PEACE MAY BE IN MOSLEM HANDS
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-RDP78-0271R00t50051 GO-1"-1)
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CPYRGHT
CPYGHT
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ISLAM AND ITS PEOPLE
COAST0- GO\"CAMEROONS
FRENCH
EQUATORIAL
AFRICA AN
'Peace May Be. in Moslem Hands'
CPYRGHT
Proud, religious and nomadic, these people
will judge us friends or foes by our works.
B ETWEEN three and four hundred
million of the world's inhabitants
are Moslems, or adherents of
Islam, the religion founded by the
Prophet Mohammed in 622 in the heart
of the_ Arabian desert, Whatever the
racial and national differences between
them, the Moslems form a more united
religious body than do the followers of
any other great religion. Their politi-
cal importance in present-day world
affairs can be -gauged from the fact
alone. that it is they who inhabit Egypt,
Tunisia, Iran, Pakistan, Libya or Mo-
rocco. The attitude of the Moslem
countries toward the West might easily
determine the future of every Ameri=
can, Britisher or Frenchman. As Mar-
shal Lyautey, the famous French ruler
of Morocco, once said, "The Moslem
world is like a resonant box. The faint-
est sound in one corner of the box
reverberates through_the whole of it."
The recent moves against Tunisian na-
tionalist leaders by the French had te-
percussions in all the Moslem countries.
These Moslem communities are by no
means confined to the Arab countries.
Besides the whole of North Africa
and the Middle East, they also inhabit
the. Dutch East Indies, count 25 mil-
lion adherents in Soviet Russia, the
same number in China, and form large
minorities in countries as far apart as
the Philippines and Liberia, Yugoslavia
and Madagascar, Greece, Senegal and
the Congo. And so today the Moslem
is America's potential friend or foe in
many of the strategically most vital
areas. World peace may well be in
Moslem hands.
I WAS the guest some years back of
King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, un-
doubtedly the most forceful ruler in the
Arab world, and dined with him and
RELIGION-='Moslem theology leaves no] ROM LANDAU,.author of several books on
CPYRGHT
~~NDON E'i1A
four hundred million Moslems inhabit many of the world's most strategic areas.,
ADEN
BR. SOMALILAND
NT. SOMALILAND
ETHIOPIA
-KENYA
By ROM LANDAU
CP.YRGHT,
few court officials. All the other
eats were the King's own soldigrs,
rce-looking men of the desert with
he, catlike, bodies, and the hostile
aptomatically foeman. I doubt whether
al single one among them could either
ad or write. Yet they were uncowed
b the distinguished company, and
tfere was no shadow of discrimination
the degree of hospitality they unself-
,ve furnished countless examples of
t~is democratic freedom of association
great and lowly. Servant or chauf-
ur, grocer or tailor, guest or host
ared the meal as by natural right.
sts that men are equal and "all
s or censorable states but have been
urse, to equate the Moslem notion of
emocracy with our own; but to the
re unquestionably faithful. And herein
God's omnipotence and man's prime
uty of submission are taken for grant-
d. Mohammed never preached ab-
lute pre-destination which would de-
troy human freedom. Nevertheless,
o accept the Turkish philosophy of
ismet (fate) and the Arab Maktub
it is written in the holy book). This
eviation from the Koran-traceable to
fferences of opinion between Moslem
sort5bto`t`o~ -~
CPYRGHT
complaint; it takes the sting out of his
envy or jealousy; it gives him added
strength when he pursues a cause in'
which he believes, and which he can
identify with the will of God. But it
also serves as an excuse for laziness
or inefficiency, and explains away fail-
ure or injustice. ..
If it were not'for this fatalism, many
of the blemishes that are so noticeable
in more than one Moslem country-
economic inequality, corruption, social
backwardness-would have been swept
away-by the sufferers themselves, and
social revolutions would have brought
the misrule of rapacious landlords and
officials to an end. t-ha very -.dst
ence of these exploiters of native igno-
rance and submission is a paradox in,
communities where religion preaches
equality and charity, and merely proves
that even a creed as realistic as Islam
has no infallible safeguard against hu-
man imperfection.
s * a
IT is no longer sufficient. as it would
have been nineteen hundred years
back. to describe a man as "a Chris.-
tian,' nd; in so doing, define him. The
statement "He is a Moslem" is far more
complete, for it declares that the man
in question shares not only certain
spiritual and moral ideals but also
many of the fundamental habits and
customs in his daily life, with millions
of co-religionists. Many a professed
Christian is little more than an atheist;
but the hold of Islam is secure, in
urban and rural areas alike, among in-
tellectuals and illiterate, rich and poor.
This is because their religion pro-
vides the ground upon which they
stand and the roof that: gives them
shelter. Consequently the' materialistic
doctrines of communism have made lit-
tle headway in their midst.. It is not ac-
cidental that communism is finding
far more ad- (Continued on Page 28)
place r a new set o standa;XPPf0V ~Qrf~e,l~t~eegOF@!f?8?~ CIA-R
14
THE NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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The Lessons of April 6, 1917
"T marked beginning of 1917 was
marked by three stupendous
events: the German declaration
of unlimited U-boat was. the interven-
tion of the United States, and the Rus-
sian Revolution. Taken together these
events constitute the second great cli-
max of the war." So wrote Winston
Churchill in 1927; we can see now, in
the perspective of another quarter cen-
tury, that these events marked not
merely a climax of the war but---to
use another Churchillian phrase--one
of the great climacterics of history. It
was the first decisive intervention of
the United States in world affairs, the
first time that the New World was to
step forth, "with all its power and
might, to the rescue and liberation of
the Old." But it was more than this.
It was the end of American isolation.
That isolation had. been a very real
thing, especially in the nineteenth cen-
tury. To Americans, independence
was more than a break with the
mother country, a disruption of the Old
Empire and establishment of a new na-
tion. It was a symbolical act of release
from all that the Old World represented
-from political oppression, from kings
and aristocracies, from the tyranny of
class over class, from an established
church and a standing army. It was
order, a new society and economy and
politics, even a new moral order. The
United States was to embark upon an
experiment new to history-an experi-
ment in making government for men,
not men for government, an experi-
ment in liberty and equality.
AFTER the peace of 1815 it was
possible for Americans to cultivate their
own affairs free from the vexations of
European politics and wars. The Mon-
roe Doctrine proclaimed the new rela-
tionship between America and Europe:
let Europe tend to her own affairs and
let us tend to ours. So it was under-
stood by the man on the farm and in
the bti eel, and Americans turned en-
ergetically to the cultivation of their
own affairs, turned westward, turned
to the creation of an American na-
tionalism. Actually it was quite im-
possible to separate the New World
from the Old, what with millions of
immigrants pouring into the country,
what with the intimate economic ties
and the intimate cultural ties, what
with the same body of traditions and
values. Actually the Atlantic com-
munity persisted all through the cen-
tury; but this great truth was not
understood or appreciated. It was the
century of "splendid isolation."
"Our relations with foreign nations
today fill but a slight place in Ameri-
can politics and excite generally only
a languid interest." So wrote Henry
Cabot Lodge in 1889. Even as he was
writing, isolation began. to evaporate.
It was in the Eighteen Nineties that
the United States began to emerge as
a world power. The Spanish War dra-
matically ended one century-old empire
and ushered in another. America
turned to the Pacific, to Hawaii and
the -Philippines, and to China; the Open
Door was added to the Monroe Doctrine
as one of the cornerstones of American
HENRY STEELE COMMAGER is
of American History at Columbia U v s?yy.V
Thirty-five years ago we ended isolationism
and began to re-create the Atlantic community.
CPYRGHT By HENRY STEELE COMMAGER
foreign policy. America turned to
Europe, and her voice was heard in the
councils of the Old World.
LL this came to a climax during
the first World War. "It is a fearful
thing to lead this great peaceful people
into war," said President Wilson; he
had put it off as long as he could, so
he thought. This fateful step, the dec-
laration of war on April 6, 1917, was
the beginning of those decades of
conflict which were to shift the center
of power from the Old World to the
New, which were to engage the whole
Western world-perhaps the whole
globe--in kaleidoscopic rearrangements
of peoples, regroupings of power, re-
organizations of national and interna-
tional systems. The real beginnings
had come, of course, in 1914, but who
can doubt now that the distinctive and
decisive fact of the great war was the
entry of the.United States?
The year 1917 mbrked too the be-
ginning of that re-creation of the At-
lantic community which had been a
very real thing in the eighteenth cen-
tury and which had been forgotten or
ignored in the nineteenth. The rescue
of Britain and France was not an ex-
plicit war aim in 1917, but no one who
CPYRGHT
studies the drift of public opinion itur-
tng the early years of the war can
doubt for a moment that it was a de-
cisive consideration. For it was clear
ould not tolerate a hostile power on
ould not stand idly by while Britain
nd France went under. The comlmu-
ity of thought, of values, of interests.
hich allied the United States with the
astern European peoples twice in a
eneration, was a most fundamental
ping. In one sense, then-perhaps a
ymbolical one--the creation of NATO
nay be regarded as the most sigriifi-
ant thing to come out of those years
f conflict. And the Atlantic com.mu-
hinkable without the United States.
T would be an exaggeration to sug-
est that Americans generally under-
tood what was involved in the great
ecision of 1917, The formal cause of
he war was unrestricted- U-boat war-
are; the objectives of the war, as Wil-
on saw them, were democracy, free-
om, self-determination, and a world
rganization for peace. "The right is
ore precious than peace, and we shall
ight for those things which we have
sways carried nearest our hearts, for
emocracy, for the right of those who
ubmit to authority to have a voice in
heir own government, for the rights
rid liberties of small nations, for a uni-
ersal dominion of right * * *." Even
ilson, for all his insight and histori-
al perspective, probably did not fully
nderstand what was involved in the
merican entry into the war.
The election of 1920 and the repudi-
tion of the League and the World
ourt dramatized the unwillingness of
mericans of that generation to ac-
ept their new role as a world power.
After the first bold step to the res-
-ue and liberation of the Atlantic com-
nunity there was a withdrawal into
solation. This withdrawal never went
o far in fact as it did in psychology
nd sentiment. Yet it was a very real
hing, and portentous for history. It
ersisted well into the Nineteen T'hir-
ies and to the eve of World War II;
t has not yet wholly vanished.
It is important, therefore, that we
,onsider the reasons for the withdrawal
nto isolation in the Nineteen Twenties
nd Nineteen Thirties, the character
nd consequences of that withdrawal.
It is important that we do this in or-
er that we may avoid in the future
he errors of the past.
WE can distinguish four Major
auses or influences which persuaded
Americans to withdraw from the re-
ponsibilities of world power. There
as the deeply ingrained isolationist
entiment; there was disillusionment
with the results of the war; there was
he myth of American war guilt, and
here was the impractical and over-
ambitious nature of the new interna-
tional order. Let us look briefly at
each of these.
The first needs little elaboration.
solationism was not to be overcome
by a single venture into the world
n t was too deeply ingrained for
- he (Continued on Page 36)
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APRIL 6. 1952
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CPYRGHT
'Peace May Be in Moslem Hands'
(Continued from Page 14)
herents in Hindu India than in
Moslem Pakistan, among the
Indo-Chinese than among the
Moroccans and Tunisians who
share the same basic griev-
ances.
There is no place in a Mos-
lem's life for a new set of dog-
mas or regulations. His stand-
ards of personal cleanliness
and hygiene, his daily diet and
his fasting, his dress and man-
ner of speech, his literary
style and his codes of hospi-
tality, his education, his inher-
itance-and-divorce laws, his-
income-tax procedures, the
way he sits and eats, his at-
titude toward his parents and
children-for any of these the
holy book of the Koran gives
definite instructions.
1FTER 1,300 years it would
be understandable if the reli-
gious origins of these instruc-
tions were forgotten; yet in
actual fact it is not so. And
it is precisely because he is
always conscious of those
sanctions that the Moslem
abides by these decrees with a
living awareness which many
people of other religions have
lost. No amount of dialectical-
materialistic 'propaganda will
convince the Moslem that to
offer protection to a stranger,
to distribute part of his in-
come to the poor, to eat with
but three fingers of the right
hand are outmoded procedures.
Whereas Islam is the domi-
nant influence in a Moslem's
life, it is by no means the only
one. Islam was born in the
desert and under a scorching
sun, and the original Moslem
was a son of that very desert
that is so vividly reflected in.
the Koran. His blood was
quick with the heat of Ara-
bian sands, and it throbbed
with the restlessness of one
born to a nomadic life.
Both as a son of the desert
and as a nomad, the Moslem
is by nature suspicious, hardy
and frugal; and because of the
poverty that has marked most
of his history, he is easily be-
wildered when riches fall into
his lap. Like a child, he then
throws caution to the winds
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and seeks all the luxuries that
have enlivened his dreams.
Yet, as a nomad, he is essen-
tially a "man of the tent" who
calls no piece of land his own
and pitches his home any-
where where there is some
verdure for his sheep or cam-
els. Thus he does not share
the westerner's attachment to
property, to permanence, or
even to economic security and
lives for the day rather than
the morrow.
He easily becomes excited,
and the border line between an
innate reticence and a tend-
ency to violence is indistinct.
His background and the cli-
matic extremes to which he is
inured help to make of him
a man of extremes : supremely
courteous but also given to
cupidity or cruelty unmatched
in the West.
THE saintliness and asceti-
cism of the Moslem Sufi
mystic belong as much to the
world of Islam as do the gross
material pleasures and the
promiscuity of Moslem volup-
tuaries. It must not be for-
gotten that a characteristic
of the Prophet's paradise is
marked by a vividly sensual
imaginativeness. Because he
is used to extremes rather
than to the Golden Mean of
the ancient Greeks, the Mos-
lem finds nothing particularly
reprehensible in the co-exist-
ence of extremes of wealth
and poverty. Indeed, they are
of Allah's ordinance; and this
degree of complacency makes
him an easy prey of the
rapacity of greedy pashas and
effendis.
L many ways the Moslem
resembles the man of the
Italian Renaissance, in whose
life violence, cruelty and de-
bauchery went hand in hand
with artistic refinement intel-
orker.
lectual pursuits and even spir- injunctions safeguarding di-
itual exaltation. The sublime vorced women are somewhat
poems of the Sufis, the ex- half-hearted.
quisite miniatures of the Per- Many of the Koran's in-
sians. the subtle intricacies of -"junctions are inspired by the
Moorish arabesques have all
grown from the same soil that
produced a Moulay Ismail,
that seventeenth century Sul-
tan of Morocco who with his
own hand chopped off more
heads than all the executioners
of the French Revolution.
The question of the Moslem's
acceptance of polygamy is
a stumbling-block to many
Westerners. Unfortunately, the
Prophet Mohammed's teach-
ings on this matter have usu-
ally been misrepresented. In
actual fact he limited the
highly polygamous man of his
day to four wives, being re-
alistically aware of their clam-
orously sensual nature, He
made divorce easy" for the
Moslem male; and there is
no gainsaying that even his
Prophet's longing for social
justice. "Unto your parents
show kindness" it says, "and
unto kindred and orphans and
the needy, and unto thy neigh-
bor who is a kin and the
neighbor who is a stranger."
Almsgiving, which forms the
third of the five acts of reli-
gious worship imposed by the
Koran, is a duty accepted by
even those Moslems who are
prone to disregard some of the
other four acts of worship,
such as the obligation to make
a pilgrimage to Mecca, to say
the five daily prayers, or to
fast during the month of
Ramadhan.
Practically all Moslems are
addicted to word-spinning and
the telling of tales. 'Much of
Islam's literature, both secu-
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HARVEY'S
"BRISTOL
CREAM"
SHERRY
The world's
greatestluxury
Sherry.. A full,
SHERRY
A rich tasting
Wine similar
-in style to
Bristol Cream.
This is the
HARVEY'S
"BRISTOL
DRY"
SHERRY
A superlative
tasting dry
Sherry in the
minm quality:
Approved For Release 2000/08/27 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000500570001-1
Approved For Release 2000/08/27 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000500570001 -1
and religious-in fact the
gran itself-has been trans-.
tted by word of mouth. As
e all know, the spoken word
not call for the same
nciseness and discipline of
ought as the written.
Another Moslem attitude
at often exasperates the for
gner is addiction to com-
licated argument, to the am-
I ivalent reply that seems to
y either far more or far less
it is meant to do. In most
oslem countries people have
1 the time in the world and
sure for long-winded talk
d complicated processes of
ought. A clear and direct
pproach to any given prob-
m is almost impossible to
em. This, however, need not
ply that they wish to de-
ve or be untruthful. And
in their enjoyment of argu-
ent and the matching of wits
ems their passion for bar-
aining, both in political and
business dealings.:
T -is impossible to under-
and the Moslem without ac-
owledging his unworldly at-
'tude to time. Whether he be
Persian, an Egyptian or a
ian, time in the Western
ense means nothing to him.
ince both measurable time
d the outcome of all human
trivings in time are God's, it
ould be foolish to become a
I ave to chronometers. On in-
umerable occasions my Mos-
m friends have kept me wait-
u; for anything from one hour
o several days. We may have
had an appointment for Mon-
day and they would arrive on
Thursday, seemingly hardly
conscious of their unpunctual-
ity. At the same time they
would have found it perfectly
natural 'if, instead of waiting,
I myself had departed; they
would certainly not have re-
sented the necessity of calling
on. me again and again.
AS so many of the funda-
mental conceptions of the
Westerner and the Moslem are
at such variance, it is surpris-
ing that mutual relations are
not even more unsatisfactory.
But real improvement must
depend on our efforts rather
than on his; for we are better
educated, more widely trav-
eled, and have a greater.scien-
tific training-which should
enable us to study others dis-
passionately.
It is unreasonable to expect
a political leader of the -Mos-
lems to possess the American
equipment for his job; for vel-
vet-gloved or iron-handed for-
eign domination has condi-
tioned his whole life. And his
newly won independence has
been an intoxicant to him; We
must remember that in his
own country he deals with
communities that are morbidly
suspicious of any move of the
Western powers, and terrified
that they may again be de-
prived of their independence.
We forget that most Moslems
are pronounced individualists,
and that in Moslem countries
personalities count for infi-
nitely more than principles or
doctrines. Hence the extreme'
importance of personal jealous-
ies and vendettas that affect
so strongly the political con-
duct of Moslem powers.
LONG centuries of colorful
history the Moslem may well
boast; but in terms of modern
politics they are inevitably
still minors, and may have to
learn a good deal from the
West. But we, on the other
hand, can learn from them:
their patience and sobriety,
their courage in adversity,
their complete lack of= self-
righteousness and their obedi-
ence to religious principles.
The "clean-sweep" approach
will get us nowhere. Only by
our works will they know and
judge us, and, finally, decide
whether to be our friends or
our foes.
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CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
Missions to Man
The U. N.'s technical assistance
program is taking on world scope.
O N the twenty-fifth floor
of the East River head-
quarters of the United
Nations is located a prosaic
suite of offices. Few visitors
come there. The atmosphere
is quiet. Nothing about the
place suggests that it is the
hub of a network spanning
the globe and seeking daily to
Improve the lives of millions
-sheepherders in Afghanis-
tan, weavers in the Philip-
pines, farmers in Pakistan -
or that it symbolizes more op-
timism tor mankind than any
of the well-publicized sessions
to date of the General Assem-
bly, including the one lately ad-
journed at Paris. But it'does.
These offices are the home
of the Technical Assistance
Administration, set up by the
U. N. to provide aid for un-
derprivileged areas. Its direc-
tor general is Hugh L. Keen-
leyside, a Canadian. Its an-
nual budget of $6,000,000 is
supplemented by voluntary
contributions from member
governments, totaling about
$20,000,000 a year. This sum
pays the foreign-travel ex-
penses and the salaries of
scientists and technicians
from thirty-four nations. Lo-
cal Governments pay the costs
of any approved project, and
domestic travel costs.
Every U. N. delegate under-
stands the functions of this
organization, if not its poten-
tialities. To the rest of the.
world, it is only a bravely'
idealistic plan. Yet its effec-
tiveness even now could shake
those critics who assert that
the U. N. has not justified its
existence through any con-
structive advances for hu-
manity.
THE files in these rooms are
refutation enough. They are
the reception center for a con-
stantly accelerating flow of
reports from remote regions.
Each of them documents the
advances or frustrations of
man's fight against disease, il-
literacy, drought, abnormal
climate or the unproductivity
of the soil. The reports come
from missions to specific Gov
. ernments on problems involv-
ing health, living standards or
happiness of entire popula-
tions or segments thereof.
They are terse and factual,
written in technical phrase-
rough. Only scrutiny re-
ese undramatic pages.
At intervals some scientist
r engineer turns up at head-
uarters after months in the
eld. Then the picture comes
ories are told - not to a
a group of staff employes.
e press generally seems to
frequently solitary, workers
in the far places.
Lack of exploitation has
left untold, for instance, the
chapter on the resuscitation
of the weaving industry in the
Philippines, through, the in-
genuity and experience of two
American women cooperating
with the Government there.
One of them suggested the
addition of eight inches to the
looms in use there, providing
wider yardages in the produc-
tion of upholstery weaves
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which are now finding a ready
outlet through Filipino furni-
ture factories. The cost was
two pesos (about $1 Ameri-
can) per loom. Such wider
yardages are preferred every-
where by professional design-
ers.
The Technical Assistance
Administration is based on
the principle of reciprocity.
Today's borrower of skills
from "the common cupboard"
may be tomorrow's lender.
Sensitive smaller nations
especially appreciate this.
Sometimes exchanges are ex-
clusively between or among
themselves.
THERE was the case of St.
Lucia, in the British Wind-
ward Isles, and its boiling vol-
canic springs. Officials there
sought information about the
possibility of harnessing this
vast accumulation of steam to
make electric power. A cross-
check revealed only two coun=tries with experience in this
field-Italy and Iceland. De-
tails were sent to St. Lucia.
Back came a request for the
services of someone who
knew how Iceland had direct-
ed its steaming geysers into
commercial channels. An Ice-
landic technician is now there
on a preliminary survey.
International teams com-
prising T. A. A. technicians and
local workers who learn as
they operate, have accom-
(Continued on Following Page)
CRGHI
NOMADISM-"The original Moslem was a son of the desert, born in the sands and under a scorching sun. His blood throbbed with the restlessness of nomadic life."
NATIONALISM-"Newly won independence hat been an intoxicant. Moslems are POVERTY-"Extremes of poverty co-existing with extreme riches are Allah's ordinance?
terrified they may again be deprived and morbidly suspicious of any move by the West." Man's prime duty of submission to adversity without complaint is taken for granted."'
APRIL S. 1952 Appruved Fur R010350 2000108127 m CIA-RE-78 R105.1000 1- 1 - 15
Approved For Release 2000/08/27 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000500570001 -1
Spring ...when everything in the world is in bloom ...
your looks, too, can come more gloriously alive with
RADIANT NEW HAIR COLOR by
Yes, you can bathe your hair in beauty with thrilling Roux
Color Shampoo. So natural-looking, so soft, so sparkling...
how much prettier it makes you look! Every bit of
vibrancy in your hair is brought to light ... every visible strand
shimmers with new-given color.
And you can have this in just minutes ... it's that simple at Best's
Beauty Salon. Our skillful operators make the whole process
so quick, pleasant, utterly comfortable. After a famous
Roux Color Shampoo treatment you'll be saying to yourself
"Why in the world didn't I do it sooner?"
So do phone tomorrow for your appointment. PLazsi 9-2000
We'll be happy to welcome you. 8th Floor
Roux Color Shampoo treatment 5.00
We use Roux Color Shampoo according to directions.
Miss Betty Barrett, Roux hair coloring consultant, in our Beauty Salon this week. Consult her without charge.
Approved For Release 2000/08/27 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000500570001 -1
CPYRGHT