DATA ON USSR EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 82
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 19, 1999
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: June 18, 1958
• Content Type: TRANS

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FDD
FILE
COPY
DATA ON USSR
EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
Number 5
18 June 1958'
DOC - REY DATE ql____=__ BY '0JQ _
ORIG EOMP . OPt TYPE
ORIG CLASS !1_ PAGES REY CL 7SS
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Prepared by'
Foreign Documents Division
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
2430 E. St., N. W., Washington 25, D.C.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information selected
from Russian-language publications as indicated. It is pro-
duced and disseminated as an aid to United States Government
research.
DATA ON USSR EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
Table of Contents
I. Chemical Industry
General
Basic Chemicals
Coke Chemicals and Petrochemicals
Paint and Varnish Products
Pharmaceutical Production
Synthetic and Artificial Fibers
Miscellaneous
USSR in General
Ural-Volga Region
Azerbaydzhan
III. Ferrous Metallurgy
General
Production
Construction
Technology
Plants, Deposits, Mines
Scrap Metal
IV. Nonferrous Metallurgy
Technology
Plants, Mines, Deposits
V. Coal Industry
General
Production
Technology
Construction and Investment
Prospecting
Page
1
8
26
27
24
24
26
27
35
44
48
50
50
51
60
60
75
77
78
79
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General
SHORTCOMINGS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY -- Moscow, Izvestiya, 2 Mar 58
The pace at which the USSR chemical industry is currently develop-
ing still lags behind the demands of the national economy. -- V. Ukhinov,
Director, Chemical Industry Administration, Stalinskiy Economic Region.
[This article on shortcomings in the Donets Basin chemical industry
appears in condensed form in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Vol
X, No 9, 9 April 1958, pp 26-27.
Basic Chemicals
PRODUCTION COSTS OF FOOD AND NONFOOD SYNTHESIS COMPARED -- Moscow, Nauka
i Zhizn', No 3, Mar 58, p 14
In the Soviet Union the cost of producing one ton of ethyl alcohol
from edible raw materials is 6,150 rubles, and from petroleum raw mate-
rial, 2,000 rubles. The labor required for the production of one ton
of ethyl alcohol from potatoes is 280 man-hours, from grain 160 man-hours,
and from petroleum gases 10.3 man-hours.
NEW OXYGEN STATION -- Moscow, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 5 Mar 58
A large oxygen station has put out its first industrial production
in Novgorod. The station will supply oxygen to all the enterprises and
business organizations of the city and oblast.
Coke Chemicals and Petrochemicals
USE OF UZBEK NATURAL GAS FOR CHEMICAL INDUSTRY -- Tashkent, Pravda V,stoka,
27 Feb 58
An important task before the chemical workers of the Uzbek SSR is the
production and use of synthetic polymers from Bukhara and Fergana natural
gases. Steps are being taken to organize the production, on the basis of
natural gases, of such important polymers as polyvinyl chloride, polyethy-
lene, and polypropylene, which have found wide use in industry and agricul-
ture.
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Together with these types of synthetic polymers, the production of
polymers on the basis of furfural, formaldehyde, and other materials
has great possibilities. However, mastery of the production of plastics
on the basis of cellulose wastes, as well as synthetic polymers from
natural gases, has still not been started and is only in its preliminary
stages.
In future plans for the economic development of the republic, the
Gosplan Uzbek SSR must also include development of the manufacture of
the most important varieties of polymer materials.
Great opportunities have also opened for the sovnarkhozes (councils
of national economy). In the Uzbek SSR are enterprises which produce
and reprocess polymer compounds. These include the Tashkent Paint and
Varnish, Leather, Cable, and Phonograph Record plants and the Namangan
Acetate Silk Plant. In future years, many of these plants will be re-
constructed.
Paint and Varnish Products
NEW PAINT PRODUCT DEVELOPED -- Moscow, Stroitel'naya Gazeta, 19 Mar 58
In 1955, production of oil-free paint "Sintol U" was organized at
the Leningrad Paint and Varnish Plant. During the past 3 years, many
structures in Leningrad have been coated with this paint. "Sintol U"
may be used to paint wood (including floors) and metal structures.
Experiments have shown that coats of "Sintol U" on exterior sur-
faces are equal in quality to coats of oil paints. After a period of
2 years, synthol paint applied to walls, doors, window sashes, and
radiators of heating systems has been found to be in good condition.
The product of the oxidation of white spirit (refined kerosene)
has been used as a binder in synthol paints. It is a cheap product
of the distillation of petroleum and is in plentiful supply. The
paint costs 3,600 rubles per ton.
The use of "Sintol U" paints in place of oil paints saves 125 grams
of edible oils and costs 80 kopecks less, per square meter of surface
covered.
The experience in producing synthol paints, however, has not been
disseminated in other cities, and the production of synthol paints which
was begun in Odessa and Tashkent was discontinued although available raw
material resources were quite sufficient for the organization of large-
scale production of these paints.
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In recent years, new water-emulsion (latex) paints based on syn-
thetic resins, such as polyvinylacetate, butadiene-styrene, and acry-
late, have been widely used abroad to paint exteriors of buildings,
concrete, and wood. These paints are highly resistent to atmospheric
conditions. In 1957, at Leningrad Plant No 1 of the Leningradskiy
Sovnarkhoz the production of latex polyvinylacetate paints was mas-
tered. The plant also produced an experimental consignment of latex
butadiene-styrene paints. These paints were used to coat the exterior
of the recently constructed house No 6 on Blokhin Ulitsa.
At Leningrad Plant No 1 it is planned to put out 200-300 tons of
polyvinyl acetate paints. However, they will still be expensive;
14,000 rubles per ton of polyvinylacetate paints and 10,000 rubles
per ton of butadiene-styrene paints.
Pharmaceutical Production
NEW PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPED -- Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 30 Jan 58
The coke-chemical shop of the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant
imeni I. V. Stalin honored the 18th Congress of the Communist Party
of Georgia by mastering the output of a new product.
A pyridine installation has been constructed and put into opera-
tion here. By means of this installation, untreated light pyridine
bases are collected from the coke gas. These serve as raw material
for the pharmaceutical industry. The first hundreds of kilograms of
the new product have already been produced.
Processing of the raw pyridine bases yields "ftivazid," an effec-
tive antitubercular drug.
Pyridine bases are also the raw material for the production of
vitamins and other technical substances.
IODINE-BROMINE RESERVES IN KUBAN -- Moscow, Trud, 18 Feb 58
The existence of large gas deposits in the Kuban has been known
for some time. Now geologists have discovered a series of new de-
posits with a large concentration of condensate. They appear to be
equal to the Stavropol deposits in size.
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Sometimes the searches of the prospectors have ended in failure.
Instead of petroleum the boreholes have yielded water. Analysis of
this water has revealed the presence of iodine and bromine, which could
be used for medicinal purposes. On the basis of these waters a sana-
torium has been built in Khadyshensk. Another source of these waters
was discovered at the village of Akhtyrskiy, where a hydropathic hos-
pital has also been constructed.
Synthetic and Artificial Fibers
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY FAILS TO DISSEMINATE NEW PROCESS -- Moscow, Promysh-
lenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 16 Feb 58
More than 6 years have passed since the discovery of the new chemi-
cal fiber "enant." The process of making aminoenanthylic and other acids
has been tested for 4 years at an experimental-industrial installation of
the Moscow Electrolysis Plant. However, the construction of a large in-
dustrial shop for manufacturing aminoenanthylic and other acids has been
delayed by the Ministry of Chemical Industry. The plan for designing
such a shop was entrusted by GIAP (State Institute for Nitrogen Industry)
to its affiliate in Dzerzhinsk.
The basic raw materials employed in the production of aminoenanthy-
lie acid are ethylene and carbon tetrachloride. Ethylene, which is con-
tained in the waste gases of oil refineries, is available to USSR indus-
try in large quantities. The technology of obtaining it has been fairly
well mastered by Soviet synthetic alcohol plants. Carbon tetrachloride
is being manufactured by an obsolete method, the chlorination of carbon
bisulfide, and its production is insignificant.
A large aminoenanthylic acid shop requires tens of thousands of
tons of carbon tetrachloride. It would be possible to produce it in
large quantities. In 1954, Candidate of Technical Sciences Ya. P. Chop-
orov worked out an original method for the production of this product
directly from the natural gas methane by means of a thorough one-stage
chlorination of the product. Despite the good results obtained by this
new method, the Ministry of Chemical Industry has so far not passed it
along to the enterprises.
Along with the construction of an experimental installation for
aminoenanthylic acid, the ministry should set one up for the production
of carbon tetrachloride. So far this has not been done.
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CHEMICAL FIBER PRODUCTION INCREASES -- Moscow, Nauka i Zhizn', Mar 58,
p 26
In the next few years, the production of chemical fibers in the USSR
will be sharply increased. In 1956, it was 12 times as great as in 1940,
and by 1960, it will be more than double the 1955 production.
Miscellaneous
FIRST SOVIET PORCELAIN ENTERPRISE IN FAR EAST -- Moscow, Gudok, 5 Jan 58
Large deposits of high-quality kaolin have been discovered in the
vicinity of Uglovoye Settlement (Primorskiy Kray). On the basis of this,
construction has begun on the first porcelain plant in the Far East. The
production capacity planned for the new enterprise is up to 3 million
items of various kinds of porcelain dishware.
CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION FROM COTTON PLANTS -- Ashkhabad, Turkmenskaya
Iskra, 28 Feb 58
Up to now, a large number of products have been found for the pro-
duction of citric acid: sugar in the US, lemons in Italy, and sugar and
makhorkra tobacco in the USSR.
Scientific associates of the laboratory of cotton chemistry of the
Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR, as reported in Ogonek, decided to inves-
tigate what products could be extracted from a cotton plant in all stages
of its development.
After a long search, they found that citric acid is contained in
the leaves of the cotton plant, which are burned with the plant after
de-emulsification. Experiments have been started at a nicotine plant
in the city of Babushkin near Moscow. The result has exceeded all ex-
pectation. It has been demonstrated that the simple method for extract-
ing acid can also be applied to cotton plants. In 1957, a shop at Bab-
ushkin was converted completely to production of the new raw material.
It has been decided to construct a plant in the Uzbek SSR which
will extract citric acid from cotton plants.
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II. PETROLEUM AND GAS INDUSTRIES
USSR in General
OFFICIAL 1957 PRODUCTION FIGURES RELEASED -- Moscow, Pravda, 27 Jan 58
The Central Statistical Administration USSR reports that 1957 oil
output reached 98.3 million tons, 117 percent of 1956. Gas output reached
20.2 billion cubic meters, 148 percent of the 1956 output. Gross produc-
tion of the refining industry was 117 percent of 1956.
Cargo turnover by oil pipelines increased 29 percent over 1956,
whereas pumping of crude oil and petroleum products was 24 percent
higher.
FORMER TOP OIL INDUSTRY OFFICIALS NOW HEAD REGIONAL SOVNARKHOZES -- Mos-
cow, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 7 Feb 58
V. S. Fedorov is chairman of the Bashkirskiy Sovnarkhoz (Council of
National Economy); V. R. Ryabchikov heads the Checheno-Ingushskiy Sovnar-
khoz; A. T. Shmarev is chairman of the Tatarskiy Sovnarkhoz, and I. T.
Borisov heads the Kuybyshevskiy Sovnarkhoz.
[Comment: Fedorov was reported in Komsomol'skaya Pravda of 20 Janu-
ary 1956 and Ryabchikov in Na Stroitel'stve Truboprovodov of 29 March
1957 as deputy ministers of the USSR petroleum industry.
Shmarev was reported in Pravda of 1 July 1954 as chief of the Tatar
Petroleum Association. Pravda of 29 December 1956 reported that the
Council of Ministers USSR appointed him chief of Glavgaz (Main Adminis-
tration of the Gas Industry USSR) when this agency was set up. He was
subsequently replaced by Andrey Kortunov, Minister of Construction of
Petroleum Industry Enterprises USSR, when the ministry was abolished
in 1957.
A person named Borisov was reported in Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta of 4 May 1956 as chief of the Main Administration of Petroleum
Construction, under the former construction ministry.]
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LONG-TERM EMPHASIS PLACED ON HIGHER OUTPUT OF DIESEL FUELS -- Moscow,
Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No 2, Feb 58, pp 3-7
In 1955, the demand for petroleum products was 92 percent higher
than in 1950. The demand for diesel fuel,, especially, rose sharply be-
tween these years. In 1955, it was nearly 3.5 times that of 1950.
From 1950 to 1955, the demand for motor gasoline rose from 18.8
percent to 21.5 percent of the demand for petroleum products in general.
The relative demand for tractor kerosene declined, as the demand for
diesel fuel rose from 10.7 percent to 25.6 percent of the demand for
petroleum products. The demand for boiler mazut also declined from
30.5 percent to 26.8 percent of the demand for petroleum products,.
By the end of 1955, basic changes occurred in the consumption of
petroleum products. The relative demand for light products, especially
diesel and jet fuels, increased, while the demand for boiler mazut de-
clined.
The petroleum industry still fails to meet the demands of the
national economy. Although distribution of production throughout the
USSR has improved, petroleum supply in the USSR is still a great prob-
lem.
While there are excessive resources of light fuels in the areas
of the Urals and along the Volga, the areas in Siberia, the Far East,
and Central Asia must obtain these fuels by rail from long distances.
The petroleum supply is.not very favorable in some areas of Kazakhstan
which are located far from the refining centers. Moreover, there is
a great shortage of resources even in some of the consumption centers
of the western, northwestern, and central areas of the USSR and in the
Ukraine.
Transport and the large heavy industry enterprises which are dis-
tributed throughout the USSR are forced to obtain considerable quanti-
ties of turbine, transformer, cylinder, and other oils from Baku and
other southern crude refining centers, overloading the railroads with
long-distance hauls.
The supply of mazut is particularly complicated because of the
locations of the producing centers. There are excessive long-distance
and counter hauls resulting. from the location of the producing centers
and the use of low-sulfur and sulfur mazut for technological and fuel
requirements of industry. For example, industry in the Urals obtains
hundreds of thousands of tons of law-sulfur mazut from the south, while
excessive supplies of sulfur mazut are hauled from the refineries in
the Urals into consumption centers in an opposite direction.
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Based on the projected expansion of the separate branches of the
national economy, it is estimated that, in 1965, the demand for petro-
leum products in the USSR will be nearly three times as great as in
1955 and more than five times that Of 1950.
The following table indicates the expected demand of the national
economy in 1965 for the principal petroleum products (in coefficient
of rising demand):
1965 Demand 1965 Demand in 1965 Demand in
in USSR European USSR Eastern USSR
Based on Based on Based on Based on Based on Based on
1955 1950 1955 1950 1955 1950
Fuels
Motor
gasoline 2.89 6.36 2.66 5.90 3.37 7.28
Tractor
kerosene
0.37
0.31
0.38
0.32
0.33
0.28
Diesel fuel 4.74 16.80
4.19
13.88
5.43
21.17
Total
3.22
6.97
2.88
6.09
3.68
8.76
Oils
Motor
1.95
2.20
1.87
2.17
2.08
2.20
Diesel
4.51
23.30
3.95
19.00
5.24
30.06
Industrial
2.79
4.54
2.57
4.45
3.44
4.70
Others
4.01
5.29
4.01
5.09
4.01
5.70
Total
2.97
4.51
2.78
4.20
3.43
5.11
Nigrdl
3.63
6.30
3.10
5.11
4.55
8.49
Graded mazuts
2.24
2.91
1.99
2.78
2.96
3.19
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1965 Demand
in USSR
1965 Demand in
European USSR
1965 Demand in
Eastern USSR
Based on
1955
Based on
_1950
Based on
- 1955
Based on
1950
Based on
1955
Based on
1950
Other dark
products
Fuel mazut
Petroleum
1.53
2.60
1.35
2.18
2.00
3.86
as-halt
3.50
7.60
2.95
5.94
5.15
1.51
Coke
6.00
8.60
2.40
4.00
13.78
15.11
Total
1.75
3.07
1.54
2.54
2.40
4.88
Total for all
petroleum
products
2.71
5.38
2.39
4.44
3.44
7.09
The following table gives the consumption of petroleum products in
1955 and that expected in 1965 in the European and eastern USSR (in per-
cent of total USSR consumption):
1955
1965
European
USSR
Eastern
USSR
European
USSR
Eastern
USSR
Fuels
Motor gasoline
66.7
33.3
61.5
38.5
Tractor kerosene
67.0
33.0
70.2
29.8
Diesel fuel
55.3
44.7
49.6
50.4
Other fuels
73.6
26.4
68.9
31.1
Tctal
65.3
34.7
58.6
41.4
Oils
66.o
34.0
60.5
39.5
Nigrol
62.4
37.6
52.0
48.0
Graded mazut
74.0
26.0
65.5
34.5
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1955 1965
European Eastern European Eastern
USSR USSR USSR USSR
Other dark products
Boiler mazut
73.0
27.0
64.8
35.2
Petroleum asphalt
75.3
24.7
63.5
36.5
Coke
68.4
31.6
27.6
72.4
Total for all petroleum
products 68.0 32.0 60.0 40.0
The percentage of demands of the different branches of the national
economy will also be changed. The increasing number of automobiles and
tractors in agriculture will require more than twice as much of the light
products in 1965 as in 1955. Agriculture will continue to be the largest
consumer of light fuels and lubricants. Of the over-all demand for petro-
leum products in the USSR, the demand for light products will increase
to 71.4 percent in 1965, in contrast to 69.3 percent in 1960 and 60.2
percent in 1955.
Light products, especially motor gasoline and diesel fuel, will
determine the level of production in the USSR and the principal direc-
tion in the technology of refining crude oil up to 1965.
The expansion of jet-propulsion engineering creates a considerable
change in the demand for aircraft fuel. While demand for aviation gaso-
line will rise somewhat, its proportion in the over-all demand will de-
crease because of a considerably higher demand for aviation kerosene,
especially in the civil air fleet.
The rate and scale at which the demand for autotractor fuel will
increase depends on how economically different types of fuels will be
used and on the basic tendencies contemplated in expanding motor vehicle
production in the USSR and abroad.
Any expansion in the production of diesel motor vehicle, including
trucks, is very unlikely in the US, which has an enormous fleet of per-
sonal passenger cars and a great capacity for producing motor gasoline.
During 1954 and 1955, the output of diesel trucks and buses was only
1-2 percent of the total produced. There is a tendency in the US to
make gasoline-powered motor vehicles with carrying capacities up to 21
tons more economical in operation.
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Any expansion of diesel-powered freight motor transport in the US
would require retooling of the motor vehicle plants and would lead to
a sharp reduction in refining because of lower demands for motor gaso-
line. It seems likely that the introduction of diesel drive in US
freight motor transport has been held up by a collusion between the
automotive and the refining industries.
In Western Europe, which depends on oil imports, dieselization on
motor vehicles, especially trucks, is developing at a fast pace and on
a large scale, despite present shortcomings in the construction of diesel-
drive vehicles as compared with the carburetor-type. These shortcomings
are: more labor and metal required to build a diesel engine, starting
and operational difficulties, higher repair costs, smoke, noise, etc.
The motor vehicle fleet in the USSR is expanding for different
reasons: prevailing importance of trucks in the over-all motor vehicle
fleet, cheaper transport and economy in the use of different types of
light products, and the accumulating reserves of different light prod-
ucts.
According to NAMI (Automotive Research and Development institute),
dieselization of the USSR motor vehicle fleet within the next 10-15 years
will follow approximately this pattern: all trucks of more than 4 tons
will operate on diesel fuel; the 4-ton trucks will be equipped to operate
on motor gasoline and diesel fuel, depending on the accumulated petroleum
supply; trucks below 4 tons and all passenger cars will operate on motor
gasoline.
The haulage of cargo by diesel-drive trucks will increase approx5-
mately three times as fast as haulage by the gasoline-powered vehicles.
The octane ratings of the present motor gasolines A-66 and A-70
must be improved because both of these gasolines fail to meet the operat-
ing requirements in the north and northwest regions during the cold win-
ter period and in the south during the hot summer period.
While there will be almost no demand for tractor kerosene in 1965,
the demand for diesel fuel will increase to 42 percent of the over-all
demand for light products.
Of the over-all demand for diesel fuel, the demand in agriculture
will decline from 14.5.3 percent in 1955 and 53.9 percent in 1950 to 38.9
percent in 1965. Meanwhile, the demand in transport will rise sharply.
In 1965, it is expected to be 24.3 percent of the over-all demand, in
contrast to 16.3 percent in 1960 and 9 percent in 1955. Diesel traction
is replacing steam traction on the railroads and will account for 40.2
percent of the traction in 1965 in contrast to 18.6 percent in 1960 and
4.1 percent in 1955.
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The satisfaction of increasing demands for diesel fuel by the econ-
omy is closely connected with the quality of the product. Since more and
more sulfurbase crude oil is being refined, steps must be taken to re-
move the sulfur from the fuel produced from the sulfured crude. Moreover,
winter and other special grades of diesel fuels must be produced in the
eastern regions, thus relieving the economy of being dependent on the
long-distance hauls of this fuel from the southern regions.
Difficulties in production and transport are foreseen in meeting the
demands for particular fuels because of the present technological proc-
esses in production and the specifications set for the use of petroleum
products, especially diesel fuel.
Preliminary estimates of the Institute on the Volume and Structure
of Production indicate that, if the present technological processes and
specifications are used, in 1965 there will be a shortage of diesel fuel
and an excessive oversupply of motor gasoline and tractor kerosene.
'A larger volume of refining of crude oil to meet completely the de-
mand for diesel fuel, a product to which first importance has been at-
tached in the over-all petroleum supply plan, and an excessive over-
supply of motor gasoline and tractor kerosene and the accompanying long-
distance and counter hauls can be prevented if the fractional composition
of diesel fuel is extended from the end fractions (1800-2000 range) of
motor gasoline. Moreover, the gap between the production and consumption
of these petroleum products would be eliminated and the quality of the
products (higher octane rating of motor gasoline and lower content of
sulfur and paraffin in diesel fuel) would be improved. Commercial ex-
traction of diesel fuel should also be increased from the tractor kero-
sene bottoms by means of hydrogenation, a process which would improve
the quality of kerosene as a component of diesel fuel.
_At the same time, the extended-range diesel fuel should undergo
wide-scale operating tests, and a new GOST specification should be set
up. The fraction-separating fixtures on the AVT unit should be rebuilt
to allow an increased output of commercial diesel fuel; deparaffination
of fractions at 3000-3500 should be organized; and some of the diesel
locomotives should be converted to use heavier diesel fuel, while the
diesel-electric marine engines should be converted to operate on stand,
and mazut.
Moreover, some proper ratio should be set up between the number of
engines using motor gasoline and those using diesel fuel, dependent on
the capability of the petroleum industry to produce diesel fuel in 1965.
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In 1965, the national economy will require nearly three times as
much lubricants as in 1955. The proportion of these lubricants re-
quired by the various branches of the economy will be changed. While
the proportion of lubricants used in the economy will decline somewhat
in agriculture, it will increase to 53.3 percent in industry in general.
Transport will consume 13.5 percent, in contrast to 11.8 percent in 1960
and 8.1 percent in 1955.
Preliminary estimates of the output of lubricants in 1965 indicate
that the remote areas of the east, particularly in Kazakhstan and the
Far East, will still depend to a great extent on lubricants being hauled
in from great distances. It is also unlikely that there will be a suf-
ficient supply of lubricants in the European USSR. For this reason, con-
struction of lube oil units at the oil refineries in the interior of the
country must be speeded up.
Serious attention must be devoted to improving the stability of oils,
as well as to producing additive oils. Since there are to be more high-
speed marine engines in operation and more sulfurous fuel is to be used,
detergent additives must be developed to prevent corrosion and wear.
TOP OIL INDUSTRY OFFICIAL SURVEYS LONG-TERM OUTLOOK OF INDUSTRY -- Mos-
cow, Neftyanoye Khozyaystvo, No 1, Jan 58, pp 1-8
[Comment: The following is from an article by V. A. Kalamkarov and
D. I. Notkin of Gosplan USSR. Kalamkarov has been identified in Bakin-
skiy Rabochiy of 11 January 1958 as chief of the Department of Petroleum
and Gas Industry of Gosplan USSR. He was previously identified, in
Izvestiya of 2 March 1955, as Deputy Minister of Petroleum Industry USSR.
No earlier information has been noted about Notkin.]
In approximately the next 15 years, petroleum production in the
USSR will reach 350-400 million tons a year, whereas the extraction and
production of gas will reach 270-320 billion cubic meters. Coal ex-
traction in the same period will reach 650-750 million tons. This means
that approximately 13-15 times as much gas, 3.5-4 times as much crude
oil, and 1.4-1.6 times as much coal as at present must be produced.
It is expected that the increase in these basic fuels in the next
15 years, in terms of conventional fuel, should be 300-360 million tons
of gas, 360-430 million tons of crude oil, and 135-210 million tons of
coal.
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The following table indicates the present and expected breakdown
of the fuel balance (in percent):
1950
1957
1972
Coal
76.8
67.2
26.5-36.4
Petroleum
20.6
27.9
38.5-38.0
Gas
2.6
4.9
25.0-25.6
While coal will continue its predominant position in the fuel bal-
ance for some time, the percentage of coal in 1972 will be reduced to
less than half that of 1950, whereas the percentage of petroleum and
gas combined will be nearly tripled.
The US increased its petroleum output from 98 million to 352 mil-
lion tons per year over a period of 32 years. The USSR expects to do
the same thing in less than half the time. The gap between the US and
the USSR has declined sharply since 1946. Petr-leum out'-'ut in the US
was 11 times that of the USSR in 1946, 7 times in 1950, and 4.8 times
in 1955. US output was 4.2 times as high in 1956 and approximately 3.7
times as high in 1957. The USSR plans to reduce this gap so that US
output will be 2.8 times as high in 1960.
From 1952 to 1956, the US increased its output by,41.6 million tons,
whereas the USSR, over a similar period (1953-1957), increased its out-
put by 45.4 million tons.
While there has been 10-12 times as much drilling in the US as in
the USSR since 1946, the present explored petroleum reserves in the US
are less than twice as large as in 1946.
Drilling in the USSR is much more effective than in the US. The
amcun.t of petroleum extracted by the US for every 100 meters drilled de-
clined from 590 tons in 1949 to 480 tons in 1955 and 1956. Meanwhile,
for every 100 meters that the USSR drilled, it produced 930 tons of petro-
leum in 191+9, 1,380 tons in 1955, and 1,590 tons in 1957.
To maintain its high rate of extraction for many years, the US ex-
plored and has been developing a significant part of its deposits. The
USSR, on the other hand, is only beginning to do this.
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The USSR is developing its petroleum deposits by means of outer
and inner water flooding. The latter method, first used at the Romas-
hkino deposit in the Tatarskaya ASSR, one of the largest deposits in
the world, made it possible to develop the deposit at lower drilling
costs. In 3 1/2 years, inner water flooding at this deposit saved 7-8
billion rubles in capital investments and nearly 1.5 billion rubles in
operating expenses.
The turbadrill has greatly speeded up drilling. Although average
depths of wells are five times as great as before the Soviet regime,
the speed of drilling is nearly 20'times as fast.
Great changes have also occurred in the refining branch. Refining
capacity has become several times as great through the construction of
refining centers along the Volga River, in the Bashkirskaya ASSR, and
in West Siberia and the reconstruction and expansion of the former oil
refineries. Moreover, the refining branch has been using catalytic
cracking of heavy distillates and catalytic reforming, producing lube
oils and paraffin from the eastern crudes and producing multifunction
oil additives, synthetic fat acids, detergents, etc.
Although refining capacity lagged behind the rapid pace of ex-
traction of crude oil, the refining branch today has a better base than
at any time before on which it can improve quantity and quality.
Great strides were also made in the production of petroleum equip-
ment, apparatus, and fixtures.
If the USSR is to increase its petroleum extraction from 98 million
to 400 million tons per year within the next 15 years, it must increase
its annual extraction an average of approximately 20 million tons per
year. This contrasts with average yearly increases of 6.6 million tons
during the period 1951-1955. The industry forged ahead considerably in
1955, when its yearly increase amounted to 11.5 million tons. It
achieved yearly increases of 13 million tons in 1956 and more than 14
million tons in 1957.
It is likely that the goal of 135 million tons set by the 20th
Party Congress for 1960 will be surpassed by approximately 6-7 million
tons, which indicates that the yearly increase by the end of the Sixth
Five-Year Plan will reach at least 15 million tons.
Preliminary estimates, based on developing the known reserves pri-
marily, indicate that average yearly increases of 17-18 million tons can
be planned for during the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
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In addition, the experience which has been gained in searching for
petroleum and the large number of structures which have been prepared for
deep exploration make it possible not only to increase considerably the
volume of exploration but also to look forward to the discovery of large
new petroleum deposits and to further rapid increases in petroleum re-
serves.
Development of known and newly discovered petroleum reserves will
make it possible, after 1965, to bring average yearly increases to 23-24
million tons and thus ensure that the projected goal of 400 million tons
in 1972 will be reached. This is very likely, since production in the
Fifth Five-Year Plan rose 87 percent, whereas in the Sixth Five-Year Plan,
it will be approximately doubled. To reach 350 million tons in 1970, ex-
traction must increase 62-65 percent in the Sixth Five-Year Plan and
50-52 percent in the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
According to the plan for expanding the petroleum industry during
the period 1959-1965, a period which should become an integral part of
the over-all plan for the next 15 years, the enterprises, national eco-
nomic councils, republic councils of ministers, and planning agencies
will concentrate on ensuring a high rate of extraction and refining of
crude oil and gas and production of petroleum products and charging stock
for organic synthesis, and on expanding the assortment and improving the
quality of petroleum products to meet the demand of the expanding motor
building industry and the demand of the enormous fleet of machinery and
mechanisms operating in industry, agriculture, and transportation. They
must also step up the search for new oil and gas deposits, especially in
the eastern regions, so that the petroleum industry can expand more rapidly
and improve geographically in subsequent years. In addition, they must
intensify the pace, as well as reduce the cost, of drilling operations
and of construction of new oil fields, refineries, and major pipelines.
Geological-survey and exploratory operations will require an expan-
sion of seismographic exploration, aerial photography, geochemistry, and
radioactive methods, the establishment and introduction of highly produc-
tive facilities for the geophysical services, and the re-equipment of
structure and core drilling.
Drilling operations, where the volume in the Seventh Five-Year Plan
is scheduled to become 2.0-2.5 times as great, must convert to the large-
scale drilling of narrower wells and the use of bits 190 and 214 milli-
meters in diameter, instead of the widely used bits of 269 and 295 milli-
meters. The structure of a well can be simplified by reducing the width
at the bottom of the well. More 4 3/4 inch and 5 3/4 inch casing must be
used, instead of 6 5/8 inch casing.
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So that the narrower wells can be drilled with electric or turbo-
drills, there must be more portable and semiportable drilling units
powered by diesel or electric motors of different capacity and design.
Self-propelling units of type A-40 must be introduced for testing,
mastering, and performing capital repairs on wells in order to get the
most effective use of the heavy drilling units.
The idle time in drilling can be reduced by widely introducing
special tamping cements and pulverized clay and a chemical agena (carbo -
xymethylcellulose) for preparing flushing solution.
When water is pressured into the strata, it forces out the petro-
leum. The industry could speed up this flow if it had higher-pressure
water pumps. The machine building plants must start the production of
pumps capable of developing a pressure of 120-150 atmospheres and more.
These plants must also start series production of special aggregates for
hydraulic fracturing, which is not being used on a wide scale because of
the shortage of these units.
A very important problem faced by the extraction branch is to extract
the maximum amount of crude oil from the strata. At present, only 60-70
percent of the initial reserves in the strata are brought to the surface
even with the most modern methods now in use. The remaining crude oil is
enveloped in the grain of the sand and cannot be washed out with ordinary
water. The addition of various detergents to the water would probably help
extract more crude oil from the strata, but the present reagents are still
costly and fail to possess the proper sand grain absorption properties,
which only increases the consumption of these reagents.
Another means that might be used to force out the crude oil from the
strata would be to use petroleum gas compressed to 250-300 atmospheres.
At these high pressures, the gas almost becomes a liquid and would be
able to dissolve the crude left in the strata and thus increase the yield
from the strata. This method is not used, however, because of the lack
of high-pressure gas compressors.
Higher labor productivity at the oil fields cannot be achieved under
the new method of development without the large-scale use of remote con-
trol, automation, and mechanization. This problem could be solved by the
large-scale introduction of wireless, ultrahigh-frequency facilities,
mechanization of lowering and pulling operations, and automatic regulation
of the pumping of oil and gas.
The most important problem in oil refining is to end quickly the
failure to increase refining capacity and to build up a necessary reserve
of this capacity. This problem can be solved by improving the organization
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and decreasing the time of construction, as well as by removing the de-
fects in planning. Plans for refineries should provide for consolidated
units and a combination of processes and for a reduction in work at the
power base and over-all plant facilities, so that capital investments
and production costs can be reduced and labor productivity improved.
The existing refineries and units must be rebuilt and enlarged to
increase their capacity of crude and finished goods and to improve the
quality of motor fuels, lubricants, and other petroleum products. Not
only should the technological units be consolidated more, but also con-
struction of oil refineries with capacities of 10-12 million tons should
be started during the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
OVER 500 MORE CITIES, SE T EMENTS TO GET GAS -- Moscow, Gazovaya Promy-
shlennost', No 11, Nov 57, pp 1-3
During the period 1951-1955, the output of gas by extraction and
production increased 4 billion cubic meters over the preceding 5-year
period. Output through extraction increased by 3 billion cubic meters
in 1956 and is scheduled to increase by approximately 7 billion in 1957.
Capital investments in the gas industry rose sharply and, as a
result, gas line capacity rose to nearly four times that of 1955.
Great strides were made in the production of coal and shale gas.
After World War II, a large coal-processing plant was built at Shchekino
in Tul'skaya Oblast, and shale-processing plants were built at Kokhtla-
Yarve in the Estonian SSR and at Slantsy in Leningradskaya Oblast to pro-
duce synthetic gas, which is supplied to Leningrad, Tallin, and other
cities.
The construction of large gas plants will be continued, particularly
in the areas with large reserves of coal, as, for example, Siberia.
Since it was first started 25 years ago, underground coal gasifica-
tion has been expanded considerably. The Moscow Basin Underground Coal
Gasification Station and the Lisichansk and Yuzhno-Abinsk pilot stations
are already in operation, whereas the Shatskaya (Moscow Basin), Kamenskaya
(Don Basin), and Angrenskaya (Uzbekistan) underground coal gasification
stations are in the construction stage.
It was first planned that gas output through extraction and production
should be increased to 4+0 billion cubic meters in 1960, in contrast to an
output of 10.3 billion in 1955. Subsequently, the projected goals were
increased to 60 billion in 1960 and to 135 billion in 1965.
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According to modest estimates, over a 10-year period gas output
should be increased to 12.5 times that of 1955. Beginning in 1959, 33
percent of the annual increase in fuel resources, the equivalent of
20-22 million tons of coal, will be obtained from increased extraction
of natural gas.
During the 1956-1960 period, 200 cities and workers' settlements
with a population of 40 million are to obtain gas. According to pre-
liminary estimates, 350-400 more cities and workers' settlements with a
population of 65-70 million are to obtain gas during the period 1961-1965.
The possibilities of using gas in the chemical industry are greater.
For example, it costs 50 percent less to produce formalin and acetylene
from gas than by present methods. The cost of producing ammonia from
natural gas is 45 percent lower than from coke.
Natural gas can be used also to great advantage in other industries.
For example, its use in place of coke gas or blast furnace gas increases
the efficiency of metallurgical furnaces up to 10 percent. In the cement
industry, the rotary kilns operating on natural gas increase their effi-
ciency up to 10-12 percent. The use of natural gas as a power fuel will
improve considerably the structure of the fuel balance in those areas into
which fuel must be hauled from long distances.
The first 1.5 billion cubic meters of gas to be supplied to Gor'kiy
will reduce the amount of coal hauled into the area by 8.1 billion ton-
kilometers, the average distance that fuel is hauled by 32 percent, and
the average cost per ton of standard fuel by 26 percent.
In view of the rapid expansion of the petroleum industry, the re-
sources of petroleum gas and liquefied gas rose immensely. These gases
are valuable raw materials for the chemical industry and can be used in
the production of nitrogen fertilizer, plastics, synthetic alcohol, rubber,
and other chemical products.
Liquefied gas is now supplied widely to cities and settlements. In
1956, about 22,000 tons of it was supplied to 32,700 apartments in the
RSFSR and 53,800 apartments in the Ukraine. Both liquefied and compressed
gases are beginning to be used widely in place of liquid fuel in motor
transport.
The projected program for expanding the gas industry will solve the
problem of supplying gas to the central and northwest areas of the USSR,
the Baltic region, Belorussia, Transcaucasus, southern Urals, and Central
Asia. The immediate task in the central area of the USSR is to provide
enough gas to Moscow and the Moscow industrial area by constructing the
second and third gas lines from Stavropol' and by increasing significantly
the capacities of the compressor stations, so as to supply up to 10 billion
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cubic meters to Moscow by 1960. In addition to this, gas must be sup-
plied to places outside of Moscow and to those which are located along
the route of the Stavropol'-Moscow gas line, such as Rostov, Novocher-
kassk, Taganrog, Zhdanov, Voroshilovgrad, and Staninogorsk.
By increasing the capacities of the lines running from the extract-
ing areas in the south to the consumption area in the center, it will be
possible, within the next 2.years, to release some of this gas to Lenin-
grad, Kalinin, and Novgorod. If this goal is accomplished, gas will
constitute 40 percent of the fuel balance of Leningrad in 1960, compared
with 6 percent in 1956. Moreover, the hauling of fuel from a long dis-
tance will be reduced considerably. Subsequently, the construction of a
gas line from Bryansk will provide more gas to Leningrad.
To supply natural gas to cities in Belorussia, Lithuania, and Latvia,
a major gas line is to be built from Dashava to Minsk with offsets to
Vil'nyus and Riga.
The natural gas reserves which were found at Shebelinka ensure a
supply to the areas near Khar'kov and along the Dnepr River, whereas
tha.explored reserves in Krasnodarskiy Kray and the expected increase
from the Saratov-Stalingrad deposits make it possible to plan immediately
for the construction of a large gas line from Saratov to Gor'kiy to
provide gas to Gor'kiy, Dzerzhinsk, and subsequently to Yaroslavl',
Shcherbakov, and other cities to which fuel must be hauled from long
distances.
Sverdlovsk, Solikamsk, Berezniki, Chelyabinsk, and other places in
the central and southern Urals should obtain natural gas from the Dzhebol',
Berezovo, and Trans Volga deposits and petroleum gas from the oil fields
in Bashkirskaya ASSR.
Since a large gas-condensate deposit in Azerbaydzhan has started
operations, the structure of the fuel and power balance of the industrial
areas of the republic has changed sharply. Moreover, it will be possible
to provide gas to Tbilisi and Yerevan by the construction, in 1958, of
a gas line from Karadag to Tbilisi by way of Kirovabad and Akstafa and
from Akstaf to Yerevan.
New gas deposits are to be put on stream soon in Bukharskaya Oblast
of Central Asia to provide gas to Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and other
cities.
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Ural-Volga Region
RSFSR GOSPLAN REFUSES TO AID KUYBYSHEV AREA WITH MACHINERY -- Moscow,
Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 Jan 58
During recent years, several large oil deposits -- Dmitriyevskoye,
Mikhaylovskoye, Kokhanskoye, Krasnyy Yar, Nikoltskoye, and Sosnovo-
Deryuzhevskoye -- were opened in Kuybyshevskaya Oblast. These are the
largest existing oil deposits in the eastern regions.
Oblast oil workers have estimated that present oil and gas extrac-
tion could be more than tripled by 1965.
The industry is short 200-ton drilling units, twin-well drilling
crownblocks, pumps, and compensators. The oblast oil industry and the
Kuybyshevskiy Sovnarkhoz have proposed that this machinery be built at
a local machine plant which could handle the additional assignment, but
this proposal was turned down by the Council of Ministers RSFSR and
Gosplan RSFSR. The council and Gosplan did decide, however, to set up
an oil research and development institute and an exploratory drilling
trust in Kuybyshev.
Although there is a Department of Petroleum under Gosplan RSFSR, it
has no jurisdiction over material and technical supply for the industry.
Supply is under the jurisdiction of other departments.
Azerbaydzhan
SHORTAGES, SUBSTANDARD EQUIPMENT HAMPERS OIL WELL REPAIRS -- Baku, Bakin-
skiy Rabochiy, 9 Jan 57
About 30 percent of the Azerbaydzhan oil-field workers are engaged
in underground repairs. An average of 510 wells with a total yield of
1,700 tons per day are repaired each day in the republic.
During the last 3-4+ years, new equipment and tools were introduced
into the industry to ease the repair work. New technology has accelerated
lowering and pulling operations 30-4+0 percent, and the AD-25 automatic
used in these operations has increased labor productivity 13-15 percent.
At present, 30 percent of the repair Jobs are performed with the help
of the AD-25 and MSPD automatics. New machinery resulted in a reduction
of 20 repair crews in 1957.
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Although new machinery has been introduced and new units are being
tested at the fields, underground repairs are far from being completely
mechanized. Manual labor is still used in much of the work. Pump rods
and 4-inch pump compressor pipe are coupled and uncoupled by hand because
a large number of wells lack the necessary equipment.
In 1957, the petroleum machine building plants sharply curtailed
their output of the MSPD units. A considerable amount of MSPD equipment
is lying idle in a disassembled state at the oil fields. Only 25 percent
of the wells are equipped with these units.
Since the number of pulling and lowering operations depends on the
premature wear of the deep-well pumps and the condition of the pipe rods,
the Machine Building Plant imeni Leutnant Schmidt should step up the
production of heavy-duty milled-thread rods tempered with high-voltage
current. Although tests have proved the advantage of these rods, the
plant is meeting only 20 percent of the demands of the oil fields.
The quality of AD automatics produced by the Baku Fixture Plant
must be improved. This plant has been producing substandard automatics
for the last 2 years. The electric equipment in the automatics is par-
ticularly faulty. Of the 263 automatics found in the fields, 45 percent
are constantly awaiting repairs.
At present, the Azerbaydzhan oil fields do not have automatics to
couple and uncouple the compressor pipe in deep wells, and this work must
be done manually. Despite this, the Azerbaydzhan Petroleum Machine Build-
ing Research Institute and the Baku Fixture Plant are delaying the manu-
facture and field tests of the two sample automatics, AD-50 and APR-2, both
with a rated lifting capacity of 50-70 tons and designed for use with pipes
of all widths.
An important problem in the industry is to repair wells at the new
sites by means of universal portable units. The plan for such a unit,
with complex mechanization of all the preparatory and finishing opera-
tions, has been developed by the above institute, but the tests have not
yet been started.
1960 OIL EXTRACTION GOAL MET IN 1957 -- Baku, Bakinskiy Rabochiy, 29 Jan 58
In 1957, the Azerbaydzhan oil industry extracted 15,952,000 tons of
crude oil and thus surpassed its planned output of 15.7 million tons. In
2 years, the industry reached the level that had been planned for 1960.
Extraction in the 2-year period increased by 667,600 tons, and the increase
in refining was even greater.
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Gas extraction reached 3.4 billion cubic meters in contrast to the
1,494,000 billion extracted in 1955.
All 11 oil-field administrations of the Ministry of Petroleum Indus-
try Azerbaydzhan SSR either met or surpassed their 1957 goals for crude
oil extraction. Leading the group in competition were Gyurgaanneft',
Karadagneft', Artemneft', Lenineft', and Kirovneft'. However, extraction
in the old oil-field administrations, such as Stalinneft', Ordzhonikidzen-
eft', Buzovnyneft', and Azizbekovneft', has been declining each year, and
a considerable portion of the crude oil extracted at the new sites compen-
sates for the decline in the old areas.
Since most of the operating wells in Azerbaydzhan are deep pumpers,
the quality and efficiency of deep pumps is of great importance, but the
type of pumps produced by the Plant imeni Dzerzhinskiy fails to meet the
demands of the oil fields.
During the year, the republic's refining industry fulfilled the
quotas for only 66 of the 87 types of petroleum products. Losses of
petroleum products at the refineries are heavy, reaching hundreds of
thousands of tons a year, especially at the refineries imeni Andreyev and
imeni Stalin.
One of the main problems in the republic's oil industry is to increase
labor efficiency and reduce petroleum production costs, inasmuch as these
costs are very high in Azerbaydzhan. These costs have been reduced con-
siderably in the Karadagneft' and Siazanneft' oil-field administrations
and maintained at the same level in the Gyurganneft' Oil Field Administra-
tion, but have risen in the other field administrations.
In 1958, the industry is expected to extract 16,415,000 tons of
crude oil and 4.5 billion cubic meters of gas. This is approximately
450,000 tons more crude oil and 1.1 billion cubic meters, or 34 percent,
more gas than was extracted in 1957. To meet these goals, drilling
volume must reach 905,000 meters, in contrast to 750,000 meters in 1957.
By 1965, Azerbaydzhan is expected to increase its crude oil extrac-
tion to 22 million tons per year, and its gas extraction to 10-11 billion
cubic meters to stay in line with the projected goal of the USSR, which
is, in the next 10-15 years, to raise crude oil extraction to 3.5-4.0
times and gas output to 13-15 times their present levels.
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III. FERROUS METALLURGY
General
STATISTICAL ADMINISTRATION REPORTS ON METALLURGIAL INDUSTRY: RESULTS OF
WORK OF MINING AND ORE INDUSTRY FOR 1957 -- Moscow, Gornyy Zhurnal, No 3,
Mar 58, p 3
The Central Statistical Administration under the Council of Ministers
USSR has reported that, during 1957 (the second year of the Sixth Five-
Year Plan), enterprises of the ferrous metallurgical industry produced 7
percent more than in 1956 and enterprises of the nonferrous metallurgical
industry produced 10 percent more.
The mining-ore industry delivered considerably more raw materials for
the production of ferrous and nonferrous metals in 1957. Extraction of
iron ore reached 84+.2 million tons as against 78.1 million tons in 1956.
Extraction of copper ore increased 8.3 percent, lead-zinc ore 12.1 per-
cent, nickel 5.1 percent, and bauxite 6.7 percent.
The 1957 plan for copper, lead-zinc ores, and bauxite was consider-
ably exceeded. The miners of the Kazakh SSR worked particularly well.
They exceeded the plan for extraction of copper and lead-zinc ores and
assured an approximately 9-percent growth in the production of these
branches of the industry during the year.
Among ferrous metallurgy mines which delivered a considerable amount
of above-plan ore were the Magnitogorskiy, Atasuyskiy, Olenegorskiy, and
Dashkesanskiy. The Leninruda and Nikopol-Marganets trusts exceeded the
state plan.
In the nonferrous metallurgical industry, the best work indexes for
extracting copper were achieved by the Kounrad and Dzhezkazgan mine ad-
ministrations and the Sibayevskiy and Blyavinskiy mines. The miners of
Altyn-Topkan, Leninogorsk, Zyryanovsk, and Mirgalimsay had the best in-
dexes for lead-zinc ores.
During 1957, production capacities of the mining-ore industry in-
creased. New mines and pits were put in operation in connection with
operating mines.
The Sokolovsk Mine of the Sokolovsk-Sarbay Ore Concentrating Combine
in the region of Kustanay and the Abakanskiy Pit in Krasnoyarskiy Kray
delivered their first ore. The Krivoy Rog Iron Ore Basin was extended by
new mines, including such large ones as Saksagan' Mine of the Ore Adminis-
tration imeni Dzerzhinsk of the Dzerzhinskruda Trust with a planned
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capacity of 3.5 million tons, and the Yuzhnaya Mine of the Ore Adminis-
tration imeni 20th Congress of the CPSU of the Leninruda Trust with a
planned capacity of 1,850,000 tons. The production capacities of mines
of the Central Ore Administration Ingulets rose considerably, as did that
of the Mine imeni Kirov of the Ore Administration imeni Kirov, Mine Mag-
netitovaya of the Vysokogorskoye Ore Administration in the Urals, and
others.
In 1957, construction was begun on new facilities to increase the
capacities of ore-concentrating combines for extracting; iron quartzite
by the open-pit method and processing the ore into high-grade concentrate.
The Krivoy Rog Basin has started the construction of the Novokrivorozh-
skiy Combine with a planned capacity of 9 million tons for raw ores, and
the Central and Second Yuzhnyy mining and concentrating combines with ca-
pacities of 15 million and 9 million tons, respectively. The KLchkanar-
skiy Mining and Concentrating Combine with a capacity of 15 million tons
has been started in the Urals. In the region of the KMA (Kursk Magnetic
Anomaly) construction has started on a large pit in the Mikhaylovskoye
deposit of rich ores.
Extraction of ores by the open-pit method and by highly effective
systems of underground mining continued to increase in operating mines.
The use of the system of sublevel automatic caving has increased in mines
of the Krivoy Rog Basin, and a system of subicvel caving has been suc-
cessfully adopted in copper mines of the Ural::, Kirovgrad, Krasnouralsk,
and others.
In the Degtyarskiy Mine an experimental block was worked out by a
system with mass caving of pillars into unfilled rooms, with simultaneous
caving of the overlying rock; this cost approximately 4.3 million less
than the system of layer caving.
In 1957, the use of new, more productive mining machinery increased
in ore pits and mines. In a number of pits (the Sibayevskiy and Kounrad
mines, the Noril'skiy Combine), EKG-8 excavators were in operation with
a bucket capacity of 6 cubic meters. Their productivity some months
reached 130,000 cubic meters. The Sokolovsk-Sarbay Combine utilized
draglines with a bucket capacity of 14+ cubic meters in overburden re-
moval work. The Kounrad, Sokolovsk, and other mines had at their dis-
posal 100-ton and 150-ton electric locomotives.
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Production
USSR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION -- Leningradskaya Pravda, 11 Feb 58
Smelting of pig iron in the USSR has increased from 27 million tons
in 1953 to 37 million tons in 1957; smelting of steel, from 38 million
tons to 51 million tons; and production of rolled stock, from 29 million
tons to 40 million tons.
1957 PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 11 Feb 58
In 1957, the Ukraine produced 18.5 million tons of pig iron, 19.6
million tons of steel, and 16.1 million tons of rolled stock.
UKRAINIAN METALLURGICAL STATISTICS FOR JANUARY 1958 -- Kiev, Pravda
Ukrainy, 2 Feb 58
The following table gives plan fulfillment by Ukrainian SSR metal-
lurgists for January 1958 (in percent):
Pig Iron
Steel
Rolled Stock
Ukrainian SSR
97.8
101.1
101.2
Stalinskiy Sovnarkhoz
100.2
101.5
101.3
Voroshilovgradskiy Sovnarkhoz
97.8
101.0
102.4
Dnepropetrovskiy Sovnarkhoz
96.4
100.1
102.1
Zaporozhskiy Sovnarkhoz
93.6
101.9
91i.5
The plan for the entire metallurgical cycle was fulfilled by workers
of the following plants: Yenakiyevo, imeni Kirov, imeni Il'ich, Azovstal',
Kramatorsk imeni Kuybyshev, imeni Franz., and imeni Dzerzhinsk. Other
groups of workers who also met their quotas were blast furnace workers
of the Almaznaya Plant and steel smelters of the plants imeni Voroshilov,
imeni Lenin, imeni Karl Libknekht, imeni Komintern, Novo-Moskovskiy, and
Dneprospetsstal'.
The plan for extracting iron ore was exceeded by almost 29,000 tons.
More than 15,000 tons of this amount were delivered by the ore adminis-
tration of the Dzerzhinskruda Trust. Workers of the Nikopol' Trust are
still operating well.
The plan for roasting coke was successfully fulfilled.
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Construction
MINING ENTERPRISES REPORT CONSTRUCTION STATUS -- Moscow, Stroitel'naya
Gazeta, 21 Mar 58
In 1958, the USSR is investing 12.1 billion rubles in the development
of the iron-ore base for the ferrous metallurgical industry. This is 35
percent more than in 1957. With these funds constructers are to put in
operation new facilities to account for 10,1I+0,000 tons of raw iron ore.
Of this amount more than 5 million tons is assigned to the Ukraine, more
than 3 million tons to the RSFSR, and about 2 million tons to the Kazakh
SSR.
The largest increase in capacity, 2.5 million tons, is to be the
responsibility of the Kamyshburunskiy Iron Ore Combine. Unfortunately,
the Khersonskiy Sovnarkhoz, which is directing this construction, has
been unable to report on the course of the construction assembly work.
Constructers of the Sokolovsk-Sarbay Combine are to be responsible
for 1.5 million tons of the 1958 growth in capacity, constructers of
Krivoy Rog, 1.2 million tons, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly Ore Enterprise
constructers, 1.1 million tons; and the Kuznetsk Ore Enterprise Construc-
tion in Gornaya Shoriya, 580,000 tons.
The following table gives data as of 1 March 1958 on construction
costs and construction plan fulfillment for a number of mining and ore
enterprises now under construction.
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
r
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
KARAGANDA PLANT LARGEST IN USSR -- Moscow, Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 1 Feb 58
In the city of Temir-Tau, near Karaganda, an enormous new structure
is located. Here the Karaganda Metallurgical Plant, the largest in-the
USSR, called the Kazakhstanskaya Magnitka, is being built. In capacity
this enterprise will surpass the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Combine. Its pig
iron and rolled stock will be the cheapest in the country because Atasuy-
skiy iron ore, Toparskiy limestone deposits, and the Karaganda coking
coal are located nearby.
The plant will have four enormous blast furnaces, larger than those
of the Ural Magnitka. Open-hearth furnaces will be assembled, as well
as highly productive converters, the largest slab mill in the country, a
continuous rolling mill extending almost a kilometer, and high-capacity
coke-chemical batteries.
The construction of the Kazakhstanskaya Magnitka has already been
started. The foundation of the first blast furnace has been laid. Its
constructers have pledged to blow in the furnace by 7 November 1959. At
the same time, two coking batteries with a complex of chemical shops are
to be put in operation. By 15 September 1958, the powerful plant thermal
electric power central should be delivering industrial current.
METALLURGICAL PLANT CONSTRUCTION LAGS -- Moscow, Voprosy Ekonomiki, No 2,..
Feb 58, p 39
Construction of the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant in Rustavi,
Georgian SSR, was started in 1945 and is to be finished in 1958. The
first smelting of steel took place in 1950, that is, 5 years after the
start of construction of the plant. The plant began the production of
semifinished pipe in 1951 and the first consignment of the basic type of
production of this plant -- seamless steel pipe for the petroleum indus-
try -- was issued in 1952. Not until 1954, 9 years after the start of
construction of the plant, did it begin roasting coke and smelting pig
iron.
The construction of the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant was started
in 1948, but its first products were issued only 7 years later. Up to
now, the open-hearth furnace and rolling mill shops have not been put in
operation, although production of considerable quantities of commercial
pig iron in the Cherepovets Plant would clearly be inexpedient.
Construction of the Orsk-Khalilovo Metallurgical Plant is also being
prolonged too long.
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Technology
NEW TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCED IN STEEL SMELTING -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 16 Feb 58
Production of steel in the USSR should be increased in the near
future, not only by putting new open-hearth furnaces in operation but
also by intensifying the work of the existing furnaces and by the in-
troduction of outstanding technology in steel smelting.
In this connection, the method developed in 1952 by Academician N.
Dobrokhotov of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR should be mentioned.
The essence of the method is as follows: The ferroalloys which are gen-
erally added to the molten metal in the furnace to deoxidize and adjust
the chemical composition, are now added to the ladle of molten metal.
Uniform composition of the metal is obtained through the stirring action
of a stream falling from the runner.
In 1953 the new technology was introduced in the Stalingrad Plant
"Krasnyy Oktyabr'.t' They smelted chrome and chrome-nickel steels. Solid
ferrochrome was introduced in the ladle. A careful analysis of the
smelted metal indicated that it satisfied all necessary requirements and
was equal in quality to steels deoxidized in the furnace.
During 1955-1956, the Izhevsk Metallurgical Plant smelted more than
10,000 tons of alloyed and carbon steel by this technology. A saving of
5-10 rubles per ton was effected and the productivity of the furnaces was
3-,5 percent higher than usual.
The experience of work of the open-hearth furnaces and shops in-
dicated that in smelting carbon, chrome, manganese, and other types of
steels, the total content of the alloying element in the metal should
not be more than 2.5 percent except for nickel, molybdenum, and copper.
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE SHOP INTRODUCES NEW TECHNIQUES IN USE OF OXYGEN --
Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 26 Feb 58
In November 1957, workers of the first open-hearth furnace shop of
the Nizhne-Tagil Metallurgical Combine in cooperation with scientists of
the Central Scientific Research Institute performed experimental smelt-
ings, feeding oxygen through the crown of the furnace. The blast of
oxygen directly on the bath permitted cutting in half the time required
for finishing the metal.
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Now a more effective way of using oxygen has been found. In open-
hearth furnace No 14 a so-called "end" installation has been installed.
A current of oxygen is fed into the nozzle of this installation at an
angle of 35 degrees to the surface of the bath at a speed of 500 meters
per second.
The current of oxygen reaches a large surface and penetrates deeply
into the metal. Through this process of smelting, the burning out of the
carbon and the oxidation of the metal proceeds much more rapidly than in
furnaces without such an installation.
Experimental smeltings done with the help of the new technique were
completed in 7 hours although at least 9 hours was necessary for this
under ordinary conditions,
Such an effective method of using oxygen permits increasing the
smelting of steel without increasing the capacities, and it is finding
extensive use. During 1958, such installations will be installed in the
four large open-hearth furnaces of the combine.
PIG-IRON CASTING FURNACES CONVERTED TO GAS FUEL -- Moscow, Trud, 5 Feb 58
Baku engineers M. Ye. Dolginova, heat technician (teplotekhnik) of
the Plant imeni Parizhskaya Kommuna, and P. M. Aleksenko, chief of the
Technological Office of the foundry of the Kishlinskiy Machine-Building
Plant, have solved the important problem of the use of natural gas in pig
iron casting. They have created a new shape of original design for the
pig-iron smelting furnace and gas jet. The new gas furnace is a com-
bination form, uniting the principles of the shaft and reverberatory
furnaces.
Work on converting pig-iron casting furnaces to gas has been directed
by K. V. Pokrovskiy, Doctor of Technical Sciences.
Now two furnaces of the new design are operating in the Kishlinskiy
Machine-Building Plant. Such furnaces have been created in the Plant
imeni Parizhskaya Kommuna and in the Plant imeni Montin.
It was stated in the Administration of Machine Building of the Azer-
baydzha.n Sovnarkhoz that pig iron casting in all Baku plants will be con-
verted to gas fuel in 1958. This will permit raising the production of
pig iron smelting to 1.5 times its present level at a relatively small
cost of reconstructing the pig-iron casting furnaces, and will mean a
saving of up to 5 million rubles as a result of reducing the amount of
fuel.
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It is very important that the gas extracted in Karadag approach in
physical properties the gas of Stavropol', Tashauz, Shebilinskiy, and
other deposits. Therefore calculations made by Baku engineers may be
used in other areas of the USSR in the conversion of the pig iron smelting
industry to gas fuel. Representatives of the Kharkov Planning Institute
Giprostanok State Institute for Planning Machine Tool Building Tool and
Abrasive Plants, and Press and Forging Machine Building Plantsj, the All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Technology and Machine Building,
and the Kharkov Machine-Building Plant went to Baku to study the experi-
ment of the Baku engineers.
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES USE NATURAL GAS -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 2 Feb 58
Two years ago, the Krasnyy Oktyabr' Plant converted one of its open-
hearth furnaces to the use of natural gas, the first time for such a pro-
cedure in the USSR. At present, eight open-hearth furnaces and 85 soaking
pits and heat furnaces are operating on natural gas. During 1958, it is
intended to convert all open-hearth furnaces and all heating installations
to natural gas to permit a saving of thousands of tons of mazut, coal, and
coke.
FLUXED AGGLOMERATE FOR OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy,
4Feb 58
The Metallurgical Plant imeni Dzerzhinsk has started to use a fluxed
agglomerate in its open-hearth furnaces instead of fine iron ore and lime-
stone fed separately to the furnaces. This agglomerate is produced in the
agglomerating factory of the plant. Scientists of the Kharkov Institute
of Metals assisted engineers of the enterprise in its production.
TRACTOR PLANT DEVELOPS METHOD TO SAVE TUNGSTEN -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 21 Feb 58
The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant has been regularly consuming an ex-
cessive amount of ferrotungsten in smelting pig iron by a duplex process
in the DChM-10 electric furnace because the ferrotungsten is difficult
to smelt and is of high specific gravity, and when added to the molten
pig iron, it settles in lumps on the bottom of the furnace where part of
it, during further smelting, is absorbed by the lining. To assure the
technologically fixed content of alloy material, particularly in the first
ladles of molten metal, considerably more tungsten must be added than
called for by the norm.
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A proposal was made to use shavings of metal-containing tungsten,
obtained from the tool shop. A chemical analysis by the senior engineer
of the central plant laboratory indicated that shavings of high-speed
steel contain 18 percent of tungsten, and their substitutes, 9 percent.
Starting from this data it was determined how much shavings had to be
added to a metal charge.
Then laboratory experiments were begun. The central plant laboratory
tried alloying molten pig iron by the addition of shavings of high-speed
steel and substitutes for it in induction furnaces. The experiments had
good results; however, some specialists of the cast iron foundry shop No 2
feared that shavings added to the charge of an electric furnace would get
into the slag and that would cause losses of tungsten.
Nevertheless, after experiments carried out under laboratory and in-
dustrial conditions, it was proved to be expedient to use shavings of
high-speed steel and its substitutes in place of ferrotungsten. The ad-
vantage of such a method of alloying liquid pig iron is that the shavings
have a large surface and, compared with ferrotungsten, a small tungsten
content. In 3-5 minutes after they have been added to the surface of the
liquid metal they dissolve, completely and do not have time to settle on
the bottom of the furnace. Thus losses of tungsten are eliminated and the
finishing of the pig iron is accelerated, and the content of the tungsten
is more uniform in the pig iron.
The new method of alloying pig iron has now been introduced into mass
production in the plant. More than 10,000 crankshafts of tractor starting
motors have been cast with the use of shavings instead of ferrotungsten.
The use of shavings as an alloying material in casting crankshafts has
reduced the cost of this casting more than 600,000 rubles per year.
The experiment of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in the secondary use
of tungsten contained in shavings of high-speed steel has great interest
for machine builders. Because of this, losses of tungsten will be reduced
about 20 percent and tens of millions of rubles will be saved annually for
the national economy.
POWDER METALLURGY ASSUMES IMPORTANCE -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, l4+ Feb 58
Powder metallurgy is a progressive method for preparing parts. It
has developed into an independent industry and has acquired great impor-
tance for the national economy*.
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Production of metal-ceramic parts by the method of powder metallurgy
permits almost completely giving up their mechanical processing, consider-
ably reduces the labor required to make products, and saves hundreds and
thousands of tons of nonferrous and ferrous rolled products. It permits
creation of new technical materials with particular physical properties:
which are impossible to obtain by ordinary methods -- casting, forging,
rolling, etc.
Preparation of a number of new types of industrial products has re-
cently been mastered by the method of powder metallurgy. This has per-
mitted solving important technological problems of the new techniques in
a number of branches. For example, the production of special heat-
resisting alloys has become possible for dependable parts used in jet
engines; powerful high-temperature furnaces; nuclear reactors, consisting
of metals and nonmetals not reacting on one another; materials with very
high magnetic properties; highly productive cutting tools made of hard
alloys; frictional materials with a high coefficient of friction and low
abrasion at a high braking temperature; porous metal-ceramic antifriction
materials in place of cast bronze; babbits; etc.
With the help of powder metallurgy, the electrical industry prepares
various contact materials consisting of powders of tungsten-silver,
tungsten-copper, and other components in which the melting point of the
parts differs 1,500-2,000 degrees and also bronze-graphite and copper-
graphite brushes for electric machines.
USSR EXPERIMENTS WITH NEW COKING CHARGES -- Moscow, Koks i Khimiya, No 3,
Mar 58, P 3
In the ordinary method of preparing a coal charge, it is impossible
to increase substantially the proportion of gas and slightly-caking coal
in it without impairing the quality of the coke. However, if the charge
is prepared by the method of selective crushing, the proportion of these
coals in the charge may be increased considerably. In this connection
research has been carried out in two directions: (a) Increase in the
proportion of gas and slightly caking coal in industrial charges of plants
in the east; and (b) selection of prospective charges with a predominating
proportion of gas and slightly caking coals (40-60 percent).
Charges with a proportion of gas coal were prepared by a method of
selective crushing. The charges for coking were prepared in a semtplant
installation of VUKhIN (All-Union Scientific Research Coal-Chemistry In-
stitute). As is evident, gas coal was introduced into the charges at the
expense of short-supply fat coal and of K2 coal and of highly caking coal
from the Novyy seam.
Here and everywhere else designations of coal are given according to
GOS'T 1280-148.
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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The charge consisted of run-of-the-mine coal and it was screened on
a screen with openings 12 millimeters in diameter. The class above 12
millimeters was crushed to size 12-0 millimeters and then mixed with class
12-0 millimeters obtained by screening the run-of-the-mine charge. After
this, class 12-0 millimeters was screened on screens with openings 6 x 6
millimeters and 3 x 3 millimeters (charges 1 and 3) or on screens with
openings 4 x 4 millimeters and 2 x 2 millimeters (charge 2). In this
process, classes 12-6, 6-3, and 3-0 millimeters were separated out, or
classes 12-4, 4-2, and 2-0 millimeters. Class 12-6 millimeters (or 12-4
millimeters) was crushed to the size 6-0 millimeters (or 4-0 millimeters)
and screened on a screen with openings 3 x 3 millimeters (2 x 2 milli-
meters). Class 6-3 millimeters, obtained in screening the charge and
after additional crushing of class 12-6 millimeters, was crushed to the
size 1-0 millimeters and class 4-2 millimeters to the size 2-0 millimeters.
Charges 1 and 3 are subjected to coking with coal in the size 3-0
millimeters and charge 2 with coal size 2-0 millimeters.
Results of experimental coking in a semiplant installation have in-
dicated that use of the method of selective crushing opens up the possi-
bility of incresfiing the proportion of gas coal to 15-20 percent in some
plants of the east and the proportion of slightly caking coal up to 15
percent mainly by reducing amounts of short-supply caking coal.
Charges with predominating proportions of gas coal and slightly
caking coal were also coked. The contents of these charges are given in
the following table (in percent):
Designation of Coal
(Mine, Type, Group)
Zyryanovskaya, GI
Imeni Kirov, G2
Polysayevskaya, G3
Zh2
K2
Charges
4
5
6
7
8
--
--
--
--
20
40
40
--
60
20
--
--
40
--
20
25
25
20
15
10
35
--
20
15
30
--
35
20
10
--
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The charge for coking is prepared both by the usual method and by
the method of selective crushing, and the results are compared. The drum
test indicates that the mechanical toughness of the coke is improved for
the charges with selective crushing. The residue in the drum is from 12
to 28 kilograms greater than coke produced by the usual method, with the
exception of charge 6. This charge was made up of low-caking components
and the effect of selective crushing was only slight. The drum test
showed that only 4 kilograms more was contained in the drum residue than
in the residue from coking by the usual method. However, if charge 6 is
subjected to ramming and there is a compression of up to 900 kilograms
exerted per cubic meter, coke will be obtained that will leave a 324
kilogram residue in the drum (instead of the 288 without ramming) and only
43 kilograms of the class 10-0 will go through the drum.
GOST HAMPERS PIPE CONSTRUCTION -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 17 Jan 58
The annual requirement for cast iron water and drain pipe will in-
crease to approximately 1,450,000 tons by 1960. With this in view, the
production of cast iron pipe must be doubled.
If existing standards for cast iron pipe for a number of European
countries and the US, as well as recommendations of the International
Organization for Standards (ISO) are compared with GOST 5525-50; it will
be clear that deviations occur in two main directions. USSR pipe with a
diameter of 75-200 millimeters is considerably shorter in length; the
country does not make pipe 6 and 7 meters long at all. Such a restricted
assortment complicates and makes more difficult the assembly.of pipelines
and increases their production costs. The walls of the pipe are always
extra thick, and this leads to inexcusable losses of metal.
As comparisons indicate, USSR pipe 500 millimeters in diameter and
5 meters long weighs 114 kilograms more than pipe of the International
Standard ISO of the same diameter and length.
Another great difference noted between USSR pipe and that following
the ISO is this: pipe 800 millimeters in diameter and 5 meters in length
(that is, one meter shorter than the 'length set by standard ISO) is still
43 kilograms heavier; and pipe 1,000 millimeters in diameter and 5 meters
in length is 980 kilograms heavier. Thus enormous inexcusable losses in
metal are protected by An outmoded GOST.
The length of pipes is not limited as far as industry is concerned;
on the contrary, production of longer pipe is an advantage to plants. In
preparing pipe by a combination method of operations in conveyer machines,
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one operation, the pouring of metal, is lengthened by a few seconds only,
and this does not have any actual effect on the total length of the tech-
nological process. The advantage is that the output of pipe is consider-
ably increased in linear meters and, consequently, in tons, and the per-
formance of the machine is stepped up more than 50 percent.
It has become necessary to revise the GOST for water pipes with the
goal of normalizing these products so that it (the COST) will have meaning
both for the USSR production and for international trade.
The practical solution of this problem depends directly on the tech-
nical level of the pipe casting industry. If the most progressive method
of centrifugal pipe casting based on an improved technological process
and the construction of a conveyer machine is adopted, the increase in
the production of pipe, particularly with a diameter up to 500 millimeters,
and its greater length with a simultaneous decrease in the thickness of
the walls can be achieved at a given time.
The transition to the centrifugal method of pipe casting in a number
of countries has invariably been accompanied by a regular decrease in the
thickness of the walls of the products and a drop in their weight.
Plants, Deposits, Mines
MEASURES TO STEP UP PRODUCTIVITY OF TRANSCAUCASIAN PLANT -- Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 7 Feb 58
The Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant is a young enterprise. Its
workers have quickly overcome the difficulties involved in mastering new
shops and aggregates, and have achieved a considerable increase in pro-
duction for the entire metallurgical cycle. However, there are still many
unexploited reserves for increasing further the production output and
decreasing the cost of production which is still high.
One of the main reserves is growth in labor productivity. This would
stop the high degree of idleness of the rolling mills. The reject rate
is high. The consumption of raw materials and basic materials per weight
unit of production is unsatisfactory in the coke-chemical, blast furnace,
and open-hearth furnace shops and in the rolling mill and pipe rolling
mill. During 1957, the blast furnace shop consumed an average of up to
60 kilograms of charge per ton of pig iron more than planned, and the
open-hearth furnace shop used 5 kilograms more metal scrap per ton of
steel than provided for by the norms. High cost of repair and services
has also increased the expenditures of production.
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But there are also other reasons which have a negative effect on
production costs of the plant.
To enable the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant to supply pig iron
for steel not only to its own steel-smelting shops but also to the Baku
Pipe Rolling Mill, it would be expedient to raise the production of pig
iron to 1.5 times its present level in the metallurgical plant and to
master there the smelting of blast furnace ferromanganese, using a blast
enriched by oxygen. It will be possible to achieve this more quickly and
with less outlay of capital than if blast furnaces were constructed at a
new place since there are large construction organizations at the Trans-
caucasian plant which have accumulated a great deal of experience in con-
structing metallurgical shops.
The planned assignment of Gipromez (State Institute for Planning
Metallurgical Plants) for the Transcaucasian plant provides for the con-
struction of a third blast furnace. It seems advisable to build the new
blast furnace with average volume and to reconstruct the second blast
furnace with capital repair to have the same volume, but to convert blast
furnace No 1 to smelting carbonic ferromanganese. The new blast furnaces
of the plant will be adequately supplied with limestone, dolomite, and
manganese ore extracted right in the area.
It is even more expedient to carry out these measures since the
Transcaucasus does not have adequate pig iron for steel and it must be
brought in from the Donbass.
Expansion of blast furnace production will lead to a decrease in
cost prices both for pig iron and other products put out by the plant.
TRANSCAUCASIAN PLANT EXPANDS -- Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 1 Feb 58
In 1957, the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant imeni I. V. Stalin
put in operation open-hearth furnaces No 7 and No 8. In the fourth quar-
ter of 1957, the plant converted to the 7-hour workday.
CHELYABINSK TO HAVE LARGEST USSR BLAST FURNACE -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 5 Feb 58
Blast furnace No 5, which is to be built and put in operation in
1958 in the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant, will be the largest and most
highly productive blast furnace in the USSR. Constructers of the furnace
have pledged to complete it ahead of schedule by 7 November 1958-
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LARGE SLAB MILL UNDER CONSTRUCTION FOR MAGNITOGORSK COMBINE -- Moscow,
Stroitel?naya Gazeta, 14 Feb 58
Slab Mill "1150," the largest in the USSR, is being constructed in
the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. The great mill will roll steel
ingots weighing up to 25 tons into slabs (intermediate products for roll-
ing sheet steel) up to 1,700 millimeters wide. The main drive of the
horizontal stand consists of two engines of 6,500 horsepower each, which
is twice the capacity of modern blooming mills.
The slab mill is the head part of a new block of sheet rolling mills
of the combine. Next to it will be a strip mill "2500" which is intended
to roll the intermediate products to sheet 2-4+ millimeters thick and up
to 2.3 meters wide in the form of a roll weighing up to 15 tons.
VOROSHILOVSK PLANT TO ACQUIRE LARGE OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE -- Leningradskaya
Pravda, 8 Feb 58
The construction of a large new open-hearth furnace has been started
in the Voroshilovsk Metallurgical Plant imeni Voroshilov. This is a gi-
gantic structure to be completed in one year. However, the young people
who are constructing it have determined to complete it ahead of schedule
as a gift to the country in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol.
This will be open-hearth furnace No 10 in the Plant imeni Voroshilov.
In one melt it will be able to deliver hundreds of tons of steel.
NIZHNE-TAGIL PLANT RECEIVES LOW-GRADE RAW MATERIAIS -- Moscow, Pravda,
30 Jan 58
Deputy V. Ye. Privalov spoke on the work of industry of the Sverd-
lovskiy Sovnarkhoz at the Fifth Congress of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. He
brought up the question of the slow development of the ore base in the
Central Urals. He stated that the quality of raw materials for blast
furnaces of the Nizhne-Tagil Metallurgical Plant was unsatisfactory and
that the ash content of coking coal supplied by the Kuzbass was increas-
ing each year. As a result, he continued, the quality of the coke was
deteriorating and every superfluous percent of ash in the coke reduces the
productivity of the blast furnaces almost 3 percent.
This situation was complicated, he added, by the lag in the construc-
tion of new mines and new coal-cleaning plants in the Kuzbass, and the
Council of Ministers RSFSR had to extend surveying for the development of
new fat and coking coal mine fields and to take measures for the very
rapid construction of new mines.
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STALINO PLANT ACQUIRES LARGE NEW SMELTING INSTALLATION -- Kiev, Pravda
Ukrainy, 6 Feb 58
Construction of an installation for the continuous smelting of steel
has been started in the Stalino Metallurgical Plant. In dimensions and
capacity this is the largest such installation in the world.
All processes in smelting steel will be mechanized and automatized.
When the installation starts operating, the time required to complete the
production cycle in the plant will be considerably decreased and less
metals will be wasted.
LENINRUDA TRUST ACQUIRES NEW MINE -- Moscow, Pravda, 17 Feb 58
The Krivbassrudstroy Trust (Krivoy Rog Trust for the Construction of
Ore Enterprises) has completed building the Oktyabr'skaya Mine which be-
longs to the Leninruda Trust. The mine has been put in operation and will
have a planned capacity of 3.5 million tons of ore per year. The enter-
prise is provided with two 25-ton skips and underground transport is
equipped with powerful 10-ton mine cars and centralized electric control.
The first tons of iron ore have already been brought above ground.
SOKOLOVSK-SARBAY COMBINE EXPECTS HIGH PRODUCTION -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan-
skaya Pravda, 6 Feb 58
At present, Kustanayskaya Oblast is called the "Bol'shoy Turgay"
since geologists have discovered enormous wealth in iron ore, bituminous
coal, titanium, and zirconium there. The Sokolovsk-Sarbay Mining and
'Concentrating Combine has been established there. Scientists came to the
mine field and studied samples of the iron ore. At that time, no ore was
yet being delivered to the country, but now trainload after trainload is
being sent every day to Chelyabinsk and Nizhniy Tagil. The January plan
was fulfilled ahead of schedule. The goal of the workers is to give the
motherland the first million tons of ore by the end of 1958.
This is only the beginning. Next year, the Sokolovsk mine should de-
liver 2.5 million tons of ore. Then when the Sarbay Mine is put in opera-
tion, the country will receive 10 million tons of ore per year.
At a recent session of the Kustanayskiy Sovnarkhoz, the important
decision was reached to raise the capacity of the Sokolovsk-Sarbay Mining
and Concentrating Combine to 22.5 million tons per year, by 1965-
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SOKOLOVSK MINE STARTS PRODUCING -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda,
1 Feb 58
Constructers and miners of the young city of Rudnyy have fulfilled
the 1957 state plan for putting in operation the complex of the first
unit of the Sokolovsk-Sarbay Mining and Concentrating Combine, which has
a capacity of one million tons of ore per year. In a short time, 16
million cubic meters of earth was removed from the pit which uncovered
the ore body. In 1957, the Sokolovsk Mine shipped 120,000 tons of ore
for blast furnaces of the Urals. In 1960, the combine will deliver ten
times as much.
NEW MINES OPERATE IN KRIVOY ROG BASIN -- Moscow, Trud, 5 Feb 58
Recently, the following mines were put in operation in the Krivoy
Rog Basin: "Yuzhnaya" Mine of the Mine Administration imeni 20th Congress
of the CPSU, "Pioner" Mine of the Mine Administration'imeni Roza Lyuksem-
burg, and "Bolshoy Kar'yer" of the Mine Administration imeni Dzerzhinsk.
In the Nikopol' Manganese Basin the following open pits have been
constructed: "Novoselovskiy" Pit, "Shevchenkovskiy" Pit, and "Aleksandrov-
skiy" Pit. These pits will enable miners to extract almost twice as much
manganese by the open-pit method as in 1956.
SIZE OF IRON DEPOSITS IN KMA -- Moscow, Vechernyaya Moskva, 27 Feb 58
The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly appears at the surface in the form of
belts which extend at least 1,000 kilometers. The Krivoy Rog iron deposit
also appears as a narrow belt but this extends only 100 kilometers. The
part of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly which is located in Belgorodskiy Rayon
alone contains at least 15 billion tons of rich iron ore.
Scrap Metal
STALINGRAD PLANT ORGANIZES SCRAP METAL COLLECTION -- Moscow, Sovetskaya
Rossiya, 25 Feb 58
The collection of metal shavings has been organized in the Stalingrad
Plant in all shops where there are metal-cutting machines. Special bins
have been set up in every bay for steel and pig-iron waste products. The
collected metal is loaded into trucks and is then delivered by motor truck
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to railroad cars. Persons who are engaged in putting the working areas in
order observe the appeal which is hung up in some shops: "Save every gram
of metal!" They take care that not a single lump of metal is lost or
missing.
One abundant source for supplementing the steel balance would con-
sist in resmelting scrap obtained from outmoded and unsuitable equipment.
Old and worn-out equipment is expensive to operate. Its productivity is
very low. It gets out of order often and restoring and repairing it is
very expensive. It would be better to replace the worn-out equipment
with new models and turn the old machines and equipment into scrap for
resmelting.
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IV. NONFERROUS METALLURGY
Technology
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE ASSISTS LEAD-ZINC ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING NEW TECH-
NIQUES -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 21 Feb 58
For almost 7 years, the All-Union Scientific Research Mining and
Metallurgical Institute of Nonferrous Metals (VNIITsvetmet) has been in
existence. It is located on a square with a very large enterprise -- the
Ust'-Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc Combine. Not far away are the mines, concen-
trating factories, and plants of Altay. Fifteen laboratories, equipped
with modern apparatus, are in operation in the institute. There is an
experimental flotation concentrating factory. During 1958, construction
of mining and experimental machine shops will be started.
The scientific personnel of VNIITsvetmet is increasing. Expert
engineers with great industrial experience have entered the institute.
Fulfilling the requirements of the rapidly growing industry of Kazakh-
stan, the institute has been able to solve a number of serious problems in
a short time. It has developed a method of`drilling deep boreholes in
hard rock. For this purpose it designed suitable equipment, with the help
of which 36,000 linear meters were drilled in the mines of Kazakhstan in
1957 and more than 2.5 million rubles was saved.
Associates of the institutes, in collaboration with workers of the
Leninagorsk Lead Plant, have developed and studied a new process of elec-
trosmelting of lead agglomerate. The Vostochno-Kazakhstanskiy Sovnarkhoz
(Council of National Economy) and the Gosplan of the republic examined the
recommendations of the institute and plant and decided to introduce the
new method of smelting in the two largest plants of the Rudnyy Altay.
In 1923, Professor Makovetskiy proposed a sulfating (sul'fatizatsiya)
method for processing complex polymetallic ores and concentrates. Gint-
svetmet (State Institute of Nonferrous Metals) was also working in the
same direction. As a result there developed a method of both Professor
Makovetskiy and Gintsvetmet which is now attracting much attention.
The majority of nonferrous ores are polymetallic. Concentrates ob-
tained as a result of flotation concentration contain several metals in
varying proportions. Industry is greatly in need of a method for process-
ing such raw material for the complex extraction of all metals. The
Makovetskiy-Gintsvetmet method solved this task theoretically for copper-
zinc concentrates. However, serious difficulties involving technology
and apparatus were encountered when the plant put the method in practice.
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Associates of VNIITsvetmet developed a new sulfating method suitable
for powder-form materials in which not only lead and zinc but also cad-
mium, thallium, indium, germanium, selenium, and other rare metals were
concentrated. They put to creative use their latest achievements in
metallurgy (cold granulation with strong sulfuric acid, roasting in a
fluidized bed) and developed the technology for extracting all the metals
as well as suitable apparatus for carrying out the process. The Ust'-
Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc Combine is completing the construction of a special
experimental industrial shop.
NEW METHOD FOR OBTAINING METALLIC TELLURIUM -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya
Pravda, 28 Feb 58
Tellurium is the true metal of modern techniques. In 1958, it has
been obtained for the first time in industrial conditions of the Rudnyy
Altay in the Ust'-Kamenogorsk Lead-Zinc Combine. The combine constructed
and tried out an original installation for obtaining metallic tellurium
from solutions of the department for processing caustic melts, products
obtained in cleaning harmful admixtures from lead.
Plants, Mines, Deposits
BALKASH PLANT TO BE RECONSTRUCTED -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda,
5 Feb 58
During the past 6 years, the Balkhash Plant for Processing Nonferrous
Metals has almost doubled its output. At present, shops of the plant have
achieved their maximum capacity. The equipment is operating with an over-
load and part of it is out-of-date. The rolling mill operators have
planned, in connection with the 1959-1965 program, to do extensive work
on the reconstruction of their enterprise. After this has been accom-
plished, the output of nonferrous rolled stock will increase in 1963 to
more than 1.5 times the 1958 level. The program plans for the putting in
operation of a shop for the production of phosphorus-tin wire.
The production area of shop No 2 is being increased 50 percent. New
rolling mills will be installed with a capacity three times that of exist-
ing mills. Improvement of the technological process will shorten the pro-
duction cycle considerably. The use of multidisk cutters will permit the
cutting of metal belts of varying thickness and width.
The foundry is being significantly expanded. It is planned to build
a plant laboratory, storage compartments, and repair-service installations.
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ALUMINUM PLANTS TO RECEIVE TRAIN LOADS OF RAW MATERIALS -- Moscow, Gudok,
18 Jan 58
The production areas of an alumina plant stretch out in the desert
borderlands of Kirovabad. Soon heavy consists will go from here with raw
materials for the Sumgait and Transcaucasus Aluminum plants.
Dump trucks, filled with iron ore and alunite, fundamental raw ma-
terial for aluminum, run to Dashkesan and Zaklik. Heavily laden consists
filled with ore depart one after another from the Kushchinskiy Bridge
Station. Soon electric locomotives will pull them to their destination.
NEW ROLLING MILL FOR ALUMINUM STRIP IN OPERATION -- Leningradskaya Pravda,
28 Feb 58
In the plant for processing nonferrous metals (probably Leningrad
Nonferrous Metals Finishing Plant] a large new four-high rolling mill for
rolling fine aluminum strip has been put in operation. This highly pro-
ductive aggregate develops a speed in rolling of up to 150 meters per
minute, five times as fast as equipment used until recently. The given
thickness of the rolled strip -- up to 0.5 millimeter -- is achieved by
passing the strip three to four times through the rollers.
Two workers control all the mechanized and automatized processes in
the new rolling mill.
NEW ENTERPRISES ATTACHED TO CHIATURMARGANETS TRUST -- Tbilizi, Zarya
Vostoka, 4 Feb 58
In August 1957, the Chiaturmarganets Trust received two new struc-
tures of industrial significance. The Itkhvisi-Novyy Mine and a new
central concentrating factory were put in operation. Both these enter-
prises have a large planned production capacity, which is very important
for further development of the manganese industry. However, both enter-
prises are very slow in the achievement of their planned capacities, as
is indicated by their regular failure to fulfill their planned assignments.
The Itkhvisi-Novyy Mine fulfilled the plan for manganese extraction 46.1
percent from the day it was put in operation to the end of 1957 and the
new concentrating factory fulfilled its quota only 1+3.8 percent.
The mine administration did particularly bad work in preparation of
first-grade manganese, fulfilling its quota only 36.2 percent for this
product.
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CHIATURMARGANETS TRUST EXPANDS -- Moscow, Trud, 27 Feb 58
A new mine and flotation shops for the concentrating factory of the
Chiaturmarganets Trust are being constructed in Chiatura. When these
enterprises are put in operation in 1958, the manganese output from the
Chiaturskoye deposit will increase one million tons per year.
NEW TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS DISCOVERED -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 26 Feb 58
Geological exploratory crews of the Ingichka Group explore mineral
deposits all year round. During the past 2 years, they have discovered
supplies of tungsten ore more than six times as large as those previously
explored.
CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN LEADS IN SUPPLIES OF BASIC MINERALS -- Alma-Ata,
Khabarshysy Vestnik, No 1, Jan 58, p 22
Central Kazakhstan holds first place among all economic regions of
the USSR for supplies of the basic types of minerals which determine the
level of development of the national economy and of the defense of the
country. Here are concentrated more than 60 percent of the USSR iron re-
serves; about 50 percent of the copper, molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium;
and 30-50 percent of the coal, lead, zinc, and bauxite.
DZBEZKAZGAN COPPER ORE EXTRACTION TO EXPAND -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya
Pravda, 1 Feb 58
Kazakhstan takes a leading place in the extraction of ore and in the
smelting of nonferrous metals. During 1958, over-all production of the
nonferrous metallurgical industry will rise 3.4 percent above 1957.
The chief attention is being paid to the Dzhezkazgan copper ore de-
posit, which is one of the largest in the world. By 1965, extraction of
ore will rise to 2.5 times its present level. A mining and metallurgical
combine, the "Kazakhstan Magnitka" of nonferrous metallurgy, will be put
in operation.
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SHAMLUGSKOYE COPPER DEPOSIT EXPLORED AND EXPLOITED -- Moscow, Razvedka i
Okhrana Nedr, No 1, Jan 58, p 8-11
The Shamlugskoye copper deposit is located in the Somkhetskiy Moun-
tains of Northern Armenia, one of the mountain ranges of the Malyy Cauca-
sus, along the left side of the Uch-Ki],is River, near the village of
Shamlug. The contour of the region of the deposit is sharply broken; the
difference in elevation is 500-800 meters and the absolute altitude is
1,200-1,300 meters.
The history of exploring and exploiting the deposit may be divided
into two parts: the first period lasted for nearly 200 years, during
which time exploration and exploitation were carried out only in the upper
levels of the deposit of a depth of 150 meters; the second period, em-
bracing the past 10-12 years, continued operations in the upper levels
but also carried out intensive exploration and exploitation in the lower
levels.
In 1943, boreholes No 111 and 113 cut through mineralization in the
tuff-brecciated porphyrite to a depth of 180-200 meters from the surface.
This marked the beginning of the second period. During this period, most
boreholes were drilled to a depth of 350-400 meters, cutting the entire
tuff sedimentary layer and so reaching the lower porphyrites.
The contours, dimensions, and the lay of the ore bodies in the lower
horizontal deposits differ sharply from ore bodies in the upper levels.
However, the manner of exploring them by drilling boreholes from the sur-
face continued, the only difference being that now they were drilled to
a greater depth. Meanwhile, the authenticity of surveying data and the
effectiveness of drilling deep holes from the surface were greatly re-
duced. More than this, in most cases, data on intersected ore obtained
through boreholes were not verified during detailed exploration by mining
operations.
In drilling deep boreholes the negative influence of their deflection
is sharply apparent. For example, in 1950-1952, a number of boreholes
drilled from the surface in the southern part of the deposit resulted in
a large number of ore intersections. Specific boreholes intersected the
ore at several intervals. Borehole No 168 intersected ore 12 times; in
the case of borehole No 169, ore from 0.2 meter to 5-6 meters thick and
with a high copper content was intersected ten times.
Fifteen boreholes totaling 5,800 linear meters were drilled from the
surface to make a detailed exploration of this section of the deposit.
A great part of these also intersected ore with industrial content and
thickness. On the basis of data received, the southern part of the de-
posit was believed to contain 12 veins which were estimated to contain
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
considerable supplies of ore. Later mining operations indicated that the
majority of the ore cuts were not of industrial value in view of their
slight thickness and small dimensions along the strike and dip. In this
connection the variability in the angles of dip or displacement of veins
by tectonic disturbances caused some veins to be intersected by one bore-
hole three to four times.
Boreholes No 115 and 114, starting at the surface at a distance of
55 meters from one another, were only one meter apart at a depth of 240
meters. At this point both holes cut through ore, but later mining opera-
tions revealed that the ore body here was only a small pocket, 1.5 by 2
meters.
Detailed exploration of the deposit by mining operations in connec-
tion with underground horizontal boreholes indicated that only two thin
veins, of the 12 established by drilling data, had industrial signifi-
cance, and the resources amounted to 50,000 tons instead of the formerly
estimated 9f03,COO tons. On the other hand, detailed exploration revealed
large bodies of ore that had not been cut by the boreholes from the sur-
face because the deflection in these boreholes made them run parallel to
the dip of the ore bodies.
Detailed exploration of ore occurrences by expensive boreholes from
the surface is not very effective and does not give reliable data for
estimating resources. In all cases, even in sections where boreholes did
not give positive results, mining operations in combination with hori-
zontal underground boreholes were necessary.
It is expedient to explore sections of the deposit which adjoin the
explored section by mining operations and horizontal boreholes, without
drilling deep holes from the surface. This procedure will yield the most
reliable data, but the expenditures will not exceed the costs of drilling
four 10C-meter boreholes from the surface along the corner points of a
1-!k)-meter network. If it is taken into account that later detailed mining
and exploratory work is not required, then expenses for exploration are
decreased about 30-t+O percent.
Sixty-five boreholes are required for exploring a section by bore-
hcles from the surface going to a depth of 400 meters. This makes a total
of 26,000 meters. The average cost per linear meter is 250 rubles, ac-
cording to the estimate of the Shamlug Geological Exploration Group. This
hakes a total of 6.5 million rubles.
This same section may be explored by mining workings and underground
horizontal boreholes at three levels. For exploration on one level, 3,150
linear meters of mine workings and 5,300 linear meters of underground ex-
ploratory boreholes are required. One linear meter of mine exploratory
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
workings costs 2480 rubles and. one linear meter of underground borehole
drilled by the GP-1 machine costs 118 rubles. This makes the total cost
for exploratory work on one level 2,137,000 rubles, The total costs for
three levels would come to 6,li.U,000 rubles.
Thus the cost of exploring a section by mining operations with under-
ground drilling of boreholes does not exceed the expense for preliminary
drilling of boreholes from the surface. Actually the drilling of deep
boreholes from the surface should be retained but it should take on a
prospecting character and serve to reveal favorable geological structures
and prospective ore occurrences in the sides of the deposit. If the ex-
penditure for drilling boreholes from the surface were curtailed 50 per-
cent, costs for exploration would be decreased at least 25 percent.
DATA ON SAMOTKAN TITANIUM DEPOSIT -- Moscow, Gornyy Zhurnal, No 3, Mar 58,
p 1-2
Recently, a number of large titanium ore deposits have been discov-
ered in the USSR. Among these the Samotkan deposit takes a leading place
for its explored and prospective resources and for its content of useful
ores. A complex plan was drawn up in 1957 by,the GSPI-l (State Union
Design), Institute for working this deposit. The plan was. reviewed and
approved by the Dnepropetrovskiy Sovnarkhoz.
The Samotkan deposit is an old buried Tertiary deposit associated
with the sandy sedimentation of the Sarmatian stage of the Poltavskaya
formation. Deposits of the Sarmatian stage lie under Quarternary deposits
6-60 meters thick. This thick layer is loess-like and red-brown clayey
soil, red-brown and greenish-gray clays of the,.Upper.Sarmatian stage. The
lower part, 1-2 meters thick, often contains industrial minerals. The
average thickness of the overlying rock is 31.2 meters.
Industrial sands of the deposit are divided into two layers one under
the other. The top seam is made up of small-grained sands of the Sarma-
tian stage, the lower of fine-grained sands of the Poltavskaya formation
which lie under the glauconite sands of the Khar-kov stage. In mineral-
ogical content they differ radically from the sands of the Poltavskaya
formation, since pyrite, with 60-70 percent, predominates. The inter-
stratification, in some places reaching a thickness of 5 meters but at
times completely missing, is made up of residual sands of the Sarmatian
stage.
The average thickness of the top seam is 12+.3 meters and of the lower
6.1 meters. Both the upper and lower seams extend for several kilometers.
The width of the deposit is 300 meters. The seams lie in an almost hori-
zontal position. The sands of the Sarmatian stage are slightly cemented
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by clayey materials. They are friable when wet but become condensed when
dried. The sands of the Poltavskaya formation stage are slightly clayey,
friable when wet, and quick in drying. The sands belong to category I as
regards friability. The proportion of overburden is 1.9-2.0 tons per
cubic meter.
The average coefficient of friability of the sands is 1.19. The
average moisture content of the Sarmatian sands is 10.88 percent and of
the Poltavskaya 14+.1 percent.
DIAMOND DEPOSITS SOUGHT FROM AIR -- Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 6 Feb 58
The complex air-geophysical station ASG-38 is one of the most ideal
installations for seeking deposits of useful minerals from an airplane.
It is intended to discover minerals connected with rocks having radio-
active, slightly magnetic, and magnetic properties. One flight operator
services the installation.
The ASG-38 station is being successfully used by geologists also for
seeking diamond deposits (kimberlite pipes). This is possible because
kimberlite has high magnetic susceptibility and low radioactivity but the
rocks around it have opposite properties. The cost of air searches for
diamonds is only about 3 percent that of ground searches. Use of this
method has led to the discovery of a number of pipe deposits of diamonds
in the region of the deposits in the Yakutskaya ASSR.
SIBERIAN DIAMONDS PREPARED FOR UTILIZATION -- Yerevan, Kommunist,
12Feb58
Diamonds are acquiring_?more and more significance in the national
economy of the country. They are used for preparing abrasive powders,
polishing disks, some parts for precision,. instruments, special drills,
cutters, and other instruments.
The search for diamonds in the USSR is under way. Soviet scientists
have shown that a number of areas in Siberia and Africa have much in com-
mon. During the past several years, search and survey operations have
been conducted in the Yakutskaya ASSR and diamond placer deposits have
been found. In 1954, the first basic diamond deposit was discovered, a
pipe deposit which was named Zarnitsa. Later Mir, Udachnaya, and other
pipe deposits were found. The extracted diamond rock, kimberlite, goes
to the concentrating factory. The concentrate obtained as a result of
ore-dressing is submitted to exposure in an X-ray apparatus. During this
process, it is easy to spot the diamond crystals under the activity of
 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
the X rays. Then the diamonds are sent to a laboratory located in Nyurba,
the rayon center. Hundreds of crystals of different shape, color, and
size pass through the hands of the laboratory workers daily. The diamonds
are carefully inspected and sorted. The most nearly perfect, with the
shape of an octahedron, are subjected to further sorting.
DIAMOND DEPOSITS IN YAKUTSKAYA ASSR -- Moscow, Planovoye Khozyaystvo, No 2,
Feb 58, p 75
Important diamond deposits have been discovered in the western part
of the Yakutskaya ASSR. In 191+9, the first diamonds were found in the
basin of the Vilyuy River. Recently, six large diamond areas have been
opened up as the result of geological prospecting and exploration. These
include Malo-Botuobinskiy, Daldyno-Alakitskiy, Sredne-Markhinskiy, Tyung-
skiy, and Munskiy. At resent, the most explored deposits are in the
Mato-Botuobinskiy area ("Mir" pipe and alluvial deposits in the valley of
the Ierelyakh) and in Daldyno-Alakitskiy Rayon ("Udachnaya" pipe deposit).
The resources in these two areas alone are sufficient to supply the needs
of USSR industry for industrial diamonds for a number of years. The geo-
logical supplies of diamonds in explored deposits of the western part of
the Yakutskaya ASSR are so large that they can serve as a steady raw ma-
terial base for a large diamond-mining industry. The scope of mining in
the Urals only partly satisfied requirements of USSR industry for techni-
cal diamonds, and import from capitalist countries has become most diffi-
cult recently in view of the US ban on the sale of so-called strategic
materials to the USSR and countries of the Soviet bloc.
The 20th Congress of the CPSU proposed doing preparatory work for
creating a diamond-mining industry in the Yakutskaya ASSR. The 1958 Plan
calls for capital investment 2.5 times its, former level in the diamond
mining industry of the Yakutskaya ASSR. The high-speed development of
the diamond-mining industry will permit the country in a short time to
overtake the US in the level of utilization of diamonds in industry.
One of the basic prerequisites for developing the diamond-mining
industry in regions of the western part of the Yakutskaya ASSR is the
solution of the transport problem. These areas are at a considerable
distance not only from the chief economic centers of the USSR, but also
from the main industrial areas of the Yakutskaya ASSR. The areas are
unpopulated, difficult of access, and completely lacking in roads.
Shipments to the main diamond regions of the western Yakutskaya ASSR
are at present sent along the Lena River,(port of entry is Osetrovo, con-
nected with the railroad network by the Tayshet-Lena Station section of
the Krasnoyarsk Railroad), its left tributary, the Vilyuy River, and also
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the latter's tributaries. In view of the extremely unfavorable conditions
for navigation on the upper part of the Vilyuy River and on its tribu-
taries and the great distance of the diamond deposits from the navigable
parts of the rivers, the shipment of freight to the diamond-bearing re-
gions of western Yakutskaya ASSR presents great difficulties and involves
quite large transport expenditures. 11owever, the total prospective volume
of freight delivery to ensure the operation of diamond mining and to serv-
ice its enterprises is relatively small and is estimated at several tens
of thousands of tons.
LARGE GOLD NUGGETS FOUND IN YAKUTSKAYA ASSR -- Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya,
9 Feb 58
Miner F. I. Korshikov found a nugget of gold weighing 3 kilograms 513
grams in the Yubileynyy Placer Mine in the Yakutskaya ASSR. This is one
of the largest nuggets to be found in placer gold mines in the Yakutskaya
ASSR during the last two decades. In December, Korshikov found another
nugget weighing 730 grams.
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General
USSR COAL PRODUCTION IN SIXTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN -- Ugol'naya Pronrshlennost'
SSSR v Shestoy Pyatiletke (The USSR Coal Industry in the Sixth Five-Year
Plan), Moscow, Ugletekhizdat, 1956 (book by D. T. Onika), pp 5-41
The USSR coal industry exceeded its Fifth Five Year Plan goals 4.4
percent, extracting 376.5 million tons instead of the planned 360.8 mil-
lion tons. Fifth Five-Year Plan goals and actual production, of the
Ministry of Coal Industry USSR are shown below.
.1955 Plan
1955 Goals Production Fulfill-
(million tons) million tons) sent
130.0 135.5 104.1
Ministry of Coal Indus-
try Ukrainian SSR
116.7
120.8
103.5
Rostovugol' Combine
20.8
23.5
113.0
Moskvougol' Combine
20.0
21.6
108.0
Kuzbassugol' Combine
50.3
56.5
11-2.3
Intaugol' Combine
3.9
4.0
102.6
Chelyabinskugol' Combine
15.6
17.6
112.8
Sverdlovskugol' Combine
.13.7
16.4
119.7
Karagandaugol' Combine
24.5
26.8
109.4
Sredazugol' Combine
6.1
6.3
103.8
Vostsibugol' Combine
20.9
23.2
111.0
Primorskugol' Combine
5.2
5.4
io4.6
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1955 Goals
(million tons)
1955
Production
(million tons)
Plan
Fulfill-
ment
Tulaugol' Combine
19.45
17.74
91.2
Vorkutugol' Combine
11.1
10.1
91.0
Molotovugol' Combine
12.2
11.0
90.2
Baskhirugol' Combine
5.5
1.83
33.3
Dal'vostokugol' Combine
7.1
6.99
98,5
Sakhalinugol' Combine
4.0
3.62
90.5
ruz:agol' Combine
3.5
2.7
77.4
Ministry of Coal Indus-
try USSR (total)
360.8
376.5
104.4
During the Fifth Five-Year Plan, USSR coal output rose 51.3 percent,
including 50.9 percent in the Donbass, 53.6 percent in the Kuzbass, 62.9
percent in the Pechora Basin, 64.4 percent in Karaganda, 45.6 in the Ural
Basins, 49.5 in Central Asia, and 53.8 percent in East Siberia.
A particular characteristic of the coal industry development during
the Fifth Five-Year Plan was the expansion of the open-pit method of coal
extraction and the rise in the production of coal mined by this method.
Output by this method rose at afaster rate than output by the underground
method, amounting, in 1955, to 10.3 times the 1940 level. During the
Fifth Five-Year Plan, the use of this method increased to 2.4 times the
previous level; it was 7.6 times as great in the Kuzbass, 1.7 times as
great in the Urals, twice as great in Karaganda, and 4.8 times as great
in East Siberia. The table below indicates the proportion of coal pro-
duced by the open-pit method by the various basins and/or combines.
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Output (% of Total)
Ministries,
Basins, and
Combines
1945
1950
1951
1252
1953
1954 4
1955
1955 Output
of 19501
Ministry
of Coal
Industry
USSR
Ministry
of Coal
Industry
Ukrainian
SSR
Kuzbass
Urals
(total)
Chelya-
binsk-
ugol'
Combine
Sverd-
lovsk-
ugol'
100.0
--
70.9
38.7
100.0
0.4
2.7
51.9
18.5
100.0
0.9
2.9
51.8
17.2
100.0
4.1
2.9
48.5
15.7
100.0
7.7
4.0
43.5
13.8
100.0
10.5
5.3
39.0
11.5
100.0
11.0
8.7
36.4
10.0
239.2
72 times
7.6 times
168.1
129.7
Combine
32.2
33.4
34.5
32.2
28.6
26.1
23.6
169.0
Karaganda
Basin
10.4
15.5
15.7
14.6
12.7
11.4
12.8
197.9
Sredazugol'
Combine
--
4.o
3.4
3.9
4.0
3.6
3.3
197.4
Vostsibugol
Combine
3.3
8.3
9.4
10.7
13.7
16.7
16.8
484.2
Far East
(total)
15.4
17.2
15.9
15.3
14.4
13.5
11.0
152.3
Da1 ost-
okugol'
Combine
15.4
16.0
14.8
14.2
13.2
12.4
10.1
150.1
Sakhalin-
ugol'
Combine
--
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
0.9
182.1
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
By 1960, coal production by the Ministry of Coal Industry USSR must
rise 52.2 percent over 1955. The planned output for the various basins
is shown in the table below (in percent of 1955):
Ministry, Basins, and Combines
1956 Plan
1 ,960 Plan
Ministry of Coal Industry USSR
11.0.3
152.2
Donbass (total)
112.6
156.6
Ukraine Donbass
112.6
160.5
Rostovugol' Combine
112.7
153.5
Moscow Basin
lo4.6
134.9
Kuznetsk Basin
112.3
148.6
Pechora Basin
110.9
134.2
Urals
109.7
137.0
Molotovugol' Combine
103.0
119.8
Chelyabinskugol' Combine
106.3
121.9
Sverdlovskugol' Combine
110.0
119.2
Bashkirugol' Combine
179.8
5.5 times
Karagandaugol' Combine
114.5
153.3
Karaganda
108.0
122.7
Ekibastuz
184.0
481.9
Sredazugol' Combine
105.8
181.6
Vostsibugol' Combine
105.7
172.8
Far East
100.4
125.5
Primorskugol' Combine
98.7
113.0
Dal'vostokugol' Combine
100.8
121.6
Sakhalinugol' Combine
102.1
151.8
Cruzugol' Combine
110.8
135.6
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
Coal output in the USSR will be developed by increasing the production
capacities of existing mines as well as constructing new ones.
In the Sixth Five-Year Plan, 35 percent of the total increase in coal
output must be attained through more, complete utilization of existing mine
capacities, improved development work, modernization and replacement of
outdated equipment, and further improvement of techniques and organization
of production. In 1960, those mines and pits which had begun operations
by 1951 bast increase their capacities 10 percent, instead of utilizing
their present capacities only 96 percent, as in 1955. The absolute in-
crease in the coal output of these mines and pits must reach abort 70 mil-
lion tons during the 5-year plan period.
During the 5-year period, new facilities to be constructed at mines
and open pits will increase their capacity by a total of 254.4 million
tons. In 1960, almost 122 million tons of coal, 87.8 percent more than
in 1955,will be extracted by the open-pit method. Moreover, by the end
of the 5-year period, 20.6 percent of the coal extracted in the USSR will
be extracted by this method. New open-pit mines are planned for Kushmurun,
Itat, Irtysh, the Kazakh SSR, the Bashkirskaya ASSR, Kuzbass, and Moscow
Basin. Capital investment in new production facilities in the coal 'in-
dustry during the Sixth Five Year Plan is shown in the following table.
Housing To Be
Put Into Use
Capital
Increase in Annual
Investment Capacity of Opera-
(% of Fifth ting Mines (After
% of Fifth
Ministry, Basin,
Five-Year
Reconstruction)'
Five-Year
and Combine
Plan)
(million tons)
1,000 sq m
Plan
Donbass
210
91.0
7,000
275
Mosbass
160
26.7
1,350
142
Kuzbass
185
33.3
1,850
319
Pechora
286
7.0
910
390
Urals
142
21.8
940
168
MM3lotovugol'
Combine
126
4.1
350
168
Chelyabinsk-
ugol' Combine
190
6.6
360
188
Sverdlovskugol'
Combine
135
3.6
130
127
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
Housing To Be
Put Into Use
Ministry, Basin,
and Combine
Capital
Investment
(% of Fifth
Five-Year
Plan)
Increase in Annual
Capacity of Opera-
ting Mines (After
Reconstruction)
(million tons)
1,000 sq m
% of Fifth
Five Year
Plan
Bashkirugol'
Combine
108
7.5
100
176
Karaganda
310
27.9
1,000
322
Sredazugol'
Combine
1+20
8.1
170
240
Vostsibugol'
Combine
281+
19.2
100
21+0
Far East
181
3.5
530
177
Gruzugol'
Combine
132
0.1i.
110
100
Ministry of
Coal Indus-
try USSR
(total) 208 251+.1 15,650 252
The total facilities to be constructed and put into operation at
mines and pits during the period 1956.1960 will increase the annual ca--
pacity by 2511.1+ million tons, in contrast to the 112.1i.-million-ton increase
during the 1951-1955 period.
To guarantee increased production, it has been decided to eliminate
the disproportion in production altogether and to do considerable work
on reconstruction and construction of plants. Work will begin with the
construction of six plants -- for mechanized supports, in the Donbass;
coal and tunneling combines, in the Kuzbass; equipment for mechanized
mines, in the eastern part of the USSR; equipment to be used in mine
safety, in the Donbass; and others.
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
It is also planned to construct scientific research institutes;
15.6 million square meters of housing; kindergartens for 55,000 children;
general education schools for 250,000 children; technical schools-for
6,200 pupils; mining schools for 20,000 pupils; hospitals, maternity
wards, and dispensaries with a total capacity of 1+,000 beds; and nurs-
eries for 27,000 children. Water lines and sewer systems, highways,
and tram and trolley-bus lines will be built. In addition, electricity
and gas will be supplied to 25 miners' settlements and towns.
During the last 10-15 years, the Moscow, Karaganda, and other coal
basins of the nation have been greatly developed. The following table
gives the 1955 output of the various coal basins in the USSR.
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
[adjoins page 67 here)
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-69-
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
During the Sixth Five-Year Plan, the margin between output and demand
in the various economic regions will be narrowed through more rapid de-
velopment of coal output in the new coal regions. In addition, to elimi-
nate shortcomings in the fuel supply of the European USSR, the output of
the Donbass, which is the basic supplier of coking coal to the southern
metallurgical industries, will be built up. Donbass coal output will
constitute 37 percent of the total USSR output in 1960, in contrast to
36 percent in 1955.
There will be a considerable development of coal output in the Dnepr
region and in the L'vov Volyn Basin of the western Ukraine. In 1960,
about 6 million tons of coal will be extracted in the Lvov-Volyn Basin.
In addition to completing construction on the Kuybyshev and Gor'kiy
hydroelectric power stations and putting the Stalingrad and Votkinsk
hydroelectric power stations into operation, the Sixth~Five-Year Plan
also provides for the construction of a number of large thermal electric
power stations to operate on the base of local fuel. This will require
a considerable increase in the coal ouput of the Moscow and Pechora basins
as well as the goal. regions of the Ural Mountains.
Heavy industry is already being established in West and East Siberia
and Kazakhstan. Coal output in Karaganda will increase 53.3 percent and
Kuzbass output will rise by 37 million tons. In 1960, Ekibastuz will
produce 4.8 times the 1955 output. The 1960 output in East Siberia will
exceed the 1955 level by 73 percent.
KUZBASS COKING COAL POORLY USED -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 29 Jan 58
The present output of coking-quality coal in the USSR fails to meet
the demands of the ferrous metallurgical industry, particularly in the
eastern regions. The shortage is not due to low extraction levels of
coking coal, but to frequent failure to prepare the coal for coking through
concentration. Thus, some coking-quality coal is used instead as power-
generating fuel.
According to official inspection data of Kuzbassinskoksugol', almost
2 million tons of PZh, K2, PS, and G grades of coking coal was shipped
from Kuzbass mines for power-generating purposes. This amount of coal is
equal to the consumption of a large metallurgical combine. Of course, the
coal is predominantly high in ash content and can be used only after con-
centration. The Anzherugol' Trust gives an example of the state of af-
fairs. The trust has two wet-wash concentration plants; one, at Mine
No 9/15, is operated at 50 percent of capacity and one, at Mine No 5/7,
74+
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03107A000200020005-3
has been kept from beginning operations. At the same time, the trust is
shipping 10,E tons of good coking coal from Mine Fizkul?turnik and mines
No 2 and 3 Andreyevskiy to power producers. The coal is not being con-
centrated even at the operating concentrating plant, which is only 5 kilo-
meters from the Fizkullturnik mine.
Strangely, the prices on coal with increased ash content have risen
approximately 20 percent. Gosplan RSFSR and the Committee cn Standards,
Measures, and Measuring Instruments are with great willingness changing
the technical specifications of coking coal, allowing it to become worse.
This happens several times a year. And the management of the Kuzbassugoll
Combine is permitting the mine managers to escape inspection controls of
coking coal quality instead of stopping these antistate tendencies com-
pletely.
In October 1957, the Kemerovo Coke-Chemical Plan, experienced a
serious shortage because Mine imeni Kirov was x+,388 tons short in its
delivery of gas coal to the plant. At the same time, this very mine
shipped 8,600 tens of good concentrate to power producers for power-
generating purposes. The Kuzbassugol? Combine had agreed with Gosplan
RSFSR to make up the deficit to the Kemerovo plant with poorly caking
power-generating coal from Mine No 1 Polysayevskaya. Mine imeni Kirov
continued to send the coal to power producers.
These occurrences are not infrequent. The Kemerovskiy Soviaarkhoz
(Council of National Economy) must put a stop to the wasteful use of Kuz-
bass coking coal. Also , it would seem advisable to establish various
prices on coal destined for coking or power generation, even though it
may be of the same quality [priced according to end use.
Production
COKING COAL PRODUCTION -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 28 Jan 58
In 1957, the USSR produced 88 million tons of coking coal.
1958 GOALS -- Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 29 Jan 58
The coal production goals for 1958 in the Ukrainian SSR call for the
extraction of 162.8 million tons of coal. This is 11 million tons higher
than the 1957 goals.
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KARAGANDA PRODUCTION -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 1 Feb 58
1957.
A total of 30.7 million tons of coal was produced in Karaganda in
KIRGIZ SSR PRODUCTION -- Frunze, Sovetskaya Kirgiziya, 21 Feb 58
The miners of the"Kirgiz coal basin fulfilled their 1957 plan goals.
BUYEYN BASIN PRODUCTION -- Moscow, Pravda, 24 Feb 58
The Urgal Mine Administration in the Bureya Basin is extracting
500,000 tons of coal a year.
GEORGIAN PRODUCTION -- Tbilisi, Zarya Vostoka, 1 Feb 58
The Tkibulugol' Trust in Georgia exceeded its 1957 plan goals by
1,000 tons, a 7-percent rise over 1956 production. The four mines of the
trust successfully fulfilled their plan goals.
The trust would have experienced greater success if more attention
had been given to the introduction of advanced work methods and the use
of new mining mechanisms. The management'of the trust still does not give
sufficient attention to the mechanization of labor-consuming processes;
as a result, coal cost is extremely high. Furthermore, the miners of the
trust are still not acquainted with a number of machines which are being
used at present in other basins- of the USSR.
It was established long ago that the hydraulic method of extraction
is the most profitable in the Tkibuli Basin. This method ensures work
safety and decrease of waste, Despite this, the volume of hydraulic
mining work decreases from year to year. Not only the management of the
former Gruzugol' Combine but also the present Administration for Coal,
Petroleum, and Ore Mining Industry of the Georgian Sovnarkhoz are aware
of this fact. The administration should also give serious attention to
the renewed introduction of the cyclic operations graph, which had been
introduced in Tkibuli mines but is often forgotten.
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Technology
NEW DRIER IN PRODUCTION -- Moscow, Byulleten' Tekhniko-Ekonomicheskoy
Informatsii, No 12, Dec 57, p 6
The Voroshilovgrad Coal Machine Building Plant imeni Parkhomenko has
begun producing the SU-1 drier for coal of class 0-13 and 0-100 milli-
meters. The drier was designed by the Leningrad affiliate of Giprougleo-
bogashcheniye (State Planning and Construction Institute for Coal Concen-
tration).
NEW TUNNELING COMBINE -- Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 7 Feb 57
A new tunneling combine, specifically designed for mining conditions
in Karaganda, has been developed by the Karaganda Scientific Research
Coal Institute. The combine's average productivity is 400-500 linear
meters of tunnel per month. The first test model of the machine was built
by the machine shop of the institute.
There are about 200 different machines used for tunneling in Kara-
ganda. These machines are constructed in Donbass and Urals machine build-
ing plants and have construction shortcomings, the most important of which
is the lack of sufficient power for operation in Karaganda mines.
CHAIN FEEDER FOR CONCENTRATION OF COAL -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 29 Jan 58
A chain feeder, developed by the Voroshilovgrad affiliate of the
Coal Concentration (Ugleobogashcheniye) Institute, is undergoing indus-
trial testing at the Bryanskiy Coal Concentration Plant prior to going
into industrial use. The feeder breaks up and uniformly supplies damp
coal fines to a. tube drier, uniformly distributing the material along the
tube and creating conditions for more complete utilization of flue gas
heat.
At present, test models of the feeder, which have been installed in
concentration plants in the Donets, Kuznetsk, and Karaganda basins, in-
dicate that the feeder decreases the moisture content of coal fines up to
5-5.5 percent. The tube drier processes 75-80 tons of fines an hour.
The Voroshilovgrad affiliate of the Coal Concentration Institute is
also working on the improvement of flue gas blowers and fines-collecting
apparatus.
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Construction and Investment
FAILURE TO DEVELOP ITAT DEPOSIT -- Moscow, Promyshlenno Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 12 Feb 58
The Itat deposit, which is part of the Kansk-Achinsk Basin, is lo-
cated in the northeastern part of Kemerovskaya Oblast. The seams average
55 meters in thickness, with the maxim= ranging up to 80 meters. The
seams are covered by a flocculent layer of sediment from 4-5 to 50 meters
thick, and can thus be exploited by the open-pit method.
The coal is brown and has an ash content of 10-13 percent and a
moisture content of 30-40 percent. Its calorific value ranges from 3,200
to 4,500 calories per kilogram. The coal, which can be considered the
best variety of brown coal in the USSR, can be shipped in briquettes as
far as the Urals. In its natural state it must be burned locally.
Capital investments for the construction of open pits in Itat, per
ton of coal, are at least half those for mines and approximately two
thirds those for open pits in the Kuzbass. However, plans for the de-
velopment of the basin were stopped by orders of the former Ministry of
Coal Industry USSR. Furthermore, the 1959-1965 plans of the Kemerovskiy
Sovnarkhoz do not provide for the development of the deposit. The sov-
narkhoz has sufficient reasons for its decision; the chief reason is the
scarcity of funds released to the sovnarkhoz for capital investment.
However, it is difficult to understand why there are sufficient funds
for the construction of more expensive mines and pits.
The Gosplans USSR and RSFSR should provide for rapid exploitation
of the Itat deposit. It will yield great savings in investment and in the
cost of electric power in Central Siberia, not to mention the impetus to
industrial development in this rich area.
DONBASS CONSTRUCTION -- Moscow, Trud, 21 Feb 58
Mine Makeyevskaya-Komosol'skaya, which is under construction at pres-
ent, will begin operations on Miners Day, 1958. The mine will have daily
production capacity of 450,000 tons of coal.
Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 11 Feb 58
In the Ukrainian SSR,67 coal mines were constructed and began opera-
tions in 1957. Of these, 37 were built with,Komsomol aid.
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Moscow, Trud, 19 Feb 58
1957.
Mine No 3 Voroshilovgradskaya began mining operations in December
Moscow, Trud, 6 Feb 58
Mine No 1 Sevost'yanovskaya, built by Construction Administration
No 2 of the Shakhterskshakhtostroy [Shakhtersk Mine Construction] Trust,
has begun mining operations. The mine has a planned production capacity
of 600,000 tons a year.
Kiev, Pravda Ukrainy, 6 Feb 58
Construction of an open pit with a planned production capacity of
3.3 million tons a year is under way in the Kievskiy Economic Region.
The construction of three new pits in Kirovogradskaya and Zhitomirskaya
oblasts will cost almost 350 million rubles.
CONCENTRATION PLANT IN URALS -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 23 Feb 58
The second level of a coal concentration plant is nearing completion
in Volchansk. The plant, which will serve the Volchanskugol' Trust, is
one of the largest in the USSR. Its various processes will be completely
automatic.
NEW MINE IN BURYAT-MONGOLIA -- Moscow, Master Uglya, No 2, Feb 58, p 5
Mine No 7-8 has begun operations on the Gusinoozersk coal deposit
in the Buryat-Mongol'skaya ASSR.
Prospecting
SURVEYING OF KAMA RIVER BASIN -- Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 31 Jan 58
The Kizel Coal Basin has been completely surveyed. The production
plan for the basin calls for a maximum annual output of 13.7 million tons,
which will be attained in 1962. After that, production will begin to
drop, and it is therefore important to begin surveying for new coal-bearing
regions.
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The Kama River Basin deserves serious attention. The basin, which
has reserves estimated at one billion tons, is located on the boundaries
of Perm'skaya Oblast and the Bashkirskaya, Udmurtskaya, and Tatarskaya
ASSRs. Its geographic and economic condition is very favorable. Borings
of prospectors searching for oil revealed a horizontal coal seam extend-
ing through the area with a thickness of 45-120 meters, at a depth of
960-1,450 meters.
An analysis of the coal reveals that it averages 3.6 percent moisture
content, 4.3 percent sulfur, 14.6 percent ash, and 44 percent volatile
materials; the calorific value of the combustible portion is 7,400 and of
the dry mass, 6,100. The coal is of the long-flame type and is similar
to the Gremyachinsk gas coal of the Kizel basin.
Studies conducted in 1957 by the Central State Planning Institute
for Mine Development, (Teentrogiproshakht) on seams of the Suleyev (Tatar-
skaya ASSR) type indicate that exploitation of the deposit is both ad-
vantageous and profitable. The construction of a mine at a depth of 1,100
meters with a planned production capacity of 1.5 million tons a year and
a production life of 75-100 years would cost about 450 million rubles.
The expenditures per ton of annual planned capacity would not exceed 300
rubles, in comparison with 313 for Kizel Basin, while the per-ton expendi-
ture for industrial reserves would be 5 rubles, or 3.5 times those for the
Kizer Basin.
However, these natural resources are still not receiving sufficient
attention and surveying work has been continuing on the Kama River area
at an extremely slow pace.
PROSPECTING OF ITAT SEAM -- Moscow, Master Uglya, No 3, Mar 58, p 1.7
The thickness of the Itat coal seam averages 55 meters; in some sec-
tions it reaches 130 meters. The stripping coefficient is 0.5 cubic
meter of overburden eo one ton of coal. Location of the deposit makes
possible a cheap coal supply for power-generating purposes and gas-chemical
purposes for the Kemerovskiy, Novosibirskiy, Tom'skiy, and Krasncyarskiy
sovnarkhozes.
Technical data indicate that gasification of Itat coal under a high
pressure of 20-30 atmospheres with simultaneous synthesis of ammonia is
practical. Phenol, sulfate, ammonia, resol resins, and other chemicals
would also be obtained.
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