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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03082A000900160001-3
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• Document Creation Date: November 17, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 30, 1997
• Sequence Number: 1
• Content Type: REPORT

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Text of an article entitled: "Some Principles of Planning
and Organisation of Technical Support for the Operations of an
Armoured Mechanised Division"
.Contents:
I. General principles of the organisation of technical
support for the operations of an armoured (mechanised)
division.
II. Organisation and planning of technical support for the
operations of an armoured (mechanised) division.
III. Implementation of technical support measures for an
armoured (mechanised) division in the course of
offensive operations.
Introduction
1. Technical support of troops in conditions of their full motorisation
and mechanisation, and the masse pf nuclear weapons on the battle-field, has
i 1,1#4,
become a matter of particular ixp tance, since it is a decisive factor in the
combat readiness of units and the possibility of using them as intended. The
extent of this support embraces not only the repair and evacuation of damaged
equipment, but also the preparation of combat vehicles for crossing areas con-
taminated with radio-active substances, field engineering obstacles and barriers,
areas destroyed by nuclear weapons, and the forcing of water obstacles.
2. In order to ensure the rapid return to the troops of damaged combat
vehicles, it is essential constantly to improve the methods and means of repair
and evacuation, the system of supplying troops with means of repair and spare
parts, the organisational structure o' sub-units (units', workshops) engaged in
.../ repairs and evacuation,
GROUP 1
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repairs and evacuation, and the principles of their employment under fi~l'd``
conditions. In addition, considerable attention should be paid to the equipment
of the repair and evacuation sub-units (units, workshops) with suitable
communications facilities, since the possibility of carrying out repairs and
evacuation in good time depends on the efficient operation of the system of
communications. The possibility of ensuring for the troops suitable conditions
for conducting combat operations in accordance with the tasks given to them will
depend on the overall solution of the above problems and the proper application
in practice of the accepted norms and principles of technical support. The
present essay will discuss the most important principles of organisation of
repairs, evacuation, supply, and technical servicing of armoured equipment, and
the planning and direction of the technical support forces and resources of an
armoured (mec'aanised) division in offensive operations.
I. General Principles of the Organisation of Technical Support
for the Operations of an Armoured Mechanised Division
3. The cor:eeot employment of armoured equipment from the technical point
of view consists of using it for the purpose for which it is intended, while
taking into consideration the technical norms and principles of use laid down
for the given type of vehicle, applied in varying field conditions and combat
situations.
4. One of the important factors affecting the efficient organisation of
the use of armoured equipment is the determination, as accurately as possible,
of the mileage which will be covered during the future operations. This
quantity, measured in kilometres covered A-ilometry przebiei , forms the initial
quantity for determining the time, location, and work connected with technical
servicing, supply requirements, and repairs of combat vehicles resulting from
between-repair norms Zn-ormy miedzyremontow],
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5. The mileage depends on the depth of the tasks and on the manoeuvre
executed by the armoured units on the battle-field. It is always greater than
the distance covered by the forces in course of operations, as calculated from
the map. The ratio of the distance measured on the map t,) the actual distance
covered by the troops in course of operations is indicated by the manoeuvre
factor fspolczynnik manewrq (M), given in citable 1.
Table 1.
Types of combat operations
Value of the manoeuvre
factor (M)
Breaking through previously-prepared
enemy defence
2.5 -
3.0
Breaking through a hastily-prepared
enemy defence
1.8 -
2.0
Encounter battle
2.0 -
2.5
Pursuit
1.4 -
1.6
6. A manoeuvre of forces on the battle-field takes place also during
defensive operations. In this case, the manoeuvre will be greatest in units
of the second echelon, or in reserves, on account of the fact that they will be
executing counter-attacks (counter-thrusts). For this reason, the manoeuvre
factor for these units (reserves) will be approximately the same as in the case
of an encounter battle.
7. During a march, the extent of the mileage of combat vehicles (in kms.)
will depend on the length of the march route and the situation and profile of the
road. The value of the factor of increase of the length of the march route, as
measured on the map, is given in Table 2.
XeLbIM 2.
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Table 2
Pactor of increase of the length of the
march route
Terrain
map scale
1:200,000
1:100,000
1:50,000
Mountainous
1.25
1.2
1.15
Hilly
1.15
1.1
1.05
Plain
1.05
1
1
8. In order to determine the consumption of the stock of mileage (in kms.)
of combat vericlas, one should multiply the length of the march route (depth of
the combat task), measured on the map, by the appropriate factor.
9. The possibility of preparation of combat vehi^.les for operation in
difficult topographical conditions and combat situations depends above all on
an efficient and correct organisation of technical servicing. This includes
checking the efficiency of portable generators fagregac, assemblies, and
mechanisms, adjustments, topping up fuel (expendable stores), charging batteries,
charging compressed air cylinders, and washing and cleaning of combat vehicles.
10. When organising technical servicing, one should observe the following
principles:
- the planned measures connected with technical servicing should
always be executed at the appointed times;
- the servicing should be done by the crews and the servicing and
repair fortes and resources allocated to the sub-units;
- the servicing of combat vehicles during operations should be carried
out direct in the combat grouping;
.../_ the servicing
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- the servicing should be carried out to its full extent, according
to the norms and conditions laid down for the given type of technical
service.
11. Technical servicing in sub-units, units, and tactical formations
includes inspection and technical servicing Nos. 1, 2 and 3. The total duration
of each type of technical servicing depends on the type of the combat vehicle
(this includes the work of the entire crew),
12. Work forming part of technical servicing is carried out by the crews
(drivers), under the direct control of company commanders, their deputies for
technical matters, and platoon commanders. In order to shorten the total time
allocated for technical servicing, and to correct any faults which may come to
light, the sub-units may have allocated to them the unit servicing and repair forces
and resources .
13. The necessity for carrying out a given type of technical servicing is
determined on the basis of the mileage consumed so far since the last technical
servicing, and the planned period of use of the equipment in future combat
operations (taking into account the depth of the task and the intensity of the
battle).
14.
In order to carry out technical servicing in the course of combat,
advantage is taken of any convenient combat situation. The servicing is
performed direct in the combat grouping (or in nearby places of concealment),
during halts or breaks in the battle, and when carrying out various types of
repairs. In all cases, during technical servicing, one should maintain the
combat readiness of sub-units and units.
The principle employed is "servicing means appropriate to the
equipment being serviced".
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15. Control inspections are carried out before each departure (march) and
during short halts.
16. Technical servicing No.1. is carried out after the completion of the
of the appointed task by the troops, regardless of the mileage since the last
servicing.
17. Technical servicing No. 2. and 3. is carried out depending on the
existing combat situation, the time available for the work and the technical
state of the equipment. For instance, if there is insufficient time to carry
out technical servicing No. 2. to its full extent, then one should carry it out
in a number of stages, taking into account above all the current technical
condition of the equipment. In such a situation, priority is given to work
affecting the combat readiness of the sub-units. The time and place for the
technical servicing of combat vehicles is laid down by sub-unit (unit) commanders.
The method and sequence of the servicing should ensure the rapid and concealed
completion of the whole work. If it is found that the equipment has been
contaminated, one should carry out a de-activation of the equipment before tLe
start of the technical servicing.
18. The possibility of assuring the supply to units of the necessary amount
of armoured equipment depends to a large extent on the correct organisation and
timely execution of repairs of damaged combat vehicles.
19. When organising repairs, one should determine the extent of the
probable amount of equipment due for repair and its location, prepare sites for
the setting up of repair facilities, issue tasks to the repair sub-units, lay
down the method and time of moving them onp and make provision for executing
a manoeuvre with them into areas containing the greatest incidence of damaged
equipment. The equipment due for repair includes all the items which have
been withdrawn for various reasons from the combat grouping and have to be
repaired by special sub-units. These items may consist of equipment damaged
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by artillery fire, air bombardment and explosion of anti-tank mines, or through
normal wear and tear (or improper use) of certain assemblies in combat vehicles.
20. The repairs are normally executed by means of replacement of damaged
or faulty assemblies, sub-assemblies, or components, and by welding, metal-
working, etc. In certain cases the repairs can be executed by a combined method,
i.e., a part of the assemblies, instruments and components are repaired, while
the remainder is replaced with new ones.
21. During the Second World War, the tank losses of a tactical formation
(as compared with the position at the start of the battle) were as follows :
- in attack against permanent defences: 18 - 30%
- in attack against hastily-prepared defences: 8 - 10%
- in attack including the forcing of a water
obstacle 10 - 15%
- in an encounter battle: 15 - 20%
22. Of the total number lost, the proportion suitable for various classes
of repair was as follows:
- running repairs: 35 - 45%
- medium repairs: 20 - 30%
- capital repairs: 5 - 10%
- total loss: 25 - 30%
23. In defensive operations, the tank losses were: in units - 10 to
12%,
and in a tactical formation - 8 to 10%. These were classified for repair as
running repairs: 30 -- 35%
medium repairs: 10 - 15%
capital repairs: 5 - 10%
total loss: 45 - 50%
,../ 24,
were on the average 2 - 2.5 times great t ed
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24. The number and division of combat losses into various types of repa.r
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was not always the same. In units and formations which were breaking through
permanent enemy defences, or which engaged in fierce encounter (defensive)
battles, the losses were considerably greater than as stated above, and there
was a larger proportion of vehicles regarded as a total loss.
25. Under modern conditions of combat operations, it is necessary to
assume two forms of losses, namely losses caused by conventional weapons (such
as artillery shells, aerial bombs filled with conventional explosives, mines,
fougasses, etc.), and losses caused by nuclear weapons.
26. In the first case, the losses of armoured equipment will follow the
pattern of the Second World War. They will mainly occur in units in direct
contact with the enemy, where the enemy is not at liberty to use nuclear weapons,
for fear of 1-.ifUU.cting casualties on his own forward sub-units.
27. Losses caused by nuclear weapons (Diagram No. 10) will depend on the
density of combat vehicles in the combat grouping, and on the nature of the
ground and the constructional characteristics of the various types of armoured
equipment. The smallest worth-while target for nuclear strikes is a tank
company, which during combat operations forms a closely-knit element of the
combat grouping of units.
28. During nuclear strikes, damage to armoured equipment is caused primarily
by the effect of the shook-wave (Appendix No. 1). Taking the area covered by a
tank company (16 combat vehicles) to be 1 sq.km., and under the most favourable
conditions for enemy nuclear strikes (the centre of the target coinciding with
the point of burst), tank losses at various yields of the missiles (bombs) will
be as follows:
- 2 kt. LilotoA7: 3 tanks
- 5 kt. 5 tanks
- 8 kt. 8 tanks
-20kt. 15 tanks
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29. It follows from the above, tiat the explosion of a missile (bomb) of
a yield of 20 kt. completely eliminates a tank company from the battle-field.
To regard the matter in this way would, however, be an excessive simplification,
since as a rule there is a divergence between the planned and the actual point
of burst. In calculations of this sort, one should take into account a number
of factors affecting the size of the stricken area of the target, namely the
dimensions of the target, the power of the nuclear device (the radius R of the
damage zone), and the size of the deflection of the point of burst of the
device (w) from the centre of the target (planned ground zero P), which are
expressed by the values Ug and Us.
30. The indicators of fire effectiveness when firing against group targets
consist of the following:
- effectively beaten zone of target - So,
- mathematical hope Zsic
,7 of the percentage of the beaten zone of
target - M.
31. Firing against group targets may be done for the purpose of neutrali-
sation or destruction. One assumes the following values of fire effectiveness
indicators:
-
for neutralisation:
So
20%
M
30;5
-
for destruction;
So
40%
M
50: 70%
Example: A battalion occupies an area 1.3 x 1.7 kms.; Ug - Us - 0.3
kms.; a nuclear strike has been carried out with a device with a yield of 50 kt.
Solution: Having made all the calculations, we obtain 25%* of the
effectively beaten zone of target. This means that, with a probability of
90 per cent, a tank battalion will have had 8 combat vehicles damaged and
destroyed.
.../ 32.
* "Information Bulletin", No. 5 (45), 1960, pp. 45-66.
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32. A division (regiment) forms for nuclear weapons an objective for
strikes consisting of a number of targets, such as a battalion of motorised
infantry or a company of tanks. Each of these targets should be regarded
separately. The sum of the results of their neutralisation makes it possible
to determine the actual or expected losses. Putting the problem more simply,
it can be stated that, for example, to neutralise a tank regiment consisting of
five tank companies, and to obtain 40% 5robability27 of damage to all the combat
vehiclas it will be necessary to use 5 missiles of 50 kt.
33. When making an assessment of the total losses of a division from
enemy nuclear strikes, one should take into account the number and power of the
nuclear strikes, and the distribution of these strikes over the division. If
it is assumed that the enemy may, for example, carry out 4 - 5 simultaneous
nuclear strikers gainst a dispersed grouping of a division, each of a yield of
20 kt., then the losses suffered by the division may cause the elimination from
its composition of one regiment in its entirety (if the majority of the strikes
was carried out against one of the regiments of the division), or one sub-uni6
from each of the i,arious units of the division (for instance, a-tank company,
infantry battalion, divisional store, artillery battery, etc.). In both cases
it is worth-while to carry out repair work (not to mention the necessity for
carrying out special trea tm-ent and de-activation of combat equipment) so as to
restore as rapidly as possible the combat capacity of the division. It will be,
a more difficult matter if the enemy repeats his nuclear strikes, since in this
case it may be necessary to withdraw the division completely into the interior
of the country for refitting and re-organisation. A situation of this sort
will, however, be extremely rare, not only on account of the need for some time
for the preparation of renewed nuclear strikes, but also on account of the
necessity for a detailed datermination of the new area of deployment of the
division.
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34. When studying single nuclear strikes carried out by the enemy against
the forces of a division, one should take into consideration the type of the
neutralised sub-units and their purpose in the general grouping of the division
(for instance, a tank company of the first or second echelon, artillery battery,
first or second rear echelon, etc.). In all cases, however, one should immedia-
tely begin the evacuation and organisation of repairs to combat vehicles.
35? When studying the losses in sub-units and units of tanks, particular
attention should be paid to the possibility of neutralisation by enemy nuclear
weapons of the crews of the combat vehicles, since one may reach the conclusion
that it is more profitable to neutralise the crews than to destroy the armoured
equipment. Taking the (optimum) conditions of nuclear strikes, as given above,
it can be stated that even a device of a yield of 2 kt. will put out of action
13 crews in a tank company, while a device of 5 kt. will neutralise all the
crews. The case for the tank crews is even worse when the nuclear strikes fall
on them during the servicing of equipment (i.e., not under cover), since a
device of 2 kt. will suffice to eliminate completely the entire personnel of a
tank company.
36. Taking the effectively beaten area of a tank company, So - 40%, the
destruction of the crews can be achieved by a device of 20 kt., while for the
neutralisation of an So - 20%, a 10 kt. device will be sufficient. This has a
considerable bearing on the combat readiness of a neutralised unit until the
arrival of replacements, and very considerably reduces the possibilities of
executing repairs because of the shortage of tank crews. As a rough guide, it
is accepted that of all the tanks neutralised by nuclear weapons, 40 to 47% will
require running repairs, 13 to 20% will require medium repairs, 13 to 20% will
require capital repairs. and 14 to 22% will become a total loss.
600/ 37?
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37. Repair work (Appendices Nos. 2 and 3) in sub-units units and tactical
formations is executed by special repair sub-units (units). The purpose of
these is:
(a) in a regiment:
- to assist crews in technical servicing and removal of faults;
to carry out running repairs;
(b) in a division:
to carry out running and medium repairs
38. When organising the repair of armoured equipment, one should observe
the following principles:
priority should be given to the repair of combat vehicles requiring
the least expenditure of effort;
- 4he re
airs should b
i
d
t i
th
p
e carr
e
ou
n
e course of combat operations,
directly in the area of deployment of the damaged equipment (or in
places of concealment nearby), after carrying out (if necessary)
de-activation and decontamination; if it is not possible to carry
out the repairs of the combat vehicle on the spot where it was
damaged (or in a nearby place of concealment), then the combat
vehicles may be evacuated to the damaged combat vehicle collection
point (PZWU);
repair work in an area neutralised with nuclear weapons is carried
out exclusively by the repair forces and resources of the army; a
part of the evacuation forces and resources belonging to the tacti-
cal formation level may remain in the area, but they should rejoin
the attacking forces not later than by the morning of the third day
of combat;
.../ - one
Under present conditions, running repairs are carried out at tactical
.rl
levels. Nevertheles--y the organisational structure of the sub-units (unity
of a division makes it possible to carry ~P~ ;~ }} nn~~f
considerable importance in conditions of
6:b~r
the battle-field,
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- one should not allow repair sub-units to separate themselves from
the combat grouping of their units beyond the limits permissible
in the given situation;
- the extent of repair work should be determined in relation to the
level of command (the extent of repair work by the resources of
a given level decreases in proportion to the decrease in the
level of command).
39. Under modern conditions, the main purpose of technical support for
offensive operations includes the safeguarding of the possibility of the forces
maintaining a rate of attack of up to 100 kms. in 24 hours. In order to fulfil
this requirement, it is advisable to organise, on the tactical formation level,
repair brigades drawn from the composition of the Mobile Tank Repair Workshops
(RWNCz). These br-gades, moving along the axis of repair and evacuation, will
will carry out running repairs, the length of which does not exceed a few hours.
40. Another possible variant in the organisation of repair consists of
dividing the repair and evacuation forces and resources of the tactical formation
into two echelons, each of which is detailed to support the operations of the
formation on successive days of combat. With such an echelonment, the forces
and resources of each echelon are able to operate in one place during one period
of 24 hours.
41. One of the important elements of the organisation of technical support
for operations by troops is the evacuation of armoured equipment. This includes
the pulling out of damaged combat vehicles from under enemy fire, or from areas
which may be captured by the enemy, the towing of damaged or submerged vehicles,
and their collection at damaged combat vehicle collection points, or at railway
loading stations for transport into the interior of the country.
42. When organising the evacuation, one should specify the probable
amount of equipment to be evacuated and its location, prepare routes of
evacuation and deployment areas for the means of evacuation, issue tasks to
its
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evacuation sub-units, make provision for manoeuvring them into the areas con-
taining the greatest number of combat vehicles due for evacuation, and determine
the method and time of transfer of the evacuation sub-units during combat
operations.
43. The equipment to be evacuated consists of submerged vehicles and all
other combat vehicles which, owing to the nature of their damage, cannot be
repaired on the spot and are unable to proceed under their own power to the area
of loaling or of deployment of the repair facilities.
44. In combat operations, the evacuation of equipment is organised on the
following principles:
first priority is given to the evacuation of tanks remaining under
enemy fire (to the nearest place of concealment);
-,bone all, one evacuates equipment requiring the least amount of
repair work;
the evacuation of damaged vehicles is carried out directly in the
course of combat operations;
'
- the evacuation is carried out as a rule
ror oneself", i.e., with
the forces and resourcesof that level of command which will be
carrying out the repairs.
450 In order to ensure the rapid transmission of equipment to the repair
sub-units, the combat vehicles are evacuated to previously designated and
prepared routes of evacuation (the repair and evacuation axis), the number of
which depends on the width of the zone of operation of the unit or tactical.
formation, topographical conditions, and the number of evacuation routes and
means. These routes should be cleared with the rear HQ, so as to prevent the
occupation of routes set aside for manoeuvring the forces and for the bringing
up of supplies.
46. Evacuation of equipment from under enemy fire is possible when
arrangements have been made for unbroken observation of the tank sub-units in
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action, when the means of evacuation are situated near these sub-units, and when
all the evacuation work is being carried out under the protection of own troops.
Prime movers detailed for the evacuation of damaged combat vehicles direct from
the battle-field are included in the composition of repair and evacuation groups.
47. When determining the sequence of evacuation of damaged combat vehicles,
account should be taken of the actual combat situation, the topographical
conditions, and the technical state of the vehicles.
48.
In order to ensure the shortening of the time of waiting for repairs,
the full utilisation of the capacity of the repair and evacuation facilities,
and the earliest return of the tanks to the fighting units, the evacuation should
be carried out by all means simultaneously, regardless of the level of command.
The regimental means of evacuation are employed for evacuating the combat vehicles
direct from t',.e Lattle-field, while the divisional and army means are used for
the evacuation of these vehicles to the damaged combat vehicle collection points.
49. The evacuation of submerged combat vehicles consists of hauling them
out by a prime mover, or raising them from the water with the help of special
equipment. A report is sent to the Chief of the army tank technical service
about any vehicles which cannot be evacuated with the forces and resources of
units or tactical formations. The report is accompanied by a field sketch with
an appropriate legend giving a short description of the terrain, the number of
evacuation routes, the nature of the damage, the location of the equipment,
and the probable extent and nature of preparatory work required before beginning
the evacuation.
50. The preparatory work preceding the evacuation of a damaged combat
vehicle includes an examination of its location and technical condition. Note
is also taken of the number of the crew, the mark and number of the vehicle, the
parent sub-unit of the vehicle, the nature of the damage, the extent of the work
which has to be carried out in order to remove the vehicle, the approach routes
to the damaged combat vehicle, and the necessary means for evacuation.
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51. When salvaging submerged vehicles, use is also made of divers (aqua-
lung divers), who determine the position of the vehicle in the water, the nature
of the bottom, the location of the damage, etc.
52. General work connected with the preparation of a damaged combat
vehicle for evacuation includes:
-- mine clearance, and clearance of the approach routes to the damaged
vehicle;
- mine clearance and de-aotivation (decontamination) of the vehicle;
- carrying out of essential repair work on the transmission system;
- adjustments to the steering systems;
- preparation and mounting of auxiliary equipment;
- preparation and attachment of tcwing, hauling, or raising equipment;
- reparation of the evacuation route (setting up of indicators,
straw markers, eto.).
53. The number of combat vehicles which can be evacuated by the available
meanr in one day, is calculated according to the following formula:
11'' n Ivtn
sk
where - N s number of combat vehicles for evacuation;
I a number of prime movers used for the evacuation;
v = average towing speed (in kms. per hour: this is determined on
the basis of the condition of the roads, the season, time of
day, weather, and the technical condition of the prime movers);
t a the time of operation of the prime movers during the evacuation
(the time depends on the nature of the combat tasks being carried
out, and their continuity);
s = length of the evacuation route (in kms.);
n a the factor of utilisation of the time of operation of the prime
movers during towing; this amounts to 0.6 - 0,7 it depends a br ov
all on the time required for preparatory work);
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k - the average number of prime movers required for the evacuation
of one tank, or the traction factor (this is determined on the basis
of the nature of the ground, the condition of the evacuation route,
the season, weather and degree of damage to the vehicle; its
average value is: in terrain with deep relief, 1.5 2, in
terrain with weak relief, 1.).
54. A very important element of the technical supply system in support of
combat operations by troops is the supplying of units with armoured equipment
and with materials and installations essential for tank repair (servicing), or
evacuation.
55? The supply of forces with armoured equipment takes place in accordance
with the allocation lists drawn up by the army or Front command. It is the
duty of the tank technical service to organise the acceptance of the new equipment,
technical protection of the equipment during its transport to the units, and to
prepare it for use.
56, The supply of units with replacement assemblies (sub-assemblies) and
parts, necessary for carrying out repairs by the method of changing the complete
assemblies, will depend on the technical condition of the equipment held by the
units, the extent of its use, the efficiency of the repair facilities on their
establishment, and the expected number and nature of combat losses. When
specifying the requirements, particular account should be taken of the nature of
the damage and the names of the assemblies needed for repairs.
57. When organising supplies for the forces, one should take into account:
the necessity for ensuring a centralised system of supply to the
forces of armoured equipment and essential repair material;
the maximum utilisation for the repair of armoured equipment of
local resources (metals, auxiliary materials);
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- the possibility of making use of usable assemblies and parts
dismantled from vehicles regarded as written off;
- the possibility of repairs of assemblies and instruments by repair
works in the country.
58. Units and tactical formations have a mobile stock of replacement parts
and other technical material intended for executing repairs under field
conditions. This stock enable them to carry out repairs, using their workshops
to the fullest extent, without the need for additional supplies from a higher level
of command, during a period of 5 or 6 days. The stocks of replacement parts
and other technical materials necessary for running and medium repairs are
detailed in the repair kits Zz-estaw remontowZ *.
59? Repair kits are issued during the danger period, the divisions being
issued with k{ts for medium repairs, and regiments for running repairs. In the
course of combat operations, as the spare parts become used up, the supply is
done not by kits, but according to actual needs (on submission of requisitions).
The carriage of armoured equipment to stores and magazines is carried out as a
rule on the transport vehicles of the superior level of command. Cases may,
however, arise where the neoessa,iy supplies are brought up on the transport of the
unit being supplied.
60. During operations in industrial areas, the forces may use the local
resources for obtaining such materials as steel, non-ferrous metals, electrodes,
acids, and in certain cases also spare parts for motor vehicles.
61. In cases when the bringing up of supplies is difficult, the repair
sub-units may (with the permission of a higher level of command) make use of
usable assemblies and instruments from vehicles regarded as written off or
.../ designated for further evacuation
* A repair kit is a collection of spare parts, instruments,
assemblies, and materials (of as eified gtos e aI -:EQ
carrying out a given type of repai t?t J 1111
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designated for further evacuation. For this purpose, special groups are
organised for dismantling the written off tanks. It should be remembered,
however, that using the repair sub-units for dismantling damaged tanks draws
them away from the execution of their principal task. For this reason, the
above method of obtaining material necessary for repairs should only be resorted
to in a critical rear situation.
62. In order to ensure the continuity of work of the repair and repair-
evaour.tion groups, a part of the supplies loaded on motor trucks is included in
the composition of these groups, A part of the stocks of armoured equipment,
also loaded on motor trucks, is held in the area of deployment of repair facili-
ties. The amount of these stocks depends on the situation and the capacity of
the repair facilities, and should, in principle, be sufficient to ensure the
execution of repairs for 2 or 3 days, without bringing up any repair materials
from the stores. The remaining supplies are kept in the armoured equipment
store, deployed in the area of the divisional supply point.
II. Organisation and Planning of Technical Support for the
Operations of an Armoured Mechanised Division
63. Technical support for the operations of an armoured (mechanised)
division is organised in order to ensure the possibility of the maintenance of
full combat capacity of the division throughout the duration of the battle.
Support of this kind is organised on the basis of the task-of the division and
the decision of the commander, directives concerning technical support for the
superior HQ, the condition of the combat vehicles and repair facilities of the
division, and the nature of the operations by the enemy.
64. The organisation of technical support combines in itself organisational
measures and command, the implementation of which is necessary for the preparation
and conduct of the battle. These measures includes
... /''--'t'$e planning of
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- the planning of technical support9
- the clearance of technical service problems with the HQs of the
division and of other services;
- the issue in good time of the tasks to the forces and resources
of the technical supply system;
- the organisation of the direction of technical support forces
and resources during the period of preparation and in the course
of the battle;
- checking the execution of the orders concerning technical support,
and the work of the repair and evacuation facilities.
65. The main work connected with the organisation of technical support begins
with the moment of the reception of the combat task by the division. During
this period, the commander's assistant for technical matters should study the
combat task and carry out an appreciation of the situation from the point of view
of technical support for the future operations. He should also carefully
calculate the time necessary for the execution of all the measures connected
with support of this type.
66. When preparing these measures, account should be taken of the order
issued by the service command of the higher level of command. The order should
state:
- the time for completing the evacuation and repair of equipment
during the period of preparation;
- the extent of the technical servicing of equipment, and the method
of its execution during the period of preparation and in the course
of combat;
- methods of using the repair and evacuation facilities in the course
of combat;
- the time and areas of organisation of damaged combat vehicle
collection points, the sequence of deployment in them of repair
and evacuation sub-units of a hig
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- the areas and time of deployment of the armoured equipment store?
and the methods and sequence of supply;
- forces and resources allocated for reinforcement of the division.
67. As has already been mentioned, the commander's assistant for technical
matters carries out an analysis of the combat task from the point of view of
technical support. During this analysis, he should determine to what extent
the depth of the task and the width of the zone of operation, as well as the place
of the division in the operational grouping, affects the placing and method of
operation of repair and evacuation sub-units, and the echelonment of stocks and
the method of supplying the forces with materials needed for repairs.
68. During the appreciation, the commander's assistant for technical matters
determines:
-she quantity and technical condition of the equipment;
the conditions for organisation of use of the equipment;
the conditions for organisation of repairs and evacuation;
the state of supply;
the conditions for organisation of ground defence and defence
against weapons of mass destruction of the repair forces and resources;
the organisation of the control of the technical support forces
and resources.
69. When assessing the quantity and technical condition of armoured equipment,
account is taken of the degree to which the division is provided with equipment
of various types (tanks, personnel carriers, etc.), the possibility of bringing
the equipment up to strength before beginning operations and in the course of
battle, and the mileage reserve according to the various marks (types) of combat
vehicles (Appendix 4). In the recommendations, one should state the require-
ments of the units as regards supplying them with various categories of equipment,
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no
the possibility of ensuring the execution of repair tasks, and measures aiming
at maintaining the combat vehicles in a permanent state of technical efficiency.
70. When making an appreciation of the conditions of use of the equipment,
attention is paid to the configuration of the ground, the season, weather, the
state of the roads and their effect on the use of the equipment, the degree of
technical training of crews, their practical experience, the mileage in hand
before the next technical servicing, the number of facilities for technical
servic-1_ng, and the expected mileage (depending on the depth and nature of the
tasks). Following this assessment, one should decide on measures connected
with the further training of crews, the extent of technical servicing and the
means for carrying it out, and the deployment areas of repair and evacuation
sub-units and the method of their employment.
71. When making an appreciation of the conditions for the organisation of
repairs, one should take into consideration the quantity, condition, and location
of the damaged vehicles before the beginning of the battle, the strength of the
repair sub-units, the capacity of the repair facilities, the effect of the nature
of combat operations of own and enemy forces on the organisation of repairs, and
the areas of probable losses of armoured equipment. The conclusions drawn from
such an appreciation are used for determining the measures aiming at completing
the repairs to equipment before the beginning of the operations, the division of
repair forces and resources according to tasks, the areas for setting up damaged
combat vehicle collection points, the sequence and method of deployment and
movement of repair sub-units, the method of de-activation and decontamination of
the equipment to be repaired, and the methods of transporting the combat vehicles
for repair.
72. As a result of the assessment of the conditions for the organisation of
evacuation, one determines the quantity and location of the equipment requiring
evacuation, the number and technical condition of the means of evacuation and
their capacity, the routes of evacuation to the damaged combat vehicle collection
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points, and the effect of the terrain, season, and time of day on the methods
and possibilities of effecting the evacuation.
73. When making an appreciation of the state of supplies, one should take
into consideration the quantity of material assembled in stores and in repair
sub-units, the conditions of use and technical condition of the equipment, the
general supply requirements, methods of replanishment, and possibilities of
bringing up supplies.
74. The assessment of the conditions for the organisation of defence against
weapons of mass destruction should form the basis of conclusions concerning
the possibility of warning the repair forces and resources of the existence of
the danger of air attack, concerning the condition and quantity of the means
for conducting detection of radiation, de-activation, decontamination, the
composition of repair and evacuation forces and resources detailed for removing
the effects of enemy nuclear strikes, the method of their use, and conditions
for the camouflage, defence, and protection of repair and evacuation equipment$
75. In order to be able to specify in detail the deployment areas of tLe
repair sub-units, and the routes of evacuation, the commander's assistant for
technical matters may personally participate in a reconnaissance carried out
by the commander, or carry out a "reconnaissance on his own, or detail officers
to be included in the quartermaster reconnaissance group.
76. The main conclusions drawn from the study of a task, an appreciation
of the situation, and reconnaissance, form a basis for the preparation by the
assistant for technical matters of proposals concerning the technical support of
future operations. These proposals should be submitted by him to the divisional
commander. The form and content of the report will depend on the general
situation, time, and the degree to which the commander is acquainted with the
technical situation. In the majority of cases, the report will take the form
of answers to questions from the commander. It should be remembered; howev
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up in written or graphic form (with a legend), and should contain:
- the extent of the work, the time and the place of technical
servicing during the period of preparation and in the course
of combat, the resources allocated for it and the method of
their utilisation;
that the commander's assistant for technical matters should be prepared to give
the commander a full report, dealing with the following subjects:
- the number and technical condition of combat and auxiliary vehicles,
the mileage in hand and its probable future consumption, and the
present state of fitting-out of units with armoured equipment;
- the possibility of providing equipment replacements for the division,
the method of obtaining them, and the state of the equipment of
the division at the beginning of operations;
- the extent of the equipment, and the degree of readiness of repair
and evacuation sub-units;
- the state of the supplies and the possibilities of replenishment;
- other proposals concerning the crganisation of technical support
;up to the time of beginning of operations and during their conduct).
77. Having accepted the proposals of the assistant for technical matters,
the divisional commander determines the time-limits and sequence of preparing
the equipment and the repair and evacuation sub-units for the future operations,
the time nec3ssar;,r for the preparation and setting up of damaged combat vehicle
collection points, the deployment areas and methods of moving the repair and
evacuation sub-units during the battle, the sequence of repair and evacuation of
equipment, and technical servicing.
78. The accepted proposals, and the directives of the commander, form the
basis for the preparation of a technical support plan. The plan may be drawn
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- the extent of repair work carried out by own resources until
the beginning of the battle, the method and sequence of transporting
equipment to repair units of a higher level, the method of repair
during combat, the grouping and echelonment of repair facilities
and their tasks, the areas and times of setting up repair work-
shops and the methods of their regrouping, the areas for organising
damaged combat vehicle collection points, the distribution of
repair means, reinforcements, the methods of de-activation and
decontamination of damaged equipment and of repair and evacuation
facilities;
the method of evacuation, the repair and evacuation axis, the
distribution and tasks of the evacuation facilities, the areas
of deployment and the methods of using the allocated evacuation
resources, the method of evacuation of equipment during the
process of liquidation of the effects of a nuclear strike;
- the method of supply of material, the place, time, and methods
of replenishment, the necessary (minimum) stock of material
required for repairs;
- the organisation of protection and defence of repair and evacuation
facilities, measures to be taken for defence against weapons of
mass destruction;
- organisation of observation of the battle-field, the sequence
of sending reports on the quantity and technical condition of the
equipment, instructions issued in connection with the evacuation
and repair of damaged equipment, the state of supplies and the
condition of repair and evacuation facilities.
79. Of the above points, embodied in the technical support plan, the followiyig
are cleared with the divisional HQs the ezpecfed--?tttt?'8 "mileage, the areas and:-
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time for carrying out technical servicing, the probable losses and areas contain-
ing the greatest number of equipment requiring repairs, the areas of deployment
of the repair sub-units, the time-limits.for submitting technical balance-sheets
and reports, the organisation of communications, and the possibilities of
allocating sub-units of engineer and chemical troops, and of de-activation
(decontamination) faoilities, for carrying oi;t some of the work connected with
technical support.
80. Arrangements are made with the quartermaster regarding the times and
areas for bringing up POL and other expendable supplies, the time and place for
setting up organic and allocated repair and evaouation facilities in the rear
area, the evacuation routes, the areas for setting up the armoured equipment
store, the organisation of protection and defence, and the repair and evacuation
axis.
81. Arrangements are made with the Chief of the chemical service regarding
de-activation of the ground and of the equipment in the area of deployment of
the repair and evacuation facilities, and the methods of carrying out radiati.)n
detectian.
82. Arrangements are made with the Chief of the engineer troops regarding,
among others, the clearance of mines and field engineer work on the evacuation
routes and in areas containing damaged equipment.
83. The technical support plan, after clearance with the HQ and the Chiefs
of services, is confirmed by the divisional commander. The contents of the plan
are communicated to the persons carrying it out in the form of orders signed
by the Chief of Staff and the assistant for technical matters. Orders
communicated for action to technical officers, or addressed to repair and
evacuation sub-units, are signed by the assistant for technical matters, if
there is no time to prepare a technical support plan, the executive orders may
be based on the confirmed proposals of the assistant for technical matters and
on the directives noted down by him, issued by the divisional commander.
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84. In the course of operations, the plan should be kept up to date in
conformity with the existing combat situation, by means of additional orders
sent to the executors. All orders amending the technical support plan should
be reported to the commander and should be communicated to the HQ and the
quartermaster.
85. When organising and planning the technical support, considerable
attention should be paid to evacuation. When planning measures connected with
it, ore should take into consideration:
- the combat task being executed by the division,
- the number of prime movers, their technical condition and
approximate capacity for evacuation;
the vehicular capacity of the evacuation routes;
- he number of prime movers required for the evacuation of
one vehicle,
the loading of the prime movers and the duration of effective
work;
the degree of training of the prime mover driver-mechanics;
weather conditions, season, time of day, and nature of the
ground on which the damaged equipment may be situated.
86. On the basis of the above, it is possible to determine with great
accuracy the number of vehicles which may be evacuated with existing means in
one day. This, in turn, makes it possible to carry out a correct division
of the means of evacuation held on the establishment and to assess the need for
reinforcements.
87. When the operations begin, the commander's assistant for technical
matters should be with the divisional HQ9 together with a part of the officers
from the technical branch. He reports to the commander and informs the
divisional HQ about the technical situation, and in return receives information
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about the decisions and orders of the commander and on the situation of the
armed forces. In order to be able to direct the repair and evacuation sub-units,
the commander's assistant for technical matters should be provided with a
special technical support communications system (Diagram No. 11). In a regiment,
these communications should be maintained with the technical observation posts,
the repair and evacuation groups, the regimental workshops, and with the
divisional commander's assistant for technical matters. . The radio data of the
technical support communications network should be known to all the crews of
combat vehicles. In the even; of a tank being damaged, its crew, after reporting
the fact to the sub-unit commander and obtaining his permission, switches into
the radio network of the technical support organisation, in order to inform.the
repair and evacuation sub-anits of the fact tf the damage.and of the location
of the tank.
88. The divisional commander's assistant for technical matters should have
radio communications with the regimental commanders' assistants for technical
matters, his subordinate repair and evacuation sub-units, the divisional armoured
equipment store, and his service superiors. In order to be able to exercise
a more effective direction and control, the commander's assistant for technical
matters, in addition to the technical support communications network, also uses
the network of the divisional HQ and QM service.
89. In the course of battle, the officers from the technical branch of the
division are responsible for the reporting and working maps, on which they draw
in the current technical and combat situation, The maps should contain the
following data: the location of organic and allocated repair and evacuation
sub-units, areas of damaged combat vehicle collection points, the location of
armoured equipment stores of the superior commander, the deployment areas of
combat vehicles requiring repair, evacuation, or transfer, the supply and
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evacuation routes, the repair and evacuation axis, essential data concerning
other services (e.g., the engineer service, etc.), One also draws in on the
working map data about the enemy which are essential for the correct appreciation
of the situation and for determining the probable areas of greatest combat losses.
The location of own forces is indicated by a general outline, without giving
their tasks or designations. In the case of reporting maps submitted to the
superior commander, in addition to detailed data on the technical situation, one
draws in the essential data about the position of own troops, giving their full
designations.
The grouping of repair and evacuation sub-units
90. In order to utilise to the full the capacity of repair and evacuation
sub-units, they should be grouped in such a way as to make it possible to carry
out with them any manoeuvre resulting from a specific situation. In order to
give technical first-aid to damaged combat vehicles, to-carry out running repairs
(on the spot where damaged), or for evacuation, one organises at regimental
level technical observation posts and repair and repair-evacuation groups.
91. The main, task of the technical observation posts during combat is to
watch the combat vehicles, determine the location and reasons for their stoppage,
and the nature of the damage, and to carry out preparatory measures for their
evacuation or repair. The technical observation posts are organised with the
resources of the fighting sub-units, on the basis of directives from the
regimental commander's assistant for technical matters.
92. 1. company technical observation post includes the company commander's
assistant for technical matters, a tank fitters a chemist-dosimetrist, and
sappers. A technical OP may exist independently, or it may form part of a
repair and evacuation group supporting a given company. In a mechanised
regiment, technical OPs ara placed near the OPs of a battalion of motorised
inf angry.
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93. Immediately a tank stops on the battle-field, one dispatches to it a
tank fitter or other repair specialists, in order to determine the reason for
the stoppage of the tank and the extent of repair and evacuation work. The
commander of a technical OP maintains continuous communications with a repair,
or repair-evacuation, group (if it is operating independently), and with the
regimental commander's assistant for technical matters, to whom he reports the
number, location, and technical condition of the damaged vehicles, and the work
which has been carried out in preparing them for evacuation and repair,
94. A repair group includes 1 or 2 special motor vehicles, and a motor
vehicle with spare parts, fuel and lubricants. A repair-evacuation group has,
in addition, 1 or 2 armoured prime movers. In addition, in order to carry out
a reconnaissance of mine-fields, a repair or repair-evacuation group may have
attached to i', a number of sappers.
95? In a tank regiment, it is possible to organise from existing forces and
resources two or three repair or repair-evacuation groups for the direct support
of first-echelon tank companies, and one or two regimental groups.
96. In a tank battalion of a mechanised regiment, one organises one repair
or repair-evacuation group, while on a regimental level one organises one or
two groups.
97. The repair (repair-evacuation) groups should be kept at such a distance
from the fighting sub-units as to be out of range of observed enemy fire, and
as to be able to reach the damaged tanks in time. The work of the repair and
repair-evacuation groups is directed by the commander's assistant for technical
matters.
98.
The main principle of repairs in a regiment is to carry out the work
on the spot where the ccmbat vehicle was damaged. In the event of the incidence
of a large number of defective combat vehicles in one area, one may organise a
regimental damaged combat vehicle collection point. However, the name
r frt` %l cooirectin, point'
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"regimental collection point" should here be regarded as only a conventional
name, since the damaged vehicles will not be collected in some small area, but
will remain at the places where they were damaged, or in nearby places of
concealment. The actual collection point will be the place of deployment of
the repair and evacuation facilities, and of transport carrying spare parts
and POL.
99? The divisional mobile tank repair workshop is set up places containing
the greatest number of damaged vehicles, where one organises the divisional
damaged combat vehicle collection point. Repair brigades may be detached from
the tank repair workshop, to reinforce the regimental repair sub-units.
100. The divisional damaged combat vehicle collection point should contain,
in addition to repair and evacuation equipment, also stooke of POL, ammunition.,
and spare pax bs,
101. The damaged combat vehicle collection point is organised in the rear
area with the forces and resources of a division. When selecting the area for
setting up the collection point, one should take into consideration not only
the combat situation, ground conditions, and the location of the damaged vehicles,
but also the most economical way of using the available time and the evacuation
equipment necessary for the collection of the damaged vehicles. The commander of
the collection point is the commander of the workshop whose facilities have been
deployed for the repair of combat equipment.
102. The area for setting up the damaged combat vehicle collection point is
chosen in a locality possessing natural cover facilitating the construction of
field engineering works, near supply and evacuation routes, and near sources of
water supply; the ground conditions should make it possible to set up con-
veniently the repair facilities, and to organise the work in a proper manner.
103. In conditions of a constant threat from weapons of mass destructions
the collection point should be organised at a safe distance from the probable
targets for enemy nuclear strikes.. One should also avoid an excessive
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concentration of repair facilities, damaged equipment, repaired combat vehicles,
and supplies. An area chosen for the collection point should be reconnoitred
in advance from the point of view of contamination with radio-aotive substances
(before the arrival of the repair forces and resources).
104. In order to disperse the equipment in the collection point, in the
event of the concentration in one area of a large number of damaged vehicles,
it is recommended (and, if there is sufficient time, even essential) to organise
the followings
- a dosimetric post, for the purpose of determining the degree of
irradiation of combat equipment sent for repair;
- places for de-activation and decontamination of the contaminated
equipment;
- reception points for the equipment, where the vehicles are
washed (if they have not been contaminated) and given a general
examination;
- repair points;
- deployment area of the special work platoon;
- collection points for unusable equipment set aside for further
evacuation, which is undergoing preparatory work for evacuation;
- collection point for repaired equipment;
- places for billeting repair sub-units and tank crews.
105. The repair facilities may move to the next damaged combat vehicle
collection point either simultaneously, or in individual groups. The repair and
evacuation sub-units which have not finished the repairs in the existing area
leave behind with the equipment only the necessary minimum of forces, under the
command of an officer who is responsible for completing the repairs. The main
part of the force, on the other hand, regroups in the new collection point area.
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Workshop managers collect the combat equipment as the repairs are completed and,
under the directions of a designated officer, send the equipment to the units.
If the distance of the damaged combat vehicle collection point from the units is
considerable, the movement of the repaired equipment is protected by a special
motor vehicle of the armoured car type (A/Pane.). Before the equipment is
returned to the units, all the combat vehicles undergo full technical servicing
No. 2 or No. 3.
106. Combat vehicles are sent for repair by the technical officers of sub-units
and units and, within units, also by tank and sub-unit commanders. Tanks are
sent for running repairs carried out in the period of preparation for operations
on the basis of instructions from the (regimental) divisional commander's
assistant for technical matters, no documents being prepared. For medium repairs,
carried out w~.th divisional resources, the tanks are sent with permits issued
by the technical branch of the division. A statement is prepared for each tank,
describing its technical condition, which is then confirmed by the regimental
commander (in the course of combat, this statement is usually prepared while the
repairs are being carried out).
107. When damaged tanks are handed over to the army, one prepares a statement
about their technical condition, and a handing-over and receipt document
5rotokol zdawczo-odbiorczy7.
108. For running and medium repairs, combat vehicles are sent together with
their crews, which take part in the repair work (when the repairs are in progress,
it is forbidden to use the crews for any other duties).
109. For capital repairs, combat vehicles (without crews) are sent on the
basis of an order issued by the Front tank-technical service command. The
vehicle is accompanied by a statement on its technical condition, a handing-over
and receipt document, and all the other documents belonging to the vehicle. After
handing over, the combat vehicles are written off from the unit strength.
T OLLS J A4 S' rw.
i LY
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110. On completion of running repairs in the regimental or divisional
workshops, the combat vehicles are accepted by the technical officers of the
sub-units, without any written records. Combat vehicles returning from medium
repairs executed in the divisional workshops are taken over by representatives of
the regiment, on the basis of official certificates. Tanks which had undergone
medium repairs on an operational formation level are accepted (on the basis of
written certificates) by representatives of the regiments, in the place where the
repaira were carried out.
III. Implementation of Technical Support Measures for an
Offensive Operations.
111. An armoured division may attack a previously-prepared enemy defence in
the first or second echelon, from direct contact with the enemy, or from areas
situated in the depth of the operational grouping. A division allocated for
the first echelon of an army, which has hitherto been in the
defence, will be situated during the period of preparation in the concentration
area. In such a case, it will have suitable conditions and a sufficient amount
of time to organise the attack. During this time, one can carry on the technical
training of crews, repair and evacuation sub-units, and technical officers. In
addition, the period of preparation should be utilised for the completion of all
repair and evacuation work, so as to ensure the full exploitation of the technical
support facilities during the attack.
112. When preparing the equipment, one should take into account the fact that
the combat operations of a division may last about 5 days. For this reason,
depending on the mileage consumed since the last technical servicing, one should
carry out technical servicing No. 2 or 3 on all the combat vehicles. To assist
the units, one may also direct to them the forces and resources of the mobile
, Aped with suitable expendable.-. st-area. - - - - - ""-
tank repair workshops equi
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113. In order to ensure technical efficiency of equipment to the full depth
of the operation, the combat vehicles should have a suitable mileage reserve
since the last medium and capital repair. For instance, if the depth of an army
offensive operation is 250 - 300 kms., and the manoeuvre factor is 2 - 2.5, then
the tanks should have a mileage reserve of 500 - 750 kme. The mileage reserve
may be increased by exchanging all those assemblies and devices which, on account
of their technical condition, cannot guarantee the efficient functioning of all
the me3hanisms in the required time. Measures connected with increasing the
mileage reserve in the division are carried out as part of the work organised
and planned by the army (Front), and should be supported by adequate supplies of
material. The divisional commander's assistant for technical matters, using as
a basis the technical condition of the equipment, and following the instructions
of the Chief rf the tank-technical service of the army, defines the extent of
these measures, indicates the method of their implementation, and allocates
suitable repair facilities.
114. For work connected with increasingIhe mileage reserve, use may be made
of army repair facilities. In addition, the axmy may exchange for a division
the combat vehicles having the lowest mileage reserve for vehicles which have
arrived from factories or from capital repair. In such a case, the divisional
commander's assistant for technical matters organises the reception of the
equipment, divides it up (after prior consultation with the divisional HQ), and
allocates it to the regiments.
115. One should remember, however, that it will not be possible to increase
the mileage reserve in all combat vehicles. For this reason, the necessity will
azo.se in the course of operations for carrying out repairs to those combat
vehicles whose mileage reserve has become exhausted.
1-i6. During the period of preparation for attack, the stock of damaged
vehicles in a division may consist of losses suffered in previous combat operations,.
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or from enemy nuclear strikes. The damaged equipment may be grouped at
regimental, divisional, and army damaged combat vehicle collection points; it
may also remain in places where it received the damage. In order to obtain the
maximum number of tanks fit for battle, the divisional commander's assistant for
technical matters should organise, up to the time of beginning the attack, the
running repair of damaged combat vehicles. When organising running repairs,
one should follow the principle that this category of repairs is oarried out by
T" regime,ital forces and resources. The divisional forces and resources, on the
other hand, are only used for this purpose when the regiments are unable to
carry out all the work by themselves.
117. The divisional repair resources are primarily used for the repair of
combat vehicles grouped at the regimental and divisional damaged combat vehicle
collection points. Single tanks, which it is not possible or worth-while to
evacuate to the collection points, are repaired by detached repair brigades.
118. During the period of preparation, one should also assemble in
regimental and divisional stores suitable stocks of spares and equipment necessary
for the repair of armoured equipment in the course of operations.
119, After the beginning of the operations, the division going over to the
attack from a starting area located in the depth, moves up a part of the forces
and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops in the wake of the regiments
of the first echelonp in readiness to bring them technical aid. These forces
and resources should form a small and swift group, so as to be able to maintain
the speed of march of the units. For instance, a group of this sort my be
composed oft 1 - 3 assembly and dismantling devices, a part of the necessary
spt.ial motor vehicles, 3 - 4 armoured prime movers, and one motor vehicle with
spares. The remaining Forces and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops
follow behind the regiments of the second echelon. Until the division reaches
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its starting line, they form the technical support column of the main forces.
The repair resources allocated for technical support should repair all the
combat vehicles assigned to them, and should proceed to the new deployment area
in the second half of the day of battle.
120. As soon as the attack is begun, the resources allocated from the
mobile tank repair workshops, which have been following the first echelon of the
division, proceed to the appointed area so as to set up the first damaged combat
vehicle collection point of the division. The area of the divisional collection
point should be situated in a locality providing suitable conditions for
camouflage, and if possible on the axis of the main thrust. The area is usually
chosen at a distance of about 3 kms, from the enemy FEBA (in its original
situation),
121. In :.yeas of deployment of damaged combat vehicle collection points in
front of the enemy FEBA, one should utilise all the places of concealment and
shelters previously prepared by one's own troops. The field works left by the
enemy may be used only after they have been subjected to radiation and field
engineer reconnaissance.
122. If in the area selected for the organisation of a damaged combat vehicle
collection point there is only a small number of damaged vehicles, then the
collection point should be organised in the depth of the enemy defence (that is,
in a place where there will be the greatest incidence of tanks requiring repair).
In this case, the most convenient area will be the enemy regimental or divisional
reserve position.
123? The forces and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops situated
behind the regiments of the second echelon of the division move along the repair
and c iacu~.t-.on axis, from one place of concealment to another. If necessary,
they leave the special repair equipment and a part of the stocks of material at
the first damaged combat vehicle collection point. The deployment of.thaa fore
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and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops takes place at the second
collection point, which is organised after the completion by the division of its
second task (in the area of the former enemy second line of defence). In this
way, the divisional mobile tank repair workshops can set up two damaged combat
vehicle collection points during the period of the breaking down of the tactical
depth of the enemy defence.
124. When examining the problems of technical support of an armoured (mechan-
ised) division in the course of offensive operations, one should point out that
its repair and evacuation forces and resources can give technical assistance
primarily to combat vehicles damaged by the fire of conventional enemy weapons,
This depends both on the time available to repair and evacuation sub-units for the
execution of their work, and on the production capacity of the repair workshops.
125. A division may suffer casualties from nuclear weapons when approaching
the starting line for the battle. In this situation, the units of the division
will be at a distance facilitating nuclear strikes by the enemy without endangering
his leading sub-units. In the course of the attack, i.e., after establishing
contact with the enemy, nuclear strikes may be carried out against second
echelons of the division and on its reserves situated at a certain distance from
the line of contact of the two combatants. The strikes will most frequently
be made with the help of aerial nuclear bombs of a low yield.
126. In the event of the enemy carrying out a nuclear strike against one of
the regiments, the division should give technical assistance to the regiment to
an extent necessary to enable the regiment to continue its combat operations.
Only the repair forces and resources of the neutralised sub-units should remain
in the stricken area.
127,. The repair and evacuation work as a whole, performed in this area, is
taken :ver by the army repair and evacuation sub-units.
no
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128, The case may also arise when in the zone of operation of a division there
may appear simultaneously a number of areas neutralised by enemy nuclear strikes,
while the losses suffered by the division will be so large that it will be
eliminated from the battle. In this situation, the divisional repair and
evacuation sub-units will organise technical aid to the neutralised units. As
a rule, the army should also allocate a part of its forces and resources for
the liquidation of the effects of enemy nuclear strikes.
129. In order to ensure the repair of damaged combat vehicles during the
second day of combat by the division, it is essential to include a part of the
forces and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops direct in the combat
grouping of the division. For this purpose,,the manager of the mobile tank
repair workshops, following the orders of the divisional commander's assistant
for technical matters, allocates in advance a part of the forces and resources
set aside exclusively for carrying out repair tasks on the second day of combat
operations by the division. These forces and resources should be allocated from
both parts of the mobile tank repair workshops deployed in the divisional
damaged combat vehicle collection point.
130. During the breaking down of the tactical depth of the enemy defence,
the divisional forces and resources allocated for carrying out running repairs
at the place of damage of the combat vehicles (which are also located on the
repair and evacuation axis), execute only the work which units are unable to
undertake with their own resources. Taking into account the speed of attack
by the division, these forces and resources can operate for 10 - 12 hours on one
spot, without fear of losing touch completely with the attacking forces.
131. The forces and resources of a mobile tank repair workshop, deployed
during combat at the divisional damaged combat vehicle collection point in the
tactical depth of the enemy defence, can carry out repair work requiring more
than 24 hours to execute. In view of the fact that these forces and resources
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are most frequently detailed to support the operations of the division on the
third day of battle, they can carry out both running and medium repairs.
132. In the event when the enemy defence has been powerfully neutralised by
nuclear weapons up to the battalion defence positions inclusive, the regimental
and divisional repair sub-units are not deployed, but are moved forward in
readiness to carry out the repair and evacuation of damaged combat vehicles in
the operational depth of the enemy defence. Damaged combat vehicles in the
tactical defence zone are repaired with the forces and resources of the divisional
technical support column, while vehicles which cannot be repaired by these means
are handed over to the army,
133. If the division is going over to the attack from direct contact with
the enemy, a part of the forces and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops
is deployed iii the starting position behind the regiments of the first echelon,
at a distance of 6 - 8 kms. from the FEBt. The tasks, deployment areas, and
sequence of movement of the workshop forces and resources will in this case be
the same as in the previous operations.
134. The evacuation of damaged combat vehicles to areas of deployment of the
repair forces and resources, or onto the repair and evacuation axis, is carried
out with the help of prime movers belonging to the mobile tank repair workshops.
Until the moment when the division completes its first task, the greater part of
the means of evacuation is used for bringing the damaged vehicles to the repair
forces and resources located in the first area of deployment of the damaged
combat vehicle collection points (in front of the FEBL, or on the first line of
the enemy defence). A part of the armoured prime movers which, during the
approach of the division from an area situated in the depth, formed part of
the technical support column, are moved up with the remaining forces and resources
of the mobile tank repair workshops. If there is a shortage of prime movers,
the prime movers from the technical support column may also be used for the---
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evacuation of combat vehicles to the first area of deployment of the divisional
damaged combat vehicle collection points.
135? On completion by the division of the whole-day task, one should bring
up forward the divisional prime movers, which will be used for the evacuation
of tanks from the first zone of defence, and some from the second zone. These
prime movers, together with a part of the divisional repair resources, will be
used for the technical support of the division during the second day of combat.
136. On completion by the division of the whole-day task, one should also
carry out technical servicing in the regiments. This usually embraces the
scope of work of technical servicing No. 1. In regiments of the second echelon,
technical servicing may be carried out even before the completion by the
division of the whole-day task. In all cases, the duration of the technical
servicing, aiA the areas where it is to take place, will be specified by the
divisional commander.
137. During action in the operational depth of the enemy defence, the
attacking forces will as a rule be breaking down a defence hastily organised
by the enemy units withdrawing from the direction of the F'EBA, or advancing
from the rear. In this situation, technical support is organised during the
approach to the enemy defence line. Until the moment when the forces approach
this line, the divisional commander's assistant for technical matters will have
at his disposal a very small amount of time for organising the execution of all
the technical support measures. The damaged vehicles will at this time be
dispersed over a wide area, while a considerable part of the forces and resources
of the mobile tank repair workshops may be occupied in repairs of equipment
dame:,7ed during the previous operations. These forces and resources may be
situated at a considerable distance from the division and will therefore be
unable to join the attacking forces in time.
.../ 138,
W
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138. During the approach of the division to the enemy defence lines, the
main forces and resources of the mobile tank repair workshops will be deployed
in the divisional damaged combat vehicle collection point, where repairs will be
carried out to vehicles damaged during the previous operations. The forces
may only be accompanied by that portion of the repair and evacuation forces and
resources which had formed part of the technical support column. If the forces
and resources of the technical support column are earmarked, together with a part
of the mobile tank repair workshops, for supporting the breaking down of the
enemy defence, then they should carry out only such repair work which can be
completed before beginning the attack, Otherwisep the forces and resources of
the divisional technical support column should complete the repair of combat
vehicles on the routes of advance of the forces, and should rejoin the division
by the time i+ completes its first task, Equipment which has not been repaired
with the resources of the divisional technical support column is grouped and
passed to the army repair units.
139. During the approach to the enemy defence line, the majority of the
divisional armoured prime movers is used in the technical support column. These
prime movers assemble the damaged combat vehicles in specified areas, for the
purpose of carrying out repair work, or for handing them over to the axmy.
140. As soon as the attack is begun, the resources of the mobile tank repair
workshops, advancing behind the regiments of the first echelon, proceed to their
appointed areas in readiness to undertake repair work. The deployment of the
mobile workshops in these areas will depend on the number and nature of the
damaged vehicles. If in front of the FEBA and on the first line of the enemy
defence there is only a small number of damaged combat vehicles requiring the
assistance of the divisional resources, then one should not organise a divisional
damages, combat vehicle collection point near the starting line. In order to
carry out essential work at places where the vehicles were damaged, one should
detach from the mobile workshops repair brigades provided with suitable equipment
and spares.
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141. In the event when an attack from the march has failed, and the division
is organising an attack after a short period of preparation, the divisional
commander's assistant for technical matters should use the time allocated for
the organisation of the attack for carrying out essential measures connected.with
technical support. As a first priority, one should organise the evacuation of
equipment damaged during the attack from the march, particular attention being
paid to the evacuation of those tanks which are situated in areas under enemy
observation. For evacuating these tanks, the regiments are allocated prime
movers from the divisional mobile tank repair workshops.
142. The time allocated for a fresh organisation of attack should also be
used for moving forward the repair and evacuation forces and resources, for
detailing the tasks of the repair sub-units, and for reconnaissance of the areas
of their deployment. During this period, the necessity may arise for altering
the subordination of the repair and evacuation forces and resources. For instance,
the special motor vehicles and prime movers previously allocated to the workshops of
a regiment operating as an independent unit, may return to the mobile tank repair
workshops.
143. The extent of the work of the repair forces and resources in the area
of deployment of the damaged combat vehicle collection point is determined in
such a way as to enable them to arrive, together with the repaired equipment, in
areas occupied by the division before beginning the battle on the following day.
If all the repair work is not completed before the time of moving the repair forces
and resources to the new area, then specially-detailed brigades are left behind
to complete the work. The responsibility for the completion of this work is
pliced on an officer detailed from the mobile tank repair workshops, who should
know the route and time-limit for arrival in the new area of the damaged combat
vehicla collection point.
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144. In order to speed up the evacuation of combat vehicles, the prime movers
belonging to the mobile tank repair workshops may be sent to the repair and
evacuation groups of regiments of the first echelon, or to the regimental repair
and evacuation axes. The areas and times.of arrival of the prime movers are
communicated to the regimental commander's assistants for technical matters.
145. After breaking down a hastily-organised enemy defence, the divisional
commander's assistant for technical matters brings up to date the technical
situation and specifies which means should be left behind to complete the
evacuation and repair work, and which should be moved up in the wake of the forces
so as to support the further operations by the division. If the division is
going over to pursuit, then one should organise a technical support column behind
the main forces of the division, composed of a part of the forces and resources
of the mobile tank repair workshops. As a rule, only a small amount of forces
and resources may be allocated to the technical support column, since the mobile
tank repair workshops will be engaged in the evacuation and repair of armoured
equipment damaged during the breaking down of the enemy defence.
146. Separate discussion is required of the organisation of support for the
operations of a division in offensive operations during the initial period of a
Operations during this period are characterised by violent changes in the
combat situation, the absence of a continuous front line, high speed of attack,
reaching 100 kms. in 24 hours, operation of forces on separate axes, the entry
of these forces into action from the march and the adoption by them of a full
combat grouping only in the event of encountering a powerful enemy resistance,
the employment of a wide manoeuvre, and the aim of each of the opposing forces
to carry out flank thrusts against the enemy forces moving in a march grouping.
All encounters by both sides will usually take the form of encounter battles.
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147? All this has a considerable influence on the means and methods of
organisation of repair and evacuation of damaged combat vehicles. The most
important principles which should be observed when organising technical support
for combat operations of a division include:
the possibility of bringing immediate technical aid to units
which have suffered the biggest losses of combat vehicles from
the effect of enemy fire;
the necessity for moving the divisional repair and evacuation
forces and resources under a screen by the attacking forces;
the necessity for carrying out repairs of damaged combat
vehicles on the repair and evacuation axis, which is usually
chosen on the axis of operation of the main forces of the
division; the combat vehicles will be evacuated to this axis
by unit resources;
the execution of running repairs requiring the least time;
the maintenance of combat vehicles in a state of full technical
efficiency, so as to ensure that the units are in a constant
operational readiness for battle;
the suitable echelonment of the divisional repair and evacuation
forces and resources, in order to support every engagement
which may be begun by subordinate units;
the organisation and preparation of a manoeuvre with the repair
and evacuation sub-units and the stocks of the division, in
accordance with the current situation and the position of the
forces;
the preparation of the divisional repair and evacuation forces
and resources for crossing zones contaminated with radio-active
substances, and for carrying out measures for the partial
de-activation of the damaged combat vehicles.
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no
148. In order to ensure the maintenance of a rapid rate of attack l+y the
forces, reaching 100 kms. in 24 hours, repair brigades are organised from the
strength of the divisional repair and evacuation sub-units, for the purpose
of carrying out running repairs. These brigades, equipped with means of trans-
port and the necessary number of spare parts, advance under the shelter of the
fighting forces along the divisional axis of repair and evacuation. The
damaged combat vehicles will be evacuated onto this axis with the resources of
the units or of the division. The repair brigades carry out running repairs
requiring only a few hours' work, which will enable them to maintain a
continuous advance in the wake of the attacking units. The effective work of
one repair brigade, at a speed of march of the brigade of 20 kms. p.h. and a distance
of 100 kms, lasts about 19 hours in each 24 hour period. With this approximate
calculation, one should bear in mind that a repair brigade must not drop behind
the leading units of a division by more than 15-20 kms. In consequence, over
a distance of 100 kms., a brigade can parry out its work In three or four areas.
In other words, repairs in each area should last no longer than 4.5 to 6 hours.
149. Damaged combat vehicles which will not be repaired with the resources
of the division are handed over to the repair and evacuation units of the army..
150. The ways and methods, described above, of operation of the divisional
repair and evacuation sources and resources, have as their primary purpose the
securing of the quickest possible return to the fighting units of combat vehicles
damaged by conventional enemy weapons. In the event of damage from nuclear
weapons, all the repair and evacuation work is carried out, as has already been
stated, by the forces and resources of the army. From these areas, the division
may only evacuate those combat vehicles which are fit for service after undergoing
running repairs.
IN
".vL E iJ
D, I SS R
no dE
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 Approved For Reitas /25 : CIA-RDP78-03182A000900160001-3
- 47 -
' T LLL L. .J SSEM
_ ONLY
no dissem a
Appendices
Damage radius from nuclear weapons to armoured
equipment and the crews of oombat vehicles.
Repair and evacuation capability (table for
guidance).
Echelonment of repair kits.
No. 4: Norms of consumption of POL, and the range of
combat vehicles.
Diarams
No. 10: Graph of damage to combat vehicles during the
explosion of a nuclear bomb of a yield of 8 kt.
No, 11: Organisation of the radio network of technical
support system of an armoured division.
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 Approved For Ret^aa VOK : CIA-RDP78-03a2A000900160001-3
~LLE JISSEM
INSS
48 - 0 i ~ EM
L ACS` t L: . ON LY
no dissem abr
Appendix 1,
Damage radius from Nuclear Weapons to Armoured Equipment and
the Crews of Combat Vehicles
The radii given below determine the areas in which there is moderate
damage to equipment and the loss of combat capacity of tank crews,
Yield in kt.
Zk-iloton 7
Tanks
Armoured
carriers
Motor
vehicles
Crews
in tanks
g.bs
a.b.
g.bs
a.b.
g.bs
a.bo
g.bs
a.b.
2
0.25
0.25
0.30
0.4
0.55
0.65
0.5
0.5
5
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.55
0.7
0.85
0.65
0.65
8
0.4
0.d
0.5
0.65
0.85
1
0.7
0.7
10
0.45
0.44
0.55
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.75
0.75
15
0.5
0.5
0,6
0.8
1.05
1,2
0.8
0.8
20
0.55
0.55
0.7
0.85
1.15
1.4
0.9
0.9
30
0.6
0.6
0.8
1
1.35
1.6
1
1
50
0.75
0.75
0.9
1.2
1.55
1.9
1.25
1.25
75
0.85
0.85
1.05
1.35
1.8
2,1
1.35
1.35
100
0.95
0,95
1,15
1.5
2.
2.4
1.45
1,45
150
1.05
1.05
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.7
1.6
1.6
200
1.15
1,15
1.5
2
2,5
3
1.8
1.8
300
1.35
1.35
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.4
2
2
400
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.5
3
4.2
2.2
2.2
Notsss
The damage radius for tanks behind earthworks is 1.5 times smaller.
2, g.b. = ground burst; a.b, n air burst
3
TROLLED
The radii are given in kilometres.
W
L`1LY
fro
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 Approved For ReYe''~ 25 : CIA-RDP78-039'KA000900160O001-3
1 4
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M
(30. M WIN
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T
- 49
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03~62A00`d600T6tic
CFO
8,0
0
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 Approved For R Idea /25: CIA-RDP78-03V$2A0009.OQ160001-3
50
Appendix 3.
Eohe lonment of Repair Kits
Running Repairs Kit
Medium Repairs Kit
Name of tactical
formation (unit)
Quantity
Weight
(in tons)
Quantity
Weight
(in tons)
Armoured Division
Tank regiment
2 x 3 6
27 - 45
Mechanised regiment
1
4.5 - 7.5
-
-
Armoured equipment
store
3
13.5 - 22.5
2
50 - 70
TOTAL in Armd, Div,
10
45 - 75
2
50 - 70
Mechanised Division
Tank regiment
2
9 - 15
Mechanised regiment
3 x 1 - 3
13.5 -. 22.6
-
-
Armoured equipment
2
store
9 - 15
2
50 - 70
TOTAL in Mech. Div.
7
31.5 - 52.6
2
50 - 70
endix 4.
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03082A000900160001-3
 I Approved For Retie
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 Approved For Release 199&08/25: CIA-RDP78-030 2A00090
GRAPH OF DAMAGE TO COM
OF A NUCLEAR BOI
Area of total destruction.
Area of serious damage.
Area of medium damage.
Area of light damage
Possible division of damage to combat
vehicles into various types of repairs:
- Running repairs ....45-47%
- Medium ,,.. 13-207.
- capitol
l3 -201L
- Written off
....1+-267.
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 Approved F 78-03082A000900160001-
~`' ? 25X1 A29
BAT VEHICLES DURING THE EXPLOSION
AB OFA YIELD OF 8 KT.
Diagram No 10
opfms LEGEND
qw
^ Medium
to O Capital
to ? Written off
so Area of total destruction
4.o Area of serious damage
a Area of medium damage
.Area of light damage
Nature of damage to combat vehicles :
- When totatt,v destroy dd: cracking of armour-plating
of hull, rendering assembly impossible. Broken
transmission system. Damaged armament.
Turret torn offl.
- When seriously damaggg: DSzX (?) machine-gun
and entrance hatches torn off. Armour-plating
buckled, turret torn off or jammed, gun shield
torn off.
- When moderately damaged : DSzK machine-gun
and entrance hatches torn off, mountings of internal
equipment damaged, external equipment torn off,
aiming and observation equipment damaged.
- When.Lightty damaged : DSzK machine-gun
torn off, entrance hatches torn off or buckled,
signal (P) and external cases and containers
torn off (one line of text probably missing.)
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03082A000900160001-3
4
25X1A2g
Radio network of the
regimental assistant
for technical matters
001
Damaged
vehicles
and group
evacuation
group
Approved For Release 1999/08/25: CIA-RDP78-03082A000900160001-3
ORGANISATION OF THE RADIO NETWOF
SUPPORT OF AN ARMOURED DIVIS
rRsgt H.Q I
(Assistant for
I
ITchni sae Radio network of divisions
~ott-(.Zlrs. 1
r?9t- gyp,
I~s:/stant AV rllrn,oured DiK1
I Techncaf I H. Q
LM?t Ls -
Rigt. y Divisrnal 1 Radio netwoi
Assistant ar I I assistant fay assistant for f
ITedw - cei Technical
Lath + - matt` ers
Reg t.,; H. 0J i Armoured W
pZUW(D) PZUM
Assistant Air Q. I N61 Na
17khn1cac L - - - -J Radio network
st ers
M I
Assistant for
ITschni cal ~
Matt-tiers J
Refit. H.Q I Radio net work of regc H.Q.
Regimental P Z U W 0.4t, technical
repair and section of refit
Technical Repair evacuation
 Diagram No//
lK OF TECHNICAL
ION
l H.Q.
Army Q.M.,
technical unit
1
Radio network
of the divisor- of of the army rear
!chnicol mutters
(a) P2uW(t) Q.M., technical branch of
the division.
of the divisional H. Q.
PZUW - Probably "Damaged
vehicle assembly point.
(0) - Divisional.
(A) - Army
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