BI-WEEKLY PROPGANDA GUIDANCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03061A000400070004-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 130
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 27, 1998
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: December 5, 1966
• Content Type: PERRPT

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??~~~2IynIficant Dates
JAN
January or February: Congress of International Union of Students ()US, Communist
front). Warsaw. (Rescheduled from December-January.)
21* V.I. Lenin dies. 1924.
23-30* In Stalin's purge trials, Karl Radek, Grigory Sokolnikov, two other Old Bol-
sheviks imprisoned; 13 others condemned to death. 1937. THIRTIETH ANNIVERSARY.
26* Republic of India proclaimed. 1950.
28* Birthday of Jose Marti, leader of Cuban independence struggle. 1853.
30* Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. 1933.
31* German Army at Stalingrad surrenders, World War II. 1943.
FEB
1* UN General Assembly adopts resolution charging Chinese Communist aggression in
Korea. 1951.
7-12* World War II: Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin). 1945.
13* Katanga Government announces "massacre" of Patrice Lumumba on 12 February. 1961.
13-25* Czechoslovakia, last East European nation governed by traditional parliamentary
methods, falls to Communist coup. 25 February: Klement Gottwald becomes Prime
Minister. 1948.
16* Fidel Castro becomes Prime Minister of Cuba. 1959.
21* Anti-Colonialism Day (Communist holiday celebrated mainly by youth and student
fronts. Commemorates Communist-inspired mutiny of Indian sailors.) 1946.
27* Mao Tse-tung delivers "Hundred Flowers" speech. (Text released 18 June 1957.)
1957. TENTH ANNIVERSARY.
MAR
8 International Women's Day. (Celebrated by WIDF, Communist women's front.)
8-15* February Revolution in Russia. (Old Style dates: 23 February-2 March.)
15 March: Tsar Nicholas 11 adbicates. 1917. FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY.
12* President's message to Congress advances Truman Doctrine.: recommends aid to
Greece and Turkey to combat Communism. Approved by Congress, 15 May. 1947.
TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY.
18-25 3rd Afro-Asian Writers' Conference at Beirut. (This meeting of Soviet-line
followers of the split Afro-Asian Writers' Bureau is rescheduled from
February.)
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5 December 1966
BrIefly Noted
"On the Cultural Purge Hits Chi-
Receiving com Propagandists Hard
End"
According to the NEW YORK
TIMES, 23 November 1966,
at least 20 of the leading propagand-
ists of the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) have been purged. Among them
were Chou Yang, Deputy Director of
Propaganda for the Central Committee
of the CCP; Wang Kuang, propaganda
chief for 5 central-south provinces;
and Tseng Tun, a propaganda leader
for Hupeh Province. All had held
their posts for many years. (MEDIA
LINES, BPG #197, 15 August 1966 rem
ported the dismissal of Lu Ting-yi
as head of CCP propaganda operations,
and also as Minister of Culture.)
The Chinese press has been denounc-
ing these men for weeks, asserting
that for years they frustrated the
will of Chairman Mao. The "evidence"
against them consisted of their pub-
lished statements and informers' re-
ports of private conversations with
them.in which they questioned certain
official views and programs. Taken
together, the charges against them
are a catalogue of what constitutes
ideological` heresy in China to-day.
Among the main charges against such
men as Messrs. Chou, Wang and Tseng
are that they denigrated the idea of
Mao's infallibility and opposed the
(disastrous) "Great Leap Forward" of
1958. They are also accused of op-
posing rural communes, the supremacy
of politics over technique in art and
literature, and the renewed class
struggle (precursor in 1965 to the
"great cultural revolution" of 1966).
Having said that China should run
schools known for academic excellence,
Chou is accused of having clearly
tried to abolish the party leader-
ship over schools and turn them
into "bourgeois nurseries." (Actu-
ally, a telling comment on Commu-
nis education!) Wang is quoted
as having said (during the 1965
campaign to revive the class strug-
gle between poor peasants and old
bourgeois elements) that it would
be more profitable to "collect more
manure in your spare time".
Terms are "Socialism" and
grossly "Capitalism'
distorted
The term "capitalism"
has been discredited
throughout much of the world by the
success of the Marxists in labeling
everything bad as a,product of "capi-
talism," abetted in this by rapac-
iously exploitative capitalists
(unfortunately still extant in some
countries of the world). Conse-
quently it is generally more effec-
tive to speak of "free enterprise"
or "private enterprise" than of
"capitalism."
However, as confused as the
meaning of "capitalism" may be, it
is easily surpassed by the distor-
tion which has arisen in the use
of the word "socialism." The Sov-
iets proclaim that theirs is a
"socialist" regime which is build-
ing "communism," and they speak of
the "socialist camp," excluding
therefrom the socialist governments
of Sweden or England which are part
of the "capitalist camp."
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For propaganda purposes we must
persist in labeling Communists as
"Communists," and refer to the "Com-
munist bloc" rather than the "social-
ist camp" (and never the "people's
democracies" -- unless, perhaps, one
refers to the "so-called people's
democracies").
The confusion in these terms
was discussed in a useful article
which appeared in the Review of the
Swiss Press on 1 November 1966, a
copy of which is enclosed -- in
English and French.
Cadre Schools AAL APSO Fostering
For Three Guerrilla Warfare
Continents
Some countries were
shocked by the declarations issued
by the Tri-Continent Conference in
Havana, January 1966. The Economic
Committee of the Tri-CC, for example,
passed a Resolution calling for
"economic, financial, and material
aid of all kinds, including arms
and munitions, to the authentic
representatives of the countries
which fight with arms in their hands,
so that they may liberate their
country and consolidate peace in--the
world." Reaction was particularly
strong in Latin America. The Uru-
guayan Foreign Minister publicly
demanded a formal clarification of
the declarations made by the chief
Soviet delegate, Sharaf R. Rashidov,
at the conference and of his status
as an official representative of
the Soviet government. After con-
sulting with Moscow, the Soviet
ambassador in Montevideo rather
lamely alleged that Rashidov repre-
sented a "Soviet social organization,"
rather than the Soviet government.
The Havana declarations were not
empty threats. The permanent orga-
nization created at the conference
-- the Afro-Asian~Latin American
People's Solidarity Organization
(AALAPSO) -- on 18 November 1966
called for the establishment of
schools to train political cadres
of the revolutionary movement in
Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
The same communique revealed that
Cuba and North Korea have already
agreed to create such institutions.
Thus we have an official announce-
ment of AALAPSO (of which the USSR
claims to be a leading member)
overtly announcing the establishment
of schools to train revolutionaries
to subvert governments on three
continents.
Member governments of the
AALAPSO organization should be called
to account for this brazen step.
Should they issue disclaimers, as
did the USSR to Uruguay, they should
be asked to renounce this official
communique of the organization.
A copy of the text of the com-
munique as carried over Radio Havana
is attached, along with a Reuters
article which provides useful commen-
tary.
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A field station has suggestedthat PRESS COMMENT could usefully
include more articles from Communist publications. We agree, and are
now instituting a new section of PRESS COMMENT entitled "From COMMUNIST
Sources." This will appear once a week, and will carry items from
Communist or Leftist, Communist-lining publications. Our aim is not
to give the Communists "equal time" but to circulate materials which
are-of interest to our propagandists, including articles criticizing
conditions in Communist countries, articles revealing respect for the
Free World, articles showing changes of line, articles which can be
redirected against audiences for which they were not intended, articles
attacking religion, articles showing revisionist tendencies, or articles
which lend themselves to satire. In some cases we will follow up with
Briefly Noted comments. (This new section(does not affect our period-
ical issuance of annotated COMMUNIST TEXTS.)
If you find this a useful feature, help us by forwarding items
which could be included in this section. In particular, we suggest
that readers let us have items which (1) appear in periodicals of
small circulation or in exotic languages, or (2) which -- while
effective Communist propaganda in the local setting -- will be anti-
Communist dynamite when planted elsewhere. (We need original clips
or clear black and 'white reproductions: thermofax copies cannot be
reproduced. Translations should accompany items in foreign languages.) ??
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BIWEEKLY PROPAGANDA GUIDANCES
INDEX
Issues #191 (23 May 66) through #203
(7 Nov 66)
A. SUBJECT
BPG NO.
ITEM NO.
DATE
AGRICULTURE
(See a so Economics)
Cuban Sugar Crop Failure Poses
Major ProbZems*
194
1035
5 July 66
AUTHORITARIANISM
Facts on Cuban Defectors*
191
1022
23 May 66
Hungary: Ten Years Later. Assess-
ing the Decade.Since the Revolution*
191
1023
23 May 66
The Struggle for Power in Communist
China*
194
1038
5 July 66
Problems of Communist Youth
195
1042
18 July 66
Stalin's Unruly Ghost*
197
1049
15 Aug 66
February 1917: The Real Russian
RevoZution*
199
1055
12 Sep 66
Nasser Jails Yemeni Cabinet
202
1069
24 Oct 66
Soviet Youth: A Different Set of
203
1074
7 Nov 66
ProbZems*
DISARMAMENT [See Military...]
DISSENSIONS IN THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT
Rumania's International Ventures:
What's Behind Them?*
192
1028
6 June 66
Belgium: A Communist Party with
ProbZems*
193
1033
20 June 66
Venezuela: Communist Split-Up
196
1046
1 Aug 66
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Japanese Communist Party Assumes a
More Autonomous Facade*
199
1056
12 Sep 66
The Development of Communist China's
Cultural Revolution*
203
1070
7 Nov 66
ECONOMIC
Europeans to Modernize Soviets' Out-
moded Automobile Industry
193
1034
20 June 66
Soviet Industry's Growth Rate Con-
tinues to Decline
198
1054
29 Aug 66
Burmese Seek New Answers for Economic
Problems*
200
1062
26 Sep 66
The Latin American Free Trade
Association -- LAFTA
203
1073
7 Nov 66
FREE WORLD DEMOCRATIC ALTERNATIVES
Population and Food in Latin America*
192
1025
6 June 66
The Socialist International Breaks
Its European SheZZ
192
1027
6 June 66
Indonesia's Uncertain Future*
193
.1030
20 June 66
Atlantic Charter: 1941-1946 -- How
Its Promises were Fulfilled -- or
Violated*
194
.1037
5 July 66
South Korea Advances Towards Maturity*
195
1041
18 July 66
Elections in Brazil*
200
1061
26 Sep 66
South Vietnam Advances in Self-
Government*
201
1064
10 Oct 66
Free Choice for Puerto Rico*
202
1067
24 Oct 66
Japan's Role in Asia and the Community
of Nations*
203
1072
7 Nov 66
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND FRONTS
Split in Afro-Asian Writers Organiza-
196
1048
1 Aug 66
tion
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Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
Plans "War Crimes" Against U.S.
Leaders*
198
1053
29 Aug 66
Afro-Asian Writers' Organization
Deepens Split
201
1063
10 Oct 66
Front Activities: I.O.J. Congress
203
1071
7 Nov 66
LITERATURE, ARTS & SCIENCES,
INTELLIGENTSIA
China's Educational Upheaval*
198
1052
29 Aug 66
Soviet Science and Technology at
the 50 Year Mark*
201
1066
10 Oct 66
MILITARY, DISARMAMENT, NUCLEAR,
SPACE
The Warsaw Pact and Nato: Two
Radically Different Alliances
194
1019
5 JuZy 66
Is Soviet Doctrine on Nuclear War
Changing?
195
1044
18 July 66
Vietnam: U.S. Air Strikes Near
Hanoi and Haiphong
196
1047
1 Aug 66
"Vltava": Warsaw Pact 1966
Maneuvers Unprecedented in Scope*
202
1068
24 Oct 66
RELIGION
Communists and Religiion*
196
1045
1 Aug 66
Religious Persecution in Communist
China*
200
1059
26 Sep 66
SUBVERSION
New Opportunities for French Com-
munists*
191
1021
23 May 66
West European Communists Stress Popular
Front Tactics: The Case of Finland*
192
1026
6 June 66
3
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Kenya's Fight Against Communist
Subversion*
192
1029
6 June 66
Ultimate Communist Goals Unchanged
193
1031
20 June 66
The Lessons of Ghana*
193
1032
20 June 66
Sweden: A Communist Party with a
New Image*
194
1036
5 July 66
The Lessons of Ghana: Chapter II*
194
1040
5 July 66
Communists Court Social Democrats
In Denmark and Norway*
194
1043
18 July 66
Communist International Secret Police
Network*
199
1058
12 Sep 66
Soviets Attempt to Isolate the U.S.
200
1060
26 Sep 66
B. COUNTRY
AFRICA
Ghana
The Lessons of Ghana*
193
1032
20 June 66
The Lessons of Ghana: Chapter II*
194
1040
5 July 66
Kenna
Kenya's Fight Against Communist Sub-
version*
192
1029
6 June 66
EUROPE
Belgium
Belgium: A Communist Party with
Problems*
193
1033
20 June 66
Denmark
Communists Court Social Democrats In
Denmark and Norway*
195
1043
18 July 66
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Finland
West European Communists Stress
Popular Front Tactics: The Case
of Finland*
192
1026
6 June 66
France
New Opportunities for French Com-
munists*
191
1021
23 May 66
Sweden
Sweden: A Communist Party with a
"New Image" *
194
1036
5 July 66
FAR EAST
Burma
Burmese Seek New Answers for
Economic Problems*
200
1062
26 Sep 66
China, Communist
The Struggle for Power in Communist
China*
194
1038
5 July 66
China's Educational Upheaval*
198
1052
29 Aug 66
Religious Persecution in Commu-
nist China*
200
1059
26 Sep 66
The Development of Communist
China's Cultural Revolution*
203
1070
7 Nov 66
Indonesia
Indonesia's Uncertain Future*
193
1030
20 June 66
Japan
Japanese Communist Party Assumes a
More Autonomous Facade*
199
1056
12 Sep 66
Japan's Role in Asia and the Com-
munity of Nations*
203'
1072
7 Nov 66
Korea
South Korea Advances Towards Maturity*
295
1041
18 July 66
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Vietnam
Vietnam: U.S. Air Strikes Near
Hanoi and Haiphong
196
1047
1 Aug 66
South Vietnam Advances in
Self-Government*
201
1064
10 Oct 66
NEAR EAST
New Soviet Accommodation in
Middle East
the
191
1024
23 May 66
Nasser Jails Yemeni Cabinet
202
1069
24 Oct 66
SOVIET BLOC
General
Ultimate Communist Goals Un
changed
193
1031
20 June 66
The Warsaw Pact and NATO:
Two
Radically Different AZZiances
194
1039
5 July 66
Problems of Communist Youth
195
1042
18 July 66
Communist International Secret
Police Network*
199
1058
12 Sep 66
"Vltava": Warsaw Pact 1966
Maneuvers Unprecedented in Scope*
202
1068
24 Oct 66
Hungary
Hungary:
Ten Years Later Assessing
The Decade Since The Revolution*
191
1023
23 May 66
Rumania
Rumania's International Ventures:
What's Behind Them?*
192
1028
9 June 66
Soviet Union
Europeans To Modernize Soviets' Out-
moded Automobile Industry*
193
1034
20 June 66
Is Soviet Doctrine on Nuclear War
Changing?
195
1044
18 July 66
Stalin's Unruly Ghost*
197
1049
15 Aug 66
6
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Soviet Industry's Growth Rate
Continues to Decline
198
1054
29 Aug 66
February 1917:
Revolution
The Real Russian
199
1055
12 Sep 66
Soviets Attempt to Isolate the
U. S.
Soviet'Science and Technology at
the 50 Year Mark*
200
201
1060
1066
26 Sep 66
10 Oct 66
Soviet Youth: A Different Set
of Problems*
203
1074
7 Nov 66
WESTERN HEMISPHERE
General
Population and Food in Latin
America*
192
1025
6 June 66
Free Choice for Puerto Rico*
202
1067
24 Oct 66
The Latin American Free Trade
Association-- BAFTA*
203
1073
7 Nov 66
Brazil
Elections in Brazil*
200
1061
26 Sep 66
Cuba
Facts on Cuban Defectors*
191
1022
23 May 66
Cuban Sugar Crop Failure Poses
Major ProbZems*
194
1035
5 July 66
Castro's Actions Isolate Cuba*
201
1065
10 Oct 66
Venezuela
Venezuela: Communist Split-Up*
196
1046
1 Aug 66
7
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TTIMP" (Index)
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ORLD
COMMUNIST AFFAIRS ........................::.:::........,
P
r
and sti s
0pa
Guide -to
25 October-21 November 1966
ICM AND "SOCIALIST CAMP" AFFAIRS
1. Mutual recriminations and splintering among the world's Communist and
their cohorts accelerate as the Chinese appear unable to bring their "cul-
tural revolution" (CR) to any conclusive result and increasingly alienate
the rest of the world. While Chinese relations with the Soviets become
even more bitterly hostile, the Peking government now feels impelled to
lash out insultingly at the Bulgarian} and Hungarian regimes (as well as
at the non-Communist Ghanaian and Indonesian Governments and the Gandhi-
Nasser-Tito "neutral summit"). The Soviets open support for their position
and condemnation of the Chinese by an "overwhelming majority" of the Commu-
nist world, yet they fail in still another effort to win general approval
for convening a world conference . (See details below.)
2. The current alignment of the ICM is graphically highlighted by congresses
of the ruling Albanian and Bulgarian parties. Apart from the "big brother"
Chinese, the "neutral trio"'(N. Vietnam, N. Korea and Rumania), and the tiny
but disciplined New Zealand CP, the Albanian Congress is attended only by a
handful of representatives of small pro-Chinese dissident minority "parties"
or groups. Not only are the Soviets and Yugoslavs castigated by name as
leaders of the modern revisionists, but Tirana publicizes a message read at
the Congress by the Belgian Grippe, purporting to come from a pro-Chinese
"Provisional CC'of the Polish CP," and attacking the "counter-revolutionary
turn in Poland." (Nov 1-8)
3. The Bulgarian Congress, on the other hand, is attended by high-level dele-
gations of a majority of the world's national CPs, including all of the ruling
parties except the Albanians and Chinese. Bulgarian chief Zhivkov leads off
denouncing Chinese conduct and saying that "conditions are ripe" for conven-
ing a world conference. His initiative is quickly, though somewhat cautiously,
seconded by Brezhnev. Rumanian chief Ceausescu, however, immediately reaffirms
Rumanian opposition. Although PRAVDA at the close of the Congress claims sup-
port of the conference initiative by the Czech, E.German, Hungarian, French,
and a number of lesser parties, it was opposed by the N. Koreans, Yugoslavs
and Italians, -- and apparently ignored by the N. Vietnamese, Mongolians,
Cubans, and others. PRAVDA and IZVESTIYA articles on the 19th, however,
indicate Soviet intention to continue to push for the conference. (Nov 14-19)
4. A further demonstration of the alignment of the ruling parties is given
as the Chinese alone walk out in protest against critical comments in October
Revolution speeches in Moscow while the Bulgarians, E. Germans, Czechs, Hun-
garians, Poles, and Mongolians join the Soviets in walking out of a Peking
mass rally when Chou En-lai attacks the Soviets (12).
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ORO`ANVZ T I ONS
A Chinese delegate describes ~ar~athe' btti iiternal struggle against the
5
.
Soviet revisionists at an international front meeting, the "5th International
Conference of the Trade Unions of Metal and Engineering Workers" in Sofia,
Oct. 18-23t again the Soviets engaged in "tricks of every kind" to impose their
line and suppress the Chinese. (Nov 8)
6. A Peking "Afro-Asian Writers Bureau statement" denounces "new plots" of
the "Soviet splittists in Cairo"'and describes its own Peking-based publishing
activities. (Nov 12)
7. A statement by the CPR National Women' ,s Federation blasts Soviet manipu-
lation of the WIDF-sponsored Oct. 3-6 Stockholm "World Conference for Children."
(Nov 18)
8. A Havana communique of the Afro-Asian-Latin American Peoples Solidarity
Organization (AALAPSO) announces that schools to train revolutionaries from
all 3 continents are being established in Cuba and N. Korea. (Nov. 18)
Our Chronology cites a host of reports (and these, are selected.-from a larger
volume received) on developments in the Chinese CR, -- yet our picture is far
from complete, clear, or reliable. Most of our information comes from foreign
correspondents in Peking -- primarily-Communist Bloc, Japanese, and Canadian
-- and they are reporting largely what appears on wall newspapers, posters
and leaflets, plus limited first-hand observation. Regular Chinese publica-
tions, now sharply curtailed in number and.vdlume and hampered by heavy staff
purges, devote much space to the'CR, but the material they carry is generally
exhortative and often seems designed to misinform or cover up rather than to
'inform. As of this writing, our best assessment of the available information
seems to indicate that:
a. The power struggle in the hierachy is far from decided. By the time of
the rally of 2 million on Nov. 12, Lin Piao seemed to be more clearly in
the ascendancy and Liu Shao-chi, Teng Hsiao-ping, and Chen Yi were practically
ignored. Yet at the rally a week later, Liu and Chen seemed to be back in
close public rapport with Mao, and Lin was unaccountably missing from the huge
procession on the following day while Chou and Chen Po-ta shared the lead car
with Mao, -- and Chinese reporting concealed Lin's absence. (There is some
speculation that Lin's health, not good for the past two years, may not be
bearing up.) The last two, highly contradictory, reports in our Chronology,
both from TANYUG Peking, illustrate the difficulty in trying to interpret or
forecast developments in this situation.
b. More than 10 million Red.Guards have now been reported as having come to
Peking and participated in one (or more?) of 7 huge rallies. Red Guards have
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been reported in clashes with other RG units, army units, workers, and uniden-
tified civilians. Their posters have attacked most of the top Party/State
officials at one time or another, and some have been replaced by new posters
defending the former targets. Rampaging Guards occupied the building housing
the Peking City Committee, run by the CR's own appointee Li Hseuh-feng, and
they camped outside Chou En-lai's office demanding to talk with him. Much
of this activity seems to be undirected, and some even out of control, though
Soviet and Czech media emphasize the militarization of the Guard and its pre-
paration for war. A drastic reduction in RG activity may be expected to follow
the ban on travel to Peking effective Nov 21. However, the ban was presumably
adopted primarily because the transportation network was threatened with a
complete breakdown by this heavy overloading rather than as a means of reduc-
ing RG action: moreover, it has been announced that the schools will remain
closed throughout the remainder of the school year, -- and the regime is
now promoting the concept of "long marches" for the Guards. Thus the future
scale of activity and role of the Guards remain a big question mark.
c. Publications have been so heavily purged that PEOPLE'S DAILY is the only
'general circulation" newspaper still published in Peking. One report indi-
cated that even its future was in doubt, but then its chief editor and half
of the editorial staff were replaced by personnel from the LIBERATION ARMY
DAILY and it was permitted to continue.
10. Simultaneously, the Chinese regime has sharpened the animosity of its
attacks on the Soviets, hit insultingly at the Bulgarians and Hungarians
(both Nov 18) and at Ghana (Oct 29), and has again struck at the Indonesian
Govt. (Nov 10), -- all in the form of official "diplomatic" notes! They
heavily exploit the Chinese students expelled from the USSR as eyewitnesses
to Soviet "degeneration" (Nov 3, 6, 9, 14, 16), and publicize another state-
ment by Indonesian students resident in China denouncing Soviet betrayal of
Indonesian Communists.
11, A Swiss Catholic news agency reports that 5 Chinese Catholic priests were
sentenced and buried alive in Tientsin. (Oct 29)
12. ComChina has bought 1.5 million tons of wheat from Australia for delivery
in the first half of 1967, bringing Chinese purchases for the year ending
June 1967 to 4 million tons. In view of this year's mediocre crop, eventual
purchases for the year may top last years 6.3 million. (Confidential)
13. Reaction to China's announcement of a nuclear-armed missile test brings
Communist reaction ranging from a Soviet one-sentence note to Albanian
rejoicing in the "magnificent victory." (Oct 27)
14. Soviet celebration of the 49th anniversary of the October Revolution is
"routine" and almost low-key (leading to speculation that they were "saving
up" for next year's 50th). Criticism of Chinese conduct by Pelshe and
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Malinovsky is brief and restrained, but it provokes Chinese walk-out and a
shrill NC to denunciation.
15. Soviet media give much space to the Chinese CR and to statements by other
parties and Communist leaders criticizing the Chinese and supporting the Sov-
iets. A Soviet Foreign Ministry note to the Chinese on Oct 27 protests the
newest provocative actions outside the Embassy in Peking and says that such
flagrant violations of international law and of diplomatic immunity are
becoming standard practice in China. A particularly biting denunciation of
the Chinese by the famous Spanish Communist woman leader Ibarruri ("La
Pasionaria") is featured by PRAVDA on Nov. 5. On the 19th, TASS announces
that Chinese ".hostile and insulting attacks"forced a Soviet-Chinese Friend-
ship Society delegation to cut short its visit to China and return home:
the delegaion head, PRAVDA's Mayevsky, gives details at a press conference
on the 21st.
16. The Soviets tighten ties with Finland with 3 high-level exchanges (Oct
29-November 20), and Podgorny's visit to Austria, though held in pleasant
forms, gives him occasion to warn bluntly against ties with the EEC. (14-20)
17. The editor of the Paris-based Polish emigre literary journal KULTURA,
who had served as a channel to Western publishers for Soviet writers Sinyavsky
and Daniel, discloses to the press that he has received 10 letters signed by
more than 95 leading Soviet writers protesting the sentences passed on S & D
and intends to publish them in a book. (Nov 13) Two of them are published
in English translation by the NYTIMES on Nov 19. (PRESS COMMENT, 21 Nov.)
18. Three cases of Soviet espionage are charged during the period: in the U.S.
(Oct 31); West Berlin (Nov 2); and Italy (Nov 3). Soviet security organs
are also suspected of complicity with the Czechs in diverting a Soviet air-
liner to an unscheduled landing in Prague where the Czech police removefa
Czech-born American accused of`(anti-Czech activities in the distant past.
(Nov 15). And the Soviets claim that they caught two spies. (ostensibly Chi-
nese) just inside their Far East border with China. (Nov 4)
19. ALBANIA: Along with international aspects described in para. 2, the
Party Congress re-elected Hoxha and reaffirmed the old course.
20. BULGARIA: Same comment re the Bulgarian Party Congress, which reelected
Zhivkov. A Bulgarian military attache is expelled from Greece.
21. HUNGARY: The 10th anniversary of the 1956 uprising passes quietly.
22. POLAND: Continuing intellectual ferment is demonstrated by the circum-
stances surrounding the expulsion of prominent Party philosopher Kolakowski.
(Oct 31)
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23. CZECHOSLOVAKIA: An amazingly frank article on "The Social Roots of
Dogmatism" is published in the Slovakian Party daily PRAVDA. (Oct 19)
24. JAPAN: A series of new convulsions in the Japanese left results in new
splintering from the JCP and complete splits of several key national front
organizations. (Oct 25 and continuing)
25. VIETNAM: Albania has agreed to receive a permanent representative of
the "National Liberation Front" (NLFSV), thus giving it representation in
all Communist countries except Mongolia as well as in several free world
nations(SECRET). Stop press item: Defectors from the Vietcong in North
Vietnam rose to a record 2,505 in November (Unclassified).
26. THAILAND: Further battles of armed Communist guerrillas with police
patrols in Northeast Thailand are reported. (Nov 13)
27. FRANCE: A prominent French CP theorist defects to the pro-Chinese "M-L
Movement," charging "ideological collapse" of the PCF. (Nov 11) L'HUMANITE
NOUVELLE, organ of the pro-Chicom French M-L Movement, "leaps forward" from
a monthly to a weekly (Sept/Oct).
28. SWITZERLAND: The tiny Swiss CP completes another about-face (see #3
and BN, BPG #203), returning to a total pro-Chinese alignment: there is
evidence that one Pierre Charles has taken de facto control from founder
Bulliard. (Sept/Oct. For details: JPRS Translations on International Com.
Developments #907.)
29.. CUBA: The Party/State delegation to the Moscow October conference goes
to Pyongyang and Hanoi and back to Moscow before returning: there is no
indication of the results, if any. (Oct 27-Nov 3) An Oct 27 GRANMA article
again blasts Chilean President Frei, Yugoslav journalist Barbieri, and, by
strong implication, the USSR and any other socialist country which likes Frei.
Ten dancers of the Cuban national ballet request asylum in France (Nov 5).
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Pe%UMT (WCA Cont.)
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25 October-21 November 1966
WORLD COMMUNIST AFFAIRS
Se tember/October (delayed): The September issue (Vol. 2, No. 21) of
L'HUMANI NOUVELLE, Marseilles-published monthly organ of the.pro-
Chinese dissident `French Communist Movement (M-L)," announces that it
will become a weekly as of 6 October. The same issue describes noisy
street rivalry between activists selling this organ and those selling
the Sunday edition of the French CP's organ, L'HUMANIT9 DI.MANCHE.
The September issue (Vol. 3, No. 22) of L'ETINCELLE, monthly
organ of the dissident Swiss CP, reveals that this tiny group has
returned once more to the Chinese camp. No. 18, March-April, had dis-
closed a surprising about-face from a former pro-Chinese stance to a
new line bitterly critical of the Chinese and pro-Chinese dissident
groups in other countries (especially the Grippa group in Belgium)
and had sounded an open call for collaboration with the old Soviet-
aligned Swiss Labor Party. (See Chrono #3.)
October 19 (delayed): Bratislava PRAVDA, daily organ of the Slovakian
Party CC, carries an amazingly frank article on "The Social Roots of
Dogmatism" by Miroslav Kusy, including the following passage:
" ... Vulgarized dogmatic Marxism is not in the interests of the
class of manual workers and of the socialist society but only
of a given ruling group which takes a position outside of
this class and society, a group which claims that it is above it
and can make decisions independently of it. This group must
insure its position by a dictatorship of dogmatized ideology
which is supposed to sancti each step which it makes, justify
each move which it makes, and praise uncritically the given state
of affairs as if it were the best possible state of affairs....
This is precisely where the determining social roots of dogmatism
lie: in the change of the dictatorship of the proletariat into a
dictatorship of leaders and cliques, ... in the change of the
political theory into its apology...."
October 25 and continuing: New splits in the Japanese left apparently
result from the JCP's shift from alignment with the Chinese CP to
"neutral independence" -- which leave significant elements of the
Japanese Socialist Party more pro-Chinese than the JCP itself! (See
also Chrono #7, Oct. I1, for slavish endorsement of China vs. the
Soviets by head of a JSP delegation in Peking.)
-- On the 25th, Chairman Miyazaki and 28 other JSP-aligned officers
of the Japan-China Friendship Association withdraw to form a separate
organization. ASAHI EVENING NEWS says next day that the split was
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(Chrono Cont.)
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touched off by JCP objections to a joint statement signed in Peking
on the 12th by a Miyazaki-headed delegation which indirectly blames
the JCP for obstructing friendly relations between Japan and ComChina.
-- According to the same ASAHI article, the JCP's 10th Congress on the
25th heatedly discussed the opening report by SecyGen Miyamoto on the
214th (see Chrono #7 for opening), with only 23 of the 150 delegates
supporting it. On the 28th, the JCP expels "6 members now staying in
Peking." According to Tokyo JIJI agency, the expellees had "roughed
up' 8 other JCP members in Peking "loyal to the Party's new policy of
independence from all foreign influence": this brings to 11+ the number
of expelled JCP members in Peking. The Congress ends smoothly, how-
ever, confirming the new "independence" course and reelecting Nosaka
and Miyamoto to their fourth terms as' Chairman and SecyGen, reap.
(During the Congress, a telegram of greetings from the North Korean
Party was read on the 25th: it affirmed the close unity between the
KWP and the JCP, -- which "resolutely opposes modern revisionism,
dogmatism, and sectarianism" and "is struggling determinedly for an
international joint action and united front against U.S. imperialist
aggression in Vietnam..7')
- On the 30th, NCNA reports that "'Yuichi Kobayashi, Chairman of the
Japan Congress of Journalists, on 27 Oct pulled out of the Congress,
which is controlled by some saboteurs of Sino-Japanese friendship."
NCNA confirms that the Congress split over the joint statement signed
in Peking by the Friendship delegation.
-- On November 4, NCNA reports that "Tokumatsu Sakamoto, Director
General of the Japanese Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee, and more than
a dozen members of the organization's standing committee after a
fierce struggle walked out of the standing committee yesterday after-
noon and severed their relations with the saboteurs who oppose Japan-
China friendship." The "saboteurs" opposed a joint statement signed
in Peking on 9 Oct.
-- On the 9th, NCNA announces that "the Central Japan Assistance Asso-
ciation for the Chinese Economic and Trade Exhibition, at an emergency
standing committee meeting on 5 Nov., exposed the sinister activities
of a small group of saboteurs who were trying to undermine Sino-
Japanese friendship" and decided to expel "these two-faced 'friends."'
-- On the 19th, NYTIMES reports from Tokyo that "a dissident group
headed by Tomochika Naito, who parted from the parent JCP in a dispute
over its policy of independence from Peking and Moscow, announced this
week that it would form a new party on M-L principles in January."
It is said to be closely linked to the CPSU and "plans to absorb the
pro-Moscow organization headed by Yoshio Shiga." (But a Tokyo JIJI
dispatch on the 17th says that the Shiga group, largest pro-Soviet
faction, has "withdrawn from the movement for the new party.")
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October 25 and continuing: Chinese Communist media continue to devote
their principal attention to the "'cultural revolution" (CR) and strive
to show acclaim and support abroad. On the 25th, for examples PEOPLE's
DAILY "prominently features (according to NCNA) an article in the
latest issue of VOZ REBELDE, organ of the Uruguayan Leftwing Revolu-
tionary Movement, which warmly praise the great proletarian CR in
China," I' an article in the Greek jourpal REBIRTH hailing the Chinese
CR," "the speeches" of Ceylonese Cbm nists Sanmugathasan and Gunawar-
dena "on various occasions," and "a special column devoted to 'Accla-
mation for the Red Guards,' containing statements by well-known people
from Japan, Tanzania, and Mexico, and'by French and Greek journals."
October 25 and continuing: Soviet and other Bloc media continue to
report and comment critically on the Chinese CR. PRAVDA on the 25th,
for example, summarizes a statement b/ Haitian People's Unity Party
leader Antoine Joseph who "resolutely condemned the so-called 'great
proletarian CR "" and on the 26th critical excerpts from CPUSA theore-
tical journal POLITICAL AFFAIRS, Swiss CP weekly NY DAG, and SED [East
German Party] West Berlin daily DIE WAHRHEIT, while TASS publicizes
its own correspondent's report from Peking on the latest posters and
leaflets of the "Hung Weipings" (Red Guards), paralysis of the work of
the Ministry of the Coal Industry for the fifth day, and "difficulties
of accomodations, food and transport" plus increasing sickness result-
ing from the presence of 1.5 million "revolutionary students." The
Yugoslav TANYUG agency on the 25th reports from Peking on a new poster
containing the text of a speech by Lin Piao which says that
"Mao Tse-tung is far above Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin.
In the present-day world there is no personality who can be com-
pared to Mao. In the history of the world such personalities
appear once in several hundred years, and in the history of China
once in a thousand years."
An East Berlin Radio commentary on the same day reports that "every-
where in Peking the slogan 'Long Live the Red Terror' can be seen."
"(The Red Guards)... are thus continuing to discredit the
ideas of socialism and revolution before the yes of the whole
world. From their actions it is becoming increasingly obvious
at the same time that it is the primary aim of the so-called
great proletarian CR to fight all those -- particularly all Com-
munists --- in China who do not agree with the irresponsible
policies of the Peking leaders around Mao Tse-tung... "
October 26: Several hundred Russians in Red Square taunt and jeer at
the expelled Chinese students (#7, Oct 7) who are delayed by police
while attempting to place wreaths at the tombs of Lenin and Stalin
before their departure.
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October 27: The Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs delivers to CPR
Embassy a note strongly protesting "new provocative, offensive actions
from organized crowds of raging Chinese citizens since 23 October" at
the Soviet Embassy in Peking. The organization of these actions
"is nothing more than another premeditated step of the Chi-
nese side designed to further aggravate Soviet-Chinese interstate
relations.... One cannot escape the impression that the flagrant
violations of universally recognized principles of relations
between states, of elementary standards of international law, and
of the immunity of diplomatic missions are becoming something
like standard practice in China...."
Peking reveals a successful test of a guided missile with a
nuclear weapon over its own territory: Communist reaction ranges from
a one-line TASS report to Albania's rejoining over the "magnificent
victory."
PEOPLE'S DAILY Commentator denounces the Indonesian Govt's "gross
insult to the Chinese people" in using the word "Tuina" to refer to
China:
"It is a well-known fact that "Tuna" was a derogatory term
used to insult the Chinese people in the days when Indonesia
was still under the rule of imperialism and colonialism."
NCNA blasts the 4-day New Delhi conference of Mme. Gandhi, Tito
and Nasser as a component part of the U.S.-Soviet schemes for large-
scale global collaboration."
October 27-Nov 3: The Cuban party-state delegation headed by President
Dorticos and Defense Minister Raul Castro which had participated in
the conference of the ruling parties in Moscow Oct. 17-22 (#7) gets a
warm welcome in Pyongyang on the 27th. Speeches emphasize agreement
and unity, but the communique reports only that "talks proceeded in a
friendly and comradely atmosphere." On Nov. 1, Hanoi reports that
they "recently visited Vietnam," and on the 3rd publishes a lengthy
communique with flowery but "routine" language. Moscow reports a
meeting with the Soviet high command on the 3rd.
October 27: The Chinese students suspended from study in the USSR
depart from Moscow. NCNA describes a warm send-off by international
student friends, including "some Soviet students." Embassy Charge
Chang repeats the Mao quote contained in the Chinese note of Oct. 22:
"To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing but a good thing."
Peking press on the 29th features the departure, with photos of the
students trying to place wreaths on the mausoleum but barred by Soviet
police.
IZVESTIYA's Peking correspondent Kosyukov states that "among a
certain section of the commanding personnel of the People's Liberation
Army there are people in disagreement with the ideas of Mao Tse-tung."
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4 (Chrono Cont.)
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Havana resumes its polemic with Belgrade with a GRANMA. article
by Gabriel Molina, "Johnson, Tito, and Frei?": pegged to an article in
the Mexican journal SIEMPRE of 28 September by Belgrade POLITIKA's
Latin American correspondent Barbieri, it rants:
"Barbieri ... asserts that 'Fidel had initiated against the
Chilean president a series of attacks which have caused great
surprise in LA circles.' B. describes this as a 'negative reac-
tion.' Hitting the lowest in insidiuous insinuation, B. suggests
that this posture is due to the fact that socialist countries
'support the Frei alternative, and the spread of Frei's ideas is
also in contrast with the Cuban search for leadership in the
continent."'
In an implied warning to the USSR, he adds: "The socialist
countries to which we refer had better defend themselves against the
calumnious assertion regarding support for the 'Frei alternative.'"
October 29: A TASS Peking report emphasizes the military threat of
the "Hung Weipings (HW)." (i.e., "Red Guards"):
The HW are affecting an army type of organization. They have
at their disposal instructors who drill revolutionary students,
give them instructions on bayonet fighting, etc. The HW are formed
into combat units and regiments. They have their own headquarters,
supreme headquarters, and command. In their leaflets and news-
papers, the HW declare that they have arms. The army supplies them
with its own motor cars and gives them old uniforms as well.
Millions of HW have been conducting 'military training' over the
last two months, moving from city to city. They have at their
disposal railway, automobile, and river transport.
"Since our HW are soldiers, they must fight, writes the news-
paper HUNG WEIPING PAO. The Chinese HW declare that they are
called upon to 'remake the entire world with the help of Mao
Tse-tung's ideas,' that theyare preparing for a 'world war'
and will take part in it, and that the CR is a 'military exercise.'"
TANYUG Peking adds the name of another prominent target of poster
attacks: CC member Liao Cheng-chih, Chairman of the State Council's
Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission, Chairman of the Committee of A-A
Solidarity, and President of the Chinese-Japanese Friendship Society.
In an apparent "trial balloon" move to follow the Soviet semantic
acrobatics (#7), East Berlin NEUES DEUTSCHLAND uses the term "Hung
Weiping" -- followed the first time by ''Red Guard" in parentheses.
(We have not seen any further E. German coverage of the subject,
but note the Soviet retreat to the use of RG -- Nov. 9 and continuing.)
WASHINTON POST carries a report from the Catholic news agency KIPA
in Fribourg, Switzerland, that 5 Chinese priests were sentenced by a
Communist court in Tientsin and buried alive.
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5 (Chrono Cont.)
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NCNA publicizes a Chinese Embassy note of 28 Oct. to the Ghanaian
Foreign Ministry which "lodges the strongest protest" against Ghana's
suspension of relations and withdrawal of personnel. PEOPLE's DAILY
Commentator next day says that by their "frantic anti-China activities,"
the "Ghanaian coup authorities have thus completely revealed their
true features as a pawn of U.S. and British imperialism." NCNA carries
on the attack whole announcing that the entire Embassy staff and the
NCNA correspondent in Accra left for home on Nov 5th.
October 29-Nov 20: The ties that bind Finland to the USSR are tightened
by 3 high-level exchanges. On the 29th, USSR Foreign Trade Minister
Patolichev heads a trade delegation to Helsinki to discuss trade plans
for 1967. Next day a high-level CPSUdelegation, headed by Suslov and
Ponomarev, leaves for 5 days of secret talks with the Finnish CP
leadership. And on the 15th a Finnish Govt delegation headed by
Premier Paasio goes to Moscow for a 5-day official visit.
October 30: Tokyo MAINICHI's Peking correspondent Takada adds Chi-
Com Vice Premier Po I-po, State Economic Commision Chairman, to those
attacked by the Red Guards. Tokyo SANKEI on same date describes wall
newspapers in Peking reporting clashes between two hostile Red Guard
groups at the Tungpeilin Academy in Harbin, and at the "Peking Maoism
No.1 Middle School."
October 31: The FBI arrests 23-year-old U.S. Air Force Sergeant
H.W. Boeckenhaupt as a spy recruited by Soviet Commerical Counselor
A. R. Malinin, who is declared persona non grata.
Polish Philosophy Professor Leszek Kolakowski of Warsaw University,
long controversial because of his unorthodox views, is reported (in a
Warsaw NYTIMES dispatch) to have been expelled from the Party after a
speech commemorating the accomplishments of the last decade.
" It was described as a balance sheet between the hopes engendered
by the anti-Stalinist revoluton of October 1956 and the Polish
reality of today.
"The meeting was said to have been a stormy one, at which
students who sought to defend today's Poland ... were shouted
down by a majority...."
October 31: The Chinese publicize a hew hero: "Tsai Yung-hsiang,
18-year-old soldier guarding the bridge over the Chientang River,
Chekiang Provice, gave his life saving a train-load of Peking-bound
Red Guards" and "the big steel bridge." In the headlight beam of the
onrushingirain at 2:34+ a.m., he "suddenly saw that a great log lay on
the rails."
"It was an act of sabotage by an inveterately hostile class
enemy opposed to the current great proletarian CR."
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Chrono
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"With utter selflessness," and "mustering all his strength," he
removed the log but was struck and killed by the train.
A Peking "grand rally" marking the 30th anniversary of the death
of Lu Hsun is used to promote the CR against internal as well as exter-
nal adversaries, with Chou En-lai, Tao Chu, and Chen Po-ta heading the
dignitaries on the rostrum.
November 1: Chinese Foreign Ministry note to Soviet Embassy replies
to the Soviet protest of Oct. 27 against new demonstrations at the
Embassy. The Soviet charge of "organizing an anti-Soviet mass distur-
bance," it says, is "sheer nonsense."
"It was an entirely just and revolutionary action ?. con-
demning your intensification of the anti-China campaign and your
worsening of Sino-Soviet relations... (by revolutionary youth)
who shouted such slogans as: 'To oppose imperialism, it is im-
perative to oppose revisionism!'; ... 'Long live the friendship
between the Chinese and Soviet peoples!'; 'Long live the ever-
victorious thought of Mao Tse-tung!' Is it not obvious and delib-
erate vilification when you assert that their revolutionary action
bears a publicly anti-Soviet nature? If you have the courage,
please publish ... ( .1 such posters) and let the Soviet people
judge whether there is anything in them that is against the
Soviet people.... By creating this absurd pretext ..., you are
vainly trying to deceive those who do not know the facts and to
sling mud at us. This is at once ludicrous and pitiable.
What qualifications have you to talk glibly about the principles
ug iding relations between states and the principles of international
law? We would advise you to behave a bit more honestly...."
A Brezhnev speech in Tbilisi (awarding the Order of Lenin to
Georgia) expresses "decisive condemnation of the leaders of the CCP
and the CPR,"' who, "trampling on the principles of proletarian inter-
nationalism,"' have rejected all Soviet proposals for coordination of
support to Vietnam.
November 1-8: The Albanian Workers (Communist) Party holds its 5th
Congress in Tirana, with claimed attendance by representatives of some
30 foreign parties or groups. However, the only ruling party repre-
sentations are from the Chinese and the "hard-core--neutral" IT. Vietna-
mese, N. Koreans, and Rumanians, all headed by Politburo members.
Only one of the other delegations represents a recognized "national"
CP, the tiny but reliable Chinese-aligned New Zealand crew. Violent
attacks were hurled against revisionism, the CPSU/USSR, and Yugoslavia,
especially in Hoxha's opening speech and Chinese delegate Kang Sheng.'s
follow-up, while the "neutrals" avoided controversy. Hoxha is "re-
elected," and. Albanian policies are likely to continue unchanged. On
the 3rd, Tirana broadcasts the text of a message from "the Provisional
Central Committee of the Polish CP" read to the Congress by Chinese--
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aligned Belgian dissident chief Grippa: it deplores the counter-
revolutionary turn in Poland" and follows the Chinese anti-revisionist
line.
November 2: TASS publicizes a statement by the USSR Ministry of
Higher and Secondary Education rebutting "a series of anti--Soviet
charges in Chinese newspapers in recent days," regarding reciprocal
education. It gives figures showing that many thousands of Chinese
students have been trained by Soviet educators in the USSR and in
China, while "during the entire period of the exchange of students
between the USSR and the CPR only 153 Soviet citizens were trained in
China." In recent years the CPR... has opposed by every means the
admission of Soviet students ... to CPR higher educational establish-
ments. In the 1965-66 academic year, the Soviet side requested the
admission on reciprocal conditions of 50 Soviet citizens. After pro-
longed procrastination and intentional delays ... the Chinese side
agreed to the admission of only 28."
"Those who are today guiding the anti-Soviet campaign in
China are trying to use the thwarting of the student exchange
agreement, brought about by the Chinese side itself, to pour oil
on the flames of activities hostile to the Soviet Union...."
Tokyo ASAHI carries a report by its Peking correspondent Nogami
of a "terrorist incident" at Peking Machine Tool Plant No. 1 described
by wall newspapers: Red Guards from outside the plant were used to
combat the inside Red Guards and built" a prison, a torture room, and
an inquiry room" within the plant, imprisoned "more than 80 revolutionary
workers," and expelled many others from the plant as reactionaries.
Toronto GLOBE AND MAIL correspondent Oancia in Peking reports a
31 Oct. emergency order of the State Council posted at the Peking RR
station decreeing a 5-day suspension of all Red Guard travel beginning
the 1st and putting future movements under control of the Army.
West Berlin police arrest two Jordanian residents on charges of
espionage for the USSR.
November 3: At the 6th and biggest of the Peking Red Guard rallies
two million gather for a look at Mao and a brief word from Lin Piao,
the only speaker. Eyewitness Oancia of the Toronto GLOBE AND MAIL
says Mao appeared to ignore completely his two former right-hand aides,
Liu Shao- chiand Teng Hsiao-ping on the rostrum: the same is true of
TV coverage.
NCNA comments that "the U.S. and the Soviet Union are stepping up
their collusion in the United Nations following the Chinese nuclear
missile test.
Rome expels a member of a Soviet trade delegation, Kir Lemzenko,
for attempting to obtain classified information from Italian military
personnel in Naples.
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In Erussells, the USSR opens its first retail store outside the
Communist world: Maison de la Russib, which will sell goods from food
and drink to arts, is managed by Belso, Ltd., a Belgian-Soviet company
made up of Belgian private firms and Soviet state trading organiza-
tions. (BTYTIMES)
The Greek Govt expels the Bulgarian Military Attache, Col. Z.
Christankov, reportedly for engaging in intelligence activities.
November 3, 6, 9, 14, 16: Peking heavily exploits the Chinese students
expelled from the USSR, publicizing in NCNA releases on the foregoing
dates statements and speeches by them as "inside" eyewitness descrip-
tions of Soviet degeneration. The most far-ranging and devastating
of these, taken from a speech by Chang Peng-ya at a mass rally on the
5th, is appended in full. Another worth noting, on the 9th, was the
text of a brief, Mao--idolizing letter purportedly by a Soviet youth
read by one of the Chinese students at the rally on the 5th.
November 4: TASS reports from Peking that Tan Ping-tao, former acting
chief editor of the Army newspaper CHIEH-FANG CHUI PAO (Liberation
Army Daily), has been appointed acting chief editor of PEOPLE'S DAILY
and half of the latter's "main personnel" have been transferred from
the former. Tao Chu is reported having decided that it will not be
necessary to close PD now, because it is "pursuing a line in conformity
with CC instructions."
PRAVDA confidently claims that China's efforts to engineer a split in
the ICM has failed and that only Albania. continues to eulogize Peking.
KOMSOMOLSKAYA PRAVDA describes the apprehension of two spies near
the ComChina border with the Maritime Province by an alert tractor
driver.
November 5: Prague CTK reports from Peking on a document, ''14 Prob-
lems of the Present Movement," published by HUNG WEI PING PAO, includ-
ing passages such as:
The CR is a great exercise of troops, a preparation for a
people'swar....19 ''Our Red Guards are not only revolutionary
groups within the country, but are also -international revolu-
tionary groups...."
The document again acknowledges controversies and disunity within the
RG movement.
IZVESTIYA accuses the CPR of hypocritically expanding its trade
with the U.S. via Hong Kong, supporting its claims with figures showing
that 1967 trade with HK, "whose population is 3 million," reached 534
million dollars, "8 times the figure for 1955," and double the total
U.S. trade with the USSR and all EE Communist countries put together."
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9 (Chrono Cont.)
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Ten dancers of the Cuban National Ballet request asylum in France,
issuing a statement deploring "the arbitrary persecution which has
developed in our country....'
PRAVDA carries a scornful denunciation of the CR by prestigious
Spanish CP Chairman Dolores Ibarruri; including such passages as:.
"The so-called 'proletarian CR' is not a revolution at all
and even less a proletarian revolution, but simply an outburst
of nihilism and petit bourgeois impotence in the face of natural
difficulties.... it is difficult to imagine anything more piti-
ful, more infantile, and anti-Marxist...."
NCNA Peking reports briefly: "A protocol of the 15th session of
the Sino-Soviet Committee for Scientific and Technical Cooperation,
which was recently held in Peking, was signed here today."
November 7: Celebration of the 19th anniversary of the Soviet October
Revolution further contributes to the Sino-Soviet split as the handful
of Chinese present walk out in protest against attacks on the Chinese
leadership and the CR and appeals to the Chinese Communists and
people) made by Latvian Old Bolshevik Pelshe at the Kremlin meeting on
the eve of the holiday and (very briefly) by Marshal Malinovsky at
the beginning of the parade. The very brief Chinese greeting message
also appealed directly to the Soviet people. TANYUG reports from
Peking that the atmosphere at the celebration there was noticeably
cooler.
Czech CTK from Peking adds the names of Tao Chu, one of the
leaders of the CR, and Vice Premier Li Fu-chum to those attacked by
Red Guard posters.
November 8: NCNA Peking publicizes a statement by "a leading member"
of the Chinese delegation which attended the "5th International Con-
ference of the Trade Unions of Metal and En ineerin Workers in Sofia,
October 18-23, where the Chinese "waged tit.-for=-tat struggle against
the Soviet revisionists for their renegade acts....
"Toward the end of the conference, the Soviet delegation
issued a so--called statement in 'protest against curses and
attacks from Chinese delegates and rejection of slanders....'
However, none of its clamors dared to touch on a single question
of substance.... It wielded the baton of great-power chauvinism
to impose on the conference its capitulationist class line ...
and prevented the Chinese delegates from making statements by?
closing down the microphone, stopping the simultaneous transla-
tions, ... stamping their feet, booing and tricks of every kind...."
November 9: TASS Peking adds the names of Minister of Education Ho
Wei and Academy of Sciences Vice President Chang Tsin-fu as attacked
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10 (Chrono Cont.)
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by the Red Guards. It also uses the term RG, instead of Hung Weipings,
for the first time since mid-September (see #7), and seems to use both
terms at random from here on.
A Mongolian LINEN roundup claims that "some 30,000 people rose up
against the Red Guards in Kewiyang, capital of Kweichow Province,'"
with "fierce conflicts in many cities and provinces, including Tientsin,
Canton, Chegtu, Shantung, Kwangtung, and Heilungkiang."
November 10: Hanoi's NHAN DAN expresses gratitude for the powerful
support and great assistance granted to it during Le Than Nghi's recent
visits to the CPR, DPRK, USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria, Rumania, GDR, Albania,
Poland, and Mongolia.
The Chinese Foreign Ministry protests to the Indonesian Embassy
against "'a new serious incident on the morning of 9 Nov. to sabotage
the Chinese Governments work in repatriating Overseas Chinese in Indo-
nesia from Medan. It describes bloody beating by "more than 400 thugs."
November 10-11: Mao and the rest of the Chinese high command again
review 2 million Red Guards. On the 10th, half a million roll past
the reviewing stand in trucks: Mao is reported by foreign observers
as breaking precedent by responding to their cheers by saying "Long
life, comrades" into the microphone (thus demonstrating that he can
speak), and chatting amiably with Liu Shao-chi for half an hour on the
stand, and with Chou En-lai and Chen Yi as well as Lin Piao.
On the 11th, the leaders drive 13 kilometers past 12 million
(during which Mao in the lead car is flanked by Chou En-lai and Chen
Po-ta, and Lin Piao is absent).
November 11: NCNA again comments on U.S. and Soviet Union "stepping
up their collusion ... to try to preserve what remains of their posi-
tion of nuclear monopoly."
Reuters reports from Paris that Gilbert Mury, "one of the French
CP's leading theorists today announced his resignation from the Party
and gave new impetus to a recently formed pro-Chinese splinter group
... calling itself the French M-L Movement." In a press conference,
he criticized the "ideological collapse" of the Party and said that
attacks on Stalin were used as a pretext to attack Marxist theory.
November 12: At a Peking meeting of 10,000 senior party and military
personnel commemorating the 100th anniversary of Sun Yat-sen's birth,
Soviet, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech, East Germany, Hungarian and Mongo-
lian delegates walk out after Chou En-lai says that "the clique of
Soviet leaders have betrayed the great Lenin and the path of the great
October Revolution. It has advanced a fedualist, revisionist line,
sold out the interests of the revolution," and "degenerated to become
the accomplice of U.S. imperialism."
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11 (Chrono Cont.)
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NCNA Peking publicizes a statement of the "Federation of Indonesian
Students in China` denouncing "the Soviet modern revisionist leading
clique for its betrayal of the Indonesian people."
NCNA d3cribes a recent Soviet industrial and commercial exhibi-
tion in Osaka, which "smacked of the off-e..sive odor of capitalism, was
despised by _t;he Japanese peonie, and closed quietly. See opening
of Chinese trade fair on 19th.)
NCNA publi^i zes an Afro-.Asian Fri ter Bureau "statement exposing
in very strong tens the new p o:: to disrupt the A-A writers movement
engineered by the Soviet spli.,c- st_s in Cairo." It reveals arrangements
for setting up an A-A Writers pi fishing house in Peking and says that
"THE CALL, bulletin of the Bureau, is already printing in 3 languages,
English, French, and Arabic.`
Referring to recent reports in Swedish and Norwegian newspapers
on detection of submersed subna,rines (implicitly Soviet) in their
territorial waters, Kr,!.1S`. AYAYZVEZDA (Red Star) publishes an interview
with "a representative of the Chief of Staff of the Soviet Navy" who
denies that they could be Soviet.
Hungarian M?2I reports from Peking on clashes between the Red
Guards and the srmy in Peking and the provrnces, in one of which 20
'soldiers were k:: ed.
November 13: NCNA accuses the "revisionist leading clique of the
Soviet Union" of "`pursuing with ever-increasing vigor a Munich-type
plot over Vietnam" in collusion with the U.S.
NCNA accuses Soviet media of carrying out "a frantic anti-China
campaign" in connection with the centenary of the birth of Sun Yat-sen.
NCNA reports articles in Chinese media criticizing Sun Yeh-fang,
former director of the Institute of Economics, "an out-and-out counter-
revolutionary revisionist" who, like the Soviets, believes in the pro-
fit motive to increase production.
Yugoslav Radio Moscow correspondent Sundic reports "grave concern"
in the Soviet Union at "the Chinese leadership's policy of going to
the limit in sharpening its relations with the Soviet Union and pre-
senting the SU to the Chinese masses, particularly the youth, as the
No. 1 enemy."
East Berlin NEUES DEUTSCHLAND publishes an Ulbricht speech at
Halle voicing fears for the safety of the Chinese CP in view of the
excesses of the Red Guards. He calls on all Communist and workers
parties to state their positions and show unequivocally on whose side
they are in this struggle.?. (As reported by Reuters.)
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Reuters reports from Bangkok that "armed Communist guerrillas
killed two police officers and wounded 10 others on Saturday in a
jungle ambush near Nakea in northeast Thailand. The police party was
on the track of about 200 armed Communists. It was the second battle
with Communist guerrillas in two days."
November 14-19: The Bulgarian CP holds its 9th Congress, claiming
representatives from parties and "democratic movements" in more than
70 countries, including all of the ruling parties except the Chinese
and Albanian, with the Soviet and Rumanian represented by bosses
Brezhnev and Ceausescu, resp. In his long opening speech, Bulgarian
First Secy Zhivkov criticizes the Chinese and voices his Party's
opinion that "conditions are ripe for convening an international con-
ference" to "unmask and fight present-day dogmatism which in essence
is a sign of nationalism and adventurism." Brezhnev follows with a
more detailed condemnation of the Chinese, but cautiously limits him-
self to saying that "it is no coincidence that a number of fraternal
parties have recently expressed the opinion that conditions are ripen-
ing more and more for convening a new international conference."
Ceausescu immediately reiterates Rumanian opposition, saying that "under
today's conditions it is necessary to undertake nothing which might
deepen the divergencies and increase the danger of a split...." By
the 19th, PRA.VDA claims support from the Czech, Polish, Hungarian,
E. German and French among the major parties, but the initiative was
apparently ignored by the N. Vietnamese, Mongolian, and Cuban, and
opposed by the N. Korean, Yugoslav and Italian.
November 14-20: Soviet President Podgorny and daughter make a generally
favorable impression visiting Austria, though he bluntly warns Austria
against association with the European Economic Community as violating
its treaty-imposed neutrality.
TASS reports from Peking that the Red Guards have turned against
Chinese sports, attacking the Chinese national table tennis team and
Vice Chairman of the Physical Culture Committee, Jung Kao-tang: the
sports newspaper TIYUI PAO has not been distributed since 2 Nov.
The U.S. State Department reveals that Czech-born American citizen
Vladimir Komarek is arrested and held incommunicado by the Czech police
for anti-Czech activities long past -?- after a Soviet Aeroflot plane
in which K. was returning from a meeting in Moscow is diverted to an
unscheduled landing in Prague "because of mechanical difficulties."
(Since the plane was scheduled to pass over Riga and Copenhagen, those
would have been the normal points for emergency landings).
November 16: Hungarian MTI reports from Peking that Mongolian-born
Vice Premier Ulanfu, alternate member of the Politburo is under Red
Guard attack.
NCNA reveals that top economic planner Li Fu-chun is now a member
of the Politburo Standing Committee, top body in the Party hierarchy.
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November l7: P1:TI reports further attacks on Ularfu, while last week's
posters attacking Tao Chu have been replaced by slogans praising him,
and saying "We must defend Tao Chu to the death."
Correspondents in Peking report that wall newspapers carry a CC
and State Council decree of the 16th prohibiting the use of trains,
buses, and ships for the transportation of Red Guards to Peking after
Nov. 21. Simultaneously, Chinese media began to promote "long marches"
as being very helpful to the Red Guards in making contact with all
sections of the people and exchanging revolutionary experience. Tor-
onto GLOBE AND MAIL correspondent Oancia on the 18th cites evidence
that mass movements of Red Guards had severely disrupted the shipment
of food, raw materials and industrial goods throughout the country.
November 18: NCNA a Chinese Foreign Ministry note to the Hungarian
Ambassador protesting a Nov. 2 Hungarian decision to suspend and expel
5 Chinese students. It concludes by "pointing out" that "your expul-
sion of our students is by no means accidental and is inseparable from
your persistent tailing after the Soviet revisionists in opposing
China.... We would like to tell you bluntly that you will never come
to any good end conducting yourselves in this way!"
Another NCNA dispatch from Sofia describes Bulgarian "contemptible
tricks," `procrastination," and `'slight of hand'' in preventing the
NCNA correspondent there from covering the Bulgarian Party Congress.
The Chinese Ambassador is quoted as telling the Bulgarian Foreign Min-
ister:
"Your perfidious and contemptible action ... is a grave dis-
crimination ... and a serious incident ... and worsens relation
between our two countries. The pretext which you advanced is
absurd and your conduct is mean!"'
And on the same day, NCNA reports a statement by the CPR National
Women's Federation blasting the Soviet manipulators of the Oct. 3-6
World Conference for Children convened in Stockholm by the WIDF, to
"lay bare the tricks played by Soviet revisionism at the conference so
that this No. 1 accomplice of U.S. imperialism, notorious traitor to
world revolution, and scab in the international workers movement is
exposed to the light of day!"
Havana Radio broadcasts a communique of the Afro-Asian-Latin
American Peoples Solidarity Organization (AALAPSO) stating that the
governments of N. Korea and Cuba have agreed to establish "schools to
train political cadres of the revolutionary movement" in fulfillment of
a resolution of the Tri--Continent Conference.
November 19: A Chinese economic and trade fair opens in Nagoya, Japan,
to continue through Dec. 10.
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14 (Chrono Cont.)
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November 19 & 21: TASS on the 19th announces that "a delegation of
the Soviet--Chinese Friendship Society (which left for Peking on Nov. 2)
had to cut short its tour of the CPR;. and return home earlier than
planned' because the Chinese "put ev?ry obstacle in the way of the
delegation's normal work, exploited its presence to stage anti-Soviet
provocations, and made it the object of insulting and hostile attacks."
The delegation head, PRAVDA commentator V. Mayevsky, gives details of
the hostile treatment they encountered at a press conference on the
21st.
November 20: TANYUG Peking reports a new poster calling for a mass
meeting to "finally expose the bourgeois-.reactionary line followed by
Liu Shao-chi, Teng Hsiao--ping, and Li Hsueh-feng."
November 21: TANYUG Peking reports a 16 Nov decision by the CC demand-
ing that "all files made against various personalities after 16 May of
this year be proclaimed invalid and publicly burned." It speculates
that an effort is under way "to condemn fully and publicly and to
unmask before the masses 'working groups' and their organizations
which were greatly incited during the initial phase of the CR by 'some
comrades from the CC.'"
(See separate attachment for text of Chang Peng-ya's expose of Soviet
capitalism.)
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CHINESE STUDENT'S COMMENTS ON DEGENERATION IN USSR
TNCNA lI+ November 1966 English-language release on Chang Peng-ya's exposi-
tion of the restoration of capitalism in the Soviet Union, sufferings of
the Soviet people, and discontent and opposition.
Peking, November 14 -- Facts exposing the restoration of capitalism in
the Soviet Union by the revisionist leading clique there were given by
Chang Peng--ya, a representative of the Chinese students who were un-
justifiably ordered home by the Soviet Government. He said that it had
brought sufferings to the Soviet people, among whom it was arousing dis-
content and opposition.
He originally presented the facts in his speech at the Peking mass rally
on 5 November, which was held to welcome back the returned students....
When Chang Peng--ya spoke at the more than 15,000--strong rally, the whole
audience responded by repeatedly shouting the slogan: "Carry on the
struggle against modern revisionism to the very end---the leadership of
the CPSU is the center of modern revisionism.
The following excerpts are taken from Chang Peng--ya's speech at the rally:
We are now back home, where our beloved leader Chairman Mao lives, back
in the embrace of our great motherland at a time of a new upsurge in the
great proletarian cultural revolution. In this stimulating revolutionary
atmosphere, and the excellent situation in which an all-round leap forward
is taking place in our socialist construction, we recall the Soviet re-
visionist restoration of capitalism which we witnessed in the Soviet Union.
It added to our anger at the monstrous crimes committed by the Soviet re_.
visionist leading clique and helped us to understand more profoundly its
hideousness and reactionary nature.
In the Soviet Union today, the dictatorship of the proletariat has been
replaced by the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. The high-salaried
privileged stratum of society which the Soviet revisionist leading clique
represents forms a new exploiting class which oppresses and exploites the
Soviet working masses in all sorts of ways and stops at nothing to main-
tain its rule amounting to fascist terror.
There was a Soviet drilling worker we knew. He was fired from his job
by the Soviet authorities and subjected to vicious political persecution
solely because he showed some disapproval of the reactionary actions of
the Soviet leading clique. The so-called Soviet Security Department had
him labelled mad` end sent him to a 'psychiatric hospital.
This clique, which is afraid of the masses, afraid of the truth, often
confines honest Soviet people in `psychiatric hospitals" and "insane
asylums" on a variety of pretexts, and subjects them to outrageous mental
torture, as one of its methods of repression of the Soviet people. Such
cases are now quite common in all parts of the Soviet Union.
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(Cont.)
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It has destroyed proletarian democracy at the very roots in order to
maintain its reactionary rule. The wor_.ng masses of the Soviet Union
have been deprived of all freedom of speech, assembly, and election.
At the same time the high-salaried privileged stratum uses its privileged
position to engage in embezzlement, speculation, rigging of the market,
and Craft. Members of this stratum live extravagantly and dissolutely,
in glaring contrast with the growing impoverishment of the masses of
the working people whom they recklessly exploit. They wallow in the
blood and sweat of the people.
Not far from the capital of one of the union republics where we lived
there are some lovely hills, and nestlinrc among them, a fair sprinkling
of villas--resorts of some of the big Soviet bureaucrats and rich men.
They enjoy themselves and live a princely life there. The ordinary
Soviet people call the place ''Little America.`
The party secretary in one locality, with just a few members in his
family, occupies two great mansions, magnificent buildings with a total
floor space of more than 1,300 square meters. Yet a large number of
workers there are living in very bad housing conditions and some are
virtually homeless.
One leading Soviet revisionist had a most luxurious mansion built for him-
self on the outskirts of Moscow, but, not content with that,has had a
private villa constructed on the Black Sea, coast. This villa has two
swirmning pools, one for fresh water and another for sea water. 1e had a
specia.1 pump installed to draw in the see, water.
At a school an old worker said to us with great bitterness: To think
that I have lived to see the emergence of new capitalists and landlords
in our country!" Corruption, bribery, and speculation are absolutely
rife. It's incredibly widespread. Urban and rural sharks, countenanced
and even abetted by members of the leading clique of Soviet revisionists,
speculate in almost everything, from fruit and vegetables to grain and
automobiles, operate black markets, or set up underground factories.
Some people, quite openly,build pleasure villas on the outskirts of
cities or at scenic sites and let them out to r'embers of the high-salaried
privileged stratum or to speculators. The rent for a night's stay at one
of these villas comes to the equivalent of a month's earnings for a lower-
paid worker.
We know of the manager of a shoe-repair cooperative who has devised a
variety of pretexts whereby he squeezes several thousand rubles out of
the workers every month. If any worker rails to give him a "'kickback,`
this manager finds a way to retaliate and expel him from the co-op.
There are many cities where bribery is blatantly practiced even by the
police bureaus and the courts.
Capitalism is rampant in the Soviet countryside today, and the collective
economy has been undermined,-, the polarization process is intensifying and
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Cont.
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new kulaks are rapidly emerging. There is a so-called "collective farmer"
who employs several men to look after his large private herds of sheep,
the total number of which adds up to 15,000.
There is another collective farmer` who, together with the members of
his family, draws around 800 rubles a year from the collective farm. But
his income from. the grapy alone which he grows in his private orchard
amounts to some 4,000 rubles annually. In addition, he has many horses,
cows, and sheep. There is an endless number of instances of this sort.
And because the leading Soviet revisionist clique is pursuing a line which
results in the restoration of capitalism, today in the Soviet Union--where
there has been great talk about the beginning of the building of "cormu-
nism"_.-the gap between workers and the peasants, between toms and country
and between mental and manual labor, far from growing nn`rrower is growing
wider day by day. Wage differences are very great. The highest wages are as
much aw a hundred times as great as the lowest wages. A Ukrainian coal
m1Iier once told us: The differences in pay are growing in our country.
Many of our leaders are richer than millionaries of the tsarist times."
A doctor at a certain hospital told. us: `I have been working in this
hospital for more than two decades. Yet my son and I still live in a col-
lective dormitory, while one of our so-called leaders has a special room
even for his dog.`
More and more workers in the Soviet Union have become unemployed or semi--
employed. And many have to work at more than one job to make ends meet,
toiling for 10 or 12 hours a day. Many students of worker and peasant
origin are compelled to hire themselves out for odd jobs at night or after
classes. They carry loads at railway stations or transport coal.
Chairman Mao has taught us: To overthrow a political power, it is
necessary, first of ally to create public opinion, to do work in the
ideological sphere. This is true for the re-olutionary class as well as
for the counterrevolutionary class. This is exactly what the Soviet re-
visionist leading clique, which has betrayed Marxism--Leninism, has been
doing.
In October of this year KOM4SOMOLSKAYA PRAVDA declared that revolutionary
heroes like Paul Korchagin were long out of date.
The Soviet revisionist leading clique uses the Dress, radio, and television
to spread the most degenerate bourgeois stuff to befuddle people and poison
the minds of the young.
To push their general policy of collaboration with America against China,
they spread a pro-American outlook among the people, a worship of every-
thing American, and a fear of the United States. They have given the
green light to decadent films and fiction and to photographs of women in
the nude, and publish "fashion" and `hair--style' magazines, to corrupt
the Soviet people, and particularly the young peoples.
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In order to maintain and consolidate their revisionist rule, the Soviet
revisionist leading; clique takes the edn,.i.cational front as its main sphere
for ryetting its grit, on th: young pt 3ple,. for selecting and training its
successors. Its line for education is a revisionist one which serves
its revisionist political line in all respects, in the system of enrollment,
the content of education, the examination system, the allocation of posts
after graduation, and so on. There is discrimination against children of
worker or peasant families. Education is divorced from reality and from
labor, and there is indulgence in scholasticism. The schools place
money in command" and 'marks above everything.'? The amount of a student's
subsidy is determined by his or her marks.
,here is a graded system of post-graduates, candidate doctors, and doctors.
The higher the degree, the higher the salary. This is done deliberately
to encourage teachers and students to seek personal fame and monetary reward.
As a result of the wide dissemination of reactionary bourgeois ideas among
the people, and particularly the youth, the social atmosphere in the Soviet
Union is deteriorating. Prostitutes ply on the streets of some cities
even in the daytime. Drunkeness, immoral conduct, violence, and. murder
are common. Juvenile delinquency is on the increase. It is an everyday
occurence in the courts for youngsters to be sentenced to punishment.
But where there is repression there is struggle. great Soviet people,
nurtured by the great Lenin, will never submit to the reactionary rule of
the Soviet revisionist leading clique. Chairman Mao always tells us that
the overwhelming majority of the masses all over the world, including the
Soviet Union, favor revolution. The great majority of Communist Party
members and cadres in the international communist movement, including those
of the CPSU, favor revolution. The fact is that the Soviet people remember
Lenin and Stalin, and by every possible means are resisting and opposing
the moving away from socialism which they achieved under Lenin's leadership,
at the cost of so much self-sacrifice,and the restoration of capitalism by
the leading clique of Soviet revisionists.
The counterrevolutionary revisionist line pursued by the Soviet leading
clique has become increasingly unpopular among the people. In August, a
Soviet journalist said: "The group that is now in the leadership of the
CPSU has got nothing in common with the party of Lenin. The members of
this new gang leading the CPSU are all of the Khrushchev type.'
A taxi driver said angrily: "Our leaders are exploiting the people to
the limit!` A middle-aged Soviet woman told one of our Chinese students:
`We all call them 'Red capitalists' -- those people in the CPSU leadership,
who draw fat salaries. They don't want communism or revolution. They
are afraid of revolution, and they are afraid of China's great cultural
revolution.' A Soviet worker said: 1'Khrushchev was like a bad tooth that
was pulled out without pulling out the root. That makes it all the more
painful!
``
Broad sections of the Soviet revolutionary people see more and more clearly
through the sham "building of communism" by which the Soviet revisionist
leading clique tries to deceive the people.
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There are signs that the strong dissatisfaction felt by the Soviet people
with the leading revisionist clique is steadily growing to the point of
struggles against it. The taxi drivers in one city went on strike on
two occasions in the siring of this year. Five Soviet university students
were recently arrested for distributing leaflets and organizing other
activities opposing the leading Soviet revisionist clique. 'Tot long ago,
news began circulating widely in the Soviet Union about the activities
of an underground group of 25, consisting of workers, intellectuals,
engineers, and others. Its slogan of action is from bureaucratic dictator-
ship to the dictatorship of the proletariat.' They are determined to over-
throw the bureaucrat-.capitalist class and restore the dictatorship of the
proletariat.
The great Soviet people will surely undertake revolution. They see a,
bright future in China, they draw hope from China, they draw hope from
China, for China is persisting in the socialist road. They draw hope
from Chairman Mao, the greatest leader of the revolutionary people of the
world. As one Soviet friend put it to us: "bur hopes are now placed on
the Chinese Communist Party headed by Corrade Mao Tse-tung. Our hopes
are on China." Many Soviet people told us with great confidence: sooner
or later we will make a revolution right here."
We are absolutely convinced that one day the great Soviet people with their
revolutionary tradition will rise up in rebelling against the Soviet re-
visionist leading clique. The proletarian revolution which the leader-
ship of the CPSU has strangled will shine again in all its glory in the
home of the Great October Socialist Revolution, and the banner of Marxism-
Leninism which they have torn down will once again fly high over the land
of the Soviets.
5
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1078. THE "OTHER WAR" IN VIETNAM
25X1C10b
SITUATION: The military role the U.S. is playing in Vietnam is
receiving so much attention from world news media that the very consider-
able hand the U.S. is taking in nation-building in Vietnam is widely ignored.
As a result of this international chronicling of U.S. military might, the
U.S. is widely pictured as a savage white warlord constantly counting over
the regularly reported toll of enemy dead, callously burning villages and
raining unending destruction from bomb-laden B-52s on roads, livestock and
oil dumps. By contrast the pajama-clad Viet Cong is made to look virtually
helpless and an object with whom Asians and the people of underdeveloped
lands can readily identify.
Well buried in the emotionalism generated by reports of mountains of
U.S. equipment and the U.S. fighting men who use it, is the cold fact that
at least 50,000 of these "pajama clads" are heavily armed, well-trained
regular units of the North Vietnamese Army (see unclassified attachment for
figures on enemy forces -- figures which are seldom aired for general consid-
eration although every additional complement of U.S. men is thoroughly pub-
licized by friend and foe alike).
Completely erasing the picture of the rich white warlord trampling the
gallant, slender Asian is a difficult task: obviously the dramatic and the
grisly side of the war will continue to receive the lion's share of atten-
tion. What we hope to do - despite the news appeal of the shooting side of
the war:-is to divert attention from the U.S. role in Asia as a fighter to
her role as a nation-builder, always with stress on how nation-building in
South Vietnam is a mutual venture shared in by 34 other nations (unclassified
list attached). And as a corollary to this, to keep before the public eye
the facts, wherever available, about North Vietnamese troop strengths and
military maneuvers, their wanton killing of Vietnamese civilians, women and
children and the like.
The latest elements of the nation building program in South Vietnam
were born at the much-publicized Manila Conference in late October this
year (see unclassified attachment) when the Conference set its sights be-
yond the purely military aspects of the Vietnam war and eventually beyond
Vietnam itself with plans to help alleviate the ills that have burdened
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JT (1078 Cont.)
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much of Asia for centuries. The emphasis in Manila was placed on gains
that can be made in economic cooperation on an Asia-wide basis, once the
communists have been persuaded to end their war against South Vietnam.
Nation-building is vitally necessary in every newly independent coun-
try; it can be carried on in countries where the situations range from the
early stirrings of subversion through guerrilla activity and armed insur-
rection. Until the present daring experiment in Vietnam, however, nation-
building has never been attempted by a nation in the throes of a war on its
own soil. Whatever the circumstances under which nation building is at-
tempted, its long-range objectives are to lay the foundation for a viable,
indigenous administrative and political structure which is actively sup-
ported by the population. This is the basis of the sweeping training pro-
gram started in the Vietnamese Army on 7 November (see unclassified attach-
ment). The program may be considered over-ambitious by some, and will un-
doubtedly suffer setbacks and unforeseen emergencies. But it unquestionably
represents the most in daring, imagination and confidence in the future that
any nations deeply involved in a full scale war have ever attempted in the
non-military field. 25X1 C1 Ob
2
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(1078 Cont.)
 25X1C10b
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: 01ATW78-03061A000400O 00*8 1966
25X1C10b
SITUATLON: During the past two years, the World Peace Council (WPC)
has planned changes in its structure which it has begun to implement
since last spring. They affect above all its leadership, direction and
control. With its special appeal to pacifists, intellectuals, idealists,
the church-oriented, etc., the WPC has been most successful among all
Communist fronts in camouflaging its true nature and in winning non-
Communist members. But it also has the greatest difficulty of all the
fronts in keeping its variegated membership in line; with its more ab-
stract "peace" objective it is organizationally less cohesive than some
of the other international Communist fronts such as the labor front, WFTU.
The Sino-Soviet conflict has accentuated these inherent weaknesses
within the WPC, has lessened outright Soviet control over the organiza-
tion, and has reduced the WPC's effectiveness. The changes which are
being made are calculated to restore the influence which the WPC exerted
as a Communist auxiliary in the Fifties in the changed world and under
the different conditions of the late Sixties. At the same time, regard-
less of organizational changes, the war in Vietnam has tended to breathe
new life into the WPC for many months. WPC's activities have stimulated
some interest and support in Asia and Africa where its avowed aims of
mobilizing the peoples of the world in "defense of peace", of exposing
"warmongers", and bringing about peaceful settlement of international
differences are not always recognized as being a covert way of fur-
thering the quite different interests of the Soviet Union and of Inter-
national Communism.
Priority Propaganda Objectives. WPC's current major campaigns are:
A multitude of world-wide and regional actions in support of the people
of Vietnam and against U.S. aggression; support of the struggle of the
peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America for national independence;
actions for "European Security" and for disarmament.
United Action is Key to Operational Success. At the WPC's full
Council meeting in Geneva (13-16 June, 1966), the resolution on the
principles and organization of the WPC stressed the "universality" of
the mass movement and put great emphasis on the need for united action.
The resolution said inter alia: "Every individual, every national or
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(1079 Cont.)
 Approved For Release 1999 flI D 1CIA-RDP78-03061 A000400070004-8
regional group, every national or international organization taking part
in the struggle for peace and independence has a place inside or along-
side our movement and can put forward their viewpoints on all problems
of peace.... he WP7 seeks cooperation with all other peace organiza-
tions and forces; it welcomes participation of these organizations in
common and parallel activities; and it encourages and supports all ini-
tiatives for common actions for peace -- for no peace organization has
a monopoly on peace activity". The resolution further stated on liaison
with other peace organizations that measures should be taken to ensure
that liaison with all organizations and movements engaged in the struggle
for peace "becomes an integral. and important part of our actual regular
and day-to-day activities".
In practical terms this has meant that the WPC has increasingly
opened its conferences and national gatherings not only to representa-
tives of other Communist fronts (an older practice), but also to repre-
sentatives of pacifist, neutralist and non-Communist international
organizations; further, that the WPC has set out to engage in joint
activities with non-Communist groups pursuing "peace" goals or in at-
tempts to become a partner of their :independently launched activities.
Some recent and future examples are: The Vietnam Solidarity Conference
(Brussels, 24-25 September) held jointly with the non-Communist Inter-
national Confederation for Disarmament and Peace (ICDP); the study con-
ference on "Education for a World without War" in Warsaw in August
held in conjunction with the War Resisters' International (WRI); propo-
sals for a World Culture Conference, a Festival for Peace, and an Inter-
national Exhibition of Art in the Service of Peace -- all envisaged to
attract non-Communist participation; an appeal to leading (Communist,
pro-Communist,.and'.non-Communist) figures in all countries for signa-
tures to statements on the war in Vietnam for subsequent publication in
leading world papers; attempts, particularly in connection with its
"European Security" and the Disarmament campaigns, to obtain the coopera-
tion of Christian elements and of Socialist forces; support of the All-
India Peace Council's International Conference against War Danger (New
Delhi, 13-16 November); representation at such conferences as Pugwash
and East-West Round Table (Paris); world-wide circulation of the resolu-
tion of the 20th Congress of the Red Cross (on the bombing of North
Vietnam); support for an appeal proposed by Swedish doctors (also re-
lated to the Vietnam war) etc.
In other words, the WPC increasingly associates itself with the
idea of its former President Professor Bernal of "unity in diversity",
and seeks to translate his concept into action on the international
plane as well as in the national peace movements.
Organizational Emphasis and Changes. The Geneva meeting also re-
organized the WPC. Change of the character and scope of the WPC was
the main subject of meetings of the Presidential Committee and leaders
of affiliated national peace movements, held in Budapest in March 1966.
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(1079 Cont.)
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(1) The resolution on structure stated that the WPC is "the
supreme body of the Lpeace7 movement"; that it takes a stand on all
issues concerning the struggle for peace and on campaigns and programs
of action for peace; and that it reflects the broad political and geo-
graphic composition of the movement, being composed of representatives
of national peace committees and of national, regional and international
organizations and movements "agreeing with its principles and aims." It
adopts resolutions and decisions by majority vote, if unanimity cannot
be obtained, the right of the minority to express its opinion being
recognized (this is the formal way of dealing with the opposition of
the Chinese and their supporters). Well-known personalities, represen-
tatives of national peace committees and of other peace organizations
may be invited to WPC sessions as guests and observers.
(2) On national (peace) committees, the resolution stressed that
they are autonomous and independent organizations; that the effective-
ness of the movement hinges on their activities as initiators of mass
action; that they should constantly strive toward growth and expansion
and increased liaison with ever-wider sections of the people in their
respective countries. The WPC is not an organization with rigid rules;
its structure conforms to changing realities, "varying in accordance
with different conditions in different countries and regions" as the
resolution says.
(3) The Presidential Committee, elected at full Council sessions,
constitutes the leadership of the WPC between sessions of the Council
and is empowered to adopt resolutions and decisions in its behalf.
According to the resolution on the structure, the Committee should re-
flect in its composition the political and geographic breadth of the WPC.
The chairman of the Presidential Committee carries out their work with
the help of the Secretariat.
A new enlarged Presidential Committee was elected, bringing in 17
new members and increasing the total membership from 28 to 45. The
enlargement provides for bigger Asian, African and Latin American repre-
sentation.* The aging Belgian Isabelle Blume was elected "Coordinating
Chairman", still leaving the Chairman of the Presidential. Committee
position unfilled since the resignation of British professor Bernal in
the summer of 1965 on grounds of ill-health.
(4+) The resolution stressed in rather specific terms the role of
the WPC executive body, the Secretariat. The Secretariat is charged
with sparking the peace movement's actions around the world; with
popularizing initiatives and experiences of national peace movements,
working out proposals and recommendations, liaising with national nom
mittees, promoting cooperation with other peace organizations,supporting
The new members include delegates from Nigeria, South Africa, the Por-
tuguese African Colonies, Madagascar, Cuba, Chile, North Korea, North
Vietnam, "South Vietnam" (NLFSV), Syria, the USA (Carlton Goodlet,~),,
West Germany, Bulgaria, and representatives of the WFTU and WIDF.
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S li?l^IMtT (1079 Cont.)
 Approved For Release I 99 IA-RDP78-03061 A000400070004-8
research and studies, ensuring the editing and production of the various
WPC publications, making operational trips to different countries, etc.
The Secretariat was also enlarged from 6 to 13 positions. Romesh
Chandra (India) was appointed Secretary-General, a post unfilled since
1959. As in the case of the Presidential Committee, the Secretariat's
enlargement provides for bigger "third world" representation.* Also,
the WPC would seem to have reason to expect that Chandra's appointment
to the secretary-generalship will enhance the WPC's image and facilitate
its operations in the Afro-Asian area.
Staff Operations. Peace Research and Study for Peace was stressed
as an important, hitherto much neglected, WPC activity, to be practically
applied to the movement's activities. On questions of Publications and
Publicity, decisions were reached to replace the BULLETIN OF THE WPC by
two monthly publications, PERSPECTIVES and INFORMATION BULLETIN. While
the WPC stresses its publications program as a means to popularize its
activities, to prepare documentation, and to develop dialogue with
other "peace" groups, it also recommends that stress be put on films
and exhibitions as publicity media.
In the meantime,one issue of PERSPECTIVES, published in Vienna,
has become available. PERSPECTIVES is designed to appeal to an audience
beyond the ranks of the WPC and thus is in sharp contrast to the BULLETIN
which it replaces as the WPC's major periodical. The BULLETIN functioned
as a house organ. It appealed to WPC members with reports that publi-
cized their accomplishments, boosted their morale, and high-lighted
current propaganda themes. Even for WPC members, however, the BULLETIN's
articles were of short-term value and they held little conceivable
interest to non-members.
PERSPECTIVES' articles are more substantial; while maintaining
brevity they focus more on issues or events with, not surprisingly, an
article on Vietnam taking the lead. Many of the articles are signed
contributions and some of the authors seek to give an impression of ob-
jectivity by adroit use of statistics and research. The editors launched
the first issue with a promise of quality content, free discussion,
and a confrontation of views and concepts in politics, economics,
science, and the arts; PERSPECTIVES' tone may attract sympathetic con-
tributors and readers.** In a signed editorial, Isabelle Blume announced
Current representation by nationalities: India (2), Iraq, France,
West Germany, Spain, China, USSR, Latin America (2), USA, Africa (2).
A Pole was appointed head of the "Research Institute"; and an
Italian Chief Editor of WPC Publications.
The editors have adopted a fairly appealing 62 x 92 format for PERSPEC-
TIVES. It is printed on the same flimsy paper as the BULLETIN, but
through improved design it looks less like a throw-away than the BULLE-
TIN and its page layouts have a cleaner, less cluttered appearance.
Like the BULLETIN, it is printed in black and white with ample photo
illustrations, and the recurring use of blue for background accent
and print.
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3*4*u (1079 Cont.)
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the change as being in line with "revised working methods and structure'.'
of the WPC; and committed the journal to opening wider a dialogue that
has begun "across once-rigid Cold War barriers", between "all forces
seeking peace". PERSPECTIVES is to be issued in English, French, Spanish
and German. INFORMATION BULLETIN, probably in future to take up the role
of house organ, is to be issued between publication of PERSPECTIVES.
Finances. In February 1966, the WPC established a World Peace Fund
in Helsinki, Finland, whose stated task is the promotion and support
of actions for peace in all world areas. It will attempt to gather funds
by organizing lotteries and international bazaars; by asking painters
and writers for authorization to sell their works in the cause of peace;
by outright solicitation from individuals in different countries, es-
pecially in ecclesiastical circles, etc. However, the WPC continues to
collect funds from national peace committees and for special activities
through its Secretariat. It may well be that the World Peace Fund is
designed to camouflage for friend and foe alike the major Soviet funding
channel to the WPC -- and perhaps to instill a feeling of active (mone-
tary) support to the peace movement from individuals and organizations
from the "third world".
IIP -- Legal Cover for the Secretariat. The WPC still has not
legalized the status of the WPC Secretariat in Vienna, where since the
Expulsion of the WPC by the Austrian authorities in 1957, it has opera-
ted under cover of the International Institute of Peace (IIP). Since
its establishment, leading IIP staff members have been, at the same
time, members of the Secretariat and functionaries of the WPC. The
projected scope of WPC operations and the enlargement of the "Secre-
tatitt"(for practical purposes of the IIP) will result in accelerated
IIP activity,but the IIP must proceed with caution in any expansion
since the prohibition of WPC activities in Austria is still in force.
TIP missions will include: direct contact with various national peace
groups; collection and dissemination of intelligence requiring contacts
in the academic and journalistic community; intensified guidance and
support for WPC participation in international seminars, colloquia and
symposia; closer ties with special organizations of the U.N. and with
institutions pursuing pacifist aims.
Chicom Disruption Tactics; "Third World" Dissatisfaction. The
Chicoms and their supporters continue to-do their best to disrupt the
WPC's activities, attacking the Soviet control and policy line with
virulence. They accuse the Soviet leaders of using the WPC as an instru-
ment of Soviet diplomacy and of trying even to reduce it to a tool of
U.S. imperialist aggression. But there is no indication of a Chicom
intent to boycott the WPC, as they have recently done in the case of a
WIDF conference in Stockholm and a conference of the International Organi-
zation of Journalists (IOJ) in East Berlin; they continue to pursue
their policy of disruption from within. In the meantime, the Chinese
posted in Vienna appear to be making Maoist propaganda among the new
staff of functionaries and creating dissension. There is also more
rational, less politically-charged dissatisfaction within WPC ranks: Some
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tlOERfi (1079 Cont.)
 Approved For Release 19990OWN CIA-RDP78-03061A000400070004-8
representatives from the underdeveloped areas feel that even with the
changes they are still inadequately represented on committees and com-
missions, that there should be less concern for prominent names and more
for practical regional work and conferences, and that there should be
more direct discussions with national. organizations and generally more
awareness of the many millions who only recently began to speak for
themselves. Moreover, even within WPC ranks the fact is not overlooked
that some WPC "representatives" have questionable influence or standing
in their own countries, i.e. that they "represent themselves", more or
less.
25X1C10b
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3V40" (1079 Cont
 25X1C10b
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I080.EUR,NE. COMMUNIST CLANDESTINE BROADCASTS
25X1C10b
SITUATION: There are currently ten clandestine broadcasts carried
by Communist transmitters for audiences in Europe and the Middle East.*
With one exception (the "National Voice of Iran," which is broadcast from
the Baku area), the transmitters are located in the East European Satellite
countries. These stations operate without overt registration under inter-
national broadcasting conventions, emanate from an unannounced location,
and -- usually speaking in the name of an exile or illegal group, such as
a banned local CP -- are aimed primarily at subverting the target audience.
In general, they are more harshly anti-Western and their language is far
more abusive than broadcasts for the same areas originating from the overt
facilities of Radio Moscow.
The oldest Communist clandestine broadcast, "Radio Espana Independiente,"
began operations in the USSR in 1941, but in 1954 switched its transmission
facilities to the Bucharest area. Most of the others which are still heard
today started in the late 40's or early 50's. A few which began during this
period are no longer heard:
A group of programs for France ("Aujourd'hui en France," "Ce Matin en
France," and "Ce Soir en France") broadcast from 1950 to 1955 by trans-
mitters in Prague, Budapest, and Warsaw.
*Because of the unstable situation in SEAsia, this Guidance does not treat
the programs now being carried on the Communist clandestine broadcasts of
Radio Pathet Lao (in Laotian, Meo, and French), Radio of the Laotian Kingdom
(in Laotian and French), Liberation Broadcasting Station (in Vietnamese,
Khmer, Cantonese, and Ki.oyu), the Voice of the People of Thailand (in Thai).
Nor does it discuss the discontinued Communist clandestine broadcasts of
Radio Free Japan (from 1952 to 1955), Voice of South Vietnam (from 1948 to
1955), Voice of Nam Bo (from 1948 to 1955), and Voice of Free Saigon-Cholon
(from 1950 to 1955).
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AFT (1080 Cont.)
 Approved For Release 19996 3CIA-RDP78-03061 A000400070004-8
A program for Italy ("Questa Sera in Italia") broadcast from 1951
to 1953 by transmitters in Prague, Budapest, Leipzig, and Wroclaw.
A program for Yugoslavia ("Radio Free Yugoslavia") broadcast from
1949 to 1954 by transmitters in Rumania.
A program for Greece ("Radio Free Greece") broadcast from 1947 to
1948 by transmitters in Yugoslavia and from then until 1955 by trans-
mitters in Rumania.
A program for Iran ("Azerbaijan Democratic Party Radio") broadcast
from 1947 to 1953 by transmitters in the Baku area.
A program for Algeria ("Voice of National Independence and Peace")
broadcast from 1954 to 1955 from Budapest.
Another deactivated program, "Radio Return to the Homeland," began
broadcasting in 1955 to Soviet expatriates in West Europe, using trans-
mitters in Leipzig, East Germany. Although it did not announce its location
(except by inviting its listeners to write to a P.O. box in East Berlin) it
did not fit under the general category of clandestine radios; it purported
to be a quasi-official organization of Soviet citizens inviting the return
of emigres to the USSR. In 1959 this program also began a service for North
America originating from facilities in the Ukraine.
That the"official" line of the ten different programs is centrally
coordinated by Moscow, and periodically altered to correspond with changes
in Soviet Government policy, is evident when one studies their pattern over
the years. For the past two decades programs for Iran, to cite a good ex-
ample, have modified the harshness of their invective against the person
of the Shah in proportion to Moscow's official overtures to his regime; the
familar clandestine broadcast pattern of virulence against him periodically
re-emerged whenever Moscow-Teheran relations cooled. (See the attached
article from the 2 September TEHRAN MOSAVVAR magazine for details.)
Recently, the clandestine radios have all been plugging the theme of
the need for a "united front" to combat the Western imperialists (see, for
example, the "Briefly Noted" items of 15 August, "West German Communist
Party Ban Noted Another Call for a Popular Front," of 1 August, "United
Fronts in Middle East Urged by Communist Parties -- Subversion by Radio,"
and of 5 July, "Spanish Civil War Anniversary Cited by Communist Party --
Proposes United Front Against Franco").
Another indication of the firm control Moscow exerts over the
clandestine broadcasts is the "monolithic" stance they have adopted in
regard to the Sino-Soviet split. In broadcasts heard to date, all the
clandestine transmitters have sided with Moscow. For example:
A statement of the Political Bureau of the Greek Communist Party
(KKE) Central Committee, broadcast by the clandestine "Voice of Truth"
on 8 September, declared: "The KKE considers inconceivable the Chinese
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1 (1080 Cont.)
 Approved For Release I 999/08/2 P78-03061 A000400070004-8
leaders' persistent refusals of every proposal for agreement and
common action by all Socialist countries on such a vital problem
for the socialist camp and world peace as the problem of U.S.
imperialism directed against Vietnam."
An article in the Iraqi CP organ TARIQ ASH-SHAAB, quoted on the
clandestine "Voice of the Iraqi People" on 11 October, stated:
"The Iraqi Communists and other progressive and national forces
are seriously concerned at the events which have taken place during
the Chinese proletarian cultural revolution, particularly since
acts are being committed which have no connection whatsoever with
proletarian ideology and which harm the unity of the socialist camp
and the Communist movement in general."
A commentary entitled "Where Are You Taking China?" carried on the
clandestine "Radio Peyk-e Iran" on 29 August, observed: "What is
going on in China today is contrary to Marxism, a cause for the
happiness of the enemies of socialism, and a cause for anxiety
among friends of the Chinese people, all progressives, and all
Marxists-Leninists."
Only "German Freedom Station 90W1 is currently identified as an outlet
of a Communist Party: it announces itself as the voice of the outlawed
West German CP (KPD).* The clandestine broadcasts to Iraq, Greece, Spain,
and Portugal come close to openly admitting their sponsorship by devoting
considerable broadcast time to appeals and decisions of the respective
(illegal) CP's of those countries. In the countries where the Communists
have other overt mechanisms for spreading propaganda, Italy and Turkey,
the broadcasts refer much less frequently to the CP's.
Attached is an unclassified compilation of material containing back-
ground information on the ten clandestine radios, along with exploitable
quotations from recent broadcasts. Transcripts of significant items on
these programs are published periodically in the Foreign Broadcast Informa-
tion Service DAILY REPORT, normally in the sections devoted to the country
to which the broadcast is beamed. 25X1 C10b
'Voluminous KPD propaganda is also carried by the overt East Berlin broad-
casts which can be heard in both zones of Germany. The East Berlin overt
broadcasts in Persian have also acted as an outlet for the Iranian Tudeh
Party, while the clandestine "National Voice of Iran" rarely mentioned
this local CP.
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(1080 Cont.)
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George A. Codding, Jr., "Broadcasting Without Barriers," UNESCO, Paris,
1959 (for the section on "Freedom to Listen," pp. 70-75, with cita-
tions of international agreements on prohibiting inciting broadcasts)
Allan A. Michie, "Voices Through the Iron Curtain," Dodd, Mead & Co.,
New York, 1963 (for information on Western broadcasting tactics)
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25X1C10b
J.i?1RlT (1080.)
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1081 f. YOUTH PROBLEMS IN EUROPEAN SATELLITES
25X1C10b
SITUATION: (Unclassified) The Communist regimes of Poland, Czecho-
slovakia, Hungary, and East Germany are faced with increasingly serious
youth problems. Many youths in these countries are apathetic to Marxism-
Leninism and sharply critical of the systems formed under Soviet sponsor-
ship. The most dramatic illustrations of disaffection are seen in recent
events at the universities (see attachments and discussion below). More
generally, youth's mood in Prague (and possibly in other Satellite capitals
as well) has been stated recently by a Czechoslovak as follows:
"Our young people not only heartily dislike the regime, they
have developed a hostile attitude toward the older generation as a
whole (including their parents) because they blame it for having
brought about the dismal state of affairs, i.e., drabness, despon-
dency and especially the pervading atmosphere of the big lie."
At the universities in these countries students have been reprimanded
for shortcomings in their ideological education, and they have made impli-
cit demands for greater political and cultural freedom. Furthermore, the
punishment of some outstanding and popular young faculty members suggests
that the regimes are increasing their efforts to insulate the students
from the appeal of liberal views.
At Poland's Metallurgy and Mining Academy in Cracow, 734 first-year
students were polled in 1965 and found deficient in ideological education,
appallingly ignorant of the Polish political system, and unwilling to
include a single Pole among the first 5on their list of heroes.* At
Warsaw University Leszek Kolakowski, the prominent 39-year-old philosophy
professor, was expelled from the Party following his harshly critical
speech which stimulated students to attack regime policies and even to
call on older men to step down from their positions of leadership. At
Prague's Charles University the Party leaders, including Novotny himself,
were unable to restrain the students from raising and printing heretical
proposals on youth organization. At Budapest University, 11 popular
liberal professors who could not be influenced by the CP were dismissed.
Students at Humboldt University in East Berlin and at the University of
Leipzig were charged with inadequate political-ideological education and
patriotism, and indifference to the Party program.
*President Kennedy was the choice of a great majority of the students.
(See attachment for details.)
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sAdWPT (1081 cont.)
 Approved For Release I 9991 tTCIA-RDP78-03061 A000400070004-8
Other evidence of disaffection and apathy is seen in a smattering of
recent incidents and reports. According to the Czech press, on 20 Septem-
ber a group of about 20 youths paraded around Prague shouting anti-regime
slogans and clashed with police; all but the minors were tried and given
sentences ranging up to 17 months in jail. In Budapest a group of youths
daringly passed out anti-regime leaflets on 23 October, the 10th anniver-
sary of the Hungarian Revolution. Polish youths in unexpected numbers
participated on the side of the Church in its recent clash of popular
appeal with the state.
Frequent press reports discuss the prevalence of "hooliganism" and
alcoholism amongst youth in the Satellites. A report in KULTURA (pub-
lished by Polish emigres in Paris) cites CP studies on. the apparent cyni-
cism of Polish youth. A recent Polish press item notes estimates that
each year there are about 200,000 youths who are not in school and unem-
ployed in small towns and settlements in economically underdeveloped areas;
some of these youths have been in trouble with the law and, because of a
general lack of education, they are having difficulties in finding employ-
ment. In June 1966 the editor of the Hungarian Communist Youth Organiza-
tion journal, IFJUSAGI MAGAZIN, was fired by the Central Committee of the
Party for overemphasizing Western themes and articles.
The above evidence that the CP regimes have failed to raise a
generation of dedicated communists in the image of their founding fathers 25X1C10 b
is elaborated on in the attachments.
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(1081 cont.)
 25X1C10b
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1082. THE NORTH VIETNAMESE INVASION
OF NEUTRAL LAOS
25X1C10b
SITUATION: North Vietnamese Army (PAVN: Peoples Army of Vietnam)
incursions into Laos started in the 1950's when Ho Chi-minh's troops went
into Laos to bolster the Pathet Lao* in their interminable guerrilla war
against the Royal Laotian Government (RLG). By 1962, when the warring
elements in Laos reached an uneasy accord at Geneva, there were several
thousand North Vietnamese troops in Laos. Despite Geneva rulings requir-
ing the withdrawal of foreign troops and materiel from Laos by October
1962, fewer than 50 North Vietnamese soldiers left the country through
the Conference-established checkpoint and by late 1964 Hanoi's troop
strength in Laos had reached an estimated 7,000. By mid-1965 the number
had grown to an estimated 10,000 and one short year later Hanoi was
denying reports that 20,000 North Vietnamese troops were battling in
Laos.
Accurate estimates of North Vietnamese strength in Laos are extremely
difficult for such estimates must include PAVN units regularly operating
in Laos; PAVN units using the infiltration routes through Laos from North
Vietnam into South Vietnam; North Vietnamese truck crews bringing mili-
tary and related supplies over Laotian roads and into South Vietnam for
PAVN troops and Viet Cong units fighting there; coolie bearers packing
supplies over the Laotian routes into South Vietnam and finally the great
numbers of North Vietnamese construction workers impressed into repair
maintenance work on Laotian roads damaged by bombing.
The U.S. Government has regularly issued official and unofficial
protests against 1) North Vietnamese incursions into Laos; 2) infringe-
ments of the 1962 Geneva Accords to which Hanoi is a signatory and 3)
the use of Laos as an infiltration route for an estimated 4,500 PAVN
troops moving every month from North Vietnam to join other PAVN units
already battling in South Vietnam.
*organized in 1950 from leftist Laotian groups by North Vietnamese com-
munist elements; the Pathet Lao has constantly battled RLG forces with
military equipment and troops supplied by Hanoi, Peking and Moscow.
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! T (1082 Cont.)
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In the propaganda sense U.S. protests have not been too successful
for two reasons -- first, we are not an Asian nation and second, we are
not considered disinterested. However, the tide may have turned, for in,
September 1966 the long-suffering Laotian government issued a 230-page
White Paper; subject: North Vietnamese violations of the Geneva Accords.
The Paper is long and rambling but it provides hard evidence of North
Vietnamese violations of Laotian territory. Included are interrogations
of PAVN troops captured in Laos; accounts of PAVN battles with Laotian
forces on Laotian territory; North Vietnamese documents, pertinent photo-
graphs such as weapons captured in Laos bearing Chinese, Soviet and North
Vietnamese markings, etc. (see unclassified attachmentsfor details).
The Lao government White Paper contains excerpts from another docu-
ment which also supports U.S. and free world complaints. The document in
question was published on 22 August 1966 by the British Co-Chairman
and consists of a report prepared by the Indian and Canadian members of
the ICC* for Laos; the subject! North Vietnamese presence in Laos in
1965 (see unclassified attachment for quotations and details). The most
dramatic facet of the ICC report is the evidence given by nine North
Vietnamese prisoners who were captured by RLG forces in mid-March 1966
at Dong Hene, Laos. North Vietnamese troops had attacked the Royal Lao-
tian Reserve Officers Training Academy at Dong Hene and were repulsed by
Academy cadets who killed upwards of 180 PAVN soldiers and captured the
nine prisoners who later provided so much useful information regarding
North Vietnamese military activity on Laotian territory.
An"earlier ICC report released by the British in December 1965 high-
lighted the interrogations of North Vietnamese army prisoners and their
Laotian captors. The ICC investigating team concluded that: "North
Vietnamese regular army soldiers have entered Laos with weapons and ammu-
nition to wage war against the Laotian people and government" (see un- 25X1C10 b
classified attachment for details).
*International Control Commission; established within the framework of
the Geneva Conference of 195+ to ensure Laotian independence remains
inviolate; members are Canada, India and Poland
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ii (1082 Cont.)
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25X1C10b
*Burma, Cambodia, Canada, France, India, Poland, Communist China, North
Vietnam, Laos, South Vietnam, USSR, UK and U.S.
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&644p" (1082.)
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1083 NE,EUR,FE. INDIA FACES ELECTIONS
25X1C10b
SITUATION: Until very recently there was little doubt anywhere that
the ruling Congress Party of India would again be the easy victor in
the fourth general elections scheduled for next February. After twenty
years in power dating from Indian independence from the British in 1947,
Congress Party leaders have expected to win a comfortable majority in
Parliament and in all but two or three of India's 17 states, in spite of
the growing disunity within the Party and waning confidence in its leader-
ship.
The significance of the elections -- the focal point towards which
political events in India are now directed -- is far greater than simply
who will come out on top. Election results will indicate not the "will
of the people" so much as the ability of the Congress Party to pull it-
self together during the next two months and the extent of political
and civil: irresponsibility to which the opposition parties will resort.*
Furthermore, the ability or inability of the Congress Party to con-
trol the outbreaks of violence erupting all over India and to function
as an effective unified government may determine the future of freedom
and democracy in all of Southeast Asia. Should democracy fail in India,
optimistically relied upon by a sometimes-complacent Western world as
the bastion of democracy in Asia, this will be due more to Congress
Party factionalism and ineptness and mischievous political maneuverings
rather than to the allure of communism to the Indian people.
*The February elections will be the first national elections contested
by the Congress Party without the leadership of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
who died in May 1964. They will also be the first national elections in
which the opposition will include two Communist Parties of India (CPI/L
and CPI/R), which formally split along Sino-Soviet lines in October 1964.
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Whatever the outcome next February, there now appears to be some
danger that the 1967 elections may be the last elections to follow the
pattern: India has known since achieving independence. Although important
sections of the electorate have been disenchanted with the Congress
government, the opposition is too divided to offer an effective threat
or alternative. All it can hope for is to reduce Congress dominance and
exacerbate existing splits within that party. Major opposition forces
at the national level include two rightist parties and four parties on
the left (See unclassified attachments for details of political parties
of the opposition). None of these groups has more than a limited regional
following (with the exception of Kerala, where Congress lost state elec-
tions;in 1957 and 1965, and where the February elections are already
written off as going to the United Leftist Front -- i.e., the CPI/L);
none has a realistic chance of displacing the Congress government in
New Delhi. What the opposition does possess, and what it is wielding
with almost incredible irresponsibility, is the power to instigate pub-
lic disorder and fan the growing dissatisfaction among all levels of
society with the seeming inability of government to solve India's many
crucial national problems.
While attempting to cope with a sagging economy, the second consec-
utive year of critical food shortage and the threat of famine, the Con-
gress leadership has been bedeviled with an increasing; tempo of rioting
and demonstrations. Groups with grievances have acquired the habit of
violence: the slightest cause has become a provocation for violent law-
lessness, usually led by restless students and the urban poor, which the
Congress government has for the most part proved unable to contain. The
opposition parties, spearheaded by communists and socialists, have pub-
licly announced their determination to "splinter and smash" the Congress
Party even before elections, to further disrupt the economy through
strikes and riots, and so complete the voters' disillusionment with the
democratic processes. (See Bi-Weekly Propaganda Guidance 978, "India,
Famine and Communist Demagoguery".)
According to official U.S. observers in New Delhi, the tragic clash
in front of Parliament 7 November between police and demonstrators pro-
testing the government's refusal to pass national legislation against cow
slaughter is a further expression of trends which have been developing
for some time. These disturbances represent a composite reaction reflect-
ing a variety of forces such as
a) the frustration of many university students resulting from an
outmoded educational system, the lack of minimal amenities and inadequate
opportunities to utilize their abilities;
b) traditional modes of Indian life in bitter conflict with demands
of modern society, as typified by fanatical Sadhus living in the past and
seeking to force enactment of legislation to ban cow slaughter which the
government maintains is unconstitutional;
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&WOW (1083 Cont.)
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c) political leaders of both left and right who are frustrated by
the still powerful position of the Congress Party and are seeking to
exploit domestic discord to bring themselves to power and advance their
particular ideology;
d) the desperate food situation which remains intractable because
of the continuing perversity of the weather despite major effort at
comprehensive agricultural reform.;
e) other economic distress as a result of rising food prices, lag-
ging wages and increasing unemployment;
f) international insecurity stemming from a hostile Pakistan, an
aggressive Communist China rapidly developing nuclear military capacity,
fear that a common ideology and external threat may bring the Soviet
Union and Communist China together, increasing lack of confidence that
the U.S. and the West will support India, and the collapse of the non-
aligned group which appears to have lost its impact -- all of which seems
to leave an economically weak India out in the cold, and buffeted by
forces it cannot control; and
g) a well-organized and well-financed, although not yet broadly
based, communist movement directed partly by Moscow and partly by Peking,
and ready and eager to pour gasoline on every spark or flame. (See Bi-
Weekly Propaganda Guidance 981, "Effect of Sino-Soviet Rivalry on Com-
munist Parties of India")
Mrs. Indira Gandhi inherited these bewildering and urgent problems
when she was sworn in as Prime Minister in January 1966, following the
death of Lal Bahadur Shastri in Tashkent, As the compromise choice of
Congress Party bosses and the daughter of Nehru, she was then regarded
as a "caretaker" Prime Minister expected to provide only nominal leader-
ship in the interim before the February 1967 elections. She has shown
unexpected decisiveness in making and defending major shifts in economic
policy. Her handling of several political crises,however, most of them
involving regional and linguistic disputes, has been less forceful. In
both these areas, she has brought her government under heavy opposition
fire; she has evoked criticism from Congress Party leftists, and the
disapproval of state Congress Party leaders and government officials on
several scores -- all varying in degree upon the issues as they affect
the parochial and personal vested interests of individual parties and
politicians.
The shifting of alliances and splits that have characterized Congress
Party politics since Nehru's death have increased; in the absence of any
serious threat to its supremacy from another indigenous political party,
there has been no compulsion to end Congress infighting even in the face
of the approaching general elections. Despite Mrs. Gandhi's election
slogan of "One Country, One Team," factional strains and jockeying for
position with an eye to the plums of office continue to weaken hopes of
party unity at a time when it is most needed.
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*000" (1083 Cont.)
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Confidence in Mrs. Gandhi's leadership has, been eroding for several
months and was not strengthened by the awkward handling of the Zidian
cabinet re-shuffle of 13 November. However the shift of one of"the most
competent men in the government, Y.B. Chavan, from the Defense Ministry
to the Home Ministry has strengthened the cabinet in some respects; the
Home Ministry has responsibility for security as well as for law enforce-
ment. Chavan's firm steps to prevent a national protest march by students
on 18 November, which in all probability would have resulted in a repeti-
tion of the "ban the cow slaughter" violence earlier iri the month, give
new hope that the Gandhi government has recognized the peril into which
it has fallen, largely through vacillation and internal party bickering.
A further complication for the Congress Party government has devel-
oped from Premier Kosygin's late November postponement of his visit
until after the February elections.* Indian officials had predicted
that he would arrive in November, and had been looking forward to his
visit as a strong boost to Mrs. Gandhi in the elections. Soviet offi-
cials now claim that Premier Kosygin has a full schedule through February.
The Soviet press and radio have been increasingly critical of India's
political and economic policies. They regard Mrs. Gandhi's recent con-
cession to private enterprise as evidence that the right wing of the
Congress Party is in control, and charge the government with neglecting
the public sector of the economy. Moscow has urged the "unity of left
forces" for the elections, is covertly financing the CPI/R election slate,
and apparently hopes that the parties of the left and the left wing of
the Congress Party will make substantial electoral gains.
Although the Soviets are still openly holding to their pose as a
friend of India (e.g., the November 21 announcement that the Soviet Union
was coming to India's aid in surmounting her food shortage by giving
machinery and equipment for seed farms),the refusal to "endorse" Mrs.
Gandhi suggests another interpretation: Moscow's assessment that the
Congress Party has been so weakened by recent events that India is ripe
for major CPI/R gains.
*His earlier scheduled visit to India last spring was cancelled because
of Prime Minister Shastri's death.
25X1C10b
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^r (1083 Cont.)
 25X1C10b
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 Approved For Release 19*CIA-RDP78-03061A000400070004-8
Note: If developments during the period before the elections drastically
change the current situation, appropriate specific guidance will be cabled.
References.
Bi-Weekly Propaganda Guidances:
"Effects of Sino-Soviet Rivalry on Communist Parties of India,"
Item 183, 31 January 1966.
"India: Famine and Communist Demagoguery," Item 182, 17 January
1966.
"Study in Ambivalence-Communist Front Organizations in India,"
Item 903, 24 May 1965.
World Marxist Review, September 1966: "India: Problems of Socio-
Economic Development," by Kyn Petwas.
New Times, September 21, 1966 (No. 38): "Towards Election Time in
India," by Y. Gotlober and Y. Shtykanov.
New Times, October 19, 1966, (No. 42): "The Indian Economy: Trying
Times."
Indian and the Future of Asia by Patwant Singh; (Alfred A Knopf,
1966)
(See also unclassified Attachments)
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Smarr (1083.)
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December 1966
Review of the Swiss Press
Bern, Switzerland
1 November 1966
Vol. V , No. 44
"Socialism" and "Capitalism"
In a "referendum-contest" an African weekly of world renown asks its
readers if they are for the socialist or capitalist way, in the economic
sense.
This is as good a point as any to consider the terminological
embroglio in which we all find ourselves entangled the minute it is a
question of capitalism or -- and especially -- of socialism. In this
case moreover, those who edited the text of the contest have been aware
of the difficulties, since they earlier explained the term "socialist
way" by the two points of the program of "planning and nationalization,"
while they added the adjective "liberal" to the term "capitalist way,"
thus placing it in a sort of ideological neutrality.
The term "capitalism" is prejudiced
This does not diminish the fact that the reader, when he finally
finds himself confronted by the alternative posed in the form of "social-
ism" or "capitalism," will find his freedom of choice somewhat limited.
I find it difficult to imagine a reader who, preferring a "liberal" sys-
tem in one form or another would call it "capitalism." Because the term,
although technically applicable to economics, is politically prejudiced.
Of Marxist origin, it was chosen to define, in the context of the 19th
century moreover, a system which had to be opposed. In this sense capi-
talism signified not only private ownership of the means of production,
but also the exploitation of man by man which always resulted therefrom.
Therefore there is fundamentally a negative and polemical meaning to the
word, a meaning which is still deliberately intended in the Communist's
vocabulary and in a perhaps less conscious way in everybody else's usage.
If this interpretation is correct, it is understood that those
people who adhere to the system which their adversaries call capitalist,
see it in a different way, indeed would not otherwise support it. No-
one would normally say that he prefers to be exploited by another (or to
exploit others) just because he is against state planning as it is prac-
ticed in the Communist countries, for example. Nevertheless, this is
just what is required of him when he is asked if he is for a socialist
or capitalist system. It is as if you asked a religious person if he is
for a rational view of the world or for religious superstition. Or as
if you asked a Communist if he is for freedom of the peasants or for the
slavery of the kolkhozes.
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(Cont.)
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But if leading questions are forbidden in judicial proceedings, they
are practically inevitable when it is a question of current political
language. In the case which we are using as an example could one have
replaced the word "capitalist" by "liberal" or something equivalent?
The result would have been to replace a negative connotation with a posi-
tive one. Insofar as the term "liberal capitalist" is concerned, used in
the introduction to the contest question of which we are speaking, it
has the merit of being neutral, but mostly as a result of the cumulative
effect of the two contradictory connotations, which leads to an artifi-
cial and totally hybrid creation.
The term "socialist" is equivocal
But things become more complicated when one gets to the term
"socialist." Right off, it has the virtue of not evoking elements of
moral judgment as in the case of "capitalism." Not only are the pole-
mical connotations missing, but by the success of its historical evolu-
tion it has acquired a positive tone for the great majority of people.
The result is that everyone claims kinship with it.
And that's where the virtue turns into a fault: In the current
political vocabulary no term lends itself to more confusion than that of
"socialism."
Fundamentally this does not seem inevitable, since socialism origi-
nally defined an economic system. But can one stop there? "Certainly,"
some people reply. "Since it is the economic system which interests me,
I can speak of it outside any political context." -- "No," others
answer, more precisely the Marxists and their sympathizers, "since the
socialist economic system necessarily requires an adequate political
structure. And it is the latter which will guarantee the building of
socialism as an economic system."
And there we are in the middle of an ideological debate. Those who
affirm that the question of socialism can be posed on the economic plane
alone, find themselves already, whether they want to be or not, in a
political contradiction with the Communists who cannot conceive of this
separation. Whether this contradiction is or is not evoked in the frame-
work of a given political debate depends on the momentary interests of
the participants, but does not remove its fundamental nature.
Also, the question of knowing what is or is not "socialist" has
always been subject to confusion on the political level.. Take for example
the distinction between "socialist countries" and "capitalist countries."
In reality this separates the countries where a Communist party is in
power from the other countries where this is not the case. A political
distinction, therefore. Elsewhere countries governed by a socialist
party, such as Sweden or Israel, appear in this classification as capi-
talist countries. Thus it is always necessary to be clear about what
one means in speaking of a "socialist country."
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In the same way there is a terminological confusion when socialist
parties are involved. There are some which are Communist (as for example
the East German party) and others which are not. Other analogous titles
require equally close scrutiny. Thus the Labor party in Albania or
in Switzerland is Communist, that of England certainly is not. Speak-
ing of terminology, you can also, if it amuses you, speak of an identity
between Fascism and Communism: the single party in Hitler's Germany was
officially titled "Germany National Socialist Workers' Party."
In the Third World: Confusion even more marked
But if, in Europe, people have for better or worse become more or
less adept in the daily task of distinguishing between socialism as con-
ceived by the Communists (although even there also ideological unity has
cracked) and socialism as conceived by others, things are not the same in
what is called the Third World. People there are actively studying the
political systems of many countries. In the process socialism is a key
word and consequently each person (inwardly and outwardly) uses it to
suit himself, sometimes poorly defining it, sometimes deliberately fal-
sifying it.
And people skip from one criterion to another. Take for example
Algeria. It was recognized by the Soviets as a country building socialism
up to the summer of 1965, but not since. What happened? Did its eco-
nomic structure deviate towards a capitalistic path? Not at all; to the
contrary as a matter of fact, if one judges by the way it has developed
since. Of course, what happened was the downfall of Ben Bella -- a
political event. In this case, therefore, the criterion for judging the
level of socialism which has been attained was exclusively of a politi-
cal nature. But on the other hand this does not hinder Algeria from
following quite faithfully the criteria of the Soviet Union and her
allies for determining what is socialist and what is not in the world --
excepting, of course, its own case.
An analogous phenomenon is very widespread: On the one hand the
socialism of countries with Communist regimes is accepted as authentic,
while on the other hand people limit their meaning of socialism to some-
thing quite different in their own country. In effect this sometimes
amounts to supporting a political system in other countries while attack-
ing the proponents of this same system at home. Between the death of
Stalin in 1953 and the assumption of power by the military in Djakarta
in 1965, the greatest persecution of Communists was in Egypt, wherever
recently some Communists were executed following the trials instituted
against certain Moslem brethren. Notwithstanding, on the international
level Egypt recognizes socialism in the sense which the Communists give
to it.
So much for political practice, where one could multiply the examples.
But there is certainly a basis for the problem which cannot be explained
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by simple political manipulation. Plain socialism tends towards an
economic program which socialism in the Communist sense also acknowledges,
but adds to it the remainder of its program which it sees as an entity:
the exercise of power by the party, its monopoly on ideology, the mono-
poly of the party in all aspects of life, etc. Yet the difficulty resides
in the fact that all this is considred less and less as a whole pack-
age, to take or to leave. From that point on one never knows very well
whether or not one is including specifically political elements when
one speaks of socialism and, if so, which ones. Here are several ver-
sions among the varied choice: "Socialists the only party, yes; ordained
ideology, no." "Marxist ideology, yes; atheism, no." "Socialist camp,
yes; China, no." "Dictatorship of the proletariat, yes, but with the
minor exception that we don't have one, having no industry." Etcetera.
It is a game anyone can play.
In brief, we are in the presence of a multitude of conceptions when
one refers to socialism. Moreover, this is agreeable to all those who
believe in something other than a bare dogma (wherever it may come from).
But the situation has its humorous side when it comes to communicating.
Because each person tends to think of his own socialism when he uses or
hears this term. And the confusion grows from day to day.
There is no remedy to the multiple meanings of the term "socialism."
But there is still a long way to go in defining it more, precisely. If
each person takes the trouble to make clear to his interlocutor what
he really means in using this all-purpose term and if each person tries
to discern what his partner understands by this same term, each will
understand more clearly. This will be too bad for those who prefer the
confusion, but better for the others.
Christian Brugger
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18 November 1966
AALAPSO PLANS EEVOLUTIONAIiy CADRE SCHOOLS
For the purpose of giving effective support to the national
liberation movements of the peoples of Africa, Asia, and Latin America,
the Executive Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Latin American Peoples
Solidarity Organization (AALAPSO) adopted an agreement some days ago
to proceed with the creation of schools for the training of political
cadres for the revolutionary movements of the three continents.
The agreement stemmed from a resoliitidn voted by the Tricontinental
Conference regarding the creation of such schools which are to have
extraordinary importance in the development of the revolutionary move-
ment in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It is one of the most impor-
tant tasks of the AALAPSO Executive Secretariat,
A call was issued recently to the governments of independent nations
represented by the AALAPSO Executive Secretariat to provide the neces-
sary funds for the creation in their respective territories of the
aforementioned schools. The call has been favorable received by the
governments of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the
Republic of Cuba.
The creation of the political cadre training schools is an
effective step by the peoples who are struggling against the aggres-
sions of the imperialists headed by the United States. Their existence
will be a symbol of the friendship and the spirit of international
solidarity of the revolutionary forces.
by Michael Arkus
Havana, Cuba, November 18 (Reuters) -- Cuba will set up a school
to train political officers to lead revolutionary movements in Latin
America, Africa and Asia, it was announced today.
It will be organized under the auspices of the Havana-based tri-
continental anti-imperialist organization.
In a communique today the organization described it as an
"effective step of the peoples struggling against imperialist aggres-
sions headed by yankee imperialism."
The communique said North Korea has also agreed to establish a
similar school in its territory and that it was initially planned to
have at least one such school in each of the three continents.
The Tri-Continental Secretariat called on the governments of
independent countries represented within it to provide the financial
resources necessary for establishing such schools on their territory.
Apart from Cuba and North Korea, they are Syria, the United Arab
Republic, Guinea and possibly North Vietnam.
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(Cont.)
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The remainder of the Secretariat's membership is formed by the
revolutionary movements in Pakistan, the Congo (Kinshasa), the Portu-
guese territories, Venezuela, Chile, Puerto Rico, and Santo Domingo --
all opposed to the governments of their respective countries.
The tri-continental organization was set up in Havana last January
following a conference here of communist revolutionary movements of
Africa, Asia and Latin America.
This is the first published concrete measure taken to step up
the revolutionary struggle in three continents.
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CPYRGHT
THE WASHINGTON POST Monday, Nov. 7, I966
Headed Toward Pacification Work
Saigon ~~'ries to
By William Tuohy
Ms Angeles Times
Army battalions returned to
their base camps, leaving the
Y,RGKTNov, 7 (Monday)-
eorient Army
security. was lacking. And
since they were not designed
to both fight and pacify, in
many cases-the usefulness of
citizenry for stealing chickens,
pigs, and ducks as It moves
through an area.
Unfortunately, the Army
gin a sweeping new training
'program today -- a program
to which U.S. advisers are at-
Caching ? high hopes and Im-
portance.
i. The training plan involves
no less- than reorienting most
of the 275,000-man army away
'-front conventional warfare to-
-,ward pacification work in
areas where the government is
trying to extend its control.
f th
This means that most o
e The ,..a,.. role she Army
battalions in the 10 Vietna- going to come and stay." jr 1967 should be to support
;mese Army divisions will even- In a sense, the Vietnamese the pacification plan in the
tually switch from the classic Army and American units will theal areas," said Gen. Thang
"search-and-destroy" opera- be reversing the roles f
A oorembat ,.The emphasis should be
r
can c
W
"clear-and-hold" assignments.
The new training program
is one of the first visible re-
suits of the Manila Confer-
ence, at which the Vietnamese
government announced, among
other points, its "Intent to
'train and assign a substantial
share of the armed forces to
clear-and-hold action in order
to provide a shield behind
Villagers felt the lack of I The new plan calls for Viet-
the essential, Ingredient, se- namese troops to "clear and
curity.
Now in the words of one hold" areas and provide se-
high official, the new role en- !eurity for both villagers and
'visages "continuous local se- the Revolutionary Develop-
curity." ment teams. The plan has the
Convince Farmers hearty concurrence of Maj.
As this official puts it, Gen. Nguyen Due Thang, head
-"you've got to come and stay of Revolutionary Development,
In an area, and you've got to the so-called "nation-building'"
r
hen me
seen
troops first arrived in March, ;quality rather than quantity."
1965. , The new training program
Then, the U.S. Marines and that begins today., is de-
paratroopers were assigned to scribed by one official as "on-
provide security to major base the-job" training. Twelve
aroas like Danang and Bien- bright officers from each of
hoa. This strategy was ex- the four corps areas in Viet-
pected to release Vietnamese nam. will assemble at the
Army troops for offensive headquarters of the Vidtna-
operations. mese Armed Forces High
But over the months, it be- Command in Saigon.
i
which a' new society' can be gan to dawn on the strategists
built." that offensive operations were
Role Shifts not enough, so long as the
This means that the job of enemy troops were allowed to
out North Vietna- infiltrate back in areas pre-
searching I sumed cleared.
mese Army regiments and The U.S. Marines found this
units, will be shifted in large
measure to U.S., Korean, and
Australian . battalions with
their greater strength and
heavier firepower. .
However, mobile Vietna-
mese units such as the five
Marine battalions, eight air-
borne battalions, and selected
Regular Army battalions will
continue to be used as strike
forces, informed sources indi-
cated.
Over the years, the Vietna
mese Army, in theory, has pur-
sued a strategy of "search and
destroy" operations - trying
to find and annihilate the
Vietcong.
out in their tactical area in the
five northernmost provinces:
It was no good keeping on the
offensive if your rear was
riddled with a hostile popula-
tion.
The weaknesses of conduct-
ing solely a "search-and-de-
stroy" strategy became evi-
dent earlier this year with the
advent of "Revolutionary De-
velopment teams" which were
designed to enter villages and
win over the population to the
government side.
Lacked a Base
One of deep flaws in this
plan was that often the teams
n-
They will be given an
tensive two-weeks course of
88 hours training In various
techniques to support the
rural reconstruction program.
Teach Others
The 12-man teams will then
return to their corps area, and
in two-week cycles, train every
battalion in the Army's 10 di-
visions in the techniques
.learned at headquarters.
The battalions i will remain
at their posts. The Instructors
-known as "Mobile Training
Teams"-will go to the battal-
lions. However, all offensive
operations and other activity
will be suspended during the
two-week training period in
order to insure that fullest at-
tention will be given the lec-
tures and demonstrations.
Other supplementary .steps
are to be taken,
For instance, the Army has
always been criticized by the
lowance, so that, like Sher-
man's troops, the Army has
been forced to forage in the
field.
In the future, It is planned
to give units a larger mess al-
lowance, presumably cutting
down on food raiding in the
countryside.
On paper, the plan sounds
exemplary. It preaches the
doctrine ennunciated for years
by counter-Insurgency'experts
here. But reorienting the
Army will be a herculean task.
Its main job In the future
will consist of laying am-
bushes, intensive night patrol.
ling, performing police func
tions, and helping villagers in.
civic action projects - along
with an occasional conven-
tional operation.
. The Vietnamese Army In
the past has been loath to de-1
velop these techniques.
One U.S. expert says of the
problem, "It will be very
tough to convince the officer
corps that it Is not ignoble to
do these things. The most dif-
ficult job will be to get the
officers and NCOs to accept
this role."
The difficulty Is convincing
an Asian soldier-whose first
and often only real loyalty Is
to his own familyito "care"
about people In villages miles
away from his own.
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
TIME, OCTOBER 21, 1966 lutionaries, AID tries to better an appli-
cant's stateside salary and then adds a
25% Viet Nam bonus; group-health,
FOREIGN AID life-insurance and leave benefits are the
same as for other foreign-service work-
Revolutionaries Wanted ers and allowances are paid for
let Nam, the ads ma e clear, is no lies that must e left at home. Volun-
Bali Ha'i. They emphasize that the job teers are warned that a job in the
involves "long hours, difficult and possi- boondocks could be dangerous-nine
bly hazardous working conditions; mini- AID men have been killed by the Viet
mum assignment: 18 months without Cong, eleven wounded and two kid-
dependents." Nonetheless, more. than naped. Even so, commented one re
25,000 Americans have volunteered in cruiter, "It's probably safer working
the past year to join an expanding U.S. there than crossing Times Square."
team of civilians in South Viet Nam to Living conditions are admittedly rug
push forward a peaceful social revolu- ged: a shared hotel room, rats, no bath-
tion amid the ravages of war. tub, and electric power for perhaps two
"They seem to regard a tour of duty hours out of 24 in the boonies. Appli-
in Viet Nam as the most challenging, cants, worried about tropical insects,
most demanding and most satisfying ex- are reassured that bugs and scorpions
perience that anyone can find in the are no special problem. What Viet Nam
world today," says Sam Simpson, chief has in abundance, says Nurse Dorothy
recruiter for the Agency for Interna- De Looff, just back from two years in
tional Development's Far East bureau. Saigon, is lizards. "But you don't have
Indeed, after a tour in Viet Nam, 64% to worry about them," she tells appli-
of old AID hands ask to be sent back- cants. "They sing, they eat the insects
a higher percentage of veterans who and they're very friendly. You'll miss
want to stay on than in any of the 77 them when you come home."
other countries with AID missions.
Kurd Hurdle. This month AID began
the second year of its drive to enlist
skilled workers for Viet Nam. In the
New York City area, 5,210 applicants,
of whom perhaps 200 will qualify,
swamped recruiters. Last week in Oma-
ha, 285 responded to AID's campaign,
and 23 qualified for serious considera--l
Denver and Portland, Ore. By Christ-
mas-the agency needs 500 new agrono-
mists, public administrators, teachers,
economists, engineers, police specialists,
auditors, nurses and secretaries. .
David Werp, 28, a market researcher,
'drove 100 miles from Sioux City to ?;
Omaha in hopes of becoming an AID
Werp, who has a physical disability that
al requirements, pass stringent medical X
tests and undergo a security check. The x;
toughest hurdle is a linguistic-aptitude
test, aimed at gauging their ability to
learn the six-tone Vietnamese tongue,
that includes memorizing a string of i
Friendly Lizards. To reward its revo- A different kind of battle.
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5 December 1966
In addition to the U.S. the following countries have contrib-
uted assistance (mostly of a non-military nature) to South Vietnam
Argentina
*Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Denmark
Ecuador
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Iran
Italy
Japan
*Korea
Laos
Liberia
Luxemberg
"Malaysia
Netherlands
*New Zealand
*Philippines
Spain
*Thailand
Turkey
United Kingdom
Venezuela
'Military aid -- combat forces
"Military aid training
France
Ireland
Israel
Norway
Pakistan
Switzerland
In money this Free World assistance totalled more than
million during the first six months of 1966
These countries have._a^hin
South Vietnam by channeling
aid through the Red Cross, etc.,
and not directly to the SVNese
The U.S. maintains a foreign aid program in South Vietnam at
a cost-of more than half a billion dollars a year.
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5 December 1966
Enemy forces in Vietnam:
-- 50,000 of the attackers are soldiers in regular units of the
North Vietnamese army sent into South Viet-Nam.
-- More than 60,000 are hard-core Viet Cong in organized units,
many of them led by cadres trained in and infiltrated from North
Viet-Nam.
-- More than 110,000 are part-time guerrillas.
-- Some 60,000 are political and support troops.
-- So far this year alone, between 45,000 and 50,000 regular
troops have been sent into South Viet-Nam from the north.
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5 December 1966
In April 1965, President Johnson outlined plans for a billion dollar
program of cooperative development in Vietnam in conjunction with the
United Nations (which has had such programs in Vietnam since 1961) and
with other industrialized nations.
On 13 May 1966, President Johnson said:
"We began in 1954, when Vietnam became independent, before the war
between the North and the South. Since that time we have spent more than
$2 billion in economic help for the 16 million people of South Vietnam.
And despite the ravages of war, we have made steady, continuing gains. We
have concentrated on food, and health, and education, and housing, and
industry.
"Like most developing countries, South Vietnam's economy rests on
agriculture. Unlike many, it has large uncrowded areas of very rich and
very fertile land. Because of this, it is one of the great rice bowls of
the entire world. With our help, since 1954, South Vietnam has already
doubled its rice production, providing food for the people as well as pro-
viding a vital export for that nation.
"We have put our American farm know-how to work on other crops. This
year, for instance, several hundred million cuttings of a new variety of
sweet potato, that promises a sixfold increase in yield, will be distributed
to these Vietnamese farmers. Corn output should rise from 25,000 tons in
1962 to 100,000 tons by 1966. Pig production has more than doubled since
1955. Many animal diseases have been eliminated entirely.
"Disease and epidemic brood over every Vietnamese village. In a
country of more than 16 million people with a life expectancy of only 35
years, there are only 200 civilian doctors. If the Vietnamese had doctors
in the same ratio as the United States has doctors, they would have not the
200 that they do have but they would have more than 5,000 doctors.
"We have helped vaccinate, already, over 7 million people against
cholera, and millions more against other diseases. Hundreds of thousands
of Vietnamese can now receive treatment in the more than 12,000 hamlet
health stations that America has built and has stocked. New clinics and
surgical suites are scattered throughout that entire country; and the
medical school that we are now helping to build will graduate as many
doctors in a single year as now serve the entire civilian population of
South Vietnam.
"Education is the keystone of future development in Vietnam. It
takes trained people to man the factories, to conduct the administration,
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(Cont.)
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and to form the human foundation for an advancing nation. More than a
quarter million young Vietnamese can now learn in more than 4,000 class-
rooms that America has helped to build in the last 2 years; and 2,000
more schools are going to be built by us in the next 12 months. The
number of students in vocational schools has gone up four times. En-
rollment was 300,000 in 1955, when we first entered there and started
helping with our program. Today it is more than 1,500,000. The 8 mil-
lion textbooks that we have supplied to Vietnamese children will rise
to more than 15 million by 1967.
"Agriculture is the foundation. Health, education, and housing are
urgent human needs. But industrial development is the great pathway to
their future.
"When Vietnam was divided, most of the industry was in the North.
The South was barren of manufacturing and the foundations for industry.
Today more than 700 new or rehabilitated factories -- textiles mills and
cement plants, electronics and plastics -- are changing the entire face
of that nation. New roads and communications, railroad equipment, and
electric generators are a spreading base on which this new industry can,
and is, growing.
On 1 February 1966, President Johnson proposed that the United States
spend $550 million to support the Government of Vietnam in carrying for-
ward programs of economic and social improvement in villages and building
the foundations for rural progress.
The joint declaration which concluded the Honolulu meeting of
American and Vietnamese leaders on 8 February 1966, set forth the objec-
tives of both the Vietnamese Government and those of the U.S.:
"The United States will give its full support to measures of social
revolution including land reform based upon the principle of building up-
ward from the hopes and purposes of all the people of Vietnam.
"Just as the United States is pledged to play its full part in the
world-wide attack upon hunger, ignorance, and disease, so in Vietnam it
will give special support to the work of the people of that country to
build even while they fight. We have helped and will help them -- to
stabilize the economy -- to increase the production of food -- to spread
the light of education -- to stamp out disease....
"Within the framework of their international commitments, the United
States and Vietnam aim to create with others a stable peace in Southeast
Asia which will permit the governments and Peoples of the region to devote
themselves to lifting the condition of man...."
After President Johnson returned to the U.S. at the conclusion of the
Honolulu talks, he said of Vietnam:
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"One front is military. The other front is the struggle against
social injustice, against hunger and disease and ignorance, against
political apathy and indifference."
And he spoke of his conversations with Vietnam's leaders:
"We talked of many very special and specific things. We talked of
rural construction, of agricultural credits, of rural electrification,
of new seeds and fertilizers for their crops, of schools and teachers
and textbooks for their children, of medical schools and clinics and
equipment to give them better health, of how to give training and educa-
tion to the refugees, of how to deal with inflation in a war-torn coun-
try, of how to build the bases for a democratic constitution and for
free elections, of how to seek the peace, and of how to effectively con-
duct the war."
On 23 February, President Johnson said: "... men ask if we rely on
guns alone ... the answer is 'No." "From our Honolulu meeting, from the
clear pledge which joins us to our allies, there has emerged a common dedi-
cation to the peaceful progress of the people of Vietnam -- to schools for
their children, to care for their health, to hope and bounty for their
land."
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TEHRAN MOSAVVAR
Teheran, Iran
2 September 1966
Report on Anti-Iran Broadcasts
For 86 weeks, the three broadcasting stations belonging to the
Soviet Union and East Germany have been pouring out 14 hours of lies
daily against the nation's regime, the government, the people and the
nation's foreign policy.
During these 86 weeks or 2616 days, these radio stations have
broadcast 36,610 hours of anti-Iran material. This has only earned
the Soviet Communist Party and the escapee Iranian traitors the con-
tempt of the Iranian people and particularly the working classes who
have been saved by the Shah's Revolution and led into an era of patriot-
ism, love for the Shah and social consciousness.
From the year 1338 (1958-59) when Soviet Foreign Under. Secretary
Kuznetsov and Soviet Foreign Office Assistant for Middle Eastern Affairs
Pavlov left Tehran in anger until now, three radio stations calling
themselves Peyk-e-Iran, Sedaye-Iran--e-Azad (The Voice of Free Iran)
and Radio-ye-Melly [The National Radio--Ed] have been operating from
Soviet and East German soil.
Up until two years ago, the Moscow, Baku and Eshqabad radio sta-
tions devoted about two hours a day to anti-Iran propaganda, but with
the gradual improvement of relations between Iran and the Soviet Union,
the tone of these radio broadcasts also changed to a point that now
these radio stations at Moscow, Baku and Eshgabad devote daily commen-
taries in praise of Iran and its foreign policy.
But at the same time, the two radio stations located near the
borders of Iran - Sedaye-Iran Azad and Radio-,ye-Mellyr - and also Peyk-
e-Iran, operated by fugitive members of the Tudeh (Communist) Party
from East Germany, daily broadcast 14 hours of propaganda against our
sacred national traditions.
Iranian officials believe that these talks and features are pre-
pared in Tehran and transmitted by one of the embassies to the other
side of the frontier. A few hours later, they are broadcast by the
above-mentioned radio stations.
In September of 1959, a 100-kilowatt transmitter and jamming
equipment were purchased by one of the government agencies to stifle
these voices of the evil owls of Communism. But when the matter was
brought to the attention of His Majesty, he expressed his opposition
to the idea. He said, "Let these people say what they want. The
judgment of our people and their reaction and indifference to such
broadcasts is the best answer we can give." As a consequence, the idea
was dropped and the equipment was used for other purposes.
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The Shahanshah has given appropriate answers to these broadcasts
in his various press conferences. In answer to a question from an
Iranian news correspondent during a 1959 press conference, the Sha-,
hanshah expressed surprise that such material could be broadcast by
a government radio station contrary to all accepted standards of
behavior. He felt that after the arrival of the new Iranian ambas-
sador, the matter would be studied and a decision would be made
whether the subject should be taken up in the UN. He had also stressed
at his news conference in Paris that in listening to the contents of
the broadcasts from our Northern neighbor, we sometimes feel that
their action spr_.ngs from a colonial mental attitude.
Nine months later, in referring to the rubbish of Communist
radio broad.casts, the Shahan.-h ah ss. d that the contents of such broad-
casts during th.o lart year or so have, been abnormal but we do not
mix feelings with politics." In 1960, a.1 ter the people had become
inured to Communist broadcasts, the Shahaoshah told the correspondent
of the French TV Netwo: k that the Communist radio attacks are understand-
able becaube they are going their way and Iran is going her own way.
Moreover, the people had by now become used to such broadcasts.
When the Soviets extended a hand of friendship toward Iran and
asked for the estabii s'hment of fr~enG_;`. relati ins between the two
countries, the :,~rl:+.~,;1 ah said at a riress confer,nce: "I hope that
after this, radio broadcasts between the two countries will be normal
and friendly so that we may be able to live in comfort as neighbors
and to have extensive trade."
During the 86 months that the Communist and Soviet broadcasts
have been abusing and attacking our regime, our government and our
people, only one of the Premiers - Dr. Eqbal - has answered the un-
founded accusations of these radio stations. In 1959, he tcld the
Senate that these radio stations think that their broadcasts will up-
set the order in. Iran and will enable them to attain their vile objec-
tives, but all their calculations have proved wrong. If they had
familiarized themselves with the history of Iran and the Iranian
people, they would have realized that our people have never broken
under the burden of events and would never be affected by such talk.
Seven years have passed since the start of the 11t-hour-a-day
broadcasts of Soviet and Conununist stations. A1thouuh Iran's rela.-
tions with the Soviet Union have improved and the Hoveyda Government
claims progress in this direction, neither the Premier nor the Foreign
Minister nor the Iranian Ambassador have taken any action to stifle
the evil voices of the escapee owls of the Tudeh Party and Soviet
agents. If the Soviets claim! frien-lshir towards Iran, why don't they
put a stop to the daily broadcasts of abuse and venom against us from
radio stations operating near our borders' If the Soviets claim that
these radio transmitters are not on their soil, we are prepared to
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2 (Cont.)
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send three high-echelon experts of the Ministry of Posts and Tele-
graphs and the Army with proper equipment to find and show them the
location of these stations.
If the government is powerless to put a stop to these evil foreign
voices, it should so inform the people. The only action taken was
during the second visit of the Shahanshah to the Soviet Union two
years ago. During official talks, Iranian Ambassador Tah.muress Adami'-
yat frankly brought up the existence of such radio stations within
the Communist orbit and asked that they be stopped. But the Soviet
leaders were disturbed by the frank statements of the Ambassador and
denied the presence of these stations on Soviet soil. With the
reassignment of Adami'yat, the question was left unsolved.
If the Foreign Ministry authorities and the person of the Pre-
mier are powerless in this matter, perhaps they should do what was
done on the border in 1959. At that time the Communist anti-Iran
radio attacks had reached a peak. Propaganda Chief Plosratollah Mo'-
inian would daily write and sometimes personally broadcast a talk in
Persian and Russian against the Soviet Union and the Communists over
Radio Iran and the provincial radios. The effect of this action was
so great that during the first few months, the Russian reacted by set-
ting up loudspeakers and relaying talks and features from Radio Iran
and local material in Persian, Russian, Azarbaijan Torky, Uzbeg and
Tajik. Twenty five days after the initiation of this border propa-
ganda warfare, the Soviets suddenly stopped broadcasts and dismantled
the equipment and asked Iran to stop their broadcasts, too.
If after 86 months the Government is unable to put a stop to the
voices of the evil owls of Communism, it should allow the people,
political parties and national spokesmen to answer in Persian, Torky,
Uzbeg and other languages via the national radio networks, and to pub-
licize the defeated objectives of Communism and the social, economic
and political backwardness of such countries.
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December 1966
CON iUI I T CLANDESIl-!- E BROADCASTS
As the year 1966 came to a close, local Communist Parties in West
Europe and the Middle East were attempting to establish a new guise of
political respectability, making these parties better able to serve
the hidden aims of the World Communist Movement.
At the same time, however, ten clandestine radios (one using trans-
mitters in the Soviet Union and the other nine in East European Satel-
lite countries) were spewing forth a total of almost 250 hours of
broadcasts a week. These programs, speaking for the most part on
behalf of banned Communist Parties in several countries of West Europe
and the Middle East, contained an almost unbelievable amount of
irresponsible and inciting statements, in addition to instructions to
Party militants, that gave a complete lie to their sister parties'
attempts to convince people that they were no longer subversive groups.
There have been other clandestine broadcasts emanating from trans-
mitters in the USSR and East Europe during the past 20 years for
audiences in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa,* but for a
variety of reasons best explained by the shifting needs of Communist
political expediency and subversion they are no longer heard. These
included a group of programs for France (which ceased abruptly in
1955 when the French Communist Party became the largest party in the
French Parliament), a program for Yugoslavia (which was heard during
the period between that country's expulsion from the Cominform and the
later improvement of relations between Belgrade and Moscow), a program
for Algeria (which was broadcast during the early stages of the
National Liberation Front's open warfare and Communist Party subversion
against the French administration), and programs for Italy, Greece, and
Iran (which have since been replaced by other ones for these countries).
Most of the clandestine broadcasts of the Moscow-controlled "net-
work" were discontinued in late 1955, in apparent deference to the
"Geneva spirit" of the time. Only broadcasts to Spain and Italy were
operating in 1956 until "German Freedom Station 904" began broadcasting
from East Germany, but purporting to be a West German station, after
the West German Communist Party was banned in August 1956 and could no
longer spread its propaganda overtly. Today's clandestine broadcasts
-- a means of directing to localized audiences propaganda for which
the Soviet Union does not want to be held directly accountable -- are
all in one way or another contrary to the recognized norms governing
* Communist clandestine broadcasts beamed today to Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia, and Thailand, as well as discontinued ones to Indochina
and Japan, are not discussed in this paper.
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international broadcast behavior.
In a resolution adopted on 17 December 1954, the United Nations
General Assembly declared that the "International Convention Concerning
the Use of Broadcasting in the Cauee of Peace" (which had come into
force on 2 April 1938 following ratification by the member states of
the League of Nations) was still in force. This convention prohibits
broadcasts of such a character as to incite the population of any
territory to acts incompatible with internal order or security and "any
transmission likely to harm good international understanding by state-
ments the incorrectness of which is or ought to be known to the persons
responsible for the broadcasts."
How the Communists flagrantly violate the terms of this convention,
as well as other international agreements such as those regulating the
assignment of broadcast frequencies, is outlined below in the sections
devoted to the countries to which these ten clandestine broadcasts are
beamed today.
Broadcasts to Spain
Radio "Espana Independiente" is the oldest of the clandestine
broadcasts still being beamed to West Europe and the Middle East. On
the occasion of its 20th anniversary of broadcasting in 1961, the radio
described itself as "the voice of the Spanish Communist Party," which
has "always been in the vanguard of the struggle against Franco."
Up until the end of 1954 the programs were transmitted, although
not identified as such, over the-facilities of Radio Moscow; since
then they have originated, in a similarly covert fashion, from Rumania.
The same transmitters it began using in June 1959 were used at other
times for the Radio Bucharest International Service, although they
were: not so indentified by Radio "Espana Independiente" itself. The
station also calls itself "Radio Pirenaica".in an attempt to give the
impression that it is broadcasting from the Pyrenees in Spain; in
August 1964 "Espa Independiente" advised its listeners to send letters
to the station in care of post office boxes in Prague, Paris, and Stockholm.
The radio broadcasts 66 hours and 30 minutes of programs a week
in Spanish, and occasionally in Catalan and Basque, most of which it
claims are jammed by Spanish Government facilities; programs period-
ically call upon Spanish Army technicians allegedly assigned to this
t ask to alter their jamming signal in such a way that the clandestine
broadcasts can be heard. Official Spanish Communist Party statements,
as well as speeches by Party leaders and articles by exiled writers,
form a staple part of the broadcast content. The standard theme is
that by "united front" action the Communists joined with other anti-
Franco forces can remove the present government and "socialism" (the
Party's euphemism for "communism") can be adopted as the way of life
for Spain.
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On 20 November 1966, for example, "Espa1ia Independiente" broadcast
a report of a speech given three days earlier at the Moscow Institute
of the International Workers Institute by Santiago Carrillo, Secretary
General of the Spanish Communist Party, who declared that the second
stage of the "struggle" in Spain would be:
". . for a thorough agrarian reform which would solve the problems
of the countryside, give the land to those who till it, and free
the peasants from their burdens; for the nationalization of
finance and credit, as well as the big monopolistic enterprises,
creating a broad sector of state democratic capitalism; and for
achieving the transfer of power to the hands of the workers,
peasants, and petit bourgeoisie.'
Although the Spanish Communist Party usually couhces its appeals
'for action in terms which imply that this change of power can be accom-
plished by peaceful means (in contrast to the definitely more inciting
appeals of several of the other nine clandestine broadcasts) and
frequently calls for cooperation with the lower echelons of the Catholic
Church, overtones of 1936-1939 Civil War propaganda Still creep into
some of the programs. On 19 September 1966, "'Espana Independiente"
carried a recording of a speech made in Budapest by Spanish Communist
Party leader Dolores Ibarruri, the famed "La Pasionaria" (Passion
Flower) of the-Civil War, who with great relish described Spain today
in these terms:
"While in the industrial areas and in the cities the students,
workers, priests, and intellectuals are waging a struggle, the
peasants are rising in Galacia, in Aragon, in Asturias, and in
Catalonia. They are compelling the govenment to grant their
justified demands and claims against a feudalistic church, against
a fascist aristocracy, and against monopolistic campanies enjoying
the protection of the dictatorship itself."
While the majority of programs on "Espana Independiente" are for
audiences in Spain.itself some are for Spanish workers abroad. In this
connection, a broadcast in July 1966 for Spanish workers in West
Germany was advertised in advance by the clandestine East German "Free-
dom Station 904" -- an unusual and perhaps inadvertent admission of
the central control of these broadcasts.
Broadcasts to Portugal
The newest of the Communist clandestine broadcasts beamed to
Europe is Radio "Portugal Livre" (Free Portugal), which was first heard
in March 1962 and.is now on the air for 13 hours and 20 minutes each
week attacking the Salazar regime in much the same way that Radio
"Espana Independiente" attacks the Franco regime. "Portugal Livre"
also emanates from transmitters in Rumania.
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A typical program, heard on 4 November 1966, carried a manifesto
issued by the Executive Committee of the Portuguese Communist Party
attacking a decree which empowers the Government to deport prisoners
to the colonies. It declared:
"To prevent the deportation of political prisoners to camps of
slow death in Africa, action by the popular masses with the
working class in the vanguard is essential. In this urgent action
all Portuguese democrats, irrespective of parties or political
groups, beliefs or creed, can and must unite to act promptly."
On 3 October 1966 the radio quoted from an article in the Portu-
guese Communist Party publication MILITANTE which described the "Two
Indispensable Qualities in the Life of a Communist Militant": these
are "intransigent firmness in the face of the enemy and the defense
of conspiratorial work," to oppose the Salazar Government's "fierce
and bloodthirsty fascist rule which does not care what methods it
uses in the repression of the rising popular movement."
In addition to calling for "united fronts" on the home front,
"Portugal Livre" also devotes attention to the situation in the Portu-
guese colonies. A broadcast on 3 July 1966 reviewed the contents of
the first issue of PASSE A PALAVRA, the clandestine publication of the
"Popular Front for National Liberation" among the Portuguese military
forces. In addition to an article by an alleged deserter calling on
his former comrades to lay down their arms, the publication reportedly
"points out that the struggle of the Portuguese people against the
Salazar regime and the national liberation movement in the Portuguses
colonies are parts of the same struggle -- for the overthrow of the
fascist regime in Portugal."
Broadcasts to West Germany
There are currently two clandestine broadcasts beamed from trans-
mitters in East Germany to West Germany, in addition to the several
other East German official broadcasts which can easily be heard in
the West carrying propaganda of the illegal West German Communist Party
(KPD). The first one, "Deutscher Freiheitssender 904" (German Freedom
Station 904 -- the numeral being derived from the frequency in kilo-
cycles on which it is transmitted), was first heard in August 1956 on
the same frequency as that carrying Radio "Return to the Homeland."*
Radio ""904" carries 28 hours of programs a week with critical comment
* This broadcast from East Germany began in 1955 and purported to be
the voice of a quasi-official organization of Soviet citizens inviting
the return of emigres to the USSR.
4
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on West German politics interspersed with coded messages for secret
agents.
Identifying itself as the voice of the outlawed KPD, Radio "904"
features statements by Party leaders couched in terms almost identical
with that of the radio and press of East Germany which warn of the dan-
gers of West German remilitarization. Extremely vituperative attacks
by "904" commentators on the Christian Democrats have been coupled with
appeals for united action by West German workers against the Bonn
Government; in the latter regard, treatment of the West German Social
Democratic Party has been fairly friendly whenever the latter's policies
complemented those of the Communists.
Radio "904" also stresses repeated calls for the lifting of the
ban on the KPD. On 17 August 1966 it broadcast a KPD Central Committee
on the occasion of the 10 anniversary of the ban on the Party, including
this "united front" call:
"The time has come for Social Democrats, Communists, and trade
unionists to discuss how the effects of the sole rule of the
monopolies and the incorrect economic policy of the Erhard
government can be opposed. The working class must face the
monopolies and government with an economic policy of its own."
The other clandestine broadcast to West Germany, "Deutscher
Soldatensender" (German Soldiers' Station), carries 29 hours and 10
minutes of programs a week attacking the policies of the West German
Army and NATO. Unlike the other clandestine broadcasts presumed to be
(basically nonmilitary audiences in West Europe and the Middle East,
"Soldatensehder" makes wide use of saracastic and "sexy" material
aimed at lonely and disgruntled troops in the barracks. West German
leaders have been pictured as lecherous old men and incorrigible Nazis
on these broadcasts which began in October 1960.
West German and American policies in regard to Vietnam also receive
considerable insulting and critical cc~,,ment on these broadcasts. On
27 October 1966, for instance, a commentator referred to President
Johnson's statement on the increase in U.S. troop strength in Vietnam
and concluded: "While President Johnson talks of honorable peace, his
air gansters bomb a school and kill 30 children. We ask the President:
How many children do you want to kill today?"
Broadcasts to Italy
Two parts of the same broadcast in Italian, 1TOggi in Italia"
(Today in Italy) and "Oggi nel Mondo" (Today in the World), are pre-
sented 31 hours and 30 minutes a week. Since the beginning of 1951
these programs have emanated without source identification from trans-
in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, and East Germany (which
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are also used at other times for official Satellite government broad-
casts). The "Oggi" programming style and content are designed to
create the illusion that they are official Italian broadcasts, and the
material on which they are based is apparently supplied on an up-to-
the-minute basis by Italian Communist Party sources.
The "Oggi" programs carry statements by Italian Communist Party
leaders on Italian affairs, as well as news and comment setting forth
the Soviet position on international affairs, in particular criticizing
the Rome Government's NATO-oriented foreign policies in standard terms
characteristic of Radio Moscow comment. In a broadcast on 21 Rovember
1966 "Oggi" quoted Italian Communist Party Secretary General Luigi
Longo's remarks on the election successes of the "neo-Nazis" in West
Germany. In terms similar to all the other Moscow-controlled spokes-
men, he demanded:
"It is now necessary that all democratic and antifascist forces
join their efforts to bring about a new policy which will make
Bonn understand that Italy intends to put up a firm opposition to
the Strausses and others who tread the dangerous path of nation-
alism, Pan-Germanism, and Nazism."
Since the Communist Party is legal in Italy (unlike those in
Spain, Portugal, and West Germany), "Oggi" broadcasts are generally
more restrained and sophisticated in their appeals to audiences in
Italy. They have been sufficiently inflammatory on several occasions
in the past, however, to occasion official protests by the Italian
Government to East European Satellite regimes.
The Rome daily newspaper IL GIORNALE D'ITALIA on 7 June 1958
published a long expose of the "Oggi" operations, which included this
passage:
"A division of labor in the treatment of various problems can
be noticed in the Communist invasion of the radio networks. This
presupposes the existence of an 'orchestra conductor.' Moscow,
which apparently pays the expenses of all Iron Curtain propaganda,
keeps for itself the privilege of broadcasting during the day
a series of Italian-language programs; this is followed 30 minutes
later by 'Oggi in Italia.' It seems that in Moscow there is also
a third editorial board for Radio Prague's Italian-language
programs. Its task is to deal, with certain nuances, in problems
of foreign policy. These programs are broadcast on the same
Czechoslovak wavelength as the pseudoclandestine 'Oggi nel Mondo,'
which disappears and reappears in accordance with the needs of
Communist propaganda."
Broadcasts to Greece
In March 1958 a new clandestine broadcast to Greece (and to Greek-
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speaking audiences in Cyprus), "Radioforikos Stat rhos i Foni tis
Alithias" (Voice of Truth), replaced the earlier "Radio Free Greece"
broadcasts which had been carried from 191+7 to 1948 by transmitters
Yugoslavia* and from then until 1955 by transmitters in Rumania. Today
the "Voice of Truth" is on the air for 20 hours and 10 minutes each
week, emanating from transmitters in East Germany which are also used
for other clandestine broadcasts as well as the official East German
Radio.
The "Voice of Truth" speaks for the Greek Communist Party (KKE),
publicizing its statements and pleas for legalization in much the
same way that the "904" transmissions do for the West German Com-
munist Party. A statement of the Political Bureau of the Central
Committee of the KKE, for example, broadcast on 12 October 1966
declared:
"The KKE considers it imperative to increase the efforts of the
entire political world which opposes dictatorship in order to
find, within the framework of the United Democratic Left, a
democratic way out of anomaly. In the face of the increased
danger of fascist dictatorial solutions, it is imperative that
there be agreement among all parties and all patriotic forces
which sincerely believe in the need for normal democratic progress,
for immediate elections, and for the granting of democratic
guarantees which will be carried out, primarily for the abolition
of all emergency measures and the legalization of the KKE. The
IKE calls on all democratic parties and all political figures
to rise to the importance of the occasion and their responsibili-
ties and to silence the dictatorial problamations by insisting
and imposing the democratic solution of free elections."
Broadcasts also link demands for "freedom" for Greek "democrats"
with statements concerning the need for concerted action to "free"
the Cypriot Greeks. A "Voice of Truth" program on 26 November 1966
reported a greeting message sent from the KKE to the Cyprus Communist
Party, which concluded:
"We express our firm belief that united, with the active support
of the Greek people and the help of the socialist countries
and all anti-imperialist forces, the people of Cyprus will
finally impose their will. We wish you with all our hearts,
dear comrades, success in your just and patriotic fight."
The FFree Greece" transmitters in Yugoslavia became unavailable for
the Moscow-directed clandestine broadcast "network" when this country
was expelled from the Cominform.
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Broadcasts to Turkey
At the same time in March 1958 that the "Voice of Truth" began
broadcasting attacks on the Greek and U.S. Governments, "Bizim Radyo"
(Our Radio) launched similar attacks on the Turkish Government for
its subservience to the United States. It is now heard for 21 hours
each week over the same East German transmitters that carry other
programs of this clandestine "network."
"Our Radio" attempts to conceal its Communist sponsorship,
although it does occasionally carry a Turkish Communist Party pronounce-
ent which stresses the radio's general line (similar to that of Radio
Moscow broadcasts) charging the existence in Turkey today of oppression
and economic hardship, occasionally adding to his calls for the people
to rise up against the "police state." A broadcast on 10 September 1966
carried a commentary on the 146th anniversary of the founding of the
Turkish Communist Party which included this statement:
"Today the Turkish Communist Party is in the front line of the
struggle being waged so that our people may rid themselves of the
foreign yoke, live independently, destroy American overlordship,
and establish a progressive and democratic Turkey completely
liberated from destitution, usurpation, aghas, and foreign
exploiters. The Turkish Communist Party is the most important
political organization of the working class."
A typical - incitement broadcast was carried by "Our Radio" on
11 October 1966 in a comment on the Turkish Government's action against
striking pipeline workers. It concluded:
"The progressive forces -- the workers, the intellectuals, the
youth, the May 27th Revolution officers, the Ataturkists, and
all the opposition -- are proclaiming that there is no time to
waste in establishing a united front designed to remove the
Justice Party Government from power in order to protect the May
27th Revolution by preventing the Government from implementing its
counterrevolutionary plan and by taking the necessary action to
establish such a front."
"Our Radio" also devotes broadcast time to the plight of the Kurds
in Turkey, who it claims "cannot help revolting," and to the situation
in Cyprus.
Broadcasts to Iran
Over 30 hours a week of clandestine broadcasts are beamed to
Iran, 5 hours and 15 minutes in Persian and Azerbaijani from "Seday-
e-Melli Iran" (The National Voice of Iran) and 25 hours and 40 minutes
in Persian and Kurdish from "Peyk-e Iran" (Iran Courier). The former
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has emanated since April 1959 from transmitters in the Caucasus and is
today the only Communist clandestine radio still operating from within
the Soviet Union. One of the female announcers on the "National Voice,"
incidentally, also appears on the overt Soviet radio broadcasts in
Persian for Iran emanating from Baku.
The latter, "Peyk-e Iran," was originally broadcast as an overt
program of the East German Radio International Service in 1962, and
listeners were invited to send letters with their comments about the
programs to a P.O. box in East Berlin. In 1963, however, "Peyk-e
Iran" no longer advertised its whereabouts and actually switched its
transmission facilities to Bulgaria (emanating since then from the
same clandestine transmitters which carry the "Voice of the Iraqi
People"). Listeners to "Peyk-e Iran" are now advised to send their
letters to a P.O. box in Stockholm, and on 8 September 1966 the radio
announced that readers of the Communist underground newspaper KURDISTAN
should send their letters to an address in Helsinki -- in the same way
that Radio "Espana Independiente" advises its listeners to contact it.
The "National Voice" has been much more vituperative in its
attacks on the person of the Shah than have those of the overt Persian-
language programs of Radio Moscow, but it has also tempered these
attacks whenever the Soviet Government was in the process of making
official overtures to his regime and then resumed its familar clandes-
tine broadcast pattern of virulence against him periodically whenever
Moscow-Teheran relations cooled. Similar patterns have been observed
on "Peyk-e Iran," the self-styled voice of the Iranian Tudeh (i.e.,
Communist) Party.
On 2 September 1966 the Iranian magazine TEHRAN MOSAVVAR complained
that "for the past 86 weeks three broadcasting stations belonging to
the Soviet Union and East Germany have been pouring out l1 hours of
lies daily against the nation's regime, the government, the people, and
the nation's foreign policy." But, the paper added, this "has only
earned the Soviet Communist Party and the escapee Iranian traitors the
contempt of the Iranian people and-particularly the working classes who
have been saved by the Shah's Revolution and led into an era of patri-
otism, love for the Shah, and social consciousness."*
The accusations made in TEHRAN MOSAWAR were coolly denied in
a 10 September 1966 broadcast by "Peyk-e Iran" which declared:
"TEHRAN MOSAWAR wonders why, despite the improvement of relations
* The full text of the article is attached. The magazine has linked,
incorrectly, a clandestine broadcast emanating from another country in
the Middle East with the two Communist ones; it also has not kept
abreast of the change in transmitter location site of "Peyk--e Iran."
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between Iran and the Soviet Union, no official action has been
taken to close down 'Peyk-e Iran.' The publisher of TEHRAN
MOSAVVAR knows very well that there cannot be any connection
b tween 'Peyk-e Iran' and the Soviet Government. We have repeatedly
said the 'Peyk-e Iran' belongs to the Iranian Tudeh Party and
reflects to voice of all the Iranian people."
.'"Peyk-e Iran's" listeners are supposed to believe, then, that the
opinions of the Iranian people change every time Moscow's policy changes.
Another recent reference to activities of Communist clandestine
broadcasts to Iran was contained in the CYPRUS MAIL of 27 September 1966.
The Nicosia paper noted that the "National Voice," which it described
as "operating from the Soviet Caucasus," had given further evidence of
the political character of trade with Communist countries when it
claimed that by expanding trade with Communist countries (in this case
the strange proposal of sending Iranian oil to oil-rich Rumania) Iran
could further its industrial development and win "independence from
imperialist capital."
Another broadcast on the "National Voice," subsequent to the
one noted by the Cypriot paper, was also devoted to furthering the
World Communist Movement's scheme of fostering international relations
which primarily benefit the Soviet Union and its Satellites. On
21 September 1966 the radio hailed offers of economic "cooperation"
made by Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland, and then warned:
"The Iranian landlords, who are in the service of Britain and the
United States and who are the farmers' enemies, do not want Iran's
relations to expand with the socialist countries since this would
favor the farmers. That is why all national and patriotic elements
in Iran today endeavor to repulse the opposition of the British
and U.S. imperialists and the landlords."
A broadcast on 21t November 1966 of "Peyk-e Iran" was considerably
more explicit in outlining the methods the Tudeh Party has considered
in bringing about a change in the structure of Iran:
"As to how this revolution can be staged, this can be done peace-
fully or violently, depending on the situation and the presence or
absence of democracy. If these conditions are present but at the
same time the way is closed to democratic struggle and development,
as it is now, the revolutionary forces have to resort to the
violent method of revolution."
A message to the Central Committee of the Iranian Tudeh Party
from the Central Committee of the Iraqi Communist Party (broadcast by
the "Voice of the Iraqi People" over the same Bulgarian transmitter
which carries "Peyk-e Iran") on 12 October 1966 hailed the 25th
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anniversary of the founding of the Iranian Communist group. It quite
clearly exposed the close relationships which exist in this "network"
of propaganda outlets when it declared:
"Our party, dear comrades, closely and with great interest follows
the valiant struggle of the Iranian masses against the clique of
the Shah, who is the mercenary of the imperialists, for the accom-
plishment of their full national liberation, democracy, and social
progress.... Our party appreciates your efforts to revive the
unity of the World Communist Movement on the basis of Marxism-
Leninism and the international proletariat. Our party also
appreciates your attitude of bolstering solidarity with the Soviet
Union and the other socialist countries in the common struggle
against the forces of imperialism, aggression and war, and partic-
ularly in support of the heroic people of Vietnam."
Broadcasts to Iraq
In February 1963, according to Victor Zorza of the MANCHESTER
GUARDIAN, the clandestine station which had been carrying programs
beamed to Iran began a new service in Arabic calling on the people in
Iraq to overthrow the new regime there. The broadcast coincided,
Zorza remarked, with a Moscow Radio denial that any calls for a rising
against the Baghdad Government had been made on its Arabic services.
The official Radio Moscow broadcast in Arabic on 18 February 1963 had
carried this quite unusual denial of incitement by a Soviet source:
"REUTERS, the British news agency, has again reverted to fabrica-
tion of news. Its correspondent in Baghdad alleges that the Moscow
Radio is interfering in the internal affairs of Iraq, and that it
is even calling on the Kurds to rise against the new government.
What is the purpose of these REUTERS reports? The news agency, it
appears,wants to fish in troubled waters. Certain circles in
Britain and the United States still obstinately talk about schemes
for exploiting events in Iraq in order to consolidate the positions
of the imperialists in the Near and Middle East. The provocative
allegations about what is called 'incitement' by the Moscow radio
are nothing but fabriacted, false reports which will not mislead
anyone."
The Zorza report, published on the same day as the Moscow Radio
broadcast, went on to give these details of the "Voice of the Iraqi
People" -- which is now (1966) transmitted from Bulgaria for a total
of 8 hours and 10 minutes each week:
"The denial was factually correct, for the: secret station in East
Germany is not administratively a part of the Soviet radio network.
It is operated by Middle Eastern Communists mostly as a propaganda
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vehicle for the Tudeh Party of Persia. But of late the station
has devoted itself increasingly to Iraqi affairs in its broadcasts
directed to the Kurdish tribes. Last Friday, clearly in response
to the February 8 revolt in Iraq, it instituted a service in
Arabic to repeat directly to the Iraqi people the calls it had
been making in the Kurdish language for a Kurdish rebellion against
the new regime.
"The radio quoted from an Iraq Communist Party statement announcing
that 'in the past few days the Communist Party has itself resorted
to an armed rebellion' and called on the people to do likewise in
a united front with the Communists. It claimed that the new
regime, which has institued a crackdown on Communists, 'was
confronted with the armed rebellion of the Iraq people from the
very beginning."'
Today's "Voice of Iraq" has not changed much since 1963. A
comment broadcast on 24 October 1966, for example, denounced the meeting
:field by Premier Arif the preceding week in these inciting terms:
"Arif's national conference will fail because differences in the
ruling class are increasing and the people's campaign against the
regime is widening. The people must eliminate the existing crisis
in the regime for their awn sake. For this they have to topple
this dictatorial regime and replace it with,a nationalist govern-
ment with the participation of all patriotic and anticolonial
forces."
In addition to programs concerning the need for "strengthening the
unity of Kurdish forces" in Iraq, a theme also used on both the clandes-
tine radios beamed to Turkey and Iran, the "Voice of the Iraqi People"
also lends its broadcast facilities to other Communist Parties in the
Middle East to rail on this topic. On 4 October 1966 it broadcast the
text of an article published in NIDAL ASH-SHAB, organ of the Central
Committee of the Syrian Communist Party, attacking a solution to the
Kurdish problem proposed by the Baath Party. On 22 November the
program was devoted to quoting an interview in Cairo's AKHBAR AL-YAWM
with Secretary General of the Syrian Communist Party Khalid Bakdash
who proposed a "united front" of all Arabs to work toward a goal of
"scientific socialism" -- alluding in this connection to the proven
capabilities of his party to lead a struggle against "imperialist"
forces in the Middle East.
A regular program on the "Voice of the Iraqi People" is devoted to
"Students and Youth" in the Arab World. The 17 October 1966 broadcast
discussed the situation in Yemen and concluded with this prescription
for ending the problems of the area by joining in with the efforts of
well-known World Communist Movement fronts:
12
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"The Yemeni Democratic Youth Federation expresses its strong support
for cooperation and solidarity with the youth of the great socialist
camp, which extends to Yemen all human brotherly help. The Federa-
tion's manifesto expresses close alliance with the World Federation.
of Democratic Youth and the International Union of Students. While
greeting the establishment of the Yemeni Democratic Youth Federation
we wish it steady progress in serving the causes of the Yemeni
people and youth and in struggling against imperialism and reaction
both on the local and international levels."
One answer to all this propaganda broadcast to Iraq from Bulgaria --
in terms which are equally applicable to the other countries which are
the targets of similar Communist clandestine radio propaganda -- was
given in the 2 February 1966 issue of the Iraqi newspaper AL-JUMHURIYAH
and quoted that day on Radio Baghdad. Commenting on the discovery of
arms on board a Bulgarian ship in a Lebanese port, the paper said:
"Strong friendship, good relations, and many economic and trade
ties exist between most Arab countries and Bulgaria. The Arab
countries have been eager not to let anything harm or disturb
these friendly relations. They expected Bulgaria to realize its
duty and act similarly, at least, and not to permit its country
to be used for plotting and for attacking any Arab country if it
really respected Arab friendship and sincerely wished to perpetuate
and develop it.
"The Arab countries have never interfered in Bulgaria's domestic
affairs despite the many events that took place in it during the
past few years and despite the differences in their social systems.
Why then does Bulgaria depart from convention and permit the
spreading of lies and rumors in its country against Arab countries,
including Iraq? The odd voice emanating from Bulgaria has been
defending insurgents hired by Western imperialism to serve its
interests and revive its dead influence. Does this action conform
with Bulgaria's social and political system or with relations of
friendship? If Bulgaria prefers a group of opportunist renegades
to its relations with many Arab states, it is then our opinion
that diplomatic courtesy toward such a state is out of place.
"The sons of Iraq pay no attention to what is being broadcast
from Bulgaria against their homeland. None of them heed the
blusterings of that faction broadcasting from Bulgaria, but what
provokes their feelings is the discovery of large quantities of
Bulgarian automatic weapons in Beirut, because this constitutes
an intentional encroachment against t1e security and peace of
this area and an open adoptation of imperialist plans. It is
inconceivable that Bulgaria is not aware of the dispatch of these
arms or their intended receivers, why this particular time has been
chosen for their dispatch, and who is to be the target.
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"It can only be said that the Bulgarian weapons were intended for
criminals and that Bulgaria cooperated with imperialism and
entered a race sponsoring joint crime, fully aware tha'tthis arms
shipment -- there could be other shipments as well -- will render
the Arabs very cautious in their relations with Bulgaria. If
Bulgaria had been sincere and really harbored goodwill and friend-
ship, it would not have permitted this poisonous broadcasting
station to continue functioning in its country and would not have
permitted the dispatch of these weapons while being aware of
their intended purpose and destination. We have the right to
ask: What of communist principles, ideologies, and theories in
the light of such cooperation with imperialism? We assure Bulgaria
that pretenses and inconstancy cannot change the logic of facts
and proofs which reveal hidden intentions and objects."
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CPYRGHT
NEW YORK TD %S CPYRGHT
5 November 1966
CPYRGHT' Criticism of Party Rule Led to Pole's Ouster
By HENRY KAl1IDI
specfsl to The New'rork Times
WARSAW, Nov. 4---The speech
tha e to the expulsion from
,.the Communist party last week
of. Leszek Kolakowski, the ? phi
osopher, was a profound crit
clam of how the party is gove
big Poland, reliable sources hay
reported.
It was delivered at a meetin
at the University of Warsa
during which a number of st
.dents gave voice to politic
discontent, presumably enbol
cued by Professor t{olako
ski's opening speech, the source
said.
Party authorities are said t
have demanded university di
ciplinary action against 14 st
dents, six on charges that migh
lead to their expulsion.
The dean of the history face
ty is reported to have decline
to take such measures agains
the six students under his juris
diction who were involved.
Professor Kolakowski's oust
er from the party, which ? h
Joined as a youth, has not bee
announced, and he has remaine
unavailable for comment
Reached by telephone tonight
his wife said she thought he
husband did not wish to discus
the matter.
i marked Anniversary
The occasion for the meeting
which took place on Oct. 2
/was the 10th anniversary of th
"little revolution" of October
119513, when some political free
doors were gained.
According to the account
Professor Makowski told th
students and faculty member
who jammed the lecture ha
that there was not reason to eel
ebrate the anniversary, despit
'the gains made 10 years earlier
where 1s still no genuine demo
cratic freedom in Poland, he I
reported to have declared.
Advances were made in 195
to Have Found the Regime
Wanting in Last Decade
1 houcf ' talk brought a ' Wave of
applause and was followed by>
speeches by a number of stu-',
dents that were far less phiio
sophical and measured. I
Faculty officials who su-
o ze - the mee n were re-
n the way Poland selects her
eaders, he said, and the right
o free assembly and public
ritlcism are greatly circum-
crlbed.
The consequences are grave,
he 39-year-old philosopher is
aid to have declared, since such
onditions make for a ruling
roup that is inefficient and do-
old of a sense of, responsibility
o the people.
These who have the responsi-
ility for making things work
n Poland are frustrated by
hose who provide political
cadership, he said. The lack of
real relationship between the
xperts and administrators and
he party leaders is destructive
or the country, Professor Ifo-
akowskl is said to have told
is quiet and attentive audi-
nce.
Notes Rise In Education
He said that the Communist
overnment had achieved a ma-
or success in assuring univer-
al public education. But he cri-
rassed by debate on an unsche-
duled resolution demanding
the release from prison of two
Communists from the univer-
sity, jailed last year for eirculat?
log papers critical. of condi-
tion? lit Poland.
They hors KArol Modzelewski,
an instructor, and Jacck Ko -un,,
a graduate student. They are
serving . terms Of ? three ~'arld A
half and three years, respeos
tiveiyj ...
Resolution Proposed. ,
Another student was said to'
have proposed that the audience
adopt as a resolution quotation
from 1956 speeches by Wlady-
slaw Gomulka, first secretary
of the United Workers (Com-?
munist) party, pledging politi-
cal and cultural freedom. Still.
another student was reportedly.
to have called on older men toj
step down from leadership of
the country.
The meeting ended after three
and a hilf hours. Cooler heads
ampered creative work in the'taken on the critical resolu-
umanitics. ! tions.
Some progress has been made) But a meeting at the univer-
n literary freedom, he is re-
orted to have said, but in lit-
rary criticism, sociology and
odern history the situation
as worsened. The theater, too,
e said, is hampered by restric-
ions. A recent play of his Is
aid to have been kept from the
Cage.
The constitution aid criminal
aw of Poland still, leave room
or harsh and arbitrary applica-
ion, Professor Kolakowski
aid, although he conceded that
uch cases occurred far less fre-
uently than before 1956.:
According to the informants,
rofessor Kolakowski's hhlf-
Professor Kolakowski concede ,
but the political liberty of
poles remains severely restrict
led. There has been no change
sity last t night indicated that
the issues raised at the Oct.
21 meeting continue to excite
a number of students.
A lecture on the problems
of the world Communist move-
ment by a prominent Com-
munist editor was turned Into
a debate on a question period
that followed.
Mieezyslaw Rakowski, editor
of the weekly Polltyka and a??
alternate member of the patty's
Central Committee, fobn+i him-
self in the unexpected position
of having to reply to critical
political speeches In. the fornt
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5 December 1966
IDEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AT HUNBOLDT UNIVERSITY
In reporting a 18 October meeting of the party organization, the
31 October issue of the Humboldt University party newspaper clearly.
indicates the continued existence of ideological problems at the
East Berlin university. It says: "Class education of students must be
strengthened and high academic results attained. Although progress has
been made in the political-ideological education of students, the basic` _
analysis has clearly shown that a real basic change in political education'
at our university has not yet been carried out. As Horst Schumann
said at the 13th Central Committee plenum: the thinking and action of
all students must be based upon the following four theses; namely, that
the GDR is my state, that-the BED is my party, that West German
imperialism... is my enemy, and that the Soviet Union is ttMv best friend.
When we reflect upon these four questions as the important ideological-
political criteria of class education, then we can see that an actual
'change has certainly not been attained in.,regard to this. The
university party secretary during the meeting,. outlined the causes for
defects existing in political-ideological education and said that party
members must set the example in progress in this regard, that greater
personal support of the party must be developed among party members,
and that faculty organizations must promote political training of its
members." He also made clear that "complex socialist rationalization"
at the university clearly included improvement in political education.
and persuasion. The concluding speaker at the meeting said that "the
13th plenum set the task precisely before the party organization of
Humboldt University, to attain a visible change especially in the
class education of students by the Seventh Party Congress. These
changes can only be attained if the fighting force of the party
organization is essentially increased and if every individual party
member completely fulfills his responsibility. All signs of petit-
bourgeois thinking and ways of living must be decisively opposed in
basic party organizations and groups."
Similar criticism was leveled against the FDJ (Free German Youth)
at Leipzig University in the 20. October issue of this university's
party newspaper which said that the FDJ group in the social science
faculty had given only cursory attention to the statements at the
13th plenum, that party members were not taking the lead in FDJ
.groups and did not have the knowledge necessary for attaining
political-ideological influence among the students.
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EDITORIAL C1]E8 YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM -- Warsaw, Zycie Warzawy
Estimates show that each year there are about 2009000 youths from
small towns and settlements who are not in school and are not employed.
This phenomenon occurs for the most part in the economically Underdeveloped
wo jewodytwos. It.-is also worth adding that of this group 'a large
portion are youths. who have not completed their primary school education,
as well as a portion who have already been in trouble with the law,.
There are various reasons why these yoUT1u people find thl-m elvca
in such a, sit'ction. Outside of subjective reason,;; such as personal
frivolity and disregard for educational importance, one can mention such
factors as; for example, shortage of space in secondary schools and basic
vocational schools, the flight from congested rural 'arms, the reluctance
of factories to train and employ girls., and finally the lack of skill
in adapting to a specified norm of social coexistence. To fill these
needs of youth groups, the Volunteer Work Groups (Ochotniczo Ilu ce Pracy)
were formed to offer opportunities of gaining employment and a profession.
Presently, nearly 200 of those work groups are in operation through-
out the country, training about 6,000 youn people for professions. At
the beginning of 1966, more than 10,000 youths, had already obtained
'basic vocational qualifications in this isauner?. The most significant
1 development of such work groups is being demonstrated in the f'olluwin,
wouewodztwos: Krakow ,Warsaw, Zielona Gora, Lodz and Wroclaw. The
most numerous group of. Young participants in these groups work in
.enterprises subject to the ministries of heavy industry and construction.
Interest in youth who are out of school and are uneurployed is not
adequately Great everywhere. Iii contradistinction to the wojewudztwo
ZiiE directorates operating in the cibuve-thontioncd areas, the Olsztyn
and the Gdansk directorates do rn.o- show proper concern for these uffaira .
The work groups for the youths are divided into "boarding" groups,
that is Croups comprised of youths 'cho tuko up their residence in the
locality in which the work group is in operation, and into percmancnb
groups with quarters. In both div .uionj, - all increase in the salary
rates in the Volunteer Work Groups to 6U0 zloty per month has increased
the attractiveness. of the prograim.
The principal aim of the Work groups is educational activity.
These work groups look upon their task as nob only the formation of a
prosper ratio of education and. wort;., Lab also the formation of dCF:ialaibe
pa't;terns for organizing free time, th vulop:i.ng self -control, and
tti
f
l
ti
fi
i
te a
..
ortsu
ahg; de
n
tudes
a
The development of the work grc j:o for young; people still faces
many difficulties. Businecscs and associations which rely on rather
-vague recommendations by a minisi:;r,~r often do not perceive the economic
and social benefitrsarising from activities of these work groups. A
particularly unfavorable sitaxatioi is pound in enterprises subject to
the Committee for SEnall-Scale lnduat,r, and the Central Union of Work
Cooperatives. Moreo;e:,r,, a tendency to cicployces entirely for pro-
duction p,,urposes, without then a chance to obtain even minimum
qualifications, is ueing ooser,q'ed in cons-6r uctlon entorpriseu.,
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5 December 1966
YOUTH SEEKS A HERO ; A POLL OF POLISH YOUTH
/Following is a translation of an article by Jozef Lipiec in
the Polish-language publication Zycie Literackie (Literary Life),
Krakow, No 45, 6 November 1966, pages 1,2_!
The poll I am reading does not aim at depicting a full system of
youth attitudes. The survey was made during the past academic year among
students of almost all departments providing day programs at the Mining
and Metallurgy Academy. Questions were mainly asked of-first year and
!fifth year students who were either beginning or completing a new courser
"Fundamentals of Political Sciences."
In the wealth of presented data, I shall select answers related to
the question: "Who is your hero ?" I have confidence in such broadly formu-
lated . questions. Although drawing correct conclusions from a list of lite-
.rary or movie heroes is much more difficult than deriving generalizations
from pre-set patterns by which the investigator carefully circumscribes the
range of an answer.
The questiont9'Who is your real life hero ?" was answered by the overwhel-
ming majority of students with: John Fitzgerald Kennedy! Next came, in des-
tending ordert Gagarin and de Gaulle (1), John XXIII and Karl Marx. Many
saw their "real life heroes" among their closest relations: parents, brothers;
.a few girls mentioned their boy-friends. Others answered Stalin, Khrushchev,
"unknown partisans," Army engineers, and the fighting Vietnamese. But that
is the end of the list.
Let us realize what it meanst Young Polish students studying at a
difficult university in 1966, i.e., those who in a few or a dozen years
will hold key positions in State economy, i.e., the future technocrats who seem
so alarming to our lofty esthetes, acclaim as their ideal an intellectual
President who was not afraid of undermining the holy dogmas of his own so-
ciety and paid for his courage with his life; an old General for whom the
the fear of spaces the first Pope for whom the wordst "Love Thy neighbor"
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.really meant a policy of love for'the fellow-man; the first thinker who
derived the essence of man from his action, and who, by his own action,
started the vast process of world metamorphosis. I must frankly confess:
it is an imposing group by the sheer weight of the names; but why were these
.names chosen, and not others. Is it good, or bad ?
Let us continue our investigation. The "literary" hero is...Kmicic,
.followed, especially among girls, by Dr. Judy (boys obviously like him less).
.Not much behind come: Robert Jordan, Martin Eden, Rafal Olbromski and "pan's
Wolodyjowski. The main movies and television heroes area Templer, Kildare,
Captain Klos, Jean Marais, and John Wayne. When we add the preferred authorst
Hemingway, Sienkiewicz, Zeromski, and Steinbeck, in that order -- the picture
becomes rather clear. According to this poll, youth like and admire straight-
forward young men, with powerful muscles and a high spirit, but also men
who want to do something, who do something, and who accomplish something.
Incidentally, we may, note here that the young readers' demand for high-spiri-
ted literature and modern heroes obviously is not met by the fare offered
by the Polish present writers. A few of them, in a rather haphazard way,
appear at the bottom of statistical tables. Does this mean that these students
do not read our post-war literature, or that they'do not like it ? Each of
their answers, apparently directed to-an anonymous question, actually bears
on our responsibility.
When we compare these imaginary heroes with the real life heroes we
reach the conclusion that actually they have something in common, based on
the needs of youth (and therefore "conTion" to all)t All these heroes are
doers. It is true that a comparison between Kmicic and nennedy, or Marx and
Martin Eden, is rather nonsensical, but if we replace them in their appro-
priate fields, adjust the right proportions, and take into account the imma-
turity of the subjects, we shall obtain a similar character of sustained
activity, for which.-..youth are looking with such a determination. In
.addition, we notice that "life" constitutes for them a richer and more
direct source of ideals (already popularized by the mass media information)
than literature and, in more general terms, art. Concrete evidence prevails
.over literary fiction. Obviously a consciously experienced reality today
can sometimes replace art in one of its major functionst idealization and
creation of ideals.
Extraordinary results were obtained in the part of the survey asking
the students (those who did not yet take "political courses") to demonstrate
.a certain familiarity with political matters. Out of the 734 first year
students, i.e., those who had just completed their secondary education (65 %
coming from regular high schools), only 45 % were able to give correct
answers about Polish regime, Constitution, organization of the State, etc,
For example, 273 said that the "Chief of the State" is the Sejm, others named
the CC.of PZPR or Wladyslaw Gomulka. To the questiont "What is the function
of..," - a) Wladyslaw Gomulka -- there were 18 blanks and 2 wrong answers;
b) Edward Ochab -- 43 blanks and 24 wrong; c) 1: Loga Sowinski -- 109 blanks
and 80 wrong.
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Equally significant is a comparison between various answers given to
questions probing the knowledge of international political problems. It
appears indeed that Polish students know much better the party situation
and politics in the USA and Great Britain than in...West Germany. When asked
about the main political parties and the party in power, about 8o % ave
correct answers for the USA, about 78 % for Great Britain, but only 5 96 for
West Germany, including the low 15 % who gave complete answers (also highest
percentage of unanswered questions). Among the wrong answers, some claimed
that a "fascist party" or, surprisingly, the. "NSDAP" was the ruling party
in West Germany; but they were rather rare. The question: "Why does Poland
not have diplomatic relations with West Germany ?"' was answered exactly only
by 82 students,.330 knew the answer "more or less," 120 did not answer, and
450 gave wrong answers.
The conclusions are thought provoking. To state them-in the mildest
forms our students (i.e., our future intellectuals) do not know enough about
their own country and its neighbors. Actually, they cannot be suspected of
lacking interest in political matters since they are relatively well informed
about the situation in overseas countries. And this is an important problem
because it is basically related to the capital issue of our societyt How to
form conscious patriots and citizens of a State involved in building socia-
lism.
We launched a powerful ideological offensive in that direction, un-
fortunately only in some universities because of a lack of personnel. The
first results are very encouraging. After taking the semester course "Funda-,
mentals of Political Sciences," even.girls (even those who, like a large
city high school graduate, answered: "Paris Commune" to the questions "Who
issued the 1944 July Manifesto?") are able logically and intelligently to
make a fruitful synthesis out of the heterogeneous elements of modern poli-
tical science, and carry out value. judgments. The Mining and Metallurgy
Academy, one of the leading universities involved in this experiment, will
provide its students during the current academic year with the following
related courses% first year -- "Fundamentals of Marxist Philosophy," second
and partly third year -- "Political Economy," third year -- "Organization
and Sociology of Labor," and fourth year -- "Fundamentals of Political
Sciences." And when: we are asked: "Why do they need all that?" -- we answer=
It is our wish and a matter of necessity that knowledge of man and the world,
the so-called mature and universal social consciousness, be spread out among
the population as a whole, so as to deprive esoteric sects or academic and
literary clans from the monopoly on "political wisdom." Cultural revolutions
take place among people and not on banners.
In politics, the great sin is the belief in mechanism, and plain
stupidity causes submission to a mechanism. Since educational cqncepts and
their implementation add up to a policy, it is high time to begin discussing
their effectiveness. Indeed, if the ethical and civic theoretical content
of the new subject "Civics" introduced in the terminal classes of elementary
schools is not concretely'embodied in a real and honest educational process,
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there is little doubt that our schools will train a large percent of cynical
youth who are provided with knowledge but not with the desire to accomplish
anything. Decent citizens are formed in households and/sohools which know
how to create and sustain a positive attitude toward one's own and other
people's labor. Whicl} obviously by no means implies that social habits should
not be systematically,raised up to the level of. social consciousness, nor
that all sorts of ideological subjects taught on all levels of school edu-
;cation do not play an important role. Nevertheless, we must not equate the
.words, however well inte'ritioned, with the concrete education.
Therefore we cannot and we must not believe in the mechanical educa
tional effectiveness of ideological courses which exist"or develop in our
universities and polytechnical institutions. A few days ago I listened to
the fascinating story of successive chairmen of the Polish Students Associa-
tion in a certain university. This story of embattled factions using all
available means. in their fighting, attractive vacation spots preemptied by
the leaders and their girl-friends, a shameless cutting of classes (for the
sake of "action"), examinations postponed for several (1) years -- could
serve as an amusing background for some witty farce, if it only were not
true. And if its occurrence in certain.microcosms did not teach our youth
to show the same attitude in the real society. Besides, who can measure the
total social damage resulting from a permanent demoralization caused by the
"action" of irresponsible people ? I spoke to an assistant at one of our
universities, and he saidt "I was told that comrade N. will manage both
his studies and his social work, and if he is not up to the standards, well,
he will learn with time." Similar news have reached me from other institu-
tions and from other sources. Here and there we still believe in the idea,
inherited from the times when only survival counted, that it is more impor-
tant to know how to push ahead than to show true character. It is easy to
forget that we destroy our educational goals when we underestimate (or run
down) the value of work. A contradiction between the words and the deeds..
cannot be. camouflaged.
The political stereotypes prevailing among students cover the whole
range of ideas accessible to youth. Awakening the mind and the humanistic
outlook during, say, philosophy lectures, and teaching the knowledge of the
world during classes in political sciences, contribute in an essential way
to the formation of the youth's worldview4
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 CPYRGHT
November 1965
Diary of North 'Vietnarn'Soldie'i
Is ci Story of Si1fering in Lcios
By Richard Halloran ie ami y. Heart rou e. i a was the last entry.-
w.entnreon Poet scare WOW men were split ifito three Above sky cloudy. Nguyen Khanh was c a v
CI t
d
ur ass II in a 168th . loin Pathet Laq units in whole day, raining continu- about 11 o'clock that night.,
Mortar Regiment of ? the battle. Nguyen 's group ously-c o 1 ii-everything Is In We back of his note
North Vietnamese army un- moved toward the village of ., , damp--mosquitoes are bit- book were a few military
til he was captured In a 'Phou Song Nol. training notes and a poem:
battle near Paksane, Laos, in Excerpts from his note- Ing , very u n h a p p y'~ur- "At last young girl be'
roundings covered by cloud g g
September, 1964. ? book,as he wrote It, tell his waves resembling the Ice Of away from me, I am =still,
His diary is part of the story: the North Pole. Heart very young -? girls' are not lack.
record compiled by the July 7-Spent the night in in u c h disturbed , because Ing In the world. I' am a-
International Control Com- forest. Collection of arms at thinking too much of the f t g h t~e r, I have . 8 strong
11 o'clock as well as gre? heart;'!
mission to document the nice native village.
"sues and a m m u n i < < o n
Srl~~>~efta3 units to, Aug. 15-Ambush the '' tured by Royal Lao Force
h
'
uncooked rice. Continuous September the battle In,
-agreements. The report was rain day and night-highly which he was captured be
made available by the Cana? flooded road - everywhere gan to take shape, He wrote:
dian Embassy here yester? ?
there is water-traffic diffi? Sept. 9-The whole day it.
day. cult. Plane ... rained, fighters arrive,'
Nguyen Khanh's notebook,., July 11-Departure In the many planes. Enemy has in-;
simply written, tells what it'' morning, through bombed : , tention to. launch attack' on
Is like to be a 19-year-old place - difficult-toilsome- i us. Whole day digging
farm 'kid away from home, tired ... . trenches, hunger, tired,:
and fighting a war he does July 12 -Arrived at the thirst-. Had to swallow salt o
not understand. . _ ,' river. Rest. Took bath-,. to forget hunger, thirst.
Nguyen comes 'from Phu washing of clothing. Eating Bay (another soldier) has,
The Province,' up the Red. rice .with h a n d--unboiled got some rice, a small ball,.
River from Hanol, where he- water and dry fish are the . rice cooked for a long time,
lived with his father and' main food of the fighting stinking like,, cat's excre-
younger sister. Ills mother man In Laos. ,' ment.
.
presence of North Viet- '
Raining heavily-very diffi- Late ? In August, Nguyen
namese troops in Laos in
violation of the 1962 Geneva cult to prepare rice--eating moved again and in early .
Is dead and three other sis-
ters are married.
have passed without having
a little vegetable or -soup,
Nguyen, who has a sev- always eating tinned food
enth grade education, was and dry fish.
conscripted on Feb. 29, 1964.., July 16-Evening surprise
But' he ?yas only partly attack-pushing back the
trained before he and 100 enemy, friend without loss
soldiers. were sent to Laos. -sad-enjoying alone.
He told an ICC interrogator July 18-Return to defen-
that he- had not been given sive position. Very tired--
an army serial number be. pain in leg-impossible to
cause "I was ordered to , eat-thinking of family.
move out quickly without July 25-Arrival in vii-