DATA ON USSR EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020006-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 62
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: July 22, 1958
• Content Type: TRANS

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DATA ON USSR
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES.
.Number 6
22 July 1958
rot REV DATE BY dJa
@RIC fDMP .---_ PPI TYPE __
*RIC CLASS !1_-- P?CCS __. GREY CL!'SS
JUST NEXT REV AIITHI HR 10.2
Prepared by
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents'unevaluated'information-selected from
Russian-language, publications as indicated. It is produced
an. disseminated as an aid to United States Government re-
search.
DATA ON USSR EKTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
Table of Contents
I. Chemical Industry,
General
Agricultural Chemicals
Coke Chemicals and Petrochemicals
Mineral Chemical Products
Plastics
Synthetic and Artificial Fibers
II. Petroleum and Gas Industries
USSR in General
Ural-Volga Region
Central Asia
Caucasus
Azerbaydzhan
General
Production
Construction
Technology
Plants, Combines, Mines, Deposits
Scrap Metal
Miscellaneous
IV. Nonferrous Metallurgy
General
Production
Technology
Plants, Combines, Mines, Deposits
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V. Coal Industry
General
Production
Technology
Construction and Investment
Prospecting
VI. Other Solid Fuels
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I. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
General
AUTOMATION IN USSR CHEMICAL INDUSTRY -- Moscow, Byulleten' Tekhniko-
Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii,_No 2, Feb 57, pp 31-35
One of the major tasks confronting the chemical industry of the Soviet
Union in the Sixth Five-Year Plan is the extensive introduction of automa-
tion in the production processes.
The chemical industry is the most readily automated branch of the
national economy. This is demonstrated by the presence, in the majority of
chemical industry branches, of continuous processes and the large-scale
nature of production. Furthermore, the chemical industry, owing to the
presence of a large number of technical processes which can cause explosions
or fire or may be injurious to the health of the workers, requires the very
broad application of complex automation.
Automation of the carbonization tower at the Donets Soda Plant increased
the production capacity of the tower 14 percent and reduced the cost of pro-
duction approximately 3-3.5 million rubles a year; automation of the distilla-
tion tower at this plant resulted in an annual saving by the distillation
station of 2.4 million rubles; automation of the basic aggregates for produc-
ing polyethylene at the Okhta Chemical Combine increased their production
rate 25 percent and reduced the expenditure of raw materials and electric
power 15 percent.
The work on automating the enterprises of the chemical industry began,
in general, during the postwar period. In the period 191.6-1950, instruments
were principally introduced for the automatic control of various technologi-
cal parameters.
In 1950, the industry began to introduce means for the automatic regula-
tion of technological processes, mainly in the synthetic rubber, soda, and
nitrogen industries.
At present, complex automation is being introduced in a number of basic
shops of enterprises of these branches of the industry and also in several
basic departments of the sulfuric acid and inorganic fertilizer industries
and in individual aggregates for other branches of the chemical industry.
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However, in the field of automation the chemical industry lags behind
the petroleum and metallurgical industries of the USSR and the level of
automation of the US. chemical industry. In the US the costs of control-
measuring instruments and automatics in newly constructed plants amounts
to 15-20 percent of total capital investment; comparative costs in the
chemical industry of the Soviet Union during the postwar period amounted
to only 1-5 percent. However, partial automation has been accomplished and
important work on automation of technological processes has been done.
Nitrogen Industry
At the Stalinogorsk Chemical Combine the neutralization and the pre-
neutralization (doneytralizatsii) departments in ammonium mitrate produc-
tion have been automated. Complex automation of this production has been
started at the Lisichansk Chemical Combine. The layout and construction
of a regulator for the high-pressure separators, the condensation columns
for the ammonia synthesis shop, and the scrubbers for the copper-ammonia
tailings has been worked out and tested. These regulators are being intro-
duced at the Stalinogorsk Chemical Combine and the Gorlovka Nitrogen Fertilizer
Plant. Special automatic gas analyzers, based on depolarized thermal conducto-
metric (termokondukto-metricheskiy), thermochemical, magnetic, infrared absorp-
tion, and electrochemical methods of analysis to replace hand methods of
analysis in the production of synthetic ammonia, nitric acid, and other prod-
ucts.. have been tested and successfully introduced there. The boiler-utilizers
in the weak nitric acid shops and other aggregates have been automated.
Sulfuric Acid
In the production of sulfuric acid by the contact method experimental
work has been successfully conducted on the automation of the drying-
absorption department and the department equipped with the contact equip-
ment (Shelkovo, Krasnouralsk, and Konstantinovka chemical plants). At the
Vinnitsa and Konstaninovka plants of Glavkhimprom (Main Administration for
Chemical Industry) the process for maintaining the required proportion of
nitrogen oxides in the production of tower sulfuric acid has been automated.
Experimental work on the automation of furnaces for the burning of pulverized
pyrites has been conducted and a system for the automatic regulation of
mechanical pyrite furnaces is being worked out. Instruments have been built
by the Ural bcientific Research Institute for Chemical Industry for the
automatic control of sulfuric acid production: devices for measuring con-
centration of sulfuric acid, gas analyzers, photoelectric gas colorimeters,
etc.
Despite the introduction of these operations the sulfuric acid industry
is one which is seriously lagging insofar as automation and the introduction
of control-measuring instruments is concerned. Prior to 1950, production
was controlled by means of laboratory analysis because automatic equipment
for gas analysis was lacking.
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According to the directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU for the
Sixth Five Year Plan, a shop now under construction which will produce
sulfuric acid from natural sulfur according to a simple system by the
contact method will be completely automated. In this shop the sulfur-
melting, furnace, contact apparatus, drying-adsorption, gas-filtering, and
heat-exchanger departments will be automated. The whole system will be
operated by a dispatcher from a central panel. Complex automation will
also be applied in the basic departments for the following operations:
furnaces for pulverized roasting, contact apparatuses, and drying-adsorption
in two plants; furnaces for pulverized roasting in two plants; and contact
apparatuses and drying-adsorption in five plants. As a result of these
innovations it is expected that production will increase 10,000 tons a year
and savings will amount to about 6 million rubles a year.
Calcined Soda
At the automation laboratory of the Scientific Research Institute for
Basic Chemistry a system for the automation of the carbonization and distil-
lation stations (shops) has been developed, tested, and put into operation.
Now work is being done on the automation of the lime and soda furnaces. The
automation of the carbonization and distillation stations has been completely
inaugurated at the Donets Soda Plant and will be introduced at the Slavyansk,
Berezniki, Sterlitamak, and other plants.
According to the directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU concerning
the very important complex automation in calcined soda production in the
next few years, it is planned to install automatic carbonization machines,
9 distillation stations, and 18 soda furnaces; problems in the creation of
the complex automatic production of calcined soda will be solved with the
centralized direction of all processes and the creation of a unified plan
for plant automation. The introduction of automation will increase the
output of calcined soda by 60,000 tons a year and will result in a saving
of 4.5 million rubles.
Phosphate Fertilizers
In the production of phosphate fertilizers the problem concerning the
automatic control and regulation of the chamber process for the production
of pure superphosphate arose iri 1948-1949 in connection with the introduc-
tion into industry of reaction chambers which operate continuously. As a
result of work done by Giprokhim (State Institute for the Planning of
Chemical Enterprises), OKBA (Experimental-Design Bureau for Automation),
and the Vinnitsa Superphosphate Plant, the process for the continuous pro-
duction of dilute sulfuric acid of a given concentration and temperature
and the process for measuring it for mixing with phosphate raw material,
which is done by an automatic measuring hopper, have been automated. To
carry out this automation OKRA developed devices for measuring concentration
and flow meters for hot 68-percent sulfuric acid, based on a piezometric
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method of measuring, special valves., signal devices to indicate the level
of the sulfuric acid, and other instruments. This automation layout was
further supplemented by the automatic starting and stopping of the process.
A 3-year test of the department., which is still not completely automated,
has shown the indisputable advantages of automation: the chamber operated
smoothly; idle time has been reduced; separation of the chamber superphos-
phate has been increased one percent., which is equivalent to a 5-percent
increase in output with the same expenditure of raw material; and the
labor involved in operation has been reduced. The introduction of auto-
mation has resulted in an annual saving of 750,000 rubles in costs and
300,000 rubles in wages.
Methods for the control of the consistency and thickness of pulp
required for the automation of the production of concentrated fertilizers
have been worked out and work has been started on the modernization of
measuring hoppers for free-flowing reagents.
In the next few years, the [former] Ministry of Instrument Building and
Automatic Equipment and the Ministry of Chemical Industry plan to set up the
complex automation of double superphosphate and ammofos production in this
branch of the chemical industry. Complex automation will be installed in
20 chambers for the output of simple superphosphate. This will result in
a production increase of 217,000 tons of superphosphate a year and a saving
of 15 million rubles.
Synthetic Rubber and Synthetic Alcohol
In synthetic rubber and synthetic alcohol production, automation of
production processes was begun in the prewar years, but it was restricted
to the automatic control of temperature, pressure, and level.
The widespread automation of technological processes was begun in 1947.
Automation in the synthetic rubber plants proceeded according to the follow-
ing stages: the automatic regulation of the various parameters of the tech-
nological processes with the proper disposition of instruments; the automatic
regulation of the basic parameters of the various aggregates with the instal-
lation of automatic ccntrol panels near the aggregates, with provision made
for enlarged working areas; and the complex automation of processes with the
centralization of instruments and panels sufficient in size to direct the
operations of large shops.
The synthetic rubber and synthetic alcohol industry is the most auto-
mated branch of the chemical industry. In existing plants the basic technological processes which require considerable labor and which are likely
to cause injury have been automated.
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The following production operations have been automated: the alcohol
vaporizer station of the contact separator shop, where no service personnel
is now required; contact separation of alcohol in Grum-Grzhemaylo furnaces,
where one operator now serves three furnaces (earlier, each furnace required
two attendants); adsorption, desorption, distillation, washing, and rectifica-
tion of divinyl with centralized operation and operation of the control panel
in a separate room, whereby the number of operators in the shop is consider-
aly reduced; the ester hydration process; coreless (bessterzhnevaya)polymeriza-
tion; the process for the production of polyisobutylene; the production of
chlorobenzene; etc.
In the production of synthetic alcohol the pyrolysis shop, the separa-
tion of gases, the sulfuric acid hydration of ethylene, and the concentration
of sulfuric acid have been automated. The basic shops for the production
of phenol and acetone have been automated to a considerable degree.
HIGH PRODUCTION COSTS PLAGUE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY -- Moscow, Leninskoye Znamya,
18 Mar 58
Cost reduction was a problem that deserved considerable attention among
the chemical industry plants during the first months of 1958. This problem
caused considerable difficulties among the plants of Moskovskaya Oblast.
Some of the chemical plants of this oblast, including the Orekhovo-Zuyevskiy
"Karbolit," Shchelkovo, and Zagorskiy plants, failed to cope with the estab-
lished task of reducing production costs.
When the reasons for the individual plants' failure to fulfill the plans
are analyzed, it becomes clear that here is an instance of shortcomings in
planning. The substitution of more expensive raw materials for cheaper
varieties influenced the cost of production. The poorly thought-out changes
in earlier tie-ins of enterprises with their sources of supply of raw materials
led to rises in the cost of rail transport and thus to increases in production
costs. For example, the Kuskovo Chemical Plant originally received its raw
material from the Lisichansk Chemical Combine. Now this material is trans-
ported to the plant from Irkutskaya Oblast. As a result, the cost of a ton
of raw material has increased almost 400 rubles. Many more examples of this
kind can be cited.
It is hoped that the council of national economy of the oblast will
take measures and assist in straightening out the situation in regard to
reducing production costs which has arisen in a number of chemical industry
enterprises.
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NEW CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER GOODS PRODUCTION -- Moscow, Pravda, 7 Apr 58
Dzerzhinsk is. one of the large chemical centers of the USSR. At present,
work is proceeding on a large scale in the chemical plants and laboratories
of Dzerzhinsk on expanding production and mastering the output of new varieties
of synthetic materials required for the production of various kinds of con-
sumer goods.
In 1957, the production of a basic resin "polinak" (polyacrylonitrile)
was begun at the Plant "Rulon." This resin serves as the raw material for
the manufacture of a new artificial fiber "nitron." In its basic properties
nitron approaches those of the so-called polyamide fibers -- caprone, nylon,
and perlon -- and in quality surpasses them. In the manufacture of finished
products nitron may be used either in combination with natural wool or in
its pure state.
[The article continues with a discussion of the various used of nitron
in the USSR textile industry.]
The oldest chemical enterprise in Dzerzhinsk, the Chernorechensk Chemical
Plant imeni Kalinin, is the first in the country to master the production of
urea, an important intermediate for the production of plastics, a number of
drugs, artificial precious stones (rubies), etc.
Five years ago, based on work done by the engineers G. M. Strongin,
G. N. Zapevalovoy, and others, experiments were begun on producing "porofor,"
a product used as a cell-forming agent (poroobrazovatel') in the manufacture
of microporous rubber. Shoe soles made of this synthetic rubber have a fine
appearance, improved elasticity, and great durability. The demand for porofor
is increasing.
SHORTCOMINGS IN KAZAKH CHEMICAL INDUSTRY -- Moscow, Izvestiya, 27 Apr 58
All branches of industry, with the exception of chemistry, are develop-
ing rapidly in Kazakhstan. Even the wood-processing industry, one that is
not typical of Kazakhstan, produces almost twine as much as the chemical
industry.
[The complete text of this article criticizing the Ministry of Chemical
Industry USSR and the Kazakh chemical industry appears in The Current Digest
of the Soviet Press, Vol X, No 17, 4 June 1958, pp 29-30.]
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PROGRESS AT YAROSLAVL CHEMICAL PLANTS -- Moscow, Sel'skoye Khozyaystvo,
13 May 58
In Yaroslavl, the city of chemists, plans are under way to increase
output and expand the variety of chemical products. At the plants "Svo-
bodnyy Trud," "Pobeda Rabochikh," Industrial Rubber Products, and other
enterprises of the chemical industry considerable work is being done on
increasing the capacity of available equipment arid increasing production
areas. At the paint and varnish plants pipes are being laid for the
automatic conveyance of raw materials and varnishes from one shop to
another. At the Plant "Pobeda Rabochikh" large and technically advanced
rotary furnaces and a new pulverizing apparatus have been installed. Work
on the automation of production processes is continuing.
The Yaroslavl chemists are creating new types of products. New rubber
mixtures and new paints and varnishes have been developed and put into pro-
duction. The laboratory of the Plant "Pobeda Rabochikh" has developed a
number of brightly colored nitrocellulose enamels for light motor vehicles.
The Plant "Svobodriyy Trud" has mastered the production of a so-called
vanadium catalyst required for the production of varnishes.
Agricultural Chemicals
POTASSIUM SULFATE PRODUCTION LAGS -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomisheskaya
Gazeta, 13 Apr 58
In an article published in the 26 March 1958 issue, of Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, the Ministry of Chemical Industry was criticized
ftr the slow organization of potassium sulfate production at the potassium
combines of the Ukraine and for insufficient output of concentrated
and liquid fertilizers.
In answer to this article, S. Tikhomirov, Minister of Chemical Industry,
has reported that in 1959-1960 it is planned to increase significantly the
production of inorganic fertilizers, including concentrated fertilizers,
such as superphosphate, ammofos, and others. In 1959, a start will be made
on expanding the output of liquid ammoniated fertilizers.
Much work has been done to organize the production of potassium sulfate
at the potassium combines of the Ukraine. The All-Union Scientific Research
Institute for Halurgy has mastered the technology of production of potassium
sulfate fertilizers from the polymineral ores of the Carpathians. In one
combine an experimental shop has been constructed. At the same time that
the fertilizer is being produced here, plans are being formulated for the
production of potassium sulfate in future large combines now in the planning
stage.
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NEW CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS -- Moscow, Sel'skoye Khozyaystvo, 15 May 58
The production of inorganic fertilizers in the Soviet Union increases
uninterruptedly. In 1957, the chemical industry produced 11.7 million tons
of fertilizer, or 8 percent more than in 1956. In the first 3 months of ..
1958, the output of inorganic fertilizer has exceeded that of the same period
in 1957 by 7 percent.
Many enterprises of the chemical industry have mastered the production
of new highly effective inorganic fertilizers. A large shop for the produc-
tion of a new variety of phosphorus fertilizer, defluorinated superphosphate,
has been put on stream at the Sumi plant. Here all the basic production
processes have been mechanized and automated. The output of granulated
superphosphate at the Sumi plant has also been expanded. The Dneprodzer-
zhinsk Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant has begun the production of complex ferti-
lizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The first experimental
consignments have been manufactured. The Kaluga Chemical Combine (Ukraine)
has mastered the output of potassium sulfate.
The scientific associates of the Kazan Agricultural Institute have
worked out the technology for the production of "pretsipitat," a valuable
phosphorus fertilizer made from the wastes of the gelatin plant. The
Kazan Artel' imeni Kirov has manufactured several hundred tons of this
fertilizer.
The Chemical Institute of the Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR, in
cooperation with specialists from the Baku Iodine Plant, have worked out the
technology for manufacturing boron compounds from bore water. This fertilizer
contains up to 6 percent boric anhydride. Tests have shown it to be highly
effective. A newly constructed shop of the Stalinogorsk Chemical Combine
has begun the manufacture of granulated ammonium nitrate. The Estonian
Chemical Combine "Maardu'!' has mastered the production of a phosphoric mix-
ture consisting of superphosphate and phosphorite flour.
The output of liquid fertilizers has been greatly increased. Plans for
1958 call for the application of ammonia water and liquid ammonia on 225,000
hectares sown to technical crops, such as cotton and sugar beets.
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Coke Chemicals and Petrochemicals
CHEMICALS EXTRACTED FROM WASTE PRODUCTS -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomiche-
skaya Gazeta, 19 May 58
In the gas, petroleum, coal, shale, and peat industries a number of
valuable types of waste products are obtained in the course of the regular
output of products. Among these are impure discharge water, waste gases,
and cinders. The employment of these as starting materials for the produc-
tion of chemical products is one of the most important tasks of the national
economy.
Much has been done on the solution of this problem by the scientific
workers of Lengiprogas (Leningrad State Institute for the Planning of Enter-
prises for Artificial Liquid Fuel and Gas) and VNIIPS (All-Union Scientific
Research Institute for the Processing of Shales). They, in particular, worked
out the plan for the first industrial shop in the USSR for the dephenoliza-
tion of tar water.
The operation of such a shop at the shale-processing combine at Kokhtla-
Yarve has permitted the treatment, during 4 years, of more than one million
cubic meters of waste water from which several thousand tons of phenol have
been obtained. The-cost of this phenol is less than the cost of shale gas.
During the first 3 years of operation, the dephenolization shop gave
a return of almost 23 million rubles. Thus, the capital costs of construct-
ing the shop were., made up in the first 2 years..
Since the shop has started operations, it has systematically fulfilled
the plan for the output of phenols. It is particularly important that the
rate of recovery of common phenols from the tar waters is 94-96 percent.
This compares with 85 percent for the plant at Belen in East Germany and 80
percent for the Plant imeni Stalin in Czechoslovakia.
I A second shop of this kind was constructed at the shale-gas plant in
Slantsy.
EXPANSION OF PETROCHEMICALS -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,
26 Mar 58
In 1958, it has been proposed to expand greatly the synthetic alcohol
plant at the Novo-Kuybyshev Refinery. Utilizing the gas of the Novo-Kuybyshev
and Kuybyshev refineries, this enterprise will put out, in addition to syn-
thetic alcohol, acetone and phenol, the raw materials for plastics. At the
Novo-Kuybyshev refinery the production of synthetic fats to replace edible
oils will be organized, and an installation will be put in operation for pro-
ducing paraxylenes by a thoroughgoing cooling method (paraxylene is the
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raw material for the production of high-quality artificial fiber). At the
Syzran Refinery a complex installation will be activated which is designed
for the production of synthetic alcohol on the basis of processed petroleum
gases.
FIRST PRODUCTION OF COUMARONE IN USSR -- Riga, Sovetskaya Latvia, 30 Mar 58
At the Kadiyevskiy Coke-Chemical Plant the first shop in the Soviet
Union for the production of coumarone resin is now in operation. Coumarone
resin is becoming more and more widely used, both in the USSR and abroad.
Enterprises in Kiev are producing linoleum and Dutch tiles from it.
In Japan "permanent tiles" are being made from the resin of the Kadiyevskiy
Plant. Furthermore, it is being employed in the rubber and electric cable
industry and in the production of paints and varnishes, plastics, and
artificial leather.
Until recently, this resin was obtained from a deficient raw material,
heavy benzene, which was obtained by the Kadiyevka Plant from the coke-
chemical enterprises of the Ukraine. Then the plant laboratory worked out
a new method for receiving resin from the production wastes, namely, the
neutral fraction of phenol oils (fenollnoye maslo).
Mineral Chemical Products
VALUABLE MINERALS IN SEA OF AZOV -- Moscow, Izvestiya, 6 May 58
The Sivash, a large bay of the Sea of Azov, is a valuable source not
only of sodium chloride, but also of many other kinds of compounds.
[Comment: The condensed text of this article on the resources and
exploitation of Sivash Bay is included in The Current Digest of the Soviet
Press, Vol X, No 18, 11 June 1958, pp 31-327
Plastics
INCREASED USE OF NEW PLASTIC -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,
4 Apr 58
In recent years, ftoroplast-4 is more and more widely used in industry.
This new plastic possesses remarkable properties. In durability it exceeds
all other natural and synthetic materials and when in contact with aggressive
substances is more stable than gold and platinum. The maximum permissible
working temperature of ftoroplast-4 is almost double that of all other kinds
of plastics.
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Ftoroplast-4 is an irreplaceable electrical insulating material for
the production of high-frequency cable. Its nonswelling and nonwetting
capacity permits its use under conditions of high moisture. The unusually
high chemical strength of the new material makes it particularly suitable,
and sometimes indispensable, for the production of washers, gaskets, and
other sealing devices. It has great value for a number of items used in the
food industry and medicine.
The production of ftoroplast-4 is rather expensive, but it is so
economical to use that it pays for itself. This is illustrated by the fact
that a regular gasket is worn out in 5-6 days, while one made of ftoroplast-4
lasts for 6 months. The electrical insulating property of this plastic per-
mits a significant increase in the operating temperature of electrical machines
and makes it possiblei to reduce their weight, size, and cost.
However, ftoroplast-4 has shortcomings. The waste, obtained in the pro-
duction of items from the material, cannot be shaped into a monolithic (homo-
geneous) mass. Almost 30 percent of the material consists of waste which
accumulates as waste piles in the chemical shops in the form of cuttings,
turnings, scraps, pieces of film, and cracked parts. Thus, every year, tens
of millions of rubles and large quantities of valuable material are lost.
The problem of restoring the waste into monolithic pieces was under-
taken by P. Severin, chief of shop of the Novosibirsk Chemical Plant. After
many failures, the problem was successfully solved in 1957.
The monolithic billets produced by Severin are somewhat lower in quality
than the original material because the cuttings, turnings, scraps, and other
waste are contaminated in the supplementary reprocessing. Nevertheless, all
the basic qualities of ftoroplast-4 are retained and therefore the regenerated
material can be successfully used for the manufacture of new items, in partic-
ular those used for sealing.
The Irkutsk Affiliate of Giproneftemash (State Institute for the Planning
of Petroleum Machinery) employed gasket rings made of the regenerated material
and reported they worked successfully at a pressure of 500 atmospheres in
benzene and kerosene for more than 1,000 hours and continued to serve satis-
factorily even longer.
Despite the proven effectiveness of the regenerated product, there are
long delays in getting it into production.
PRODUCTION PROBLEMS AT LENINGRAD ENTERPRISE -- Moscow, Pravda, 14 Apr 58
Increased demands and production difficulties, particularly raw material
shortages, have created problems for the 0khta Chemical Combine.
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[A condensed text of this article appears in The Current Digest of the
Soviet Press, Vol X, No 15, 28 May 1958, pp 42-43
Synthetic and Artificial Fibers
NEW PROGRESS IN USSR SYNTHETIC FIBER PRODUCTION -- Moscow, Pravda, 7 Apr 58
In 1957, production was started on a special resin called polinak
(polyacrylonitrile), the raw material for a new synthetic fiber called nitron.
[The condensed text of an article on this and other new developments
in the Soviet synthetic fiber industry appears in The Current Digest of the
Soviet Press, Vol X, No 14, 14 May 1958, pp 32-33.
Moscow, Izvestiya, 15 Apr 58
Among new artificial fibers developed by the Soviet chemical industry
are enanth and pelargon.
[A condensed text of this article appears in The Current Digest of the
Soviet Press, Vol X, No 15, 28 May 1958, p 42.1
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II. PETROLEUM AND GAS INDUSTRIES
USSR in General
INCREASES OF 17-20 MILLION TONS PER YEAR EXPECTED IN OIL INDUSTRY -- Mos-
cow, Pravda, 24+ Mar 58
V. Kalamkarov, a member of Gosplan USSR, reports that if the USSR
oil industry is to reach its projected goal of 350-400 million tons per
year in the next 15 years, it must increase output 17-20 million tons
each year. Kalamkarov also cites some of the gains made by the industry,
among them that less capital investments per ton are required to increase
the 'extraction of petroleum and that the i1SSR surpassed the US in yearly
oil production over the past years.
[Comment: For the complete text of the article, see The Current
Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol X, No 12, 30 April 1958, Pp 30-31
ELECTRODRILL TESTED IN MORE THAN 100 WELLS -- Moscow, Byulleten Tekhniko-
Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, No 1, Jan 58, PP 5-6
VNIlburneft' (All-Union Research and Deveigpment Institute for Oil
and Gas Well Drilling) has developed electrodrill E250/10, which has been
tested successfully in oil-hell drilling, in the Bashkirskaya ASSR and
Azerbaydzhan.
The drill is made up of two basic parts: an oil-filled., three-stage
asynchronized electric motor and a spindle supported by ball bearings.
This type of shaft increases the rated efficiency of the electrodrill,
allows more power to be transferred to the bit, and makes drilling more
effective. The shaft roller is mounted in the housing on roller bearings;
in the lower part, the shaft roller is sealed with an end packer sealer.
In contrast to the turbodrill, the capacity or rotation of the elec-
trodrill does not depend on either the depth of a well or the volume or
quality of flushing fluid. Moreover, the electric cable in the pipes
makes it possible to regulate the work of the drill in the stope by means
of an atmneter mounted on the control panel and to feed the bit automat-
ically.
At present, all of the electrodrill units are equipped with automatic
regulators of type BAR1-150.
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During tests in the Tuymaza Drilling Trust in the Bashkirskaya ASSR,
the drill was used in more than 100 wells totaling 176,000 meters. The
drilling indexes improved constantly and reached those with the turbodrill.
The following table gives the technical characteristics of the elec-
trodrill:
Capacity 150 kilowatts
Speed 530 rpm
Rated torque 275 kilogrammeters
Outside diameter 250 millimeters
Length 11.8 meters
Maximum axle load up to 40 tons
The above institute also developed the MAPI-26/620/8 motor with a
capacity of 180 kilowatts and a speed of 670 revolutions per minute,
which was tested during the period 1955-1956. The tests indicated that
if the speed of the motor is increased from 530 to 670 revolutions per
minute, the mechanical speed of drilling becomes much faster and bit
penetration is not lost. For this reason, heavier duty motors, of 230
kilowatts and 670 revolutions per minute, are being produced.
The recent tests which were performed with the electrodrill proved
favorable. The tests were made while drilling slanted, directional wells
with the use of an impulse inclinometer which made it possible to control,
without the necessity of pulling the drill pipe, the azimuth (adjustment)
and curvature of the well stope and the position of the deviator. The
results were also favorable in drilling under complicated conditions with
the use of heavier mud solutions with a specific weight of 1.9-2.0 grams
per cubic centimeter and more, situations where the turbodrill could not
solve the problem or where the rotary drill is not very effective.
SPECIAL DERRICK DEVELOPED FOR DRILLING TWIN-WELLS -- Moscow, Byulleten
Tekhniko-Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, No 1, Jan 58, pp 7-8'
Twin-well drilling of oil and gas wells is a practice wherejjy a
drilling crew, using a single drilling unit, can drill simultaneously
two slanted holes whose tops are located 1.5 meters apart, whereas the
bottoms can be as much as 1,000 meters apart. This type of drilling
requires a special derrick for mounting a movable crownblock, two rotors
over the wells, and a panel for controlling the crownblock.
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Drilling is carried on alternately in both holes. When one pass is
completed in the one hole, the tools are pulled, a new bit is mounted, and
the tools are immediately lowered with the new bit into the second hole.
While the second hole is being bored, the first bit is changed-and prep-
arations are made to lower the tools again and continue drilling.
Twin-well drilling ensures higher labor productivity, lower-drilling
costs, end a high coefficient of use of the drilling and power equipment
and surface installations or, in the case of offshore operations, the
foundations.
When the two holes are finished, the derrick and all of the drill-
ing equipment is removed and another derrick with equipment is set up
for extracting the oil.
The Azerbaydzhan Institute for Petroleum Machine Building has de-
signed a pipe-type developmental oil rig VET28 x 75-2 for the normal
performance of all types of repairs on the operating twin-wells.
The geometric parameters of the new rig ensure that all the repair
work can be performed and that the twin wells can be serviced with two
crownblocks in all situations where the well-headed centers are up to 1.7
meters apart.
The new derrick, similar to the tube-type drilling and developmental
derricks in use, is an eight-section unit with cross-over framework that
can be dismounted. The eight sections make it possible to use the legs
and other parts of the developmental tube-type derrick VET75-2l+, which
is series-produced by the Baku Plant imeni Sardarov. Estimates and oil
field tests have indicated that the cross-over framework with flexible
connecting rods completely ensures the derrick's rigidity and load-
carrying capabilities.
The new-type derrick VET28 x 75-2 is produced by the above plant
and is successfully used in the Azerbaydzhan oil fields.
The following table gives its technical characteristics:
Weight on hook (tons)
Derrick height from lower surface of leg shoes
to upper surface of crownblock beams (meters)
75
27.64
Lower foundation of derrick at leg axis
(meters)-
8 by 8
Upper foundation of derrick at leg axis
(meters)
2 by 3
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Working height of hoist (meters)
9.8
Number of hoists
4
Weight of connector (tons)
11
Full weight of derrick with stairway (tons)
16.27
ELECTRIC CORE SA PLI UNIT DEVELIOPED -- Moscow, Promysbl.enno-Ekonomiche-
skaya Gazeta, 21 Feb 58
Core samples from oil and gas wells are now removed with the semi-
automatic station GKS-Z, which is rather outmoded. The operator is con-
stantly overloaded with work. At an average drilling speed of 20 meters
per hour, he must take measurements every 4 meters. In addition, he must
check for luminescence and determine the physical parameters of the mud
solution. The station also has serious defects in design.
Aworkman from the Nizhvolgoneftegeofizika (Lower Volga Petroleum
Geo ,physics) Trust proposed the design of a new automatic station AGKS-
55/57. A similar station had been designed in the USSR before. This
station is comprised of several interconnected aggregates and fixtures
mounted on a metal frame which is braced in the closed body of the GAZ-63
automobile or in a cab on a tractor sled.
This automatic apparatus was used for the past year in the explora-
tory sites of Saratovskaya Oblast. Its use has proven its ability to
perform much better geochemical research in oil and gas wells than
the semiautomatic GKS-3 station. Not only has the work load of the
operator been eased., but also the quality of core sampling has improved
and core processing has been speeded.
The new station enables a constant sampling of core by electricity.
The curves pertaining to the content of hydrocarbon gases are registered
simultaneously on a chart through two channels. The notations are reg-
istered in percent and in duration of time and there are indications
of depth with calculations for delays. The station ensures a chromo-
thermographic analysis of an air-gas mixture up to seven components,
from hydrogen to hexane inclusive. The analysis takes 5-6 minutes.
Any delay in the flow of drilling fluid is automatically corrected,
and it is possible to determine the actual depth of gas appearances.
The station calculates the volume of drilling fluid flowing from the well
head. Thus, a drilling crew can determine at any moment the amount of
fluid circulation in the well.
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The new station has other advantages. Since it has a worm-type, in-
stead of floating-type, degasifier, the drilling fluid is degasified 5-6
times as fast. The gas-air mixture is condensed in a transmitter mounted
near the degasifier in the channel near the head of the well. For this
reason, the signals which indicate the hydrocarbon content are relayed
through the apparatus without delay.
The transmitter of the depth gauge AGKS-55/57 operates froma six-
gear transmission of the crownblock. This setup has eliminated the in-
strument defects which cropped up with the cable system in the GKS-3
station. The operator can mount and remove the equipment much easier
and with less danger.
The Designing Bureau of Petroleum Fixture Building has recently
designed another electric gas core sampling station which was tested at
the Moscow Petroleum Fixture Building Plant. While this plant has the
potential to produce these stations on a series basis, production is
being delayed.
Geophysical explorers for oil and gas need the new automatic station
badly, and they hope that Gosplan iSFSR will take steps to have it pro-
duced on a series basis.
OIL FOUND IN MOLDAVIAN SSR -- Moscow, Na Stroitel'stve Truboprovodov,
2 Feb 58
Kishinev -- Geologists have brought in a flowing oil well from a
depth of 430 meters near the village of Valeny in the vicinity of Vul-
kaneshty. The well is producing 3 tons of crude per day. The crude
contains a large percentage of light lubricants. The area around Vul-
kaneshty is now covered with oil derricks.
REFINERY CONSTRUCTION EXPANDED -- Moscow, Stroitel'naya Gazeta, 14 Feb 58
Stalingrad -- One of the largest oil refineries in the USSR is under
construction in the southern outskirts of Stalingrad across the Volga-
Don Canal. The refinery will obtain its crude oil by pipeline from the
Zhirnovskiy Oil Field.
The first part of the refinery has already started operations. The
second part, construction of which is now under way, will be comprised
of an electric desalting unit, two cracking units, and other aggregates.
One of the cracking units is scheduled to begin operations in the first
quarter of 1958 and thus the output of motor gasoline will be increased
considerably.
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Minsk, Sovetskaya Belorussiya, 13 Feb 58
Construction will begin this year of an oil refinery at Polotsk.
This enterprise will be one of the largest of its kind in the USSR.
It will obtain its crude oil for refining from the oil fields of the
Bashkirskaya ASSR and Tatarskaya ASSR. It will produce gasoline, tractor
and domestic kerosene, various lube oils, and other petroleum products.
USSR HAS 160 GAS DEPOSITS -- Moscow, Pravda, 7 Feb 58
Prior to 1917, Tsarist Russia had virtually no gas industry. Actu-
ally, the Soviet gas industry did not begin to expand until World War II.
The discovery and putting on stream of gas deposits near Saratov and the
construction of the first long-distance gas line in the USSR from Saratov
to Moscow laid the foundation for a new type of fuel industry.
Subsequently, another gas line, from Dashava to Moscow by way of
Kiev, was built to add another source of gas supply to Moscow, while
Leningrad began to receive oil shale gas from a shale-processing com-
bine in Kokhtla Yarve in Estonia.
Not long ago, the largest gas deposits were considered to be Elshanka
and Peschanyy Umet in Saratovskaya Oblast of the RSFSR and Dashava and
Opara in Drogobychaskaya Oblast of the. Ukraine. Since then, gas deposits
with much greater reserves were opened. The reserves at Stavropol' are
25 times as large as those at Elshanka. Gas: from Stavropol' is supplied
to Moscow and other along-the-way points. Recently, three large gas
deposits were opened in Krasnodarskiy Kray, and exploration has revealed
reserves as great as those at Stavropol'.
There are also large deposits at Shebelinka in Khar'kovskaya Oblast
of the Ukraine and at Stepnovo across the Volga. New sites were dis-
covered on the right side of the Volga at Uritskoye in Saratovskaya
Oblast and at Korobki in Stalingradskaya Oblast. In addition, there are
large gas deposits at Karadag and Kyanizadag in Azerbaydzhan and near
Bukhara in Uzbekistan and very promising indications of gas in the Komi
ASSR and Tyumenskaya Oblast.
The USSR now has 160 gas deposits:,, which will enable it to increase
natural gas extraction considerably within the next few years. Extrac-
tion and production in 1958 is scheduled to reach 31 billion cubic meters
1.5 times that of 1957. The extraction increase of 11 billion cubic
meters will be nearly three times that of the period 1951-1955.
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24+ WELLS IN STAVROPOL'SKIY KRAY SUPPLY GAS TO MOSCOW -- Moscow, Pravda,
25 Feb 58
Stavropol' -- Stavropol'skiy Kray has one of the largest reserves
of natural gas in the USSR.
A new workers' settlement has cropped up in the steppes where the
main collecting point is located for the Stavropol'-Mbscow gas line.
Four more gas wells were connected to this point in January 1958. This
brings the total to 24+ wells which supply gas to Moscow through'the above-
mentioned line. Moscow is now obtaining ten times as much gas from Stav-
ropol' as one year ago.
The projected extraction plan for the period 1958-1965 is to in-
crease extraction from 1.8 to 14+.5 billion cubic meters per year.
SBEBELINKA FIELD IN UKRAINE TO TRIPLE PRESENT GAS OUTPUT -- Kiev, Pravda
grainy, 29 Jan 58
In 1958, gas extraction in the Ukraine is scheduled to reach 10.x+
billion cubic meters, 72 percent over the 1957 level. The new Shebelinka
field is expected to triple its present yield and extract 5.8 billion
cubic meters.
Crude oil extraction in the republic is expected to reach 1.2 mil-
lion tons, 23 percent more than was extracted in 1957.
OUTER BELT GAS LINE PLANNED AROUND MOSCOW BY 1962 -- Moscow, Na Stroitel'-
stve Truboprovodov, 9 Feb 58
Moskovskaya Oblast, built up with large industrial centers, sani-
toriums, and large cities and settlements totaling more than 4 million
residents, has been using Donets Basin coal, petroleum, and large quanti-
ties of peat for fuel requirements.
The discovery of new gas deposits in the south has enabled the govern-
ment to take steps to build a circumferential gas line around Moscow and
a gas line from Krasnodarskiy Kray to Serpukhov.
The line from Krasnodarskiy Kray to Serpukhov, by way of Rostov-na-
Donu and Voroshilovgrad and 1,000 kilometers long, is to be built from
pipe 820 and 1,020 millimeters wide and is to be put into service in the
third quarter of 1961.
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The circumferential line around Moscow will connect Serpukhov with
Voskresenk, Noginsk, Llnitrov, KLin, and Volokolamsk. This line, 4.00
kilometers long and to be built from pipe 820 mill.imeters'wide, is
scheduled to be put into service in 1962. The section from Serpukhov
to-Noginsk is scheduled to begin operations in the third quarter of
1959. The construction of the circumferential line is to start in 1958.
SIX GAS COMPRESSOR STATIONS TO OPEN IN 1958 -- Moscow, Na Stroitel'stve
Trubaprovodov, 23 Feb 58
Gas compressor stations are scheduled to go into operation in the
third quarter of 1958 at Novo Pskov and in the fourth quarter at Egorlyk,
Aksay, Voroshilovgrad, Semiluki, and Shchekino.
LARGE COAL GASIFICATION STATION BUILT AT ANGREN -- Tashkent, Pravda Vos-
toka, 30 Jan 58
The Angren Underground Coal Gasification Station now under construc-
tion is supposed to became the largest of its kind in the USSR. Once
it reaches its designed capacity, it will produce 2a320,000,000 cubic
meters of gas per year, which is equivalent to the extraction of 635,000
tons of coal.
However, construction has been prolonged for more than 5 years
because some supervisors are skeptical about building the station. They
do not believe in extracting gas from underground coal on a large scale
and have diverted both manpower and materiel and technical resources to
other projects. In 1957, only 9.2 million of the allocated 18.2 million
rubles was spent, and the yearly plan for construction and assembly opera-
tions was fulfilled only 50.8 percent.
Ural-Volga Region
NEW FIELD ADMINISTRATION SET UP TO OPERATE IN BASHKIRIYA -- Moscow, Na
Stroitel'stve Truboprovodov, 31 Jan 58
Uf'a -- During the period 1956-1957, several new oil deposits --
Arlan, Nikolo-Berezovka, Novo Khazenskoye,. Cheraul'skoy, and others --
were opened in northwestern Bashkirskaya ASSR. Oil prospectors have
already reached the boundaries of Permskaya Oblast and the Udmurtskaya
ASSR.
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Particularly large oil pools have been found at Arlan, and this led
to the establishment of the Arlanneft' Oil Field Administration in the
village of Nikolo-Berezovka, the center of the Krasnakamskiy Rayon. Crude
oil deliveries will start soon now that a crude oil line has been built
from Kaltasy to Verkhnye Moncharovo.
Central Asia
TURKMEN EXTENDS OPERATIONS TO OFFSHORE AREAS -- Moscow, Trud., 12 Feb 58
Ashkhabad -- The Turkmen oil industry is extending its operations
from the Cheleken Peninsula to the offshore areas of the Caspian Sea as
the Baku oil workers did earlier.
A derrick will be set up 1.00 meters from the shore of the peninsula.
The first metal piles for the scaffold bridge have already been placed.
This bridge will eventually extend nearly 2 kilometers into the Caspian.
An oil field is to be built up out in the sea, where the derricks
will be set up on separate foundations 17-20 kilometers from the shore.
Baku is supplying the Cheleken workers with the metal foundations
for the offshore bridge. Two heavy-duty power trains have also been
delivered to the Cheleken Peninsula.
Drillers from the Groznyy area are aiding the Cheleken workers to
drill directional wells near the shore, one of which will deviate 400
kilometers from the shore.
Caucasus
KUBAN RIVER AREA DRILLERS SET WORLD RECORD -- Moscow, Trud, 18 Feb 58
The first flowing oil well in Russia was struck in Krasnodarskiy
Kray on the outskirts of the village of Xievskoye in the Kudako River
Valley on 16 February 1866.
The Kuban River area in the North Caucasus is one of the oldest
oil-producing areas in the country. There is evidence that the area
dwellers were extracting crude oil from wells back in 38 21 with buckets
or, under better circumstances, by means of pumps.
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Today, the Kuban oil workers lead in the annual speed of drilling
per machine throughout the USSR oil industry. They have even surpassed
the US oil-well drillers. The average annual penetration per crew in
the US is 11+,700 meters. The Kuban drillers surpassed this level in
10 months of 1958. One crew of the Priazovneft' Oil Field Administra-
tion drilled 39,187 meters during the year, a world record which formerly
belonged to US drillers.
NEW OIL FIELD Amifl ISTRATION SET UP m GROZNYY AREA -- Baku, Bakinskiy
Rabochiy, 7 Mar 58
Groznyy -- The Checheno-Ingushskiy Sovnarkhoz has set up a new oil
field administration, Sunzhaneft', to work the Karabulak and Achaluk oil
deposits, which were opened in the Groznyy region in the past 2 years.
The oil pools at these deposits lie in ancient chalk formation
2,500-3,000 meters deep. So far, 16 gusher wells have been brought in
at Karabulak and Achaluk, and they are already producing as much oil as
the hundreds of wells at the old oil fields of Groznyy.
The new oil area is a large one, extending 70 kilometers along the
Sunzhenskiy Ridge. Developmental drilling is being started this year.
Within the next 2-3 years, Groznyy is likely to double its present out-
put and regain some of its past glory as an oil producing area.
CONSIDERABLE EXPLORATION. PLANNED Iff DAGESTANSKAYA ASSR -- Moscow, Prcmiysh-
lenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 23 Feb 58
The Dagestanskaya ASSR has the potential to increase crude oil and
gas extraction. Two of its deposits,. Seli and Gasha, have gas reserves
estimated at about 3 billion cubic meters. Until recently, very little
attention was paid to the construction of pipelines, however, and a con-
siderable portion of the petroleum gas was burned in flares.
During the second half of 1957, a0-kilometer gas line was laid
from Seli to the Dagestanskiye Ogni Glass Plant. In 1958, gas lines
are scheduled for construction from this plant to Derbent and from Gash
to Izberbash.
The Dagestan crude is high-grade crude oil with a considerable con-
tent of light fractions and lubricants.
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'Cbnsicbring the potential for oil and gas, extraction in the area, the
Dagestanskiy Sovnarkhoz has taken measures to step up the exploration in
the deeper horizons in the Mesozoic formations. tkitil. lately, there had
been very little activity in the northern pant of the republic. Geo-
logical surveys have now revealed several promising structures in this
area whose proximity to the large oil and gas deposits in Stavropo7.'skiy
KraY and Astrakhan'skaya Oblast calls for large-scale geological surveys
and geophysical operations in the steppes of the republic and for deep
exploration at one of the upthrusts which have already been found.
Three exploratory wells designed to open the Mesozoic forafttions are
to be set up in the second half of 1958 in the Karanogayskiy section.
Azerbaydzhan
Il IMPROVE IN ALL BRANCHES OF OIL INDUSTRY -- Baku, Azerbaydzhanskoye
Neftyanoye Khozyaystvo, No 11, Nov 57, pp 6-9
The discovery and ccmanercial development of the rich, offshore oil
deposits have been very significant in the expansion and in the higher
economic indexes of the Azerbaydzhan oil industry. Despite the invest-
ment of considerable capital for the construction of offshore installa-
tions and the high rate of amortization, petroleum production in the off-
shore areas is 33-40 percent of that on shore.
The following table compares the economic indexes in oil extraction
over the past 3 years:
1957
1956 mo)
Yearly increase in oil extraction (%)
0.4
1.5
2.6
Yearly increase in gas extraction (%)
19.1
40.7
66.8
Yearly increase in natural gas (g6)
268.5
104.9
146.0
Yearly increase in oil extraction
from pressuring .(1,000 tons)
2017.9
2550.6
2110.0
Ratio of total oil extraction (%)
Offshore sites
26.5
28.8
30.5
New remote sites (Kyurovdag, Siazan')
2.0
4.4
6.9
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1955
1956
1957
mo
Ratio of flowing crude oil (%)
18.1
22.1
29.2
Labor productivity (tons of oil and gas
per worker; (% of previous year
5.6
9:0
9.6
Ratio of manpower per well-month (% below
previous year)
7.1
4.9
2.3
Cost of extraction of oil and gas (% of
previous year) plus 1.5 minus 5.2 ndaus 5.8
Labor productivity in oil extraction since 1954 rose 26.2 percent
while oil and gas production costs declined 3.6 percent. Lower pro-
duction costs were achieved because of the increased ratio of flowing
production. Average daily extraction from flowing wells, from 1954
through 9 months of 1957, rose 127 percent, and its share in the over-
all production rose to 29.2 percent from 9.3 percent. Slightly less
than 33 percent of the Azerbaydzhan oil production comes from flowing
wells.
Until 1956, artificial pressuring accounted for about 7.5 million
tons of oil. The yearly increase from artificial pressuring in 1956
was 14.7 times that of 1950. Pressuring accounted for.16.4 percent of
the oil extracted in 1956. Of the increase during the year, 38.1 per-
cent came from strata which were pressured.
When pressuring was first started, initial production costs were
higher because of the additional money spent on pumping the reagent into
the strata, but these costs per ton of crude oil declined 1.8 percent
in 1954, 7.6 percent in 1955, and. 10.5 percent in 1956.
Developmental drilling costs were also reduced sharply by pressur-
ing. During the period 1952-1956, some 1,660,000 rubles of capital
investments were saved in developmental drilling because fewer wells
had to be drilled. There was a saving of 59.38 rubles in capital in-
vestments on each ton of oil produced in 1956.
Underground repairs comprise a considerable percentage of extrac-
tion costs. In 1953, these repairs cost 216.2 million rubles, 15.8
,percent of the extraction costs. In..1956, despite a'-higher nunber of
operating wells, the underground repair costs were reduced to 185.4
million rubles, 13.2 percent ot.the total extraction costs. They will
be reduced again in 1957, when they are expected to be no more than
180-182 million rubles.
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Two factors, a longer period between repairs and improvements in
deep-well pumps, have contributed to the reduction in repair costs. The
average operating life of wells before repairw became necessary was ex-
tended from 21.7 days in 1955 to 22.5 days in 1956. Meanwhile, the num-
ber of underground repair jobs per well-month decreased from 1.31 to
1.25, or 4.6 percent, and the average cost per repair job declined from
794 rubles in 1955 to 771 rubles in 1956, or 2.9 percent.
Based on the average number of repair jobs performed by a single
crew in one month, labor productivity in 1956 was 4.1 percent higher
than in 1955. In general, the average time spent on a single repair
job declined from 16.5 crew-hours in 1955 to 15.9 crew-hours in 1956, or
3.6 percent
Although well depths became deeper, particularly in exploration,
the speed of drilling increased considerably. The following table in-
dicates the changes which occurred in the speed of drilling:
Developmental Drilling
Exploratory Drilling
Meters/-
Mach-Mo
Increase
in 5-Yr
Period
Meters/-
Mach-Mo
Increase
in 5-Yr
Period
1946
543.7
183.5
--
1951
822.2
51.0
191.6
4.4
1956
1,044.9
27.1
298.6
56.0
Wells 3,500-4,000 meters deep are now drilled in 9-10 months, 25-30
percent faster than a few years ago.
These faster drilling speeds have resulted from the use of the turbo-
drill, whose proportion of the over-all drilling was as follows (in per-
cent):
1941 8.8
1951 27.7
1956 59.9
In 1956, refining volume in Azerbaydzhan rose to 1.5 times that of
1946, whereas the range of withdrawal of light products rose to 47 per-
cent from 36.6 percent in 1946. The cost of one ruble's worth of in-
dustrial production, the theoretical index of refining costs, amounted
to 97.7 kopecks.in 1956, in contrast to 98.1; kopecks in 1955, a reduction
of 0.7 percent. Costs were reduced again in 9 months of 1957 by 0.4
percent below the same period of a year earlier.
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Two items, published on pages 17 and 22, respectively, in Data on
USSR Extractive Industries, No 3, should have appeared as foUoyrs :
OIL PRODUCTION COMPARED -- Baku, Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 14 Nov 57
USSR crude oil output during the postwar period 19+6-1955 rose nearly
50 million tons. This was 1.9 times the increase in the 20 years before
the war.
By 1960, extraction is scheduled to rise 6a+ million tons, or nearly
double the increase made in the period 1951-1955 and 1.3 times that of
the 10-year period 1946-1955-
SIGNIFICANCE OF GAS SUPPLY TO MOSCOW INDICATED -- Moscow, Sovetskaya
Rossiya, 1+ Jan 58
Extraction of natural gas in the RSFSR is now 26 times that of 1940.
Natural and petroleum gas is extracted at 129 sites in this republic.
Gas is now supplied to 520,000 apartments, about 900 dining establish-
ments, and hundreds of educational and medical institutions in Moscow.
In 1913, it was supplied to only 2,700 apartments.
26
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III. FERROUS METALLURGY
FOUNDRIES OF GOR'KIY ECONOMIC ADMINISTRATIVE REGION -- Moscow, Liteynoye
Proizvodstvo, No 4, Apr 58, p 1
The sovnarkhoz of the Gor'kiy Economic Administrative Region has
considered the improvement of the work of foundries in the region not
only from the standpoint of fulfillment of current plans but also with
the idea of revealing their reserve powers and working out future actions.
This is one of the largest sovnarkhozes. In it are more than 400
enterprises, in different branches of industry and construction, with
500,000 workers.
The foundries have 65 enterprises, including 36 cast-iron foundries,
10 steel foundries, and 19 nonferrous metal foundries.
However, there is a gap between the output of cast metal and the
requirements for it in the industrial enterprises and structures of the
region. For example, the 1958 plan for cast iron is being fulfilled only
94+ percent, and it is necessary to make up the shortage with castings
from Leningrad, Kolomna, Stalingrad, Yaroslavl', and other areas, accord-
ing to previously arranged cooperation. In analyzing the work of the
foundries, the sovnarkhoz noted in many of them an out-of-date technology
and poor organization of production. In many of thei the factory space
and casting equipment are not being utilized to capacity, for example
Dvigatel' Revoluyutsii," "Krasnaya Etna," "Teplokhod," and'imeni Sverd-
lov. The amount of casting removed from one cubic meter of the total
space of the shops does not exceed 0.6-0.8 ton per year, and output of c:
casting per listed worker per year ranges from 15 to 25 tons. In the
Plant imeni Sverdlov it is 17.2 tons, in the Semenov Plant 17.3 tons,
in the Plant imeni Vorob'yev 20 tons, and in "Dvigatel' Revolutsii" 16
tons.
In the plants imeni Vorob'yev and "Dvigatel' Revolutdsi" among
other, labor consumption per ton of cast iron amounts to 60-120 man-
hours, and the production cost is 1,800-2,500 rubles. This is caused by
poor organization of the working areas, resulting from inadequate mecha-
nization of the main technological processes in the casting industry,
including charging and transport of the charging blend among other oper-
ations. Even in such an outstanding plant as the Gor'kiy Motor Vehicle)
casting production is beginning to lag behind the Moscow and Urals motor
vehicle plants in a number of the chief technical-economic indexes. Thus,
the production cost of one ton of cast gray iron is 165 rubles higher in
the Gor'kiy Motor Vehicle Plant than in the Moscow plant.
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The sovnarkhoz also established that the sanitary hygienic conditions
of work needed improvement in a number of foundries, particularly reduc-
tion of the dust and gas in the air.
It was noted that, in the case of a number of plants, construction..
assembly operations for expansion and reconstruction of the foundries
were retarded, and thus not only were considerable sums for capital in-
vestment incompletely used, but also complex introduction of the new
techniques and an increase in the level of mechanization of the foundries
were impeded.
The pay scale for leading professions in foundries also needs improve-
ment. At present, the earnings of molders, core makers, and others are
no higher than those of less qualified workers in the foundries and workers
in the machine shops. This does not stimulate the work of these main
smelter personnel.
Attaching great significance to questions of improving the work of .
foundries and developing further the casting industry of the region` the
sovnarkhoz planned a number of measures to assure a considerable increase
in casting in the next 3 years. The figures for the increases were 36
percent for cast iron, 30 percent for malleable cast iron, 15 percent
for cast steel, and 40 percent for nonferrous casting.
Production
SOME BELORUSSIAN PAINTS LAO IN PROLNTCTICI OF CAST IRON -- ) nsk, Sovet-
skaya Belorussiya, 11 Mar 58
The Belorussian figures for the February production of cast iron
were hardly better than those for January. A number of enterprises
under the Administration of Machine Building and Machine-Tool Building
failed to cope with their assignments. The administration as a whole
fulfilled the February plan for cast iron only 95 percent and for cast
steel 116 percent. The motor vehicle and tractor plants also failed in
January to fulfill the-plan for cast iron.
Data on February plan fulfillment by individual plants for cast
iron and cast steel follows (in percent):
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Enterprises
Cast Iron
Cast Steel
Minsk Tractor Plant
90
1]A
Minsk Motor Vehicle Plant
95
120
Gomel' Gomsel'mash
Minsk Plant imeni Voroshilov
103
Minsk Udarnik Plant
Minsk Bearing Plant No 11
Orsha Krasnyy Borets Plant
96
The situation was somewhat better for cast steel. Enterprises of
the Admiistration of Machine Building and Machine Tool Building fulfilled
the February plan 116 percent and, during January and February, fulfilled
the first-quarter-1958 plan 75 percent. The Plant imeni Stalin and the
Krasnyy Borets Plant did not fulfill the plan for cast steel.
The February plan fulfillment for production of rolled stock by the
Mogilev Metallurgical Plant is characterized by the following figures
(in percent):
Type of Rolled Stock
Fulfillment of
Plan for Feb 58
Fulfill.~nent of Quarter
Plan During Jan Feb 58
Steel sheet
To
Steel plate
105
38
Roofing steel
105
69
Rolled cast iron sheet
105
73
As is seen, the plant exceeded the fulfillment of the plan for
steel plate in February and thus overcame the lag which had been tolerated
in January. The workers of the enterprise are also coping successfully
with such important indexes as yield in gross production per worker. In
February, this amounted to 102 percent of the plan.
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SCOPE OF MOSKOVSKAYA OBIAST METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY -- Moscow, Leninskoye
Znasgya, 21 Mar 58
The metallurgical industry of Moskovskaya Oblast has a relatively
small place in the total of the USSR. However, the character of the pro-
ducts, the assortment of which is very extensive and complicated, makes
it one of the important links in the national econon;y of the country.
The enterprises of the Administration of the Metallurgical Industry
of the Moskovskaya Oblast Sovnarkhoz are preparing high-grade steel of
hundreds of different types. They are issued in the-form of large and
small forged pieces, castings, structural metal, sheet, strip, and wire.
The strip and wire are of the most widely different sizes including
micron. The electrotechnical, radiotechnical, and instrument-building
industries are customers for items of complicated alloys.
Enterprises of the Administration of the Metallurgical Industry made
the following pledges for 1958: delivery of above-plan production in the
amount of 70 million rubles, including steel, 5,000-tons;-rolled stock,
4,000 tons; aluminum and lead alloys, 1,1+00 tons; and delomites, 4,000
tons. The results for January and February show that these pledges are,
in the main, being fulfilled.
ORE TRUST DELIVERS ABOVE-PLAN ORE -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 23 Mar 58
Workers of the Dzerzhinsk Ore Trust have already delivered 39,700
tons of above-plan iron ore in March 1958, and the Yuzhnyy Mining and
Concentrating Combine has supplied 21,700 tons of concentrate [presumably
above plan]. Miners of the Nikopol' Manganese Trust are continuing to
increase the speed of their operations.
MAGNITKA METALLURGISTS MAID; PLEDGES -- Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 3 Apr
58
Metallurgists of Magnitka have pledged to complete the annual plan
ahead of schedule for the 3d year of the Sixth Five-Year Plan and to
deliver-above plan 15,000 tons of pig iron, 30,000 tons of steel, and
20,000 tons of rolled stock, and 100,000 tons of iron ore and the same
amount of agglomerate.
Construction
CONSTRUCTION STATUS REPORT ON NEW IRON ORE MINES -- Moscow, Stroitel'naya
Gazeta, 18 Apr 58
Constructors of iron ore enterprises in the USSR are supposed to
increase iron ore production capacities by 16,120,000 tons during 1958.
In the table which follows, 11 mines which are under construction are
listed. The table gives the construction plan status as of 1 April. The
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March construction plan was not fulfilled in the case of 5 mines out of
u, and for one mine the annual plan was fulfilled only 5 percent during
the entire first quarter, and for the second unit of another mine the
figure was only 2.5 percent.
Total
Estimated
Cost (in.. 1958 Costs Plan Fulfill-No of-Days
million
(in million meat,(, ) Before Start
Mining Enterprises
rubles
rubles); Annual. March of. Operation
Pit "3-ya I gnitka,"
Sverdlovskiy Sov-
narkhoz
Abakanskiy Mine,
Kuznetsk Metallurgi-
cal Combine
Sokolovsk-Sarbay Com-
bine, xustanayskiy
Sovnarkhoz
Yuzhno-Korobkovskiy
Mine, Kursk Magnetic
Anomaly, Belgorodskiy
Sovnarkhoz
4.5*
31.23
116.3
84+.7
4.5
6.05*
110 -1
39.7
4O
33.5
32
20.5
100.5
140
100
103
183
275
2I.9
236
Krivoy Rog Mine
"Kamenistaya,"
Dnepropetrovskiy
Sovnarkhoz
211.1*
16*
19.8
111.5
275
Sheregeshskiy Mine,
Kuznetsk Wtallurgical
Combine
8.3
2.9*
14.7
54
275
Tashtagol Mine, Kuznetsk
Metallurgical Combine
5.8
1i.9*
13.2
78
275
Shalym Mine, Kuznetsk
Metallurgical Combine
1.47
o..63*
11.8*
200
275
Krivoy Rog Mine
Yuzhnaya," Dneprope4
trovskiy Sovnarkhoz
23.3
11.5*
1o.1.
82.3
275
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Total
Estimated
Cost (in
million
1958 Costs Plan Fulfill- No of Days
(in million merit (%) Before Start
Mtning Enterprises
rubles)
rubles)
Annual Nkrch of Operation
Atasuskiy Mine,
Karagandinskiy
Sovnarkhoz
26.3*
10.7*
5*
80
183
Chernomorskiy )fine,
second unit,
Khersonskiy
Sovnarkhoz
22.3
8.8
2.5
35
260
*Figures revised after review of planned volume of contract con-
struction and assembly work
ROLLING MILL CONSTFUCTION STATUS REPCJ! -- Moscow, Stroitel'naya Gazeta,
23 Apr 58
At the beginning of the second quarter of 1958, a serious lag was
apparent iii USSR rollifgfltttll construction. The table below lists seven
rolling mills scheduled for construction in 1958. The ) rch construction
plan was fulfilled for only one of these installations, and in the case
of two others, construction and assembly work has not even been started.
Most of the groups of construction workers also failed to fulfill the
January and February plans. The table gives the construction status of
the rolling mills as of 1 April 1958.
Total
Estimated
Cost (in
million
1958 Costs Plan Ful- No of Days
(in million fillment (%) Before Start
Rolling )t.lls
rubles)
rubles)
Annua
March of Operation
Nizhniy Tagil "650"
rolling mill
124
80
23.2
105.6
264
Krivoy Rog contin-
uous billet mill..
50.9
19
17.4
63.3
32
Cherepovets blooming
mill 83.65 70 13.4 68.5 275
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Total
Estimated
Cost (in
1958 Costs Plan Ful-
No of Days
million
(in million filament ) - efore Start
Rolling Mills
rubles
rubles)
Annu
March of Operation
Asha sheet mill
45.8
32.5
12.4
80
249
Magnitogorsk slab
Mill
128
70.8
8.9
90
24+9
Krivoy Rog light
section mill No 2
65.7
250
Dneprodzerzhinsk
rolling mill for
deformed sections
17.5
250
CONSTRUCTION STATUS HEPORI ON NEW CCKE BATTERIES -- Moscow, Stroitel'naya
Gazeta, 27 Apr 58
Construction on the nine new USSR coke batteries is continuing..
Only a very small percent of the annual construction plan was completed
during the first quarter in the case of five of them, and the March plan
was fulfilled only in the case of Magnitogorsk battery No 11. Yasinovka
battery No 5 should already be in operation, but it has been delayed by
the failure of the Leningrad Cable Plant to fill its orders. The follow-
ing table gives the construction status as of 1 April 1958.
Total
Estimated
Cost (in
million
1958 Costs Plan Ful-
(in million fillment
No of Days
Before Start
Battery
rubles
. March
rubles) Anrna of operation
Yasinovka No 5,
Stalinskiy
Sovnarkhoz
51.1
15
57
52.7
Overdue
Voroshilovskaya
No 3, Iuganskiy
Sovnarkhoz
33.8
21.11*
50.3
19.1
91
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Total
Estimated
Cost (in
million
1958 Costs Plan Ful- No of Days
(in million fillment (%) Before Start
Battery
rubles)
rubles)'
xnnu
March of Operation
Bagleyskaya No 7,
Dnepropetrovskiy
Sovnarkhoz
61.6*
33.6*
17.2
62.5
153
Magnitogorsk No U,
Chelyabinskiy Sov-
narkhoz
100
77.1
17.6
100
220
Cherepovets No i+,
Vologodskiy Sov-
narkhoz
29.5
17.2
6.1
53.2
275
Voroshilovskaya
No 4+, Luganskiy
Sovnarkhoz
18.7
17.6*
5.42
1.65
183
Bagleyskaya No 8,
Dnepropetrovskiy
Sovnarkhoz
25.6*
23.4*
4*
224
Novolipetsk No 4
122.5
112.5
2.7
1.1
275
Yasinovka No 6,
Stalinskiy
Sovnarkhoz
66.3
50.2
0.8
77.2
275
**No quota for first quarter; actually work costing 100,000 rubles
was completed in March and work costing 950,000 rubles in the first
quarter.
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Technology
NEW TYPES OF STEEL FOR OIL TANKS -- I.bscow, Byulleten' Tekhniko-'
Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, No 3, Mar 57, p 14
Dimensions for metal oil tanks and the material for preparing them
must be chosen with particular care to assure dependable service, espe-
cially in areas where the temperature goes down to -50 degrees.
A safe temperature, depending on pressure, for using different types
of sheet tank steel has been established by the welding laboratory of
VNIIStroyneft' (All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Contruction
in the Petroleum and Gas Industry) in collaboration with the chair of
materials management of the Moscow Petroleum Institute imeni Gubkin, and
a noncritical steel has been recommended, the use of which will assure
dependable service of tanks in areas with long periods of below-freezing
temperatures.
It has been established that the main factor complicating the per-
formance of tanks while in use is the utilization of steel which becomes
brittle at low temperatures. The primary disintegration is observed in
the basic metal near the welded seams or directly in the welded seams.
If the steel is in a brittle state, then disintegration develops quickly
along the entire height of the body of the container. If the steel is
ductile, the development of a crack is limited to small sections.
Five types of steel were studied: Bessemer steel, type BSt-3, used
for the construction of riveted tanks; low-carbon, open-hearth, rimmed
steel I4St-3, used until 1951 for constructing welded tanks; low-carbon,
open-hearth, killed steel type Wt-3, from which oil tanks are constructed
at present; open-hearth steel type MSt-3 with the improved deoxidization
practice, proposed for tank construction by VNIIStroyneft' and supplied
according to ChMI'U (Ferrous Metallurgy Technical Specifications) 5232-55;
and low-alloy manganese steel proposed by the Central Scientific Research
Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy (experimental-industrial batch smelted
according to ChMPU 5057-55).
Detailed study of these steels by existing methods for quality com-
parison and also by a method for quantity evaluation worked out by the
authors of this article indicated that the use in tank construction of
steels of type BSt-3 and Mt-3 rimmed and also Mt-3 with special deoxida-
tion does not assure the dependable service of the structures in winter
time. Thus, at a pressure of approximately 12 kilograms per square mil-
limeter, observed in tanks with a capacity of over 2,000 cubic meters
when they are completely full, Bessemer steel BSt-3 may crack even at a
plus temperature, M5t-3 rimmed steel at about 0 degrees, and killed steel
with special deoxidation at a temperature of -25 degrees.
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Use of the new types of steel M St-3 with improved deoxidation ac-
cording to ChNrU 5232-55 and low-alloy manganese steel according to
ChMt'U 5057-55 will assure dependable performance of tanks with a capacity
of 5,000 cubic meters at a temperature of -50 degrees when the tank is
filled to the very top. The cost of Mt-3 steel with improved deoxidation
is no higher than-that of the formerly-used killed steel type Mt-3.
Results of tests of properties of improved killed steel, carried
out for plants and contractors (Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine and
Makeyevka and Voroshilov metallurgical plants) in VNIIStroyneft' and SW
(Construction and Installation Administration) No 9 of Trust No 7 of the
Ministry of Construction of Enterprises of the Petroleum Industry verified
the expediency of using this steel for tanks. Metallurgical plants have
smelted and rolled more than 25,000 tons of steel into sheets for oil
tanks. At present, this steel is being supplied in mass amounts, accord-
ing to the continuously operating ChNTU 5232-55, for the entire program
of tank construction of the Ministry of Construction of Enterprises of
the Petroleum Industry.
NEW TYPE COKE OVEN TO EE TRIED OUT -- Moscow, Pronyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 21 Mar 58
A coke oven of a new type in which the air and gas are heated not
in regenerators: but in recuperators was designed by Lecturer ICialabuzar,
Candidate in Technical Sciences. Other things being equal, such a direct-
flow coke oven is 17 percent more productive than the-existing ones. How-
ever, years have passed and this improved aggregate has not yet been
introduced into production.
Newspaper correspondence on the subject was examined in the ferrous
metallurgy section of Gosplan USSR, and the reply was made that the work-
ing out of the plan for the construction of experimental coke ovens of
the Khalabuzar design was included in the work program of Giprokoks (state
Institute for the Design and Planning of Enterprises of the Coke-Chemical
Industries) and would be carried out in the third quarter of 1958. The
date for finishing the working designs (chertezhey) would be fixed with
(pri) the examination of the plan.
SUCCESSFUL METHOD DEVISED FOR DESUIFURIZING PIG IRON -- Moscow, Pron yshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 4Apr 58
Sulfur is the plague of ferrous metallurgy. It impairs the mechanical
properties of the metal, lowers its plasticity, and gives it a hot brittle-
ness. In forging and rolling steel with a high sulfur content, cracks
appear in semifinished products and in finished items. The harmful in-
fluence of sulfur makes necessary careful desulfurization of the metal.
The modern level of blast-furnace and open-hearth production permits the
output of low-sulfur metal but great difficulties are involved,
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In smelting pig iron, coke appears to be the chief'source of sulfur.
Even a slight variation in the sulfur content leads to an increase in the
consumption of this critical metallurgical fuel and a decrease in the pro-
ductivity of the furnaces.
The fight against sulfur must be carried out in all stages of metal-
lurgical production -- agglomeration and coking, as well as others. How-
ever, it is not effective in all stages. This gave rise rise to the idea
of separating the sulfur from the metal outside of the smelting aggregates,
i.e., desulfurization of the pig iron outside of the blast furnace. This
is possible because the chemical and physical properties of pig iron make
it considerably easier to desulfurize than steel.
In addition to improving the quality of the metal, desulfurization
outside the blast furnace increases the productivity of the blast-
furnaces and lavers the consumption of coke, limestone, ' and :,ma1 ganese
ore.. The process of blast furnace smelting is considerably ,sixtplified,
and production costs of pig iron are decreased. - ;
The idea of desulfurizing pig iron-outside of the blast furnace is
being developed in two directions. Cheap and effective desulfuri?ers are
being sought, and methods are being developed to assure the obtaining of
low-sulfur, high-grade metal. There are many methods of desulfurizing
pig iron, but not one of them has been used on a broad scale industrially.
An essential fault inherent is all known methods is that they do not as-
sure good intermixing of the.metal with the desulfurizer; the contact
time between them is limited.
Desulfurizing pig iron with solid lime in rotary furnaces seems to
be the method with the best prospects. This method has been tested by
the Institute of Metallurgy of the Academy of Sciences USSR in collabora-
tion with workers of the Novo-i.petsk Metallurgical Plant.
The experiments were carried out in two furnaces with a capacity of
1 1/2 and 3 tons. One of these was lined with chamotte brick 65 milli-
meters thick and the other with chrome-magnesite of the same thickness.
For insulation, sheet asbestos 10 millimeters thick and porous chamotte
brick 65 millimeters thick were used. The total thickness of the lining
was about 140 millimeters. The furnaces operated at two speeds of rota-
tion -- 4+2 and 72 revolutions per minute -- which corresponded to a
peripheral speed of ratation of 2.5 and 1.1i meters per second, respectively.
Before desulfurizing, the lining of the furnace was heated by a jet
burner to 1,100-1,200 degrees. When the temperature of the lining of the
furnace reached 900-1,000 degrees, the desulfurizer, lime, was loaded in
the furnace and heated 40-60 minutes. During this time, the lime actually
went through a secondary roasting. To create a reducing atmosphere in
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the furnace, coke fines sized 1-3 or 1-5 millimeters were loaded into
it for several minutes before filling it up with pig iron (upder oxidiz-
ing conditions, lime is a poor desulfurizer and, without reduction,
desulfurization of the pig iron is impossible). Then the pig iron is
loaded into the furnace, and the openings in it are tightly closed with
covers so that the air of the atmosphere does not get inside. The
furnace is rotated for 2-15 minutes.
After completion of the desulfurization, the pig iron from the
rotary furnace goes either to a converter for conversion to Bessemer
steel or directly to the foundry.
The chemical content of the pig iron does not exercise a decisive
influence on the process of desulfurization. Pig irons with a high silicon
and phosphorus content and pig irons with a low silicon and manganese con-
tent are easily desulfurized by such a method.
The success of the process depends largely on the fluidity of the
metal. The greater this is, the better the mixing proceeds and the more
quickly the sulfur is separated from the pig iron. In desulfirizing in
a rotary furnace, one succeeds in avoiding negative effects inherent in
other methods. Increase in the intensity of mixing the pig iron with
the desulfurizer shortens the desulfurization process, and in 2-4 minutes
up to 50-70 percent of the sulfur is removed from the pig iron. With a
peripheral speed of the furnace of 4.4 meters per second, the sulfur
content of the pig iron is lowered in 5 minutes from 0.08-0.1 to 0.01-
0.02 percent. However, this speed is far from the best. If it is raised
to 5-6 meters per second, it will be possible to reduce desulfurizing
time to 2-3 minutes, and, in this case, 90 percent of the sulfur will be
removed from the pig iron.
Plants, Combines, Nines,-Deposits
FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES IMPEDE NOVO-LIPETSK PLANT CONSTRUCTION -- Moscow,
Stroitel'naya Gazeta, 14 May 58
On 29 March 1958, N. D. Malinenko, deputy chairman of the Lipetskiy
Sovnarkhoz, approved the third variant this year of the title list of
the Novo-Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant. The economic significance of this
event is characterized by the figures 650 million rubles and 332 million
rubles. The first figure represents the annual plan for capital invest-
ment for the entire Lipetsk Economic Administrative Region. The second
figure is the annual plan for capital investment for the Novo-Lipetsk
Metallurgical Plant, and this is more than one half the entire allotment
for the economic region.
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The construction of this plant has been underway not one or 2 but
10 years. The enterprise, already in operation, has funished its pro-
ducts to the state for a number of years, but it does not yet have a.
completed technological cycle. The shops and complexes have been built
one by one. "The plant utilizes imported slabs for the hot rolling shop,
but its production is far from that provided for in its planned quota.
The sovnarkhoz decided to construct and deliver the electric steel
smelting shop this year at a cost of something over 60 million rubles,but
according-to the title list,'a total of I7,250,000,rubles was released for
this project. How can a shop be put in operation'if its allotment is 13
million rubles less than the requirements for its estimated costs?
Along with the electric steel foundry, the start of the construction
of blast furnace No 3 is recorded on the first page of the title list.
In this connection, one million rubles is released. The next item is
the agglomerating factory. Its complete estimated cost is 39.5 million
rubles. It is planned to put the factory in operation in 1959. Accord-
ing to the title list, 4 million rubles is allotted for this factory,
including 3 million rubles for construction-assembly work.
The cold rolling shop is mentioned in the same title list with a
total estimated cost of 201 million rubles. According to the title list
for 1958, 5 million rubles is released for this shop. From the point of
view of economic expediency, it would be more reasonable either to plan
a great volume of work on the cold rolling shop in 1958 or to do nothing
at all.
In 1952, the construction of the repair-machine shop was started
with a total estimated cost of 19 million rubles. During 6 years, 7
million rubles was appropriated. Completion of the construction of the
shop would permit the output on the spot of nonstandard parts necessary
during assembly work. However, during 1958, a total of 3 million rubles
was-released for this, and this amount does not assure, in any measure,
even a partial operation of the shop.
Another shop, or more accurately, complex, is coke battery No 4.
The construction and start of operations of the coke battery of the Novo-
Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant were approved by a special government decree.
Without coke there is no normal cycle in ferrous metallurgy. The neces-
sary volume of construction-assembly work for this coke battery in 1958
in fixed at a cost price of 83 million rubles, but the sovnarkhoz has
allotted a total of only 50.5-million rubles for coke battery No 1+.
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NEW AGGLOMERATING COMBINE IN OPERATION -- Moscow, Izvestiya, 30 Mar 58
Recently, the Lebyaahinakiy Agglomerating Combine was put in opera-
tion.. This is the third mining enterprise for the preparation of,con-
centrated blast furnace raw material at the Nizhne-Tagil Metallurgical
Combine.
NEW ) 'TALUJRGICAL FACILITIES IN THE URALS -- Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya,
16 Mar 58
Workers of the Tagilstroy Trust have put the Lebyazhinskiy Agglomer-
ating Combine in operation. The Nizhne-Tagil blast furnaces have received
the first hundreds of tons of prepared raw anatetiAls "f'rom'' he new com.?
bane.
A new completely automatized blast furnace has been blown in at the
Serov Metallurgical Combine. In 1958, two agglomerating belts will start
operating in the Serov and Goroblagodatskiy combines. A large iron-mine
is being constructed in Kushva. In the Pervouralisk New Pipe Plant, a
shop for making especially thin walled pipe will be put in operation.
EQUIPMENT FOR KRIVOY ROG BLAST FURNACE NO 4 -- Moscow, Pronrshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 23 Mar 58
The Krivoy Rog Komsomol blast furnace No 4 will be the largest in
the southern part of the USSR. It will be equipped with 1O-cubic-meter
skips to unload the charge, 100-ton scoops for transporting the pig iron,
and slag conveyers with 16.5-cubic-meter capacities. The gas pressure at
the top will be raised to 1.5 atmospheres. A rotor type car dumper will be
set up in the stockyard of the furnace.
BAKU PLANT TO EXPAND -- Balm, Bakinskiy Rabochly, 4 Mar 58
In 1959, the Baku Pipe-Rolling Plant will put in operation a second
"250" pipe-rolling mill. The construction of new open-hearth furnaces
is also planned.
NEW EQUIPMENT AT ORSK-KBALILOVO COMBINE -- Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya,
27 Mar 58
On 26 March, the first open-hearth furnace of eight planned was put
in operation in the Orsk-Khalilovo Metallurgical Combine. At 1100 hours
in the morning the first steel was delivered. Smelting proceeded normally.
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Moscow, Pronyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 30 Mar 58
Constructors of the second Komsomol blast furnace of the Orsk-
Khalilovo Metallurgical Combine completed the assembly of the first
blast heater one month ahead of schedule.
COMBThE TARDY IN DELIVERING FETAL -- Moscow, PronTshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 28` Mar 58
Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine is the supplier of metal for
many thousands of enterprises. Complaints of lack of promptness in the
delivery of metal are often lodged against the combine. Just in the
past year, the combine had to pay fines of more than 12 million rubles
in this matter.
In many cases the delays in fulfillment of orders were caused by in-
ternal disorders.
NEW Mfl E IN KERCH' IRON ORE DEPOSIT -- Baku, Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 2 Apr 58
On 31 March 1958, the large new Chernomorskiy nine was put in opera-
tion in the Kerch' iron ore deposit. The first unit of the new mine vill
deliver 1.5 million tons of ore per year.
After a well-attended meeting in honor of the start in operations
of the new mine, the first trainload of ore was dispatched to the con-
centrating_ factory.
SOW SPECIFICATIONS OF ORES C*' KURSK MAGNETIC ANOMALY -- Moscow, Pravda,
3 Apr 58
Little more than one tenth of the area covered by the Kursk Magnetic
Anomaly has been explored in detail. The remaining part of it is opened
up only by sparse, solitary boreholes.
The ores from deposits in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly are on the
whole of very high quality. A great part of the ore from the Belgorod-
skiy area meets the requirements not only of blast furnaces, but also
open-hearth furnaces. The average iron cdntent of these ores exceeds
60 percent. They contain little silica, which distinguishes them favor-
ably from the ores of the Krivoy Rog Basin.
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The ores of the Belgorodskiy area lie at an average depth of 500
meters beneath a layer of friable sedimentary rock with some watery
levels and can be worked only by the underground method. The iron ores
of the Iebedinskoye, li.khaylovskoye, Kurbakinskoye, and,a number of
other deposits can be worked by the open-pit method and, in the central
part of the Mikhaylovskoye deposit, without preliminary drying of the
pit .
RICH IRON DEPOSIT DISCOVERED NEAR ANGARA RIVER -- Moscow, Ieninskoye
Znanya, 22 Mar 58
In the region of the Angara River, ore has been discovered which is
50 percent pure iron. It does not need to be concentrated but can be
directly smelted in blast furnaces. Nowhere in the world does ore like
this occur in such great quantities.
Scrap Metal
CONTINUED EMPRASIS ON IMPO 2ANCE OF SCRAP NOTAL -- Moscow, Pronrshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 7 Mar 58
About one half of all the steel which is smelted in the USSR comes
from ferrous scrap metal. In this connection, it is extremely important
to supply steel-smelting shops continuously with scrap metal.
The USSR has tremendous reserves of scrap metal. One of the large
sources, coming from industry and agriculture, consists in particular of
worn out equipment which from year to year is replaced by new apparatuses.
However, many directors of economic organizations underestimate the
value of scrap and do not fulfill the plan for supplying it to steel
smelting shops. During 2 months of .1958, metallurgical plants have failed
to receive more than 300,000 tons of ferrous scrap metal. For example,
in February, the Kuznetsk Wtallurgical Combine failed to receive 15,000
tons of scrap, the Nizhne-Tagil Combine, 10,000 tons, and the Vyksa and
Kulebaki plants, 7,000 tons.
Sovnarkhozes, for example, the Kemerovskiy, Permskiy, Volagodskiy,
and Irkutskiy sovnarkhozes, are not conducting the collection and ship-
ment of scrap effectively. The ministries of transport construction and
railways are also failing to.do their part. During 2 months, the South-
eastern, the Volga, the Moscow-Kursk-Donbass, and the Kazan' railway
systems have failed to deliver about 14,000 tons of metal scrap, although
one of them, the Moscow-Kursk-Donbass Railway System alone, would have
been able to deliver 15,000 tons of metal scrap for resemelting'from un-
suitable rails, metal sleepers, etc.
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SCRAP METAL RICHER IN IRON THAN HIGH-GRADE ORE -- Moscow, Sovetskaya
Rossiya, 5 Apr 58
Ore-containing 40-50 percent iron is considered rich. In scrap
metal there is almost 100.percent pure metal. From 10 tons of scrap
metal it is possible to obtain enough steel for three GAZ-51 or two ZIS-
150 motor vehicles. Almost one half of all the steel in the USSR is ob-
tained from ferrous metal scrap.
Organizations of Rosglavvtormet (RSFSR Fain Administration for Scrap
Metal) provided about 12 million tons of scrap metal in 1957. More than
one third of this was sent to plants in antunprepared state. Such scrap
leads to an overconsumption of fuel and lengthens the process of charging
the furnaces and decreases their productivity. Steel smelting can be in-
creased-5-7 percent if enterprises of Rosglavvtormet are supplied with
powerful presses capable of reprocessing all scrap metal.
liscellaneous
SVERDLOVSK PLANT DESIGNS IARGEST BLAST FURNACE -- Moscow, Sovetskaya
Rossiya, 30 Mar 58
? The design offices of the Sverdlovsk Uralmash Plant have begun the
design of the largest blast furnace in the world. The US has a blast
furnace with a volume of 1,815 cubic meters and considers this to be the
largest. The volume of the new Soviet furnace will be 2,286 cubic meters.
It will deliver about 3,000 tons of metal in 24 hours. The equipment for
the furnace is being designed by A. Olenev, I. Beyzer, M. Plotnikov, and
other skilled designers.
NEW HIGH-CAPACITY ROLLING MILL FOR USSR -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 14 Feb
58
Rolling mill "2500" for continuous hot rolling is one of the largest
rolling mills in the world. It will roll twice as much thin sheet in a
year as Zaporozhstal?. The new rolling mill is intended for rolling a
strip 1.5-12 millimeters in thickness and 2,350 millimeters wide. American
rolling mills roll narrower strips at a speed of 11.7 meters per second,
but this machine is considerably faster.
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Rolling mill "2500" has another advantage over the American machine.
In the train of the mill, a reel of the most modern design is set up for
winding 12-millimeter strip into rolls. The entire process from the
feeding of slabs into the heating furnace to the delivery of strip in
rolls is mechanized and automatized. Actually, rolling mill "2500" is by
its nature a rolling plant. It will be placed in a building about 700
meters long.
PIAPNIRG AND DESIGNING OFFICE SPECIALISTS DESIGN BLAST MRNACE DEVICES
Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 29 liar 58
The Dnepropetrovsk Affiliate of the Central Planning and Designing
Office is the only organization in theUkraine which takes an interest
in the automatization of mechanisms in metallurgical plants and mining
enterprises. It has competent ajecialists who have made designs of auto-
matic regulation and control installations for the majority of blast
furnaces in the USSR.
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IV. NONFERROUS METALIlARY
General
NONFERROUS INDUSTRY NEEDS FUMHO BOOSTING TO MEET INpUSTRIAL REQUIREMENTS --
Moscow, Prco shlenno-Ekoncmicheskaya Gazeta, 12 Max 58
During the past years, the nonferrous metallurgical ore-mining industry
has been successfully developing. The level of techniques and production
technology in mining operations have improved. About 50 percent of the ore
is extracted by the open-pit method. However, the level of the ore-mining
economy still fails to meet the increased requirements of the industry. To
a great extent, this is because the machine-building industry is not issuing
enough suitable mining machinery and is not creating enough highly pro-
ductive mining and, transport equipment. In particular, it is producing few
powerful rock excavators, electric locomotives, dump cars, and automatic duffip
trucks with a load capacity of 25-4+0 tons for open-pit operations. It is
also slow in creating power-operated equipment for underground operations,
especially excavators and, bulldozers, drilling aggregates, and other highly
productive machinery.
In addition, many mining enterprises which have highly productive ma-
chinery use it most unsatisfactorily. As an example, at the Norilsk Mining
and Metallurgical Combine and the Zhdanov Ore Administration excavators and
drilling machines are utilized not more than 45 percent of calendar time.
The enterprises of the Magadanskiy Sovnarkhoz have good prospects for
developing open-pit mining, but the directors of the sovnarkhoz are not taking
the necessary measures for speeding up the conversion from the underground
method to dredging and open-pit operations.
By directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the extensive use of im-
proved methods of ore concentration is planned. Some of these methods have
already been introduced into production. For ele, the Len3.nogorsk Concen-
trating Factory has introduced a method of collective flotation of sulfides of
copper, zinc, and lead., with a subsequent selective flotation of the concen-
trate. This has permitted lowering the total cost of processing ore more than
20 percent, and at the same time, it has increased the productivity of the
crushing department almost 25 percent.
However, the Krasnoural'sk and Kirovograd concentrating factories of the
Urals are too slow in introducing selective flotation of copper-zinc ores.
Up to now, the progressive method of concentrating ores in heavy suspension
solutions has not been used extensively enough, particularly in the Zolotush-
insk and. Sadon ore administrations.
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The introduction in concentrating factories of stage crushing and
flotation in processing copper-zinc, lead-zinc, and copper-nickel ores and
also selective flotation of copper-zinc ores of the Urals will permit ex-
traction of 5-8 percent more metal in the concentrate. By this means,
additional metal to the value of 76 million rubles per year may be obtained.
In 1957, the construction of an installation for roasting alumina in a
fluidized bed was proposed in the Ural Aluminum Plant and an installation
for sintering a nepheline charge was proposed for the Volkhov Aluminum Plant.
However, construction has not yet begun on t: tese installations.
Important tasks face the aluminum industry. In the first place, tech-
nological processes for obtaining alumina must be improved. Continuously
operating processes must be introduced more quickly to replace the present
batch processes.
Conversion to the continuous process of lixiviation, desil.iconization,
and decomposition in the production of alumina would increase labor produc-
tivity 50 percent and assure a saving of at least 500,000 tons of steam per
year.
KOLA PENINSULA RICH IN MINERAL WEALTH -- Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 4 Max 58
It is difficult to find a branch of the USSR industry where the mineral
wealth of the Kola Peninsula is not utilized. Thus the apatite-nepheline
industry of Murmanskaya Oblast furnishes more than three fourths of all the
raw materials for phosphorus fertilizers of the USSR and the copper-nickel
enterprises supply more than one third of all the nickel. The oblast supplies
the northwest metallurgical industry with iron ore. The mineral resources of
the Kola Peninsula have the most widespread use in the chemical, radio, and
electrical industries; in the smelting of rare metals; and in the most varied
branches of the new techniques.
During the past 10 years, about 100 large deposits have been explored
and reveal in their contents more than three fourths of all known chemical
elements. Murmanskaya Oblast is unique in the world in the degree of concen-
tration of useful minerals.
The tremendous'explored supplies of mineral raw materials and the devel-
oped industry open up great possibilities for further and more intensive ex-
ploitation of the wealth of the Kola Peninsula. However, there is a great
gap between the discovered resources of mineral raw materials and the rate of
their industrial exploitation. At present, the only useful mineral deposits
being worked are the apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny Mountains, the
iron ores of Mt Olen'ya, the nickel ore deposits of Monche and Pechenga., and
the Yena-Kovdor micas. Rare elements are also worked on a small scale. But
in these deposits the scope of mining is much less than the potential possibil-
ities of the ore base. The extraction of ore by the Apatite Combine has not
amounted to more than 5 percent of explored resources during 30 years.
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Production
EAST KAZAKHSTAN ENTERPRISES FULFILL PLAN FOR NONFERROUS METALS -- Moscow,
Tsvetn'yye Metally, No 3, Max 58, p 6
With the reconstruction of the Administration of Industry and Construc-
tion, the nonferrous metallurgical industry of the Voatochno-Kazakbstanskiy
Sovnarkhoz is rapidly increasing the rate of production of nonferrous metals.
Thus, in 1957, the plan for extracting polymetallic ore was fulfilled
105 percent, a production increase of 9 percent over 1956. The plan for
smelting lead,, zinc, copper, and cadmium, for the production of sulfuric
acid, and for tin and tungsten concentrates was considerably exceeded.
On the whole, the nonferrous industry of the economic administrative
region fulfilled the 1957 plan for gross production 102.8 percent, a 12.4
percent production increase over 1956. Labor productivity was 4.7 percent
higher than called for by the plan. Savings from reducing costs of produc-
tion amounted to tens of millions of rubles.
In the second half of 1957, all enterprises fulfilled the monthly pro-
duction plans even though in the first half year there were many cases of
nonfulfillment. In the second half year, increase in ore extraction amounted
to 16 percent over the first half year and increase in the total smelting of
lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium was 6 percent over the first half year.
MEDNOGORSK COMBINE TO INCREASE TYPES OF PRODUCTION -- Moscow, Prcmrshlenno
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 2 Apr 58
In the Mednogorsk Copper-Sulfur Combine, it has been decided to install
an apparatus for the extraction of dispersed metals from pyrite raw materials.
Construction of the pyrometallurgical department is being completed where the
mechanisms for the rotary furnace will be tested. When the new shop starts
operating, the combine will put out five to six types of products instead of
two as at present.
Technology
NEW METHOD FOR SMELTING LEAD AGGLOME10M -- Moscow, Pravda, 25 Mar 58
Producers and scientists have successfully conducted experiments in the
Leninogorsk Polymetallic Combine on smelting lead agglomerate in a high-power
electric furnace. The experiments have demonstrated the advantage of this
method over existing methods of processing lead raw materials. However, the
new method has still not been introduced on an industrial scale.
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ALUMINUM INDUSTRY TO RAISE ALREADY HIGH PRODUCTION INDEXES -- Moscow,
Prcmyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 23 Mar 58
The technical-economic indexes of the USSR aluminum industry are
higher than for other countries. This is the result of daring, creative
prospecting. Creating and mastering an improved technology of the elec-
trolysis of aluminum and continually increasing the ampere load (density
of current) on the basis of the introduction of acid electrolytes, scien-
tists and workers of the plants have uncovered enormous reserves. During
the past 5 years, capacities in plants have increased almost 20 percent.
Labor productivity has also increased considerably and production costs
have been lowered.
"'evertheless, all the reserves of aluminum production are far from
being developed. Acceleration of the technological processes together with
increase in new capacities seems as before the most important task of work-
ers of the aluminum industry. It has been estimated that improvement in
technology will permit another 20-percent increase in aluminum output in the
next years.
Plants, Combines, Mines, Deposits
PLATS TAKES MEASURES TO CURTAIL LOSSES IN COPPER -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya
Pravda, 3 Apr 58
In 1957 alone, the Dzhezkazgan Copper Plant incurred losses in copper
amounting to more than 3,000 tons. At present, effective measures are being
taken to combat losses in metal. A second concentrating factory is being
constructed there, the capacity of the electric power center is being in-
creased, and the repair-machine shop and other auxiliary services are being
expanded. Efforts are under way to curtail and simplify the administrative
apparatus.
AZERBAYDZHAN ALUMINUM PLANT CAPACITY TO BE INCREASED -- Baku, Bakinskiy
Rabochiy, 4 Mar 58
The construction of the Kirovabad Alumina Plant and the Zaglik Alunite
Mine within the Azerbaydzhan SSR will create a raw material base within the
republic for -the Sumgait Aluminum Plant and lead to a considerable increase
in its capacity.
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VOIKHOZ PIA -11T OB'-A_T_1TS LUMINA FROM NEPEELINE -- Moscow, Nauka i Zhizn',
No 4, Apr 57, PP 14, 16
The Volkhoz A1-aminrau Plant was assigned the task of processing nephe-
line obtained from the Kola Peninsula, where it was a waste product in the
production of apatite from nepheline-apatite ores. When this waste nephe-
line is processed, a nepheline concentrate is formed which contains 30 per-
cent alumina, 20 percent sodium oxide, 43 percent silica, and 7 percent
other compounds.
The Volkhov Aluminum Plant has already delivered hundreds of thousands
of tons of alumina and soda products and more than one million tons of Port-
land cement. Recently, the plant was able to extract from nepheline another
element, the rare metal gallium, which is required for various instruments
and for the semiconductor industry.
The experiment in processing nepheline in the Volkhoz Plant has shown
that the cost of producing alumina from nepheline is approximately the same
as the cost of producing it from bauxites.
LARGE NEW ALUMINUM PIANT FOR KRASNOYARSK -- Budapest, Kohaszati Lapok, No 1,
Jan 58, p 41
An aluminum plant being built in Krasnoyarsk will be the largest alumi-
num factory in the world. Its 232 factory buildings will be constructed on
172 hectares of land. Seventeen of the buildings will be electrolysis mills.
Manufacture will be as mechanized as possible and this will reduce production
costs about 25 percent. The raw material base for the plant is about 80 kilo-
mete s distant in the Gortshaya mountains.
STALINGRAL PLANT TO PRODUCE ALUMINUM BY 7 NOVEMBER 1958 -- Moscow, Stroitel'-
naya Gazeta, 14 May 58
The buildings of the Stalingrad Aluminum Plant rise on extensive grounds
on the outskirts of the city of Stalingrad. This is one of the largest alumi-
num plants in the USSR. It should be delivering its first aluminum by the
41st anniversary of the October Revolution.
FERROALLOYS PIANT PUTTS NEW SHOP IN OPERATION -- Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 16 Mar
58
Workers of the Zestafoni Ferroalloys Plant have fulfilled the obligations
which they assumed in honor of elections to the Supreme Soviet USSR. They
completed their 2--month quota 111 percent. Late in the evening of 14 March,
they put eiectrol;;-tic manganese shop No 3 in operation and delivered its first
production.
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Workers of plant shop No 1 in particular distinguished themselves by
delivering 94O tons of above-plan ferroalloys in 2 months.
KUZNETSK PLANT HAS NEW UP-TO-DATE FURNACE -- Moscow, Pravda, 16 Mar 58
A new furnace has been put in operation in the Kuznetsk Ferroalloys
Plant. It is equipped with all modern domestic fittings and apparatus.
All processes of the furnace are completely mechanized and automatized.
COPPER-MOLYBDENUM CCHBINE ACWIRES NEW PRODUCTION FACILITIES -- Yerevan,
Kcmmunist, 14 Mar 58
The Kadzharan Copper-Molybdenum Combine, one of the largest of the
quickly growing enterprises of the Armenian SSR, began to produce in 1952.
In a short time, four workers' settlements were established here. Every
year, several tens of millions of rubles is spent here just for capital
construction.
During the first days of 1958, a new ore chute was put in operation
and joined the open pit with the underground mine, facilitating the trans-
port of ore. The automatic machines which were formerly used were set free
to be moved to other sections.
In 1957, the average monthly pay of V. Akopyan, operator of an automatic
machine,: was .. 3, 990 rubies.. During_ the past 1. years, the mine has re-
ceived a great amount of equipment, as a result of which almost all opera-
tions are mechanized. In 1957, labor productivity increased to 1.5 that of
1954 and wages by 35 percent over 1954. Hundreds of miners receive 3,000-
4,000 rubles per month. The average wages for a worker in the mine were
about 1,500 rubles in 1957.
ARMENIAN MINING ENTERPRISE EXPANDS -- Yerevan, Kommunist, 17 Mar 58
The small railroad station Akhtala lies sheltered in a deep gorge of
the Debed River. Above it tower craggy mountains stretching out to the
north and northwest of A--,menia. These mountains, which are covered with
thick bushes, hold r thin their depths valuable minerals such as zinc, lead,
copper, barite, sulfur pyrite, and cadmium.
Even in antiquity, people mined and smelted copper ore here, but from
the end of the 19th Century, French concessionaires took possession of the
mines. In 1950, an independent enterprise, the Akhtala Exploratory and Ex-
ploitation Mine Field was established. However, exploratory work conducted
in those first years by geologists did not yield positive results. It was
only when the boreholes and exploratory tunnels cut deeper levels of the
deposit that they revealed large ore bodies, and the first thousands of tons
of rich polymetallic ore were brought above ground.
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Recently, miners of Akhtala have discussed the future development of
their enterprise. It is planned to reconstruct the underground workings,
to work out a new method for opening up ore bodies, and to unite the deep
Shamlug tunnel with the Akhtala mine so as to increase ore production by
1963 to five times that of 1958. A large concentrating factory will be
built to process. this ore. The factory will have two independent lines,
one for concentrating copper ore and the other for copper-lead ore. It
will also produce barite concentrate.
GEOLOGIST DISCOVERS IMPORTANT METAL DEPOSITS -- Moscow, Prcamyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 30 Mar 58
The name of 70-year-old geologist Iosif Leont'yevich Rudnitskiy, a
Stalin Prize winner, is well known in the southern Urals. The opening up
of enormous deposits of iron-chromium-nickel ore from which the Orsk-
Khalilovo Combine now receives natural alloy metal is connected with his
work. He also discovered the Blyavinskoye copper ore deposit where the
large Mednogorsk Combine has been constructed. In 1935, Rudnitskiy dis-
covered the Akkermanovskoye nickel deposit.
NEW TITANIUM DEPOSITS BEING EXPLOITED -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 14+ Mar 58
At the Irsha River, exploitation of new titanium deposits has begun:
the Irmanskoye, Stremigorodskoye, and Lamninskoye deposits. At the same
time, construction of a mining and concentrating combine is being started.
IARGE BAUXITE DEPOSIT EXPLORED -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 7 Mar 58
A large deposit of low-grade bauxite has been explored in the Buryat-
Mongol'skaya ASSR. It is located 300 kilometers from the railroad; from a
geographic-economic standpoint it will be difficult to develop and thus can-
not be an object for industrial exploitation in the near future. It is also
impossible to look on the small deposits of bauxite of the Yeniseyskiy ridge
as an independent raw material base for an aluminum plant, and for this
reason, the nepheline-syenite in many areas of Krasnoyarskiy Kray and Irkut-
skaya Oblast are undoubtedly an important source of raw materials. The ex-
plored nepheline-syenite deposits in the southern part of Krasnoyarskiy Kray
will completely supply the requirements of the aluminum combine planned here.
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NEW GOLD DEPOSITS DISCOVERED IN KRASNOYARSKIY KRAY -- Moscow, Gudok, 5 Jan 58
Several new gold deposits have been discovered in Krasnoyarskiy Kray. In
summer, a group of geologists under the leadership of N. F. Gavrilov found
indications of a gold deposit near the settlement of Severo-Yeniseysk. In
August, a polymetallic deposit was discovered which contained 12 metals, in-
cluding gold, silver, copper, and zinc. Veins of gold were also found in the
Ordzhonikidzevskiy area.
DIAMOND OUTPUT OF YAKU1SKAYA ASSR EXCEEDS THAT OF URAIS -- Moscow, Nauka i
Zhi zn' , No 4+, Apr 57, p 19
At present, several diamond regions occur in the western part of the
Yakutskaya ASSR. It is estimated that these contain many tens of placer
deposits and 40 kimberlite pipes. The pipe richest in diamonds, called Mir
pipe, was discovered on the right bank of the southern section of the Vilyuy
River basin. Recently, the largest diamond in the USSR, named the Yubileynyy
and weighting 32 carats, was discovered here.
According to directives of the 20th Congress of the CPU for the Sixth
Five-Year Plan, the workers were directed to carry out preparatory work for
creating a diamond-mining industry in the Yakutskaya ASSR. The Amakinskaya
expedition of the Ministry of Geology and Conservation of Mineral Resources,
which was working in this area, pledged to accelerate geological-exploratory
and scientific-research work. Two settlements, Mirnyy and Novyy, soon sprang
up in the region. During 9 months' time, the increase in explored reserves
exceeded the plan 4+6 percent. Simultaneously with the geological exploratory
work, diamond mining was organized. For August and September alone, six to
seven times as many diamonds were mined here as for the entire year in the
Urals.
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V. COAL INDUSTRY
General
UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT -- Moscow, Mekhanizatsiya Trudoyemkikh i Tyazhelykh
Rabot, No 3, Mar 58, p 22
In USSR mines the level of mechanization of underground transport in
main horizontal workings, according to ton-kilometers attained, rose from
29.6 percent in 1932 to 100 percent in 1956. At the end of 1957, 93.7
percent of the freight was hauled by electric locomotive, in comparison
with 66.9 percent in 1940.
The coal mines have seven times as many electric locarnotives and more
than four times as many mine cars as in the prewax period. Although the
capacity of operating mine cars is 1,000 tons daily, only 715 tons of this
capacity was used in the USSR coal industry in 1956, in comparison with
360 in 1940. The figure for the Donbass was 904+ tons in 1956, in compari-
son with 350 in 1940.
Shunting work in USSR mines was more than 90 percent mechanized on
1 January 1957.
In recent years, there has been a considerable improvement in the
types of batteries and charging equipment used in underground transport.
Acid batteries have been replaced by the more powerful and longer-lasting
alkali iron-nickel batteries. Sealed metal mercury rectifiers are now being
used as battery-charging equipment.
The high level of mechanization of transport and the uninterrupted
growth of underground haulage has made necessary the broad introduction of
dispatching controls. Five hundred mines now have such services.
Eighteen percent of the personnel involved in coal extraction are occu-
pied in underground transport. There are 172 men involved in underground
transport per 1,000 tons of daily output, a drop of only 9 percent from the
19+1 level.
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Production
PRODUCTION PROBIEMS IN KIRGIZ SSR -- Frunze, Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 23 Mar 58
In the last 2 years, the plan goals for Kirgiz miners have been exceeded
0.6 percent, labor productivity has increased 9.8 percent, and the production
cost of coal has dropped 8.19 rubles per ton. However, 1957 was an exception-
ally difficult year for the miners. Fulfillment of the state plan for coal
output was made possible only through the practical aid given to the Kirgi-
zugol' Trust by the Central Ccamnittee of the Communist Party of Kirgizia, the
Council of Ministers Kirgiz SSR, and the Kirgiz Sovnarkhoz.
Among the basic reasons for the lag, particularly in 1957, were the un-
satisfactory progress of preparatory work in a number of mines and failure
to plan tasks. There were also many shortcomings in work organization; many
workers did not fulfill the development norms.
There are many serious shortcomings in the work of the Kirgizugol'
Trust. However, neither the republic Gosplan nor the sovnarkhoz give the
necessary attention to the coal industry. Mine construction is very slow
and allotments for construction are insufficient. Furthermore, the Dzhal
and Komsomol'skaya mines are already out of operation, but no plans have
been made for the operation of new mines. The construction of a hydraulic
mine at Tash-Kumyr and of eight,mines in Sary-Bulak was begun, but there is
a shortage of money. It is now necessary to concentrate efforts on at least
one mine in order to bring it into operation more rapidly.
The Kirgizugol' Trust also has shortcomings in the mechanization of labor-
consuming processes. The trust will not be able to realize a profit unless it
is equipped with excavators, dump trucks, Donbass combines, TU-2 steam locomo-
tives, and automatic controls. It will experience a loss in 1958.
The trust does not have electric transmission lines. In 1957 an appeal
was made to Gosplan USSR, Gosplan Kirgiz SSR, the Kirgiz Sovnarkhoz, and
Kirenergo (Kirgiz Regional Power Administration), together with a request for
the inauguration of planning for the construction of such lines, but no replies
have been received. No provision has been made in the 1958 construction plan
for meeting any of the trust's needs for construction.
The question of establishing a Kirgizugol' Combine has arisen as a result
of the planned development of the coal deposits in northern Kirgizia. The
combine would be directly subordinate to the sovnarkhoz as an enterprise of
heavy industry. The trust cannot satisfactorily manage the republic's coal
industry because it has insufficient personnel. .
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EAST SIBERIA RESERVES AND PRODUCTION -- Moscow, Presyshlenno-Ekoncni.cheskaya
Gazeta, 7 Mar 58
According to calculations of a joint committee, the geological deposits
of coal in East Siberia are 6,713,000,000 tons at up to 1,800 meters in depth,
5.5 billion tons at up to 1,200 meters, 3.3 billion tons at up to 600 meters,
and 1,913,000,000 tons at up to 300 meters. These figures include only those
seams of coal which have a thickness in excess of 0.4+ meter for bituminous
coal and 0.5 meter for brown coal, with an ash content not exceeding 50 per-
cent. A considerable portion of the seams lie near the surface and can be
exploited by the open-pit method.
These reserves, at present, are being very poorly exploited. In 1956,
only 28.8 million tons of coal was extracted in East Siberia, whereas the
planned annual production capacity of the area mines and pits is 100 million
tons.
More than 6 million tons of coal deposits have been prepared for indus-
trial use within the limits of the Krasnoyarskiy Economic Region. These
guarantee the construction of 4+5 mines and pits with a total planned produc-
tion capacity of 70 million tons a year.
The capacities of existing mines and pits are not being sufficiently
utilized. The planned production capacity of Open Pit No 2 Nazarovskiy of
the Kanskugol' Trust is 4 million tons a year; in 1956 it produced 1,739,000
tons. Open Pit No 3 Khramtsovskiy of the Cheremkhovugol' Trust has a planned
production capacity of 1.2 million tons, but in 1956 produced only 560,000
tons of coal.
NEW DONBASS COMBINE RECORD -- Moscow, Izvestiya, 2 Apr 58
A new world record for Donbass combine productivity has been realized
in Mine No 37 in Karaganda. In March 1958, the combine extracted 31,050 tons
of coal while developing a 360-meter face in the Shestfutovyy seam.
Technology
WEST DONBASS MINE TO BE AUTOMATIZED -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 9 Mar 58
The Yuzhgiproshakht Institute in Kharkov has developed designs for a
new type of mine with a planned annual production capacity of 6 million tons.
Its construction is to begin in 1958 in the West Donbass.
The mine will have the most up-to-date equipment, remote control of pro-
duction processes, and a television screen for checking on work at the face.
All operations from extraction to transport in each stope will be automatized.
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Construction and Investment
1957 RESULTS, 1958 PLANS -- Moscow, Shakhtnoye Stroitel'stvo, No 1, Jan 58,
p 1
In 1957, the plan for capital construction in the coal industry as a
whole was exceeded 2 percent; capital construction increased 17.9 percent
over 1956. In 1957, the increase in capacity resulting from the operation
of new mines exceeded that of 1956 by 24+ percent. However, the plan for
putting new mines into operation was not fulfilled because of serious short-
comings in the organization of mine enterprise construction. These include
tardy delivery of materials and labor forces to mines and pits on which con-
struction is to begin. In addition, some projects required considerably
more work than was called for by the plan.
The success achieved in putting new mines in operation was due chiefly
to the rapid construction of 35 additional mines in the Donbass with the aid
of Komsomol members. The shorter construction period was the result of better
work organization, which permitted a shorter preparatory period and less time
between the tunneling of shafts and the tunneling of horizontal workings.
The experience of the Komsomol builders should be introduced into the
construction of larger mines. This will permit a considerably better approxi-
mation of the period for beginning the tunneling of horizontal workings, with
a subsequent shortening of the construction period.
In 1957, vertical shafts were tunneled by contracting construction organi-
zations at an average monthly rate of 30 meters. Thi., included 40 meters for
the Donbass, where the Stalinshakhtoprokhodka (Stalino Mine Tunneling) Trust
attained 50 meters. The increase over 1956 figures was attained by using im-
proved tunneling techniques and improved work organization on the basis of
further specialization of the mine construction organizations.
In 1957, a n nnber of Donbass mines used the new technique of tunneling
vertical shafts with permanent head-frames, using permanent hoisting machines
and reinforcement of the shaft while tunneling is under way. The basic ad-
vantage of this system is that only the minimum period of time is required
for the conversion from tunneling vertical shafts to tunneling horizontal
workings.
The increased rate of tunneling vertical shafts has also been the result
of increased use of prefabricated reinforced concrete supports.
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The 1958 plan for capital work for the coal industry as a whole is
somewhat higher than the 1957 plan. However, a more significant increase
has been set for several republics and oblasts, i.e., 22.5 percent for the
Kazakh SSR, 19 percent for the Uzbek SSR, and 17 percent for Kemerovskaya
Oblast.
The volume of USSR mine construction will be 12 percent greater in 1958
than in 1957. It will rise 52 percent in the Kazakh SSR and 275 percent in
the Ukrainian SSR. The increase in capacity resulting from the operation of
new mines and open pits must exceed that of 1957 by 10.5 percent. Twenty-
one open pits with a total production capacity of 44.3 million tons will be
under construction; mines and open pits with a total production capacity of
9 million tons are scheduled to begin operation.
In 1958, approximately 900 million rubles must be expended on the recon-
struction of operating mines. This includes 400 million rubles to be expended
in the Donbass, 1.8 times the 1957 expenditure. The volume of work on the
construction of concentration plants will be doubled.
The 1958 plan also provides for further increases in housing construction.
Almost 2.9 million square meters of housing space, 27 percent more than in
1957, will go into use in 1958.
CONSTRUCTION IN THE KIRGIZ SSR -- Frunze, Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 9 Mar 58
The Dzhin-Dzhigan mine, under construction northeast of Kyzyl-Kiya, has
a planned production capacity of 450,000 tons a year. In addition to wide
use of combines, all output from the face will be transported by conveyer
belts and there will be automation and remote control of all processes. A
railroad and a motor vehicle road are being laid, and housing and a social
and cultural center are being built for the miners.
Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 9 Mar 58
Almost 100 million rubles has been allotted in 1958 for the construction
of new coal enterprises in Kirgizia. Mine Sary-Bulak is being prepared for
mining operations in Tash-Kumyr. Under construction in the area is the first
mine in Central Asia to use the hydraulic method of coal extraction. Its
planned production capacity is 750,000 tons per year.
New mines are under construction at Kyzyl-Kiya and Sulyukta. The second
mechanized pit in Kirgizia will be erected on the Almalyk deposit in 0shskaya
Oblast. The first open pit in north Kirgizia will produce 3 million tons of
coal a year.
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Prospecting
NEW COAL BASIN -- Moscow, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 5 Mar 58
A new coal basin is being developed in Dauria, near the city of Borzya
in Chitinskaya Oblast. An open pit with a planned daily production capacity
of up to 5,000 tons is under construction in the basin, which has many coal
seams.
Moscow, Trud, 15 Mar 58
According to information of surveyors, the coal deposits in Kalmutskaya
Autonomous Oblast lie at a depth of 2,000 meters.
IRKUTSKAYA OBIAST COAL RESERVES -- Perspektivy Razvitiye Irkutskoy Oblasti
(Prospects for the Development of Irkutskaya Oblast), book by E. M. Kudzi,
Irkutsk, 1956, PP 93-96, 130
The coal-bearing area of Irkutskaya Oblast covers 35,000 square kilo-
meters. The seams are up to 6 or 8 meters thick and lie near the surface;
they are almost horizontal. There are up to 10 million tons of coal to be
found in one square kilometer of area. This is not the case in other coal
areas in the USSR.
The basin has favorable geological and hydrogeological mining conditions.
Chereakhovo coal costs less than two thirds as much as Donbass and Mos-
bass coal, whereas labor productivity is twice that of these two basins.
The Irkutsk coal region is located in the southwestern part of the Sibe-
rian platform and extends along the East Siberian Railroad for almost 400
kilometers. The coal, of the Jurassic period, is of the long-flame type.
Its yield of volatile materials is 4+0-50 percent.
The Ust'Ordynskiy, Zabituyskiy, Vladimirskiy, and other deposits have
some gas-caking coal.
Irkutsk coal is of great importance to the development of ferrous metal-
lurgy. While the coal cannot be used alone, it can be mixed with other coal
to obtain metallurgical coke and to further the development of the coke chemi-
cal industry.
In 1960, coal output in Irkutskaya will be over 80 percent greater than
that of 1 55. In 1955, the average daily output of the Cheremkhovugol' Trust
rose to 59000 tons.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan calls for the construction of new mines, moderni-
zation of mining techniques, mechanization of roduction processes an con-
struction of concentration plants at Open Pit Safronovskiy and Ope$ Pits No 1
and 2 Khrarmtsovskiy.
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Shale Production
ESTONIAN SHALE INDUSTRY -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,
2 Mar 58
The process of extracting shale mechanically in the Estonian Shale
industry has been unsatisfactory; 80 percent of the work is done manually.
This is because the former Ministry of Coal Industry USSR, which had the
basic shale-producing mines under its jurisdiction, endeavored blindly to
use coal-extraction methods in shale-producing mines. Such important fac-
tors as the difference between shale and coal strata were not considered.
For a number of years, machines developed for coal extraction have
been used in the shale industry. Sometimes these attempts have met with
success but in most cases they have been unsuccessful, because complicated
technical problems cannot be solved by amateurs without the participation
of the appropriate scientific organization. After the creation of the
sovnarkhoz in Estonia, a . ?adical change in:this connection was expected, but
there is still no research center concerned with shale extraction in Estonia.
The management of the Estonslanets Trust, striving to prove that research is
being conducted, states that there is an underground laboratory at the fourth
section of Mine No 2.
However, this section has been working under disadvantages. In addition
to the complicated tasks before them, section personnel had to extract as
much as the sections working exclusively on production. This had a negative
effect on its production, as well as on the quality of experimentation.
Although this error has now been corrected, it had previously been decided in
the trust that the section had done its part.
According to plans, the V-7 cutter-loader machine should operate in the
trust. However, it has been out of operation and there is nothing to replace
it. Furthermore, the trust is ignoring the reports of the test section super-
visors that the plans developed for roof control did not work out as expected.
The 0-5s machine is being used in the test section, but it is not quite
suitable for work in shale mines. Several parts need strengthening and the
producing plant is aware of this. However, trust applications for 1958 pro-
vide for the delivery of the 0-5s, which is intended for use in coal, not shale.
At one time, the Tallin Machine Building Plant served the shale industry
well. However, other orders have increased its work load and although their
importance is doubtful, departmental habits persist and the orders are filled.
It is time that the Tallin plant was made the machine building base of the re-
public shale industry.
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