this area 'ha.ve been sur-
veyed by Mr? LIA$SEN and in'the'survey maps of the -yellow River Water
Supply Committee. The'elevation at Shan is 290meters.while that?at
Meng-ching.ia 118 meters, a fall of 172 meters in a distance of 215
kilometers, 'This yields an average gradient'of 11,200. The gradient
in the gorge between Ching-tzu-yuan Ei7 and San-men gorge is slightly
more than.1/1,250--roughly 1/1,000 (San-men gorge is 25 kilometers
downstream ftom than, while Ch'ing-tzu-yuan is the same distance up-
stream). Favorable darn sites are found all along this gorge,-but Mr
ELIASSEN has recommended three sites: above the San-men gorge;.at
Pa-li-hu-t'ung, 30 kilometers below Yuan_ch'u; and at Hsiao-hen-ti.
As has been explained, a total fall of approximately 970 meters
exists between Pao-t'ou.and Neng.ching. Along the gorges of the
middle area and the downstream'aree.,?there are favorable dam sites
everywhere, so that most of this fall (about 900 meters) can readily
be utilized by the plan for generating electricity.
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II Basic Factors in the Plan and the Selection of Sites
A. Basic Considerations in the Plan for Generation of Electricity
As stated above, the river's gradient in the gorges of the
middle and dournstream portion largely ranges from 1/900 to 1/1,500;
accordingly, the hydroelectric plants should adjoin the dams, and
have very short canals or none at all. The gorge itself Is narrow
in compari sosl to the amount, of flood water. There are probably
very few sites where a hydroelectric slant can be built next to
a dam, as in the case of the Ta-feng-men Dan on the upper Sungari
River and the Sui-ho Dam on the Yalu River. Consequently, it is
thought that hydroelectric plants similar to those at the-Boulder
and Parker ''Dams on the Colorado River would be"more suitable.
At Hu-k'ou and San-men gorge, however, where there is a fairly
appreciable fall downstream from the dam, considerable study
could be devoted to increasing the effective fall by use of canals.
In establishing an over-all plan for the utilization of
Yellow River water potter, the extreme yearly and seasonal var-
iations must be taken into account, To produce electricity
efficiently,. there must be large reservoirs. Their capacity
must total at least 20,000,000,000 to 30,000,000,000 cubic meters,
to allow for variations in the flow and for silting.
There are only two possible sites for reservoirs of the
required capacity: Ch'ing-shui-ho at the upper extremity of
the middle portion, and the San-men-gorge-at the upper extremity
of the downstream portion. It is very important to determine
the size of the reservoirs required for the water power plan,
balanced against the area of land flooded, compensation for this
land and reservoir capacity for flood control.
Even though Ch'ing-shui-ho, at the upper end of the mid-
stream sector, were to equalize the annual flow sufficiently
for the hydroelectric plan, if the water level at the San-men
gorge rose 40 meters above the mean water level, property dah--
strutilan from flood would increase rapidly. At 70 meters, the
salt lakes in douthern Shansi would be endangered. Since a
satisfactory study of countermeasures to dam off this territory
has not yet been made, the hydroelectric plan t?-as divided into
two phases.
The first phase avoids flooding too extensive areas. Flood
water at Tung-kuan will reach only to 145 meters above mean water
-level, just. enough for flood control and for carrying through
the three-month drought season.
The second phase will provide better river control and will
be' accomplished as soon as'possible after the property rights
in, the flooded areas have been transferred. Its high water level
of 350 meters is calculated not to endanger the Shansi salt lakes
Almost all Yellow River hydroelectric sites are isolated by
poor transportation and lack any facilities. The construction
work will require enormous installations for communications,
housing, material processing plants, etc. It would therefore be
6 6
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RE5'IC'fi
ringiecial considerations, no dam in the plan should have a high
better.. t.o,.have as few sites as possible with a maximum capacity, Wi.t1~
Modern 'engineerlrig teChniaues -as developed ` as they are #n Ja ri
a' Oie
maximum water level in these dams should be'130 to 140 meters.' 3ar-
$. Exi fing Soixrce Material on Hydroelectric Power Plarit Sites''
The Yeliow'River offers highly suitable terrain for the construe1,'
tion of ' iydroeldetric power dams. In the last ten-odd -years u?tien this' possibility was attracting general attention, gigantic dam construc-
tion came into worldwide use for flood control, generation of elec-
tricity, irrigation and water transportation. The Yellov-'Riv6r% was
also studied from this viewpoint. The following sites were suggested
as suitable for dame or hydroelectric power sites:
Ch'ing shut-ho . ABE Noryo of South Manchurian Railway, 1935
Actual field survey by the Committee, 1940
Near Ho-chfu . Draft of Shansi Water Supply Construction Plan
Hy-k' o
Mr TODDt "Hu-k'ou Waterfall Hydroelectric
Plan," 1934 rTN: Probably TODD: "A Study
of Shansi s vers," in Association of
Chinese and American Engineers Journal,
Vol 15, No 1 January 1934, p 7 to 19
Profile and a 1/50,000 Plan made from actual
surveys; 1934
Yulmen.~kIou Same
San-men gorge . Draft of Shansi Water Supply Construction Plan.
S ELIASSEN: 'good Control of the Yellow
River by a Detention Basintt
Topographic maps 1/5,000 and-a 1/50,000 based*
on a 1936 survey by the North China Water
Supply Committee
Year Yuan-chiu . Topographic maps 1/50,000 and 1/20,000 based
on a 1936 survey by the Forth China Water
Supply Committee
Pa-li-hu-t'ung . ELIASSE!: "Flood Control of the Yellow River
by Detention Basin," 1936
Ground survey
C. Policy Governing the Selection of Sites
As shoum above, the Yellow River Committee made an actual ground
survey of only one site in the middle section of the river. The other
sites were selected on the basis of: the above material; 1/30,000
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CPYRGHT
aerial photos taken by the Army Ground Survey Department, and 150,000
maps prepared from the photos.
Existing source-material was relied on wherever possible. Where
lacking, selection was made with the help of general literature and
the 1/50,000 aerial photograph maps. Sites were chosen where the
river is narrowest, both banks have comparatively steep slopes and
the site is enclosed by large mountain blocks. The number of dams
required was determined from the preceding figures on required
resetv'ir capacity, assuming the dams to correspond to the heights
set'forth.
No 1 - Ch'ing-shui-ho
No 2 - Ho-ch'u (since there is a pronounced gradient between.
Ch'ing-shui-ho and Pao-te)
No 3 .- T' i en,-ch' iao
NP 2~ - Hei-yu-k'ou (the next site downstream between Pao-te
and Yu-men-ktou)
Na 5 - Chi-k'ou-then
No 6 - Yen-shui-kuan
No 7 - Hu k'ou
No S - Yu-men-k'ou
No 9'- San-men gorge (the site selected by ELIASS~'T, between
Shan and Meng-thing)
No 10 - Pa-li-hu-t'ung
No 11 - Fsiao-hen-ti
Eight of these sites--Ch'ing-shui-ho, fio-chtA;-Chi-k'ou=then;
Hu-k' ou, Yurmen-k' ou, San-men gorge,--Pa~.Zi-hu-t' ung^and':i~ixa=h~n-
ti=-have been proposediprcvioisly,-while`three sites--'T'Sen-ch4iao,
Hsi-ya_k'ou.and Yen-shut-ktpn-rare here-proposed for the first time.
The following table shows the location and drainage area of
each site. The hydroelectric plan is shown in Map 1 Za-t front of
this publication7, and An the profile chart..
- 68 -t
RESTRICT.VD
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 CPYRGHT
Dan
Exact Location of Site .Lo cation.
Dra
inage
Hy,~?r
of.
electric
Plant
Area ... ;
(sq km)
1 Ch'ing-shui-ho
6 km abovo Hsia-ch'eng-wan, Directly
]425,15p
Suiyuan below
dam
I
~
_ ?
2 Ho-ch'u
17 km above Ho-ch'u,
Ho- Same.
1429,950
ch'u District, Shansi
3 T'ien-ch'iao
3 km below Tien-ch'iao,
Same
4+33,900
Pao-te District, Shansi
1 Hoi-yu-k'ou
20 km below Hei-yu-k'ou,
Same
11+2,350.
Hsing District, Shansi
5 Chi-k'ou-then
2 km below Chi-k'ou-then,
Same
1158,950
Lin District, Shansi
6 Yen-shut-kuan
21 km above Yung-ho-kuan,
Same
118,1150
Ying--ho District, Shansi
7 Hu--k'ou
Lung wang, Chi District,
2,000 m
508,550
Shansi
down-
stream
from
dam
8 Yu-men--k' ou
5 km above Yu-men-k' ou,
Directly
511+, 800*
Ho-ching District, Shansi
below
9 Son-men gorg
2
b
k
dam
e
10 Fd-li-hu~t'ung
i
5
elow Shan, Honan
30 km below Yuan-ch'u,
Same 1
Same
721
25
250*
Shansi 1
t
,
11 Heiao--hen-ti
28 km above Meng-ching,
Honan
Same 1
728,000*
III. Dams
The gorges of the Yellow River are almost all V-shtAed with very
steep banks, narrow in prorortion to flood-water volume, and require
considere.bl6 width to get flood 1?'ater lournstream without overflowing
the banks.
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Cpy moved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
Gravity overflow dams with spillways over most of the crest Pre
best suited to this situation.
One very important fact in the design of a dam is the relation
of the river cross-section at the site to the flood volume which has
to pass there. Determination of the spillway width required at each
dam requires calculation of the flood volume there. This is given
in the table below.
The source material gives maximum flood data for only three
sites--Ch'ing shui-ho (actually Pao-ttou), Hu-k'ou and San-men
gorge (actually Shan). The flood flow at the sites between Ch'ing-
shui-ho and Hu-ktou was determined from these figures and the re---
spective drainage areas. The plan to use the San-men gorge site as
a detention reservoir would decrease the flood discharge there from
30,000 to 15,000 cubic meters per second, permitting the flood gates
there to be designed for this lighter load, as well'as the modifica-
tion of the dams downstream.
Site
Drainage
_
Calculated
Area
(sq km)
Area
Added
Flood
Discharge
(sq km)
(cu m/sec)
1 Ch'ing-shui-
ho
425,150
7,500
2 Ho-ch'u
428,550
3,700
5,000
3 Tien-ch'iao
433,500
1+,950
5,500
.4 Hei-yu-k'ou
442,350
5,550
9,500
?5 Chi-k'ou-chen
458,950
16,600
11,000
6 Yen-shui-kuan
455,1+50
29 , 500
13 , 500
7 Hu-k'ou
505,550
20,100
14,500
S Yu-men-ktou
515,310*
6,760
15,000
9 San-men
gorge
722,010
206,700
30,000
To be reduced
to 15,000
cubic meters
per second by
flood control
10 Pa-li-hu-
t'ung
725,560
3,850
30,000
To be reduced
to 20,000 cubic
meters per
second by flood
control
11 Hsiao-hen-ti
728,510
2,650
30,000^
ySame
ame
Maximum Flood Discharge At Dam Sites
rainage area map at beginning of this
i S
*TN: Drainage area map a
volume gives 515,305
70'-/J
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25 GIA-RDP78-03109A000200010.001 6 =
i.h
CPYRGHT
RSSMI CTED
the limit showlm in the profile of .the Yellow River {compiled. from
data g f' 4v # in Part 2, so as not to interfere with the Pei-y irig-
Suiyuan railroad line. ,Since the `lowest point on this line is 996
meters' high:, the high-water level must be 9$5 meters.
Then-men gorge, site will'have a 325-meter high-water level
at Tlung-kuan during the first phase and a 350-meter level` during
the second phase. This will not injure the salt 1akes.--The.other
sites, will normally have a high-water level 3 meters lower than
the mean river level at? the next site upstream, in order to keep
the backwater from injuring that site during floods.
A series of 22 maps follows. The first 11 show the sites and
their vicinities in detail, on the basis of 1/50,000 aerial-
photograph maps and other maps. The last 11 show the cross-section
of the river at each site.
The high-water level at the'Ch'ing-shui-ho site must oe Belot'
These maps are preceded by a table which. summarizes the most
important findings for each site.
ffab1e appears on next page, followed by series of 22 maps
-71
RESTPICT13D
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 CPYRGHT
A
d For
elaa
0-SA
200010001-6
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Approved or a ease 1999/08125 .
 CPYRGHT
Approved For Release 1999108125 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
Approved For Release 1999108125 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 YKUr,1 I
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000100
 Ai 6401Wbr Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
1. COFTOUP MAP Of Tai; CH' I G-SH I-HO DAY SITE AIM VICI^TITY
2. Suiyuan
3. Suiyuan
4+. Darn Site
5. Scale - 1:100,000
6. Yellow River
7. Hsia-ch'eng-wan
(RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A0a0200010001-6
CPYRGHT
1.
CONTOUR MAP OF HO-CH'U DAP4 SITE
2.
Suiyuan
55.
Wu-piing
Shansi
56.
Ch'i-p'ing
Scale 1:100,000
57.
Meng-ching-ko-tan
Dam Site
58.
Hung-shu-chia-chang
6.
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
59?
Yang tta
7.
Ch'iao-chia-sha-yen
60.
Ta-pan-liang
8.
Kuang-kai-chia-liang
61.
T'ai-sha-tsui
9.
Shuang-span-tzu-yen
62.
Tung-Chia-ko-tan
10.
map'eng-ts'un
63.
Pang-t'a-kou
11.
Wu-la-ch'i
64.
Hei-tou-yen
12.
Erh-t.'an-shang
65.
Wa-yao-mao
13.
Kiang-niang-t'an
66.
Hao-pa-liang
14.
Yu-ch'a-kuei-tzu
67.
Lo-chiang-mao
15,
Heng-ch'iang-lou
68.
Nuan-chtuan liang
16.
Lou-tzu-yang-chen
69.
Pieh-tsui
17.
Hsin-chiao-p'ing
70.
Chao-chia-mao
18.
Lo-ch'uan-pao
71.
Ssu-kou-ho
19.
T'u-ti
72.
Hua-lin-pao
20.
Chiao-wei-ch'eng
73
Sha-yen-liang
21.
Ying-lu
74.
P'ing_ttou-tstun
22.
'e i-pan
75.
Sha-yen
23.
Yu-fang-liang
76.
Ta-lu-ko-pa
24.
Chao-chia-kou
77.
Chou-ko-pan
25.
Chia-chia-kou
78.
San-tao-kou
26.
Yang-t'a
79.
Hou-chteng-tstuA
27.
Hu-lu-chieh-tsui
80.
Ch'ing-wei-kou
28.
Esia-han-chia-liang
81.
Tstui-chia-ti-erh
29.
Chou-chia-mao
82.
Miao-erh-wa
.30.
K'a.ng-chia-liang
83.
Tung-chia-chuang
31.
Ma-chip-yen
84.
Ho-chia-kou
32.
Sha-yao-yen
85.
Wan-hui-i-ts'un
33-
Nan-yao-tzu-lung
86.
Ch'ing-ko-tan
3 -
Ching-kou-tzu
87.
Feng-chia-chuang
35.
Erh-lang-shang
88.
Shu-erh-liang
36.
T' al_tzu_.tt an
99.
Ch' ou-erh-wa.
37.
Yu-shu-wan
90.
Yang-t'a-shang
38.
Hao-mi-ko-t'o
91.
T'a.o-shu-P'ing
39.
Chi-chia-liang
92.
Ku-ku-an
40.
Kao-mao-tstun
93.
Meng-chia-yen
41.
,Ta-yu-ts'un
94.
Tzu-chin Shan (mt)
42.
Pai-lu-ch'uan
95.
Liu-shu-wan
43.
Ta-t'a
96.
Chien-chao--wan
44.
1iiao-chia-tsui
97.
Yen-pan-liang
45.
Wu-chia p'ing,
98.
;?an-chia-liang
46.
Ch' a-lu--yen
99.
Lu-chia--yao
47.
Sung-hua-ya.o
100.
Mo-ship-t' an
48.
Fan-chia-mao
101.
Yang-chia-ling
49.
Chia.-chan-hao
102.
Kp.o-chia-liang
50.
Kou-shu-mao
103.
Hsiao-p'ien-t'ou
51.
Kou-ssu-mao
101.
Yang-t'a-tstun
52.
Haia-tui-tzu-liang
105.
Tstui-chia-ti-i
53-
Erh-piing
106.
Shang-hou-hui
5 -
Huang-ts'ao-mao
107.
Shang-yang-t a'ang
-74-,,'---
RESTRICTDD
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6 .
 CPYFA$HToved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
1.
2.
4.
6.
7.
S.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
19.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
2 .
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40,
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
L6.
47.
4g.
49.
50.
51.
52.
CONTOUR MAP OF T' IEnT-CH' IAO DAM SITE
Shansi
Shensi
Scale 1:50,000
Dam Site
T'ien-ch'iao
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
Chien-chia-kou
Hsin-chuang-tsrun
Chien-chia-kou
Tsou-ma-lia.ng
Ta-chin-kou
Hsiao-huo-hao
Hsi-hping--ts'un
Chiu-hsien-chen
Ch'ien-miao-chia-kou
Lung-men-kou
Yang-Chia-yai
Hue-feng-tsui
Ho hu-ts'un
Ying-ti-mao
Ti-chic--pan
Sai-mao-shang
Pai-lin-tien
Fan-chia-liang
Chien-pao-tzu
P'i-yao-kou
Ho-chia-yen
Ho-mao
Ta-chien Ho (River)
Hsi-mao-Jan
P'u-kou
Chun-ch'ih-ts'un
Yang-chiu-mao
Hsi--t'ien-ch'iao
Chia-tzu-shang
Liu-ta-chuang
Wang-ta-chuang
Sha-yen-t s' un
Liu-chia-pan
Tung-shan
K'ang-chia-kou
Ti-chia-kou
Shih-pei-shang
DTua.n-chia-ts'un
Yang-chia-kou
Chao-chia-po
Chang-yang-liao
Wang-yu-chuang
Kuo-chip.-chuang
Chu-pao-ch'u
Kuo-chia-yen
PESTRICT-ED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 4t: 9P
t.ru a ~N a:x~~9W i A+~,
1 6
pi oved Fora Release 1`5 l~8/ IMP 8x43 0
 Approved For, Release
Irw
Approved Forj Release 1999//25: C1A RDP78- 3
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
RESTRICTED
CONTOUR HAP OF EEI-YU-Ic' OU LMi SITE
Shansi
Shensi
Scale 1:50;000
Dam Site
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
Chang-chia-wan
Pai-Chia-yai
Jen-chia-wan
Chien-chia-pao
Tsao-lin-ts'un
Wang- chia-t'a
Shang-chia-wu
Wang-chia chieh
Peng-chia-wa
Lou-tzu-li
Wei-wa-ts'un
Yuan-t'iao-ts'un
Hui-liu-nao
Hsun -chien--ssu
Hou-kao-chia-shan
Tao-ho-wan
Wang-chia-kou
Ka.o-chia-ko-leng
Niu-chia-wan
Huang-chia-wa
Ho-chia p'o
Wang-chia.-p'o
Wang-chia-p'ing
Han--chia-t'a
Pao-t'ou-ts'un
Wang-chia-liang
Chiang-chia-shan
Tien-t'ai
T' an-t' ou--ts tun
Chung-chi-ts'un
Yen-t'ou-ts'un
Pai-chia-liang
Yiu-chia-liang
T.riu_chia-t'a
Niu-chia-lung
Ta-p' ing-yuan
Shan-p'o-shang
Sha-Yuan-mao
76 -/.Y
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 Approved for Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109AO0A2000100Q1
VZ4
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 Approved Ford Release 1999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03i0
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A00"0200010061'"-6
CPYRGHT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
CONTOUR MAP OF YU-P,MN-K'OU
Shansi
Fuang ITo (Yellow River)
Shensi
Dam Site
Scale l:50T'000 '
Yu-r.^en--k' on
Yao-wa
Pei-sang-yu
Shui-chia-ling
Wang-Chia-li
Ch'eng-chin-ling
Yuan-tzu You (Stream)
Yang-ma-pto
Hou-wo-ktung
Hou-ch'eng-ko-tou-wan
Hsi-ch'uan-wo
Ch'uan-wo
Ts'ang-ling
Kung-ting-tzu
Hsi-ling
Shang-ling
Kan-ch' a i--f an
Wan-wo
Huang-yao-ts'un
Lung-men Shan (mt)
Liu-hsi-tsui
Hu-ling-ts'un
Tsui-erh-shang
Yen-chia-ling
-Tung-Chuang
Hsi-yu Men (Strait)
Shen-ch'ien-t0un
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 999/08/25 CIA-RDP78-03109AO002000100011-6
Aur roved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001'1
 Approgvp*p eIease 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
1.
CONTOUR NAP OF C!I-K' O'v-CHEN DAY SITE
2.
Shansi
35.
Yang-chia-pan
3.
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
36.
Hou-hou-cbia-pan
4.
Shensi
37.
Ch'ien-hou-chia-pan
5.
Scale 1:50,000
39.
Hsieh chia-chiang
6.
Dam site
39.
Feng-chia-ch'a
7.
Wen-li-yu
40.
Ting-chia-pan
S.
Shang-ts'un
41.
Ting-chia-wan
9.
Ch'uan-tsfun
42.
Ch'ien-tee-kou
10.
Jen-chia-chuang
43.
flung-chia wan
11.
Hei-shut-kou
44.
Yuo-chia-ling
12.
Tsui-t' ou
45.
Feng-chia-plan
13.
Tsui-t'ou-chuang
46.
Shih-chia-yuan
14.
Pa-chia-t 'a
47.
Hou-chia-yen
15.
Kao_chia-t' a
4s.
Hsia-shan-Plan
16.
Ma-chia-wa
49.
Sui-lou
17.
Kao-shan-chuang
50.
Chi en-cha.i-shang
'18.
Kao-chia-shan
51.
Hsi-ts'ao-chiang
19.
Hou-chai-shang
52.
Shih hsi-kou
20.
Ma-chia-ko-to
53.
Hsi-shan-shang
21.
Hsiao-wang-chia-shan
54.
Chi-k'ou-then
22.`
Lo-ch'an-yen
55.
Hsi-t'ou-ts'un
23.
Ts'ao-chia-t'a
56.
Chiu-shui Ho (River)
24.
Wang-chia-chuang
57.
Tung-tse-p'ing
25.
Hsi-ma-chia-shan
58.
Ma-nei-ko-to
26.
Yuan-ma.o
59.
Chai-tse-shan
27.
Ch'ien-yen-yueh
60.
Ch'en-chia-yuan
29.
Hou-shan-ts'un
61.
Li-chia-shan
29.
Chlien-shan
62.
Wang-chia-shan
30.
Tsao-ling-tte
63.
Chen-chia-ko-to
31.
Liu-li-pan
64.
Mu-kua-yen
32.
Shih-ta-kan
65.
T' an-meng-ko
33.
Yai-shui-shmng
66.
Ch'iao-chia-chuang
34.
Chang-chia-hsiang
67.
Feng-chia-t'a
-77-,
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000100011-6
CPYRGHT
1. CONTOUR MAP 07 YEN-SHUI-KUALA DAM SITE
2. Shansi
3. Shensi
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
5, Scale 1:50,000
6. Dam Site
7. WU-ting Ho (River)
9. Chang-chia-pan
9. Hai-hsin Kuan (Pass)
10. Wang-shia-shan
11. Liu-chiao-pan
12. Wu-chia-wang
13. ?Fang-chia-ho
1!}. Ho-k'ou-ts'un
15. Tsao-Chuang-ts'un
16. Ho-chia-wa
17. Tsui-t'ou-ts'un
1$. Li-chia-pan
19. Leng-shui-p'ing
20. Li-chia-wa
21. Liu-chia-p4n
22. Chao-chia-pan
23. Tu-t zu-1i
24+. Feng-chia-pan
25. Nan-tsui-shang
26. Yen-wa-ts'un
27. Ho-chia-wa
2S. Ho-chia-ts'un
29. guo-chia Shan
30. An-chia-pan
31. Hsia-wa-li
32. Pao-chia-shan
33. Ho-chia-pan
34. Ma-chia-ch'i
35. Kao-chia-pan
36. Yang-chia,-shan
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001',-6
ApproveFor, Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A00200010001
 CPYWoved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23-
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34?'
CONTOUR MAP OF H'J-K'OU DAM SITE
Shansi
Shensi
Scale 1:50,000.
Dam Site
Yang-ts'un
Shih--pao-chai
P'iao-ch'u
Chao--t s' un
Plan-chia-wo
Hsi-hsien
Shu-nan-ts'un
Yang-ch'uan-k'ou-ts'un
Kuan--11-t s' un
Ku-hsien-ts'un
Ku-chen-p'o
Pia-fen-t' an
N,.n-t s' un
Nan-ts'un-p'o.
Ma-fu-chang
Sun-chia-p'o
Liu-ts'un
Hsia-shah-ts'un
Chung-shih-ts'un
Hei-ko-ta-liang
Yu-yuan-tsrun
Lung--rang-hsien
Lung-wang-r:i ao-ch i eh
Nan-shih
Nan-shih-ts'un
Ch'iu-chia-,yao-p'o
Sung-chia-ling
Mai-chang-t s'un
Ch' i-lang-wo
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 CPYRCAHT roved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
RESTRICTED
1. CONTOUR I'AP OF SAS? i N GORGG- DAM SITE
2. Shansi
3. Dan Site
4. Honan
5. Scale 1:50;000-
6. Mao-ching-tu
7. Hui-hying-then
S. Sha-chien
9. Shih-chia-ttan
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 CPYAbved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
1. COITTOUR UP OF PA-LI-FU-TUATTG DAP-' SITE
2. Honan
3. Dam Site
1} scale 1:50400-
5. Huang PD (Yellow River)
6. Kuan--Chia-ts'un
7. Ar--chta-ho
,8. Ling-$'an-kou
9. Ma-yu
10. Wang-chia-kou
11. Chi-chia
12. Tung-sen-ti
13. Shang--yu-li
1. Hsia-yu-li
15. Mao-t'ien
16. Chia-li
17. Tua.n-shu-wa
19. Pan-shih--chia-kou
19. Hsiao-chiao-kou
20. T'a-ti
21. Ta-chiao-kou
22. Shih-ch'u
- 82 -
RFSTRI CTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Approved for, Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A00
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A00,0200010001'-6
 CPYRC proved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
1.
2.
Honan
35.
Tung-chuang
3.
Dam Site
36.
Wang-chia-chuang
4.
Ronan
37.
Tseng-chia-chuang
5.
Scale 1: 50,000
38.
Ta-yai-kou
6.
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
39.
Hsi-p'o
7.
Lao-ptien Ling (Pass)
40.
Chien; pei
Wang--Tfuai
41.
Ta-yu-mu
9.
Hu-ahu-kou
42.
Nan-wei-yuan
10.
Hu-shu kou
43.
DTieh-chuang
11.
Ya-Shih-kou
44.
Hsia-tung-pto
12.
Hu-shu-tstun
45.
Liang-chuang
13.
Hsia-i-yang
46.
Lo-chuang
14.
Ta-kou-ch' iao
47.
Ma-t'i You (Stream)
15.
Chu-yu
49.
Hu-chuang
16.
Yen-ts'ang
49.
Lung-wang-miao
17.
Wang-chuang
50.
Huang-shu-chuang
18.
Hsi-lu-pien
51.
Kuo-chia-ling
19.
Li-shu-t sui
52.
Yang-n'ing
20.
Tau-shih-miao
53.
Liu-kou
21.
Wang-chuang
54.
An-t'ou
22.
Fan-pto
55.
Chu-yuan-ts'un
23.
Wang-kuai
56.
Pai-kou
24.
Tsui-chia-chuang
57.
R'ou-t'ou-miao
25.
Lo-yu
59.
Hsiao-lang-ti
26.-
Chou-1i.
59.
Ts'ao-ling
27.
Liu-shu-t'an kou
60.
Tung-shu-ling
2S.
Hsiang-Fang kou
61.
Chu-wo-yao
29.
Hou-chuang
62.
Ssu-yuan-ch'eng
30.
Liu-chuang
63.
Hsieh-chia-ling
31.
Hsi-wa-yao
64.
Ho-men
32.
Chiao-tui
65.
Wa-yao-kou
33.
Ch'ing-ho-k'ou
66.
Lai-wu
34.
Shang-shan
67.
Lan-chu-wo
68. Chou=chia-chuang
- 83 - A-
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 or Release 1999/08/25- C,IA-RDP78-d31"O9Ab A..ft
Approved For Release 1999/?8/25: C!A-RP
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
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 CPYRGHT
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0
0200010001-6
 CPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03,1
 p roved For Release. I9991.08125: IA- Dp78-03109 , c 0IO0 I~-6
, D cLv&LE r.Release.1999/08/25 ;. CIA-R0P78-031? 09A00020001.0001-6..
 CP1 NY, For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
IV. Reservoirs
The still water areas weremeasuied from the 1:50,;000 aerial-
photograph maps and other maps and profiles. The reservoir
capacities and other important figures calculated from them are'
shown on the following table.
The upper portion of the storage capacity of the San-then
gorge reservoir is to be used for flood control.
able follows on next page?
84
RESTRICTED
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Ap
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109A000200010001-6
Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 CPYRGHT
Of the sites listed in the preceding table, the Ch'ing--shui-ho
and San-men gorge reservoirs have the largest capacity, and exert a
great influence in the determination of the volume of available water.
However, their enormous still-water area will inundate extensive
arable land and many homes. The reservoir capacity at each water
level and the corresponding contour lines should be studied to deter-
mine the destruction bf property which each level will cause.
A. The Ch'ing-shut-ho Reservoir
The following table and graph were constructed, with slight
correction, from the 1:100,000 map and the profile of the Pei-p'ing-
Suiyuan Railroad line. They show the still-water area and capacity
of the reservoir at each water level.
Capacity of Ch'ing-shut-ho "Reservoir at Different Water Levels
Water Level
Depth of
Still-water
Storage
(m above sea
level)
Water (m)
Area (sq lam)
Capacity
(cu m )
927
0
0
0
930
3
3
45,000,000
950
23
25
325,000,000
970
1l3
107
1,350,000,000
990
63
3,24g
34,900,000,000
- 66 -
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 r0 m
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25 CIA- 'DP78?-03109A0 .0?000100
L
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
1.
MAP or I??tB?DLT!D AREA '3EHIRTD CHI ?i?G-SHUI-HO
2.
SuiyIxan
58.
Bung-chao
3.
Scale of 1:50,000
59.
Shui-ch'ang-You-men.
4.
I-k' o-.chao-meng
60.
Pai-shih-t'u
5-
HOia-ch'eng wan
61.
Sar&tsi (ch'ang-han-k uo-luau )
6.
Lao-niu-wan
(Sa-la-ch'i)
7.
Pa.o-t' ou
62.
Sha-pin-yai
8.
Stan-hai-t zu
63.
Mai-ta-ch'iao
9.
Ku-ch'eng-wan
64.
Hsi-lao-ts'ang yang.
io.`
Hung-tung-wan
65.
Tung-lao-t s' ang-?ying
11.
Kung-pu-ying-t zu
66.
Chen-chip-hu.-lu-t'ou
12.
Te-sheng-t'al
67.
Kiang-ssu-ying-tzu
1..
T'u-ho-ch'i
68.
Hai-tzu
1 .
Tung-pa-shang
69.
San-ko-chia
15.
Sha-erh--pi
70.
Nan-ho-tiou
16.
O-erh-ko-chen
71.
Chiang-su-luan-k'uo.
17.
Ta-66-la-kai
72.
Erh-shih-ssu-ch'ing-ti
i8.
Hei-ma-pan-hsia
73.
Hung-yen--yao-tzu-to-k'ou
19,
Kung-chi-pan
7 +.
Huang Ho (Yellow River)
20.
Chu-orh-ko-tai
75.
Tat ang-k ou-yao-t zu-to-k?' ou
21.
Yang-t' ung-shun-ko-tu
76.
Chia-pi-t'an
22.
Hsing-sheng-lung
77.
Mien--li-ying-tzu
23.
Hsiao-cho-chiao-t' ang
24.
O-erh-to'-ssu Tso-i Hou-ch'i Wang-tu
(Ordos left wing, rear banner prince's headouarters)
25.
T e-shenj-kung
78.
Lao-li-yao-tzu
26.
Hao-chi ing-ho
79.
Hu-ssu-t'ai Ho (River)
27-
Chiao-chieh-ko-shang
80.
Liu-lin-tzu
29.
Erh-ying-plan
81.
Shih-erh-ch'ing-ti
29.
Hu-pu-t 'u-hao
82.
Chao-ssu-ying-tzu
30.
Hsu-chia-hao
83?
Hsing-erh-yao-tzu
31.
Shih-la-t' a
84.
Chtih-san-hao
32.
Ha-shih-lawkou (River)
85.
Kou-hang-chao-chu-kou-ko-pa
33.
Ha-shih-la-chao
86.
Wla-kai-shih-li-hao
34.
Hsiao-na-lin-kou
87.
Ma kai-t'u-chao
35.
Shih-chia-ch'uan-tzu
88.
Pao-shao-ko-tu
36.
Hei-tou-hao
89.
Ta-nei hao
37.
Pao-t t i en-ko--tu
9o.
O-erh-to-ssu Tso-i Ch'ien-ch'i
38.
Wu'-ni en-fang
Pei-lo-fu (Ordo.s left wing
39.
Hui-chi ang-t zu?-tu-kt ou
front banner beileh's headquarter
4o.
Erh-tao-kuai
91.
Nei-tai-chen
41.
Hsiachin-chia-ko-+Za
92.
Shang-hsi-li-ch'i
42.
Pai-yen-nao
93.
Ku-yen
43
Erh-t ao-kuai
94.
T'o-ssu-ho-chen,
44.
Erh-mang-to-k'ou
95.
Ch'ia.o-chia-yingtzu
45.
Li-chan-Wang-ko-tieh
96.
Hsi hai-tzu (Lake)
46.
Ma-lung--f eng
97.
Su~vo-ka.i
47.
Shih-pa-t'u-la-hai.
98.
Chtiao-erh-ch'i
49.
Kuen-niu-pa
99.
Pai-yen-chtang han
49,
Erh-lao-nan-yao-tzu
100,
San-chien-fang
50.
Wang-cheng-hao
101.
Jen-san-yao-tzu
51.
Wu-tso-t' a
102.
Mao-tai-chen
52.
Ma-pao-hao
103.
Mien-li-ying-tzu
53.
Hai-shen-mu-ying-bzu?
1o4.
Shih-yao-tzu
54.
T'a-pin-chien
105.
Hsi-o-chia-shu-hu-lun
55.
NNiu-hua-kou (River)
106.
t:eng-k' eng-tu-k t ou
56.
Shih-tso-yao-tzu
107.
Chu-kuei-tien-ko-lipng
57.
Chao-chia-ts'un
108.
Wang-hsi-yao-tzu
-87-/1
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
(Conti ued
11 9. u-c ia-yen-fang
166.
Ha-tp,-t'u-hao
110. Shih-ta-ku
167.
T'u-chia-ying-tzu
111. Chih-hu-lun
168.
Ta-wu-shih-chia-tzu
112. Hsi-chang-kai-ying-tzu
169.
Ma-chia-tang p'u-liang
113. Tstun-kou-yao-tzu
170.
Chang-chia-ying-tzu
114. Po-erh-tung
171.
Yang-tang-luau--k'uo
115. Tung-chang-han-su
172.
I-chien-fang-tzu
116. Se-la-pen-liang
173.
Yu-fang-ying-tzu
'117. Kung-tui-pto
174.
Ho-t'ung-ying-tzu
119. Kung-yeh-kai-kou
175.
Fei-ch'eng
119. Kto-k'o-li-kou
176.
Hei-shut-chtuan-tzu
120. K'un-to-lun-kou
177.
Ta-yang-chang
121. Sun-chia-t'a
179.
Fence yen-tang-fang-kou
122, Na-lin
179.
Hsiao-hsi-hao-lai
123. Pai-tung-liang
180.
Nan-hao-lai
124. Hou-hao-lai-wan
181.
Hsiao-chang-kai-ying
125. Ch' e.o-ha.o
182.
Pan-you
126. Ta-hel Ho (River)
1g3.
Shih-kuai-tzu
127. Hsin-ying-tzu
194.
Hou-ko pa
128. Ha-lin-ch'ao
185.
La-ma-wan
129. San-liang-ts'un
186.
Chtien-ma.-ean-y,o-tzu
130. Kao-ch'uan-ying
187.
Wu.-liang-su-t 'a.i
131. Ta-rrao-shang
199.
Pai-lung-miao
132.- Shan-tan
199.
Ta-tzu-ko.-leng
133.
Ta-tai
190.
Liang-chen-yao
134.
Ta-tu-1 i-pa
191.
Yao-kou
135.
Wu-shen
192.
Hsu-chia-t'a
136.
San-ta.o-ho-t zu
Fan-chia-ts'un
137.
Huang Ho (Old course)
194.
Tien-tai-kou
138.
Ch'a-ha-ying-tzu
Sha-t'a-tien
139.
Liu-lin-t tan
196.
Hung--t Tai-tzu
140.
Tokoto (T'o-k'o-t'o)
197.
Shp;--shih-yen
141,..
Ho-kTou-chen
199.
Ching-tzu-kou
142.
La-tzu-wan
199.
Pai-t'ou-lang
143.
Ku-tzu-hao
200.
Chung-hao-tzu
144.
Tung-chang-ha.n-nao
201.
Nan-liang
145.
Kuang-yuan-kung .
202.
Pai-ts'ao-t'a
146.
Chia- ssu-ling-kou
203.
Niu-lung-wan
147.
K'uei-t'ung-pu-la-kou
204.
Ta-yu-shu-wan
148.
Yao-tzu-ko-ta.n
205.
Ssu-ti-pu
149.
Ta-fan-p'u
206.
Mao-lin-t 'ai
150.
A-la-pu-la
207.
Huai-lz-ma
151.
T'a-pu-yao-tzu
208.
Ta-to-lai-tan-pa
152.
Chao-hung-t' al.
209.
Shuang-shu-ts'un
Hou-ho-chia-wan
210.
Shih-la-,ru-su
154.
Hu-shah-t'ao-l~.0
_
-_
1 i
.__--._
33.0
------_-__--
-
2d Phase ____ ' 350
,.
(
- -
332.0 ~
~
-
-
1 .0 ~ 3 42.0-
'~ir7
.~_ I
_60 0_..
1 ~
59~0
(
~- -
Plus- j m depth..
for flood con-
trot
}
_.____ - - ~1
! 10 Pa 1i hu-t ung
z75
_
273.5
_.__-~
1.5 273
.5
. _
07.5
?-
1
10.5 !
_ -
~
-
ill F?siao--hen-ti ;; 1 3;
1e1.5
_
1.55162.5?
-
26.E _
~ l _
25.5
_ _ __
~ .,. }
Average Effective Head
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RESTRicT~~
- VII Electric Power Output
A. Maximum Output
The follo~+~ing are estimates of the efficiency of a turbo-
generators, based on the maximum output] .
Turbine efficiency
- 89.0?6
Dynamo efficiency
- 96.0
Over-all efficiency
- g5.3
Site
IZIa ix~mu,m Volume~
4aaimum
P~Iaximum -i
t~a.ximum -~
i
{of Us~b1e
I~ffective
hooretical
Output i
i
.Water (cu m~sac)
~Head (m)
Power
(1,000 kw)
(1,000 krh~)
~
--~-----__.~
- .-'- -----
~ i
1 Ch'ing-shui-ho
; 1,000
56
5~9
.
'~+6g
~
I 2 Ho-ch u_--_----
00
1
0
__ ----
7
----- --
5 0
--~-7
___
__
,
_
_
.. _.
-
_3 _ ien-ch iao
~_ 1+ Hai-yu~-'l~" ou
1,0 0
~ - _..- i;p~6-0 ------_
b
U
129
~-----~----
1, 03
---~5 -
1,111
--~-
---5 Chi-k_~ ou_cher_
____S Yen-shui-kuan
_4._-.-_ ,
-
---
~ 1.
12
p __- -1
_1,1L0
------ --.__-
____ 75 _`
_
7
_~
.- X23
_ ~
---_S~~ 1
_702 --- -
---
_.___ 720
;
7_Nu-k ou
1~?~
_
~_~
759
I
~
~Z -
8 Yu-men-k ~ ou
--
_
e
_:._
1, 2~0
=-
~5 .
__
.
7 S~
---~
^_.
_
~9 ~ j
----
9
San-men gorg
f
- (1st Phase) ;
2,100
36 ~
71F1 I
632
(2d Phase)
lO Pa.-li
-hu-t'un
g
2,100
2,100
6~+
107
1,]17
2,202
1,12 _
1,878
_
_
_
11 :?siao-hen-ti
-
--
-~---'-'-
(San-?men gorge
1st Phase) 750
26
192
163
(San-men gorge j
I
2d Phase) 1,050
~
26
267 ~ ~
229
--
~ oval -- ~` __ I
--.
_,____.___._i
_-~- _____-
(1st Phase) ~ f
~
g~p31~
(2d Phase) ~
1
8,591
B. Average output
The average output was calculated on the assumption, for sites
between Ch'ing shui-ho and Yu-men-k'ou, that the Ch'ing-shui-ho
reservoir be completed.
For sites below Sp.n-men gorge, it is assumed that, in the 1st
phese, the Ch'ing-shui-ho reservoir be completed before San-men
gorge reservoir becomes silted up.
After Completion at Ch'ing-shui-ho and 1st phase of San-men gorge
In this instance, the minir!um avere.ge volume of usable water at
San-men gorge is 800 cubic meters per second; 500 cubic meters per
second is cancelled off above the F..siao-hen-ti dam, leaving it a mini-
- l05
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If Lower. River is Developed During let Phase of San-men gorge before
Completion of Chfing-shut-ho
In this instance, the minimum average volume of usable water at
San-men gorge is 650 cubic meters per second; 400 cubic meters per
second is canalled off above the Hsiao-hen-ti dam, leaving a mini-
mum average of 250 cubic meters -per second.
Site
9 San-men gorge
10 Pa-li-hu-t'ung
j11 Hsiao-hen-ti
Total
Average 'Average TAverage
Volume ~Effective'Theoretical
of Usable Head (m) Power
Water 1(1,000 kw)
(cu m/sec)
955 t 33.0
955 ~ 106.5
,.9o 25.5
315
995
Average Annual TAnnua]
Output output Load
(1,000 (1,000,000 Facto:
kw) kw hr)
26g 2,35OJ12 *
849 7,440 1 45:*
97 94 730 1143.*
1,407 10,520
(*) :decimal is illegibl2j
.. 107
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If Lower River Is Developed Daring the 2d Phase of the San-men gorge
Site Before Completion of Ch'ing-shui-ho
In this instance, the minimum average volume of usablb '-water at
San-men gorge is 1,000 cubic meters per second; 500 cubic mete-rs-per
second is cana.lled off above Heiao-hen--ti dam, leaving a.minimum'
average of 500 cubic meters per second..
Site
Average
Average
Average
[
Average
Annual
(Annua
Volume ,p.
f
Effective
Theoretical
Output
l
Output
Load
Usable
Head (m)
Power
(1,000
(1,000,
!acto
Water
(1,000 kw)
kw)
000
_._._.
-
(cu M /sec)
-- ~--~
59.0
-
31
kw)
~+ r20
.9 San-men gorge
1,290
539
1+7.9
10 Pa-li-hu-t'ung
1,090
106.5
1,138
970
9,500
51.4
11 Heiao--hen-ti
590
25.5
14T
125
1,190
54.6
Total
1.916
1,631} ;
11+, 1+10
VIII Silting of Reservoirs
A, Outline
As 'stated in Part 2, the silt content of the Yellow River averages
two to three per gent and totals 900,000,000 to 1,100,000,000 cubic meters
a year. Reservoir capacity would therefore be reduced very rapidly by
silting. Consequently, the question of how long a reservoir can be kept
effective must be considered.
. It is obvious that silting will vary with.the size of the reservoir
and its manner of operation.
The reservoirs at Ch'ing-shui-ho and the-San-men gorge in its 2d Phase
are enorpaus'compared'to the, total flow entering them' in a year. If they
equalize the flow from year to year, they will ordinarily absorb every
flood. releasing thewa.ter.,only at the average flow'.. '''They' will thereby
precipitate most bf the'silt in the water. However, during the lst Phase
at San-men gorge the res ervoirs there and downstream wi-11 control floods
but permit over half the. flow to continue past the dams, carrying part of
its silt load with it,
The proportion of sediment which will settle and which will be carried
downstream with the flood water will depend on the effective storage capac-
ity of the reservoir, the magnitude of the flood, the total discharge flow
and the manner in which the dam is operate,. This matter is particularly
important for the Yellow River, where over half the silt load is carried
during floods.
Half of the annual silt is carried during a single summer month-30
to 1+0 per cent in a 'single flood. If as much as half of the silt carried
by flood water is carried past the dams, the life of their reservoirs
will be extended considerably.
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CPYRGHT
Another important factor affecting silting of reservoirs is
the way the water is released downstream--in other words, the way
the dams are handled. Silting in a reservoir will eventually reach
a final equilibrium which depends on the dam's construction. In an
unadjustable overflow dam, the water will spill over the crest and
lacking facilities to eliminate silt, this will eventually be de-
posited up to the crest until the rate of deposition equals the river's
power to pick up sediment.
If the crest is of the adjustable overflow type with the flood-
gates opened completely during floods, sediment will eventually be
deposited in a similar manner up to the bottoms of the floodgates..
This sedimentation will gradually fill the back water area. The
remaining capacity of such a dam will be that of the floodgates, which
is a rather small capacity. In the swift Japanese rivers, however, it
is equivalent, after silting in the reservoir reaches equilibrium,
to the capacity of a dam half the height of the floodgates.
If a reservoir can accommodate practically all flood water during
an ordinary year, almost all the silt will be dropped, but if most of
the flood water is passed directly downstream sedimentation would be
cut in half.
A reservoir with floodgate control will, no matter what the stage
of sedimentation, never become completely filled with sediment, and at
final equilibrium will still have considerable capacity. This remain-
ing capacity will, judging from other cases, correspond to the capacity
of a dam one-half to one-third the height of the floodgates.
B. Silting. at Ch'ing-shut-ho Reservoir
The Ch'ing-shui-ho Reservoir allows 1,350,000,000 cubic meters
of space for the 155,000,000 cubic meters of silt annually washed
into it by the river. its generative capacity would, therefore, be
unaffected for S.?5 [ic7 years, after which time continued. silting
would have some effect on generative capacity. However, 10,500,000,000
cubic meters storage capacity would be sufficient to maintain a mini-
mum flow for electric generation of 500 cubic meters per second,
with 10,150,000,000 cubic meters to absorb silting. It would take
65.5 years for the minimum average flow of usable water to fall from
600 to 500 cubic meters per, second, Even if the effective storage
capacity were to fall below 10,500,000,000 cubic meters, an effective
flow of at least 600 cubic meters per second could be maintained
seven months of the average year. The loss of output from this
decreased flow is calculated as follours:
60o-500x5xloo- 6.Q
moo 12
Conseouently, the annual average loss in generative capacity
will not exceed 0.106 per cent. This increase in the amortization
rate will produce so slight an Increase in the basic cost of elec-
tricity that it may be ignored.
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110 - f:
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C. San-men Gorge, 1st Phase
PESTRICTED
The total capacity of the San-men gorge reservoir during the 1st
Phase will be.6;000,000,000 cubic meters, of which 2,500,000,000'cubic
meters yber~ind the floodgates is for flood control. Of the remafning
capacity, 2,000,000,000 cubic meters will be for generation of electricity
and1,500,000,000'for silting.
In this instance, the flood waters will merely be evened out, most
of the water passing directly through the reservoir. Probably at least
half the silt content during flood periods will be discharged with this
water. Of the 1,050,0000000 cubic meters of silt carried ifito'the San-
men gorge reservoir each year, 840,000,000 cubic meters will be'brought
in during the July, August and September flood period, and only 210,000,000
cubic meters during the rest of the year. If half the silt content for
the flood season'and tre total content for the rest of the year were to
settle in the reservoir, silting would amount to 630,000,000 cubic meters
a year, filling the sediment absorption capacity of the reservoir in
three to four years.
During the let Phase, both banks of the still-water area between
San-men gorge and Tung-kuan will have a grade of approximately 10 per
cent. It is 'beliered that since the reservoir area -ill not be much
greater than that of the present course of the river, silting may fill
the bottom of the reservoir but little sediment will. come from either
bank. An'adjustable overflow dam will conseouently have considerable
residual storage capacity above that at the crest of an unadjustable
dam. Sediment is deposited in reservoirs at-a gradient of 1/3,000 to
1/6,000, by swift Japanese rivers, but the loess in the Yellow River
is'very fine and has a very slight angle of stability in flowing water.
Judging from the downstream alluvial'plains and those between :Ting
hsia and Pao-ttou, the Yeiloui River reservoir gradient would become
1/8,000 to 1/10,000. Fladdgetee raisingg "the water level 12 meters in
the'San-men gorge.reservoir,'would add 1+,200,000000 cubic meters to
the effective storage capacity. Two-thirds of this, or approximately
3,000,000,000 cubic meters, would be permanent capacity.
Although reservoir.siltingbelow the permanent crest would be rapid,
it would probably be slower bov& this point. If it is half es rapid,
it would take about ten years to reach a state of sedimentation eauilib-
rium during the 1st Phase at San-men gorge.
If the Chting-shut-ho reservoir is built 10 years after completion
of the San-man gorge den. it will increase the average flow available
for hydroelectric purposes there and aid flood control by reducing some-
what its flow of flood crater.
Even if the Chting-shut-ho reservoir is not completed, storage of
the flood water of July, August and September and of any othar surplus
flow, together with tha October surplus, will carry through the dry
season of December,'January,.Februe ry and March. After the completion
of Chting-shut-ho, the storage volume at San-men gorge, even after
the silting of the reservoir, will be replenished easily from the flow
during May and November. The replenishment of storage volume can then
be accomplished from the surplus of the rest of the year, excluding the
three-month flood season, without jeopardizing flood control. Silting
will thus present no serious problem in the generation of electricity.
 1
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RESTRICTED
D. San-men Gorge: 2d Phase
In this case the total storage capacity will be 40,000,000,000
cubic meters and the effective storage capacity 28,500,000,000 cubic
meters, leaving 11,500,000,000 cubic meters for silting. The annual
average silt load of 1,050,000,000 cubic meters would. fill this sur-
plus capacity in 11 years, after which it will gradually decrease
the effective storage capacity. This loss must be prevented by
construction of the Ch'ing-shut-ho reservoir within these 11 years.
However, the silt content of the Yellow River is so enormous
that even this large capacity would be filled in a few decades
and the reservoir would reach a state of sedimentation equilibrium.
The terrain above Tung-kuan is quite different from that below.
The river banks have gentle slopes, and a slight rise in the water
level would inundate a very large area of flat land and lakes.
It would have no effective storage capacity after complete sedi-
mentation of the reservoir. The permanent effective storage
capacity in equilibrium would not be much greater than that of
Phase 1.
When equilibrium Is reached, with a total deposition of
11,500,000,000 cubic meters of silt, continued silting of 630,000,000
cubic meters per year. would, at a reduced effective storage capacity
of 3,000,000,000 cubic meters, give the reservoir an additional life
of 40 years, totaling 25,500,000,000 cubic meters of sedimentation
in that time. The total life of the reservoir during the 2d Phase
will thus be 50 years.
If just the San-men gorge dam were constructed, the average
amount of usable water would decrease from 1,090 cubic meters per
second to 955, a lose of 12,4 per cent in generative capacity or
0.25 per cent in annual output. This increase in amortization
cannot be Ignored, but will not greatly increase the basic cost
of electricity.
With the hbavy silt load of the Yellow River, even enormous
reservoirs could have a life of only a few decades. "There is no
alternative but to make the reservoirs semi-permanent by soil
conservation and forestation of the water eourcee.
- 111 -/4-
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A00020001000'1-6
CPYRGHT
RESTRICT ,p
A JAPANESE PLAN FOR HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT
OF THE YELIAZ`t RIM'-,IN CHINA
Far Eastern Research Section.
Survey Committee No 2
North- China Committee
Subcommittee No. 4
May.1941
PART 4 ECONOMIC FACTORS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I Introduction
II Sequence of Development of Hydroelectric Power
Plant Sites
III Basic Plan
IV Construction Mater4als
V Construction Methods_
VT 'Estimated::Construction Costs
VII -Basic Cost of.Electr4a Power
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 CP' ffved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000100O4-6.--
This section deals with economic factors involved in the
hydroelectric development of the Yellow River. The electric power plan
is so great an undertaking that an over-all view of its economic
aspects is very difficult in a short discussion. This section is
principally concerned with estimates on essential materials and
construction costs, and the basic cost of the electric power.
Water transportation between Pao-t'ou and Meng-ohing has not been
considered. In the future, extensive underground resources along the
Yellow River may be developed along with the water power, and require
large-scale transportation facilities. This will make water transpor-
tation very important, especially if the flow can be increased to permit
the required boats to use the lower river during the low-water period.
If this now unimportant problem should, in the future, require
solution, limited changes in this plan would satisfy it. There are two
pl.ns for the San-men Gorge site; the first,to raise the water level
to a 350-meter elevation, and the second to have the maximum water level
at a 325-meter elevation during its first phase. Later, in a second
phase, it will be raised to the 350-meter mark with further engineering
work. Plan No 1 and the second construction phase of Plan No 2 would
have the same results.
II. Sequence of Development of Hydroelectric Power Plant Sites
There is no telling how long the development of the Yellow River
water power sites will take, but it must be achieved as rapidly as
possible because of the need to supply cheap and abundant electric
power, along with developing the extensive Shansi mal belt, to establish
a strong national defense.
From the standpoint of hydroelectric engineering, similar projects
in other countries indicate that each site will require an average of
five years for complete development. Work could be started on two sites
in a single year. Since each dam will have to equalize the Yellow River
flow throughout the year, all will require large reservoirs. It is,
therefore, very important which site is developed first. The first site
to be developed should be either at Ch'ing-ahui-to or P.t the Son-nen
Gorge. The San-men Gorge site would be more effective,as flood control
would require a construction railroad several .. kilometers in length,
compared with over 100 kilometers for the Ch'ing-shui-ho site. In
addition, it is near the source of demand for electric power. It should,
therefore, be developed first. The snored site to be developed should
equalize the flow in the upper river, a condition met only by the Ch'ing-
shui-ho site. The sequence for the other sites, as shown in the table on
the following page, was determined on the basis of anticipated industrial
demands.
- 113
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 CPYRG[ proved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
:b to
I ..ri.
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?rl .r?{
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 CPYRGHT
pproved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
It must be decided whether to build the San-men Gorge dam to
350-meters elevation at once, or to stop at 325 meters and finish
the dam to the maximum water level of 350 meters at a later date.
In the first case, the reservoir will be large enough to absorb
silting for several decades and could equalize the river's flow,
while in the second case, during the first phase, the flow could
not be equalized or the same power output maintained throughout
the year. It would be impossible to send a regular flow downstream
for irrigation and water transportation. The Ch'ing-shui-ho
reservoir would have to be constructed immediately after completion
of the San-men Gorge dam to maintain a regular flow throughout the
year. This sequence is shown on the following chart.
(Table follows on next page)
- 115 -Al
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
H
~
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Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
` II
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
CPYRGHT
The sequence for developing the other sites was based upon the
probable demand for hydroelectric power. Chi-k'ou-then was placed next,
in view of the electric power demand expected from Tai-yuan district in
the development of Shansi. The development of the site farthest down-
stream was then planned, for irrigation and water transportation as well
as flood control, in anticipation of the increased demand for electric
power in the downstream area. It would be used to compensate for changes
in the volume of water used at the upstream site by equalizing the flow
farther downstream, and to supply water for irrigation and for the
canals. It would have very little water for generation of electricity.
Since no detailed survey of the site has been made, this development
may not materialize as planned. If feasible, it is both economical and
reasonable to lead a canal from the Hsiao-hen-ti site to supply water for
irrigation and canals. (This diversion canal would have sufficient fall.)
The hydroelectric power plant sites are located in the 1000-kilometer
stretch of the Yellow River between Pao-t'ou and Meng-ching. The special
considerations which vary with locality complicated the calculation of the
costs on a single hard and fast standard. General standards were there-
fore established from which the construction costs, etc., were calculated
and then entered in general categories. This necessitated determination
of a basic plan fqr construction methods and cost calculation. Since
there is no limit to the elaborate computation of each item, these basic
assumptions were made on the pattern of the large dam-type electric power
plants in the United States, Manchuria and Korea.
A. All the dams are the concrete, gravity-overflow type. (It is
assumed that the dam sites have suitable rock foundations.) The width
of the river at each site is narrow for the flow, and flood water must
be allowed to flow over the crest- of the dam or through a by-pass tunnel
to avoid overflowing the banks.* Detention reservoirs upstream should'
greatly decrease the volume of flood water. It may not be necessary to
provide for passage of the maximum volume'of flood water except at the
San-men Gorge, but this should probably be done-to gain the maximum fall.
A concrete gravity overflow dam would be the simplest suitable type.
A rock-f111ed dam would require a 41ac14rge tunnel or other expensive
facilities to handle the excess water, and the electric power plant
would be further removed from the centerline of the dam. The cross-
sections of the dams were drawn from the 1:500,000 aerial photograph maps.
It was assumed for calculations, that the height above the reservoir high-
water level wil.1. be 2 to 3 meters; the depth from the mean river level
to the foundation, 15 to 20 meters.
These figures are used in the following table.
* (TN: In a list of errata published subsequent to this document, this
.passage has been changed to read:
"The narrowness of the river is a peculiar characteristic.
Special anti-flood precautions must therefore be taken.")
--117-Y
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 CPYRGHT
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325 2 +--- -j - -- -
15* 76* 827
4. Hei-yu-ki ou 630
5. Chi-k'ou-chen 685
3. Tien-chliao
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Dam Specifications,
Depth from
Length Height above Mean River jTotal Concrete
of Crest High-water Level ?Ee gh ?-Required
m .,et~el raundation ! (m) i (1000
(m) (m) cu m)
- --- - -
Ch I ing-shut-ho 420 2 - -- * *
I 20. 80 1 228
6. Yen-shui-kuan 585.
7. Hu-k'ou 615 =
8. Yu-meri-k'ou 460
1L. Hsiao-hen-ti 450
3 f 15 1149 --t 4, 940
2 j. 20 $8 2,104
2
15 j.'94 2,364
2 ----- 20 ' ,. 97 2;141
15 -68
20.
L89 11,531 I
9. San-men Gorge
1st phase 395
2d phase-' 450 2
10. Pa-li-h
u-t sung 1175 3
B, Electric_Prver Plants
15 61 685
15 I 86 1, 400
15 127 2,240 1
r 1.
.rt..
2 40*
374
Should the dam overflow, the narrowness of the river prevents
placing the electric power plants parallel to the central axis of
the dams. They must, therefore, be built nn one or both sides of
the river, below the dam and parallel to the river. The structures
will be 40 meters wide and 20 meters long for each turbine. As a
general rule, half the facilities will be set up on each bank. The
unit generating capacity in round numbers will be 100,000 kilo-
watts per turbine.
Placing the electric power plants inside each dam and
parallel to its axis for antiaircraft defense should be con-
sidered, as well as setting up strong antiaircraft defenses on
both banks of the river. However, the present plan does not
discuss these factors.
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* (TN: Figures differ from those in table on preceding page..)
 CPYRGPProved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
C. Conduits
Since the power plants are to be built parallel to the river, there
must be outlets from the reservoir, with one conduit per turbine built
in the river banks. The conduits will average 250 meters in length and
will trot require pressure-control tanks except at Hu-k1ou, where the con-
duits will average 3,000 meters.
D. Facilities for Discharging 2xcess se ter
The Ch'ing-shui-ho site is not planned for regular flood control and
will have as high a water level as possible. It will need facilities for
directly discharging all flood water which reaches it, a total of 7,500
cubic meters per second, including the 5,000 cubic meters per second flood
water at Pao-t'ou, plus that added below Pao-t'ou. The maximum possible
flood at Hu-ktou, calculated from the drainage area, is 15,000 cubic meters
per second. The additional drainage area above San-men-hsia would make the
maximum possible flood there 25,000 cubic .meters per second. This figure
can be reduced to 15,000 cubic meters per second by flood control in the
reservoirs, reserving the upper portion to absorb floods.
The San-men Gorge site would then require facilities for direct dis-
charge of only 15,000 cubic meters per second. The dams below the San-men
Gorge will have this figure increased only by their additional drainage
areas. It is difficult to know whether this additional flood water will occur
at the same time as that from the San-men Gorge. If it should, the total
flood volume at Pa-li-hu-t'ung and Ha ao-hen-ti would be only 20,000
cubic meters per second.
The table on the next page stmwsthe concrete required for each dam,
the planned flood volume, and the specifications for flood discharge
gates.
(Table follows on next page)
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CPYRGHT
RISTRICTa
12 240 24
12 240 24
Concrete Required and. L\T ber of. Flood Gates on Each Dem
10,; Pa-11,-hu-t'ung, 2,240 20,000
[ il. Hcisc_henuti ^374Y 20,000^
Concrete
Planned
F
i
Height
?Overf ~,sw
I4o of
Required
(1.000
r
(cu m/sec)
of Flood
Gates
Width..
(m)
Zla6dll
Gates.f
1. Ch'ing--shui-ho 1,228
7,500
10
120
15
2. Ho-ch'u 827
8,000
.10
126
166
3. T i ien-ch' iao 1+1,91+0
8, 500
10
135
.17
4. Hei-yu-k'ou 2,104.
9,500
10
150
19
51, Qpj-i-k'ou-then 2,364
11,000
10
175
21
6. Yen-shui-kuan 2,141
13,500
12
162
17
7. Hu-k'ou 1,211,
1
5
31
? ?..
u
k'
8
14,500
000_ -
( 15
12
-_ 12
174
180
17
17
,
Y
-men-?
ou
.
e
,
9. San-men Gorge
'
(Phase 1 of 1,400
15,000
12
180
17
Plan 2; (685)
From Ch'ing-&ui-ho to Chi-k'ou-then, the flood gates Will be
10 meters . in heiZIrt, and; width, while at 'Yen-sbui-kuan and below
they will be .12 ,m^tars in height and width.' ..The number of gates
'is-about 20 percent more than-the absoluise minimum necessary.
The required, width of the 6verfl.ow: sectioh.-4:11.be the greatest
- 240 meters-. at Pa-ii-hu.-t'ung aM Hsiao-hen-ti. Tne crest would
also be able to accornnodate the w:Wth -of. the, ,causeway pillars:
E. Fa~ilities for "water Tronsoorteticr
Water transportation in the main channel of the Yellow River
is not under cons'i.dera;-,ion at present. Consequertly, facilities
are not being considered for elevators or locks,. With the
development" of the Yellow River water power, and exploitation of
the enormous coal and other resources along the river, a need
will arise for water transportation. The maximum water level at
each of the dams could then be raised:slightly, to permit the
backwater to reach the dam above and allow water transportation.
Facilities fcr Diverting 'later for Irrigation and Canals
since actual investigation was made at only one site, the
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 CPYRGHT
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other plans are purely theoretical and cannot be taken as definitive.
It may be possible through irrigation to make arable the land of the
Ordos Desert, but this plan considers water transportation and
irrigation only in the downstream deta area. The dam farthest down-
stream is to be used to divert water Into a separate canal for the North
China area. Materials for this project have no bearing on hydroelectric
power production and will not be discussed.
The diversion would reduce the volume of usable water,. A suitable
diversion canal, constructed after careful investigation, would probably
eliminate this loss of generative power. (The fall of the diverted water
would be sufficient.)
IV, Construction Materials
The acquisition of such construction material as iron, steel,
cement, food, lumber, sand and gravel is a major-problem. Cement, sand
and gravel for the concrete are the most bulky, and the effect of their
transportation on construction costs is very important.
Since actual investigations were made only at Ch'ing-shui-hi, it is
not known where sand and gravel are available. Around Ch'ing-shui-ho
and Hsia-ch'eng-wan there is no suitable sand, and the sand found along
tributaries is too fine for concrete. What little gravel is found is
not usable in its natural state. Sand and gravel must therefore be
manufactured from local rock. Present knowledge of the local geology is
also very limited. TAKATA, the engineer who surveyed the Ch'ing-shui-ho
area in the 1940 investigation, found sandstone and limestone there.
Other writers indicate that some granite is found at other sites. San6
and gravel can easily be produced from granite, and have been produced
at many places in the United States from.limestone.
All lumber and most food must be brought from elsewhere. The table
?n the next page shows the estimated amounts of the principal materials
needed for the construction of each dam. This table is only a rough
approximation but will serve our purpose. Specific assumptions are
listed, but the calculations were largely based on actual figures from
recently constructed large-capacity power plants.
(Table follows on next page)
121
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 CPYRGHT
AppTovea or a ease
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 CPY roved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
Notes'on Preceding Table
1. The :mcunt of iron' for the dam was c&iculdted from the
concrete`regiired and the volume of flood water.
2. Intr-tke-facilities and penstocks were calculated from the
intake volume and the head, with the assumption that water would...
movc'di1ectly from the reservoirs through penstocks to the power.
plants, except at Hu-k'ou. The penstocks will all be placed
inside tunnels, with a clearance between the penstocks and the
inside of the tunnels.
3. Railways will be discussed in detail liter, but excluding
bridges, etc., 110 metric tons per kilometer was estimated for the
tracks. This is much more than that used on the Ta-ttung-to Feng-
ling-tu railroad line. In some cases half this amount may saffice.
Large numbers of locomotives and freight cars must be provided for
the first construction site, but subsequent ones will need con-
siderably less. This method is not necessarily the best. It might
be better to assign a set number of the total to each site.
4. Steam-ele'etric power generators for construction work may
be treated similarly.
5. Cement factories will remain long: after the construction
work is finished, and if sufficient cement can be supplied in
North China, this will involve no loss. This problem is not
settled at present. Nevertheless, the factories will not be in-
cluded in the cost of materials, except for some depreciation added
to the construction cost. The cost could also be incluJed in the
unit price of the cement. The procedure will be the same in the
case of steel mills.
6. It-Is- to calculat4 temporary construction
facilities. Since there is no time for detailed study at present,
it was calculated"on the basis of the experience on the Yalu River.
The actual costs?will depend to a greet extent upon the peculiar-
ities of the site, the cement requirements, etc., and-may not
correspond precisely to calculations, but they will probably agree
with them in general. It must be remembered that at San-men"Gorge',
where the first work will be done, all the equipment must be newly
acquired. However, it can be moved to each succeeding site, With
replacement only of that which has been worn out. The other sites-
will consequently require less new material. Nevertheless, the
above table is calculated on the assumption that all facilities'
at each site will be new.
7. The amount of iron and copper fot'turpineygenerators was
calculated from the facilities installed for the flow of the Yalu
River. It must be born;~n mind that the generators are treated as
100,000-kilowatt'units, End fractions of the. calculated rower
output are omitted,
,8. Lumber requirements were based on those on the Yalu and
Sungari Rivers, in proportion to the power output,
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An average of 0.11 metric ton of iron is required per kilowatt
of output (including turbines and generators), as shown in the following
table. This figure. is rather high, because it includes the large amount
of iron needed for construction railroads, but it is oonsiderebly less
than the amount used in power plants in Japan. Concrete requirements per'
kilowatt average 2.5 cubic meters, and vary between 1.3 and 4.5 cubic
meters. Requirements at San-men Gorge and below are markedly less than
for the other sites because the volume of water is twice that at the other'
sites, almost doubling the output, while the cress section of the river is
practically the same.
Iron Required per Kilowatt of Output
Maximum
Output
(1,000 kw)
Total
Iron
Required
(metric
tens)
Iron Required
per Kilowatt
Output '
(metric tons)
Concrete
Required per
Kilowatt
(cu m)
1.
Ch'ing-shuiy-ho
468
63,000
0.11
.127
2.7
477
47,000
0.10
1.8
T'ien-ch'iao
1,111
124,000
0.11
4.5
Hei-yu-k'ou
567
84,000
0,15
3.7
5.
Chi-k'ou-chen
702
88,000
0.12
3.4
6.
Yen-shui-kuan
720
85,000
0.12
3.0
7.
Hu-k'ou
647
77,000
0.12
3.3
L'.27
8.
Yu-men-ktou
669
76,000
0,11
2.4
9.
San-men Gorge
1,123
100,000
0.07
0.027
1.3
10'.
Pa-li-hu-t'ung
1,878
167,000
0.09
1.4
Z1.27
11.
Hsiao-hen-ti
(including
diversion
.229
28,000
0.12
1.7
dam for
irrigation)
(Average)
(rverage)
Total
8,591
939,000
0.11
2.5
* (TN: See correction for total concrete on following page.
A comparison of the maximum output, total concrete used and concrete
per kilowatt of output of the world's principal dams is given in the
table on the following page.
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Coh~rete' Used' to Typical Dams in
a'fiehdria,.the'United States and Japan
Dams Maiximum Oonbrete Concrete pet
Output Used Kilowatt
Suiho Dum on
Yalu River
Ta.feng-men D--,u
on SunCnxi River
Boii1c r Dam
Grand Coulee-Dam
Dam on Sho
River (Komaki)
Dam on Sho
River (Koyama)
(kw) (":(Cu m) (cu m)
700,000
3,200,000,000
4.57
600,000
1,990,000,000
3.32
1,370,000
2,450,000,000*
1.79
1,840,000
8,550,000,000*
4.65
72,000
300,000,000
4.16
47,000
143,000
4.04
Z35-o_47
* (TN: See Journal of Chinese and American Engineers, Vol 19,
No 6, p 325.) -
The preceding table shows that the water power sites on the
Yellow River are as good as typical dam-type electric power sites
if not superior to them. The concrete required per kilowatt
varies with the load factor, but the minimum is 1.3 cubic meters
at San-men Gorge and the average of 2.5 cubic meters is much less
than that'on the Yalu or Sungari-Rivers. This is the main cause
for the low construction cost even at isolated sites.
y'. Construction Methods
A... `Transportation of Constructicfi_Material
Several different methods of transportation could be adopted.
The method-should be adapted t o' the. peculiarities of each site but,
as explained above,' apportioning the, transportation-to each site
offers no advantage at present and would be complicated. Railway
transportation was therefore adopted for all sites. Water and road
transportation are of definite importanceana at some sites.may be
more usoful'than'rail,but they are not as: dependable or. as. satis-
factory for the safety and control of the laborers,.
Branch lines from the Ta-ttung - Fen-ling-tu railroad line will
supply Yu-men-ktou and the sites above that point, while branches
from the Lung-hai line will supply three downstream sites. Lack of
any dependable maps of the railroad routes necessitated a rough
calculation of the distances. A section of the Ta-ttung - Feng-
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ling-tu line is narrow gauge and can.:ot carry nuch freight. This would
make standard gauge heavy-rail branch.lines pointless., However, in view
of the plan, which will certainly materialize, to improve the main line
in the near future, this heavy construction has been adopted. As pointed
out in the preceding chapter, it may not be necessary tc use 50-kilogram
rails. In some cases rails of hMif this weight may be used. The follow-
ing table shows the freight capacity, size of rails, and plans for
improvement of the Ta-t'ung - Feng-ling-tu line.
Freight Capacity of the Ta-t'ung - Feng-ling-tu Railroad Line
(Track Improvement Expected About 1951)
Freight Capacity
(1,000 metric
tons per year)
Present
Yu-tz'u to ascent-1,510
T'ai-ku I descent-1,840
T'ai-ku to
Lin-fen
Lin-fen to
Yun-ch'eng
Yun-ch'eng to
P' u-chow
Ta-ttung to
Shuo
Shuo to
N ing-wu
Ning-wu to
Yuan-piing-chen
ascent- 770
descent- 880
ascent- 530
descent- 600
ascent- 740
descent- 840
Yuan-piing-then tol
Present Freight Capacity after
No of Rails ! I^rrovenen : of Tracks
(kg/m) (1,000 metric
tons per year)
43
43
15.9
2,980
1, 840
15.9 2,000
2,000
ascent- 950
descent- 950
I
ascent-1,070
15.9 descent- 950
T'ai-yuan 432 15.9
The freight capacity is now sufficient for the construction of dam
at a single site such as San-men Gorge. The planned railway routes are
shown on the map on page following chart.- These may not b. the best
routes and may not even be feasible.
The construction costs of the propo?ed railroads are shown in the
following chart. The cost per kilometer varies with the terrain and is
between 200,000,and 400,000 Yen.
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 ApRO IFU~elease I 9- 2p , 4-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A0002000106$1=6
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The Yellow River has unusually fine sites ?for -:daaj, canstr otion
but, unfortunately, very poor communications except in the?1Oler
section. The construction of railroads will clearly take a large,
portion cif the material and capital necessary for the development
of these sites. This problem will require careful study.
Although it is unorthodox to ?incllide these railroad construction
costs in with the cost of developing the sites,-it has been done here
"`to give a general idea of costs,
Temporary Diversion of Rivefi
B,
Temporary diversion of the river for clam construction demands--',-
'individual consideration for each site. However,,a,theoretical-
discussion will serve as a basis for estimating oonstruetion costs-:'
Since the Yellow River at the proopedtive water power sites is
narrow in proportion to flood water and average flow, it cannot
easily be decided whether to attempt to limit the flow to the
center of the channel, as was done on the Sungari, River and at the'
Sui-ho-Dam on the Yalu River& It this proves unfeasible, the flow
must tempo temporarily be diverted around the sites, as was done at
Boulder Dam. This latter method. is very expensive. The flow could
certainly be restricted to the, middle half of the 250 to 300 meter
width of the Yellow River at water level. 'At particularly difficult
sites, a wider site could be seleoted. At present, the river depth
or the nature of the bedrock is not definitely knovrn; but the report
assumes that the diversion method used at the Sui-ho Dam on the. Yalu
River is fe?sible.
0. Cement Factories and Iron Foundries
Development of the water-power of the.-Yellow River, rewires a
tremendous amount of cement, iron, lumber and other materials. It
would be uneconomical to transport any 6f them from great'dista1Ces.
Lumber cannot be produced quickly, but cement, which is required in
very great quantity, should be manufactured near the place where it
will be used. Materials needed for the manufacture of cement are
found in abundance throughout Shansi.
Goal, lime 'and gypsum deposits are practically inexhaustible.
Cement factor-ies 'producing' approximately 150,000 metric tons per
year can be established at.Ta-t'ung, Tai-yuan and Lin-fen"to supply
the sites nearest to them.. Anether.factory should be built along
the Lung-hai railroad line for the sites at San-men Gorge and-below.
The needed raw materials are available in abundance along this line.
In view of the plL?n to establish large iron foundries, ordinary
iron materials,-excludin? machinery, should be supplied in North
China. Impcrting all the material from abroad i6u'ld be very difficult
and needlessly expensive. Since iron reinforcement rods and
structural steel for building dams do not require, much material,
large iron foundries are not needed. Enough steel?~oould be supplied
by native methods. After the completion of the Yellow River develop-
ment, the foundries could be employed for other uses to contribute
to the expansion of productive power of the region. The oost of iron
foundries is not included in the present construction cost estimate.
Apprj
- 126
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ved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25 : -CIA-RDP78-03109A00020001000t-6
CPYRGHT
ti?.~-
RESTRICTED,
If iron'foundries are established, iron will then:bee available much more
cheaply.
VI. Estimated'.-Cesnstruction Cost
i
No survey has been made of an actual dam site except at Ch'ing-shui-
ho. It is almost impossible, therefore, to make an accurate estimate of
the oonstruction costs from the planned construction method, Utit since
the sites are exceptionally favored, it is-believed useful toconsider
the amount of capital and material necessary for their developmemt: The
calculation of construction cost is based upon the preceding assumptions
for material estimates and construction method. The following are the
basic assumptions.
A. Re-routing the'Railroad Line
This will be required when the San-men Gorge dam raises the water
level to 350 meters above sea level. Building the construction railroad
from the Lung-hai Line through San-men Gorge may eliminate the necessity
of moving part of the Lung-hai line. However, the cost has nevertheless
been calculated at 200,000 yen per kilometer.
B. Compensation for Flooded Land
The Ch'ing-shui-ho and San-men Gorge reservoirs will have the largest
areas. All the other reservoirs will be.much smaller. Compensation is
estimated at 20,000 to 30,000 yen per square kilomefer,,or 12 to 18 yen per
MOU f735.5 square yard. The exact figure will depend on the quality of
the land, the cost of moving houses, etc. (Ch'ing-shui-ho and San-men Gorge
will cost 30,000 yen per square kilometer, the other sites 20,000.)
0. Cost of Diversion
The diversion of the river at Ch'ing-shui-ho and the San-men Gorge
will be difficult, but regulation of the discharge from these dams will
greatly simplify the problem at the other sites. It will take considerable
study to decide the best method of diversion at these first two sites.
Assuming that it can be done as suggested above, by restricting the river to
the middle of its bed, it will cost 8 million yen for ea.h site. The other
sites will cost 5 million yen each.
D. Cost of Electric Works
Up to now, installations to generate electricity in the large
quantities needed here have cost 50 yen or less per kilowatt, but the
present inflation makes the estimate 100 yen.
-127-A
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 CA16 Mdd For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
E. Cost of Temporary Inst:1.1lations
It is difficult to estimate the cost of temporary installations.
The construction railroad was estimated to cost 20,000 to 40,000 yen
per kilometer depending on the terrain, with the entire cost to be
charged to the water power sites. But the railroad between San-men
Gorge and Yun-ehteng was considered to require movement of the.
southern section of the Ta-t'ung Feng-ling-tu line. Since this
railroad could be used to transport material to other sited as they
are developed, the cost was distributed equally to Sites 3, 4, 6p 7,
d and 9. There are various views on the allotment of railroad
construction costs, but it was decided to follow the above plan and
assign to each site the costs of any other lines directly required
for its construction.
Steam-electric power plants for motive power will be estab-
lished only at the first site developed. The other sites will
receive electricity from the hydro-electric power plants already
in operation. The steam-electric power plants for the one site
will cost 500 yen per kilowatt for construction, operation and
amortization. The cost of motive power is higher at sites not
using steam-electric power plants. For each site, the total cost,
including operation and depreci_tion, of a cement factory with an
annual production of 150,000 metric tons, is 3 million yen. The
cost of the new machinery, including amortization, operation and
maintdnance costs is estimated at about 50 per cent of the total
cost at each site. These are only general estimates.
Although there is some disagreement, a rate of 6 per cent
compound interest per year was adopted, on the assumption that most
of the capital will be used within four years regardless of the
construction period. These calculations are shown in the table on
the next page.
- 129
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 CPYR(lplproved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
Figures for,dams:ard tut}ngls and the approximate unit prise
are based upon the above plans. The figures'ara.lat.gely acourate
for present high costs, but may in a very short 't'infe rbgtiire
correction because of the present rapid price flucttationsi ii
detailed examination of these estimates will'be necessary from
time to time, but water power from the Yellow River will be.:::, s.
cheaper than that, of any other site that could be developed in
East Asia. If these sites fiad been developed .six or even years
ago, power would have cost less than 200 yen per kilowatt.
VII. Basic Cost of Electric Power
The basic cost of electric power is calculated by the same
method as that used in Japan, The'interest rate is'generally
high in China, and poses a special problem. Japanese capital
might be available at a low,interest rate, but it would be diffi?
r{ cult to secure sufficient capital in China without paying a high
,.:rate. In a fever decades the'-interest rates in China may decrease,
but at present they are high.
The construction cost should not be borne by eiectrioity
alone* ik systematic, general development of the river will
improve irrigation, water transport and flood control. Proper
allotment of costs to these factors on the basis of direct monetary
.' benefit from the project is impossible, and there was insufficient
time. to calculate it from their general benefits. The total cost
was`..t$erefore assigned.to electric power. Water transportation was
not considered except locally, and any extensive development .of it
would require a major increase in the cost of the projeat?to raise
the heights of the dams, etc. new plan covering this: development
should be prepared.
Needless to say, the high output of.electricity will make the
cost of maintenance and operation of the electric power plants very
output, but precise figures cannot be given since
low per unit.- of
there is no similar development in East Asia. Determination of the
ariount of dividends and interest is also..difficult, 1 0, 'For the present,
annual interest is assumed to be 7 per cent. The amortization period
for engineering developments is calculated 40 years; for electric
engineering developments, 30 years at ).5 ner cent -nnual compound
iatarast. Theses coats, plus r-aintenance r.nd operation, will bring
the basic cost of,ele?tricity just outside the --ountain area to 12.5
p,er.. cent of 'the -'construction cq at. The following. tebl2 shows the
estimated basic Cost of e'lectriCity if eZebtririty- be.r.rs, the egt,ire
burden.
(Table on the following page.)
129 - fr
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The average basic cost of electric power for all the,sites_is
then 1.1 sen per kilowatt-hour, one of the cheapest electricity
rates available among the river syatems in East ksia which have
been investigated. There are power plants with a-lower basic rate,
but this is because of the low prices when they were built. Their.,
rates are therefore not comparable with those for the Yellow River
project. As stated in Chapter IV of this part, considerably less
construction material is required for the Yellow River power plant
sites than for other sites, so that even after overcoming the
transportation problems, the real construction cost will be cheaper.
This is one of the main reasons for the low basic cost of electric
power.
(Table follows on next page)
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03109A000200010001-6
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