QUESTIONNAIRE CENTRAL PROPAGANDA DIRECTIVE BRIEFLY NOTED

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03061A000200030002-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 56
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 8, 1998
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: September 9, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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Briefly Noted
Moscow Irked at Display of Democracy in Action
An article entitled "March Stirs Conscience of the World"
(Washington Post August 29, 1963, see ?ress Comment same date)
reports ttle first reactions from arounT7E5-7,7Fild to the Negro
and White demonstration in Washington, D.C. in support of civil
liberties. But one small paragraph, aside from the sour remarks
of several Communist leaders, penetrates to the attitude of the
Sovi.Jt Union, reflecting its fear and disappointment that things
can go well for a minority group in a free country. That -oassage
reads:
"Moscow, however, cancelled plans to televise the
Freedom March five minutes before it was due to
pick up from the Telstar satellite. No explanation
was given.
"The arrangement had been to pick the signal up
from Burovision, and feed it into the Soviet
satellites' Invavision TV network."
The obvious prosperity of the Negro (and White) marchers;
the self-imposaf. :iscipline and holiday spirit which pervaded
the vast crovds; the hospitality of the national government
and local officials; and beyond all the dignity of the demo-
cratic processes displayed -- all are anathema to Communist
leaders, who preach that rights in capitalist countries can be
grasped only through violent class struggle.
The Chinese Communists in their turn attempted to lay claim
to the demonstration as successful class warfare (i.e. as an
example of Communist revolutionary concepts)and sent a message
of support to Negro leaders. The CCP, of course, did not
disseminate NAACP official Wilkins' dignified rejection of this
message (see Press Comment 29 August for editorial comment in
the 25 August Washington Post) in which he said:
"We await the opportunity to send our felicitations
to Chinese citizens gathered in a huge demonstra-
tion in your nation's capital to protest living
conditions under your government and welcomed there
by your heads of state."
Moscow and Peking's control of their iron curtain, censorship
of information, fear that their people might know the true facts
of events in the free world and attempts to distort these facts
even in the free world, should be constantly held before Communist
sympathizer audiences through publication of incidents such as
reported here. The USSR action is more revealing because Moscow
had previously reduced its jamming of US broadcasts in an attempt
to improve its image of peaceful coexistence. But this American
democratic demonstration was more than the Kremlin could afford
to have its people see. Equally revealing is the opportunism of
the CPR's racist policy, hiding here under orthodox Communist
class warfare terminology.
411.164101PEPT (Briefly Noted Cont.)
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INSMiiI1011.411.19111.1.s 9 September 163
29 Sept
14 Oct
20 Oct
23 Oct
23 Oct
23 Oct
7 Nov
10 Nov
10 Nov
11 Nov
/2 Nov
14 Nov
a5 Nov
December
DATES 25X1 C1 Ob
International Union of Architects (UIA), seventh
Congress, Havana, Cuba, 23 Sept. - 3 Oct. to be
followed by UIA General Assembly and International
Symposium on Architecture, Mexico City, S-15 Oct.
2nd International Trade Unions CWFTU) Conference
on ?roblems of Woman Workers, Bucharest,14-19 Oct.
Chinese Communist troops begin advance into
India, escalating border war, 1962.
Hungarian revolution fails under force of Soviet
brutal military repression. 23 Oct-4 Nov leEs.
Leon Trotsky expelled from CPSU ?olitburo in 1926.
Czechoslovakia proclaims independence after
collapse Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, 1913.
October Revolution. Lenin and Trotsky seize
power from the ?rovisional Government, 1917.
Games of the New Emerzing Forces (GANEFO),
Djakarta 10-17 Nov.
World Youth Day (Communist)
International Student Week 11-17 November, con-
cluding with International Students Day on the
17th (International Union of Students, Communist)
Leon Trotsky expelled from the CPSU, /927.
(China-Russia) (Unequal) Treaty of ?eking cedes
Chinese "Great Northeast" to Russia, 1350.
Bolsheviks proclaim "Declaration of the Rights of
the :?eoples of Russia," affirming principle of
self-determination to peoples of the former
Empire, 1917,
Afro-Asian Organization for Economic Co-operation,
4th AAOEC, scheduled for Karachi during
December 1963.
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imiPMINIVMPTIT (Briefly Noted)
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411000040Rmfm
COMMUNIST DISSENSIONS
17-30 August 1963
Commentary
Principal Developments:
1. The test-ban treaty, China's revelation of the abrogated
Soviet agreement for nuclear assistance to China, and Soviet aid
to India were focal points in the deepening Sino-Soviet hostility
reflected in an undiminished volume of charges and counter-charges.
The Soviets played heavily on the popular appeals of their position,
especially as defenders of peace against a Chinese leadership
ready to sacrifice half the world's (and their own) population in
nuclear holocaust, and as defenders of pure proletarian interna-
tionalism against ugly Chinese racism and national chauvinism.
The Chinese lashed wildly in various directions, apparently furious-
ly frustrated at their difficult position and hoping to strike a
responsive note somewhere. The other parties in the "socialist
camp" and the free world more or less trailed along in their former
"me-too" roles, except for the CZechs and Albanians as noted below.
2. A 10,000-word Soviet Govt statement of 21 August not only
criticises the Chinese leaders for their attitude toward nuclear
war and inordinate craving for a bomb of their own but lectures
them that "the CPR is yet unprepared to produce nuclear arms in
quantity." Even if the CPR could produce two or three bombs, it
would be at the cost of "a great exhaustion of the CPR economy"
without really making any difference. "The most reasonable policy
for the CPR in present conditions" would be to devote its efforts
to developing its national economy and improving the welfare of its
people, who alrea47 suffer from many privations. With typical
Communist inconsistency, the Soviets play directly to the Chinese
people by asking if they empowered the CPR leadership to sound
their death ahead of time,--and then turn to denounce the CPR
leaders for their "undisguised interference in the domestic affairs
of other socialist states, in particular the Soviet Union." The
Soviet statement blasts Chinese pretensions to speak for the peoples
of Africa, Asia and Latin America by noting that the states of those
continents had promptly acceded to the test ban treaty. And finally,
it implied a threat to terminate their military assistance pact
with China by accusing the CPR Govt of disregarding its duty as
an ally and abusing relations of trust by disclosing classified
defense documents.
3. This and other Soviet statements exploited a resolution
of the Trotskyite Fourth International to work for a united front
with the Chinese. The most extreme Soviet statement on racism came
in a 27 August Pravda article linking the Chinese leaders with the
"new fuehrers" of the Japanese racists who stress the same color
of skin and same written language: this and other Soviet articles
identify Chinese chauvinism with "the spirit of Genghis Khan."
flF (#11 Commentary Cont.)
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(#11 Commentary Cont.) mgmememil01011 9 September 1963
And a 26 August Izvestiya article by "Soviet international law
expert Tunkin," noting that "some 70% of all known disputes about
national frontiers refer to Asia and Africa," warns that "the
supreme interests of peace insist on respect for aisting frontiers,
since any other attitude toward frontiers is fraught with the danger
of war."
4. On the Soviet side, the Czechs followed their earlier
ouster of NCNA correspondents from Prague by ordering the closing
of that office on 23 August. The other B. European satellites
(except Rumania) poured out repeated statements and articles
supporting the Soviets and denouncing the Chinese.
5. The Chinese seized on border tensions with India to accuse
the Soviet leaders of collaborating with U.S. imperialism to all
with India against China (Govt statement of 20 August andPeople's
Daily editorial of 22nd); used the U.S. reservation re E. German
signature to the test ban treaty to Charge the Soviets with an
"ignoble act of betrayal" of the GDR people, appealing to all 18
million of them not to "allow others to dictate their destiny"
(People's Daily 23 August); and found in the Nfltioaalist Chinese
signature on the test ban treaty a reason to accuse the Soviet
leaders of "gleeful consent" with the U.S. imperialists in setting
a deceptive "two Chinas" trap which would have brought "untold
humiliation on the great Chinese people." The Chinese also struck
back bitterly at the Czechs for their "outrageous" closing of the
NCNA office, an act which "reveals the role of the conductor's baton
and the sycophantic nature of the Czechoslovak govt" (Peking press,
25 August).
6, The Albanians again came forward, turning the "racist"
charge against the Soviets, capitalizing on a Khrushchev expression
in Yugoslavia to depict him as "coming out openly in the role of
a pan-Slavist," and of using "demagogy borrowed from the arsenal
of the Russian imperialist bourgeoisie...." "We are here face to
face with a new aspect of modern revisionism which replaces pro-
letarian internationalism by the ideology of racism." (Zen i I
Popullit, 29 August)
7. The Chinese have further charged international front
organizations with serving the interests of Soviet foreign policy
and inferred that they might withdraw (People's Daily of 17 August
on WIDF, WPC on 24th, and IOJ on 26th).
S. Speeches and comments by the two during Khrushchev's visit
with Tito indicated a general accord in views, resulting largely
from K's accommodation to Yugoslav views rather than the other way
around, and with few if any concrete results announced so far.
Significance:
New charges and threats keep widening the gulf between the
two as reflected in the Soviet warnings: that any attitude other
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(#11 Commentary Cont.) ?IMIllmeoltme=. 9 September 1963
than respect for existing frontiers is fraught with the danger of
war; and that the Chinese revelation of details of their nuclear
aid agreement might be cause for terminating their military mutual
assistance pact. Both sides focused more sharply on charges of
national interest and racism, and both increased their efforts to
appeal directly to the people over the heads of their antagonists.
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#11 17-30 August 1963
August 17 - Pravda carries an article by Borovsky on the arrest
in Ecuador of CP General Secretary Saad and other "progressive
leaders," and the threatened mass deportation of "Communists and
other patriots" to the Galapagos by the junta. "One of the
reasons Sor the putsch used by reaction was the irresponsible
activities of adventurists-dogmatists who had wormed their way
1B10 the CP. Supponed ideologically and materially by their
alien friends of like views, these leftist elements .knifed the
Party in the back." Izvestiya also .carries a letter from "Akhmed
Szif Harusi, member of the Executive Committee of the Zanzibar
Nationalist Party," exposing Peking's duplicity in-reporting
speeches and statements by two persons representing Zanzibar
organizations, but who are supported by the Chinese in Peking,
and represent nothing in_Zanzibar. And Radio Moscow reports
that Lucha Obrera, organ of the Trotskyite Party of Bolivia,
published- -
"the resolution of the 22nd Plenum of the-Executive Com-
mittee of the Trotskyite Fourth International" which
"approved the historic task of joining with the Chinese -
and struggling for formation ofa united front between
the Fourth International and the Chinese comrades."
The Radio concludes: "The ideological mistakes of the
Chinese leaders -- the-stubborn unwillingness to-admit
political mistakes -- are leading Peking's politicians
into the Trotskyite-quagmire. Despite this, they dare to
portray themselvesas supporters-of the purity -of _Marxism-
Leninism. The Chinese leaders have apparently _forgotten
the wise proverb of their people which says that "a frog
living in mud has no right to talk about the sea."
August 17 - People's Daily front-pages the CPR National Women?0-
Federatfon denouncement -51 the 29 July declaration of Mme.
&genie Cotton, WIDF President, supporting the test ban treaty,
"usurping the name of hundreds of millions of women."
August 17-24-25-30 - The Hungarian party organ Nepfgabadsag con-
tinues support of the-Soviets and criticism of with
a Pecsi article, "Past Words and Present Deeds," on the 17th, a
Szabo article, "The Slanderers Unmask Themselves," on the 24th
and Foldes articles on CERA on the 25th and 30th complaining that
the Chinese leaders, "in the role of unwanted advocates, are try-
ing to exhort us to _national self-sufficiency, although this
would clearly be a step backward."
August le - The All-Burma Peace Committee issues a statement con-
demning the test-ban treaty as "contrary to the demands of the
peace-loving people and benefitting the nuclear war preparations
of U.3. imperialism." (NCNA)
August 19 - Secretary General of Sohyo (General Council of
Japanese Trade Unions), Akira Iwai, callsfor a complete break
with the CP. After further discussions in September and October,
Iwai hopes his plan will be adopted as the basic policy guide for
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Sohyo. Iwai says that the CP considers itself infallible and is
incapable of adapting itself to conditions in Japan. (Asahi
Evening News, Tokyo)
Augast 20 - A Pravda article by Prof. Chkhikvadze describes how,
"since 1959, Chinese delegates at international meeting of
peace champions began opposing the concerted line of the
world peace movement and discrediting its purposes and
tasks. Since the end of 1961, they have been launching
an open attack on the World Peace Council"
In a TABS interview on the same day, Director Gafurov of the
Institute of the Peoples of Asia of the USSR Academy of Sciences
declares that the Chinese dogmatists "practically substitute
chauvinist, nationalist and even racist conceptions for Marxist-
Leninist historical science" idealizing the past, glorif ing
feudal methods of lic -- conquests internecine wars bloody
ana ra se a ro e o ng s ere s
only one step batweentbe glorification of the rgreat' con-
querors and defense of the personality cult."
August 20-23-29 - The Bulgarians continue their support of the
Soviets and ciiticii .f the Chinese with articles in Party news
- rv
paper RabotnicheskoI
i.?lche 20th, the theoretical journal
Wirr?y Life No. 11 appearing the 23rd, and an article by CC
Secretary Grigorov published in the Moscow Pravda of the 29th.
August 20 and continuing - Khrushchev arrives in Belgrade with
wife for heraldecinvacation" visit. Subsequent reporting has
indicated accord in views but little in the say of concrete
developments.
August 21 - Pravda publishes text of 10,000-word-plus Soviet
Govt statement in response to Chinese Govt statements of -131 July
and 15 August. Most of it is in a tone of calm reasoning (based
on facts of life, not Marxism), capitalizing on the popular
appeal of their test ban treaty position.
"The position of the CPR Govt, set forth in the statement
of August, can be understood only in the sense that the
Chinese leaders do not care how nuclear weapons spread
among the capitalisf countries as long as the CR leaders
get a chalice to lay their hands on a nuclear bomb and see
What it is like.
The statement then points to the tremendous economic effort
required and declares that
"the CPR is yet unprepared to produce nuclear arms in
quantity. -Mv-en?i-f-th-6-CPR-viele to produce two or three
boibs, this would not solve its problem but would bring
about a great exhaustion of the CPR economy."
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The Soviets lecture the CCP:
"This is w1,y. the most reasonable policy for the CPR in
present conditions -- if, of course, its desires and
potential are to be coaensurate wBETC6676-35Viite its
efforts to the development of the national economy, science,
technology, and agriculture, devoting them to raising the
wolfare of the Chinese people, to meeting their vital needs.
The Chinese people are experiencing many privations.
The Soviets then make a significant threat:
"One more circumstance cannot be overlooked: the CPR Govt,
disregarding its duty as an ally, abusing relations of
trusi existing among the socialist countries, as embarked
upon the road of making public classified documents and
information related to the defenses of the countries of
the socialist commonwealth, and, what is more, of present-
ing the facts tendentiously, in a distorted light....
The Soviet Govt is compelled to state that after these
actions of the CPR Govt there is hardly anyone who will
believe the sincerity of its assurances and trust it with
information of defensive im..rtance. It is nau3-1"-Firtr-ria
ov e v. w ?raw s conc usion on this score."
They continue:
"Who has asked those Chinese doomed in advance to death if
they are willing to be tinder in the furnace of a nuclear
uiesi13 war? Did they empower the CPR leadership to sound
their death knell ahead of time?"-
After this play to the Chinese people, the Soviets chastise the
CPR leaders for their
"undisguised interference in the domestic affairs of other
socialist states, in particular the Soviet Union," by
arrogating the right to speak on behalf of other peoples.
"Not a single Imperialist government has yet gone so far
as to dare to assert that it and not the Soviet doverament
is representing the Soviet Union in international affairs,
to speak on behalf of the Soviet people!"
Noting that, despite Chinese pretensions to speak for the
peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America, the states of those
continents are ".00eding to the treaty one after the other, the
Soviets say:
"The only thing that remains for the authors of the CPR
Govt statements to do is to use as trump cards the
pronouncements of a few apostates who have long since lost
ground in their countries and in their parties and whom
Peking is trying hard to woo. Oh yes, the CPR Govt can
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also boast of a resolution of the so-called 'Fourth Inter-
national' unitilirTiii73EFite groWg7--7W1,rfEr-partners in
-5-Toletariiirriirernationalism,' no gainsaying that!"
August 21 - Peking press plays a 20 August statement _the CPR
TO-F6rEfiriinistry "refuting the Indian myth a-Chinese-ffOps con-
centrairdli7ETSNg the border." "Even the Western imperialists
regard them (the Indian reports) with only mild credulity, feel-
ing that the Indian Govt has gone too far. It is only the
official press of the Soviet Union that energetically echoes the
Indian Govt. ... Pravda has published articles trying to shift
the blame onto ChfETTEE the Sino-Indian border conflict started
by the Nehru Govt." Sharing the front page is N. Vietnam
Premier Pham Van Dong's reply to Chou 2n-lai approving the CPR-
proposed heads-of-all-states meeting (but not criticizing the
test ban treaty).
August 22 - People's Daily expands on the Foreign Ministry state-
ment on India wifia a 4,000-word editorial noting that "it became
obvious around the time of the signing of the Moscow tripartite
treaty that Soviet-Indian relations had become extraordinarily
intimate." It says that "Nehru's lackey Dange (CPI Chairman),
who recently returned triumphantly to India after visiting Moscow,
gleefully played up the 'disinterested assistance' of the Soviet
Union the moment he landed in Nev Delhi." Dange is quoted as
saying: "Soviet assistance has no conditions. That government
has already decided to set up a factory in this country for the
manufacture of arms so India should not have to depend upon
others for spare parts." People's Daily comments: "This is not
just a 'new chapter' in Indian-Sovie relations. It is also a
new chapter of collaboration between the Soviet leaders and U.S.
177433371ilism to ally with India against China."
August 22 - The N. Korean organ Nodon? Sinmun 6,000-word
editorial "Yugoslav tavisionists Serve Imperralism," is obviously
timed to correspond with Khrushchev's visit to Yugoslavia but
curiously contains no criticism of the USSR, even implied.
August 22 - The Albanians marked Khrushchev's vitit to their
neighbor with a Zen i I Popullit article headed "N. Khrushchev
and J. B. Tito Are Eatching New Plots."
August 22-23 - Mongolia supported again the Soviet side with a
report by the official agency Montsame on the 22nd that "the
Mongolian public has welcomed with deep understanding the
Soviet Govt's statement exposing the Chinese leaders' adventurous
course and crude anti-Soviet and anti-Communist attacks," and a
23 August editorial in the Party organ Unen, "The Soviet Union--
Dependable Stronghold of Peace."
August 23 - Pravda publishes a statement of the Sudan CP hailing
the test ban treaty and expressing "full support and profound
appreciation to the CPSU CC and the Soviet Govt for their
gigantic efforts...."
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August 23 - A People's Daily commentator denounces the Soviet
leader who
"Went to the length of accepting the unreasonable
demand by U.S. imperialism and agreeing that the signing
of this treaty by the GDR does no imply its recognition
as a state. This amounts to annulling the international
IIiIiii-75Y-the GDR and in fact recognizing the Bonn regime
as the sole representative of the German people. It is
an extremely ignoble act of betrayal which not only
seriously impairs the interests of the GDR but also greatly
enhances the arrogance of the aggressive Vest German
militarists. In order to seek a moment of ease and
please U.S. imperialism, the Soviet leaders have not
scrupled to sell out the T-rnezaerna
countries ? ... However, we firmly -believe that the 13
million MR people will not allow others to dictate their
destiny."
August 23 - Tha celebration of Rumania's National Holiday
erings effusive tributes from both camps.
August 23-33 - The Czechoslovak Govt informs the Chinese that
the operating license of the Prague NCNA office was withdrawn
immediately because of continued "Inacmissible activities" in
spreading "materials slandering the Czechoslovak people and
crossly attacking the Czechoslovak Govt and CP." On the 30th,
Party organ Rude ?ram gives more details. "Instead of paying
attention to the IBM-rise successes of the Soviet Union it
publishes distorted and so-called critical articles which
generalize isolated negative features in the Soviet Union. How
far its hatred goes isamwn by the fact that central Chinese
newspapers featured on the front page a large picture of a woman
black market operator sentenced by a Soviet court. At a time
when the entire world excitedly followed the space flight of
Valentina Tereshkova, not a single Chinese paper found space to
publish her picture.
August 23 - The Austrian CP CC unanimously approves a speech of
General Secretary Fuernberg supporting the Soviet Union against
China. After this meeting, observers conclude that the "open
letter" supporting Chinese views, recently addressed to Austrian
Communists, is the work of a single person and not even of a
group. (APP)
August 23 - Professor of International Law Kozhevnikov in
Imvestiya analyzes "violation by the Chinese leadership of the
elementary standards of international law" in its foreign policy
toward the USSR and the socialist countries. He stresses that
divulging information about the defenses of the socialist
community, the CPR Govt has taken to the road of disregarding
its duty as an ally to a point verging on a clear violation...."
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August 24 - Following lzvestiyats exposure of Chinese tricks
usingin Peking residente as 'brepresentatives't of Zanzibar
(see August 17), TABS transmits a letter by several Soviet
writers who had been at the Afro-Asian writer's session in
Denpasar, Indonesia, expressing indignation over a similar
Chinese trick. The "prominent Sudanese writer Abdullah Hamad
el Amin, who came from Khartoum, was denied the right to
represent his country" in favor of one Ahsed Heir, "who does not
live in Sudan and represents no one. The latter came with the
Chinese delegation from Peking, whore he has been living for
about seven years." Furthermore, one of the letter's authors,
the "well-known Uzbek writer Hasid Gulyam" told TABS: "the
shocking incident with Amin is by far not the only one inspired
by Chinese representatives in the Afro-Asian writers movement."
(See August 24 - Peking mass rally - for other use made of
Beir/Kheir.)
August 24 - A Peking mass rally of more than 10,000 "as a
celebration of the success of the 9th World Conference Against
A & H Bombs in Hiroshima" gave "a rousing welcome to peace
fighters from various countries who have come to China after the
world conference and to the Chinese delegation that has returned
from Japan crowned with success." Chao Pu-chu, head of the
Chinese delegation, attacked not only the Soviet delegation but
also the secretariat of the World Peace Council, which "has
become to an increasing extent a tool of the Soviet GovfTi-
diploma.c y and an organization serving U.S'. imperialism."(
Among n?reign speakers were Mrs. Theja Gurnawahdana of the
pro-Chinese faction in Ceylon (author of the recently published
book Khrushchevism), Mrs. Flora Gould and Rewi Allwof New
Zealand, George A. Williams of Ghana, A. 11, Kheir of the Sudan
(see August 24 Izvestiya/TASS for Soviet "exposure" of Kheir/
Heir) and Ndek Akanga from the Cameroons.
August 24-28 - A massive volume of major Soviet comments over
this 5-day period, responding to Chinese behavior, covers a wide
range of the counts against them, the most important as follows:
-- Red Star, 25th - Leontyev commentary: recalling "an old
Chinese proverb: when drinking water, remember who dug the well.
Judging by the statements of the Chinese leaders, they are for-
getting this proverb."
Izvestiya, 26th - Article by "prominent Soviet international
law expert Tunkin" entitled "National Frontiers and Peaceful
Coexistence." Noting that "some 70% of all known disputes
about national frontiers refer to Asia and Africa," the article
goes on to warn that "the supreme interests of peace insist on
respect for existingfrontiers, since any other attitude toward
frontiers is fraught with the danger of war."
-- Pravda, 26th - A Peking dispatch recalling "an old adage of
of the East says that if you watch a man through a teyhoie you
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can form a wrong opinion about him. But this is precisely what
the Chinese press is engaged in at present, disregarding popular
wiodom."
-- Pravda, 27th - Nepomnyashchiy article denounces the "theory"
invented inPeking about a "special" unity of interests of Asian
peoples, asking: ?Is there any connection between this false
theory" and the Chinese statement that "the whites had nothing
to do at Moshi?: He answers "yes," and cites a statement made
by Kenzo Matsumura, an outspoken Japanese racist, former member
of the Tbjo cabinet, after his visit to Peking last year on
the invitation of Liao Cheng-chih, Chairman of the Chinese
Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee. Matsumura said: "Deputy
Premier Chen I had many talks with me, during which it was
said that the Bast still remains the Bast and the Asian people
must change world history. We must unite and increase contacts
between our peoples which have the same color of skin and
the same system of writing." Pravda adds that this statement
was published not in some bouiPari-Japanese newspaper but in
2oople's Daily,--and "without any comment from the position
of Marxist-Leninist theory!" And on 20 September 1962, the
day after the Chinese farewell reception for Matsumura (attended
by Chen I and Ku? Mo-jo, among others), NCNA reported that
"these talks laid a foundation stone for the development of
friendship between Japan and China insofar as the populations
of the two countries have the same color of skin and the same
written language." Adding that "lately NCNA statements have
been more and more often laying stress again on the color of
tfie article asks: "Do they weigh thesignificance of
such statementswhich correspCnd more readily to the spirit
of the time of Genghis Khan than to our times." It concludes
by asking if the Chinese action at Moshi does not "confirm the
fact that the Chinese leaders have gone so far as to arm them-
selves with the "theory" of Mr. Matsumura, one of the new
"fuehrers" of the Japanese racists?"
August 25-28 - S. German Party organ Neues Deutschland editorial
on 25th strongly attacks the "boundless arrogance" of the Chinese
leaders who "presume to be able to judge better than the party,
government and people of the GDR what serves the interests
of the GDR and the German people." An even stronger statement
of the GDR Govt on the 28th rejects "with utmost emphasis the
insinuations and imputations contained in the Chinese statement
(of 15 August). For this reason the statement has been sent
back to the CPR Ministry of Foreign Affairs."
August 25 - Front-paging their report of the Czechs' "outrageous
closing down of the Prague office of NCNA as a deliberate step
to worsen relations," the Peking press says that this act
"reveals the role of the conductor's baton and the sycophantic
nature of the Czechoslovak Govt."
August 26 - The ?eking press statement dated 25th of the All-
China Journalists Association denouncing the Czech Govt's action
in closing the NCNA office in Prague says:
7
(011 Chronology Continued)
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"It is known to all that the International Organization of
Journalists --I0J-- has always called for opposition to persecu-
tion of Journalists in discharging of their normal duties...
The work of NCNA's Prague office completely conforms to these
aims of IOJ. In a place where the IOJ headquarters is situ-
ated, the Czechoslovak Govt has openly trampled on IOJ aims,
has time and again attacked the normal functioning of NCNAIS
Prague office and, finally, has ordered its closure....This
constitutes a serious provocation...."
August 26 - India has banned the distribution of anti-Soviet
material by Chinese diplomatic representatives, according to
the Indian Information Office as reported by Taos. Mrs.
Lakshmi Menon, Minister of State in the Ministry for External
Affairs, said in Parliament that the Indias Govt had expressed
to the Chinese Embassy its disapproval of the hostile campaign
conducted by the CPR against a friendly country.
August 29 - The Albanian organ Beni I Popullit in an article
"The Revisionist Khrusfichev in the Role of a Pan-Slavist" turns
to a 21 August speech at Rakovica near Belgrade in which IC
quoted the words of Petar II Njegos, bishop of Montenegro
during the first half of the 19th Century, who told Napoleon's
diplomats:
"We know full well that if the Russians die all other
Slays will die likewise, and that he who is against the
Russians is against all Slays," ZIP says: "Certainly
this is not just historic I-minis-656w or random talk.
We are here face to face with a new aspect of modern
revisionism which replaces proletarian internatiOnarism
by the ideology of racism....by the narrow concept of a
unity based on Elie ethnic origin of a certain group of
peoples.. .Re has come out openly in the role of a pan-
Slavist. In the mouth of a chauvinist-revisionist, these
----1-Taiirem about the unity and fraternity of the Slav peoples
have a definite political implication. By means of this
demagogy borrowed from the arsenal of the Russian imperi-
alist bourgeoisie, but brightened up with modern colors,
the Ehrushchev group is trying to deceive the Slav peoples
in the socialist countries and the peoples of Yugoslavia
in order to tie them more closely to its own policy in
the name of Slav unity."
August 28 - Indonesian CP Chairman Aidit completed his visit
to the CPSU and flew to Peking. Tass reports his praise of
Soviet aid: NCNA his rousing welcome by 1000 Chinese headed
by Premier Chou En-lai.
August 28 - Two more prominent Australian pro-Chinese Communists
have been expelled from the Party, including E. F. Hill, leader
of the Victoria pro-Chinese group. (Australian Overseas Service,
citing the Sydney Tribune of 28 August.)
8
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August 29 - Pravda reprints a letter published in the Beirut
aaily Al Akhbar by "the Iraqui CP which, in the past two Years,
has semi four letters to the Chinese comrades requesting them
to revise their erroneous positions." It supports the CPSU
14 July open letter and denounces the stand of the Chinese
leaders.
August 30 - People's Daily editorial entitled "Further Exposure
of-the Soviet Leaders' Act of Betrayal" strikes out bitterly
in a new attack directed at Nationalist China's signature on
the test ban treaty.
"The 'two-Chinas' trap was set with the gleeful consent
of the toviet leaders, who had boastfully called themselves
the protectors oi China...." PD cites a West German DPA
report of a deal whereby the firi5 Germany's and the two
Chinas would be accepted as signatories, with B. Germany
signing in Moscow and W. Germany in Washington, and vice
versa for the two Chinas. "Tho Soviet Govt has the audacity
to demand, or pretend to hope, that China will sign fhe
treaty....The 650 million Chinese 'people cannot but feel
shocked and outraged that the Soviet Union, an ally of
China, should have supposed that China should and could
play such a humiliating role,... Now it is clear to all
that the Soviet leaders are making use of the trap of the
Moscow treaty to oppose socialist China They have
indeed fosf all sense of shame.... All the things they
have sold to U.S. imperialism are now coming to light one
after another The betrayal of the interests of the
Chinese people over the question of Taiwan, and the betrayal
of those of the German people over the question of the
international status of the GDR arc a naked exposure of the
line of capitulation From all this there is only one
conclusion: in order to carry on their general line of
capitulation, to beg U.S. imperialism for peace, the
Soviet leaders will stop at no deals of betrayal."
(The word "betrayal" is used at least a dozen times in this
1000-word editorial, in addition to the heading.) Under a
banner headline "We Have Friends and Comrades All Over the
World," PD says that "tens of thousands of friends and comrades
hithertd-Unhnown to us" have written in since the beginning
of this year, and particularly since the publication of the
14 June CCP letter. "Letters from 13 countries" published
in this issue include one from "an American Indian, Braswell."
9
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CRONOLOGIA DISERSIONES COMUNISTAS
No. 11 17-30 Agosto 1963
7 Agosto: "Pravda" publica un articulo de Borovsky sdbre el arresto por
la junta en Ecuador del secretario general del PC, Saad, y otros "lideres
progresistas" y la amenaza de deported& masiva de "comunistas y otros
patriotas" a las Galdpagos." Uno de los motivos del golpe utilizados or
la reacci6n fue la actuaci6n irrespmsable de aventuristes-doratistas
que se habian introducido en el PC. Apoyudos ideologica ymaterialmente
por sus amies extranpros de ()Anion parecida, dichos elementos de iz-
quierda apuflalaron al Partido por la espalda." "Izvestiya" a su vez pu-
blica una carte de "Ahmed Szif Harusi, mieMbro del comitd ejecutivo del
Partido Nacionalista de Zanzibar", denunciando la ddblez de Pekin al pu-
blicar discursos y declaraciones de dos personas que representan organi-
zaciones de Zanzibar pero we son apoyadas por los chinos de Pekin y nada
representan en Zanzibar. Y Radio Moscd informa que fiLucha arera", dr-
gano del Partido Bolivian? Trotskista,
"la resolucion del XXII Pleno del Comitd Ejecutivo de la
Cuarta Internacional Trotakista" que "aprdb6 la tarea his-
torica de unirse a los chinos y luchar por la formacion de
un frente unido entre la Cuarta Internacional y los comra-
des chinos".
La radio concluye:
"Los errores ideologicos de los lideres chinos -- la terca
negative a reconocer errores politicos -- est dn condaciendo
a los politicos de Pekin al tremedal trotaista. A pesar de
ello se atreven a hacerse ver como partidarios de la pureza
del marxismo-leninisme. Los lideres parecen helper olvidado
el sabio proverbio de su pueblo que dice we 'um rana que
vive en el lodo no tiene derecho a haler del mar".
17 Agosto: - El "Diario del Pueblo" pablica en primera plena el rechazo
por parte de la Federaci& Nacional Femenina de la RPCh de la declare-
el.& de 29 de Julio de lailetiora.Butdnie Cotton, presidenta de la F)IM,
en apoyo del tratado proscriptorio de los ensayos, "usurpando el noMbre
de centenares de rit1lones de mujeres".
17-24-25-30 Agosto: fIepszaghsag", organo del PC hdrigaro, prosigue en su
apoyo de los sovidticos y critica de los chinos, con un articulo de Pecsi,
"Palabras pasadas y hechos presentes", el 17; un articulo de Szabo, "Los.
Calumniadores se desenmescaran", el 24; y artiaulos de Foldeesobre el
CA EM el 25 y el 30 quejdadose de que los lideres chinos, "en el papel de
abogados indeseados, estdn tratando de oxhortarnos a la autosuficiencia
nacinnal, aunque esto claramente seria un peso hacia atrds".
18 Agosto: El Comitd de Paz de toda Birmania pablica una declared&
condenando el tratado proscriptorio de los ensayos coma "contrario a las.
demandas de las gentes aaantes de la paz y beneficio a los preparativos
bdlicos del impertalismo norteamericano". (Agenda Nueva China).
19 Agosto: Akira Iwai, secretario general del Sohyo (Consejo General de.
Sindicatos Japoneses, reclama una rupture complete con el PC. Luego de
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tener lugar otras discusiones en septiembre y octubre, Iwai conffa que
su plan serd adoptado cono la pauta bdsica de politica para el "Sohyo".
Iwai declara que el PC Be considera infalible y es incapaz de adaptarse
a las condiciones en Japon. ("Asahi Evening News", de Tokio).
20 Agosto - Un articulo del profesor Chkhikvadze en "Pravda" describe
c&m:
"desde 1959, los delegados chinos a reuniones internacio-
nales de campeones de la paz eupezaron a oponerse a la li-
nea concertada del movimiento mundial de la paz y a desacre-
ditar sus propdsitos y tareas. Desde fin de 1960 him esta-
do lanzando un ataque abierto contra el Consejo Mundial de
la Paz".
En entrevista con la agenda TASS el mismo dfa, el director Gafurov del
Instituto de los Pueblos de Asia de la Academia de Ciencias de la UHSS,
declara qpe los dogmdticos chinos "prdcticamente sustituyen con concertos
chovinistas, nacionalistas y hasta racistas la ciencia historica marxis-
ta-leninista" idealizando el yasadoz glorificando mdtodos de politica
feudales conquistas, guerras intestinas, invasiones sangientas
elogian el papel de Genghis Khan. Bay solo un paso entre la glorifica-
el.& de los 'grandes' conquistadores y la defense del cult? a la perso-
nalidad".
20-23-29 Agosto - Los bdlgaros prosiguen su apoyo de los sovidticos y la
critica de los chinos con articulos en el organo partidista "Rabotniches-
ko Delo" el dia 201 el Organ? te6rico "Vida del Partido" No. 11 el dia 23
yun articulo por el secretario del CC Grigorov publicado en "Pravdede
Moscd el 29.
20 Agosto et seq Kruschev llega a Belgrado con su esposa en su tan anun-
ciada visita de "vacaciones". Las informaciones sdbsiguientes han indi-
cado acuerdo de opiniones pero poco en cuanto a acontecimientos concre-
tos.
21 Agosto - "Pravda" pdblica el texto de mds de 10.000 palabras de la
declaracion del Goibierno sovidtico en respuesta a las declaraciones del
Gabierno chino de 31 de julio y 15 de agosto. La mayor parte estd en
tono de raciocinio tranquilo (basado en realidades de la vida y no en el
marxismo), aprovechando la inclinacion popular favorable a su posicion
en cuanto al tratado de proscripcion de ensayos.
"La posici6n del GObierno de la RPCh, expuesta en la decla-
racion de agosto, se puede camprender solo en el sentido de
que a los lideres chinos no les importa de qud modo se difun-
dun entre los pulses capitalistas las arras nucleares siem-
pre y cuando los lideres de la RPCh pongan manos en una bom-
be, nuclear y vean cdmo es."
La declaracion se refiere luego al estupendo esfuerzo econdmico que se
requiere y declara clue:
"la RPCh no est d adn preparada para producir armas nucleares
en cantidad. Aim si la RPCh produjera dos o tres babas,
esto no resolverfa su problema pero si produciria un gran
agotamiento en la econamia de la RPCh."
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Los sovidticos ofrecen consejo al PC chino:
"Por esto es que la politica mds razondble para la RPCh en las ac.
tuales condiciones el es que por supuesto, su fuerza latente
va a ester a la medida de sus deseos eerie dedicar sus esfuer-
zos al desarrollo de la economia nacional, la ciencia, la tecnolo-
gia y la-agrieultural dediandolas a elevar el bienestar del pue-
blo chino y llenar sus necesidades vitales. El pueblo chino estd
experimentando muchas privaciones ..."
Los sovidticos entonces hacen una significative amenaza:
"Otra circunstancia tampoco puede pasar inadvertida: el Gobierno
de la RPCh, a despecho de su deber de aliado, abusaado de las re-
laeiones de confianza existentes entre los Daises socialistas, se
ha echado a la senda de hacer pdblicos umedatosdena-
turalezereservadarelecdosionaon la ensadelospi--seade
la comunidad socialista y, lo que es mds, de presenter los hedhos
de manera tendenciosal de modo tergiversado El Gobierno
sovidtico se ve obliged? a declarer que despues de semejantes ea-
tuaciones del Gobierno de la RPCh apenas hay quien crea en la sin-
ceridad de sus seguridades y le confie datos de importancia en la
defense. Es natural que el Gobierno aacar?sobre este Rarticular.w
Proe.tguen:
"61Quidn ha preguntado a los chinos clue est& condenados a muerte
por adelantado si est& dispuestos a servir de maim en el horno
de ma guerra de proyectiles nucleares? Oran autorizado ellos
a la direcci6n de la RPCh a tocar a muerto antes de tiempoilw
Despuds de este pase haeia el_pueblo chino, los sovieticos fUstigan
a los lideres de la RPCh por sU
"desencubierta intromisi6n en los asuntos dnmdsticos de otros
estados aocialistasiy en particular de la Uni6n Sovidtical" ar-
rogdndose el derecho a hablar por otros pueblos. "011 un solo
gobierno imRerialista se ha atrevido todavia llegar al ex/remo
de asegurar que El mismo y no el Gobierno sovietico est1745e-
sentando a la Union Sovietica en asuntos internacionales, pare
bablar por el pueblo sovidtico!"
Tomando nota de que, a pesar de las pretensiones chinas de ha-
blar a nombre de be pueblos de Asia, Attica y America Latina, los
estados de dichos continentes estdn adhiriendose al tratado uno tras
otro, expresan los sovieticos:
"Lo *lido que les'quede por hacer a los redactores de las declar
raciones del Gobierno de la RPCh es emplear como carta de triunfo
los pronunciamientos de unos mentos apdstatas que hace tiempo
hen perdido terreno en sus propios paises y en 81118 partidos y a
los cuales Pekin esti tratando con gran =pen de congraciarse.
Si. si, el Gobierno de la RPCh taMbidn puede ufanarse de una re-
solucion de is llamada 'Cuarta Internacional' ? e redne a os
trots stas. Ios socios en el internacionalismo proleta-
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21 Agosto: La prensa de Pekin utilize una declared& del Ninisterio,
arRelaciones Exteriores de la RPCh de fecha 20 de agosto "refutando
el ndto indio sobre concentraclem de tropes chinas en la frontera."
"Haste los imperialistas occidentales los ven (los informs indios)
con poca credulidad, en la impresidn de que el Gobierno Indio se ha
extralimitado. Solamente la a oficial de la Uni& Sovietica se
hace endrgioo eco ? t.bierno ?dio avda ha pub cado ar-
ticulos tratando de ether la culpa a China por el conflict? fronteri-
zo chino,indlo iniciad0 por el Gobierno de Nehru." Tambidn en prime-
= plane aparece la contested& del premier nor:rtnames nem Van
Dong a Chou En-l'i aprobando reunionde los j es de todcs los ea.
tados que fuera propuesta por la RPCh (pero absteniendose de criticar
el tratado que proscribe los ensayos).
22 osto: El "Mario del Pueblo" aBade a la declaraci6n sobre India
del Hi.ni8terio de Relaciones con un editorial de 4.000 relabras apun.
tando que "se hizo evidente pare la feels de la firms del tratado
tripartite clue las relaciones indo-sovifticas hablan alcanzado extra-
ordinaria intimidad." Declare que "el lacayo de Nehru, Dange (presi-
dente del PC Indio), que hace poco regres6 en triunfo de una visite
a Mead, gozoeamente hizo resaltar 'la asistencia desinteresada' de
la Union Sovietice en cuanto puso pie en tierra en Nueva Delhi."
Dange declar6 segdn noticias: asistencia sovietica es incondiei-
onal. Bicho Gobierno ye ha resuelto establecer una fdbrica en este
pais - la manufacture de armee de modo India no .ue de-.
render otros por sus piezas repuesto. -A ir- io del
comenta: -"Est? no es solo un Inuevo capitulo' en las relaciones
indo-sovieticas. Constituye taMbien un nuevo capitulo en la cola-
boraci6n entre los lideres sovidticos y el imperialism? norteameri-
eano pare aliarse con India contra China."
22 osto: El organo norcoreano "Nodong Sinmun" pdblica un editorial
de 6.000 palabras, "Los revisionistas yugoslavos sirven al imperialis-
mo", a tiempo de coincidir con la visite de Kruschev a Yugoslavia,
pero es extra() que no contiene critica de la MSS, ni siquiera indi-
rectemente.
lo
22 Agosto: Los aibaneses tomaron note de la visite de Kruschev al
vecino pals con Urinfalio en "Uri i Popullit" titulado "N. Krus-
ehef y J. B. Tito est& empollando nuevos complots."
22-28 Agosto: Mogolia una vez ms apoy6 el lado sovietico con un in-
forme de is agencia oficial Montsame el da 22 de que "el pdblico mo-
gol ha aceptado con profunda comprensi6n la declaracion del Gobierno
sovietico denunciando el rumbo aventurista y los burdos ataques an-
tisovieticos y anticcannistas de los lideres chinos", y un editorial
el 28 de agosto en el &gam rertidista "Unen" titulado "La Uni6n
Sovidtico confiable fortaleza de la pax".
23 gosto: "Pravda" publica una declaracion del PC sudanes saludando
el tratado proscriptorio de los ensayos y expresando "pleno apoyo y
profundo aprecio al CC del PCUS y al Gobierno sovietico por sus gi-
gantescos esfuerzos ..."
23 Agosto: Un comtntarista del "Diario del fteblo" comiena al lider
sovietico que
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"liege hasta el extremo de ... aceptar la irrazonsble exigencia
del imperialism? norteamericano y acordar cue la firma de dicho
tratado-Lpor RDAIO',Lrcesurectuocimicatocoit-o-estado?
.
tato equivale a ani-ilai la tuaternacicnal de 1816A, y
en efecto reconocer el regimen de Bonn como dnico representante
del pueblo alemdn. Es un acto de traicion innoble en extremo
que no solo seriamente per judica los intereses de la RDA sino que
taMbidn amplia grandemente la arrogancia de los agresivos mili-
taristas de Alemenia Occidental.
... Para conseguir un moment() de asueto y eomplacer al imperia-
lismo norteamericano, los lideres sovieticos no ban tenido es-
en vender los intereses de os ? ses aternos.
embargo, irmemen creemos que los mill..es de san-
te de is RDA noyermitirdn5ue otros dicten sus deetinos":
23 Agto: La celebracidn de is fiesta nacional de Rumania es ?cast&
de efualvoa tributos de ambos canpos.
23-30 Agosto: El Gobierno checoslovaco informa a los chinos que el
permiso de la oficina-& Itm!, de la Agencia Thieve China queda can-
celed? inmediatamente por-Eair continued? "actividades inadmisibles"
difundiendo "materiales que calumnian al pueblo checoslovaco y bur-
damente atacan al Gobierno y PC checoslovaco." El da 30 el Organ?
partidista "Rude Pravo" da meyores detalles. "En lugar de prestar
atention a los inmensoa exitos de la Union Sovidtica arti-
eulos tergiversados y As sedicente critica que generLizan caracte-
risticas negatives aisladas de la Union Sovidtica. El extremo a que
liege su odio lo demuestra el hecho de que los diarios centrales cbdr
nos exhibieron en primers plane una foto de gran tameno de una estra.
perlista sentenciada por un tribunal sovidtico. En momentce en que
el mundo entero seguSa emocionado el vuelo especial de Valentina
Tereshkova, ni un solo diario chino encontr6 lugar para publicar su
fotografia."
23 Agosto: El CC del PC austriaco undnimemente aprueba un discurso
de su secretario general Fuernberg en spay? de la Mien Sovidtica
contra China. Despues de la reunion, los observadores llegan a la
conclusidn de que la "carte abierta" en apoyo de las opiniones chinas
dirigida reeientemente a los comunistas austriacos es dbra de Ma
sola persona y no de un grupo. (APP)
23 Agosto: El profesor de deredho internacional Kozhevnikov analiza
en "Izvestiya" la "violacidn por parte del liderato chino de las
normas elementales del derecho internacional" en su politica exterior
hacia la URSS y be paises socialistas. Race resaltar que "divulgando
datos sobre las defenses de la comunidad socialista, el Gobiiara."-
la RPCh ha tornado la senda de lacer caso omiso de su deber coo ailed?
haste= punto que rays en una clam violacidn "-
24 to: Despues de la denuncia en "Izvestiya" del truco chino
de utilizer residentes de Pekin como "representantes de Zanzlbar
(yea el 17 de agosto), TABS transmite una carte de unos cuantos es-
critores sovieticos que habian asistido a la reunidn de escritores
afroasidticos en Denpasar, Indonesia, haciendo saber su indignacidn
por in truco parecido de los chinos. Al "prominente escritor sudands
Abdullah Heald el Amin, llegado de Khartum, le fue negado el derecho
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a representar a su pais" en favor de cierto Ahmed Heir, "que no vire
en Sudan ni representa a nadie. Este vino con la delegacion china
de Pekin, donde ha estado viviendo unos siete ethos." Mends, uno de
los autores de la carta, el "conocido escritor de Uzbek, Hamid Gulyam",
declar6 a TASS: "El vergonzoso incidente con Amin dista mucho do ser
el &leo inspirado pox' los representantes chinos en el movimiento de
escritores afroasiaticos". (Vea el 24 de agosto -- la manifestaci6n
de masa en Pekin -- otra utilizacide de Heir/Kheir.)
24 Agosto: Una manifestacidn de masa en Pekin de mds de 10.000 asis-
TEM-7in celebracion del 6xito de la Novena Conferencia Mundial
Contra las Bombes A y H en Hiroshima," rindi6 una "delirante bien-
venida a luchadores de la pez de varios paises que ban venido a Chins
despu6s de la conferencia mundial y a la delegaci6n china que ha re-
gresado de Japon coronada pox al dxito. Chao Pu-chu, a cargo de la
delegacidn china, atac6 no solo a la delegaci6n sovidtica sino al se-
cretariado del Consejo MUndial de la Paz, que "se ha convertido m?s
y ma en un instrumento de la diplonaoia sovidtica y una organizacidn
al servicio del imperialism? norteamericano". Entre los oradores ex-
tranjeros estaban Mrs. The,* Gurnswahdana de is facci6n pro-China de
Ceildn (autora del libro "Krsuchevismo" publicado hace poco), Mrs
Flora Gould y nevi Alley de Nueva Zelandia, George A. Williams de
Ghana, A. NL Kheir del Suddn (yea 24 Agosto u/zvestiya" - TASS - la
"denuncia" sovidtica de Kheir/Heir), y Ndek Akanga do Camerdn.
24-28 Agosto: Un an nilmero de comentarice sovieticos de importancia
durante estce 5 d/as con respect? a la conducts de China recorre una
amplia lista de los cargos contra dicho pais, siendo los ina importan-
tes los siguientes:
--Estrella Roja", el 26- Comentario de Leontyev; recuerda un
ftantiguo proverbio chino: cuando bebas ague, recuerda qui& ca-
v6 el pozo. A juzgar or las declaraciones de los lideres chi-
nos, est& olvidando este proverbio".
"Izvestiye, el 26 - Articulo del "prominente perito en de-
recho internacional Tunkin" titulado "Fronteras nacionales y
coexistencia pacifica". Apuntando que "el 70 par ciento de las
disputes conocidas sobre fronteras nacionales se refieren a Asia
y Africa," el articulo advierte que "los supremos intereses de
la paz insisten en el re to a las fronteras existentes ya que
cualiuier otra ac it . ia las onteras es cargada del pe-
ligro de guerra".
-- "Pravda", el 26 - Despacho de Pekin recordando, "un antipo
adagio del Este dice que si uno vigila a un hombre por el ojo de una
cerradura puede formarse de 61 una opinion equivocada. Pero esto es
precisamente lo que ocupa ahora a la prensa china, haciendo caso omi-
so a la sabiduria popular".
-- "Pravda," el 27 - Wepomniashchiy en un articulo condena la
"teoria" inventada en Pekin sobre un unidad "especial" de intereses
de los pueblos asilticos, preguntando: -waay alguna relaci6n entre
dicha teoria &lee y is declaraci6n china de que "los blancos nada
ten/an que hacer en Moshi?" Contesta afirmativamante y cite una de-
claracidn de Kenzo Matsumurs, descomedido racista japon6s y ex miem-
bro del gdbinete de Tojo, luego de au visite a Pekin el aft passed?
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a invitacida de Liao Cheng-chih, presidente del Comitd Chino de
SolaridadAfroasidtica. Matsumura expres6: "El vicepremier Chen I
sostuvo muchas converseciones conmigo durante las cuales se dijo que
el Este Gigue siendo el Este y El_pueblo asidtiu(ldeberd cambiar la
historia munalal. Deberemos unirnos y aumentar los c0652111771117
nii;Fans pueblos que tienen el mismo color de la tez y el mismo sis-
tema de escritura." "Pravda' abide que cliche aeclaraci6n fue publi-
cada no en algdn diario burguds jvponds sino en el "Diario del Pue-
blo" -- iy sin comentario alguao desde el punto de vista de la teo-
ria marxista-leninistal" Y el 20 de septiembre de 1962, el dia des-
puds de la recepcion de despedida a Matsumura (con asistencia de
Chen I y Kkao Mo-jo, entre otros), la Agencia Nueva China infarm6 que
"dichas conversaciones echaron una primera piedra para el desenvol-
vimiento de la unidad entre Japan y China puesto que las poblaciones
de ambos paises tienen la tez del mismo color y el mismo lenguaje es-
crito". Apuntando que "dltimamente las declaraciones de la Agencia
Nueva Chima ban estado mds y mks poniendo &raids draueva en el co-
lor de la tee, el articulo pregunta: waopesan ellos la signifffs7
clan de semejantes declaraciones que corresponden mis facilmente al
espiritu de la dpoca de Genghis Khan que de la nuestra?" Concluye
preguntando si la actiacidn china en Moshi no "confirma el hecho de
que los lideres chinos hen llegado al extremo de armarse con la
'teoria' de Matsumtma, uno de los nuevos 'filbrers' de los racistas
nipones".
25-28 Agosto: "Neues Deutschland," brgano del PC de Alemania Oriental,
el 25 ataca editorialmente con gran violencia la "arrogancia sin limi-
tee" de los lideres chinos que "pretenden poder juzgar major que el
Partido, el Gobierno y el pueblo de la RDA lo que sirve a los intere-
ses de la RDA y del pueblo aleman." Una declaracidn aun mae fuerte
del Gobierno de la RDA el dia 28 rechaza "con el mayor enfasis las
insinuaciones e imputaciones contenidas en la declaracion china (del
15 de agosto). Por este motivo la declaracion ha sido devuelta al
Ministerio de Beleciones de la RPCh."
25 Agosto: Poniendo en primera plena la informacidn sobre la "in-
juriosa clausura" por los checos de is aficina de Praga de is Agen-
cia Nueva China como "medida intenciaaal para empeorar las relacio-
nes", la prensa de Pekin declare que dicha accidn "revels, el papal
de la batuta del conductor y is naturaleza sicofante del Gobierno
checoslovaco".
26 osto: La declaracida de prensa en Pekin de Is Asociaci6a de
iodistaa de Toda China, fechada el 25, condenando is acciem del
Gobierno checo al cerrar la oficina de la Agencia Nueva China en
Praga dice:
"Es de todos conocido que la Organizacion Internacional de Peri-
odistas -- cap -- siempre ha solicited? la oposicidn a is persecucidn
3i-Tai-Periodistao en el desempoffo de sus obligaciones normales
El trabajo de is oficina de Praga de la Agencia Nueva China as ajus-
ta por couplet? a dichos fines de la OIP. En un lugar en que esti
situada is sede de la OrEll el Gobierno checoslovaco ha isoteado
abiertamente los fines de ]i0 a atac& repet des veces el normal
fUncianamiento de is aficina de Praga de la Agencia Nueva Chins y,
por fin, ha dispuesto an clausura Esto constituye grave provoca-
cida ..."
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26 Agosto: India ha prohibido la distribucion de materiales antis?.
vieticos por los repreaeatantes diplomdticos chinos, de acuerdo con
la Oficina India de Informacidn, gegen informa TASS. La Bettors
Lakshmi Menon, la Minisr,ra de Estado en el Miniaterio de Relaciones
Exteriores, declar6 en el Parlamento que el Gobierno indio habia
expresado a la edbajada china su desoprobacian de la campea de hos-
tilidad hacia un pais amigo mantenida por la RPCh.
29 Agosto: El Organo aibanes "Uri I Popullit" en el articulo "El
revisionista Kruschev en el papel de paneslavista", hace referencia
a un discurso por Kruschev el 21 de agosto pronunciado en Rakovical
cerca de Belgrado, en el cual repetia K las palabras de Peter II
Njegos, Obispo de Montenegro en is primera mitad del siglo 19, a be
diplomdticos de Napoleon: "Sabemos muy bien que si los rusos mueren
todos los otros eslavos moritdn tambien, y qae quien este contra los
rusos estd tatbien contra todos los eslavos". Dice "Zen i I Popullit":
"Por supuesto que esto no es sencillamente reminiscencia hist6-
rica ni conversacian al azar. Estamos aqui cars a cara con un
nuevo aspecto del revisionism contempordneo que reemplaza
iliternacionalismo_proletario con la, ideolog del racism? ...
con el estrecho concept? de una unidad basada en el origen et-
nico de cierto grupo de pueblos... Ha salido dbiertamente con
el papel de un paneslavista. En boca de un chovinista-revision.
ista, estas palabras sobre la unidad y fraternidad de los pie-
bloc eslavos tienen implicaciOn politica definida. Por medio
de este demagogia prestada del arsenal de la burguesia imperi-
alista rum, pero abrillantada con colores modernos, el grupo
de Kruschev estd, pretendiendo engaZar a los pueblos eslabos de
los paises socialistas y los pueblos de Yugoslavia para atarlos
ina estrechamente a su propio pogtica en nombre de la unidad
eslava".
28 to: El presidente Aidit del PC indonesio concluy6 su visita
al PCUS y vol6 aPekin. TAW informa su elogio a la ayuda sovietica;
is Agenda Nueva China la gran bienvenida rendida por 1.000 chinos
encabezados por Chou En-lai.
28 osto: ?troll; dos prominentes comunistas pro-China son expulsados
el ,australieno entre ellos E. P. Hill, lider del grupo pro-China
de Victoria. (Australian Overseas Service, en informe atribuido al
"Tribune" de Sydney de 28 de agosto).
29 Agosto: "Pravda" reproduce una carte publicada en el diario
"Al Akhbar" de Beirut or "el PC iraki,que en los filtimos dos atm
ha escrito cuatro cartes a los cameradas chinos pidiendoles que re-
visen sus opiniones erradas." Apoya Ls carta abierta del PCUS de
14 de julio y condana la actitud de los lideres chinos.
jU Agosto: Un editorial del "Diario del Pueblo" titulado "Otra
denuncia del acto de traiciOn de los lideres sovieticos" ataca
violentamente en un nuevo golpe motivado por haber China Nacionalista
suscrito el tratado contra los ensayos nucleares.
"La trampa de las 'dos Chinas' fue colocada con.21rad
consentimiento de los lideres sovitticoo, que oe habiah do e1
pisto de Ilamarse protectores de China ..." El "Mario" cita
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un informs de la agencia DPA de Alemania Occidental sobre un
arreglo mediante el cual las dos Alemanias y las dos Chinas
serian aceptadas coin? auscribientes, con Alemania Oriental fir-
mando en MOscli y A:7_emania Occidental en Washington, y vice versa
con las dos Chinas, "El Odbierno sovidtico tiene la audacia de
exigir, o pretender esperar, que China firm el tratado
Loa 160 millones de Berea del ueblo chino no pueden sino sentir-
se haFiBilTiata y odos de uiI?J?i6n Sovidtica, aliada
de LI---Cra?rhinaysugueato que China pudiera y quisiera jugar pepel
?tan humillente Ahora queda en claro ante todos que los 11-
dares sovidticos est& eTpleando la trampa del tratado drAgil
para oponerse a China soCli
linta verdad ban perdido todO"
sentido e vergtenza Todas las cosas qua ban vendido al im-
perialism norteamericano est& ahora saliendo a luz una trims
otra ... La traici6n a los intereses del pueblo chino sobre is
cuesti6n de Taiwdn y la traicide a los del pueblo slam& sobre
la cuesti6n del status internacional de la RDA on una exposi-
el.& al deaaudo de la linea de capitulacidin ... De todo eato
hay solo una conclusidn: para,proseguir con su linea general
de capitulacion, para suplicar la pax a los Estados Unidos,
los lideres aovidticos no se eximen de ninguna componenda de
traici6n".
(La palabra "traicion" aparece usada por lo menos doce veces an
este editorial de 1.000 palabraa, aparte del titulo). Bajo un titu-
lar a todo lo ancho, "Tenemos amigos y camaradas en todo el mundo",
el "Mario del Pueblo" dice que "decenas de millares de amigos y ca-
maradas qua nos eran antes desconocidos" an escrito desde el princi-
pio de este edlo y especialmente desde la publicaci6n de la carts del
PC chino de 14 de junio. Entre las "cartas de 13 paises" pablicadas
en esta edici6n aparece una de "un indio americano, ikmawell".
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CBRONOLOGZE DISSENTIONS COMMUNISTES
No. 11 17-30 adet 1963
17 aoet - "Pravda" pub lie un article par Borovsky sur l'arrestation en
Ecuador du secretaire-general du parti cammuniste Saad et d'autres "lea-
ders wogressistes" ainsi que sur la menace de deportation par la junta
des "cammunistes et autres patriotes" aux ties Galapagos. "Le.s. agisse-
nents irresponssbles des aventuriers-dogmatistes qui s'etaient infiltres
dans le parti eammuniste furent une des raisons donnees par la reaction
pour expliquer le poutche. Ces elements de gauche, soutenus iddologique-
ment et materiellement par leurs anis etrangers partageant leurs opi-
nions poignardhrent le parti dans le dos". "Izvestiya", egalement, pu-
bliait une lettre de "Akhmed Szif Harusil nembre du mate exdcutif du
parti nationaliste de Zanzibar", qui denoncait is duplicite dont Pekin
avait fait preuve dans see communiques sur les discours et les declara-
tions faites par deux personnes representant des organisations de Zanziba:
qui sont soutenues par les Chinois h Pekin, et qui ne representent rien
h Zanzibar. Radio-Moscou de son One annonce que "Lucha Obrera", organe
du parti trotskiste de Bolivie, avait
"la resolution du 22e plenum du camite executif de la lye
Internationale trotakiste" qui "a approval/6 is tftche histo-
rique de se joindre aux Chinois et de utter pour la forma-
tion d'un front uni entre is lye Internationale et les cama-
rades chinois". La radio concluait:"Les erreurs ideologiques
des leaders chinois, leur entetement dans le refus d'admettre
leurs erreurs politiques, conduisent les politiciens de Pekin
dans le bourbier trotskiste. Malgre eels, us n'osent pas
se presenter en tent que supporteurs de is puret6 du marxisme-
leninisme. Les leaders chinois semblent avoir oublie le Es27
vcrbe plein de sagesse de leur peuple qui dit sae "une gre-.
nouille vivant dans is boue n'a pas le droit de parler de is
mer".
17 aout - "Le Quotidien du peuple" pUblie en premiere page le communique
de is Federation nationale des fames de is Reyublique populaire chinoise,
denoncant is. declaration faite le 29 juillet par Madame Eugenie Cotton,
presidente de is Federation democratique internationale des femmes, qui
s'est prononcee en faveur du traite interdisant les essais uuclddires,
"usurpaat le nam de centaines de millions de femmes".
17-24-25-30 acet - "Nepszabadsag", organe du parti communiste hongrois,
continue h soutenir les Soviets et a critiquer les Chinois dans un arti-
cle de Pecsi, "paroles et actions du passe", en date du 17, un article
de Szabo, "Les calosibis se demasquent elles-menes", du 24, et des arti-
cles de Foldes our le Conseil de l'Assistance_dconomique mutuelle, en
date du 25 et da 30, se plaignant que les leaders chinois "dans leur
rtle d'avocats que l'on n'a pas invites, essaient de nous exhorter h
nous suff ire nous-memes sur le plan national, lien que cela equivau-
drait nettement hun pas en arriere".
18 scat - Le Coate Pan-Birman de is Paix fait parattre une declaration
condamnant le traite interdisant les essais nucleaires en taut que
aux revendications des peuples pacifiques at favorisant les prd-
parations b. is guerre nucleaire de l'imperialisme des Etats-Unis". (A-
gence de presse de la Chine nouvelle).
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19 aoet,- Le secrdtaire-gdndral du "Sohyo" (Conseil gdudral des syndicats
professionnels japonais), Akita-Iwai, rdclame une rupture complete avec
lejarti communiste. Apres plus ample discussion en septembre et en oc-
tare, Iwai espere que on plan sera adoptd en tent que directive fonda-
mentale de la politique du "Sohyo". Iwai ddclare que le parti communiste
se considere infaillible et quill est incapable de s'adapter aux condi-
tions qui existent au Japon. ("Asahi" -"Nouvelles du soir", Tokyo).
20 poet -Ma article de "Pravda" par le professeur Chkhikvadze depeint la
ratu?ITEr7; dont:
"depuis 1959 les ddldguds chinois aux rtunions internationales
des champions de la paix entemerent une opposition A la ligne
concertde du mouvement de paix mondial et discrdditerent ses
dbjectifs et ses travaux. Depuis la fin de 1961, us on pour-
suivi des attaques ouvertes contre le Conseil mondial de la
paix".
Danz une interview tu TABS du meme jour, Gafurov, directeur de l'Institut
des peuples de l'Azie de l'Aeaddmie des sciences de l'Union sovidtique,
ddclarait que les dogmatistes chinois "avaient.pratiquement sabstitUd
la science historique marxiste-ldniniste des conceptions chauvinistes,
nationalistes et nAtie racistes, glorifiant les mdthodes de politique feo-
dales, les conigetes) les guerres intestines, les invasions sanglantes et
quills glofifiaient le rele de Genghis Khan. Il ne uuffit que d'un seul
pas entre la glorification des grands conqudrants et la defense du culte
de personnalitd".
20-23-29 wet - Les Bulgares continuent h soutenir les Soviets et tt cri-
tiquer les Chinois dans des articles pants dans le journal du parti 41Ra-
botnichesko" du 20, dans le journal thdorique "Vie du parte numdro 11,
paru le 23, et dans un article du secrdtaire du camitd central Grigorov
pliblid dans la "Pravda" de Moscou le 29.
20 aoet et la suite - Khrouchtchev et as femme arrivent h Belgrade pour
leur visite "de vacance" qui flit prdadde d'une grande pub1icit. tes
communiques de presse qui sulvirent soulignent quill y a accord de vues
mais ne disent que peu de choses au sujet de ddveloppements concrets.
21 adat - La "Pravda" publie un texte de 10.000 mots en plus dune ddcla-
ration du gouvernement sovidtique rdpondant aux ddclarations du gouver-
nement chinois du 31 juillet et du 15 wet. Le ton pour is plupart est
celui d'un calme raisonnement (base sur des faits, et non sur le marxis-
me), mnntrant un ddsir de profiter du sucees populaire dont jouit leur
position h lidgard du trait d interdisant les essais nucldaires.
?
"La position du gouvernement de la Rdpalique populaire
chinoise, ddfinie dans la ddclaration diaoet, ne peut
siinterprdter que dans le Bens que les leaders chinois se
ddsintdressent totalement de la propagation des armes nu-
cldaires dans les pays capitalistes aussi longtemps que
les leaders de la Rdpdblique populaire chinoise conser-
vent une chance de mettre la main sur une bombe nucldai-
re et voient h quoi elle ressetble."
La ddclaration enchatne en soulignant l'effort dconamique dnorme que cela
comporte et ddclare que:
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"la Rdpublique populaire chinoise manque encore de pre-
parations pour produire des armes nucldaires en quantitd
suffisante. NOMe si la Rdpoblique populaire chinoise par-
venait h produire 2 au 3 bombes, elle ne parviendrait as
A rdsoudre see problemesmais aboutirait h dpuiser con-
siddrablement lidconomie de la RETsublique populaire chi-
noised.
"C'est pourquoi dans les conditions prdsentes, et natu-
rellement si les ddsirs de la Rdpliblique populaire chi-
noise sont h la hauteur de ses possibilitds, sa politi-
que la plus raisonnable serait de concentrer taus ses ef-
forts h ddvelopPer l'dconomie nationale, la science, la
technologie et l'agriculture, les mettant au service du
bien4tre du peuple chinas pour pouvoir satisfaire les
besoins vitaux. Le peuple chinois a souffert de bien des
privations..."
Les Soviets ensuite proferent une menace significative:
"Il est un point encore que l'on ne peut passer sous si-
lence: le gouvernement de la Rdpublique populaire chinoi-
se mdprisant ses devoirs en tent eu'a11t04 et pragitaut_
des relations de confiance qui existent entre les pays so-
eialistes, s'est eMbarqud sur la vole de rendre pyklIcs_
des documents secrets et des renseignements concernant la
defense des pays de la communautd socialiste, et, qui plus
est, de presenter les faits d'une maniere tendancieuse, et
sous un faux Jour... Le gouvernement sovidtique est forcd
de declarer qu'en prdsence des agissements du gouvernement
de la Rdpdblique populaire chinoise ii ne reste pratique-
ment personne pour faire confiance en ses assurances et
pour lui communiquer des informations intdressant la_ddfen-
Se. Il est naturel que le gouvernement sovidtieue tire
des conclusions A ce sujet."
Les Soviets continuent:
"Qui donc a demandd A ces Chinois condmmnds d'avance mou-
Mx, si leur ddsir est de devenir le combustible dans la
fournaise d'une guerre nucldaire? Ont-ils accordd aux
leaders de la R4pdblioue pppulaire chinoise le pouvoir de
sonner leur glas prdmaturdmente
ATres cette oourbette au peupae chinois, les Soviets font is lecon aux
leaders de la Rdpdblique populaire chinoise en raison de leur "inter-
ventinn non ddguisde dans les affaires intdrieures des autres Etats so-
cialistes, en partieulier dans ceux de l'Union Sovidtique, en s'arro-
geant le droit de ;Grier pour les autres peuples. "Aucun des gouverne-
ments impdrialistes n'est encore elle Jusqu'h oser d'affirmer que c'est
lui et non le gouvernement sovidtique qui reprdsente 14Union Sovidtique
dans les affaires internatinnales, ou h parler au nom du peupls sovid-
tique!"
ATTU avoir soulignd que malgrd les prdtentions qu'ont les Chinois de
parler au nom des peuples de l'Asie, de l'Afrique et de l'Amdrique Latine,
les Etats de ces continents adherent au trait d les uns spits lee autres,
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les Soviets ddclarent:
"La seule chose qui reste ?. faire pour les auteurs des
declarations du gouvernement de la Republique populaire
chinoise est de prendre come atout les prononcements de
quelques apostats qui depuis longtemps out perdu posi-
tion dans leur pays et dans leur parti et que Pekin stet-
force de cuurtiser. Qui, en effet, le gauvernenent de la
Repalique populaire cbinoise peut se venter d'une reso-
lution de la prdtendue lye Internationale unissant les
groupes trotskistes. On ne peut nier que ce sont le de
dignes partenaires dans un internationalisme proldtarien!"
21 soft - La presse de Pekin souligne une declaration du 20 wet du Minis-
tare des affaireede la Republique populaire chinoise "rdfutant le mythe
propagd par les Indiens selon lequel les Chinois concentrersient des trou-
pes le long de la frontiere." "Les impdrialistes accidents= eux-m*mes
n'y attachent (aux declarations des Indiens) qu'une foi lhaitde, esti-
mant que le gouvernanent de l'Inde est alld trop loin. Il n'y a que
la_presse officielle de l'Union Sovidtique a faire echo energiquement
au gouvernement indien... La "Pravda" publie des articles tendsnt a
rejeter sur la Chine la responsebilite pour le conflit frontalier sino-
indien:provoque par le gouvernement de Nehru." En premiere page dgale-
ment se trouve la reponse Chou En4ai du premier ministre du Vietnam
du Nord Phan Van Dons qui approuve la proposition de la Reptiblique popu-
laire chinoise de faire rdunir tous les chefs d'Etat (nais qui ne criti-
que las le traitd interdisant les essais nucldaires).
22 acat - Le "Quotidien du peuple" publie un editorial de 4.000 mots sur
la declaration du Ministere des affaires dtrangeres concernant l'Inde,
dans lequel ii souligne "Il dtait devenu evident tt l'epoque de la signa-
ture du trait tripartite de Moscou que les relations indo-sovidtiques
dtaient devenues d'une intimitd extraordinaire." L'editorial declare que
flange (president du parti communiste indien), laquais de Nehru, est ren-
trd rdcemment aux Indes en triomphe, et des son arrive New Delhi s'est
mis i. souligner joyeusement "l'assistance ddsintdressde" de l'Union So-
vietique". D'apres l'editorial, Dange aurait dit:"L'assistance sovid-
tique ne comporte aucune condition. Le gouvernement de l'Union Sovidtiquc
a d? ddcidd de construire une usine d'armements dans notre pays afin
que l'Inde n'ait pas a ddpendre de l'aide des autres pour obtenir des
pieces detachdes." Le "Quotidien du peupae" commente:"Ceci n'est pas
seulement un nouveau chapttre dans les relations indo-sovidtiques. C'est
dgalement un nouveau charittre dp la collaboration entre les leaders sovi-
dtiques et l'imperialisme des Etats.:Unis que de s'allier avec l'Inde con-
tre la Chine".
22 =tit L'organe nord-corden "Nodong Sinmun" pane in editorial de
6.000 mots "Les rdvisionnistes yaugoslaves au service de lperialiame".
Il est evident que la date de sa publication correspond 6, dessein avec
celle de la visite de Khrouchtchev en Yougoslavie, mais il est curieux
qu'il ne contient aucune critique, m*me sous-entendue, de ltUnion Sovid-
tique.
22 aolat - Les AlbQnais acceuillent la visite de Khrouchtchev chez leur
voisin par un article de "Zen i Popullit" intitule "N. Khrouchtchef et
J. B. Tito sont en train de couver de nouveaux camplots".
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22-28 aoilt - La Mongolie se range de nouveau du c8te des
Toviets, dans un ogmmuniqu4 de l'agence officielle "Mont-
same" du 22, qui dec1ar5 que "Le public mongol acceuille
tree favorablement la declaration du gouvernement sovid=
tique qui denonce la politique,aventureuse des leaders chi-
nois et les attaques anti-sovietiques et anti-communistes
sros8i6re8," et dans un 4ditoria1 du 28 aout de l'organe
du parti "Linen" intitule "L'Union Sovietique, forteresse
de la paix digne de confiance".
23 aoat - La "Pravda" publie une de?13ration du parti com-
Fargra stpdanais, qui salue le traite interdisant les es-
sais nucleaires et assure de "son soutien entier et de sa
profonde gratitude h l'egard du comite central du parti
communist? de l'Union Sovietique et du gouvernement sovie-
tique dans leurs efforts gigantesques..."
2,3 aoat - Un commentateur du"Quotidien du peuple" expose le
leader qui:
Italia jusquqt se soume;ttre aux exigences de-
raisonnables de l'imperialisme des Etats-Unis,
et admettre quo la signature du traits par la
R6publioue democratique allemande n'impliquait
pas la reconnaissance de celle-ci. Cola equi-
vaut a une annulation du statut International
de la Republique democratique al,lemande et a
une reconnaissance de fait du regime de Bonn
en tant que seul repr63entant du peuple alle-
mand. C'est un acte de trahison particulie-
rement ignoble qui non seulement torte attein-
te aux interZts de la Republique deMocratipe
allemande mats contribue egalement a accroitre
considerablement l'arrogance des militaristes
agressifs de l'Allemagnepa l'Ouest... af?in
d'obtenir un moment de repit et de plaire a
l'itperialisme des Etats-Unis, les leaders so-
vietiques n'ont pas hesitd h vendre les intd-
mita des pays fraternels. ...Cependant, nous
croyons fermesent quo les 18,000.000 d'habi-
tants de la Republique democratique allemande
ne permettront pas aux autres de decider de
lour destine,"
23 aoat - La celebration de la fete nationale roumaine prove-
quo des tribute chaleureux de la part des deux camps.
23-30 aoat - Le gpuvernement tchecoslovaque Inform? les Chi-
nois quo l'autortgation de travail accordee a l'Agence do
Presse de la Chine nouvelle a Prague lui Stait retirSe im-
mddiatemont on raison "d'agissements inadmissibles" qui se
poursuivent sous forme de distribution "d'une documentation
calomhiant le peuple slovaque et attaquant grossidrement lo
gouvornement tchecoslovaque et le parti communiste." Le 30,
l'organe du parti "Rude Praxo" donnait des details plus nom7,
broux, "Au lieu de reconnaitre les succ.6s immenses remportes
par l'Union Sovietique, elle publie des articles de sol-
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disant critique deformant la velite, qui generalise quelques
caracteristiquos negatives isolees de ltUnion Sovieique. A
quel point cotta halno pout stetendre et demontrer par le
fait quo los journaux chinois publient on premidre Tege une
photographie de grande dimension montrant une, femme condam-
nde par les tribunaux sovietiques pourparche noir. A 116-
poquo oh le monde entier suivait avec emotion le vol spatial
do Valentina Teroshkova, aucun journal chinois n'a trouve'do
place pour publier sa photographie.
23 aoixt - Le comitcf central du parti communist? autrichien
approuve unanimement le discours du socretalre-general ruern-
berg, qui soutient l'Union Sovietique centre la Chine. A la
suite de cotta reunion quo les observateurs sont parvenus h
la conclusion quo "la lattre ouverte" soutenant le point do
vue chino's, ot adressee rdcemment aux communistes autrichion:
est le fait d'un individu at non pas main? d'un group?. (AFP)
23 adit - Le professeur de droit international Kozhevnikov
analyse dans "Izvestiya"lienfreinte portoe par no leaders
chinois aux regles les plus elementaires de droit internatio-
nal" dans sa politique a liegard de ltUnion Sovietiquo et des
pays socialistes. souligne qua "en divulguant les se-
crets concernant la defense de la communaute-socialisto, lo
gouvernoment de la Republique populaire chinoise a pr).s le
cours de no tenir awun cqmpte de see devoirs dtallie au
point de se trouver a la limite d'une violation caracterisee..
24 aotlt - Apraavoir denonce les manisances des Chinois qui
utilisent des residents de Pekin en tant quo "representants"
do Zanzibar (voir 17 aogt), TASS publie une lettre de plu-
siours ecrivains sovietiques ayant participe h une reunion
d'auteurs afro-asiatiques h Denpasar, Indonesie, lour expri-
mant ltindignation des Sovietiques au sujet d'une fraud? ana-
logue porpetreo par les Chinois. "L'auteur soudanais dminent
Abdullah Hamid el Amin, qui vint de Khartoum, se vit intordirc
4.? droit de representer son pays", privilege qui fut accord
a un certain Ahmed Heir, "qui n'habite m'ame pas au Soudan et
qui no represent? personne. 0e19i-ci arriva ave,e la delega-
tion chinoise en provenance de Pekin, o il a vecu depuis 7
ans. D'autre part, l'un des auteurs de la lettre "ltdcrivain
ouzbek bien connu Hamid Gulyam" declara TASS:"L'incident
choquant dont Amin fut l'objet est loin d'etre le soul ins-
pire par les representants chinois au sen du mouvement des
ocrivains sfro-asiatiques." (Voir, 24 aout - Ralliement on
passe de Pekin - autre fonction devolueoh Heir/Kheir.)
24 aoilt - Un ralliement en masse de plus de 10.000 personnos
a P6kin "pour cdiebrer le succes de la 90 conference mondial?
contre les bombes atomiques at les bombes a l'hydrogbno a Hi-
roshima" a fait une "reception chaleureuse aux combattants s
pour la,paix des divers pays,, qui se rendirent en Chine apros
la conference ainsi quo la delegation chinoise revenue,du
Japon couronnee de succes". Chao Pu-chu, chef de _la, delega-
tion,phinoise, s'est attaqud non seulement h la delegation
soviotique mais aussi au secretariat du conseil mondial pour
la paix, qui "devient do plus on Plus un instrument de la
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diplonatio du souvernement sovidtique et une organisation
au service de l'inperialisme des Etats-Unis." Parmi los
oratours etrangers se trouvaient e Theja Gurnawahdana do
la faction pro-chinoise do Coylan (auteur d'un livro publid
recenment intituld "Khrouchtchevisme"), Mme Flora Gould ot
Rewi Ally de la Nouvelle-Z6lande, George A. Williams de Gha-
na, A.M. Kheir du Soudan (Voir "Izvestiya"/TASS du 24 aout
pour les "denonciations" sovidtiques de Moir/Heir) at Wdok
Akanga representant les Camerounes.
24-28 aoilt - Une quantitd massive de,,commentaires sovieti-
quos importants au ?ours de cette periode de 5 jours, on re-
ponse a la conduite des Chinois, traito d'un grand nombro
d'accusations faites centre ceux-ci, los plus importantes 6-
tant los suivantes:
? Etoilo Rouge du 25 aout - Commentaires de Leontyev: rap-
pelant "un vieux proverbe chinois: lorsque l'on boit do
l'eau ii faut se rappeler qui a crouse le puits. A on jugor
par les ddclarations de leaders chinois, ceux-ci ont oublid
lc proverbe."
--,Izvostiya du 26 aoUt - Article par "l'eminent expert so-
vietique on droit international Tounkine", intitule "Fron-
ti6ros nationales et coexistence pacifique". Soulignant
quo "70 pour-cent do toutes les disputes connues au sujet do
frontiercis nationales interessent l'Asie et l'Afrique", liar-
ticle proviont quo "l'interest suprme de la paix exige Quo
l'on res oe e es *4 al car touto autre at-
titude a 1 egard de frontiktes porte en elle le darer do
guorre".
-- Pravda du 26 aoat - Une depeche de rappelant "un
vieil adage do l'Est qui dit quo si vous obsorvez un home
par le trou d'une serrure vous risquoz de vous en faire uno
opinion erronee. Mats c'est prdciseinent ce quo la prosso
chinoiso est en train do faire, au n6pris de la sagosse po-
pulaire".
-- Pravda du 27 aoat - Un article de Nepomnyashchiy d6nonce
la "tAeorie" illventee 'par Pekin au suiet de l'uniformite
"_particuliere" drinterats des _pays asiatiquos, et domande:
"Y a-t-i1 un lien quelconque entre cette fausse thdorie"
ot 1a,d6c1aration des Cjinois "qui veut quo les Blanes n'ont
non a faire h Moshi?: II rdpond:"Ou14 et cite une declara-
tion de Kcnzo Matsumura, un racist? japonais avere, ancion
membro du cabinet Tdjo, reimnee faite apres sa visite 'a 26kir
l'annde derniere, invit6 par Liao Cheng-chich, president du
comitechinois de la solidaritd afro-asiatique. Matsumura
declara:"Le premier ministre adjoint Chen I out un grand
nonbre do conversations avec moi, au cours desquelles il a
6t6 dit quo l'Orient reate toujours l'Orient et que los DOU-
Plos do l'Asie doivent changer l'histoire du monde. Nous
devons nousunir et developper les contacts entre nos poupys
qui ont la m5me couleur do peau et les names systemes d'ocri-
tun)" 4. Pravda ajoute quo cetto d6C1arat1on a 6te publiee non
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smuloment dans certains journaux bourg9oit japonais mala
egalemont dans le "Quotidien. du Peuple", et "sans aucun
commentaire du point do vue de la thdbrie marxiste-144-
nisto:" Et lo 20 soptembro 1962, un jour apres la reception
&adieu en l'honneur de Matsumura (h laquelle se trouvaiont
Chen I et Kuo Mo-jo entre autres), l'Agence de presse/do la
Chine nouvelle annon9ait quo "cos entrstions ont pose los
fondoments du devoloppoment de l'amitio entre le Japon et la
Chino, los populations dos d'ux pays ayant la mame couleur
do poau et le meme,language ocrit". Ajoutant quo "cos dor-
niers temps les declarations de l'Agonce do presse de la
Chino nouvelle soulignont do plus en plus freouemment ;a
question de couleur deseau," l'article se demandel"Est-co
qu:ils pOsont la valour do deelaratisps paroillos qui ro-
flotont pluttit les conceptions do l'epoquo de Genghis Khan
quo la nOtre". L'article conclut en se demandant si l'ac-
tivito dos Chinois a Moshi no "confirmerait pas le fait quo
los loaders chinois sont alles jusqu'h s'armer de la "thee-
- rile" do M. Matsumura, un des nouveaux "fuereurs" dos raais-
tes japonais?"
25-28 aout "Neues Deutschland", organ? du parti communist?
do l'Allemagne de l'Est, attaquo violemmont dans son edito-
rial du 25 "l'arrogance dOchaInee" des leaders chinois qui
"s'inaginent 'Ur? oapables de mieux juger que no lo ?opt ca-
pables le parti, le gouvernement et le peuple de la Repu-
blique deMocrati.que allemande de ce qui est des interets do
la Re'publique deboaratique allomapde et du peuple allemand".
Une ddclarEp.on,plus forte encore du souvernement de la Republique democratiaue allemande faite le 28 rejete "le plus
omphatiquement les insinuations et les accusations contenuoc
dans la declaration chinoise "du 15 aoat". Pour cetto raise
la declaration a ate renvoyee au Minister? des affaires
trangbres de la Republique populaire chinoise".
25 aoat - La press? de Pekin public on promi6re page lour
communique our "la decision outragouse des Tch6ques de for-
mer le bureau de l'Agence de press? de la Chine rpuyello a
Pr,Aguo qui constitue une mesuro concerto? destinee a faire
dotdriorer les relationei la presse de Pe,kin deelare quo
sotto mosure "mot en lumiere celui Qui conduit l'orchestre,
ainsi Quo l'esprit do flagornerke gut caracterise lo gouver-
noment tchecoslovaque". .
26 aoat - En date du 25 la press? de Pekin publie uno decla-
ration do l'association pan-chinoise des journalistos, qui
condanno le gouvernement tch6que pour avoir for le bureau
do l'Agence do presse de la Chine nouvelle h Prague, ot de-
clare:
"Tout le monde salt quo l'ovganisation international?
dos journalistos s'est toujours ?levee centre la persecution
des journalistos dans l'exercice de lours fonctions... Lo
travail du bureau de l'Agence de presse de la Chino nouvello
a Prague s'est toujours entibroment conforme aux objoctifs
do l'organisation international? dos journalistes. Dans la
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vine ou so trouve le quartier-goneral de cotte organisation
le 2ouvernement tchecoslovaque a pidtin6 ouvertomont los ob-
joctifs de l'organisation intornationalo das journalistos,
s'est attaqu6 'a coups rdpdt68 au fonctionnement normal do
l'Agonce do press? do la Chine nouvollo a Prague ot finalo-
mont a ordo,nn6 qu'il soit forma's.. Cola constituo une pro-
vocation ootiouse..."
26 aout L'Inde a interdit la distribution d'uno documenta-
tion anti-sovietique par dos repreisentants diplomatiquos
chinoic aolon un communique de l'Office indien d'information
public; par TASS. Madamo Lakshmi Monon, ministre d'Etat du
Minister? dos affaires exterieures, a ddclktre au Parlament
quo le gouvernement indion a protest aupres de l'ambassado
chinoiso contro la campagne hostile conduite par la Rdpubli
quo populaire chinoise contra un pays ami.
29 aollt - L'organo albanais "Zen i Popullit" dans un..arti-
clo intitule "Le rdvisionnisto Khrouchtchev dan le role
d'un pan-slavisto" reprend un discours du 21 aout fait a
Ralmvica prbs de Belgrade dans lequel Khrouchtchev-alta los
mots do Petar II Njegos, &vague do Montenogro, au coura do
la promi6re raoitie du XIX? siOclo, qui ddclara aux diploma-
tes do Napoldon:
"Nous savons parfaitement que si'les Russes mou-
raient, tous los Slaves mourraiont do mSme, et
colui qui est.contre los Russos est contre tous
los Slaves". "Zerl. declaro:"Cola
tOs certainement n'ost paa exclusivement uno
reminiscence historiquo ni des paroles en l'air.
Nous avons, a faire face id i avec un nouvel as-
poct du revisionnisme modern? qui romplace l'in-
tornationalismo_prolO/arion pa;, une ideologAa
de racisme.., iyar un concept etroit Tunite
base sur 11012As4119._g_thagmp d'un certain groupo
do populations... Il s'est detcouvert dans on
role do pan-slavisme. Dans la bouche d'un chau-
vinistorravisionnisto co_s romarquos concornant
1:unito ot la fraternite dos pouples slavos pos-
sodent un ens politique bion ddfini. Au moyen
do cette domagogio ompruntde l'arsonal,do la
bourgooisio imperialist? russet et ravivee do
tointo modern?, 10 groupe de Khrouchtchev charcho
a tromper los pouplos slaves des pays socialistos
at los pouples, de la Yougpslavio afin de les on-
chainor plus etro,itement a sa propro politiquo
au nom do l'unito slave."
28 aoilt - Aidit, ?r?sidont du ?arti communist? daf s o
a termind sa visite aupros du parti communisto do 1 Union
Sovidtiquo et s'est envold vors P6kin. TASS communique 108
louanges qu il a faitos au sujot do l'aido sovicItique. L'A-
gone? do prosso de la Chine nouvalle fait connaitro la re-
coption enth9usiaste qui lui fut faito par 1.000 Chinois
ayant a la tote lo promior ministre Chou En-Lai.
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28 - Deux autres oommunistes pro-Chinois ont (46 ex-
pulsa-du parti australlori-RI ils jouaiont un r610 impor-
tant. L'un dos deux ost E. F. Hill, chef du group? pro-
Chinois de la Province de Victoria (Australian Overseas Son.
vico, d'apres la Sydnoy Tribune du 28 aout.)
29 acrat - "Pravda" roproduit uno lottro publiee a Boirout
dans lo quotidian "Al Akhbar" par "lo parti communisto ira-
quien qui, au cours dos deux dornibres annees, a adress6
quatro lottros aux camarades chinois lour domandant do revi-
sor lour position erron6e. Cetto lettre approuvo la lettre
ouvorto du parti comounisto do l'Union Sovieftique du 14 juil-
lot, ot condaune la position prise par los loaders chinois.
0 aotat Un editorial du "Quotidien du Peuplo" intitu16:
Suite dos ddnonciations des loaders sovi6t1ques pour lour
acto do trahison" lance uno nouvelle sttaque violent? contrc
la Chino nationalists pour avoir sign? le trait6 interdisant
los experionoos nucleairos.
"Lo pi4go des deux Chines a ete montd avec lo
consentonent ravl dos leaders sovi6t2.ques, qui
so sont vantes d'atre los protecteurs de la
China.", Le "Quotidien du Peuple" cite un c011-
muniqu6 omanant de l'Agence de press? de l'Allo-
uagne do l'Est solon lequel los deux Allemagnos
ot los deux Chines seraient admisos en tant quo
pignataires, avec l'Allemagne do l'Est signant
a Moscou ot l'Allomagno de leOuost h Washington
ot vice-vorsa pour los deux Chinos., "Le gou-
vernoment sovidtiquo a cu l'audacito de deman-
der, ou de pretendre esp6rer, que la Chino Bi-
gnorait le traits... Los 650.0001000 de Chinois
no pouvont quo so sontir outrag6s du fait quo
l'Union SoviStique, uno alli6e do la Chine, alt
Pu supposer quo la Chine jouorait un role aussi
humlliant... ost olair uairitenant pour tout
le mo0e quo les leadors sovietiques utillsont
lo pieRo quo constitue le tralt6 de Moscou dans
son opposition h la Chine socialiste... Ils ont
on offet perdu tout sentiment cle honte... Toutos
les choses qu'ils ont vendues a l'imp6rialisao dos
Etts-Unis sont on train do paraitro A la lu-
mioroyuno apros l'autre... La trahison des
interets du peuplo chinois au sujot de,11 ques-
tion de Taiwan, et la trahison dos interots du
pouplo allomand au qujet do la question du sta-
tut international de la R6publique ddmocratique
allemande exposont ouvertement la line de capi-
tulation... n'y a h tout cola qu'une soul?
conclusion: dans le but de ?romouvoir leur,ligne
generale de capitulation, d implorer l'imporia-
lisme des Etats-Unis do lour accordor la paix,
los loaders sovliStiquos no siarrotoront dovant
aucun compromio do tr4hison."
(Lo ot ttrahisorL" est omploye'au mins une douzaino do fois
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dans cot 6ditorial do 1.000 mots, sans comptor le titre.)
Sous la manchotto "Nous avona dos amis ot dos camrados
dans le monde ontior", lo "Quotidion du Pouplo" dTc;aro quo
"Dos dizainos Valais at do camnados qui jusque la ?talent
rostOs inc?onnus pour nous" ont ocrit dopuis le debut do
cotto annoo, ot on particulior depuis la publication de la
lottro du parti communisto chinois du 14 juin. "Dos lottros
de 13 pays" publides dans cc num6ro incluent uric lottro a-
drossee par "un Americain indion, Braswell".
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.6.11011?IPIIII1 9 September 1963
25X1 C1 504' One Way to Avoid Helping the Communists
BACKGROUND: During World War II, Nazi and Vichy propauanda
activity claimed that the entire French Resistance, especially
its violent sabotage, was Communist. Actually, while Communists
took part in the Resistance after Hitler attacked the Soviet Union,
the movement was predominantly a national one, including people
from all parties and social classes. But the Nazi-Vichy charges
helped to give Communism a stature it had never had before in
France. Not only did the Communists claim to be the backbone of
the Resistance itself, but they gained new prestige as a mass
party, reflected in post-war elections: in 1936, the Communists
had won l million votes, a pre-war high, but in 1945 they won
over 5 million. As in this case, the effect of a shotgun attack,
lumping disparate groups together, can be to give a single
opponent a mass following be would otherwise lack.
It may be that the Nazis and Vichyites really believed that
all their enemies in the Resistance were Communist. People are
generally inclined to see issues in black and white, and to
divide the world into friends and enemies; adherents of movements
like the Nazi movement are especially prone to do this. Actually,
of course, opponents seldom constitute a single, monolithic group.
It would have been more realistic, and probably also more effec-
tive, if Nazi-Vichy propaganda had distinguished the different
elements that made up the Resistance, and had tried to turn them
against each other.
It is also possible that some, at least, of the Nazi propa-
gandists recognized that they were exaggerating Communist influ-
ence, but believed that it was wisest to draw a black and white
picture. Perhaps they thought this would turn the respectable
French bourgeoisie against the Resistance. Propagandists often,
especially in war-time, consider it advantageous to present a
picture in black and white terms, and to stress the enemy threat.
Such propaganda helps to unify a nation, to frighten laggards and
waverers into line, and to end indecision and uncertainty. Seeing
others as like himself, the Goebbels type of propagandist may
calculate that people enjoy hating, and he may consider it his
job to provide them with a suitable object for their hatred.
2xamp1es of this type of propaganda are the "hate campaign"
fostered in Germany during World War I, or certain unofficial
anti-Japanese propaganda appearing in American comic books and
Grade-B movies during World War II.
It is doubtful, however, that even in wartime, the advan-
tages of black-and-white propagand outweigh the disadvantages.
Such propaganda may block rational decisions. The German hate
campaign, for example, probably helped to cause the unfortunate
Smememilmlimir (694. Continued)
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(694. Cont.) 1 ii 1 9 September 1963
German decision to proceed with unconditional submarine warfare
despite the likelihood that this would bring the United States
into the war. Fear frequently accompanies and reinforces the
black-and-white outlook, and fear tends to be contagiots;, in
extreme cases, the black-and-white outlook turns into paranoia,
i.e., psychopathic delusions of persecution and of one's own
greatness. Responsible leaders may also be deceived by their own
propaganda.
Obviously, we as propagandists should try not to let our own
propaganda affect our judgment of the situation; we should try to
avoid thinking in simple black-and-white terms. What may be less
obvious is that, in addressing the public, it is a mistake to
paint everyone who disagrees with us the same uniform black --
or red. Some groups, such as the World Peace Council (WPC) and
World Federation of Trade Unions (UTU) are of course controlled
Communist fronts, mere puppets, and are to be exposed as sueE.
But many other groups and activities, while exploited by the Com-
munists, and sometimes penetrated by the Communists, are far from
being Communist instrumenis. Such are the British Ban-the-Bomb
marchers, Albert Luthuli's African National Congress, and the
Buddhists of South Vietnam. Frequently the Communists pretend
that protest movements and strikes in Western countries are
expressions of class conflict and signs of world solidarity behind
Communist leadership, when the real issues are jobs, civil rights,
housing, or wage scales; a recent example was the attempt by Mao
to claim that "The speedy development of the struggle of American
Negroes is a manifestation of the sharpening of class struggle
and national struggles within the United States." The current
Communist emphasis on "united front tactics" will probably
increase the number of such cases. From a counter-intelligence
point of view, some Communist-exploited groups bear watching, but
from the point of view of the propagandist, there are important
reasons for not branding these groups as Communist unless and
until they bme flagrantly Communist-controlled. If we brand
non-Communist groups as Communist:
1. Members of these groups will often accept the
identification, saying, "If we and the Communists are on
the same side, maybe we are Communists. Maybe we should
go all the way."
2. These groups will be encouraged to turn to the Com-
munists for aid and support, thus assisting Communist ifforts
at penetrationand control.
3. Communist claims that they support legitimate popular
causes will appear as endorsed and strengthened by anti-
Communist admissions.
4. Communist strength, as indicated by its followers,
will appear greater as the number of groups branded Com-
munist increases.
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5. Other non-committed people, unaware of any evidence
of Communist penetration of these groups, will sympathize
with the groups, and condemn our attack.
6. We will appear frightened, either afraid of shadows
or else unable to cope ill!" a real danger. It is a good
rule not to propagandize the existence of a problem when
this will make our own position seem weaker.
Our present situation does not warrant desperate tarbrush
tactics. While we should avoid complacency, it is we, not the
Communists,who have grounds for optimism today. Their movement
seems destined to split, their cold war and near-hot war offen-
sives have failed, and signs are multiplying that the Soviet
monolith is beginning to evolve away from Marxism, which does not
satisfy the younger generation and which cannot solve Soviet
economic problems. On the other hand, serious problems exist in
the free world. Stabilization of socio-economic and political
conditions in numerous countries around the world will involve
years of conflict in which irrational, radical but non-Communist
programs will be advocated by groups with divergent views,
Interests and aspirations. Instead of fearing that someone is on
the road to Communism, we have reason to hope that he may be on
the road away from it. We should encourage people to move in our
direction, not push them into the arms of Communism. If some
groups are not necessarily our friends, we need not take this too
25X1ClOt
ragically, and we need not turn them into enemies.
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ilim1men104110P1 9 September 1963
695. Religion: Soviet Instrument for a United Front
25X1 C1 Ob
1111111111111111111111111111111
BACKGROUM: /-See unclassified attachment for background
material./ Communism has always attempted to infiltrate all
sectors i5f human activity. While this effort is perhaps most
notable in the political area, it is prominent also in the
religious, as indicated by Adzhubeits audience with Pope John
XXIII in early 1963 and in negotiations between the Vatican and
several Soviet Bloc countries on Church and religious questions
in those countries. The new unity tactic towards the inter-
national religious community was probably inaugurated with the
appointment of CPSU-controlled Archbishop_Nikodim as chairman
of the Department of Relations wiih-kiiiiign-aiirches in 1963.
In 1960-1961 emissaries of the Russian Orthodox Church, headed
by Patriarch Ale%siy, participated in meetings with Greek
Orthodox Church leaders and joined the World Council of Churches;
in 1962 they held meetings with church leaders from the Com-
munist Bloc to strengthen these ties and consolidate the Soviet
position. This change in Soviet tactics toward religion and
religious institutions was not the first one. In the early
years after the revolution, crude suppression of all aspects of
religion was carried out under the aegis of an organization
called "The Union of Militant Godless." This pattern continued
with only slight variations until the early years of World
War II wlaen the Soviet leaders embraced any idea or organization
that might encourage the Russian people to strengthen their
resistance to Eitlerts onslaught. Russian Churches and religious
sects were ant:rived to perform religious rites freely and even to
propagandize their religious sentiments.
After World War II, "The Union of Militant Godless" was
renamed the "Society for the Dissemination of Political and
Scientific Knowledge"; while some of the harshness was thus
removed from the name of the organization, none was removed
from the manner in which religious institutions and individuals
were persecuted. Education, indoctrination, and propaganda,
carried on by the Society and making extensive use of the
Xomsomol youth organizations, are designed to replace religion
with "scientific atheism." To backstop this effort, the CPSU
has installed Communist agents in the religious hierarchy to
carry out Party instructions and to assure that religious
institutions are adaptable for the Partyls political purposes.
Today, the extent to which a certain religious group or sect
in the USSR is attacked and persecuted is a directly inverse indi-
cator of the extent to which that organization is controlled by
the CPSU. The Russian Orthodox Church, as a completely con-
trolled agency of the CPSU, is relatively free from official
4111.041141?Mmillim (695. Continued)
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(695. Cont.) 4.0.4mMweigio 9 September 1963
repression, and the Baptist organization in Russia has apparently
succumbed sufficiently to Soviet pressures to make it nearly reliable
and hence nearly free from attack. At the other end of the scale
are the Roman Catholic Church and the Pentacostalist sect, followed
at the very end by Jehovah's Witnesses.
Soviet action toward religious institutions has become more
subtle in recent years: now they are apparently satisfied to let
religion die out, whereas earlier they felt under extreme compulsion
to stamp it out. The essence of their present position is that
older people may be allowed to indulge their religious instincts,
but must not be allowed to pass them on to their children. Most
of the anti-religious articles in the Soviet press emphasize the
deleterious effects that religious individuals and institutions
exert on younger people.
With the expansion of the peaceful coexictence policy and the
revival of united front tactics, Russian Orthodox Church leaders
went into the international arena to further basic Communist propa-
ganda lines under the guise of religious fellowship, and with some
success. In the past few years the Soviets seem to have learned
(at least in some fields) that "more flies can be caught with honey
than with vinegar," and they have altered their tactics accordingly.
In no field is this change more apparent than in the religious
field. Once there was a time when religion and Communism were irrev-
vocably incompatible, black and white; if a man were religious he
was an enemy of Communism and if he were a Communist he was an
enemy of religion. This distinction was made absolutely clear by
the vigor with which each group publicly denounced the other.
The basic premise of incompatibility remains true and valid, but
is obscured by the fact that the Communist bloc has put into action
agents who wear the Robes of the Church and pose on the international
scene as fellow-servants of God. The basic irreconcilability of
religion and Communism is further obscured by the naiveness with
which some Western clergymen (as well as many of the non-clergy)
have accepted the CPSU's pose of tolerance toward its own religious
groups. The pre-eminent symbol of this apparent truce between
religion and communism is perhaps the increased contacts and seem-
ingly cordial relations between the Vatican and various Communist
spokesmen. Indeed, for those who did not read carefully Pope John's
encyclical Pacem in Terris, the Vatican appeared to endorse Commu-
nism or at least to encourage equal relatioris with Comnunists.
For refutation of this idea, one need look no further than an
official Vatican radio broadcast on the subject. It states in
explicit terms that Marxism and Communism are "irreconcilable with
Christianity." Further, the Vatican said,
"There is no international situation, no relaxation, no
historical pretext which can justify an indulgence, a
conciliatory attitude toward Marxism and communism."
While calling on all Christians to support "meetings and under-
standings with human beings who are not endowed with faith," the
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Vatican warned that there should be "cautious, constant, and in-
domitable opposition to the Marxist penetration."
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,, ?
636 WHIa. Target: Venezuela!
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?
BACKGROUND: 'ie consider that the Cuban Revolution contrib-
uted 1151--eFILliEramental lesons to the conduct of revolutionary
movements in America. They are:
"(1) Popular forces can win a war against the army.
"(2) It is not necessary to wait until all condi-
tions for making revolution exist; the insurrection ?
can create then.
"(3) In underdeveloped America the countryside is
the basic area for armed fighting."
3rnesto "Che" Guevara
La Guerra de Guerrillas, 1960
Castro cited Venezuela as a special target for anled rebellkn
in his 26 of July speech commemorating the 10th anniversary of
the start of his own revolution and repeated his exhortations to
other Latin American countries to follow Cuba's example. Ea
praised the "heroic Venezuelan revolutionaries" for their skill
in acquiring funds and weapons via robbery and terrorism and sent
a special "warm, fraternal greeting" to them.
Cuba's support of rebellion in Venezuela prompted President
Zomulo Betancourt to declare last October (in requesting the
Supreme Court to outlaw the Communist Party):
"Very abundant proof has been substantiated.
Irrefutable testimony has been gathered that the
agents of Mr. Xhrushchev and Mr. Fidel Castro in
Venezuela are responsible for the murder-from-the-
back of uniformed police and members of the armed
forces.
"They also have been guilty of holding up banks
and commercial and industrial concerns, of fomenting
and spurring on guerrillas and bandit bands, of
indirect and active cooperation in the armed
revolts in the Carapano and Puerto Cabello naval
bases, and attempts against persons and properties,
with the confessed and unbending purpose of creat-
ing chaos in the country and leading it to a civil
war."
Before the Organization of American States Council last
year, the Venezuelan delegate charged that acts of sabotage
against Venezuela's oil industry "were part of a general plan
directed from Cuba." President Betancourt accused Cuba of
supplying money and arms to subversive groups in Venezuela in
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a February speech and added that he had evidence also that
"continent-wide subversion is directed from Moscow and Peking."
In spite of the polemics of the Sino-Soviet dispute, Chinese,
Soviet and Cuban leaders - '* the course to be
followed in Venezuela. "Communism in Latin 25X1A2g
America.") Documents seized by police, in a 23 July raid on the
house occupied by a top member of the Venezuelan CP, reveal the
long-range plans to achieve political power via prolonged armed
struggle. Other documents reveal foreign financing and support
for the local C? effort.
Why Venezuela? Why has Communism focused on Venezuela as a
target? On the surface it has much to recommend itself as a
fertile ground for rebellion. Since the death of Liberator
Simon Bolivar in 1333, Venezuela has had 26 constitutions. In
the years from 1333 to 1900 there were at least 50 major rebel-
lions and the central government was violently overthrown 13
times. It can claim only two relatively honest elections in this
century, Venezuela having been ruled by dictatorships for al/
but 15 years of this period.
These historical facts make Betancourt's presidential term
a remarkable achievement. He is the first popularly-elected
civilian president in Venezuela's 152 years to remain in office
for as long as one year, to say nothing of completing his 6-year
term next February. He gas also been the target of political
attacks and attempts to overthrow his government by force (includ-
ing assassination attempts of which he still bears the scars) to
a number and degree exceptional even in Latin American history.
Betancourt's term is remarkable not only for its durability,
but because of its progressive and democratic accomplishments.
Fie has moved ahead on three main fronts: agrarian reform to give
land to the landless peasants (more than 3.5 million acres to
13,000 farmers so far with hopes of including another 53,000
farmers before the end of his term); education to eliminate
illiteracy (including 1500 schools in tfie cities and rural areas
which especially meet educational problems in the primary grades);
industrialization to decentralize wealth and population (new
industries and industrial centers have created jobs and, coupled
with ambitious slum clearance and community development projects,
have revived degenerating areas).
Betancourt's substantial program has won him the loyalty
of a large part of the population as follows: the laboring
class, benefited by a generous labor law strongly enforced and
continuing support for higher wages, welfare benefits and free
trade unionism; the peasants, "upgraded" by land reform programs;
and the middle class, enjoying new and rising standards of
living. Without the dramatic convulsions that have shaken other
countries in the area, within the framework of the constitution
and in observance of democratic ideals, and with the support of
the classes from which the Communists traditionally draw their
strength, Betancourt has made Venezuela the fastest growing
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nation in the hemisphere with the largest surplus in its balance
of trade and the highest per capita income.
Venezuela's agrarian reform program has been described by
Professor Robert J. Alexander, a Socialist, as "the best-planned
and most scientific effort of this kind which has yet been made
in Latin America." In his book, Communism in Latin America
(Rutgers University Press, 1957), Professor Alexander cited
earlier accomplishments of Betancourt and his Accion Democratica
(AD) Party in concluding that "history has demonstrated the fact
that the best antidote to Communism in Latin America is a vigor-
our party of the democratic left."
Terrorism. History and success are the two major factors
that make Venezuela the target for Communism--a history of rebel-
lion and violence and the success of a progressive democratic
alternative to Communism. Failing to make much headway via
political avenues, the Communists have turned to more violent
methods.
Communist guerrillas have taken to the mountainous country-
side, practiced terror, robbery and murder in the cities and sab-
otaged the oilfields which provide the lifeblood for Venezuelan
exports. Petty acts of terrorism include a bomb on the top
floor of the US Embassy, another in the ladies' lavatory of a
hotel, a teacher shot at his blackboard, a commando-style
seizure of a maternity hospital where GOO women were confined,
the theft of $500,000 worth of French art masterpieces, the
hijacking of a Venezuelan freighter on the high seas, kidnaping
the leading soccer player and an assassination attempt on the
Minister of Defense. The focus of the terrorist attacks has
been on US-owned businesses and Venezuelan security forces.
In an interview with an American newsman (Louis R. Stein,
Copley News Service, Washington Daily News 1 August), Gustavo
Machado Morales, national secretary of the Venezuela CP, laughed
at incidents against US citizens -- forcing members of the
American military mission to take off their pants and invading
the home of a US Embassy official, binding his wife and writing
anti-American slogans on the walls. They were perpetrated "just
to show Americans they are not immune from attack," Machado said.
Machado also declared that "there will be bloodshed during the
election campaign."
Elections. This warning is ominous as Venezuela approaches
the first attempt in its 152 year history to transfer power from
one elected government to another by strictly constitutional
means. Presidentirland congressional elections are scheduled for
November. Betancourtis barred constitutionally from succeeding
himself. His AD Party has lost some of its strength and opposi-
tion elements are bidding to form a united opposition front. He
was elected in 1953 with only 49 per cent of the votes -- losing
Caracas but winning rural areas. Separate presidential candiddtes
named by parties which joined in supporting his administration,
lack of a candidate with Betancourt's stature or national appeal,
and contending factions, may cut into the AD vote.
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The Communists can be counted upon to exploit the elections
but their struggle for power is going to continue to be waged on
all fronts. Most Latin American CL's appear to lean at present
TiWards Moscow's more cautious tactics; but Venezuelan Communists,
following the views of Guevara, the exhortations of Castro and
with the support of foreign elements, are not abandoning violence
and armed rebellion as a tactic. In the words of Pompeyo Marquez,
C.? political bureau member writing in the clandestin)CP organ
Tribuna Popular, "The existence of the guerrilla movement demon-
strates that this fora of struggle can coexist with other forms
25X1 C1O
of struggle, except that at no time must it be the only form."
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25X1C1S7 AF 'WE g ? African Decolonization Zfforts
BACKGROUND: The Organization of African Unity (ONO,
established' at the African summit meeting in Addis Ababa in May
1963, has become an important vehicle for pan-African efforts
to achieve their common goal: a continent of independent states.
OAU commissions established to liberate dependent countries and
peoples have taken their first diplomatic, political and military
steps. But divergent opinions on procedure, leadership rivalries
and inability to agree on basic organizational questions reflect
the regional and political divisions among 32 countries (exclud-
ing South Africa), some of which have little more in common than
their geographic location. In contrast to their lack of unanim-
ity on moves within the continent, the African nations have
recently displayed a solid front in international organizations,
the United Nations in particular.
The focus of the African libvration effort is on the
9ortuguese colonies and the indenndent, tut apartheid, state of
South Africa. Of these, the Portuguese colonies are undoubtedly
the more vulnerable for many reasons including weaker administra-
tive and military control and more exposed geographic location.
Angola, a Portuguese colony for over 400 years, is already
under attack from guerrilla forces, the strongest of which is
Eolden Robertols Union of Angola Peoples (IPA). Roberto, who
has established an exile government based in neighboring Leopold-
ville, draws most of his followers from Angola and much of his
backing from the moderate African countries. The only other
movement of significant strength is the rival Popular Movement
for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Agostinho Neto. The
HPLA, which includes a more intellectual, urban element of a
more leftist persuasion, has received outside backing from
Algeria and other Casablanca countries and, reportedly, from the
Communist bloc. Wforts to merge the two groups into a more
effective front have failed; Roberto is reportedly willing to
absorb the IOLA military forces but not its political leaders.
Portuguese Guinea. Two guerrilla groups are fighting for
the independence of Portuguese Guinea: the African Independence
Party for Portuguese Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by
Amilcar Cabral, which has received help from both the radical
African countries and from the Communist bloc; and the Movement
for Liberation of Guinea (MLG), primarily a tribal group. Inter-
group rivalry is also strong here. Five emigre organizations
forming a Front for Struggle of the National Independence of
Portuguese Guinea refuse to cooperate with the PAIGC.
To date Mozambique is free of fighting but action could
begin at any time.
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South Africa's industrial economy, great natural wealth and
efficient military machine present a formidable obstacle to
liberation of the segregated African majority. Military attacks
are impractical; boycotts and sanctions have proved ineffective
up to this time. Organized internal resistance has been largely
broken by Verwoerd's police-state tactics, despite rising racial
tensions. Verwoerd's proposal to divide the country into white
inhabited and black inhabited areas has met with resistance from
all sides. (See SPG Item #670, "Danger of Racial Explosion in
South Africa." Copies available on request.)
South Africa's principal vulnerability lies in her total
dependence on African native labor to maintain her economic inde-
pendence and relative prosperity. Native labor is indispensable
not only because it is cheap and available in large numbers but
because the European settler would not readily perform such
essential work as mining. Thus the Bantu workers would have, if
sufficiently organized, a potent anti-government weapon: the
general strike.
OAU Activities. The African summit decolonization resolu-
tion set up a nine-member Coordinating Committee with head-
quarters in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika, "for harmonizing the
assistance from African States" to the liberation campaigns. A
special fund was also established to provide financial aid for
the African liberation movements. The resolutions were fairly
clear on three countries: Portugal was to be the principal target
of decolonization, South Africa the target of anti-apartheid
efforts and Southern Rhodesia the target of vigorous opposition
to establishment of a newly independent government based on
white minority control. Implicit in the proceedings was the
belief that non-violent action would not suffice to gain these
goals. Nationalists from African liberation movements (21 of
which had observers at the Addis Ababa conference), the resolu-
tion said, would be trained "in all sectors" by the independent
states.
The Coordinating Committee's first meeting was held at
Dar-es-Salaam, the AfricaceriFif for exiles and nationalist
groups, from 25 June to 5 July. The Committee was able to agree
only on recommending that all assistance to Angola go to
Roberto's group.
The OAU Foreign Ministers meeting at Dakar, Senegal from
2 to 11 August, continuea-We?factional wrangling and failed to
decide several major questions. However they accepted the Coor-
dinating Committee's recommendation to recognize Roberto's Gov-
ernment of the Republic of Angola in Exile (GRAB) as the legal
government of Angola. No Portuguese Guinea nationalist group
was endorsed; the issue was referred back to the next Coordi-
nating Committee meeting scheduled for Lagos, February 1964.
International conferences held since Addis Ababa have felt
the impact of the new African determination. The first test was.
the June 5th Geneva Conference of the International Labor
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Organization (ILO), a specialized agency of the UN. The African
nations valked out when the South African representative took
the floor, thus pressuring the ILO Executive Committee to bar
South Africa from ILO metings and bodies for one year. The UN
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) endorsed the vote to leave
South Africa cut of the ILO until "conditions for cooperation
have been restored by a change in racial policy."
African delegates also walked out of the 26th International
Conference on Education (ICE), July 4th, in Geneva,?WEU5-76FEZEI
did not bow to an expulsion resolution. The UN Education, Social
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which sponsors ICE, questioned
the legality of the resolution on grounds that only the UN
General Assembly (UNGA) and the Security Council (SC), have the
power to suspend members, a position supported by the US.
The Security Council passed, on July 31st, an African-
sponsored resolution probably designed to push Portugal's most
powerful friends, the US and the UX, into taking a pro-African
position. The resolution requested ?ortugal to: recognize the
right of her territories to self-determination and independence;
cease repression of her colonies and withdraw military forces;
grant political amnesty and permit free political partieq and,
most significantly, asked other states to embargo arms for use
ia Africa. The US, UX and France abstained from voting on the
resolution directed at their NATO ally. The US, although not
opposed to the substance of the resolution, did not believe the
version offered would bring about the desired results -- similar
resolutions having been passed before, the most recent in
December 1962.
A Security Council meeting requested by the 32 African
states voted in August to request all UN members to bar shipment
of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa (UX
and France abstained). The US had announced a few days earlier
that it would cease all sales of military equipment to South
Africa by January 1964, but would honor previous contracts.
Portugal's ?rime Minister Salazar has reacted only slightly
to these various African pressures. He spoke vaguely of a future
"autonomous" African government in ?ortuguese Guinea and indi-
cated a willingness to confere with what he considers moderate
nationalists in Angola. Only a ?ortuguese plan for ultimate
withdrawal from Africa is expected to satisfy the African powers
now, although their own differences may prevent the show of
iX1C10b strength which could force Portugal to acquiesce.
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Soviets Increase Activity in Religious Field
During the past two years the Russian Orthodox Church has
intensified its efforts to consolidate relations with Western
religious organizations and to gain acceptance in the international
religious community. During the winter of 1960-61 a delegation
led by Patriarch Aleksiy toured the Near East visiting Istanbul,
Jerusalem, Beirut, Athens and elsewhere to discuss preparations
for the Greek Orthodox Conference to be held at Rhodes in
September 1961. In June 1961 a Russian delegation attended the
World Christian Congress for the Defense of Peace in Prague and
Archbishop Nikodim visited England for the installation of the
new Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. A. M. Ramsay. In September 1961
the Russian delegation to the Rhodes Greek Orthodox Conference
failed in its attempt to take over leadership of the Greek Ortho-
dox Church, but was able nevertheless to exert considerable
influence and to plug the familiar Communist themes on disarma-
ment, world peace and anti-imperialism. And even more indicative
of the Russian delegation's viewpoint specifically on religion,
it successfully engineered the discarding of a proposal to con-
demn atheism!
In November 1961, the Third General Assembly of the World
Council of Churches voted to admit the Russian Orthodox..Church to
full membership. The Soviet position of influence in the World
Council of Churches was strengthened in August 1962 when the
Union of Russian Baptists was admitted to membership.
Between May 21 and June 5, 1962, Patriarch Aleksiy, Arch-
bishop Nikodim, and other representatives of the Moscow Patri-
archate visited Bulgaria, Rumania and Yugoslavia where they were
received by the heads of the "sister churches," Patriarch Kiril
of Bulgaria, Patriarch Justinian Marina of Rumania and Patriarch
German of Serbia and Macedonia. The communiques issued after
each visit reflected the degree of influence exercised on each
by the Moscow Patriarrhrlte. Patriarch Kiril of Bulgaria c n-
damned the United States in harsh terms, demanding for exam le
that the United States cease nuclear tests immediately. Runanian
Patriarch Justinian Marina also denounced the United States, but
in less reproachful terms, and Patriarch German of Serbia and
Macedonia appealed in general for peace and conciliation among
the Great Powers. The communiques of the Church officials con-
form precisely to the degree to which each country is subordinated
to Soviet policy.
Also during 1962, delegations from the Russian churches
exchanged visits with U.S. clergymen, who apparently were
impressed by the "devotion" and "sincerity" of the Russian church,-
men. A statement by the Methodist Church, for example, rejoiced
that "in a world divided into hostile camps and living dangerously
near the brink of war, it is possible through the World Council
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of Churches to sustain fellowship with Christians which reaches
acrOss almost every kind of political barrier." Other religious
groups issued similar statements and the majority of American
, clergymen involved seem to have taken at face value the religious
connotations, overlooking the political nature of the Russian
Church's leaders statements and their similarity to the CPSU's
political-propaganda lines. One small group, however, did dissent
and issued a statement saying that acceptance of the Russian Ortho-
dox Church into the international religious community constitutes
"the greatest single victory of the Communist conspiracy in its use
of churches," and also adds that "all the activities of the
churches are now opened to Communist agents."
Probably the most publicized aspect of the Soviet state..con-
trolled church's activity is the initiation of contacts with the
Vatican, primarily through Adzhubeiteprivate audience with
Pope John XXIII and the apparent acceptance by Communist authori.
ties of the Pope's encyclical Pacem in Terris. It has also been
reliably reported that the Soviet Embassy in Rome has from time to
time put out feelers to the Italian government concerning diplo-
matic relations with the Vatican. There are also reports that
Communist authorities in Hungary and Czechoslovakia are interested
in reaching a modus vivendi with the Church hierarchy. The
Vatican's purpose in these moves appears to be the hope that it
can more readily influence members of the faith who are Communists
or Communist sympathizers and to play a more positive role in the
prevention of a nuclear war. The Vatican is also undoubtedly
hopeful that it can improve the lot of the "nearly SO million"
faithful who live behind the Iron Curtain.
Russia's new spokesman in the international religious field
is Archbishop NiXodim, who was made chairman of the Soviet
Government's Department of Relations with Foreign Churches in
l60, just prior to the Orthodox Church's bid for membership in
free world, independent church organizations. Archbishop Nikodim
is a remarkable personality whose rise in the hierarchy of the
Russian Orthodox Church has truly been meteoric. At the time he
became an archbishop he was 32 years old, having risen to the
post of archbishop from that of a monk in only 14 years: It has
been said that such a brilliant career must obviously imply that
he is considered thoroughly reliable and cooperative by the
Russian authorities.
In this same period of heightened activity for respectability
on the international religious scene, life within the USSR has
sow on as before. More churches and monasteries have been
closed, more religious holidays have been pre-empted, more
* N. Xhrushchev's son-in-law--_and-pAitor ol-tbe-governseptIS
princkpa.l.zorgan imrestiya,
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uncooperative clergymen have been persecuted and silenced through
false charges, and the drive to indoctrinate the masses with
"scientific atheism" has gone on. It will be recalled that during
this period a group of Pentaoostalists found conditions so intoler-
able in the Soviet Union that it travelled half way across the
country to seek asylum at the U.S. Embassy. Cardinal Wyszynski
of Poland recently challenged Communist officials to grant basic
human and social rights "not only to a small privileged group,
but to all citizens, particularly those who are believers." The
Cardinal charged that two seminaries had recently been closed and
that attempts had been made to persuage seminary students, con-
scripted into the Polish army, to abandon the Church on com-
pletion of their military service. Communist regimes continue to
publish anti-religious, atheistic propaganda in massive quantities,
and to press upon youth organizations their responsibility for
eradicating religious beliefs among the young.
There follows the text of a statement by the Vatican Radio,
broadcast on 1 August 1963, that defines and explains the Catholic
position on Marxism and Communism:
"Marxism and its political expression communism are
unredeemable. They are irreconcilable, both with
Christianity as well as with a free, understanding
humanity. Neither evolution nor geographical and
ethnical configurations can credit Marxism and com-
munism with titles of recommendation among free People,
and even less among Catholics. Promotini4, encouraging
and seconding activities and understanding which favors
Peace among people is a duty, but cautious, constant,
and indomitable opposition to the Marsixm ideology
and sealing each of its ways of penetration is also
a duty which cannot be disregarded.
"There is no international situation, no relaxation,
no historical pretext which can justify an indulgence,
a conciliatory attitude toward Marxism and communism.
There is an infinite number of activities which com-
munism could extract from its inexhaustible tactical
fantasies to influence the emotion of fear and draw
favorable attitudes which give rise to doubt, confuse
clear thinking, extinguish the instinctive resistance
of every free man, every believer, every Catholic
experience before the Marxist and communist ideologies.
The activities in this direction are numerous. Some
of them, disguised by color and human and Christian
ideals, seem to ascertain their aim. Others now on
the way tend to strengthen the suggestive and senti-
mental hypocrisies of communism and Marxism which
are both (human?) and civil.
"Today in the same way as yesterday, without distinction
of geographical coordination or ethnic characteristics,
Marxist communism is the antithesis of Christianity,
the negation of freedom, truth, justice, and peace.
To the east as well as-to the west the Marxist and
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communist concept is and remains materialistic and
atheistic. In these two geographical extremes the
Practice of communism is and will always be oppression
of freedom and persecution of every authentic religious
faith, and in particular the Church. Again to the east
as well as to the west the doctrine of struggle and of
revolution is and will always be the unrelenting message
of penetration and conquest and there can only be dif-
ferences in the evaluation of methods and time. The
accommodating attitude, dictating and almost imposed by
the same thoughts of reality and continual evolution,
does not signify changes of doctrine or practice but a
tactical and didactic adherence to the different circum-
stances.
"The judgment and attitude of free men, Catholics especially,
with regard to Marxism and communism cannot and must not be
changed. Intransigence is the only weapon against the
Marxism communist ideology and the intransigence must be
equivalent to the equivocal and subtle tactics of pene-
tration. The sphere of natural law, the encyclinical Pacem
in Terris points out, offers Catholics a vast field of meet-
ings and understandings with human beings who are not
endowed with faith. In such relations let our sons be
careful to be ever coherent with themselves so that they
will never face any compromise on religion and morals."
(Vatican Radio, 1 August 1963)
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