(SANITIZED)WORLD COMMUNIST AFFAIRS(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03061A000400050005-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 49
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2012
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: August 1, 1967
• Content Type: REPORT

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ument Denied
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World-wide
Perspectives
15 August - 20 Years ofi Indian Independence
50X1-HUM
3 September -South Vietnamese Generaa Elections
7 November - 50th Anniversary of Bolshevik Revolution
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pY pp
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ument Denied
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Principal Developments in World Communist Affairs
(to 20 July 1967)
1. Rumania, which had attended the 9 June Moscow summit of 7 European
Communist states on the Arab-Israeli conflict but refused to sign the
joint statement blaming Israel and which refused to join them in break-
ing relations with Israel, does not participate in and publicly ignores
an 11-12 July follow-up meeting of the others in Budapest. (Meanwhile,
large Soviet deliveries of military hardware to the Arab states since the
June debacle went far toward replacing the material lost.) In the in-
terim, Moscow announced (7 July) that its Marshal Yakubovsky is the new
Warsaw Pact military commander, after the post had remained vacant 3
months following Marshal Grechko's accession to the deceased Malinovsky's
job as Soviet Defense Minister: it has been reported that the delay was
due largely to Rumanian and Polish proposals that the post be rotated
among Pact members. By 15 July, correspondents in Moscow and The Hague
(where a Rumanian delegation made a 5-day visit) report rumors that
Rumania plans to announce a phased withdrawal from the WP at its
next parliamentary session. Also, on 5 July Rumanian Premier was
reported holding secret talks with Chinese leaders in Peking, although
there has not been any acknowledgment of his visit thus far.
2. Cuba: bars Yugoslav participation in the forthcoming LASO confer-
ence; becomes the first country to designate an ambassador to the NFLSV
(its ambassador accredited to Cambodia is the man and carries its
first media attack on the Colombian CP (in a 21 June PRENSA LATINA
summary of an article from the Mexican journal SUCESOS, based on author
Rodriguez' visit with the Castroite Colombian ELN).
3. An 11 July Soviet announcement that CC Secretary Shelepin had been
downgraded to succeed Grishin as Trade Union boss -- following the ouster
in June of Moscow Party chief Yegorychev, whom Grishin replaced, and
in May of security police chief Semichastny -- brings press speculation
by Kremlinologists on a widenin s lit in the hierarch between the
hard-liners and the moderates or the "hawks" and the doves"), with
these three removals signifying further strengthening of control by
the moderates.
~+. There was no apparent change in the chaotic churning of Mao's "cul-
tural revolution" in China. A 1 July RED FLAG editorial on the 1+6th
anniversary of the CCP draws attention in its claim that the acknowledged
leader of the opposition, Liu Shao-chi ("the top party person taking
the capitalist road") had been "exposed and overthrown," -- but it
appears that this did not refer to any specific development and that
Liu still holds his position as nominal chief of state. The ChiComs
further complete their international isolation as Red Guard arrogance
among Chinese students in Rangoon precipitates Burmese clashes, demon-
strations, and anti-Chinese riots, -- to which Peking retaliates with
(Cont.)
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the usual mass demonstrations at t;he Burmese Embassy, stern d:emands~, --
and transmittal via NCNA of a call from the outlawed Burmese CP for the
Burmese people to rise up and overthrow the Ne Win go^Jernment~. Similar
violence on a smaller scale is precipitated by ChiCom propaganda activ-
ities in Nepal. The c1PSh with tYie formerly friendly Burmese Govez?nment
brings a major blow to Chinese propaganda capabilities as the pro-Peking
Communist daily LUDU in Mandalay -- the leading newsp~s.per in mid-Burma,
with an estimated circulation of 8,000, anal the sourcf~ of mar.~y items
which. the Peking press has replayed to show "Burmese .support'" for t;he
Maoist line -- was closed down 8 ~TUly by govt refusal to renerw its
publication permit.
5. While Chinese and Soviet media continue to carry ]wavy rercrimir.~a-
tions, PRAVDA on 19 July carries the most detailed account yet of
border incidents between the two in a report by senior writer Simor.~ov
following a trip along the Amur River border.
6. The Soviet-urged call for a world CP meeting is again endorsed in a
joint communique covering a ~+-10 July visit of a French CP delegati.on
in Prague.
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FOR BACKGROUND August 1967
USE ONLY
USSR "RADIO PEACE AND PROGRESS" PROGRAMS
Mandarin-language broadcasts of the.USSR's "Radio Peace and
Progress,".the purportedly unofficial radio station sponsored bj~ Soviet
public organizations, were increased on 10 July from 31.5 hours to
5~.5 hours weekly.
With the 1 July expansion of programming in Radio Peace:and~Progress
transmissions in Hebrew/Yiddish, the total weekly broadcast time of
"Radio Peace and Progress" has now reached 92 hours. The transmissions
continue to be heard in eight languages. Creole; English, French,
Hebrew, Mandarin, Portuguese, Spanish, and Yiddish.
The inception of Radio Peace and Progress was announced by TASS
in July 196+. The station was first intercepted on 1 November 196+ in
a half-hour program in Spanish, repeated the same evening, with both
transmissions announced for Latin America. These programs were broad-
cast on frequencies formerly used to transmit a Spanish-language
broadcast of the .official Radio Moscow.
On 16 April 1965 Radio Peace and Progress inaugurated broadcasts
in Portuguese, beamed to Brazil for a half-hour daily. This program
also replaced a Radio Moscow Portuguese-language program.
After continuing without program or transmission changes for
18 months, Radio Peace and Progress instituted five new services on
10 November 1966 -- in French for Central America, Asia, and Africa
and in English for Asia and Africa. The new Peace and Progress
programs in French i'or Central America and for Asia replaced Radio
Moscow programs for those audiences. But the new transmissions in
French to Africa did not displace existing Radio Moscow broadcasts,
and only one of the new English-language transmissions (to Africa)
displaced a Radio Moscow program:
Radio Peace and Progress inaugurated daily broadcasts in Mandarin
on 1 March this year -- an original 30-minute program repeated three
times. Three of the four transmissions displaced Radio Moscow Mandarin-
language programs. A succession of increases in the Mandarin broadcasts
by Radio Peace and Progress has brought the total to 15 daily 30-minute
programs. Comprising two original programs and a total of 13 repeat
transmissions.
Observations after 10 July showed the latest increase in Radio
Peace and Progress programs in Mandarin was exactly counterbalanced by
a reduction in Radio Moscow's Mandarin-language transmissions, with no
cont.
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net change in the total tra:~smissions in Mandarin. from the USSR. Thus
the USSR's total time on the air in Mandarin -- via Radio Moscow and
Radio Peace and Progress, taken together -- remains 182 hours a week.
Apart from 10.5 hours a week over Radio Moscow in. Mandarin to Southeast
Asia, all of these broadcasts are for listeners in China. The Radio
Peace and Progress broadcasts, totaling 52.5 hours a week, now const i
tute nearly one-third of the USSR's output to China, illustrating the
trend toward increasing use of this self--styled unofficial radio
channel.
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1
IDT'
C~~UL,~ 1B~u~'~'!;, ?L'~II.~1~i~S:E4~i~'~
'~'~'aJ'~N`Il'p~h~~? ~'fl' r~ L.~ 1'~~'g'd'~
Le gEnc't-ai do C.aullc cst rentrE hicr aprr^a-midi de
eau voyago ~ ITonn, laissant auz esEgbtes allemands
1'examrn d`unc declaration falto is vcilla an eEanco
plEniere et qui est plulLt une version EdulcorEe d'un
ihc'mo largcment traite Bans ses conferences do presse
qne I'annoncc d'un changement qucicamque Bans les
positions de i'Elysce (volt ci-dessous).
En Clair, Ics U.S.A., s devenus la plus grande pals-
sance'mondiale -, out une tendance naturelle .h ezer-
ccr Icur hEg@manie. Le gFncral de Gaulle veut bicn
admettre qu'il n'epronve pour ecur s nt hostilitE, nl
svers[on ~, cc quo ccrtiins developpements recents ne
conk pas sans d&ncntir, quetque pev... En tout cos; it
Taut reslsler b cette hegemonic. L'Europe des Siz dolt
' garden sa s pcrsonnalitE rationale s ; olio me dolt pas
+c se disloquer dins un ~ systeme atlantique s ; olio
dolt ~ poursuivrc une politique de dEtentc avec 1'Est,
hT. Conve de hlurville a explique A 1'O.R.T.1?., hicr
tsotr, nu71 n'y avast K ricn de nouvcaa ~- daps ics propos
tarsus par le genFral de Gaullo. C'est nn fait. S'il a
-tact aux Allemands la grace d'atfirmer ~ qu'il ne
aouhaitait pas quc ics Americains s'cn aillent d'F.u-
rope a -France exceptee, Bien entendu - !! n'a ricn
cEde snr la Grande-Bretagne qut, scion la pensEe de
I'>;tystc; ~ntrainerait la Commi,maute des a Siz s dons
-cot lnacceptabic s systeme atlantique s.
? L'insistance avec laqucllc le gen@ra1 de Gaulle a
. parfE de la necessaire reunification de 1'Allemagno
Iatsscra songcar Efoscoa, qui avast pu entrevoir un
ieglcmcnt curopF.cn i1 fondcmvnts iranco-sovletiqucs.
La R.b.A. nest pas pros d'etre?reconnue. Or, I'U.R.S.S.
ticnt esscntlcllcuwnt dson czistence, as point du reste
,quc I'ou nc panic memo plus en R.F.A. de cello reurti-
fication. Le gLmbral de Gaulle est-il an fond do lut-
memc sl convainca de cette nEcessitE ? On peat en
doutcr sFricuscment. 1lfais, daps sa volontE do mcncr
une politique t ind?:pendante des blocs ?, le prEsident
de la Itcpuhlique est fora de : tenlr deuz fete su tcu n.
Cet Equllibrc ticnt du prodige et peat darer, >ti condl-
cholslr entre Puna des deuz faces de Janus.
Les Alleaands m?dlteront d'autrc part sar cette
idle do ~uvegardcr la ~ personnal[tE de i'Europc des
Six s. ~'lmage est toutc nouvelle, et inspIrEe awns
aucun Joule par le dt;sir d'en Ecarter t'Angleterre. Jus-
qu'd prEaent, le PrEsident de to Republique EnnmE-
iait plus volontiers 3es aiz ? personnalitEs rationales ?
des pays de la C.E.E. et sc,aouciait comme d'nne
gulgne de Ia creation dune scale pcrsonnalitE, ce qui
bicn aC~r avppose 1'intEgratlon. L'Elysee west dEcou-
Vert dci rnlsons do a joupR 1R jcu d Biz a. I! a Etb
,contirrriE quo }a Farancc gnv~sage avec favour ~q tenuo
~1.'uq nouvea? id,Ifl~me{y,.;,,,d?~ Six avant iq f~n de
I'anns:e, qui ger~ ";ans aucnn,doufe assez compromis
s'il esl memo. rgfps?, ~. ja ~,~r~nde-fretagne la posst-
bilitE de n[gocier !1 Bruxelles.?
Le chancelier Kiesinger s'esf, en Eout cos, estimE
`trbs satlsfait de,.ces Longs, entretiens ou it a pu avoir
- apri!s coop -nne ezpiication detalllee des raisons
de la politique tranpaise au proche-OrIcnt. Cola dit, la
France ne revendra pas ana Allemands fEderauz le
p8trole des Arabcs...
~ Les rbsultads concreks, da reste, soot assez minces
on crEcra nne commission commune pour d6veloppet
k1a coopEration Economigne, industrieile et technoio-'
glque entre les deuz pays. Bonn sera done en com-
pEtition avec Moseon... ;on designers, en France eom-
me en R.F.A., une pcrsonnalitE chargee do coordon-
ner les travaua de la commission interminist6rielle
prEvue par le traitE de 1963 ; enfin, on elaborera une
Etude sun "la situation politico-straREgigae dons les
nnnEes 70, vue sons I'angte de la sbcurltE europEenne.
Tout cola est biers matgre et de nature ~ masgner le
vide habituel de cos dEplacements spectaculaires. Une
desillasion sApplcmentaire attendait M. Messmer
~coatraint anz Economies, Bonn n'achbterait plus quo
;50 Transall an lieu des 100 prEvus. An reste cot avion
est encore sar le papier, et ii a'aara peat-bare pas
an mcilleur `sort qae fen I'avlon franco-brltannlgae i
gEometrie vartablc.... Et pourtant, M. Coave de hfur-
.v111e a sonlignE hicr gn'ii etalt possible de di:veloppcr
'davantage la coopEration Economigne et technologique
franco-allemande...
De tout ccla, one chose deroeure clalre le FrEsl-
dent de is Rbpublir_ue essaie touJours de detacher
Bonn des Anglals et des Americalns. II cullive pour
la R.F.A. sae amitiE qui roadrait titre exciaslve et ll
tion des plus hypothctignes. Penscz-vows, dlront de
nombreaz Allemands, 1'obten[r de hioscou Y Non, biers
sar. Lt,cBtE le plus positii de son lntervcnUon n'side
tinalement Bans ce aoutien apportE it la politique de
dEtente avec I'Est poursalRie par. hi. Brandt. i! reste.
fvidemment beancoup it faire,
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WASHINGTON POST
18 July 1967
? ,~- - ;
~y Soviets I~-k Irulia
By Warren Unna
~ Wnehineton Past Fnrelttn 8crvicm
NEW DELHI-The Indlan~pll along and Glaring the elec
government has issued a se- ttons she and Congress Party
ties of protests against un?president Kumaraswami I.a-
friendly broadcasts by Radio maraj were _ referred to as,
Peace and Progress, whose. "progressives."
transmitter is in Soviet Uzbek-,'. __,____ ~ _,_ _,
r Three Soviet stations were; days, according to India's own
xt~amed: Radio Moscow, Radio monitoring station in 1:he.
Tashkent and the clandestine Simla Hill station, seem to em?
Radio Peace and Progess,, phasize India's internal unrest.:
which has been beaming out' The United States and I;he
unflavorable news about India West often ale coupled with.
on its hour and a half after-~ the criticism of India's reac-;
noon program since last July., tionaries. Ambassador Chester
Indian officials acknowledge' Bowles, the Peace Corps and
that the Rustsians first started' the Central Intelligence;'
showing signs of thinking that', Agency get: frequent mention?
Prime Minister Indira Gan- One of the most embarrass-
dhi's government was becorn-' ing things for India in this
ing too "reactionary" the thoroughly awkward situation
month before, following In-'~ is that Pakistan newspapers
dia's June 6, 1966 decision to: have been picking up some of
devalue her rupee currency in. the Russians' anti?I^ndian
accordance with recommenda-. broadcasts- and ,delightedly
tio~n by the World Bank. ~; printing articles- o~ what In-~
The broadcasts mounted in die's own friends .are saying
frequency and vitriol wihh the ~ about her. ~ : ?:-," ,
approach of India's general
elections. Mrs.. Gandhi has;
.been exempted from criticism;
The protests were confirmed( But three other Congress
in Parliament the other day by?Party leaders, Morarji Desai,
Foreign Minister M. C. d S. K. Patil and C. B. Gupta,
Chagla. The fact that suchwere excoriated for being "re?
broadcasts originate in the So-'actiorraries." Now that Desai,
viet Union, this country's{is both deputy prime minister
Iong?timc friend and donor of and finance minister and 8
aid, has puzzled many Indians, potential successor to Mrs,
India ~Iso has reminded the Gandhi, Radio Peace and
Russians of their "unfriendly" Progress has dropped his name,.
behavior when they start mak- from its clandestine bra~ad-
ing complaints here about casts.
some of the "unfriendl~~" news But Patii, a former minister
articles and cartoons which ap- of railways defeated in i:he
pear in the Indian press. election, ~ and Gupta, 1:he.
But it came as a shock to In- powerful former chief minis;
die's cabinet ministers when ter and Cangeess Party boss`
they received a confidential of huge Uthar Pradesh 5t~ate,
megriorandum from the gow are still prime targets.
ernment All-India Radio man- During the pre-election peri?~
storing service reporting that od, Radio Peace and Progress,'
.the Soviet Union, in company in an effi~rt .to indict 1:he .
.with India's two border highly Hindu nationalist and,
tnemies, Pakistan and Com-~ conservative Jana Sangh
munlst China, had been trying, Party, had. U.S. Gen. William.
to use their radio transmitters; C. Westmoreland declaring:.
to influence the outcome of "If the Jana Sangh comes to
-India's general elections last., ~ower I would get an inex-
:February. austible number- of Ilydiian
~~_.~___ ,.__ ,.,__._a ~ !soldiers."
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~ COME3AT, Paris
14 July 1967
Lb 14 jutilct cst la fete de In Frnnco. A 1'Evvlu-
tlon rles fnrmes au'n Prises sa cEl@brntion on
mcsur'n 3 qucl point sa srgniflention s'est moditico
non 1+ns taut dcpuis ic9 a1tt+Ece revalutionnaires
ryas dupuis qac de nouvclics nations soitt -ntcr-
vennes dins la vie dc: peoples et des Etats la
notion tic solidaritc lnternationnle, cello do commu-
nnut.o, cells do blocs. Cc n'cst pas b eels aculc-
ment: quo ticnt la pcrte do substance dont est
victims la fete natimtale, ce n'est pas seulement
nu fait quo les hammcs s'habitucnt it penscr et
h vivre en tcrmos internativnaux, c'est aussi au
fait quc ties Evenemenls de sont succede, des guerrea
sont parsecs, des drames parliculiZrement aigus
ont sl sous le monde dcpuls un quart do siEcle qui
ont distcnclu ics liens quc chaque citoyen nous.
nose sa nntion et qui ont alters lc Sena de 1'appar-
tcuanco d la communautE nationals.
Ce pheuomc`ne de notre temps est Evidcmmcnt
limits sax pays qui mtt one hlstoire nationals de
longue date, un capital important, one traditi^n
speciflque. Ln Tramce cn est ie ?plus parfait syr.?
Lois. Parallclcmcnt, 1'idec do nation est appar~~ ? et
west rapidemcnt epanouie dans des pays nee+i . +.7
ells y a pris un pouvoir tel qu'ollo determine
nujourdhui 1'ensemblo do is politlquo de la plupart
des pays du tiers-monde. Co mouvement InvcrsE
resters sans doute comme Tune des dominautes de
1'histoiro quc moos vivons. La partie a jeans * du
moods a pris Ic relais de In partie vicille dans lee
rapsrorts avee 1'idee de nation, Cela soffit seal A
expliqucr la fragilite des blocs quo constituent
etttre sus des Etats reccrnment promos A 1'indt?-
pendanrc, et la solidite des blocs formEs par Ice
Etats n historiryues .. flans lepremlcr sae, la nation
sort gagnante de ('operation, dans le second ells est
perdante.
On peat s'Elever contre setts Evolution on peat
la dcplorer Pour des raisons mornies, ou pour des
motifs aentimcntnux, macs on ne peat pas la con-
tcslcr ells a en effet force de loi, et 1'hlstoire
Evolue sur is nouveau rythme qu'elie crEe. S'y op-
poser, c'est s'opposer non seuicment b une Evidence
rnnis aussi rofuser Ic progr@s afferent b touts Evo-
lotion historiryue. Un exen+ple 1'unlfication de
1'Europe stall Inscrite dans ce schEma. Les six
Etats qui font rr+cnEc :r Lien ont comprls, souvent
?au prix de cclrtnlns sacrifices, qu'elle Etait one
necessite, et sujourd'hni chacun. des Six trouve
des raisons de e'en fiilicitcr. '
Cet?te analyse snccincte soffit b Eciairer lee dnn-
gcrs. contcnus dans la conception de 1'histoire se-
]on lc general do Gnulic. Cettc Evolution quc nous
Evoquons, it est rle snit, en effat, quc le chef de
1'Etat, si ells ne lui passe pas inaperque, se refuse
en tout car d en admeL4re le caractcre contrai-
gnant. On le sent partage entre le dcsir d'obElr
d la realitE profoncle du declin de 1'idee do nation
dans nos sociEtes occidentales, et la nostalgic im-
perieuse de perpetucr le passE gtoricua de la nation
of de Continuer b fonder one politlque sur la notion
de souverainetE nnt-onalc. Ce partagc'le conduit 3
ecmer vin action do hiatus perpetucis. II expligne
le caractcre irt?Ealiste dune politlque peat-efts
audacicuse dams ses objectifs, mats Eminemment
anahhroniquo dans ses tondements. i
r Philippe TE8801V.
COMBAT, Paris
12 July 1967
I,e voyage du genEra! de Gaulle ati I1onn a'inscrit
.dans le r;tdre des rencomires franco-allemandes
prcvues par le traits do solidarite conclu ent.re
ics dcux Et;cts. C'est done un voynge de routine;
et en verite scale I'explique 1a routine, car on' volt
mnl dans is contexts actuel de la diplomat[e gnus-.
lisle quells raison imperievse, quei motif dEliberE
pourrait conduits ie Citef de 1'E4at a rcndre une?
visite_ nu chancelicr Hiesinger.
II y n en etfet daps ce voyage quciquo chose
d'anachronique et de vain. Les relations entre les
dcux pays ne sont pas netaellement al privllEgiees
quc retie visite apparaisse utile. Et pour ce qui
est de i'anachronisntc, on to relevc par rEfErenco
i1 ce qui tut la gnnde Epoque do 1'amitie cntre
1e general de Gaulle et le cttancelicr Adenauer,
relat[vement z1 ce qui sEpare les dcu: pays aujour-
d'hui. relativement aussi aux preoccupations qui
oat prix le pas dans 1'esprit du general do Gautie.
sur is nEcessaire cohesion des politiques alleman-
de et ican~aise. ,
Co nest pas Cant d'ailleurs eej'e revision dans to
hierarr.hie des urgences quc lee Allemande repro-
chent,~h~ chef de i'Etat, enco a qu'i-s aient des
raIsr,^,~?.-::? s c,tonner qu'on ac montre rEsernE aprE!
Ce qu'on admet plus difficilement outre-ithin,'?
c'est 1'isolement total dans lequel s'enfonce la di-`
plomatie gautliste, c'est le silence dans Icquel ells
op@re, c'est 1'indifference dans laquelle ells ticnt
ses allies, c'est le mepris qu'elle affiche i- 1'egard'
des politlques voisincs ek amiss, c'est le trovbie?
qu'elie, st~me dans le camp occidental, c'est tins'
ltment davantage ce qui appartieot i1 1'esprit quc ?
tt qvk reicve de la Icttre.
Ce'rtes, t1 taut nuancer 1'obscrvation. Bonn a
des 'motifs de s'inquiEter do certalnes orientations
de la politlque etrangere fransaise, notamment
pour cc qui concerns lee ralrports d'amitiE quc
Paris tents de Wooer aver IFloscou. Bonn prefercraik
Egalement quc la France pratique une politlque
europeenne plus souple. Mais I'essentiel nest pas
ll. L'essenttel est dans la solitude frangaisc qui
apparait de plus ea.plas prEjudiciable non seule-
mcnt A la France rnais 3 ses allies, et en particulier
3 1'Earopc.
En s'abstcnant de consulter ses partenaires~euro-
peens A propos de touter lee Initiatives quit prcnd;,
lc general de Gaulle en vient i} diminuer cortsidEra-
blement la voix de 1'Europe, sans pour autant en
titer un b?A-efice a la mesure de ses ambitions.
Que chacun des Etats de 1'Europe occidentals
congoive et mene sa politlque etrangl:re wmmc ii
1'entend, cela se justifie. II est cependant sertains
Brands chapitres de setts .politlque qui Interessent
au, premier chef 1'ensemble de ses Etats -nous .
peasons aotamemnt r; la si:curitE europeenne. louse'
lee cavaliers seals, e'est manquer alit plus El6-
metrtaires procedures quc commaadent lee altlan~
ccs, et .west dEliberEmenl broulUer lee carlKa,
,... COMBAT.
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ument Denied
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FOR BACKGROUND USE ONLY August 1967
A Selective Bibliography of Material on
War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
NAZI CONSPIRACY AND AGGRESSION (Opinion and Judgment reported by Office
of the U.S. Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality
at the International Military Trials in Nuremburg);-GPO, Washington,
1g47.
THE NUREMBERG CASE (together with other documents as presented by Robert H.
Jackson, Chief of Counsel for the United States),Knopf, New York,
lg ~+7 .
GERMANY'S WAR CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT (the problem of individual and collec-
tive criminality by M.H. Myerson), Macmillan, 'Toronto, 194+.
'WAR CRIMINALS (their prosecution and punishment by Sheldon Glueck),
Knopf,.New York, 1944.
LAWS OF WAR AND WAR CRIMES ON THE RUSSIAN FRONT DURING WORLD WAR II:
THE SOVIET VIEW (one of a series of studies by George Ginsburgs on
Soviet attitudes in theory and practice), II Soviet Studies,
pp. 253-85, 1960.
CRIME OF KATYN (a report on the massacre of 14,500 Polish POW's by the
Soviets, with a foreward by Wladyslaw Anders), Polish Cultural
Foundation, London, n. d.
LEGAL CONTROLS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT (a treatise on the dynamics
of disputes and war-law by Julius Stone -- particularly useful
for interpretations of Geneva, Hague, and other conventions),
Rinehart, New York, 1959.
THE MODERN LAW OF LAND WARFARE (a comprehensive statement of international
law governing war, including material on the Korean War, by Morris
Greenspan), University of California Press, 1959?
INTERNATIONAL LAW (a detailed study, with extensive bibliography, by
Charles Fenwick -- including material on the legal aspects of the
Cold War, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 19~~.
THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF INDIRECT AGGRESSION AND SUBVERSION (papers
prepared by A.J. Thomas, A.V. Thomas, Oscar Salas, and others for
the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency), Southern Methodist
University,. Dallas, 1966.
THE BLOOD TOLL OF COMMUNISM and COMMUNISTS KILL COMMUNISTS (available on
request).
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FOR BACKGROUND August 1967
USE ONLY
Communists Charge Others WitYi Committing War Crimes
To Divert Attention From Their Own Guilt
For over a quarter of a century the Communists have charged other
countries or groups -- notably those who happened at the time to be
opposed to the foreign policy aims of the Communists -- with committing
war crimes or crimes against humanity. Invariably, at the same time the
Communists themselves were committing crimes of equal or greater gravity
threatening vast groups of humanity.
On 27 November 19+1 Soviet Foreign Minister V.M. Molotov sent a note
to all governments with which the USSR had diplomatic relations calling
their attention to the "systematic brutalities and atrocities inflicted
by the German Government on Red Army men and commanders who are prisoners
of war ... exposing the German military authorites and the German Govern-
ment as a gang of cut-throats who ignore all principles of international
law and human morality." Subsequent Soviet statements called attention
to crimes against the civilian population in German-occupied territories,
where laborers were deported to Germany to support the war machine.
The Nazis were certainly guilty of such crimes -- but what about the
Soviet slaughter of thousands of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest and
the forcible deportation of East German workers and their families to the
USSR the same week that the Nazi leaders were hanged for the crimes for
which they had been convicted at the Nuremberg Tribunal?
World War II provides many examples of how the Communists cynically
used the subject of war crimes for their own propaganda purposes. The
Moscow Declaration of 1 November 19+3 -- signed by the USSR, the United
States, and the United Kingdom -- referred to "the major criminals whose
offenses have no particular geographical localizations and who will be
punished by the ,joint decision of the governments of the allies." These
criminals, under the terms of the Moscow Declaration, would be tried by
the laws and courts of liberated countries in which the crimes were
committed. Typical of Communist utilization of membership on internation-
al bodies to glean sensitive information and then publicize it in their
own propaganda was the case of Dr. B. Ecer, the Czechoslovak representa-
tive to the United Nations War Crimes Commission, who gave an unauthorized
and controversial interview to the LONDON SUNDAY EXPRESS on 11 February
19+5. Dr. Ecer selected those findings of the U.N. Commission, which had
not been made public at the time, which conformed with the statements
already made by Prof. Trainin, leading member of the Soviet Commission
for the Investigation of German Crimes, statements regarded by world
experts as the best expression of the Communist point of view on the
sub~j ect .'~
~ Trainin's statements are contained in his book, The Criminal
Responsibility of the Hitlerites, published in Moscow in 19 1+.
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Another typical tactic of the Communists when dealing with war
crimes -- as well as with many other subjects of in.te~rnationalconcern --
is to insure that by their membership on world bodies. they can control
the exposure of information which might prove embarrassing to them. In
January 19+6 the non-Communist press reported the existence of a document
allegedly written by the son of Japanese war criminal. Konoye disclosing
details of a Japanese-Russian agreement to divide u.p Asia between them.
In order to prevent the disclosure of this document or of any other
evidence concerning the Matsuoka mission to Moscow in.7.9~+1 and the
resulting Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact, material which might impli-
cate the Communists in prior agreement with the "wron.g" side, the Soviets
insisted that their prosecutor or his deputy be present at a:11 war crime
tria:L sessions.
All this, of course, is past history, but similn.r tactics were
followed by the Communists during the Korean war and continue today.
For example, in his speech at the U.N. General Assembly on 19 June 1967
SoviE>t Premier Kosygin charged the Israelis with committing "'atroc:ities
and violence" in the Arab territories they had seized. By charging
Israel with war crimes and aggression, many observers felt Kosygin was
trying to draw attention away from the Communists' current p_roblem;a with
the Arabs who were questioning the inadequate support and faulty equip-
ment which the Soviets had supplied them.
But there is no question about one kind of equipment wh=Cch the
Communists are supplying to one Arab country to commit war crimes
against another Arab country: On 2 June 1967 the International Committee
of the Red Cross issued a statement in Geneva confirming earlier rE_ports
of regular use of poison gas by United Arab Republic forces against; Arab
inhabitants of Yemen. Although a number of papers around the world
expressed their revulsion at this war crime -- the JAPAN TIMES comment of
25 June 1967 on the USSR's supply of all kinds of arms to the Mide~~,st was
headlined "Lethal Soviet Weapon Tested in Battles Against Yemen" and an
editorial in the SUNDAY NATION of Nairobi on the same date observed that
"the gas bomb cannisters dropped from Egyptian planes bore markings in
Russian" -- nevertheless Communist propagandists could console themselves
with the fact that their work had not beery in vain: in many county?ies of
the Free World the story of the gas atrocities in Yemen went unreported
while' at the same time the press was repeating unfoun3ed charges that
poison gas had been used against communist terrorists in Vietnam.
~' Typical of the continual change in Communist foreig:Z policy and
accompanying war propaganda was the fact that in Mary 19+8 the USSR
was one of the first countries to recognize the new state of Israel.
When the Arab League subsequently invaded Israel the Soviet foreign
policy journal, NEW TIMES, accused Britain and the ~7nited ~>tates of
having helped the- t'organization of the aggression of Arab countries
against the state of Israel.''
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Communist propagandists have recently been escalating their charges
that the United States, South Vietnam, South Korea, and other Free World
nations are committing war crimes in Vietnam. One of the most vicious
statements in recent times was heard on a 15 June 1967 program by "Radio
Peace and Progress" -- a broadcast service purporting to be the mouth-
piece of private organizations in the USSR but transmitted over the
facilities of the official Moscow radio. 'This broadcast charged that
even Hitlerite SS "did not go quite so far in cynicism and hypocrisy"
as the American troops who allegedly, among a long list of heinous
crimes, "have locked old men in caves and then made use of toxic gas
and grenades to destroy the caves and exterminate the people." (Such
charges are also often carried by clandestine radios and other "unoffi-
cial" media controlled by the Communists; these outlets are used to
spread irresponsible, inflammatory propaganda which the Commut~.sts do
not want recognized by outraged audiences as emanating from official
government media.)
The Communists, following their long-standing pattern, are levying
wild charges against their adversaries in Vietnam to draw attention
away from their own crimes. One method which they have used there and
elsewhere since World War II is to launch terrorist attacks with a few
"activists" from a local area who have been either trained in advance in
a Communist country or directed on the spot by Communist "advisers."
Such criminal activities are then lauded by foreign Communist and
Communist-.sympathizing media as representing the "patriotic endeavors"
of "the people" against local "capitalist oppressors" or foreign
"capitalist exploiters." Any subsequent sanctions imposed on the
terrorists are then denounced by the worldwide Communist propaganda
mill as "acts of cruel and tyrannical oppression."
The terrorism of the Viet Cong in South Vietnam is an outstanding
example of a perfected technique; the SAIGON POST reported on 6 May 1967
that "Viet Cong guerrilla atrocities have increased by 50 percent in
the past 12 months" and that "murder, torture, intimidation, and black-
mail -- known euphemistically by the Viet Cong as 'armed propaganda' --
are used to eliminate opposition." North Vietnam's persistent refusal
to let prisoners be seen by the Red Cross implies treatment that needs
to be concealed. Recent photographs in the press substantiate the mis-
treatment.
Support for activities of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese
Communists is proclaimed by all Communist nations, including Cuba. The
Havana radio on 8 July 1967, for example, reported that the Cuban
Committee for Solidarity With Vietnam had held a seminar to discuss a
document issued by the Tricontinental Committee in Support of Vietnam.
The document reportedly "urges the maximum denunciation and condemnation
of the war crimes perpetrated in North and South Vietnam by the North
American .imperialists." The-Cuban radio was obviously trying to call
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attention away from the many reports in the radio and press o.f the
Western Hemisphere concerning Venezuelan charges. lodged in 'the Orga~.niza-
tion of American States on the landing of Cuban-led guerrillas in
Venezuela, also on evidence that Cuba is blatantly engaging i.n criminal
activities that endanger the security of the entire continent. Cor.~di-
tions in Cuban prisons also require independent invesl~igation.
When the United Nations General Assembly meets in the fal]_ of 1967
it will study the "Question of the non-applicability cif statutory limita-
tion to war crimes and crimes against humanity" -- an issue >_>ressed by
Poland and the USSR. (The draft document on the issuE~ concerns mai.nl3r
Germany.) The following reminder by the editors of tl7e SWISS PRES~i REVIEW
AND NEWS REPORT in Zurich might be considered by the iJ.N. delegates; at
this time; a short item in the 8 June 1967 issue entitled "Crimes of Which
People No Longer Speak" states:
"There was a time, not so long ago, when it was
considered the duty of the press to stigmat:Lze
crimes committed by Communist regimes. Timf~s have
changed; they are now barely treated as miscellan-
eous tid-bits. Such at least is the space currently
given in the press to a report that a young man
about 30, no longer able to stand the life :gin East
Germany, tried to flee to West Berlin. He 1;ook a
chance, but was felled by the bullets of thE~
Volkspolizei only three meters from West Berlin
while running toward Sandkrug Bridge, one o:P the
crossing points of the Berlin Wall."
In regard to Germany, anothex? embarrassing issue is the point raised
by M. Wiesenthal, director of the Center for Documeni;ai,ion of the League
of Jewish Victims, who held a press conference in Vienna to discuss the
role being played by Nazi war criminals in Egypt today. LE MONDE of
Paris on 9 June 1967 concluded its report on this press conference:
"All the revelations wh3.ch M. Wiesenthal prE~sented
as duly established facts ... will perhaps be embar-
rassing for the Egyptians but even more so :Po:r the
regimes of East Europe, which the speaker f~^ankly
reproached for showing an astonishing partit and Red
Meanwhile, at taome in China there apearei
to be ;tiounting pressure to br}r;g the cultural
revolution to an end, albeit amid trupeir
legs of victory an the grqunds that it has
achieved its objective. ~ '
Beyond the high, red walls of Chungnan=
Iiai, the clGSely guarded compound adjoining
'Peking`s forbidc;en city where Communist
China's leaders live and' work, Critical deei?
''sloes are no~v.Confroziting the creators of thrf, .
;so-called "Cultural revolution."
"As ,an export,'the revolution has proved
''a flop. Now, even at home, .the. market for
it. may ~ be about glutted.
All around the rim of China';'neighbors
both Communist and nop?Comnwnist'have
'served notice .that they intend ~to contain this:
,final frenzied. adventure of N1ao Tse?tung
.within China's own borders.
?~ The Soviet- Union and. Mongolia want na
'part of it. India, once the gentle paci~st, now
.fights Iike a, tiger to keep it at ba-r.~;zrzn
,which once' tip?tged away into tine ~?.~~ oric: c;
.neutralism rather than offend F~'~inb, is
suddenly standing ~ up to -the Chinese a,.c;.
?tivarning it will tolerate no Red Guard de?
`linquenCy. , . ...
~. ,
Hon; Kong stifreniYx~ ~ ;,
Even Hgng Kong; the tiny British colony,
which has long tolerated everybody provided
;they made money and not trouble,. now is
betting tough. Tired of battling local Commw
'n;sts in the streets, police and. troops are
smashing their way into Communist union
headquarters and rooting out the organizers:
In a pitched battle .early Friday. police
stormed ane fiercely defended dockworkers'?
union, bombarding it with tear gas and gun-
?fire as the Co;rlmu;usts' fought back wi~~:c
acid, explosives,.and fie bombs.
?' As pglice burned their .way with acetylene
torches through steel 'gates, the resisting
Communists poured acid over them :from
above and fought a diehard battle. through-
out the buildigg. One Communist was killed,
a dozen injured, and 81 arrested in the three;+~
hour .battle. ,
Even in North Vietnam, the Communist- ?
leadership has made it clear.that.the, metes-`
ods' of t~,e: cultural revolution .are , zlot ,far.
them. .
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xx~ Ecat~onttar Jtlt.Y n, igG7
.I'IDn~ICOYd~A"
a four-hour r'ati~n cvCry two days is nat'
an unfamiliar` hardship, Ortcc again,
however, it is the proletariat who are
suffering at the hands of-their "liberatgrs",
and every Chinese housewife who has to
treasure her water knows who is to blame.
FRgM OUR HONGKONG CORRESPQNDENT Singapore and Manila have been quick
fo Ieap in with claims that Hongkong
~Hongkong's amalr.r, cookboys and house- ~~ }lot money " is fleeing the colony to
wives, who have been suffering the dit3"i- their safer sanccuarics, but the reports are
cult hold-down on water and food sup- extravagantly exaggerated. About ?rz
.plies and the buildup of prices at the million has been withdrawn from the
markets, do not'use the word "comtt~u- colony's banks in the last two months,
nist." They .call those responsible -bow- that is, less than -two per cent of the
why, which rs Cantonese for "very bad." money ir. Hongkong. Peking itself may
They know that the how-why men are be suffering more than Hongkong. The
communists.. but ideological error is not as squeeze on fraternal firms and banks in
reprehensible as anti-social offence. So the colony to help the "anti-persecution "
Hongkor-g's apolitical community ~ isss campaign represents diversion of funds
passed. its severest judgment on party which normally would have been going
agitators. to China or operating fore China in the
There has been a splendid display of colony. Communist-controlled banks
masochism in t31is week's frustrated }rave been hit by withdrawals following
campaign of strikes, bribery and intimi-reports, right or wrpng; that depositors
elation. Communist stores closed their are 'expected to donate cash to the
doors for four days, hurting no one struggle. So have the communist stores,
more .than themselves and their comrade which were popularly believed to be
exporters on the ~mainiand. Supplies of appropriating customers' change for the
Livestock, pigs anc~ vegetables from China same cause. The I~ongkort~ Timer esti-
were returned to Kwangtung province mates that Clrina lost ?go million in trade
because good honest party men in i;Iong- over the last two months.
kong 'rod been directed riot to unload the- None of this commotion helps Hang-
freight. As a result the price of por'.t kong. The long range effect of the dis-
and vegetables rose sharply and eggs were turbances on the "hot money " invest- .
hardly to be found although farmers in mcnt which keeps Hongkong s Life blood
the New Territories rushed in emergency flowing cannot be predicted. Macao's
.supplies. But the consumers who suffered capitulation has not helped--except in so
most were the very people in Hongkong far as the price of appeasement there has
whom the how-why boys are presumably been recognised in Hongkong as defeat
trying to win over. and surrender. Now it is up to the
Apparently Peking has decided to Hongkong government to push through
refuse the Hongkong government's re- countermeasures. This means more
quests for 2,00o million gallons of water punch For the labour department so that
above the contracted volume which. has ,t can anticipate and settle labour disputes,
already been supplied. The pumps from and more money for social welfare and
Canton's East River have been turned off, education - to outpace the frustrated
but the colony lias been long accustomed aggression by the how-why boys
to drought, and.. the, resultant .retreat to
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: w~~u.cy -:yv{ - ~ ,~~'"itt ~ ,~ilf ~~ C11.11C;'5~ .
.. - ~ j 1, T , { :r Nr;W YOLK 'a'I.`?1L''S
~~~'-mv~~~ ~,4r.~~i'n'B `~.f Y.r ~aww;~-r->? .ri.,. ~ ~,lnrcr tnnli
`co'A~iiTNu~TON P08T '
~ouraging Burma's Communist instlrbents to accelerate
their efforts to overthrow Prime 11~inister Ne ~y'in's
~'OVErnlilerit, ~ These signs include . I~Te
In a series of recent state-;Win's foreign tour -last year,.
. ]3}' :ita0li`y l~a{'l1DW - ~ tt't'1~t~)inling; (hat. 1111{'aSQ wlt:lt - ~Prr{nl.lq'rt,rNewYork'I'hnoti
ptZisc fnr the ]3urmese Com. IIONGitONr,Junc2tl-Coln-
washiuslon roar st,Ttt w~ru?` ~munist effort to create "a new monist China flied a strong
Ht~l~~'r l'4n~1("i. .T111V ~-.-R.c-+cI China an-Wont?r fn h.rw n?.. n.....?..., ..F ?n.,l rn.aunanrlnnop'~ protest with fire Burmese Gov-.
~
~~~ .? .~L ~ - ~~ ~A+~:~~, ~~1,' ~~ ~I..~ i
1~~ ~& ~~~ ,if,,~nt r`' rtn;i nr~ula'ality," rnua?i
~ ~ s ?~-~ w lilci:l ,hey .endorsed the Ilan-,
4 , ) +
;~, .~+~ ~~itnn oVC'rr{nc`nt's pollC;yt Of i
'
twcen Chinese and Burmesd in
Rattgovn.
The protest ~,harged the Bnr-~
mere Government with instigat-j
ink' and conniving in attacks byl
Burtriesc rictcrs on the Com-I
^
,
g
s sw
,c
radically fcw12 ,ts.pa.;t position~v{sit to the Ilt)itnd tit~t( s, anti ~ "tailix{g behind U.S. imperial- ~ monist-Chinese Embassy, other
~ted~which feaiurcd his first official
mcnt
s
Pekin
h;a
ll
~of support -far the. Burmese hts moves to icmove soma: ol'I ism ancI Soviet modern revl? Chinese agenc,es tn. Rangoon
and Chinese nai.ionals in general.
~overnmcnt's "policy of peace the controls .he imposed on sionisrn." China demanded that Burma
++1 n d neutrality" to outright Burma's eco~nomy..T h e . 3fur~ i The Chinese can fortif;/ lire ;take immediate steps to prevent
iexhortations urging tine Com- 'Burmese Comnnunists by ship- aggravation. of the situation,
mere Piime Minister has also,
imunists to step- up their T~? , ping weapons across the bor?1 guarantee the c~?itical sabotage
of their own official line on the subject of armed struggle." He notes
that "these 'Marxist-Leninist' groups have a stature ghat is inversely
pro ortiortal to the revolutionary situation of their c:ountries,'~and
~.dds that "these forms of 'anti-revisionist' organization find more
t?avorable grounds in Europe, within a theoretical cont;e.Kt," than in
~:,A ar Africa.
.In addition to the voluminous material on the above developments
which has appeared -- and continues to appear -- in tYie press and
periodical literature, we reference three government-Y~ublished white
papers and point to several books which treat them in more detail:
o non+. _
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NKRUMAH'S SUBVERSION IN AFRICA, Documentary Evidence of Nkrumah's
Interference in the Affairs of Other African States. Published by
the Ministry of Information and printed by the State Publishing
Corporation, Accra-Tema, Ghana, 1966. This is the first "white
book" referred to the AFRICA section above: it contains narrative
description and photostatic reproductions of a select few of the
documents found in Ghanaian files when the National Liberation Council
toppled the Nkrumah regime.
NKRUMAH'S DECEPTION IN AFRICA. This is a sequel to the above,
containing much additional information and photostatic evidence. It
is identified as published by the Ghana Information Services, 1966-67.
THE MILITANT COMMUNIST THREAT TO WEST MALAYSIA. A Malaysian "white
paper" issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Kuala Lumpur, 1966.
It reports on a government investigation of a series of Communist-
front-inspired.rmots and demonstrations in Malaysia in 1965-66.
COMMUNISM IN AFRICA, by Fritz Schatten. New York: Praeger, 1966
DRAGON'S EMBRACE, THE, by John Hevi. London: Pell Mell, 1967
EAST WIND OVER AFRICA, by John Cooley. New York: Walker, revised
(paperback) ed., 1966
FALL OF SUKARNO, THE, by Tarzie Vittachi. New York: Praeger, 1967
9
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