BI-WEEKLY PROPAGANDA GUIDANCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-03061A000100040003-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 29
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 11, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 17, 1961
• Content Type: PERRPT

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Editorial Page
Guidances 409 and 410, Communist War Threats and Communist
"Peace and Disarmament" Propaganda and THE BERLIN CRISIS AND
ITS INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS obviously deal with the most
urgent problems of today and the immediate foreseeable future; their
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Briefly Noted
Captive Churches - See Guidance #406. It is reported that the Soviet Zone
Evangelical Bishops have protested to Otto Grotewohl, Chairman of the Soviet
Zone Council of Ministers against the stopping by the People's Police of Bishop
Krummacher's visit to Berlin. This was the third East German move within
a week aimed at strangling the Evangelical Rally planned simultaneously for
East and West Berlin.
Kremlin Further Extends the Death Penalty - See Guidance #387. On I
July, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a law, replacing
that of 6 May 1961, adding large-scale currency speculation, or smaller scale
speculation following a previous conviction, to the list of crimes punishable by
death. (Other crimes previously punishable by death under the 6 May and
earlier decrees were also listed, with the exception of the terrorization of
prison camps by confirmed or dangerous criminals; this last was not
mentioned.)
Czech Airliner Crashes. On 12 July, a Czech airliner on its way from
Prague to Conakry crashed in flames at Casablanca. On board, were 24
Russians, including Soviet air instructors, 18 Czechs, 6 East Germans and one
Chinese. Litter found near the plane included a book on Cuba's struggle
against "demons", propaganda leaflets and a history of African slavery. This
was part of a cargo of Communist documentary films and pamphlets for
distribution in Africa. We point out that under the guise of bringing friendly
help to developing African nations, the Communist s pursue their main
objective which is to subvert the minds of the people so as to instill further
discontent until such time as they can kindle their own revolution which will
overthrow the present nationalist leaders of African countries. The
Communists have never been interested in fostering national aspirations but
are intent in creating Communist states which will be subservient to Moscow
or Peking.
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406. Communism ands :Ii ion -The Captive Church
17 July 1961
e recent convening in rague o a rist an Peace
Conference-is illustrative of the total cynicism of the Communist assault on
religion in the name of scientific atheism. In Poland, in East Germany and in
Russia itself there is ample evidence that the Communists have deliberately
set out not to destroy religious organizations and denominations but to subvert
them. The effort is to sever all denominational and organizational ties with the
W1 ' Test, while at the same time directing the spiritual motivation of priest and
layman toward acceptance of Communist dogma. The Russian Orthodox Church
offers an excellent example of this. In return for comparative freedom from
interference with normal religious activity, in marked contrast to the brutal
suppressions directed against Muslims, Roman Catholics and Protestant sects -
the hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church follows closely the Communist
Nine of the superiority of life in Russia. Quite recently, Alexei, Patriarch of
the Russian Church, toured the Eastern Mediterranean, openly seeking to assert
the leadership of the Russian Church in Orthodox circles and at the same time
promoting the straight Communist line. In East Germany, a protracted struggle
has been taking place between the Ulbricht Regime and the Evangelical Church
to force severance of the Church's ties with West Berlin and West Germany and
to enforce the dominance of the East German State. In Poland, unsuccessful in
their efforts to bring the Roman Catholic Church to heel, the Gomulka adminis-
tration organized and keeps promoting the Polish National Catholic Church, 25XIC10b
completely under the thumb of the State.
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'! July 1961
Uruguayan Conference and the Alliance for Progress
Background: The Inter-American Economic and Social Council
(IA-ECOSOC of the Organization of American States (OAS) will hold an extra-
ordinary session at Punta, del Este, Uruguay, beginning on 5 August, to discuss
specific steps in implementing the September 1960 Act of Bogota and the Alliance
for Progress program (See Bi-Weekly Propaganda Guidance Item #368, Issue
#62, dated 27 March 1961, and Item #388, Issue #66, dated 22 May 1961).
Delegations from 20 of the 21 American Republics are expected to attend,
including probably Cuba but excluding the Dominican Republic. Invitations to
send observers have also been extended to Canada, the West Indies and the
members of both the European Economic Community and the European Free
Trade Association and also to Japan and Spain.
The meeting will discuss procedures and machinery required to plan social
and economic development projects, The Act of Bogota of September 1960
assigned to IA-ECOSOC the task of holding annual meetings, of which the August
one in Uruguay is the first, to analyze and discuss the progress of member
states in these fields as well as to make plans for the future, On 14 March 1961,
President Kennedy announced his Alliance for Progress plan in a speech to
Latin American diplomats and their wives at the White House in Washington
D. C. One month later, in an address .to the Council of the OAS, also in
Washington, he suggested that the IA-E COSOC meeting be the means by which
the Alliance for Progress be implemented. Plans for the IA-ECOSOC meeting
in Uruguay have been developed over the last three months. The agenda was
approved by the Council of the OAS on 28 May 1961. It deals with the following
broad topics: economic and social development planning, Latin American
economic integration, export commodity market problems and procedures for
annual review of progress and for information and public relations. The OAS
Secretariat, the IA-ECOSOC and the Inter-American Development Bank have
cooperated iu;;providing a planning staff consisting of economists from through-
out the hemisphere to handle the agenda of the meeting and, it is expected, to
comprise a permament "planning for progress" staff. The US Ambassador to
the United Nations, Adlai Stevenson, traveled through Latin America in June
1961, on behalf of President Kennedy, interviewing Latin American leaders
concerning the plans for the August meeting. He reported general agreement
and considerable enthusiasm for the Alliance for Progress concept.
The United States delegation to the meeting at Punta del Este will be
headed by Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon. It is expected that other
member countries will also be represented at the ministerial level. President
Kennedy has been invited to attend by the government of Uruguay, but has not 25X1C10b
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408. Communists Exploit Book Needs of Underdevelope Countries
Background: 1960 marked an upsurge in the Soviet production of books in
non-bloc languages in a program to export to other countries, particularly
the underdeveloped ones, a prejudiced, limited and falsified picture of the
world. In 1955-1956 the Communists began a concerted attack on underdeveloped
countries to penetrate schools, libraries, and other facilities devoted to
knowledge, with books which paraded as the normal, respectable work of
educators, scientists and scholars. While some of the books are objective texts,
for example scientific, the rest (including language books) carry material
slanted to support the Soviet point of view and institutions and anti-American
and anti-religious themes in an increasingly militant vein. The program devotes
a growing proportion of books to children, with the aim of creating a demand
for Soviet books among them and suggesting shared, common interests with
Communists,
The Soviet program was stepped up by nominal increases of about 5%
until 1960 when the completion of new publishing facilities made a 33 1/3 percent
increase possible to take care of the "increasing demands" for foreign language
publications resulting from their /ovie7"broadening of cultural ties and trade
contacts. 11 The Soviet program in-1960 amounted to 40 million books in non-Bloc
languages published in the USSR and 100 million books published abroad by
Communistsor pro-Communistsunder contract to Soviet organizations for local
distribution. The Satellites and Communist China further increase this already
substantial and cumulative effort. Communist China, for example, which has
placed great emphasis on the expansion of its foreign publishing facilities,
produced between 10 and 13 million books in foreign languages, and its export
firm Guozi Shudian of Peking has contracts with an unknown number of local
publishing houses. While the heaviest production is in the so-called international
languages (English, German and French), the scope of publishing covers some
30 languages, seven of w hich were added in 1960. 25X1C10b
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409. Communist War. Threats and Communist "Peace and Disarmament"
25X1 C10b Props; panda
Background: During the last several years, Khrushchev & Co. have been
proclaiming "peaceful co-existence" and have promoted various disarmament
schemes, from a ban on nuclear weapons and an "atom-free" zone in central
Europe (Rapacki Plan) to Khrushchev's grandiose "universal and total disarma-
ment" proposal, submitted to the UN General Assembly last fall. Moreover,
the Soviet Government took certain unilateral initiatives -- e. g. unilateral
cessation of nuclear tests, reduction of military manpower, and so forth. The
a,,Dlitical and psychological impact of these moves was vastly enhanced by the
the fact that the Soviets gave very little publicity to their defense measures,
armament production, tests, etc. , while the free press and other media of the
Western world provided full -- and often sensationalized -- news, pictures and
commentaries about the arms, military research and plans of the US and of the
other NATO powers. All this facilitated intensified propaganda campaigns for
peace and disarmament, increasingly carried out not only by the Communist-
controlled WORLD PEACE COUNCIL and its national and local affiliates,
but also supported by non-Communist organizations such as the US "National
Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy, " the British "Committee for Nuclear
Disarmament" and several other, similar groups. Khrushchev's ostensible
posture on these vital peace and disarmament issues gained also considerable
support from neutral and non-aligned governments. Prominent among the latter
is India -- which also hopes to secure continued Soviet support against the
aggressive intensions of Communist China.
Even though his foreign policies in past years were not actually peaceful,
either (Red Army suppression of the Hungarian revolution, threat of armed
intervention in the Suez affair 1956 and in the Iraq-Lebanon crisis 1958, "bomb
rattling" over the tL.2 incident and over Cuba, etc.) his most recent threats of
using armed force -- in order to end the freedom of West Berlin, formally
guaranteed by all NATO powers -- are even more ominous. His latest moves in
this direction are increase of the open Soviet military budget by more than 3
billion dollars, revocation of all military manpower cuts, the spectacular fly-past
of an entire galaxy of new, advanced models of supersonic jet aircraft, as well
as his unwillingness to negotiate in good faith on either the nuclear test ban or
the neutrality of Laos, delivery of M
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410. THE BERLIN CRISIS AND ITS INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
NOTE: This guidance has been prepared p r i o r to definite
policy decisions on the free world's policy countering recent
Communist moves, in order to give assets in all areas suffi-
25X1C10b cient general guidance for the treatment of this crucial subject.
Background: German y was a focal point for Communist efforts even
before the October revolution. Lenin and his associates were convinced that, in
line with the doctrines of Marx, a proletarian revolution could win only in an
industrially advanced country. When they succeeded, nevertheless, in seizing
power in Russia first, they continued to feel very strongly that the future of their
regime depended upon a successful revolution in Germany. The Soviet regime,
therefore, sponsored no less than three armed uprisings in Germany (1919, 1921,
1923) and made persistent, desperate efforts to bring that country into her fold.
Only after Lenin's death did Stalin accept "Socialism in one country": but the
German Communist-Party remained the strongest CP outside Russia until Hitler
smashed it in 1933 - a total defeat from which it has never recovered.
World War II and its aftermath added to these ideological and historical
motivations three weighty reasons for Soviet-Communist preoccupation with
Germany andBarlin: (1) Soviet leaders and masses have not yet forgotten the
impact of Hitler's invasion; (2) the East German Communist puppet regime can
apparently not be successfully stabilized as long as the contrast between East and
West Berlin demonstrates the inferiority of the Communist regime and permits a
steady stream of East Germans (over 3 million since 1949, including many
thousands of qualified workers, professional people, farmers and young men of
military age) to escape the clutches of Ulbricht's inept and brutal dictatorship;
(3) Khrushchev and other Communist leaders apparently feel the time ripe for
another expansionist thrust against free Europe (Communism has made no progres..
in Europe since the failure of the Berlin blocade in 1949) and consider Berlin, an
isolated island of freedom 110 miles behind the Iron Curtain, the most promising
point of departure for forcing the West into retreat or into acceptance of
Communist terms.
Since November, 1958, a series of diplomatic notes, speeches, propaganda
barrages and "ultimata" from Moscow has reopened the Berlin question, dormant
since the Soviets suffered one of their worst cold war defeats when their blocade
of West Berlin failed (thanks to the Allied airlift and the steadfast morale of the
Berliners). The, end of 1961 is the ultimate deadline and there is an increasin 1
ominous military threat (see Guidannp aanat g z5X1C10b
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25X1C 0b S E-"4%4 T rr
Item #406 - See Briefly Noted Page.
25X1C10b
Item #408 - See ATTACHMENT: "Growth of Book Publishing in the Sino-Soviet
Bloc"
Item #410 - Also see Item #409, this issue.
Corrections to Bi-Weekly #69,
Attachment to Item #404:
Page 1, line 47: should read, "other hand, these countries all had a good idea... '
Page 2, line 5: should read, "attack on Poland, and in fact the Nazis attacked
on 1 September. Although Molotov... "
Page 2, line 10: should read, "... quid pro quo for giving Hitler what he con-
sidered... "
Page 2, line after 41 was ommitted. Should read, "Count von der Schulenburg,
'and the representatives of the states friendly with the Soviet
Union' we r
definately
prefe
treatment' by
being seated at the main table with Molotov and Mikoyan,
while 'the representatives of England and France and other
countries' were placed at side tables."
Page 2, line 47: should read "was to be a staking out of a sphere of influence... '
Page 2, line 52: should read, "... make Hitler order the preparation of "Opera-
tion Barbarossa'' on 22 December 1940. to
CROSS-INDEX
406. Communism and Religion - The Captive Church - E, U.
407. The Uruguayan Conference and the Alliance for Progress - D, P. S.
408. Communists Exploit Book feeds of Underdeveloped Countries - A. E, U.
409. Communist War Threats and Communist "Peace and Disarmament" - E,
U.
410. THE 1a FB I~ l~ 9 /rl~t x' #li ~'i 1 ~ 91R9~~P 5 - C, E,
O, U.
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GROWTH OF BOOK PUBLISHING IN
THE SING-SOVIET
BLOC
Attach to item #408 UNCLASSIFIED
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OROM OF BOOK PUBLISHING IN THE SING-$WIET BLOC
1960
TABLE OF CONTENTS
uSummayO .' . . . . . . . . . O . O . . . . 0 0 l . i
INTRODUCTION . . . . ii
I. TRENDS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS. . . . . . . . . . 1
Textbooks for Under-Developed Countries. . . . 1
The Anti-American Theme. . . ? . ? ? ? i
The Anti-Religoua Campaign . . . . . . . . . ? 2
Growing Militancy in Communist Books . ? . . . 2
Books for Children ? . . . . . . . . .
Books on Music, Art, Theater, etc.
II. BOOKS PUBLISHED ABROAD FOR THE BLOC .
III. DISTRIBUTION AND PROMOTION ? . . . . . . . . 8
Distribution Techniques, ? .
Promotional Devices.. . e e ? e e
. .
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SUMMARY
Most of the growth in the output of Communist books in 1960
relates to the circulation of books in under-developed areas. There
were, moreover, indications that the program to penetrate under developed
areas is of a long-range nature. Many of the books published were con-
cerned. with education and. Russian language study. The Soviet Union
increased its output in non-Bloc languages from thirty million to forty
million, a large percentage of which were textbooks for under-developed
countries. The languages showing the largest gains were English--up
50% to 1406 million; French--up 100% to 5.5 million; Spanish--up 130%
to .n7 million; Arabic--up 75% to 2 million and Indonesian--up 200%
to .03 million. Seven new languages were added: Farsi9 Farsi-Kabu19
Tamil, Tagalog, Panjabi, Amharic, and Burmese. The Chinese Communists
published from about 1/4 to 1/3 as many books in non-Bloc languages
as did the Soviet Union.
Ubile the Sino-Soviet Bloc concentrated its efforts on production
of language books and textbooks.there'was no decline in propaganda and
ideological books. The propaganda content was heavier and the ideological
tone apparently more militant,,. There-was an increase in books by Marx,
Engels, and Lenin, and propaganda books by new Soviet authors concurrent
with a decline in literary works by Russian olasaical authors--L. Tolstoy,
Dostoevski, and Turgenev. Anti-American themes were stronger than in
recent years. Many books were published which were designed to undermine
Western unity. And the Soviets initiated an anti-religious campaign with
a number of books in the French language attacking Christianity.
Despite the magnitude of the publishing program of the foreign
languages publishing houses in various Bloc countries the majority
of the millions of copiee of books the Sino-Soviet Bloc distributes
thro~ighout the world is ]published by local publishers. in various
countries under contract-'with such export organizations as
Mezhdunarodnaya Ifni as of Moscow and Guozi Shudian of Peking. The lists
of aommuni ~acoks available in various ocaun-tomes generally contain
about three titles published by indigenous Communist or pro-Communist
publishers.. to.. one. .tit1e...pub1ihsd. within the..Bloc..__. Some indication of
the scope of these operations is given occasionally. The Soviet Union
claims that it has about 100 million copies published abroad each year--
two and a half times the figure of 40 million published inside the USSR.
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INTRODUCTION
The output of books by the Soviet Union, in non-Bloc languages
increased in 1960 by about one-third over 1959. This compares with
an annual average increase of less than five percent over the past
several years. The sudden upsurge in 1960 is probably the result
of new production facilities which it is believed were completed
in.1959? In any event in 1959,.. the Soviets reported that new facilities
which were under construction at Kriukov (22 miles NW of Moscow) would
"allow complete fulfillment of the needs in publishing of literature
in foreign languages which could only be half met by former typesetting
facilities." The additional facilities were needed, it was said, because
of "increasing de*nds" for foreign language publications as a result
of "broadening of cultural ties and trade contacts." (Table I reflects
this increaseo)
In addition to the overall increase of about one-third in the
output of gooks in foreign languages, some significant aspects appear
to be 1) particularly large increases in so-called international languages--
English and French--which went up about 50% and 100% respectively; 2) In-
creases ranging from 50% to 125% over the past several years in Spanish,
Arabic, and Indonesian; and 3) the addition of seven new languages--Farsi,.
Farsi-Kabul, Tami],, Tagalog, Panjabi, Amharic and Burmese--to the publishing
program. The Soviets in 1961 plan to add Swahili to this list and expand
their efforts in Amharic. These developments appear particularly important
because they all are related to the increased circulation of Communist
subsidized books in under-developed areas.
Other Communist Bloc countries also have large-scale publishing progress
in foreign languages although less information is available on their activities
than those of the USSR. It is estimated that the Chinese Communists publish
about five or six hundred titles annually, each title appearing in an average
of 20,000 copies. Books appear in fifteen or sixteen foreign languages.
Heavy reliance is placed on books in English. For example a 1960 English-
language catalogue of Guozi Shudian (International Book Trade) Peking, lists
264 titles. North Korea" cla ms that in 1960 its Foreign Languages Publishing
House turned out 811,700 copies of books which were distributed in 90 countries,.
And the Czechoslovak foreign languages publishing house Artia in 1960 published
250 books in two million copies. Sixteen foreign languages were represented,
In addition to books in foreign languages the Bloc countries'also
export large quantities of books in their own languages. Particular
targets are emigrant groups.
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BOOK. PRODUCTION OF THE SOVIET UNION PRIMARILY FOR CIRCULATION OUTSIDE OF THE
SINO-SOVIET BLOC -- 1958-59-601,
Language
go, of Titles
Boo of Copies '.
1
1959
1960,
1958
1959
;1960
r
terman2
173
191
221
12,677,340
17,206,90C
.l89488 ,300
English
258
308
373
11,560,600 .
9,974,250
14,602,600
French
117
1,51
178
2,329,000
2,348,200
5,4914500
Bengali.
17
22
29
2179500
170,500
125,000
Spanish
32
47
87
149,700
313,800
735,500
Hindi
19
23
37
146,800
130,600
185,400
Arabic
13
19
38
81,500
125,700
211,600
Finnish
25
2
30
55,500
13,500
unknown
Persian
7
13
14,
44,6oo
80,100
48,500
Urdu
9
17
26
38,000
54,300
60,000
Dutch
5
7
5
28,400
43,200
20,000
Swedish
4
9
6
17,000
44,000
40,000
Esperanto
1
1
None
10,000
15,110
None
Japanese
2
3
3
9,500
10:500
12,500
Kurdish
4
8
6
4,000
8,000
5,504
Norwegian
1
None
1
2,500
None
2,500
Italian
None
3
1
None
26,000
10,000
Serbo-Croat
'
None
2
2
None
13,000
10,000
Portuguese
Nona
1
None
None
60000
None
Greek
None
1
None
None
2,000
None
Turkish
gone
1
None
None
1,000
None
Indonesian
Hone
1
4
None
10,000
34,500
Farsi
None,
None
2
None
None
4,500
Farsi-Kabul
None
None
2
None
'None
1,700
Tamil
Non.'
None
3
None'
None
10,900
Tagalog,
.None
None,
None.
None
3,000
Panjabi
INope
None
None
None
1,200
Amharic
None
None
1
None
Non.
500
Burmese
None
None
4
None
None
8,000
TOTAL 687 830 1,075 27,371,900
30,596,660 .40,1i3.,400
'Books of 50 pages-or more.
While this includes books for distribution in East Germany it is believed that the
portion going to that country is quite stall, This is based on the number of books
the Soviets publish in the languages of the other Satellites. The latest available
figures are for the year 1958 (all figures in thousands): Albanian 2; Bulgarian 100;
Hungarian 374; Polish 243; Rumanian 36; and Czech 129. Additionally East Germany
would not necessarily require books from the USSR sines it has the largest. book
industry of any of the Satellite***
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I. TRENDS AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Textbooks for Under-Developed Countries
In 1960 the Soviet Union initiated a large-scale program of
publishing textbooks in foreign languages for under-developed.countrieso
Although in the past some Soviet textbooks have been published in foreign
languages by local publishers in various countries, 1960 was the first..
year in which Soviet publishing houses entered this field. The books
varied from objective textbooks on scientific subjects to those with
varying freights of direct or indirect propaganda and indoctrination.
Books in the former class included Electrical Engineering by A. Kasatkin
and N. Perekalin; Textbook on Physio] edited by ov, and
Theoretical Physics by Ao ompaneyet0 At the other end of the scale
were such books many of them with collective authorship) as
Fundamentals of Marxist Philosophy, Fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism,
and is o o ? Communist Party o e Soviet ion, os o- the
remaining books were heavily s an toward suppo o Soviet institutions
or weightea toward the Soviet point of view. The following were some
textbooks in this class: History of the USSR, The History of the Ancient
size
World, International Law, and Economic Geography of the The
oche o4 lions varied considers y. Thus English,, Spanish and French
editions an from 20,000 to 40,000 while Arabic editions ran to about
5,000 copies. This program appears to be expanding. The 1961 schedule
calls for the publication of over thirty textbooks in English alone.
According to Soviet sources they will be mainly for students of secondary
and higher schools in under-developed countries and will include such
subjects as electronics, theory of physics, structure of atoms and
molecules, electrical machines,, organic chemistry, and medicine.
The long-range plans of the Bloc also were underscored by an ex-
pansion in the output of language study books and textbooks for foreign
countries," The Soviet Union put out books to promote the study of the
Russian language abroad. These included 40,000 copies of Easy Russian
and 50,000 copies of Russian Language, Elementary Course, bo -for English-
speaking people, and Russian textbooks for Arabs,, Greeks, Vietnamese and
Pushtu and Hindi-speaking students. And the 100,000 subscribers of the
Moscow Netts (published in English and French) got without charge a copy
of earn rg Ruseiano.The Chinese Communists published Fnglish, Russian
and German is ftion? of Modern Chinese Reader for foreigners .studying
Chinese.,. 9s well as English-Chinese Conversation, German-Chinese Conversation
and French-Chinese Converse on.
The Anti-American.Theme
The types of books put out by the Bloc were wide and impressive,
ranging from theoretical works by the founders of Communism to innocuous
children?s books, Some features were added, however, to the usual output
of foreign language books by the Bloc, One of the most important was
Soviet publication of a number of back with strong anti-American thaws.
Rt dOd~ut131a$6t1t~IIAA#~J 6"I b( t it"
30*e of A0pWv&*#kW
uid before the breakdown is Paris mot sisrrting -tn *q, 1960.
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Many were.designed to create cleavages in Western unity. Previously,
this type of propaganda. was generally used in radio broadcasts, pamphlets,
periodicsla,, etc., but net isrbooksa For example a book entitled The
A Monopolies in the World Capitalist Market by S. Menshikorj a
tie according toSoviet sources,examines such aspects-
of Ur S. foreign trade policy as dumping, super-protectionism, the
domineering attitude in respect to other capitalist countries, and.
trade discrimination against the socialist camp." The Basic Problems
in ?,actin America."expose the essence of so-called American an -
co on sm. to in 1960 books were published Which gave the Soviet
line on the collapse of the summit- meeting,. the U_2 and RB-47 incidents, etc.
As they have been doing for a number of years, the Chinese Communists
also put out a number of books with strong anti-American themes such as
Oppose U. S. O.cupation of Taiwan, Oppose U. S. Military Provocations in
the a wan r iti . ea anal 21ift Years or the Chinese People' s Volunteers'
Rees [s ance : o American Ag&-.odsion ng Korea*
The Anti-Religious Campaign
Another important development in 1960 was an assault on religion
by the Soviet Ur}ion with a spate of books promoting atheism and attacking
religion--particularly Christianity. Books in this vein have been pub-
lishMd before for foreign audiences but not in such volume and variety.
For eumple., the only book published in foreign languages. on this subject
in the last few years was an English edition of On Religion, by K. Marx
and P. Engels. This.book accordingto.:Soviet sources "ple6retically
subethntiates atheism." Apparently no foreign language book on this
subjeiet was published in 1958 or 1959. The following are some titles
that appeared in 1960: Darwinism and Religion,, by G. Gurev, On Religion
and the Church, by G. Ple nov, The Origin of Christianity, by sman,
and Modern Vatican., by M.-Shei an. s tar as can be determined, all of
the i ove -oo s were published in the French language only.
In this connection, the Soviet Union in 1958 published in several
f oreigi languages a book entitled Religion in the USSR, by P. Solovyov.
It maintained that complete 'vligIo a freedom ;jN in the USSR.
Soviet.: publishers plan to publish in 1961 a photographic albino, .Islam
Monu!ehts in the USSR, with captions in several foreign languages.
Growing Militancy in Communist Books
It; appears that in 1960 the volume of propaganda in book form in-
creased' There was a substantial increase in the number of "Soviet
Claesiee"...authored by M. Gorky, A. Tolstoi, M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeyev
and A* Malcarenko. Books in this series are often heavily laden with
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propaganda materials. The increase in this series was at the expense
of "Russian Classics," which declined sharply. Until 1960 the Foreign
Languages Publishing House, Moscow, had published about 20 to 30 titles
annually by classical Russian authors such as Lo Tolstcye Dostooveki
ark ,Turgenev. Whereas in 1960, only two such titles were.pub],ished;
Three Tears by Anton Chekhov (in Urdu) and On the Eve by Ivan Turgenev
(in Bengali).
Moreover the propaganda tone was more militant in other series
put out by the Sovietsin 1960. The number of Communist theoretical
works also increased. The series, "Works by the Founders of Marxiov-
Leninism," contained the first six volumes of a projected forty,-one
v oiunie edition of the Collected Works of Lenin which is being pub-
lished.in English. A number of volumes o t s collection were also
published in French and Spanish. Altogether about fifty books by
these authors (Marx, Engels and Lenin) were published in foreign
languages, compared to about thirty over the past few years. The
series "Books on the Soviet Union" contained such titles as Ivanovo
Outstrips Mancheater(comparing.the USSR?s and Britain's text le -in-
dustries); When t e USSR'Overtakes and Surpasses the USA; Economic
Cotipetition-Ee weer e U an S ; a a host of books on e
-year pan.
Soviet space accomplishments and propaganda on the Soviet version
of atomic weapons control were emphasized in the "Natural Science and
Popular Science" series by a number of books, the titles of. which speak
for themselves. Included were The Soviet Sputniks, Reports from the
Twenty.First Century The Cosmic Roc a s, uc ear Explosions-a World-
Wide Hazard, and die c en s a on -Me Danger oof_Nuc ear Tests . so
in this series 'were books in Which e propaga was no so Sant but
which nevertheless emphasized Soviet scientific accomplishments. Some
of these were: The Friendly Atom and Conquering the Atom (on the Soviet
atomic power indu'tIyI ; Earth and
Sky; n erp netary avel; and The
Universe.
Books for C ldren
As,the foregoing program of textbook publishing implies, one of
the Soviet motives Is to arouse-the interest of the world's youth.
To achieve this objective the.USSR also published a large number of
books for children. These books are printed in the languages of , the.
countries whore they are to be distributed as well as in so-called
international languages such as English and French, In 1960, children's
books ii rs,publishes.in more non-Bloc languages than were books in any
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other category,1 Of the approximately 50 titles published, twelve
Free World languages were represented.2 By comparison books in the
series "Works by the Founders of Marxism-Leninism," appeared in nine
languages and "Books on the Soviet Union".appeared in eight.
Often very attractively produced, some of these books contain
no direct propaganda while others are heavily laden with it; Most
books fall somewhere between these two extremes. It.appears that
the propaganda burden generally varies. directly with the age of the
children for whom the books are intended. To cite some eximples:
The Doughnut from the Wood with a Prickly Hood by Vitaly Bianki
t rom the Soviet CCh l -n. s ,.rary for Tots) is' about a doughnut
(actually a hedgehog disguised as a doughnut) being chased in.turn by
a bear, a wo]f, , and a fox, 'The simple story describes how the hedgehog
fooled the bear and wolf but-not the fax, Sump and Cry-Baby (for
school-age children) by V. Chaplina is a atoxy of wow subs. The
book tells about their life in the Moscow Zoo, their attendance at an
animal kindergarten, and the experiences of one of them at a Young
Pioneer camp. The Soviet Young Pioneer (for older children) describes
deeds performed by members o`this. organization in economic construction
and emphasizes their spirit of humanitarianism and self-sacrifice. Its
role as a'state organ is not depicted.
Other stories on. the order of the above carry no direct message,
But they have a Soviet setting with characters whose morality is beyond
reproach. Others are not situated_in.any particular locale but carry
a good moral these. Thus, it appears that some children's books are
published as a part of a long range plan to create a demand, or liking.
for Soviet books, and to suggest shared, universal interests.
Books on Music, Art, Theater, etc.
To present evidence of what the Soviets describe as the "most
advanced culture in the world" a wide range of.books have in the
past been printed on cultural institutions. and subjects. Included
in this category in 1960. were Soviet.Music, The Bolshoi Ballet, and
The Moscow Theaters. The number of ties published the series,
11here is very little information on the number of copies in which
these books appeared, since most were for free distribution. The
Soviets do not ordinarily reveal the number of copies printed if
they are for distribution without charged Therefore, most of the
children's books published are perforce not included in Table I
which lists the total recorded output of Soviet books in various
languages.
zThe Chinese Cc.gsunists have available about the same number of
titles,(. O) in eight Free World languages.
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"Soviet Arts," however, declined in 1960, possibly because the Soviet
goverment preferred the direct. approach in advertising culture--i.e.,
sending artistic troupes on tours abroad, For several years the Soviets
have published twenty or more books annually in the "Art Series",. (renaaed
"Soviet Arts" in 1960) but it appears that only the three foregoing titles
appeared in 19600
The Soviets also publish a series, "Illustrated Publications,".
which are mostly photographic albums of various cities of the Soviet
Union0. They are in color and have captions in 5 languages (English,
French, Spanish, German and Russian),
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II. BOORS PUBLISHED ABROAD FOR THE BLOC
Books printed in Bloc countries in foreign languages are only.a
fraction of the total distributed abroad. The largest percentage
probably is printed in foreign countries under contract with such
firms as the Soviets Union?a Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga (International Book)
and Peking?a Guozi Shudian, the official booc~axport organizations of
the respective co A Moscow broadcast of October 20, 1958 stated
that 9,000 titles of Soviet books had been published abroad since the
first of that year. The broadcast did not reveal the number of copies
produced. In 1936 however, 9,000 titles were produced outside of the
Soviet Union in a total of 100,0002,000 copies; between 1951 and 1953,
94,000,000 copies were printed. It is likely that Bloc countries have
more books printed abroad in foreign languages than they print them-
selves; the book catalogues of Communist or pro-Communist firms in
various countries generally list more titles published by local presses
than by Bloc. presses. For example, the Montevideo, Uruguay firs,
Ediciones Pueblos Unidos, distributes books published by its own
presses, or a es arias, also of Montevideo and by the Foreign
Languages Pu sing Dues, .scow. In the 1960 Edioiones Pueblos
Unidos catalogue, only about one-third (275) of de titles Vy So`viert
authors were published in the USSR while the balance (500) were put
out by the presses of Ediciones Pueblos Unidos and Editorials Varias.
However, books by Sovie au ors aceoun for only abo-ut half o e
titles listed in the catalogue.:, The balance is made up of books by
authors from Communist China, the Satellites, Latin America, etc.
It was noted that altogether the 1960 catalogue contained about. 1600
titles compared to 1200 in 1958 and 800 in 1957.
The large nuatker of titles in this catalogue by Chinese Co unist,
and Satellite authors mall of which were printed in Uruguay--indicates
that other Bloc countries as well as the Soviet Union have a substantial
number of their books printed abroad.
The most unusual publication and propaganda operation of the Bloc
was that carried on by the "Seven Seas Publishing Houses" in East Berlin.
The firm was established two years ago as an organization to publish
books i.n English primarily for export to India and the Middle East.
The rub?ications war,- to consist of "the best books by German, British
and Aa,-_?ican, authors ." The list of books available from this firm has
doubled in the past two years to-thirty-four, of which only three are
by German authors. The books by British and American authors are mostly
protest literature, or literature depicting the political, economic and
social institution of the ,wo
I MezhdunarodnayaKnigaa claims that it has over 800 countries in about
70 countries or the publication and distribution of literature.
Guozi Shudian claims about half this many in over 30 countries.
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countries in an unfavorable light. To cite some examples: All
Betray Thee by O yn Thoias, describes the if. of people woi
a . s on foundry, emphasizing, the theme-of moral decay: Mo
Noon and Night, by Lars Lawrence, describes 1 th craft sensationalIna
the aMigo-T oppression of American Indians and people of Spanish descent
in the southwest Uk ted State, and The American Century, edited by
Maxim Lieber, is a collection of thi ym veicanort stories
which, according to a brochure,, "depicts a different aspect of the
much publicized Way of Life during the past twenty-five years--a Way
Of Life that is sometimes fruitful,, often barren, seldom rewarding
except to a few."
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III. DISTRIBUTION AND PROMOTION
Distribution Techniques
The Bloc uses various methods to distribute its literature abroad.
None involves the expenditure of foreign exchange by the recipient
country. One method consists of shipping books on consignment to
local distributors at prices substantially below those listed in
the catalogue. When the books are sold 'payments are made to. the
Bloc embassy in local currency. Funds thus accumulated are used
to finance additional publishing and other local communist activities.,
Another method is to furnish books free to the distributor who pays.
ascertain percentage of the profits from his operation to the local
Bloc embassy, Communist party or friendship society. In countries
which prohibit imports of literature from Bloc countries, publishing
is done by local publishers or required literature is sent via non-
Bloc countries. This makes it almost impossible for a given country
to'prevent the importation of Communist.literature without carefully
scrutinizing each book shipment. For example, a'four-volume edition
of the Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung published in Peking is also
available rom publishing houses in 1ew York, London, Bombay, Hong Kong,
and Montevideo.
By making literature available at nominal prices (about one-fifth
the cost of conanerioally priced books), by aggressive promotional methods
and by publishing standard works in a wide variety of languages'the
Communists appear to have achieved wide distribution of their li.terature.
The Bloc countries have exploited the acute scarcity of books,
particularly in tinder-developed areas. Unfortunately this shortage
is growing more acute because of such factors as increasing literacy
rates, high costs of book imports (and the related factor of tariff
barriers), foreign exchange controls and high cost of establishing
new publication facilities. As stated earlier, the Bloc Countries
have circumvented these controls by the establishment of indigenous
book-publishing facilities.
Promotional Devices
In addition to standard advertising techniques such as the use
of billboards, ads in newspapers and periodicals, etc., the Communists
have devised other meth ode to.promote their literature. Bloc libraries
maintain exchange programs with libraries in other countries which
augment the Communist distribution program and bring Bloc publications
to the attention of influential audiences such as teachers and students.
While library exchanges are an accepted channel for the exchange of
information among countries throughout the world, the scope of the
Communist program indicates that it is being exploited by the Bloc
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to serve their purposeso The Lenin Library in Moscow claims that it
exchanges books and periodicals with 2,200 institutions and organizations
in nearly 100 countries. Its clients include universities, seientfio
and technical institutions in Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Congo, Ghana,
Cameroons, Guinea and many other African countries. The Lenin Library
reported agreements with 1,283 institutions in 1957; 1,800 in 1958;
and 2,100 in 1959. And the USSR Academy of Sciences sent over 5,00^
books and magazines to 107 Indian scientific institutions, univeraties
and libraries, receiving some 2,000 scientific works in return. The
Saltykov-Shchedrin Library in Leningrad has exchangsagreements with
over 500 organizations in 55 countries. Similar exchanges have been
reported by other libraries in the Soviet Union as well as by libraries
in other Bloc countries.l
The Bloc also engages in an extensive book presentation program
in under-developed countries. For example, Soviet Charge d'affaires
Kuznetsov presented 1,141 scientific books to the University of Indonesia
as a gift from Khrushchev; the USSR Ambassador V. G. Yakovlev presented
the Buddhist University in Kelaniya, Ceylon with 350 books as a gift
from the Central Asian Lenin University in Tashkent, and the Soviet
Charge daffaires in Bagdad presented the Iraqi Education Ministry
with 161 cases of books and technical instruments as a gift from the
Soviet goverment.
Mention should also be made of book exhibits as a promotional
device, particularly those held in conjunction with international
trade fairs. At most of the fairs or unilateral exhibitions held
by the Bloc, book exhibits form an integral portion of the overall
effort.
Books exhibited at international fairs usually emphasize the.
cultural climate and economic achievements of the regime as opposed
to theoretical and political materials. The latter, however, are
listed in book catalogues on display and can be ordered. The book
section of a typical Bloc pavillion at an international trade fair
might cover half of the cultural area which perhaps represents
one-fourth or one-fifth of the total exhibit space used. In addition.
1The large number of scientific exchanges mentioned in reports of
library exchanges indicates that these are important sources of
scientific literature for the Bloc. The Soviet Union reportedly
spends 5'million (new) rubles annually to secure and examine
i6,ooo publications from all over the world. The work is done
at the Institute of Scientific Information which publishes about
50 periodicals covering all the major fields of science and technology.
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to the book section the. cultural area usually includes a reading
table with a liberal supply of periodicals; a table with propaganda
blindoots; a phonograph playing classical and folk music of the
exhibiting country; a small self-contained movie unit; and an,
attendant who has, a goad oomoaad of the language. of. the host country.
The attendant is usually prepared to . supply information about .'where
the books or records can be purchased locally and to take orders
for shiprnt from the country of origin,
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