PROGRAM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02820A000300010054-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 30, 2002
• Sequence Number: 54
• Publication Date: August 15, 1957
• Content Type: AG

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PROGRAM
THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1957
9:00-9:30 REGISTRATION DINKELSPIEL LOBBY
9:30-12:00 SESSION I (S) DINKELSPIEL AUDITORIUM
CHAIRMAN: F. E. TERMAN
THE RESEARCH PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION F. E. TERMAN
TRANSISTOR RESEARCH J. G. LINVILL
NETWORK THEORY W. W. HARMAN
HIGH-POWER TUBES AND MICROWAVE DEVICES M. CHODOROW
TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES AND GENERAL MICROWAVE
AMPLIFIERS D. A. WATKINS
SYSTEMS TECHNIQUES W. R. RAMBO
RADIO STUDIES OF THE IONOSPHERE 0. G. VILLARD, JR.
RESEARCH'OF GENERAL INTEREST:
STANFORD PARTICIPATION IN THE I.G.Y. 0. G. VILLARD, JR.
1:30-2:50 SESSION II A RADIO STUDIES OF THE
l IONOSPHERE I
SESSION II B (C) TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIERS
AND OSCILLATORS
2:50-3:10 RECESS
3:10-4:30 SESSION III A (S) SYSTEMS TECHNIQUES I.
(CLASSIFIED RESEARCH) REHEARSAL HALL
SESSION III B RADIO STUDIES OF THE
IONOSPHERE II
6:00 STEAK FRY AT ADOBE CREEK LODGE
TRANSPORTATION AVAILABLE AT 5:30 AT WILBUR HALL
AND AT DINKEL$PIEL AUDITORIUM.
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FRIDAY, AUGUST116, 1957
ICI
9:30-10;40 SESSION IV A TRANSISTOR RESEARCH REHEARSAL HALL
SESSION IV B (C) MICROWAVE DEVICES AUDITORIUM
11:00-12:10 SESSION V A NETWORK AND SYSTEM THEORY REHEARSAL HALL
SESSION V B HIGH-POWER TRAVELING-WAVE
TUBES AND KLYSTRONS AUDITORIUM
1:30-2:45 SESSION VI A (S) SYSTEMS TECHNIQUES II
EXPERIMENTAL ECM EQUIPMENT
AND DEVICES REHEARSALL HALL
SESSION VI B MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS AUDITORIUM
2:45-3:15 RECESS
3:1.5- TOURS AND INDIVIDUAL CONFERENCES BY ARRANGEMENT
FOR TOURS MEET AT STEPS IN FRONT OF DINKELSPIEL
AUDITORIUMS FOR DETAILS OF TOURS, SEE P. 75
NOTE: ALL SESSIONS A MEET DOWNSTAIRS IN THE
REHEARSAL HALL: ALL SESSIONS B IN THE
MAIN AUDITORIUM.
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PAGE(S) 4f - ~y
~p dm.c.~ S,d~ m~JS?p ~FiQ~~
MISSING
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.SESSION II B TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIERS AND
OSCILLATORS 13
47
SESSION V A NETWORK AND SYSTEM THEORY 57
SESSION V B HIGH-POWER TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES
AND KLYSTRONS 65
TOUR OF LABORATORY FACILITIES 75
DEMONSTRATIONS AND DISPLAYS 76
SENIOR STAFF STANFORD ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES 79
SENIOR STAFF: MICROWAVE LABORATORY 80
SERVICE SPONSORED CONTRACTS AT STANFORD
LIST OF CURRENT PROJECTS
PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING TECHNICAL REPORTS
LIST OF REPORTS ISSUED SINCE JUNE 30, 1956
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%,Oe *MW
SESSION II A
30-2:50) (Rehearsal Hall,)
BESEARCH STUDIES OF THE IONOSPHERE I (Unclassified)
CHAIRMAN: A. M. PETERSON
1.. Radar Studies of 15th-Magnitude
Meteors
(AF19(604)2193; P. B. Gallagher
and V. R. Eshleman)
The particles responsible for
the brightest and the faintest vis-
ual meteors (-10 to +5 visual mag-
nitude) have masses in the ratio of
106 to 1. Still smaller particles
can be studied by radio-echo tech-
niques. Past radar studies of small
meteors have been limited by system
sensitivity to about the +10th mag-
nitude; i.e., to trails created by
particles having masses equal to or
greater than 1/100 the mass .of those
particles which create the faintest
meteors observable by. eye..
A radar system permitting studies
of meteors down to the 15th mani-
tu,!..e has now been constructed. it
features a 23-i,'c broad-side array
of 96 four-element Yagi antennas
arranged in the form of two parallel
rows of antennas several wavelengths
apart. Each row is approximately
2000. feetlon..The array generates
a fan- shaped radiation pattern that
has a lobe structure in the meridian
plane, and has a measured half-
power beam width of 1.5 degrees.
The theoretical gain of the antenna
is 30 db. This antenna is fed from
a 90-kw peak-power transmitter
through a T-Pt arrangement,allowing
the same antenna to be used for
transmitting and receiving.
The following data have been ob-
tained for the very small meteors
with this equipment.: the distribu-
tion of echo rates and amplitudes;
diurnal echo-rate variation; day-
to-day echo rate variation; and
particle velocities.
Over most of the measured ampli-
tude range, the number of echoes
of amplitude greater than A is in-
versely proportional to A. (This
variation also applies to the larger
meteors which have been studied in
the past). However, for the very
small measured echoes, there are
sometimes fewer and sometimes more
echoes than the number given by this
simple law. During the early morning
hours, when the total rate is at
its daily peals, the number is great-
er, while for the rest of the day
the number is less.
The ratio of the diurnal maximum
to diurnal minimum rate of echo
detection is as high as 100 to.l,
as compared to less than 10 to 1
for larger meteors detected with
less directive antennas... The maxi-
mum rate (:greater than 6000 echoes
per hour) occurs in the morning, as
would be expected for this north
.directed antenna beam. However, the
duration of the morning peak of
activity is unusually short., being
less than two hours. Day-to-day
echo rates for the same time of day
vary by more than two to one. There
is a preliminary indication of an
approximately monthly variation of
the maximum echo rate.
Velocities of the very small
meteors have been measured from
the Fresnel diffraction fluctuation
of the echo.,. However, these pat-
terns are unusually irregular,
making accurate velocity determina-?
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tions very difficult.
Measurements of the character-
istics of very small meteors should
provide new knowledge of (1) the
number-mass distribution of inter-
planetary dust, (2) the distribu-
tion in space of this material, (3)
the total amount of ionization
created by meteors, and its role
in ionospheric-scatter and meteor-
burst propagation, (4) the physi-
cal nature of meteoric particles,
and (5) the possible correlation of
the rate of influx of meteoric mat-
erial with world-wide rainfall sta-
tistics.
It is now apparent that the
meteor size spectrum extends to
smaller particles than can be de-
tected with the present equipment.
It is hoped that a more powerful
transmitter can be obtained in order
to extend the radar studies to these
smaller particles.
2. The Initial Radius of Meteoric
Ionization Trails
(Task 24D; L. A. Manning)
When a meteor passes through the
lower E-region, it produces to the
first order a line distribution of
ionization in its path. It has been
usual to compute the strength of
meteoric echoes by assuming diffu-
sion, with a fixed coefficient of
diffusion, from this initial line
distribution, although sometimes
it has been thought that the ioni-
zation is distributed initially
with a radius of one electronic
mean-free-path length. However,
more careful study shows that when
the trail is first formed, the neu-
tral and ionized atoms of meteoric
material are moving with about 100
times thermal velocity. Diffusion
of the trail is thus very rapid at
first. Kinetic-theory calculations
indicate that this rapid initial
diffusion causes the trail to ex-
pand to a radius of about 14 times
the mean-free-path length before the
diffusing particles reach equili-
brium temperature.Because neutral
and ionized atoms differ in colli-
sion cross-sections and hence in
free-path length, it can be said
that there will be two meteor trails
created--the neutral 'atom trail'
and the 'ion trail.' The atom trail
is about five times the size of the
ion trail.
Calculation of the returned sig-
nal from an ionization trail, tak-
ing into account the finite parti-
cle velocity, shows that the tran-
sient expansion is so rapid that
the signal may correctly be com-
puted on the assumption that the
ionization is formed instantan-
eously at an initial radius of 14
ionic mean-free-paths. At the high-
er meteor heights and radio fre-
quencies, initial radius is the
limiting factor in meteor detecta-
bility. It is predicted from the
above theory that a rather sharp
reduction in observed echo rate
should occur at a frequency of
roughly 100 megacycles; this drop-
off is in fact observed in practice.
The attenuation which produces this
change in rate increases with in-
creasing frequency, up to about 50
db for under-dense trails at UHF.
This signal-strength reduction is
multiplicative with that occurring
when the normal diffusion,-decay
time-constant is small compared with
the time required for the meteoric
particle to cross the first Fresnel
zone, At the usual observing fre-
quencies, the maximum height of de-
tection is sharply limited by the
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rapid increase of initial radius
with height.. Detectability of the
less-densely ionized over-dense
trails is affected at the same
heights and frequencies as for
under-dense trails.
3. Oblique Meteoric Echoes From
Over-dense Trails
(Task 24D; L. A. Manning)
It is now well known that for
under-dense meteoric ionization
trails, i.e., those with line den-
sities less than-about 1014 elec-
trons per meter, the echo duration
at a given frequency is proportion-
al to the square of the secant of
the forward-scatter angle. The re-
sulting large increases in the dur-
ation with obliquity of the path for
under-dense-trail echoes are of
great importance in the practical
application of meteoric echoes in
communication circuits. Experimental
studies of echo durations from over-
dense trails (line densities greater
than 1014 electrons per meter) on
oblique paths have shown, however,
that the same increase in duration
with obliquity is not observed. In
the present study, the ray paths in
an over-dense Gaussian trail have
been computed by the method of geo-
metrical optics. Both the dependence
,of duration on obliquity, and the
polar scattering diagram versus
echo duration have been computed.
(For simplicity, it is assumed the
incident ray is perpendicular to
the meteoric path or radiant). It
is found that no simple power se-
cant law of duration applies. No
increase in duration relative to
the duration at back-scatter occurs
over an oblique path unless the
transmitted ray is deviated from
the forward direction by less than
ninety degrees. For smaller devia-
tions, the duration does increase,
but if the results are force-fitted
to a secant law, the required ex-
ponent is generally less than one-
half. It is found also that for
durations greater than those pos-
sible at back-scatter, a peak in
the polar scattering diagram occurs
in the most nearly backward direc-
tion. There is also a peak in the
original wave direction.
4. Some Characteristics of Radio
Communication Via Meteor Ioniza-
tion Trails
(AF19(604)2193; V. R. Eshleman
and R. F. Mlodnosky)
The intermittent vhf signal pro-
pagated over long ranges (up to
2000,kw) byreflections from meteor
ionization trails makes possible an
important new technique for radio
communication. In this-'meteor-
burst' communication technique,the
required transmitter power and an-
tenna size are considerably less
than for communication via the. con-
tinuous vhf scatter signal sup-
ported by smaller meteors and other
scattering sources in the lower
ionosphere. The wavelength depen-
dence of the information capacity
of meteor-burst propagation is ap-
proximately X2.7, which may becom-
pared with approximately X4'7 for
continuous communication. It may be
said that. the terminal equipment
is better matched to the propaga-
tion medium when provision is made
to send and receive information
intermittently. As a result it
should be feasible to use consi-
derably shorter wavelengths for
meteor-burst communication than can
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Nftpo~
be used for continuous ionospheric-
scatter communication, thereby in-
creasing the number of channels
available for long-range communi-
cation and reducing the self and
mutual interference now encountered
in the lower vhf band.
The directivity of radio re-
flections from meteor trails, and
the distribution of trail orienta-
tions (radiants), control the di-
rectional properties of meteor pro-
pagation.. The gross features of
these directional properties for
an east-west path in northern tem-
perate latitudes are such that,
for maximum number of meteor re-
flections, the antennas at the
transmitter and receiver should be
pointed north of the great-circle
bearing for the hours centered on
0600,. and south of this bearing for
the hours centered on 1800.. The op-
timum off-path angle may be as
great as 200. For a north-south
path, the beams should be pointed
west of the path at night, and east
of the path during the day. These
gross features appear to repeat
each day. In addition, short-term
fluctuations in the radiant distri-
bution have been noted, thesefluc-
tuations being due to heretofore
undetected meteor showers of very
short duration. It appears that the
information capacity of meteor-
burst and ionospheric-scatter sys-
tems could be markedly increased by
varying the bearings of the anten-
na beams according to the known di-
urnal variations in meteor radiants.
In addition, it may be possible to
put to use the short-term fluctua-
tions in the radiant distribution
by means of a radar which can con-
tinuously monitor the changing ra-
diant distribution, and 'instan-
taneously predict' the optimum an-
tenna bearings for the communica-
tion circuit.
It appears important to extend
the studies of meteor radiants to
smaller meteors. This could be done
with a more powerful transmitter
and a larger rotating antenna than
was used in otaining the above re-
sults.
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SESSION II B (1:30-2:50) (Auditorium)
TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: G. WADE
1. A Study of the Wide band Kilowatt
Amplifier Problem at S-band and
Higher Frequencies.
(Project 490B-84(U). D. A. Dunn,
R. P. Lagerstrom, W. R. Luebke, P.
A. Brennan)
A satisfactory traveling-wave.
amplifier with bandwidth greater
than 50% and pulsed power output
greater than one kilowatt can be
built at frequencies below about
4000 Mc.using conventional design
techniques. At these frequencies
and with these bandwidth and power
capabilities, tubes with at least
a 10% duty cycle, and probably c-w
tubes as well, are possible. For
frequencies at and above X-band, a
new approach is required if the
tube, including focusing structure,
.is to have a reasonable size and
weight and if a reasonably high
average-power. capability is to be
provided.
Several aspects of this problem
are under study, including new slow-
wave circuits for 50% or greater
bandwidth, and depressed-collector
operation of traveling-wave tubes.
The conventional single-helix
circuit, which could provide the
desired bandwidth if scaled down to
X-band size, would be limited in
power output because. of reduced
heat dissipation and reduced beam
cross section and would require
a very high magnetic field, and a
heavy'solenoid. The use of over-
sized helices,on the other hand,is
restricted by the threat of back-
ward-wave oscillations near wave-
lengths of twice the helix circum-
ference. An 'ultimate' circuit would
have a much larger diameter than
present circuits, no backward-wave
interaction difficulties, and would
be all-metal. No circuit is pre-
sently known with these attributes
and with a 50% bandwidth. However,
from the present studies it appears
that new circuits may be developed
which are substantially better than
the single helix in these respects.
A number of alternatives will be
discussed including some bifilar
he.lices with straps and other dis-
continuities introduced in order
to provide support, cooling, and
suppression of backward-wave oscil-
lations.
The possibility of improving ef-
#iciency by means of amulti-segment
depressed-voltage collector per-
mits a considerable increase in the
freedom of design in this type of
tube. Such a collector would col-
lect the entire beam at a very low
voltage when there is no r-f input
and would split the beam between
two or more segments at different
voltages when r-f input is supplied.
In a low-du:ty-cycle application,
the tube could be operated with a
c-w beam and be ready to amplify at
all times, and yet the power-supply
drain would be low. Some preliminary
calculations have been made for a
proposed two-segment collector in-
volving both longitudinal and trans-
verse electric fields together with
the usual longitudinal magnetic
focusing fields The results of
these calculations indicate that
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the beam efficiency can be appreci-
ably increased using electrode ge.-
ometr$es that would not substanti-
ally increase the mechanical com-
plexity of the tube.
Experimental work on an X-band
one-kilowatt amplifier incorporat-
ing some of these ideas is in pro-
gress and will be discussed.
2. Hollow-Beam Focusing Using Rad-
ial Electric and Periodic Electric
or Magnetic Fields
(Project 406W-84(U) and 313T-78
(U); C. C. Johnson, Y. Hiramatsu)
In most conventional systems em-
ploying microwave tubes, a solenoid
and associated power supply are re-
quired. Any focusing system which
can eliminate the solenoid leads
to weight reduction, compactness,
and efficiency improvement.
Two systems are described which
achieve this end result. One system
is purely electrostatic and uses
radial and periodic fields to ob-
tain focusing. The radial field is
established by an inner rod at a
voltage slightly below the beam
voltage. The periodic fields are
established by a series of rings
surrounding the beam at voltages
alternately above and below the
beam voltage. The periodic fields
exert an inward force, and the rad-
ial field, an outward force. These
forces are used to cancel space
charge forces at the beam boundaries
to obtain focusing. Possible r-f
structures which could be incorpor-
ated into this focusing scheme are
numerous. For example, a bifilar
helix would be employed to estab-
lish the periodic fields as well
as to act as the r-f structure. A
monofilar helix or any other struc-
ture of circular crosssection
could replace the inner rod.
The second system is much like
the first, except that the periodic
fields are magnetic instead of
electrostatic. Radial fields are
set up by an inner rod and an outer
cylinder surrounding the beam. The
periodic magnetic fields are estab-
lished by a series of magnets ex-
ternal to the outer cylinder which
are alternately of north and south
polarity. These fields are then
used to cancel the space-charge
forces at the inner and outer beam
boundaries. The r--f structure can
take the place of either the inner
rod or the outer cylinder.. While
this focusing'scheme requires per-
iodic magnets which are not required
in the previous system, it relaxes
the requirement for compatability
between the focusing structure and
the r-f structure.
These systems can focus hollow
beams which are useful for low and.
medium power tubes.
The system employing purely
electrostatic fields has been in-
vestigated experimentally. A well-
focused beam of micro-perveance 4
was obtained with 97 per cent trans-
mission at a beam power of 15 watts.
Beam trajectories have been ob-
tained from the IBM 650 Computer
which show the effects of 'over-
focusing' and of imperfect entrance
conditions. Preliminary results in-
dicate that a beam can be focused
despite considerable variation
from optimum entrance conditions.
This is in contrast to many focus-
ing systems which are very critical
in this respect.
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3. Backward-Wave Oscillator Studies
(Project 403W-24(U); J. 'Gewar-
towski)
The backward-wave oscillator has
proven to be a versatile and useful
device for laboratory signal gener-
ators, communications systems, and
countermeasures equipment. Because
of the highly nonlinear nature of
the electron interact ion. process in
the oscillator,acomplete theoreti-
cal analysis is very complicated
and to this date has not been per-
formed.
This work is an experimental
study of the dynamic electron i,nter-
action mechanism in the backward-
wave oscillator. The instantaneous
current and velocity of a repre-
sentative portion of the electron
beam reaching the collector are
obtained experimentally by means
of a beam analyzer. The values of
current and velocity thus obtained
depend upon the level of oscilla-
tion, which is determined by the
ratio of the actual total beam cur-
rent to its value at the start of
oscillation. Data have been obtained
for a series of levels of oscilla-
tion.
In order to observe the instan-
taneous current and velocity with
as much accuracy as possible, the
data were taken on a specially
built tube scaled up in size and
down in frequency. The result is
.an 80-Mc tube,.twelv.e feet in length,
which can be voltage tuned from 40
Mc to over 120 Mc.
The tube uses a sheet beam and
an interdigital line. A small hole
in the collector allows a few micro-
amperes of the beam to pass into
the beam analyzer. Thebeam analy-
zer consists of focusing lenses, a
crossed d-c electric and d-c magne-
tic field for velocity separation,
r-f deflection plates, and finally
a fluorescent screen. The r-f de-
flection plates cause the unniodu-
lated beam to describe an ellipti-
cal path on the fluorescent screen.
The crossed d-c electric and mag-
netic fields are balanced so that
the unmodulated beam isnot deflec-
ted by them. When the tube is os-
cillating, both current and veloc-
ity modulation exist on the beam,
which alter the appearance of the
fluorescent-screen trace consider-
ably. Since the r-f deflection
plates are synchronized to the out-
put of the tube, a stationary pat-
tern appears on the screen. The
velocity separator is arranged so
that velocities different from the
d--c beam velocity are indicated by
vertical deflections from the ref-
erence ellipse. Instantaneous cur-
rent is measured from the brightness
of a small portion of the trace.
Position around the ellipse gives
a time base for these measurements.
These patterns are photographed
and analyzed using an optical den-
sitometer- comparator. By this means
the nonlinear operating character-
istics of the backward-wave oscil-
lator can be determined in detail.
Data on instantaneous current and
velocity as afunction of r-f phase
contribute significantly to an un-
derstanding of the mechanism by
which the oscillation level is
reached.
4. The Helitron Oscillator
(Project 404W-24(U); D. A. Wat-
kins and G. Wada)
The HELITHON oscillator is a new
type of voltage-tuned oscillator
which can be built to operate at
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!~T I IB- 4
moderate-power levels in the 500-Mc
to 10-kMc range. It requires no
magnetic field and has a tuning
characteristic superior to that of
the type-'O' backward-wave oscil-
lator.
The device is called IIELITRON
because the electron beam of rec-
tangular cross section traverses a
helical path between an outer cyl-
indrical 'sole' electrode and an
inner cylindrical r-f circuit. The
r-f circuit is maintained positive
with respect to the sole, thus pro-
viding an inward radial electric
force which, when balanced against
the outward centrifugal force, re-
sults in stable focusing for the
beam.
The angle of the helical path
is determined by the mounting angle
of an electron gun which launches
the beam at the beginning of the
interaction region.
The r-f structure consists of a
four-segment cylinder which propa-
gates a TEM wave for which the four
segments are alternately plus-
minus-plus-minus. Thus the r-f in-
teraction is between the electrons
and the r-f field in the four gaps.
When a TEM wave is visualized to
travel from the collector end to
the gun end of the structure, back-
ward-wave interaction will occur at
a frequency such that the electrons
travel from one gap to the next in
a little less than one--half cycle.
Results of testing an experimental
model are as follows:
The tube tunes continuously from
1.2 to 2.4 kMc with a power output
ranging from 2 to 10 milliwatts.
To cover this frequency range, the
sole-to-circuit voltage is varied
from 700 to 1700. volts. Thus a 2.5-
to-1 voltage change covers a 2-to-
1 frequency range. Second-harmonic
output is more than 25 db below
the fundamental over the range.
The HELITI-RON oscillator appears
to have the following advantages
over type-'O' backward-wave oscil-
lators or voltage;-.tuned magnetrons:
(1) No magnet is required. (2) The
efficiency is potentially higher
than that of the type- '0' backward-
wave oscillator. (3)Tuning voltage
and frequency are nearly proportion-
al. (4) The device is relatively
easy to fabricate.
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SESSION III B (3:10-4:30) (Auditorium)
RADIO STUDIES OF THE IONOSPHERE II (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: 0. G. VILLARD. JR.
1. The Magneto-Ionic Duct--A New
Means for Long-Distance Radio Trans-
mission at Very Low Frequencies
(Nonr-225(27), alsoAF18(603)126
and Y/6.10/20; . R.. A. He l l iwe l l and
E. Gehrels)
Echoes of radio signals from
station NSS on 15.5 kc in Annapolis,
Maryland (geomagnetic latitude 50?
N), with delays up to nearly one
second have been detected by a
Stanford University observer at
Cape Horn, South America (45?S).
The signal was a special pulse of
one-quarter-second duration, repeat-
ed every two seconds. Most of the
observations were made for 15-minute
periods at night during January and
February, 1957.
These observations provide the
first controlled test of the Ecker-
sley-Storey theory of whistler pro-
pagation.Whistlers are audio-range
electromagnetic signals, usually
of descending frequency, and were
shown by Eckersley to result from.
the dispersion of lightning energy.
Storey advanced the hypothesis, sup-
ported by considerable data, that
the path of propagation extends be-
tween the hemispheres through the
outer ionosphere, following lines
of force of the earth's magnetic
field. Such paths, which we have
termed `magneto-ionic ducts,' may
extend as far as 20, 000, miles above
the surface of the earth. The group
velocity along these ducts is of
the order of ten per cent of that
in free space.
Discovery of the NSS echoes
opens up new possibilities for
long-distance communication at.
very low frequencies and has asig-
nificant bearing on low-frequency
navigation systems. It also pro-
vides a powerful new tool for de-
termining the distribution of ioni-
zation in the outer ionosphere, a
little understood but extremely im-
portant link between the sun and
the earth.
The main results and. conclusions
are summarized as follows:
1. NSS echoes with group delays
of from 0.3 to 0.9 second have
been observed at 15.5 kc at night.
The close similarity of these de-
lays to those observed in conven-
tional whistler propagation provides
new evidence in support of the
Eckersley-Storey theory of whist-
lers.
2. NSS echoes were frequently
heard when whistlers were entirely
absent.. This absence was probably
due to a lack of suitable lightning
sources. at the proper location,
and not to poor propagation condi-
tions in the magneto-ionic duct as
had previously been thought.
3. Split echoes and regular deep
fading were often observed; this
suggests the presence of multiple
paths of propagation of variable
relative phase.
4. The observed echo intensities
were 10 to 30 db below that of the
direct wave whose nighttime inten-
sity was 150 microvolts per meter.
According to present theory, the
receiver was near the edge of the
`effective' area surrounding the
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opposite end (called the "conjugate'
point) of the field-line path ori-
ginating at the transmitter. This
relationship suggests that echo
strengths comparable to or greater
than the direct, wave may be found
near the conjugate point.. Under
these conditions, the new mode
would be an important factor in
vlf communication.
5. The long and variable delays
of the observed echoes can be ex-
pected to interfere seriously with
the operation of phase-sensitive
vlf navigation systems.
6. The new technique has impor-
tant advantages over whistlers for
the study of the outer ionosphere.
Unlike the lightning source, the
vlf transmitter can be turned on
at will and its location and radia-
tion properties are readily deter-
mined. It should now be possible
to obtain valuable new data on the
distribution of ionization far be-
yond the.known layers o,f the iono-
sphere. Such knowledge correlated
with. solar and other geophysical
data can be expected to lead to a
better understanding of the-mechan-
isms of magnetic storms and aurorae.
Detailed plans are being formu-
lated'for setting up further NSS
listening stations in the Cape Horn
area, and, for the first time, in
Antarctica. Every effort is being
made to complete the installations
by this coming fall. There are two
reasons for haste: (1) whistler
recordings being made for the IGY,
which started July 1, 1957, are
needed to aid in data interpreta-
tion, and (2) desirable field sites
and personnel in the southern hem-
isphere are available only during
the IGY.
2. A Microwave Spectroheliograph
for Studying the Solar Control of
the Ionosphere
(AF18(603)53; R. N. Bracewell)
The Stanford microwave spectro-
heliograph, which is nearing com-
pletion, will scan the sun intele-
vision fashion with a very narrow
pencil beam, to build up a 'photo-
graph' of the sun taken with radia-
tion which is emitted in the S-band
portion of the radio-frequency
spectrum.
Such a spectroheliogram, to bor-
row the optical term for a mono-
chromatic picture of the sun, will
reveal aspects of the sun quite
different from those to which we
are accustomed from optical obser-
vations. The principal features of
a microwave spectroheliogram will
be: (1) the lack of circular sym-
metry in the quiet-sun radiation,
(2) the presence of concentrated
areas whose brightness is much
greater than that of the surrounding
quiet areas, and (3) the occasional
outburst of radiation associated
with chromospheric flares. It is
also expected that the radio sun
will be ten per cent larger than
the visible sun. These expectations
are based on a small number of
laborious pioneering observations
which have already been carried
out elsewhere. What further phe-
nomena will emerge when regular
observations are instituted cannot,
of course, yet be guessed.
The basic purpose of, the program
is to provide new knowledge about
the sun and its influence on the
earth's ionosphere. What informa-
tion is already' available about the
sun is being utilized to the full
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at present, and very large investi-
gations are being undertaken to
find the best use to which existing
solar data can be put to improve
forecasts of ionospheric propagation
and to lessen the effects of solar
disturbance. However, the available
data are principally optical, and
the optical effects do not neces-
sarily originate at solar levels
at which the strongest solar distur-
bances manifest themselves. For
example, the deep-lying and very
thin stratum of the sum from which
white light comes exhibits hardly
any day-to-day variation in emis-
sion, whereas the layers of the
chromosphere from which microwaves
come are quite variable in output.
These chromospheric levels are be-
lieved to be the source of the
ionizing ultraviolet radiation which
causes variability of-the earth's
ionosphere.
Thus observations with the new
instrument can be expected to con-
tribute data on an important part
of the sun which.hi.therto, as a
result of its virtual transparency,
has been accessible only with dif-
ficulty to optical study. It is
also expected that the liaison with
radio scientists, resulting from
the conduct of this work within a
group experienced in ionospheric
radio propagation, will lead more
readily to practical application
then is usual with astronomical
research.
3. Long-Distance Transmission Sup-
ported by Multiple Reflections From
the F-Layer of the Ionosphere With-
out Intermediate Ground Reflections
(Task 24D; AF19(604)1830; 0. G.
Villard, Jr. and A. M. Peterson)
By means of the ground-back-
scatter sounding technique, it is
possible to demonstrate the exis-
tence and relative importance of
ionospheric modes of transmission
involving two or more successive
reflections. from the F-region with-
out an intermediate reflection from
the ground. In order that such
transmission be launched, the iono-
sphere must depart from spherical
symmetry in a suitable manner; in
order that the energy eventually
be returned to the earth, a second
departure from symmetry is required.
Such departures from symmetry are
frequently provided in the morning
and evening hours by the normal
daily buildup and decay of F-layer
ion density, which results in the
appearance of effective ionospheric
tilts. It is found that these tilts
exert a powerful effect on radia-
tion taking off from a given trans-
mitting antenna at the lower verti-
cal angles.
Strong tilts are encountered al-
most daily in equatorial regions,
owing to the way in which the F-
layer behaves in the vicinity of
the magnetic equator. These tilts
result in the regular appearance
of two and three successive F-layer
reflections, without intermediate
ground reflection. Often this pro-.
pagation takes place at frequencies
considerably higher than the highest
which will support conventional
multihop transmission; it may in
fact provide an explanation for the
so-called 'anomalous' transqua-
torial propagation. At temperate
latitudes,, tilt-supported trans-
mission can, at a given radio fre-
quency, be shown to be present in
one direction or another for a frac-
tion of the time which can be as
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high as 20' per cent. Such trans-
mission has been consistently ob-
served to the north of Stanford
owing to the normal daily gradient
of ionization in that direction.
Tilt-supported propagation modes
have a number of interesting pro-
perties. They display surprising
strength, owing both to the exis-
tence of a novel type of ionospheric
focusing, and to their relatively
low attenuation, since energy losses
in the D-region and at the ground
are avoided. In addition, the ef-
fective skip distance for thi.s:type
of transmission is much less de-
pendent on the. operating radio fre-
quency than is the case with con-
ventional symmetrical reflection.
Finally, if the layer tilt or dis-
tortion from spherical symmetry is
severe enough, the tilt mode may be.
effective at frequencies apprecia-
bly above the conventional MUF.
The significance and prevalance
of tilt-supported transmission has
not previously been appreciated be-
cause pulse, rather than c-w tech-
niques are needed to separate the
various types of propagation from
one another. Since these modes are
normally effective over transmis-
sion paths of given length at given
times of day and at given seasons
of the year, it is not surprising
that they should have escaped no-
tice until systematic observations
with rotating antenna backscatter
sounders had been carried out.
It seems likely that methods for
predicting and utilizing tilt-sup-
ported propagation can be found, and
that application of such methods
will result in a notable improve-
ment in the efficiency with which
the ionosphere can be utilized.
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SESSION IV A (9:30-10:40) (Rehearsal Hall)
TRANSISTOR RESEARCH (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: J. G. LINVILL
1:_ Transistor Theory and Circuits
(Task 24C,, J. M: Pettit)
a..Transistor Theory: High-
Frequency Equivalent Circuits.
A study has just been completed
on large sample groups of two major
types ofjunction transistors:2N123
alloy pnp and SB100 surface-barrier
types. The results include: (1)
proven measurement techniques for
obtaining device parameters (rb,Cc,
fa,etc.,) and high-frequency admit-
tances (yll,yl2,etc.,.) up to 30 Mc;
(2) evaluation of our high-frequency
equivalent circuit, previously de-
veloped by Middlebrook and Scarlett.
The equivalent circuit can now be
used with confidence to predict
high-frequency admittances of a
transistor up to and beyond half
the alpha-cutoff frequency.
b.. Transistor Circuits:,, Ampli'
f ier Stabi,lity
A year ago we reported a design
technique for assuring a specified
stability margin in a one-stage
transistor amplifier--in afrequen-
cy range where the internal feed-
back in the transistor produces
potential instability--by adjust-
ment of source and load conductances
rather than by neutralization.This
work has been extended to the more
complex case of a multi-stage am-
plifier, employing a two-terminal
network plus an ideal transformer
for the interstage coupling.Repre-
sentative two- and three-stage am-
plifiers have been designed and
constructed for experimental veri-
fication.
2. Transistor Video Amplifiers
(Project 2920-84(U), R. A'.,_ Scar-
lett)
This project is concerned with
the design of high-gain pulse am-
plifiers with short recovery time
following an overloading pulse. A
configuration employing alternate
common-collector and common-emitter
stages has been found useful for
obtaining good gain and rise-time
performance', and also lends itself
well to direct coupling which aids
in obtaining good recovery time.
Overall d-c feedback is used to
stabilize the operating point a-
gainst temperature changes, and
results in very simple. circuitry.
A six-stage amplifier using SB100
surface-barrier transistors gave a
gain of 90 db with 0.18-/.sec rise
time, the recovery time after a.5-
volt, 1-asec pulse being less than
10 tsec..The performance is sub-
stantially constant to 60?C. For
higher-temperature applications, a
silicon-tetrode amplifier employing
common-emitter stages with shunt
feedback has been designed. Four
3N26 stages gave a gain.of 80 db
with 0.2-asec rise time.
3. Applied Transistor Research
(Project 755K-51(U),M.McWhorter)
a. Video Amplifiers Using Emit-
ter Degeneration.
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A design method for obtaining
specified gain and bandwidth in
multi-stage amplifiers has been
completed. Common-emitter stages
with a parallel R-C compensating
circuit in the emitter lead are
used. The design emphasizes main-
tenance of a good transient response
(overshoot of 3% or less). The fin-
ished design is accomplished with
a minimum of computation with the
aid of two charts which have been
prepared. (A paper on this subject
will be given at WESCON.) A number
of amplifiers using this approach
have been built. One uses four RCA
2N24M's to give 4.2 Mc bandwidth,
65 db gain and 5% overshoot. These
values compare well with the design
values of 4. 1 Mc, 67 db, and 4% re-
spectively.
b. A Transistorized Sweep Gen-
erator.
This generator provides a sweep
voltage suitable for deflecting an
oscilloscope. Therefore, it is eas-
ily synchronized to high-frequency
signals of almost any waveform, and
it delivers a very linear sweep.
The circuit used is basically a
multivibrator driving a bootstrap
sweep generator. Several novel ideas
are used to de-couple the synchron-
izing signal from the multivibrator
and the MV from the bootstrap cir-
cuit to prevent false sweeps. Also
the sweep speed is made to be inde-
pendent of the MV operation. Most
bootstrap circuits have relatively
long recovery times if very linear
operation is desired; however, this
circuit recovers.very quickly'be-
cause pnp and npn transistors are
used in combination to recharge the
sweep capacitor. Hence the recovery
time is only a few per cent of the
sweep time. Sweep times of 5 sec
to 20 ?sec have been achieved with
amplitudes of 65% of the supply
voltage and linearity of about 1%.
Studies are now being made of pick-
off circuits of precision suitable
for precision checking of the sweep
linearity.
This sweep has been used in com-
bination with thehigh- output -volt-
age transistor amplifier described
last year to give sweeps of 200
volts peak-to-peak. This is ade-
quate to deflect small cathode-ray
tubes.
c. Logarithmic Attenuators
Logarithmic attenuators for
pulse use are currently being in-
vestigated. These make use of the
exponential relation between cur-
rent and volta;:e in some silicon
diodes. Initial experiments show
considerable promise: one attenua-
tor operates with 0.1-microsecond
pulses, has a dynamic range of
50
db and an output voltage within
5%
of being truly proportional to
logarithm of the input current.
the
4. A Transistorized Pulse-Sorting
System.
(Project 755K-51(U), G.S.Bahrs)
Through a joint effort by mem-
bers of Group Q (Applied Electronics
Laboratory) and the transistor
group, circuits have been developed
that provide apulse `window' which
responds only to pulses whose width
and amplitude simultaneously fall
within adjustable, pre-set limits.
The system is organized around
a three-input AND circuit which is
connected to (1) a pulse amplitude
discriminator, (2) a pulse width
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discriminator, and (3) a one-shot
multivibrator that is triggered by
the trailing edge of the incoming
pulse. The amplitude and width dis-
criminators each incorporate memory.
The amplitude discriminator develops
and retains an output if the input
signal amplitude exceeds a pre-set
threshold level. The width discrim-
inator develops and retains an out-
put if the pulse width exceeds W
but is less than W(l+A); where W
and Aare both adjustable. The pulse
from the one-shot multivibrator,
occurring at the completion of the
incoming pulse, serves to inter-
rogate the amplitude and width dis-
criminators; i.e., operation of the
interrogation one-shot multivibrator
leads to an output from the AND cir-
cuit if, and only if, outputs are
present from both the amplitude and
width discriminators.
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SESSION IV B (9:30-10:40) (Auditorium)
MICROWAVE DEVICES (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: D. A. DUNN
1. Microwave Frequency Division
(Project 189B-78(U); R. W. Grow
and D. A. Dunn)
The process. of regener:.a-tive fre-
quency division was first described
many years ago by R. L. Miller,(B.
L. Miller, `Fractional Frequency
Generators Utilizing Regenerative
Modulation,' Proc. IRE,. vol. 27,
pp. 446-456; July, 1939.) Basical-
ly the operation of a regenerative
frequency divider depends on the
use of a mixer and a feedback loop
to feed the amplified output of the
mixer back to one of the inputs of
the mixer. Under these conditions,
if the loop gain is sufficiently
large, the amplitude of the output
of the mixer varies as the amplitude
of the signal applied to the other
input. It is apparent that in this
case the output frequency must be
just one half of the input frequen-
cy. If a frequency multiplier were
also inserted in the feedback loop,
then afrequency f/n, with n great-
er than two, could be produced in
the device.
A year ago the operation of a
microwave divider which produced an
output frequency which was 3/2 of
the input frequency was described.
Since that time a forward-wave de-
vice and a backward-wave device
have both been successfully oper-
ated to produce division by two.
In each of these devices an input.
signal is applied to the first he-
lix to modulate the electron beam
and the output is taken from the
second helix. An external feedback
loop is necessary with the forward-
wave device but not with the back-
ward-wave device. The amplitude of
the output of the backward-wave type
of divider was found to be quite un-
stable. Our understanding of these
devices has increased considerably
in the past year and the instabil-
ity of this type of divider has now
been explained.
Since the nonlinear element of
the mixer is the electron beam, it
is necessary to understand the na-
ture of the mixing process of the
beam. Recent theoretical work on
mixing here at Stanford Electronics
Laboratories by DeGrasse has led to
some important conclusions which
have been utilized in the latest
frequency-divider tube. For in-
stance, if a beam is modulated by
two frequencies with the same angu-
lar field variations, then the dif-
ference frequency in the beam will
have no angular field variation.
Hence a forward-wave helix would be
necessary to couple the difference
frequency from a beam modulated by
two backward-wave helices, each
having one angular variation around
the beam circumference. This fact
undoubtedly accounts for the am-
plitude instability noted for the
two-helix backward-wave type of
frequency divider. To investigate
more fully these modulation effects,
a five-helix frequency-divider tube
has recently been built and tested.
The latter tube was built to permit
several different experiments to
be performed, each using different
sets of helices. Several modes of
operation contain a frequency multi-
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plier in the feedback loop to per-
mit division by a number greater
than two. An important result has
been the increased amplitude stab-
ility of this device. The work on
this project is presently directed
to the investigation of the condi-
tions necessary to start the device
at frequencies resulting from di-
vision by numbers greater than two.
2.'Traveling-Wave-Tube Frequency
Mixers.
(Project 386T-47(U);. R. W. De-
Grasse and G. Wade)
One purpose of this work has
been to investigate the possibility
of using TWT mixers to replace the
conventional crystal-diode mixer
employed in microwave superheter-
odyne receivers. The results of a
number of experiments on traveling-
wave-tube mixers show that efficient
frequency conversion can be obtained
from microwave signal inputs to
microwave intermediate frequencies
as well as to intermediate frequen-
cies as low as 30 Mc. Conversion
gains as high as 30 db and full
traveling-wave-tube saturation pow-
er output at the intermediate fre-
quency are obtainable. TWT mixers
may also be used as regenerative
frequency dividers.
The frequency conversion effects
to be discussed are obtained from
the large-signal saturation effects
in.an electron beam.. Consequently,
conventional TWT construction tech-
niques can be used in the construc-
tion of TWT mixers.
Such TWT mixers may posses a
number of important advantages over
crystal mixers. The TWT mixer has
relative freedom from burnout from
high-level input signals. It is
capable of considerable conversion
gain with i-f bandwidths as wide
as 1 kMc. Local-oscillator isola-
tion can be substantially improved
by the use of separate local-oscil-
lator and signal couplings to the
mixer tube. Finally, high-level
microwave mixing is possible since
full saturation power is available
at the i-f output..
Previously, conventional TWT's
have been operated as mixers with
30-Mc i-.f outputs. These tubes have
given overall conversion gains 30
to, 40 db less than the small-signal
gains of the. tubes as amplifiers,.
We have. found that the use of a
downward voltage-jump and a low-
voltage drift tube following a TWT
amplifier section greatly increas-
es the conversion gain. Such an
experimental mixer having an S-band
input gave a,+7 db conversion gain
from r-f input to 30-Mc i-f output.
This tube had a small-signal.gain
of +11 db, just 4 db more than the
conversion gain. An i-f output pow-
er.of +10 dbm was obtainable. It is
presently believed that such a TWT
mixer will have a noise figure ap-
proximately the same as its noise
figure when operated as an ampli-
fier.
A traveling-wave -tube mixer with
very wideband microwave i-f output
may be designed using an. input he-
lix section for input signal ampli-
fication and asecond helix section
for i-f signal amplification. Two
such double-helix mixers have been
tested.
The first mixer tube operated
with an S-band input and gave 30 db
conversion gain to an i-f of 1200
Mc with a 20-Mc bandwidth. With a
200-Mc bandwidth, aconversion gain
of 16 db could be obtained. The
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maximum i-f output power was +15
dbm.
The second double-helix mixer
had an input frequency range of 7.5
to 10 kMc. The i-f output was cen-
tered at 2.5 kMc with a 1-kMc band-
width. The tube gave a conversion
gain of +21 db.
The above tube-did not have a
low-noise electron gun and as a re-
sult its noise figure was about +22
db. It is interesting to compare
this tube with a crystal mixer de-
signed for the same i-f bandwidth.
Assuming a -12-db crystal-mixer
conversion gain.,. we see that, to
obtain the noise figure and con-
version gain of the TWT mixer, a
TWT if amplifier following the
crystal mixer would be required to
have a noise figure of about 10 db
and a gain of 33 db.
A theoretical study of the mixing
phenomenon in an over-modulated
electron beam has resulted in the
development of a design theory for
TWT mixers. This theory has been
successful in predicting the con-
version gain of TWT mixers.. The
theory is not a great deal more
complicated than linear. TWT theory
and makes possible rapid design
calculations.
3. Noise, Gain, and Bandwidth Con-
siderations of the Variable-Para-
meter Amplifier
(Projects. 210N-24(U) and 303T-
84(U); H. Heffner,K. Kotzebue, G.
Wade)
A theoretical investigation has
been made to determine the noise,
gain, and bandwidth characteristics
of the general variable-parameter
circuit (similar to the circuit
analog for the ferrite amplifier
proposed by H. Suhl, PHYSICAL RE-
VIEW, April 15, 1957). The basic
circuit and its operation are il-
lustrated in the following descrip-
tion. A variable capacitor is con-
nected in series with two parallel-
resonant tank circuits, the three
elements forming a closed loop. If
the value of the capacitor is caused
to vary sinusoidally about some
average value at a frequency equal
to the sum of the two resonant fre-
quencies of the tank circuits, un-
der the proper conditions oscilla-
tions can be set up in the tank
circuits at their respective fre-
quencies. Power is thus `pumped'
from the varying capacitor into the
two tank circuits. Assume that an
output load is coupled to one of
the tanks and that the capacitor
variation is reduced to a value
just below the point where oscil-
lations occur.Stable amplification
then results for a signal coupled
into the loaded tank at the tank's
resonant frequency.
Several physical embodiments of
this principle of amplification
have been proposed.. As previously
mentioned, Suhl suggested a micro-
wave structure containing aferrite
sample, the pumping power to be
coupled. to the lower-frequency sig-
nal through nonlinearities in the
motion of the magnetization in the
ferrite. At Stanford, we are in-
vestigating the feasibility of using
electron beams or ferroelectric
materials to provide the necessary.
variable reactance.
Regardless of the embodiment,
the theory reveals certain inherent
characteristics of the device.. For
high gain, the `idling' tank circuit
(i.e., the tank circuit not direct-
ly coupled to the input signal)
should present high impedance at
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its resonant frequency and the var-
iation in the variable reactance
should be large. Assuming high-Q
tank circuits, the bandwidth is in-
versely proportional to the voltage
gain and to the Q of the idling
tank. The noise due to fluctuations
in the variable reactance probably
can be made to be of negligible
consequence. However, in striving
for very low noise figures, thermal
noise from the idling tank will be
of importance unless the idling
tank'is artifically cooled.
4. Maser Amp.lifierso Bandwidth and
Noise Considerations.
(Project 155E-78(U); A. E. Sieg-
man)
The three-level solid-state cav-
ity maser (or any similar resonant
negative-resistance device) is es-
sentially aregenerative amplifier.
The cavity itself has an unloaded
Q = Qo, while the maser material
has a negative Q = -Qm. To have
gain, the negative resistance must
predominate, so that the unloaded
cavity-plus-material has.a negative
overall Q = -Q' _ -QmQoi Qo/-Qm)
Without loading, the cavity oscil-
lates. High gain is obtained by
loading the cavity by coupling it
to an external load until the os-
cillations just cease.
Low noise figure is the maser's
chief attraction. All presently-
known materials for solid-state
masers require cooling to liquid-
helium temperatures to be usable.
This assists in obtaining low noise
figure. t.iowever:,. noise figure F de-
fined with respect to a room-tem-
perature source is now very nearly,
unity, and is no longer a very good
parameter. One can talk about the
quantity (F-1), expressed-in db
(which can be a negative number of
db); or one can give the effective
noise temperature of the amplifier;
or one can suppose that the ampli-
fier and the signal source are both
at the same low liquid-helium tem-
perature, and redefine F with re-
spect to this low source tempera-
ture. The last procedure will be
used here.
For best results, a maser should
have only one input line, with a
circulator to separate incident and
reflected (amplified) signals. If
the external Q of the input line is.
Qe, the maser power gain is G =
(Qe + Qm)2/(Qe - QM') .The condi-
tion for high gain is Qe W. The
gain-bandwidth product is V 'GB
fo/Qe fo/Qm for high gain. If T
is the reference temperature of the
source and cavity, and -Tm is the
negative spin temperature of the
maser material, then for high gain
the noise figure is
F = (1 + Qm/ I Qo)(1 + Tm/T)
Low noise figure requires low spin
temperature, and low magnetic Qm
(which is the same as low Qm).
An alternative form is the two-
port maser, which has separate in-
put and output lines. If the input
or generator line has external Q =
Qeg, and the output or load line
has external Q = QeL, then the con-
dition for high gain is (1/Qe +
l~QeL) ? 1/Qm The noise figure for
high gain is given by F = (1 + Q
g/
e
Qo + Qeg/QeL)(1 + Tm/T), while the
gain-bandwidth product is AG_ B = 2f0/
Qe. The optimum noise figure
of the two-port maser can be made
the same as the circulator maser
by having heavy input coupling,
Qeg ~Q', and light output coupling,
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Q~L >> Qm. However, the gain-band
width product is then very much
worse. In addition, the output load
must be cooled, or a cooled isolater
must be used in the output line,to
reduce noise coming back into the
cavity from the load. This is not
true of the circulator maser.. The
two-port maser can have the same
gain-bandwidth product as the cir-
culator maser by making the two
couplings equal, Qeg QeL 2Qm,
but the noise figure is then worsen-
ed by 3 db, and the load-cooling
problem is even more important.
Possible gain-bandwidth products
with presently known maser materials
are small (e.g., a few hundred kc
at 30-db gain). Some increase may
be possible by using several cou-
pled cavities in series, or a nar-
row-band traveling-wave type of
circuit, but the natural Q (line
width) of the material itself will
then become important. However,
very good noise figures are expect-
ed (3 to 6 db with respect to helium
temperatures, or amplifier noise
temperatures of 10 to 20?K).
A solid-state maser amplifier
is nearing completion. Ten micro-
watts of power output as an oscil-
lator at 3000 Mc are expected, with
a pumping-power input of afew mil-
liwatts at 9600 Mc. Power output
as an amplifier in the linear re-
gion will, naturally, be somewhat
less. The first crystal to be used
will be potassium chromicyanide,
K3Cr(CN)6, in about ''/2% concentra-
tion in a magnetically-neutral base
crystal of K3Co(CN)6.
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SESSION V A (11:00-12:10) (Rehearsal Hall)
NETWORK AND SYSTEM THEORY (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: W. W. HARMAN
1. Network Synthesis
(Tasks 24F, 24H; W. W. Harman
and D. F. Tuttle, Jr.)
a. Computer Techniques
Synthesis procedures which use
an iterative procedure exploiting
The IBM 650 computer have been pre-
viously reported for distributed
amplifiers and amplifier chains.
With these iterative techniques, one
starts from an assumed form for the
network, and the method facilitates
convergence on optimum element val-
ues. This method has recently been
applied to the split-band amplifier
(for wide-band amplification) in
which the frequency range to be am-
plified is split into two portions,
which are then amplified in sepa-
rate channels.
Another network application of
computers consists of using a com-
puter to obtain an approximate so-
lution to the differential equation
describing a nonlinear network, the
approximate solution consisting of
a sum of exponential terms. The co-
efficients are determined by the
initial value and derivatives. In
effect, the nonlinear system is
replaced by an approximating linear
system whose element values depend
upon the initial conditions.
b. Single-Inductor Synthesis.
This investigation is concerned
with the problem of constructing
an R-C network with a single in-
ductor (and, perhaps, an ideal
transformer) to have a specified
impedance function. The necessary
and sufficient conditions that the
function be realizable are found
to be that (1) it be positive real,
(2) it have no more than one pair
of complex zeros, (3) the real
poles and zeros be simple, and al-
ternate.
A comparative study of three
types of matched-filter pairs has
been carried out. These types are
the tapped.-delay-line, multiple-
bandpass, and split-allpassfilters.
In general, the tapped-delay-line
filter appears tobe superior; how-
ever, the multiple-bandpass argu-
ment proves to be one quite good
way to arrive at an impulse response
which may then be actually realized
by a tapped-delay-line filter.
d. Delay-Line Sections in Net-
works.
This study has been concerned
with the analysis and synthesis of
networks in which ideal delay-line
sections are admitted as elements
in addition to the usual R, L, and
C. Synthesis for prescribed impulse
responses which have discontinuities
in amplitude or slope, or which are
identically zero after a particular:
time, is facilitated by the addi-
tion of this fourth element kind.
e. Statistical Decision Theory
Applications.
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Other work includes some stat-
istical studies of an idealized
radar problem.
tive' than the other for any
priori data and cost function.
Previously reported work has
dealt with the use of decision-
theoretical approaches to find the
best network or system to perform
a certain statistical task--esti-
mate range to a radar target, detect
the presence of a signal in noise,
estimate a modulation envelope,etc.
In most of these problems some a
priori probability distributions
were assumed, and some sort of
'cost' function; the best system
is then the one which minimizes the
average cost.
Recently some study has been
made of a very interesting approach
known as 'comparison of experi-
ments.' By this theory one can
compare two proposed 'experiments'
(an example of an 'experiment'
might be the determination of the
presence or absence of a signal,
or of the delay of a radar pulse)
and, if the two are 'comparable,'
state that one is 'more informa-
a.. Coupling Networks (24F)
Synthesis procedures are being
sought to design coupling networks
for a class of problems of great
practical interest which fall out-
side of the range of current syn-
thesis techniques. In several prac-
tical applications, notably in the
design of interstages or coupling
networks at the input or output
port of a transistor amplifier,
the designer is required to find a
lossless coupling network which will
present approximately a prescribed
sequence of input impedances at a
set of frequencies when it is ter-
minated in a prescribed sequence
of impedances at these frequencies
(Fig. A).
Zin
COUPLING
NETWORK
. 77
freq ZL Zin(desired)
fl ZL1 Zinl
f2 ZL2 Zin2
fn ZLn Zinn
2. Sampled-Data Control Systems
(Task 245; G. F. Franklin)
Projected research in this field
includes a study of the character-
istics and limitations of practical
sampled-data control systems, and
an experimental and theoretical
study of linear and nonlinear fil-
ters for the restoration of data
from samples.
3. Transistor Circuits
(Tasks 24J and 24F, NSF G-2426;
J. G. Linvill and D. F. Tuttle,Jr.)
Fig. A.-Specifications for the de-
sign of a coupling network.
The problem is different from those
for which the usual techniques ap-
ply'inthat the prescribed load im-
pedance is not necessarily a sim-
ple resistance nor the impedance
of a simple network. Also the de-
sired input impedances are not given
as functions of frequency but given
instead as a sequence of values in
tabular form. The aim is to extend
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synthesis techniques to these prob-
lems and thereby to bring to prac-
tical design problems some of the
powerful methods (or modifications
of them) which have been developed
in modern network theory. Some in-
teresting and useful techniques
have been developed to this point
in the research and work is conti-
nuing to develop additional methods.
b. Lumped Models of Semiconductor
Devices (24J,G-2426)
Study of large-signal applica-
tions and of the avalanche pheno-
menon in transistors has led to a
new lumped model which conveniently
relates terminal properties of the
transistor to its internal physics.
The conventional representations
of transistors for small-signal
cases and the Ebers-Moll model for
large-signal cases correspond to
simple forms of the new model.. In
addition to representing behavior
in the familiar cases, the lumped
model represents the terminal pro-
perties associated with avalanche
multiplication, punch through,
minority-carrier storage, built-in
fields of drift transistors and
photo-generation of hole-electron
pairs. The design of circuits using
any of these phenomena is facili-
tated through use of the lumped
representation.
In the conventional approach to
obtaining a model of the transistor,
the differential equations expres-
sing equilibrium of the physical
processes in the transistor are
solved and the transcendental so-
lutions are approximated for con-
venience by rational functions. In
the present treatment, the physical
relationships applying on the basis
of vanishingly small elements are
applied to finite elements and the
corresponding terminal relation-
ships are rational functions. Thus,
in the new approach, the order of
the procedures of solution and ap-
proximation are reversed. The new
order of procedure gives further
insight to transistor operation,
leads to the old results in the
simple cases and to new or simpler
solutions in the more complicated
situations.
c. Semiconductor Voltage Com-
parators (24J)
An ideal voltage comparator
indicates whether a voltage being
observed is above or below a pre-
scribed reference level.The quali-
ty of acomparator is determined by
the narrowness of the range of un-
certainty, the freedom from de-
pendence upon environmental condi-
tions, the speed of response, and
the smallness of loading of the
circuit being observed.The purpose
of the present study is to deter-
mine the fundamental limitations
to semiconductor voltage comparators
and to select designs for best per-
formance.
Voltage comparators ordinarily
involve a nonlinear element with
properties sharply dependent upon
the impressed voltage...Semi-conduc-
tor diodes have an apparent ad-
vantage over tube diodes for this
function since their characteris-
tics inherently posses sharper
nonlinearity. In one particular
comparator being considered, the
nonlinear element is a part of a
feedback structure which becomes
unstable when the input voltage
reaches the reference level.
A principal limitation to the
performance of comparators is the
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dependence of their characteristics
upon the temperature. A diode-
bridge arrangement serving as the
nonlinear element can theoretically
show no dependence upon temperature
in spite of drifts in individual
diodes. Using a diode bridge and a
single-stage transistor amplifier,
a comparator has been made which
has a region of uncertainty 30-mv
wide for a temperature range from
25? to 55?C. It is anticipated that
additional work. will improve the
performance.
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N6W
SESSION V B (11:00-12:10) (Auditorium.)
HIGH-POWER TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES AND KLYSTRONS (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: M. CHOD0ROW
1..M2egawatt Cloverleaf Traveling-
Wave Tube
(AF-1924; J. V. Lebacqz)
During the past year a severed
structure of the cloverleaf type
was built and tested here at Stan-
ford. The structure included twelve
sections on either side of the sev-
er.. The results, although not com-
pletely up to expectations, were
.quite satisfactory. A peak power in
excess of one megawatt was observed
over apart of the band. The small-
signal gain approached 30 db, with
saturation gain of about 23 db.
The efficiency was poorer than
expected,. mostly because the beam
transmission was low, approximately
65 to 75 per cent. Gain was observed
at small signals over a frequency
range from 2750to'3200 megacycles.
The large-signal gain as measured
from 2900 to 3130 megacycles had
less than 3 db variation. It is
believed that the large-signal gain
would have stayed substantially
flat down to about 2800 megacycles,
but the lack of a suitable driver
prevented us from making measure-
ments in this frequency region.
Since these tests were run, work
has been continued on the clover-
leaf traveling-wave tube in two
main directions. First, to improve
the beam transmission, a beam tester
was built and tested which has shown
that the cathode, with slight modi-
fications in the magnetic focusing
system, can readily give nearly 100
per cent transmission. This change
in the magnetic focusing system
will be incorporated in the tube
now being built. The second phase
of the work has been concerned with
increasing the attenuation in the
tube in a higher pass band, a pass
band which is due to coupling-slot
resonances. There has been some ten-
dency to oscillate at these high
frequencies (higher than 4000Mc) at
high-voltage operation, and we have
been trying to produce alarge.dif-
ferential in attenuation between
that in the operating pass band and
that in the slot pass band, with
some considerable success.
2. Windows
(ONR-26; J. Jasberg)
The first high-power klystron
(now capable of 30 megawatts output)
was constructed at Stanford at a
time when the only available out-
put window was capable of handling
about 1 megawatt of power.. Since
that time, alarge amount of effort
has gone into an attempt to pro-
vide a long-lived window for this
and similar tubes developed here.
At the present time, this work
largely involves ceramic windows
of various designs and materials.
Some improvements have been made,
and it isnow-,possible to run tubes
which are continuously pumped for
times of the order of 1500 hours.
Attempts to make sealed-off
tubes with long lives have not
been particularly successful so
far due to punctured output windows.
A discussion of the nature of fail-
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VB- 2
ures and of the lives of windows
will be given. A number of possible
theories have been suggested but
.as yet none of these can be posi-
tively confirmed. Life testing of
windows is a problem and a high-
power traveling-wave recirculator
is under construction to aid this
program. Some possible experimental
checks on the various theories will
be outlined.
3. Research in Propagating Circuits
for High Power Traveling-Wave Tubes
(AF-1924, ONR-23; M. Chodorow)
Although some circuits suitable
for high-power traveling-wave tubes
have been designed and successful-
ly tested, these are narrower in
bandwidth than is desired for some
applications, and it is not at all
certain that they are optimum in
other respects, even though they
seem quite satisfactory. Investi-
gations are being conducted on
other circuits, some of which may
in some respects be better than
the ones successfully used up to
now. Among these circuits is the
stub-supported ring-bar structure
which is better in bandwidth and
in interaction impedance than pres-
ently available high-power circuits,
but is more limited in average-
power-handling capability. Another
circuit consists of a series of
cavities inductively coupled by
means of multiple inverted coupling
loops. Tests so far indicate that
this circuit may have a consider-
ably wider band than the clover-
leaf structure and about the same
impedance. Another. class of circuits
involves coupling between alternate
cavities as amethod of shaping the
propagation characteristic in de-
sirable fashion. The results of cold
tests'onthese various circuits and
possible applications of the cir-
cuits will be described.
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_
SESSION VI B (1:30-2:45) (Auditorium)
MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS (UNCLASSIFIED)
CHAIRMAN: H. J. SHAW
1. Periodic Deflection Focusing
(SC-3(78); G. Kino)
sible to check the theoretical pre-
dictions.
Anew method of focusing an elec-
tron beam for use in traveling-wave
tubes and related devices has been
proposed by P. A. Sturrock. The
system, called `Periodic Deflect ion
Focusing,' depends on the focusing
effect on an electron beam which oc-
curs when the beam is periodically
deflected in one direction and then
another. Theoretical analysis has
been carried out for both electro-
static periodic deflection focusing
and magnetic periodic deflection
focusing. The best-known example
of periodic electrostatic deflection
focusing is slalom focusing. Per-
iodic magnetic deflection focusing,
however, would appear to have great
advantages over the more common
periodic magnetic-focusing schemes,
because, with the configuration
used, much higher fields are ob-
tainable for a given size of mag-
net. As the focusing forces are
proportional to the square of the
magnetic field, it should therefore
be possible to focus very high
values of beam current. In addition,
it should be possible to use a
variation of the method to contract
the diameter of an electron beam
.adiabatically, so that the gun-de-
sign problems should not limit the
current density obtainable.
It is planned to test magnetic
periodic deflection focusing in the
near future. A beam tester is being
built for use with a hollow elec-
tron beam on which it will be pos-
2. Electron Guns With Curved Elec-
tron Trajectories
(AF-1930; P. Kirs to in)
A new class of electron guns in
which the electron trajectories are
curved rather than rectilinear will
be described. By making use of the
Ilamilton-Jacobi equation, Poisson's
equation and the equation of conti-
nuity of charge, it has been pos-
sible to obtain electron-trajectory
solutions which take into account
the effect of space charge. At the
moment, the design of shielded guns
to produce solid or hollow beams is
being investigated in which the
cathode is either a section of a
cone or a section of a circular
cylinder. It is also proposed to
investigate the design of a type
of gun intended to produce sheet
beams in which the cathode is a
portion of an equiangular spiral
sheet. It is possible that the
method may also be useful in the
design of crossed-field electron
guns with magnetic field parallel
to the cathode but investigation
of this possibility is not planned
for the near future. It is proposed
to design the electrode shapes to
produce the beams by a procedure
analagous to that used in the Pierce
gun. However, amethod of gun design
proposed by J. E. Piquandar and used
with success in France will also be
investigated.
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1 VIB- 2
3. Field Emission
(ONR-23; J. Fontana)
Field-emission cathodes with di-
mensions of about one micron can
provide currents of the order of
one ampere under pulsed operation.
This current is controlled by the
anode voltage according to a very
nonlinear law which remains true
at extremely high frequencies. Pos-
sible applications of these unusu-
al properties to microwave tubes
are being investigated.
Calculations will be shown giv-
ing the harmonic content of afield-
emission beam produced by the r-f
excitation of apoint emitter which
is biased by ad-c voltage. It will
be shown that the curve of har-
monic amplitudes can be expressed
as a function of dimensionless
ratios relating't.hese voltages to
certain parameters which depend up-
on the, emitter itself and the oper-
ating conditions-chosen. The re-
sul-ts indicate that the curve has
a shape similar to an error curve,
and that, under operating conditions
compatible with a reasonable emit-
ter life, the power contained in,
the eighth or tenth harmonic is
still quite appreciable.
4. Generation of Sub-Millimeter
Waves
(SC-85; K. Mallory)
The production of electro-mag-
netic radiation at wave lengths
less than a millimeter using con-
ventional tube techniques is very
difficult because of the minute
size of the element dimensions for
such wave lengths. An alternative
approach involves producing very
small tight bunches of electrons
at high energies (2 to 3 Mev). Such
high-energy electrons can be made
to generate very short-wave-length
radiation by several means; either
by producing transverse oscillation
of the electrons or by passing
such a beam through a cavity or a
propagating circuit of suitable
design. For wave lengths large com-
pared to the bunch size, the elec-
trons of each bunch will radiate
coherently and produce considerable
amounts of power. An experiment
designed to produce sub-millimeter
wave radiation by this means will be
described. It involves a small X-
band linear electron accelerator
which will produce electrons of
several million volts of energy,
the electrons being tightly bunched;
it is then intended to use such
electrons to produce a considerable
amount of radiation at wavelengths
below a millimeter, either by `un-
dulation' or by straight frequency-
multiplier action at a harmonic of
the original accelerator frequency.
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GENERAL TOUR OF LABORATORY FACILITIES
TOUR STARTS AT 3:15 P M. AT STEPS IN FRONT,OF DINKELSPIEL AUDITORIUM ON FRIDAY
AFTERNOON.
THIS GUIDED TOUR REQUIRES ABOUT ONE AND ONE-HALF HOURS AND IS INTENDED TO BE A
QUICK INSPECTION OF THE INSTALLATIONS LISTED BELOW.
APPLIED ELECTRONICS LABORATORY (CLASSIFIED)
VACUUM-TUBE SHOP SCREEN ROOM
COMPUTER FACILITIES SOLID-STATE MASER
TRANSISTOR AND CIRCUIT LABORATORIES PERIODIC FOCUSING OF ELECTRON BEAMS
STUDENT VACUUM-TUBE TECHNIQUES SHOP TWELVE-FOOT-LONG BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATOR
VACUUM-TUBE SHOP VACUUM-TUBE DISPLAYS
TRANSVERSE-FIELD KLYSTRON RADIO-PROPAGATION LABORATORIES
HELITRON
HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS LABORATORY
MARK-911 LINEAR ACCELERATOR MARK-II LINEAR ACCELERATOR
HALF-WAY STATION TUBE SHOP
END STATION AND BUNKER KLYSTRON-PROCESSING STATION
VACUUM-TUBE DISPLAY
MARK-IV 70-MEV ACCELERATOR
X-BAND ACCELERATOR
ELECTRON-BEAM ANALYZER
MASERS
ELECTRON-VELOCITY SPECTROGRAPH
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DEMONSTRATIONS AT ERL
1, SOLID-STATE MASERS - PROJECT 155E (A. E. SIEGMAN) ERL 240
THIS WILL BE A NON-OPERATING DISPLAY SHOWING THE DOUBLE DEWAR FLASK AND OTHER
SPECIAL APPARATUS NEEDED FOR SOLID-STATE MASER INVESTIGATIONS.
2. EXTERNAL-CIRCUIT TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES - PROJECT 191A (G. A. LoEw)ERL 262
THESE TUBES USE A SERIES OF HOLLOW CYLINDERS FOR COUPLING TO THE ELECTRON
BEAM. THE DELAY LINES ARE EXTERNAL TO THE VACUUM ENVELOPE. TWO TYPES OF CON-
STRUCTION ARE SHOWN, ONE FOR A FORWARD-WAVE AMPLIFIER AND THE OTHER FOR A
BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATOR.
Low.-NOISE AMPLIFIER - PROJECT 305T (F. B. FANK) ERL 221
AN EXPERIMENTAL TRANSVERSE-FIELD KLYSTRON OPERATING IN THE 200-400 MC RANGE
WHICH IS BEING INVESTIGATED AS A POSSIBLE LOW-NOISE AMPLIFIER.
4. CROSSED-FIELD DEVICE - PROJECT 385N (T. SATO) ERL 254
A TUBE BUILT TO INVESTIGATE EXPERIMENTALLY THE CROSSED-FIELD INTERACTION OF
AN ELECTRON BEAM AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES.
5. BACKWARD-WAVE-OSCILLATOR BEAM ANALYZER - PROJECT 403W-(J. GEWARTOWSKI) ERL 259
A TWELVErFOOT- LONG BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATOR OPERATING AT 80 MC WHICH HAS A
VELOCITY ANALYZER BUILT IN SO THAT INSTANTANEOUS BEAM BUNCHING MAY BE OB-
SERVED ON A FLUORESCENT SCREEN.
6. HELITRON OSCILLATOR - PROJECT 404W (G. WADA) ERL 259
THIS TUBE WAS BUILT TO DEMONSTRATE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE HELITRON. THE DEVICE
HAS THE PROPERTIES OF THE M-TYPE BWO, (I.E., HIGH EFFICIENCY AND ELECTRONIC
TUNING) BUT NEEDS NO FOCUSING MAGNET.
7. HOLLOW-BEAM ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING - PROJECT 406W'(C. C. JOHNSON) ERL 254
THIS DEMOUNTABLE TUBE IS BEING USED FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING OF HOLLOW BEAMS.
8. TRANSISTORIZED CIRCUITRY - PROJECT 755K
VIDEO AMPLIFIER (J. SPILKER) ERL 106
AN AMPLIFIER USING CAPACITORS AS THE ONLY REACTIVE ELEMENTS (RC DEGENERATION)
IS SHOWN. THE AMPLIFIER USES FOUR SB100 OR 2N247 TRANSISTORS, HAS A GAIN OF
65 DB AND A BANDWIDTH OF 4.3 Mc.
SWEEP GENERATOR (E. YHAP) ERL 106
THIS LINEAR-SAWTOOTH GENERATOR (1% OR LESS NONLINEARITY) HAS HIGH OUTPUT
COMPARED TO SUPPLY VOLTAGE, FAST RECOVERY AND EXCEPTIONAL ABILITY TO SYNCHRO-
NIZE WITH MOST TRIGGERING WAVEFORMS.
PULSE-LENGTH WINDOW (R. WINDECKER) ERL 106
THIS CIRCUIT GIVES AN OUTPUT INDICATIQN IF A PULSE LIES BETWEEN TWO PRE-
DETERMINED PULSE LENGTHS. THE TWO LIMITS OF THE WINDOW MAY BE SET INDEPEN-
DENTLY.
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 I I I I I I C I I [
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SYSTEMS TECHNIQUES ELECTRON-TUBE RADIO PROPAGATION TRANSISTOR ELECTRONICS CONSOLIDATED ENGINEERING
LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY LABORATORY RESEARCH SERVICES
BACON, D. C.
BRACEWELL, R. N.
BUSS, R. R.
CHODOROW, M.
CRUMLY, C. B.
CUMMING, R_ C.
DUNN, D. A.
ESHLEMAN, V. R.
GINZTON, E. L.
GRACE, D. J.
GRIGSBY, J. L.
GROW, R. W.
HARE, M. D.
HARMAN, W. W.
HEFFNER, H.
HELLIWELL, R. A.
HERRIOT, J. G.
KINCHELOE, W. R.
KOHL, W. H.
LINVILL, J. G_
LUEBKE, W. R.
MCO-I I E, L. F.
MCWHORTER. M. M.
MANNING, L. A.
MILLER. R. E.
PETTIT, J. M.
PETERSON, A. M.
RAMBO, W. R.
SIEGMAN, A. E.
SPANGENBERG. K. R.
TERMAN, F. E.
TUTTLE. D. F.
VILLARD, 0. G.
WATKINS, D. A.
WADE, G. .
WATERMAN, A. T.
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 Approved For R@Wff a 2002/11/13: CIA-RDP78-M20A 0010054-8
W. W. HANSEN LABORATORIES OF PHYSICS*
MARVIN CHODOROW: ACTING. DIRECTOR, MICROWAVE LABORATORY
E. L. GINZTON (ON SABBATICAL LEAVE), DIRECTOR. MICROWAVE LABORATORY
E. T. JAYNES
SIMON SONKIN
ACRIVOS, J. L. V.
BLOIS, M. S. JR.
BOWES, J. D.
CHODOROW, M.
CHU. E. L.
DEBS, R. J.
DEDRICK, K. G.
EAVES, H. H.
ELLIOTT, B. J.
GALLAGHER, W. J.
GINZTON, E. L.
JASBERG, J. H.
JAYNES, E. T.
KIND. G. S.
KON, H.
LEBACQZ. J. V.
MALLORY, K. B.
NEAL, R. B.
PEARCE. A. F.
SHAW, H. J.
SNYDER, J. A.
SONKIN, S.
STURROCK, P. A.
WINSLOW, D. K.
F. V. L. PINDAR, Assoc. DIR., HANSEN'LAOS.
M. D. O'NEILL, ASST. DIR., MICROWAVE LABORATORY
W. T. KIRK, ASST. TO DIR., MICROWAVE LABORATORY
* THE HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS AND BIOPHYSICS LABORATORIES ARE THE OTHER SECTIONS OF THE
HANSEN LABS.
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 Approved For Release 2002/11/13 : CIA-RDP78-0282OA9003WO10054-8
SERVICE-SPONSORED ELECTRONICS PROGRAM AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY
ABBREVIATED
DESIGNATION
AF18(603)53
MICROWAVE SPECTROHELIOGRAPH
BRACEWELL
AF53
AF18(603)126
WHISTLERS
HELLIWELL
AF126
AF19(604)1830
AURORAL RADIO PROPAGATION
PETERSON-VILLARD
AF1830
AF19(604)1847
GEN. STUDIES: RADAR RECEIVERS
RAMBO-WATKINS
47
AF19(604)2075
METEOR RADAR
VILLARD
AF2075
AF19(604)2193
METEOR RATE AND RADIANT STUDIES
ESHLEMAN
AF2193
AF33(600)27784
ECM PROGRAM
RAMBO
84
CST-6030
VERTICAL INCIDENCE MEASUREMENTS
HELLIWELL
C30
CST-6033
SFERICS
HELLIWELL
C33
DA36(039)SC-72804
EXTERNAL-CIRCUIT TWT STUDY
SPANGENBERG
04
DA36(039)sc-73151
APPLIED RES. ECM TECHNIQUES
RAMBO
51
DA36(039)SC-73178
APPLIED RESEARCH: MICROWAVE TUBES AND
DEV.
WATKINS
78
N-123(61756)-4191A EXPERIMENTAL ECM EQUIPMENT
RAMBO
91A
NONR-225(24) CONSOLIDATED ELECTRONICS
24
NONR-225(25) MICROWAVE TUBE RESEARCH
WATKINS
25
NONR-225(27) MAGNETO-IONIC DUCT PROPAGATION
HELLIWELL
27
NSF-62426 AVALANCHE PHENOMENA IN TRANSISTORS
LINVILL
NSF26
Y/1.16/179 AURORA AND AIRGLOW
PETERSON
Y/1. 16
Y/1.38/41 ANTARCTIC METEOR RADAR
VILLARD
Y/1.38
Y/1.44/183 RADIO WAVE ABSORBTION AURORA AND
AIRGLOW
PETERSON
Y/1,44
Y/6.10/20 WHISTLERS
HELLIWELL
Y/6. 10
Y/6.12/62 FIXED FREQUENCY BACKSCATTER
PETERSON
Y/6.12
HANSEN LABORATORIES (MICROWAVE LABORATORY)
SUPERVISORS: E L GINZTON AND M CHODOROW
AF19(604)1924 HIGH-POWER TUBES
CHODOROW
AF1924
AF19(604)1930 BEAM TUBES
CHODOROW
AF1930
AT(04-3)-21P.A.#1 ACCEL, TECH
NEAL-CHODOROW
PA-1
DA36(039)sC-71178 MOLECULAR OSC
JAYNES
sc-71178
DA36(039)sC-72785 SUB-MILLIMETER WAVES
MALLORY-CHODOROW
SC-85
DA36(039)SC=72178 (WITH ERL)
CHODOROW
SC-3(78)
NONR-225(26) VELOCITY-MODULATED TUBES
CHODOROW
ONR-26
N6ONR-25123 KLYSTRON AND TvV TUBES
CHODOROW
ONR-23
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 Approved For Fftft 2002/11/13: CIA-RDP78- 20A 0610054-8
ELECTRONICS PROJECTS AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY
FOLLOWING ARE ACTIVE PROJECTS, LISTED WITH THE PERTINENT CONTRACT NUMBER, DESIGN.
ATION, AND CLASSIFICATION, AND THE PERSON AVAILABLE AT THIS TIME FOR DETAILED DISCUS-
SIONS.
FOLLOWING THE NAME IS THE PLACE AND ROOM DESIGNATION.
I. ELECTRON DEVICES (ERL) (TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES, BACKWARD-WAVE TUBES, SPECIAL
PURPOSE TUBES. SPECIAL TUBE TECHNIQUES, SOLID-STATE MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS)
RL
191A-24(U)
EXTERNAL-CIRCUIT TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES
J.
SPALTER 262
R
2
5
E
0
L
1896-78(U)
BACKWARD-WAVE AMPLIFIER (FREQUENCY DIVIDER)
R.
W. GROW 218
311B-78(U)
GENERAL TWA AND BNO STUDIES
D.
A. DUNN 205
3808-HP(U)
20-40 KMC BNO
R.
W. GROW 218
382B-78(U)
BIFILAR-HELIX BWO
R.
W. 'GROW 218
4598-51(U)
HARRIS-FLOW BWO
W.
R. LUEBKE AEL
490B-84(U)
POWER LIMITATIONS IN HELIX TUBES
GR
UP LEA
A
R
E
R.
S
P. LAGERSTROM ERL 218
ERL 240A
O
DE
.
:
.
IEGMAN
155E-78(U)
SOLID-STATE MICROWAVE DEVICES
A.
E. SIEGMAN 240A
1.4
GROUP N GROUP LEADER: H. HEFFNER
ERL 263
202N-24(U)
FERRITE ATTENUATORS FOR lWT'S
L.
BACON
254
204N-24(U)
HIGH-POWER MICROWAVE AMPLIFIERS
H. HEFFNER
263
207N-24(U)
MAGNETRON AMPLIFIER
B.
A. WIGHTMAN
254
21ON-24(U)
VARIABLE-PARAMETER AMPLIFIERS
K.
L. KOTZEBUE
254
307N-78(U)
GENERAL TWA AND BWO STUDIES
H. HEFFNER
263
385N-84(U)
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CROSSED-FIELD
INTERACTION
T. SATO
254
232T-84(U)
PULSED TWT FOR X-BAND
M. D. HARE
244A
303T-84(U)
GENERAL MICROWAVE-DEVICE STUDIES
G. WADE
266
305T-78(U)
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-NOISE MICROWAVE
AMPLIFICATION
F. B. FANK
221
308T-84(U)
LOW-NOISE INVESTIGATIONS FOR X-BAND TAT' L. D. BUCHMILLER
221
313T-78(U)
HOLLOW-BEAM FOCUSING WITH COMBINED ELECTROSTATIC
386T-84(U)
AND PERIODIC MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS
MULTIFUNCTION BEAM-TYPE MICROWAVE TUBES
C.
R.
B. CRUMLY
457T-78(U)
APPLICATIONS OF HARROW-FLOW FOCUSING TO TWT'S
C.
B., CRUMLY
E
266
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GROUP LEADER: D. A. WATKINS ERL 263
383W-84(U)
CROSSED-FIELD-TUBE GUN
D. A. WATKINS
263
401W-24(U)
NOISE STUDIES
A. SHAW
259
403W-24(U)
BNO STUDIES
J. W. GEWARTOWSKI
259
404W-24(U)
HELITRON OSCILLATOR
G. WADA, J. L. JONES
259
405W-24(U)
STRUCTURES FOR HIGH-POWER TWT'S
D. G. Dow
259
406W-84(U)
HOLLOW-BEAM ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING
C. C. JOHNSON 254
453W-78(U)
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR HIGH-POWER TWT'S
W. H. KOHL 242
458W-78(U)
HIGH-POWER HOLLOW-BEAM TWA's
M. I. DISMAN 254
25GvL-78(U) HIGH-POWER WINDOWS J. JASBERG ML 8
352ML-78(U) FLOATING-DRIFT-TUBE KLYSTRONS M. CHODOROW ML 3
353ML-78(U) HIGH-POWER KLYSTRON OSCILLATOR M. CHODOROW ML 3
GROUP LEADER: M. CHODOROW (SEE ALSO UNDER SEC.VII)
290C-84(U)
292C-84(U)
302C-84(U)
WIDEBAND I-F AMPLIFIER
WIDEBAND TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
STUDIES OF TWT'S AS I-F AMPLIFIERS
M. M. MCWHORTER
R. M. SCARLETT
M. M. MCWHORTER
105
109
105
701J-84(C)
SURVEY OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE PROBLEMS
702J-84(C)
AIRBORNE CM AGAINST JAMMER-LOCATING SYSTEMS
703J-84(C)
MOLECULAR AMPLIFIER APPLICATION STUDY
704J-47(C)
THEORY OF RADAR RECEPTION IN THE PRESENCE OF JAMMING
754K-84(C)
MISCELLANEOUS ASPECTS OF RADAR CM AND CCM
R. R. BUSS
AEL
755K-51(U)
TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT FEASIBILITY STUDIES
M. M. MCWHORTER
ERL 105
460L-51(C)
APPLICATION OF EXTENDED-RANGE PROPAGATION TO
PASSIVE DETECTION
461L-51(U) EFFECTS OF TROPOSPHERIC IRREGULARITIES ON
MICROWAVE PROPAGATION A. T. WATERMAN
801L-51(C) INTERCEPT TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATION AGAINST
AIRBORNE RADARS
803L-84(C) FIELD TESTS OF S-442 POWER AMPLIFIER
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2.5
GROUP Q GROUP LEADER: D. J. GRACE
152Q-51(C)
X-K BAND SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVER
J.
C.
DE BROEKERT
444Q-84(C)
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIER STUDY
J. C.
DE BROEKERT
507Q-84(C)
ELECTRONIC SIGNAL-SORTING TECHNIQUES
D.
J.
GRACE
508Q-51(U)
BROADBAND MICROWAVE CRYSTAL HARMONIC
GENERATOR TECHNIQUES
D.
J.
GRACE
509Q-51('U)
EXP
A
A
A
N
W
A
ERIMENT
L EV
LU
TIO
OF NE
MICROW
VE
CRYSTALS AND CRYSTAL MOUNTS
M. CRANE
510Q-51(U)
TUNABLE MICROWAVE FILTERS USING FERRITES
M. CRANE
511Q-51(C)
EXPERIMENTAL.EVALUATION OF IMPROVED TIT'S
502R-84(U) EXTERNAL FOCUSING TECHNIQUES R. FALCONER
503R-84(C) OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROWAVE TUBES W. R. KINCHELOE
554R-84(C) SUPERREGENERATIVE OPERATION OF BWO'S C. J. SHOENS
555R-51'(C) A BROADBAND UTILITY RECEIVER USING IA( W. R. KINCHELOE
556R-47(C) NONSATURATING BROADBAND LIMITER TECHNIQUES J. J. YOUNGER
601R-51(C) S-BAND SEARCH-LOCK RECEIVER W. R. KINCHELOE
441S-84(C) DECEPTION REPEATER FOR C-W DOPPLER SYSTEMS
443S-84(C) SPECTRUM-ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
5535=51(U) NEW TECHNIQUES FOR WIDEBAND CM RECEIVERS
6025-91A(C) USNAMTC EXPERIMENTAL CM EQUIPMENT
604S-47(C) ECM SIMULATOR
605S-51(C) FIELD EVALUATION OF S-480 SYSTEM
609S-84(C) S-BAND TWT MONITOR RECEIVER
610S-84(C) ANGULAR DECEPTION REPEATER-JAMMER
M. WRIGHT
M. WRIGHT
J. L. GRIGSBY
M. WRIGHT
R. G. SWEET
J. L. GRIGSBY
M. WRIGHT
M. WRIGHT
BASIC AND GENERAL RESEARCH (JOINT SUPPORT CONTRACT NONR 225(24): SPECIFIC
CONTRACTS AS LISTED) (SEE ALSO UNDER MICROWAVE LABORATORY LISTING. SEC. VII)
3.1 TASK 24-A AND DA36(039)sC-72804 SUPERVISOR: K. R. SPANGENBERG
(SEE ALSO UNDER 1.1)
A. EXTERNAL-CIRCUIT TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES
1. GENERAL STUDIES G. A. LOEW
2. PERIODICALLY LOADED HELIX CIRCUITS G. A. LOEW
3.2 TASK 25-E SUPERVISOR: A. E. SIEGMAN (SEE UNDER 1:3)
3.3 TASK 24-N SUPERVISOR: H. HEFFNER (SEE UNDER 1.4)
3.4 TASK 24-W SUPERVISOR: D. A. WATKINS (SEE UNDER 1.6)
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 Approved For Rele she 2002/11/13 : CIA-RDP78-0282000010054-8
4.1 TASK 24-C SUPERVISOR: J. M. PETTIT ERL 104
1. TRANSISTOR THEORY; EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS R. WALKER 206
2. TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS: AMPLIFIER DESIGN M. LIM 206
4.2 TASK 24-J AND NSF-G2426 SUPERVISOR: J. G. LINVILL 108
1, AVALANCHE BREAKDOWN IN SEMICONDUCTORS D. S. GAGE 213
2. TRANSISTOR FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS E. M. DAVIS 213
3. VOLTAGE (CURRENT) AMPLITUDE DISCRIMINATION AND
COMPARISON G. L. HOEHN 213
4. LUMPED MODELS OF TRANSISTORS FOR LARGE SIGNALS P. G. GRIFFITH 213
5. TRANSISTOR OSCILLATORS R. BHARAT 213
5.1 TASK 24-D SUPERVISORS: L. A. MANNING. 0. G..VILLARD,JR.,
V. R. ESHLEMAN. AND A. M. PETERSON
1. DOPPLER MEASUREMENTS OF METEORIC RADIANTS AND
SPEEDS F. C. HOLLAND 328
2, ANALYSIS OF TRANSEQUATORIAL SCATTER.SOUNDINGS. K. C. YEH 328
3. SCATTER SOUNDINGS AT MAYAGUEZ, PUERTO RICO . 0. G. VILLARD, JR. 305
6.1 TASK 24-F SUPERVISOR: D. F. TUTTLE, JR. ERL 102
1. NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS W. F. GILLMORE, JR. 239
2. APPLICATIONS OF THE ITERATIVE METHOD OF SYNTHESIS C. Y. CHANG 239
3. COUPLING-NETWORK STUDIES P. LIGOMENIDES 206
6.2 TASK 24-H SUPERVISOR: W. W. HARMAN ERL 101
1. MATCHED-FILTER STUDIES D. W. LYTLE AEL
2. DELAY-LINE SECTIONS IN NETWORKS L. FRANKS AEL
3. DECISION-THEORY APPLICATIONS N. M. ABRAMSON ERL 237
6.3 TASK 24-S SUPERVISOR: G. F. FRANKLIN
1. SAMPLED-DATA CONTROL SYSTEMS
VII MICROWAVE LABORATORY PROJECTS (SEE ALSO UNDER 1.7)
122
122
7.1 AF19(604)1924 HIGH-POWER TUBES
1. CLOVERLEAF MEGAWATT TRAVELING-WAVE-TUBE AMPLIFIER J. V. LEBACQZ M.- 6
2. CENTIPEDE MULTI-MEGAWATT TRAVELING-WAVE-TUBE
AMPLIFIER A. F. PEARCE 6
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3. HIGH-POWER GRID-CONTROLLED ELECTRON GUN H. H. EAVES 18
7.2 N60NR 25123 KLYSTRONS AND TW TUBES,
1. ALTERNATE-COUPLED PROPAGATING STRUCTURE FOR
TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES M. A. ALLEN 49B
2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC PROPAGATING
CIRCUITS E. L. CHU 35
3. MULTI-CAVITY STAGGER-TUNED KLYSTRONS L. M. WINSLOW 41
(MAIN LAB)
4. FIELD-EMISSION STUDIES J. R. FONTANA 49A
5. EXTENDED-INTERACTION KLYSTRONS H. P. 0. GOLDE 49A
6. KLYSTRON: EFFICIENCY STUDIES J. T. SENISE 48D
7.3 AF19(604)1930 BEAM TUBES
1. ELECTRON GUNS WITH CURVED BEAM TRAJECTORIES P. T. KIRSTEIN 49B
2. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS FOR PERIODIC STRUCTURES T. E. FEUCHTWANG 49C
3. VELOCITY-SPECTROGRAPH STUDIES OF VELOCITY
MODULATION P. B. WILSON 48B
4. LARGE-SIGNAL KLYSTRON THEORY K. G. DEDRICK 11
5. STUB-SUPPORTED HELIX CIRCUITS FOR TRAVELING-
WAVE TUBES W. R. AYERS 49C
7.4 AT(04-3)-21 (P.A.#i)
1. HIGH-POWER KLYSTRON EXPERIMENTS J. H. JASBERG 8
7.5 NONR-225(26)
1. HIGH-POWER VACUUM-WINDOW DEVELOPMENT J. H. JASBERG 8
7.6 DA36(039)sc-72785
1. MILLIMETER-WAVE GENERATION K. B. MALLORY
7.7 DA36(039)sc-72178'(wITH ERL) (SC-3(78) )
1. PERIODIC FOCUSING OF ELECTRON BEAMS BY TRANSVERSE
FIELDS V. W. DRYDEN 48C
2. ELECTRON-BEAM STUDIES B. F. LUDOVICI 48C
3. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF STUB-SUPPORTED HELICES R. D. KODIS 32
AF18(603)53 MICROWAVE SPECTROHELIOGRAPH R. N. BRACEWELL ERL 306
AF18(603)126 WHISTLERS R. A. HELLIWELL 301
AF19(604)1830 AURORAL RADIO PROPAGATION A. H. PETERSON 303
AF19(604)2075 OPERATION SMOKE-PUFF (STUDIES OF MAN-MADE
ION CLOUDS) 0. G. VILLARD, JR. 305
'AF19(604)2193 METEOR-RATE AND RADIANT STUDIES V. R. ESHLEMAN 303
CST-6030 VERTICAL-INCIDENCE MEASUREMENTS R. A. HELLIWELL 301
CST-6033 SFERICS R. A: HELLIWELL 301
NONR-225(27) MAGNETO-IONIC DUCT PROPAGATION R. A. HELLIWELL 301
Y/1.16/179 AURORA AND AIRGLOW A. H., PETERSON 303
Y/1.38/41. ANTARCTIC METEOR RADAR 0. G. VILLARD, JR. 305
Y/1.44/183 RADIO-WAVE ABSORBTION, AURORA, AND AIRGLOW A. H, PETERSON 303
Y/6.10/20 WHISTLERS R. A. HELLIWELL 301
Y/6.12/62 FIXED-FREQUENCY BACKSCATTER A. H. PETERSON 303
- 86
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 Approved FoorReleace,2002/11 /13 : CIA-RDP78-02822OA000010054-8
SEND YOUR REQUEST DIRECT TO STANFORD ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES, STANFORD UNI-
VERSITY. STANFORD CALIFORNIA, ATTENTION: REPORTS LIBRARY.
PLEASE GIVE THE TECHNICAL REPORT NUMBER, THE NUMBER OF THE CONTRACT WHICH
SPONSORED THE SEL REPORT, AUTHOR, AND TITLE OR AS MUCH OF THIS INFORMATION AS IS
KNOWN.
IF YOUR OWN MILITARY DEPARTMENT SPONSORED THE CONTRACT ON WHICH THE REPORT
WAS PRODUCED, SEND YOUR REQUEST DIRECT TO STANFORD ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES, STAN-
FORD UNIVERSITY, STANFORD. CALIFORNIA, ATTENTION: REPORTS LIBRARY.
IF ANOTHER MILITARY DEPARTMENT SPONSORED THE PERTINENT CONTRACT, DIRECT YOUR
REQUEST TO THE APPROPRIATE OFFICE OR REPRESENTATIVE OF THAT DEPARTMENT.
SIGNAL CORPS AUTHORITY (TUBES)
COMMANDING GENERAL
EVANS SIGNAL LABORATORY ALL REPORTS ON DA36(039)SC-73178
BELMAR, NEW JERSEY . TUBE REPORTS ON DA36(039)sc-63189
ATTENTION: HAROLD J. HERSH, SCCL
SIGNAL CORPS AUTHORITY (SYSTEMS)
COMMANDING GENERAL
EVANS SIGNAL LABORATORY ALL REPORTS ON DA36(039)sc=73151
BELMAR, NEW JERSEY SYSTEMS REPORTS ON'DA36(039)SC-63189
ATTENTION: MR. I. 0. MY'ERS, SIGEL-CD
AIR FORCE AUTHORITY
COMMANDER
WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
ATTENTION: MR. FRED BARBECK, WCLGL-7
AIR FORCE CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH AUTHORITY
COMMANDER
AIR FORCE CAMBRIDGE RESEARCH CENTER
L. G. HANSCOM FIELD
BEDFORD. MASSACHUSETTS..
ATTENTION: AF19(604)1847--L. C. MANSUR
REPORTS ON AF19(604)1847
OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH AUTHORITY
CHIEF OF NAVAL RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY REPORTS ON.NONR-225(10), N6ONR-25132
WASHINGTON, D. C. NONR-225(04), NONR-225(07)
.CODE 427
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 Approve ^r F Rte 2002/11/13: CIA-RDP78- OA 0010054-8
TITLE
SOME PROPERTIES OF LUMPED-FILTER CIRCUITS
FOR TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES
AN APPROXIMATION TO ALPHA OF A JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR
TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN TRAVELING-WAVE
TUBES
INTERACTION-IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS BY PER-
TURBATION OF TRAVELING WAVES
A REPRESENTATION OF D--C,CHARACTERISTICS
AND TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF COMMERCIAL SEMI-
CONDUCTOR DIODES
NEW SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL UNITS AND STANDARDS.
SOME RESULTS IN THE ESTIMATION OF SIGNAL
PARAMETERS
NEGATIVE-IMPEDANCE CONVERTER DESIGN-
THE TRANSVERSE-CURRENT TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE
4 C. T. SAH 7=20.56
G. A, -LOEW
5 R. D. MIDDLEBROOK 7-12-56
R. M, SCARLETT
6 A. V. BROWN 7-30-56
7 R. P. LAGERSTROM 2-11-57
9 B. F. LUDOVICI 8-25-56
10 D. R. BENNION 9-10.56
11 A. I. LARKY 10-30-56
12 D. A. DUNN 9-25-56
W. A. HARMAN
L. M. FIELD
G. S. KING
13 W, F. LUEBBERT 12-31-56
14 H. HEFFNER 2-25-57
(PROJ.206) T. UNOTORO
15 C. T. SAH 5-?15-57
(PROJ. 191) G. A. LOEW
16 H. C. HSIEH 6- 6-57
(PROJ.407)
17 D. W. LYTLE 6-10-57
18 L. E. FRANKS 7-29-57
19 A. E. SIEGMAN 7- 2 -57
D. A. WATKINS
20 J. P. PADDOCK 8-12-57
LITERATURE GUIDE ON FAILURE CONTROL AND
RELIABILITY
GROWING WAVES IN ELECTRON STREAMS IN
CROSSED. ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS.
SOME PROPERTIES OF FILTER HELICES FOR
TRAVELING-WAVE TUBES
SPACE CHARGE WAVES IN HARRIS-FLOW BEAMS
ON THE PROPERTIES OF MATCHED FILTERS
ON THE USE OF DELAY L.INES AS NETWORK ELE-
MENTS
POTENTIAL-MINIMUM NOISE IN THE MICROWAVE
DIODE
TRANSISTOR MEASUREMENTS USING THE INDEFI-
NITE ADMITTANCE MATRIX
THE: ROLE OF IONOSPHERIC-LAYER TILTS IN
LONG-RANGE HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIO PROPAGA-
TION
THE,CIRCUIT EQUATION FOR TRAVELING-WAVE
TUBES.
MICROWAVE NOISE FLUCTUATIONS IN THE POTEN-
TIAL-MINIMUM REGION OF AN ELECTRON BEAM
Approved For Release 2002/11/13 : CIA'-RDP78-0282OA000300010054-8
 Approved For Relea2002/11/13 : CIA-RDP78-028200 010054-8
J. L. GRIGSBY
R. FALCONER
E. D. HILL
220-1 B. ARFIN
461.2 A. T. WATERMAN JR
N_ H. BRYANT
R. E. MILLER
152-1 J. C. DE BROEKERT
10-5-56
THE S-480 PASSIVE LOCATING SYSTEM (AN IN-
TERIM REPORT) (C)
10-30.56
2-11-57
2-25-57
A TRAVELING-WAVE TUBE USING COUPLED COAX-
IAL CAVITIES
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BRILLOUIN
FLOW
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF ANTENNA-BEAM DISTOR-
TION IN TRANS-HORIZON PROPAGATION.
SOME LOGARITHMIC VIDEO-AMPLIFIER ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN TECHNIQUES
TYPICAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS.OF TRAV-
ELING-WAVE-TUBE AMPLIFIERS
361-3
D. W. LYTLE
7-30-56
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TAPPED-DELAY-LINE
FILTERS
310-1
D. A, DUNN
7-30-56
TRAVELING-WAVE AMPLIFIERS AND BACKWARD-
WAVE OSCILLATORS AT VHF
150-3
W. E. AYER
9-20-56
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTAL-VIDEO RECEIVERS
EMPLOYING R-F PREAMPLIFICATION
232-1
J. E. NEVINS
10- 30- 56
INVESTIGATIONS AND APPLICATION OF THE
CONTRAWOUiND HELIX
384-1
G. WADA
10-25-56
THE INTERDIGITAL LINE AS A BACKWARD-WAVE
STRUCTURE
385-1
D.. J. HARRIS
H. HEFFNER
11-20-56
AN INVESTIGATION OF AMPLIFICATION ALONG
ELECTRON BEAMS UNDER CROSSED-FIELD CONDI-
TIONS.
187-1
W. R. LUEBKE
11-27-56
A 100-WATT BACKWARD-WAVE OSCILLATOR FOR THE
500- TO 1000-MC RANGE
701-1
R. R. GUNTER
11-30-56
PRE-ANALYSIS AND SIGNAL SORTING TECHNIQUES
FOR ELECTRONIC RECONNAISSANCE (S)
470-1
K. AMo
12-31-56
USE OF THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN IN ELECTRONIC
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
608-1
C."J. SHOENS
W. E. AYER
3-11=57
A BROADBAND. DIRECTIVE, MICROWAVE ANTENNA
442;-1
M. WR I GHT
3-29-57
A 100-WATT S-BAND C-W AMPLIFIER (C)
D. B. COATES
- 89 -
Approved For Release 2002/11/13 : CIA-RDP78-0282OA000300010054-8
 25X1 Approved For Release 2002/11/13 : CIA-RDP78-0282OA000300010054-8
Approved For Release 2002/11/13 : CIA-RDP78-0282OA000300010054-8
 ~ . iii rr'" i-rI A Approve r R a&e 2002/11/13: CIA-RDP78.0 10A000300010054-8'
200211-113-: CIAc-.FDP78-02820A000300010054-