THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 TWENTY-FIRST ANNIVERSARY REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02771R000100140005-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 133
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 30, 2000
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: January 1, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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Report
ON THE WORK OF THE
BRITISH COUNCIL
1934-1955
LONDON: 1955
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL
INCORPORATE I) BY ROYAL CHARTER
Patron: H.M. The Queen
HEAD OFFICE: 65 DAVIES STREET
LONDON, W.I
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Preamble
TO THE ROYAL CHARTER OF INCORPORATION
GRANTED TO THE BRITISH COUNCIL
1940
'WHEREAS it has been represented to Us by Our Principal Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs that for the purpose of promoting a wider knowledge of
Our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the English
language abroad and developing closer cultural relations between Our United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and other countries for the
purpose of benefiting the British Commonwealth of Nations and with a view
to facilitating the holding of, and dealing with, any money provided by
Parliament and any other property, real or personal, otherwise available for
those objects and with a view to encouraging the making of gifts and bequests
in aid of the said objects, it is expedient that the voluntary association now
existing and known as the British Council, should be created a Body
Corporate ... '
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Contents
1934-1955
MESSAGE FROM THE PRIME MINISTER . . . . vi
SIR RONALD ADAM, PRESIDENT OF THE BRITISH COUNCIL,
by SIR PHILIP MORRIS . . . . .
THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955, by HAROLD NICOLSON . 4
THE BRITISH COUNCIL NOW, by the DIRECTOR-GENERAL 31
1954-1955
SIR DAVID KELLY, CHAIRMAN OF THE BRITISH COUNCIL 40
GENERAL SURVEY OF THE YEAR . . . 42
S Portraits of Chairmen appear between pages 46 and 47
APPENDICES
1934-1955
A. Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen of the British Council 47
B. Independent Members of Executive Committee 48
C. Chairmen of Advisory Committees and Panels 50
D. Income and Expenditure 1934-1955 53
E. Visitors to the United Kingdom 1945-1955 . 6o
F. Welfare of Overseas Students 1950-1954 75
1954-1955
i Officers and Executive Committee 78
ii Advisory Committees and Panels . 79
iii Administration . . . . 85
iv Overseas Representatives and Addresses; U.K. Regional Repre-
sentatives and Area Officers and Addresses . 88
v Analysis of Expenditure 1954-55 ? 95
vi Student Membership of British Council Institutes and Centres . loo
vii University Posts Subsidised by the Council . 101
viii Foreign Government Scholarships . 101
ix University Interchange. 102
x Overseas Visitors in Britain . 104
xi Welfare of Overseas Students 105
xii Courses and Study Tours in the United Kingdom . 107
xiii Overseas Courses and Summer Schools . 109
xiv Lecture Tours and Advisory Visits Overseas . 110
xv Drama and Music Tours 114
xvi Exhibitions Overseas . 115
xvii Supply of Material 118
xviii Publications 120
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MESSAGE FROM THE PRIME MINISTER
THE RT. HON. SIR ANTHONY EDEN, K.G., M.C., M.P.
zo Downing Street,
Whitehall
Both as Prime Minister and as a member of the Government
which originally sponsored the formation of the British Council,
I should like to congratulate the Council on the twenty-first
anniversary of its creation.
The Council was set up in 1934 as an organisation of indepen-
dent status to develop closer cultural relations between the United
Kingdom and the rest of the world. The value of its independence
has been fully proved. The Council has rendered distinguished
services, both in peace and war, to friendship and understanding
between the United Kingdom and other countries both within
and without the Commonwealth.
I send my best wishes for the further success of its work.
vi
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Sir Ronald Adam
By SIR PHILIP MORRIS, C.B.E.
Vice-Chairman of the British Council
THE BRITISH COUNCIL celebrates its twenty-first anniversary
this year. For nine of the twenty-one years during which the
British Council has been in existence, Sir Ronald Adam has been
in charge of its fortunes, first as both Chairman and Director-
General and latterly, since the appointment of Sir Paul Sinker as
Director-General, as Chairman. For this reason alone, Sir Ronald
Adam's work for the British Council has been of notable and out-
standing importance. Fortunately, the appointment of a successor
to him in the person of Sir David Kelly does not mean that Sir
Ronald Adam's connection with the British Council will be
severed, for he has become Sir Henry Dale's successor. as
President.
Sir Ronald Adam came to the highest offices of the British
Council with a distinguished record of public services marked by
great experience of affairs in many parts of the world. As Adj utant-
General for the greater part of the war, he proved himself to be a
man of great humanity, deep sympathy and ready accessibility,
whose powerful intellect enabled him always to penetrate through
tangled problems to the individual men and women involved. in
them. It was his duty to deal with men and women of many
nationalities and of a wide variety of creed, race and circumstance.
He brought these same great gifts to the service of the Council
at a time when it stood in urgent need of them.
The story of the British Council since the war has been one of
conflict between increasing responsibilities which it has been re-
quired to assume, and insufficient and uncertain financial resources
with which to discharge them. This difficult situation has called
for ingenuity and statesmanship of a high order and no man could
have succeeded without great personal qualities. It is to Sir Ronald
Adam's lasting credit that the Council has survived this period of
considerable activity and of great difficulty, with an enhanced
reputation.
In the affairs of the British Council, Sir Ronald Adam always
refused to be tied to a desk and to office routine. He travelled
throughout the world and managed to see, in the course of his
I
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2 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
period of office, almost every servant of the Council in the circum-
stances in which he was actually working. This not only meant
that Sir Ronald Adam's information about the work of the
Council was at first hand, but also that he became personally
known to those who were bearing the burden and heat of the
work. In the difficult and detailed administration of the Council,
concerned as it is with four Departments of State, he was always
able to distinguish what was fundamental from the detail, and in
a word he could, if necessary, ignore large trees in order that he
might retain a clear grasp of the wood. At a time when questions
of uncertain tenure, inadequate salaries and complications about
superannuation might have had a serious effect upon the morale
of a widely dispersed staff, Sir Ronald Adam, as a personal achieve-
ment, succeeded in maintaining the loyalty and confidence of all
concerned. He leaves all these aspects of the affairs of the Council
in a far more satisfactory condition than he found them. In deter-
mining difficult questions of priority in the activities of the
Council, he showed a rare combination of gifts in that he was
able sympathetically to consider the claims of all, and to come
to his conclusions, not only with very proper reluctance at having
to refuse well-founded requests, but also with manifest fairness
and wisdom. It would be wrong not to mention, in addition, that
in all that concerned his personal relations with the staff, as well
as with overseas students and visitors, Sir Ronald had the constant
and gracious support of Lady Adam, whose many kindnesses will
be long remembered.
It was clear to Sir Ronald Adam and to the Executive Com-
mittee of the Council over which he presided, that the Chairman
and the Director-General could not confine himself narrowly to
the activities of the Council itself. If the Council was to receive
the requisite recognition and co-operation from learned academic
and artistic institutions, it must appear to deserve confidence and
assistance. Sir Ronald Adam made it his business to accept respon-
sibilities in these directions which went far to ensure the accep-
tance of the British Council as a necessary and established institution
in cultural affairs. In these directions, Sir Ronald Adam did not
confine himself to this country but, as a member of the Execu-
tive Board of UNESCO, and for two years its Chairman, he
held, with great profit to the organisation and with credit to
himself, a difficult and unenviable position with the respect and
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SIR RONALD ADAM 3
acclaim of all concerned. These additional responsibilities, which
he saw as being necessarily complementary to his duties to the
Council, never interfered with a continued and detailed super-
vision of, and interest in, the Council's necessarily complicated
administration. In these administrative affairs, it was clear that the
right personal relations within the Council's large staff were essen-
tial to success. Accepting that matters of salaries, tenure and
superannuation had an essential part to play, Sir Ronald was tire-
less in his efforts to ensure that these were placed on a less unsatis-
factory basis. In matters of organisation, his natural tendency was
to concentrate more on how things would work out than on
logical analysis. His grasp of the affairs of the Council and his
ability to master complicated matters were always evident to the
Executive Committee which, in accordance with its Charter, is
charged with the final administration of the affairs of the Council.
Both in what he did within the direct responsibilities to the
Council which were his, and also in all those other activities in
which he engaged to a large extent because of and in connection
with his position in the Council, he has not only rendered notable
services to the country in a sphere of great and continuing -im-
portance, but has also done much to define and clarify the
functions which, in the modern world, the Council could effec-
tively fulfil. He takes a distinguished place in the succession of
great men who, with conviction and enthusiasm, have devoted
themselves to the establishment and continuance of the Council.
Lord Lloyd and Sir Malcolm Robertson fmd in Sir Ronald Adam
a worthy and distinguished successor.
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The British Council 1934-1955
by
HAROLD NICOLSON
T PLEASES u s to imagine that we are bad at self-advertisement
and even at self-explanation. The Americans, we are assured,
are born with the gift of salesmanship and go through life lauding
the size, the novelty and the excellence of their wares. The
Germans and the Japanese, so we have been taught to believe, are
trained to think that the customer is always right and will readily
adjust their own tastes and habits to suit the predilections of
the Trobrianders or the Masai.. The French, having from the
cradle been encouraged by their parents to assert themselves, de se
faire valoir, being convinced that since the age of Pericles there has
existed no type of civility comparable to that evolved during the
reign ofLouis XIV, have in all sincerity regarded it as their mission
to spread latin culture across the globe and to impart to untutored
savages the logical intelligence of Descartes and Pascal, or the
orderliness of Racine's careful style. For them, in this respect,
pride and philanthropy are nobly fused. Even the Italians, who
rely for their prestige upon a magnificent past rather than upon
present proportions of wealth and power, have striven to extend
their influence by communicating to others the beauty of their
language and the glamour of their intellectual and artistic achieve-
ment. Until the twentieth century, the British, having been trained
to regard as obnoxious all forms of self-display, were arrogantly
reticent. If foreigners failed to appreciate, or even to notice, our
gifts of invention or our splendid adaptability, then there was
nothing that we could or should do to mitigate their obtuseness. The
genius of England, unlike that of lesser countries, spoke for itself.
In the nineteenth century there may have been some justifica-
tion for this imperturbability. Great Britain was regarded abroad
as the champion of liberal institutions and the pioneer of technical
progress and invention. In the decades that followed the Industrial
Revolution our comparative monopoly of manufacture left us
with the illusion that, whatever others might create, English
exports would automatically expand. Our insular invulnerability,
our unchallenged mastery of the Seven Seas, convinced us that our
security was inviolate and that in the then existing balance of
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 5
power, our intervention on either side would prove rapidly deter-
minant. The excellence of our institutions, the numbers and
honesty of our middle class, the contentment of our proletariat,
the amicable tolerance of all our ways, persuaded us that we were
universally liked, respected and admired. It might have been
supposed that the first months of the South African War, when
we woke up to find ourselves encompassed by sudden jealousy
and malice, would have disturbed this flattering dream. Having
momentarily been :roused from our slumber by a sudden night-
mare, we turned round upon our pillows and relapsed once again
into the somnolence of the superbia Britannoruni. Yet our rest
thereafter was less unbroken; twitchings of awareness came to
disturb our unconsciousness. Our complacency was pierced by
intimations that our best markets were being invaded by persistent
and ingenious competition; even our self-assurance became
clouded by the suspicion that foreigners did not invariably regard
us as either so charming or so intelligent as we seemed to our-
selves; and once aeroplanes came to crowd the sky above our
island we realised that we had ceased to be the most invulnerable
of the Great Powers and had become one of the most vulnerable.
Gone were the days when we could alter the whole course of the
Eastern Question by sending two frigates to Besika Bay.
It was then that we first realised that our foreign competitors
had for years been devoting effort, skill, and large sums of money
to rendering their languages, their type of civility, their scientific
or technical resources and inventions, and the desirability of their
exports, familiar to students and buyers overseas. We noted that
since 1878 the German Foreign Office had been subsidising an
elementary and secondary school at Constantinople called the
Burgerschule; that since 1881 they had encouraged a semi-official
organisation for maintaining contact and educational exchanges
between the mother-country and German communities abroad;
and that this policy had culminated before the first war in such
flourishing institutions as the German school at Bucharest, catering
for as many as 2,352, pupils, the German school at Antwerp with
886 pupils, and the German school at Brussels with 50o pupils. We
noted that since the middle of the nineteenth century the division
of the French Foreign Office, known as the `(Euvres francaises a
l'etranger', had been spending a large portion of the Quai d'Orsay
budget in subsidising lycees and colleges overseas through the
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6 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
Alliance Francaise or the Mission Laique; that magnificent French
institutes for higher education had long been established in
Florence, Rome, Athens, Cairo and Damascus; and that the
French had for years been convinced of the value of increasing,
by what they called `French intellectual expansion', the cultural
prestige which for centuries they had so rightly enjoyed in the
Near, the Middle and the Far East. We observed that even the
United States, whose government and people shared our distaste
for anything approaching propaganda, had acquired wide and
justified influence owing to the existence of such admirable, if
private, institutions as Robert College at Constantinople, as the
American University at Beirut, or as the more recent American
Alborz College in Teheran. Through these institutions successive
generations of adolescents, of a type likely to exert future influence
in South Eastern Europe and in Asia, had acquired, not only a
mastery of the English language, but also the deliberate belief that
all men are created equal and that their right to independence and
the pursuit of happiness was a self-evident truth. I am not suggest-
ing that the intention of these institutes, lycees, schools, colleges
and universities was primarily to mould the minds of Balkan or
Middle Eastern youths into German, French, Italian or American
patterns; yet they were not solely charitable, but also missionary;
they aimed at rendering themselves comprehensible to others; and
their effect was great.
Those who in the second half of the nineteenth century founded
and subsidised such institutions did not foresee the immense
impetus which, once the ideological conflict came to assume the
dimensions of a religious war, the policy of persuasion would
require. They did not foresee such monumental edifices as the
Cite Universitaire in Paris or the American Y.M.C.A. in Jerusalem;
they did not foresee the Fulbright Act or the Smith-Mundt Act,
that the American Government would one day support as many
as 165 cultural centres in 58 countries, or that the Voice of
America would ultimately be broadcast daily in as many as forty-
six foreign languages. They did not foresee that Soviet Russia
would establish a `Society for Cultural Relations', or VOKS, and
found `Friendship Societies', all over the world. And they quite
certainly did not foresee that the public monies accorded to the
British Council would increase from the modest #6,ooo of 1935
to the three and a half million pounds of 1944-45-
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 7
Like so many of our institutions, the British Council began with-
out any clear definition ofits purpose, policy or scope. It developed,
as all organisations develop, by processes of evolution: by pro-
cesses, it might be said, of trial and error. Its present functions
and organisation are the result of experience rather than of pre-
meditation: from its earliest beginnings it has adjusted itself to
changing conditions and to shifting needs.
The several agencies of information and propaganda which
were created by His Majesty's Government during the course of
the 1914-18 war, were disbanded so soon as victory was assured.
They had never been held in affection by the British Press or
public, since they were regarded as un-English, wasteful, and
ineffective. It was only our enemies who, as they subsequently
divulged, recognised their devastating efficiency.
The idea that it might be useful, and indeed necessary, to con-
sider some form of educational and cultural activity overseas first
germinated in the imaginative and precise mind of Lord Curzon.
He had observed during the war that foreign nationals resident
overseas seemed to possess greater solidarity and closer links with
their home countries than had been manifested or enjoyed by
similar British communities. In 1920 therefore he set up a com-
mittee in the Foreign Office under the chairmanship of Sir John
Tilley. The task of this committee was to `examine the position of
British communities abroad'. The Committee were also em-
powered, under their-terms of reference, to consider whether it
seemed desirable to encourage political or commercial propaganda
in foreign countries, whether British libraries should be set up in
certain capitals, and what was the value of the boy scout move-
ment in communicating to foreigners the British idea of the good.
They reported that it seemed to them `the moral duty' of His
Majesty's Government to assist British subjects resident abroad to
have their children educated in British schools locally established.
They saw no reason why the local citizens should not also be
admitted to such schools and in fact they recommended that prizes
or scholarships might be awarded to foreign nationals who
desired to attend these schools and to learn our habits and our
language. They went further. They suggested that a Standing
Committee representing the Foreign Office, the Board of Educa-
tion, and commercial firms specially interested in the export
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8 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
trade, should be established in London to `consider facilities for
the reception and education of foreign students at British universi-
ties and technical schools'. They also suggested the foundation of
British schools and institutes abroad, the dissemination of English
technical works and other books, and the creation in certain
capitals of British `centres' containing institutes and libraries.
The Tilley Committee expressed themselves as firmly opposed
to `any form of political propaganda' and considered that trade
propaganda could best be carried out by means of recurrent
exhibitions and by strengthening the Commercial branch of the
Diplomatic and Consular services. They added that British repre-
sentatives overseas should certainly encourage the boy scout
movement among their own nationals but should allow such
movements as existed among foreign nationals to develop on their
own lines. The report of the Tilley Committee was sent to the
Cabinet by Lord Curzon in a covering Note dated 9th February
1921. He began by saying that the war had disclosed `a very
noticeable lack ofcohesion and aptitude for common action among
British subjects resident in foreign countries'. He pointed out that
the French Government had already allocated large sums to their
Foreign Office vote for purposes similar to those advocated by the
Tilley Committee. He urged that we also should devote to the
establishment of schools and institutes overseas `even so modest a
sum as #1oo,ooo per annum'. The Treasury refused to consider
such an allocation or the establishment of a Standing Committee.
The subject was therefore dropped for the next twelve years.
During this interlude both the Foreign Office and the Board of
Trade were disturbed by frequent reports from our Representa-
tives abroad and from successive Trade Missions to the effect that
our inactivity in the educational and cultural field was doing
damage to British interests. Delegations such as that headed by
Lord d'Abernon to South America in 1929, by Sir Ernest
Thompson to the Far East in 1931, and by Sir Alan Anderson to
Finland in 1933 all commented upon the failure of His Majesty's
Government to gain goodwill abroad by spreading knowledge of
our language, resources and institutions. In November 1933, Sir
Percy Loraine, then High Commissioner in Egypt, addressed to
the Foreign Office a specific warning:
`If we continue', he wrote, `in our present path of inaction, we
must realise quite clearly that we are laying up for ourselves ... a
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 9
future store of antipathies and hostilities, of enemy partisanships,
of trade losses, which will impose upon our armed defensive
forces and our economic structure burdens far heavier than the
slight ones we should assume by financially supporting a con-
certed educational and cultural movement attracting to our
orbit the youth and intelligentsia of the new East which is
shaping under our eyes.'
Fortified by warnings such as these, the News Department of
the Foreign Office, who had for long striven to persuade the
Cabinet to emulate the intensive cultural activity of foreign
Governments, enlisted the support of the Boards of Trade and
Education and of such commercial firms as were primarily
interested in the export trade. In a memorandum of 18th June
1934, Mr. Reginald Leeper, at that time head of the News Depart-
ment, renewed the old recommendation of the Tilley Committee
that some inter-departmental body should be established to exa-
mine the teaching of English overseas, and the problem of cultural
propaganda. Mr. Leeper in this memorandum laid down most of
the principles, and some of the methods, in accordance with which
the British Council was eventually to operate. While the direction
of policy must remain in the hands of the Government, the day
to day operation should be entrusted to private or semi-official
organisations: these organisations should regard quality as always
more important than quantity: while constantly experimenting
in varied methods, they should concentrate on those lines that
experience showed to be the most remunerative: they should
make full use of existing bodies, such as the various Angloplul
Societies and institutions in Latin America and elsewhere and such
established British institutes as those in Paris (a dependency of the
Sorbonne), Florence and Buenos Aires: scholarships and prizes
should be given to encourage the teaching of English in foreign
schools and universities: libraries should be created at important
centres: foreign journalists should be assisted to visit the United
Kingdom, and British lecturers sent out to foreign capitals sad
universities to provide information about what was being done in
Great Britain in social services, administration, science, medicine
and the arts. In order to salve the conscience of the Treasury it was
suggested that the campaign might, at least partially, be financed
by voluntary subscriptions from leading British firms. From the
seed sown through the years by Lord Curzon, Sir John Tilley and
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Mr. Reginald Leeper developed the mighty banyan tree now
known as the British Council.
Two separate committees were created. The first, already
appointed in June 1933 under the chairmanship of Sir Eugene
Ramsden, on which sat representatives of the universities and the
business world, had as their terms of reference `to consider what
further steps could usefully be taken to encourage suitable students
to come to the United Kingdom for education and training'.
They reported on 24th January 1935, recommending that scholar-
ships should be granted to carefully chosen foreign students, that
some body should be established both to select such students in
their countries of origin and to supervise their welfare on arriving
in Great Britain, and that some sort of diploma should be provided
for students who completed the course.
In November 1934, Mr. Reginald Leeper, with the assistance of
Lt.-Col. Charles Bridge, assembled a body of business men and
educational experts under the chairmanship of Lord Tyrrell to
consider a scheme for furthering the teaching of English abroad
and to promote thereby a wider knowledge and understanding of
British culture generally. The scheme was partially to be financed
by commercial firms and the earlier meetings of the committee
were held in Shell-Mex House. Although generally referred to as
`Lord Tyrrell's Committee' this body soon adopted the more
formal title of `The British Council for Relations with other
Countries', later contracted into `The British Council'. At a
meeting held on loth February 193 5, an executive committee was
constituted with Lt.-Col. Bridge as secretary. The Prince of Wales
agreed to become patron of the body and at a general meeting
held at St. James's Palace on 2nd July 193 5, he made a forceful
address in which he stated that the time had come when we should
do something to diminish the legend propagated `by our perhaps
noisier rivals' that Great Britain was old-fashioned and lagging
behind in the field of technology. We ought, His Royal Highness
said, to explain to foreigners `what Britain meant to the British'.
At the same time the Prince of Wales indicated that as the Council
found its feet and gained experience it might well be discovered
that similar educational and cultural links could be forged with
the Colonies and the Dominions.
The original Government grant-in-aid increased from 6,ooo
in 1935, to #15,000 in 1936, #60,000 in 1937, #130,000 in 1938
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 II
and C386,ooo in 1939. By that date the voluntary subscriptions
received from commercial firms had dwindled to a few hundred
pounds a year, although substantial sums from private sources
were still available for work in the Near East. The headquarters
were moved from Shell-Mex House to No. 32 Chesham Place;
but with the rapid increase in fiuictions and staff the premises were
in 1939 transferred to Hanover Street. Lord Tyrrell s Committee
was rapidly expanding into the British Council as we know it
today.
Those who recognised the need of some such organisation as the
British Council realised from the outset that, although general
policy must remain under the distant supervision of the Govern-
ment, it would be an error to render the Council the subsidiary of
any Whitehall Department. It was felt that, on the analogy of the
British Broadcasting Corporation, better results would be secured
if the Council, in its administration and functioning, were to be
accorded the greatest possible autonomy. The initial principle that
the Council should not be subjected to direct official control has
enabled it to remain independent of parties and politics and
acquire continuity and impartiality.
(3)
Lord Tyrrell was succeeded as chairman of the Council by Lord
Eustace Percy who, during the short period that he held the post,
was able, owing to his administrative ability and expert know-
ledge of educational organisation, to place the London office on a
sound basis, to equip it with carefully chosen advisory panels, and
to found or reinforce several educational institutes abroad, stretch-
ing from Lima to Cairo. In July 1937, Lord Eustace became
Rector of the Newcastle division of Durham University and was
succeeded as chairman by Lord Lloyd of Dolobran.
Lord Lloyd had been a member of the Council since 193 5 and
had already undertaken on its behalf tours of inspection in the Near
and Middle East. He possessed long and intimate knowledge of
eastern conditions and was among the first of our imperialists fully
to realise the force and fervour of oriental nationalism. He was a
man of quick intelligence, abounding energy, persuasive per-
sistence, great personal charm, and dominating will. Restless and
indeed impatient, he delighted in travel: he would fly from capital
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to capital, interviewing kings, dictators and ministers, and inspir-
ing the local staffs of the British Council with his enthusiasm and
sense of urgency. His dominating personality, his personal inti-
macy with Cabinet Ministers at home, enabled him to com-
municate to the Government his conviction of the necessity for
immediate action and largely increased funds. Above all he was
positive that in a changed world the Council represented the
instrument best adapted to our purposes and he was among the
first to foresee its potentialities, its limitations and its eventual
scope. He was impressed by the fact that in many Balkan and Asian
lands there was what he called `a hunger for our help', yet lie was
fully aware that our long imperial past, while it provided us with
both experience and esteem, also rendered us suspect to the new
nationalism. His conception of the aims and the methods which
ought to be pursued and adopted by the British Council was
succinctly expressed in an address which he delivered to the
Central Asian Society almost two years after he had become
chairman:
`Our cultural influence', said Lord Lloyd, `is in fact the effect
of our personality on the outside world. As a race we have too
long been content to remain aloof and misunderstood. Our
strength and our wealth have in the past won us respect; we
have never sought for sympathy or understanding ... We have
in many places a wary and critical audience to convert, but our
opponents' lack of discretion has worked largely in our favour.
Everywhere we find people turning with relief from the
harshly dominant notes of totalitarian propaganda to the less
insistent but more responsible cadences of Britain. We do not
force them to "think British": we offer them the opportunity of
learning what the British think.'
During the years immediately preceding the second war, Lord
Lloyd returned from his repeated visits to the Near and Middle
East with the conviction that the propaganda of the Axis Powers
was a serious and immediate danger. Germany and Italy were
spending millions of pounds annually in spreading abroad their
language, their ideas and their influence. Mussolini had proclaimed
himself the Protector of Islam and the Oriental Institute in Rome
and Bari was organised to indoctrinate Asian and African students
with his strange idea. To Arab youths in Palestine, Mussolini
offered a complete post-graduate training in Italy at the cost of
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 13
two pounds a head; as many as sixty-two Italian schools were
established in Egypt; Italian doctors infiltrated even into the
Yemen; and special facilities were offered to overseas students to
obtain low-level degrees in German and Italian universities. In
South America again the highly organised German and Italian
local communities were recruited to support this propaganda and
great efforts were made to enlist the sympathies of Latin Americans.
Thus in 193 8 twenty Brazilian doctors and twenty-five Argentine
architects were given with their wives a free and lavish trip to
Germany; the Italians arranged that twenty-five young Peruvians
should be trained in the Italian Air Force; and in the same year
ioo Chilean students were being given free courses in German
Universities.
It was not only that the Axis Powers sought by these methods
to spread their languages and cultures across the world. They
strove at the same time to communicate the conviction that,
whereas the democratic or individualistic philosophy was now
outdated, whereas Great Britain was today an old fashioned and
waning Power surviving only on the capital of an arrogant and
brutish past, the New Order had come to set the pattern and to
mould the destinies of an altered world. They spread the legend
of the inevitability of Fascist and Nazi dominance.
Itwas no easy thing to counter this quickly spreading conception
of the irresistible efficacy of the totalitarian doctrine by advocat-
ing the greater opportunities and the far sweeter reasonableness of
the democratic ideal. It needed a horrible war, and the resurgence
of the British spirit under inspired leadership, coupled with direct
experience of what totalitarian dominance really meant, to dissi-
pate this sense of inevitability and to remind the world that liberal
institutions, although seemingly less competent, were in the end
more pleasant and more durable.
Lord Lloyd, realising that we did not possess either the time or
the money to compete with our antagonists on equal terms,
wisely insisted that our aim should be to concentrate on quality
rather than on quantity. During the few years still accorded to
him, his high sense of values, the energy that his fierce pulse trans-
mitted throughout the arteries and veins of the British Council,
did much to mitigate the effects of Axis propaganda. We acquired
an audience only just before it became too late. Lord Lloyd's
premature death in 1941 was a major calamity.
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Lord Lloyd saw clearly that if the spirit of nationalism were to
be directed away from the old distasteful image of Great Britain
as the suzerain, or dominating, Power into new channels of amity
and co-operation, it would be essential to concentrate upon the
rising generation in the smaller European countries and in the
areas bordering upon the Mediterranean. He also realised that if
young men and women were to know the English way of life,
and to appreciate its many easy advantages they must first be
taught how to understand, to read; and to speak the language. It
was thus towards the teaching of English that he predominantly
directed his incomparable energy.
Although Lord Lloyd first concentrated upon the lands border-
ing on the-Mediterranean he was among the first to foresee that
if the Council were to justify its existence it must eventually
operate, not in foreign lands only, but also in the Colonies and the
Dominions. The British way of life must also be explained to the
Commonwealth, and Colonial students must be attracted to this
country and their welfare while in England be carefully organised.
It would be wearisome to tabulate the many institutes and
educational agencies that Lord Lloyd founded or stimulated. I
have myself had opportunities of observing how, under the direc-
tion or encouragement of the British Council, the teaching of
English has been spread overseas. I have attended institutes, schools
and classes working under the British Council's representatives
and tutors in France, North Africa, Egypt, Italy and Greece. Yet,
in order not to weary the reader: with a multitude of similar
examples, I propose to take the example of Portugal, which I
visited in the spring of 1955. I should perhaps warn the reader that
in discussing such varied activities as -those undertaken by the
Council today it may be misleading to isolate a single instance and
to examine it in detail. Portugal is not, I am aware, fully repre-
sentative of the diverse problems with which the Council has now
to deal, nor are the Institutes typical instruments of all its present
activities. Yet the Lisbon Institute does provide an illustration of
how these local organisations have developed and it does furnish a
self-contained specimen of the sort of benefits which, in its work
in foreign countries, the Council is able to confer.
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 15
(4)
Until the first war we had tended to take Portugal for granted,
relying upon long-standing political and commercial relations,
and upon the fact that, since the first Treaty of Windsor of 13 86,
Portugal had been our ally. By 1932, however, it was realised that
these amicable assumptions were ceasing to be valid, that British
prestige and popularity were declining, and that the influence of
the Axis Powers was gaining rapidly. This change was due to
several causes. In the first place, the replacement in 1932 of the old
parliamentary or democratic system by the benevolent despotism
of Dr. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, with its nationalistic and
catholic bias, turned men's sympathies away from protestant and
democratic England and towards other political theories and other
systems of governance. It must be remembered that since the
establishment of the Republic in 1911 there had been forty-one
changes of government in Lisbon, and that the Portuguese public
had come to identify `democracy' with inconsistency, confusion
and the menace of communism. Many of the more prominent
Portuguese anglophils were, moreover, members of the opposi-
tion parties which, after 1932, were silenced or suppressed.
Psychological factors also contributed to this change of heart. The
Portuguese felt that the British Press and public treated them with
rather scornful indifference and they were sensitive to our lack
of gratitude for the part played by the Portuguese forces in
the 1914-18 war. The Nazi, Fascist, and eventually Falangist
propagandists took advantage of this situation. Germany, Italy,
and Spain spent large sums of money in subsidising institutes,
schools, scholarships, professorships and libraries. Close co-
operation was established between the Hitler Jugend and the
corresponding Portuguese youth organisation, the Mocidade
Portuguesa; in one summer alone as many as io,ooo German
tourists were brought to Portugal on Kraft durch Freude cruises;
and the German authorities spared no pains to flatter Portuguese
sensibilities and to distribute honours and decorations among their
leading men. During those early years the only official action taken
by the British to counter this subtle and intensive campaign was to
provide a sum of #2o for the purchase of books needed by the
`English Room' in the University of Coimbra.
In October 1934, Mr. S. G. West, assistant lecturer in English
at King's College, London, was appointed reader in English in the
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16 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
Faculty of Letters at Coimbra. In December of that year Mr. West
reported that the `English Room' at Coimbra University was in
a pitiable condition and that the level of English studies was, in
comparison with the teaching of French, German, Italian and
Spanish, wholly deplorable. As a result of Mr. West's representa-
tions, a committee was established in Lisbon under Mr. A. H.
King, the British Consul and Mr. Garland Jayne, President of the
Lisbon Chamber of Commerce. A sum of 03,500 was raised by
this committee for the equipment of the English Room at
Coimbra and the British Council agreed to augment the salary
of Mr. West who became Secretary of the English Room. In
June 1936 the English Room was raised to the status of an
Institute. A similar English Room had been established in the
Technical University at Lisbon, the inaugural lecture being
delivered by Lord Stamp. Each of these two meagre centres
remained, however, the property of the Portuguese authorities.
In 1937 therefore, after discussions between the Foreign Office, the
Embassy at Lisbon and the British Council, it was decided to
establish in Lisbon an independent British Institute analogous to
those which the French and Germans had been maintaining for
ten years. Premises were acquired in an eighteenth-century house
in the Travessa Andre Valente and these were formally opened
by Lord Lloyd in November 1938. The Institute proved an im-
mediate success. Although in December 1938 a membership of
only i8o had been obtained the number of members had, by the
following April, risen to 85 i. The membership today amounts to
3,118, of whom as many as 2,318 are enrolled as students of
English. Of the (30,000 allotted in 1954 to the British Council in
Portugal as much as #15,000 is recovered in the form of students'
fees. By 1943 the original premises were found too small to
provide the space required and the headquarters of the British
Council in Lisbon was moved to a more central building, known
as the `Palacio do Menino de Ouro', or the `Palace of the Golden
Boy'. During the sixteen years of its existence the British Institute
at Lisbon has had 26,007 members: 1,244 students have since 1942
sat for the Cambridge Certificate in English, of whom 596 have
gained the lower diploma and 197 the certificate in proficiency.
This means that several thousand young Portuguese, both men
and women, have in their spare time taken the trouble to
learn the English language and thereby to fit themselves for
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 17
post-graduate or technical courses in the United Kingdom. A legion
of well-wishers has thus been acquired.
The Palace of the Golden Boy is a gay and commodious build-
ing, having a long upper room for exhibitions, cinema displays
and receptions, as well as several class-rooms on both floors. The
library contains as many as 18,ooo books, including a valuable
collection of English works on Portugal written during the last
three centuries. Upon wide tables are spread current English
magazines, periodicals and illustrated papers and the librarian is in
genial attendance to direct students to the special books which
they may require. To become a member of the library costs
students no more than 12s. 6d. as an annual subscription and last
year, 1954, the number of readers and borrowers was as high as
16,351.
The courses take place either early in the morning or late in the
evening so as not to conflict with ordinary office or academic
hours. As the time approaches for the English classes, students can
be seen converging from all directions on the Institute, the glass
doors of the Institute swing and flash in the evening sunlight, and
there is much laughter and chatter on the stairs. The full course in
English is planned to cover a period of seven years. In the first
course, which is aimed at enabling a Portuguese student who
knows no English at all to reach the standard of the Cambridge
Lower Certificate, there are five `grades' or classes, starting at
grade `A' and culminating after five years in grade `E'. Students
who have passed the Lower Certificate examination and who
desire to stand for the Proficiency diploma can have what might
be called a `post-graduate' course of two years. Now that the
teaching of English in the Portuguese State schools has been much
improved, it is seldom necessary for a student to begin from the
bottom and most students attending the Institute start at the fourth
year level, namely at grade `D'.
The teachers appointed by the British Council to their institutes
in foreign countries are chosen for their personality as much as for
their academic attainments. It is realised that their functions are
representative as well as instructional and that foreign students will
derive from their teachers not merely an initiation into the
mysteries of the pronunciation and syntax of the English language,
but also a lasting conception of British manners. I was much
struck, when I attended various classes at the Lisbon Institute, by the
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18 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
quality of the several teachers, and by their blending of youthful-
ness with authority, of charmwith discipline, of gaiety with serious-
ness. The students seemed to regard them with affectionate awe.
Like most men of my generation I had never been instructed in
the complexities of English grammar and it was not until I sat as
an observer in the classrooms of the Lisbon Institute that I realised
how abominably illogical and intricate our syntax is. How difficult
it must be for a foreign student to differentiate between such
idiomatic and indeed eccentric statements as `they let him off', `he
shows off', `she shut him up', `they looked him up', and so on
with infinite variety. It was only when I had sat for half an hour
in the class for fourth year students that I noticed that our employ-
ment of indirect speech is even more clumsy than was the oratio
obliqua of my own schooldays. `Miss Pombal', the teacher would
ask with an encouraging smile, `how would you put into indirect
speech the sentence "they do not know you"?T 'He said,' began
Miss Pombal with an expression of anguished concentration, `he
said that they did not know me.' `Not "me" surely, Miss
Pombal?' In the pause that followed one could hear the ferries
hooting in the Tagus estuary.
In the fifth year class the students were encouraged to write
essays on such general themes as `My idea of the ideal wife or
husband' or `The most enjoyable journey that I have undertaken'.
`I shall', remarked the teacher, `expect these essays by next
Thursday evening. Write simply and with the idea, not so much of
displaying the range of your vocabulary, as with the intention of
conveying your meaning. You understand that, Mr. Oliveira?'
`Yes, Sir,' the youthful Oliveira replies. `And Miss Lumbrales',
adds the teacher with entrancing friendliness, `please not ten pages
this time: only two.' Having settled that point the teacher picks
up The Prisoner of Zenda. `Last night,' he says, `we reached
page 124. Miss Almeida, will you please begin at the second
paragraph?' As Miss Almeida starts with animation to continue
that romantic story, the teacher will interrupt her gently from
time to time. `No, not insaingset, Miss Almeida, we say insensate.'
And so, with amity and patience, the tones and inflections of
standard English, as spoken at Oriel or Clare, are conveyed to the
youth of Portugal and the hour comes happily to its end.
Although the teaching of the English language is the main
function and value of British Council institutes, there are of course
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many other ways in which the British attitude towards life is
communicated and explained. The British Council Representative
in a foreign capital is chosen, not merely for his administrative
capacity or his ability to control a teaching staff or plan a curri-
culum. He must also be able to establish relations of friendship and
confidence with the local authorities, to work in harmony with
the Embassy while maintaining his own independence, and to be
fully representative of the particular brand of humanism which an
English education and training provide. The Institute in Lisbon,
for instance, is under the able and imaginative direction of
Mr. M. W. Blake assisted by Mr. F. G. Wood and, as I have said,
by a highly competent staff. It is Mr. Blake's task to maintain
constant and amicable contact with such analogous Portuguese
cultural institutions as the Instituto de Alta Cultura and to cultivate
good relations with the academic and scientific world. It is he who
alone can advise the British. Council in London on the several
extra-mural activities in which the Institute engages.
In the British Institute in Lisbon exhibitions are held illustrating
such diverse themes as British industrial and scientific achieve-
ments and inventions, British painting and architecture, and
British applied arts. Eminent lecturers and specialists, such, as
Sir Lawrence Bragg, the Astronomer Royal, Father d'Arcy, Dame
Edith Evans, Sir Stanley Unwin, Sir Charles Webster, Sir Kenneth
Clark, Sir Philip Hendy and Miss Jacquetta Hawkes, are from time
to time invited to Lisbon to discourse upon their special subjects.
When finance allowed, ambitious experiments have been made in
the hope of convincing the Portuguese public that the British are
not quite as philistine as sometimes represented. In 1939 the Old
Vic company came to Lisbon and gave an impressive series of
performances; in 1943 Sir Malcolm Sargent paid a triumphant
visit and conducted the Orquestra Sinfonica Nacional in the Sao
Carlos Theatre in Lisbon; and in 1952 the Sadler's Wells Ballet
performed at the same theatre amid general applause.
A further and most remunerative branch of activity is the distri-
bution in the capital and the provinces of short documentary films
on such subjects as British aviation, agriculture, public health,
medicine and anaesthetics. In the year 1954 as many as 1,561 of such
films were shown to Portuguese audiences numbering 146,479.
The British Institute at Lisbon, as indeed all British Council
Institutes overseas, is active in furthering the supply and sale
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of English books and publications. Technical works are pro-
vided for schools and colleges, local booksellers are encouraged
to display English books, and some important British publications
are sent out to Portuguese critics for review in local periodicals.
The Institute also serves as distributor for the several publications
compiled at headquarters in London and circulated to all Rep-
resentatives abroad. Among these publications, which are excel-
lently produced, are such regular periodicals as British Book News,
English Language Teaching and British Medical Bulletin, as well as a
series of handbooks on special subjects written by experts.' Records
of distinguished British writers and scientists reading their own
compositions or talking on their own subjects are also circulated,
to Portugal, as to sixty-three other countries, by the British
Council's `Recorded Sound Department' and distributed to
schools and universities.2
Apart, moreover, from such periodical visits to Great Britain
as can be arranged for Portuguese specialists or technicians, there
is the most important function of allotting scholarships and
bursaries. A scholarship suffices to maintain a student at some
English University, hospital, or technical college for a period of
ten months. Since 1936 the British Council, on the advice of its
Representatives in Lisbon, has accorded as many as ninety-three
scholarships to Portuguese post-graduates. Nineteen of these were
teachers of English in Portuguese institutions, nine came to
England to study colonial administration, twenty-one came for ten
months to learn our methods in medicine, anaesthetics and surgery,
and eleven studied agriculture. There were nine girls who obtained
scholarships to work as nurses in British hospitals, three pharmaco-
logists and five veterinary surgeons. Thus year by year a number
of intelligent and potentially influential Portuguese men and
women are assisted to come to the United Kingdom, to learn our
methods, and, let us hope, to return to Portugal as interpreters to
their own countrymen of British intellectual and scientific achieve-
ments and of the British way of life. The Lisbon Institute, it will be
realised, has been examined solely as a convenient example of the
sort of work that is being performed by the Council throughout
the Mediterranean countries, Latin America and the Middle East.
I must now revert to the history of the Council as a whole.
1 See Appendix XVIII
See Appendix XVII
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 21
(5)
On the outbreak of war in 1939 the British Council determined,
with wisdom and success, to retain its own identity and to resist
all endeavours to render it a department of the Ministry of
Information. The aim was to convey the impression of `the
unhurried continuance of a permanent task which the war will
not be allowed to .interrupt'. The resolve to keep aloof from all
militant propaganda and to concentrate on long-term policy was
justified by the result. Carefully chosen Representatives were sent
to neutral countries to continue the slow labour of cultural and
linguistic education; the needs of war propaganda were left to the
several agencies of the Ministry of Information and to the B.B.C.,
by whom they were most efficiently performed. The British
Council thus emerged from the war with its reputation for being
a cultural, unpolitical and comparatively disinterested institution
still untarnished.
The independence of the Council was further emphasised by
the grant of a Royal Charter which was signed by King George VI
in October 1940, and which vested the management of the
Council in an Executive Committee to consist of not less than
fifteen and not more than thirty members. It should be noted that
of these thirty members only nine are Government officials and
that the remaining twenty-one are chosen as representing such
varied interests and occupations as Art, Science, the Universities,
Industry, the Trades Unions and the House of Common.-
There was one profitable area in which during war-time the
Council could perform an essential. service. The course of the war
led to an enormous influx of Allied troops and refugees. It was
estimated that by 1940 there were as many as 236,000 adult
foreigners seeking asylum in London alone; the number of these
aliens was thereafter increased by the advent of members of the
allied services and merchant marines, of whole communities such
as the Gibraltarians, and eventually of fully organised foreign
armies. As early as October 1939 the Council considered by what
means distraught or despondent exiles could be welcomed, enter-
tained, and `assured that they were being treated with courtesy,
compassion, generosity and good manners'.
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22 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
A Committee of the British Council, first known as `The
Resident Foreigners Committee',' was established at headquarters,
and reception centres were opened in London, Exeter, Liverpool
and Edinburgh. The policy was to encourage the Allied com-
munities exiled in Britain to keep alive their own patriotism and
culture, and incidentally to learn something of the English
language and British way of life. Classes were organised, access
to libraries facilitated, foreign schools (such as the Lycce of the
famous Institut Francais in London) were encouraged and
assisted, and all manner of methods were devised for providing
educational and social occasions. Within a period of three months
in 1945-to take but a single instance-as many as 14,000 U.S.
servicemen were afforded the opportunity of working for three
weeks side by side with British people in their peacetime profes-
sions. As the war continued the Home Office, the Service Depart-
ments, and the foreign Governments exiled in London, made
ever increasing calls upon the Council to extend these efforts. The
original `Resident Foreigners Committee' soon changed its name
to the `Home Division' and thus became the nucleus of the wide
internal organisation that will be described in a later section. The
Council learnt thereby the valuable lesson that it was wasteful to
inculcate the English way of life in overseas countries if foreigners,
on visiting Great Britain, were carelessly received.
During the war, the Council was closely associated with the
Conference of Allied Ministers of Education convened, at the
initiative of the Chairman of the Brit.sh Council, by Mr.
R. A. Butler, then President of the Board of Education, in 1942.
The main purpose of the Conference was to discuss the many
educational problems which would be encountered after libera-
tion in countries ravaged by war and occupation: destruction of
school buildings and libraries, shortage of books and periodicals,
of scientific equipment and of other basic scholastic material; the
restitution of works of art; the training of teachers, etc. The
Council provided the secretariat of the Conference and its Execu-
tive Bureau and of one of the specialist committees, the Books and
Periodicals Commission. Although most of the work of the
Conference had to be devoted to the immediate problems of
educational reconstruction, much time and thought were given to
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 23
questions of future international co-operation in educational and
cultural matters. As a result, in November 1945, the Conference
called a meeting in London to consider the creation of a perma.-
nent educational and cultural organisation of the United Nations.
The Council, having been associated so closely with the birth of
UNESCO, has kept up its contacts with it in many fields.
As the war drew to its end and victory seemed assured it became
necessary to consider what should be the function of the British
Council in a post-war world. Hitherto, except in one section of the
popular press, there had been little public interest in, or criticism
of, the work which the Council performed. It was foreseen how-
ever that Parliament would rightly wish to learn what value was
being received from an organisation, the staff of which now
numbered 2,645, and the expenditure on which had risen from the
modest (6,ooo of 1934 to the large allocation of three and a half
million which figured in the budget for 1944-45. Anxiety was
also expressed in responsible quarters as to the means by which
overlapping could be prevented between the operations of the
Council and those of other foreign information services set up
during the war.
The British Council had also been indulging in self criticism.
Thus Professor B. Ifor Evans, its Educational Director during the
war, had suggested that the annual reports were over complacent,
and that there was a danger that the Council, unless it formulated
a precise plan for post-war operations, might find that it was
seeking to achieve too much with inadequate resources. The
Council, regarding its work as a long-term investment, was fully
conscious that, whereas it was difficult to demonstrate tangible or
concrete results, it was very easy for hostile critics to isolate a single
aspect of the work and to expose it to contempt and ridicule. True
it is that the Council has received powerful tributes from men of
culture and experience. `The British Council', said Mr. Menzies
in Canberra, `has done a magnificent piece of work in the world.'
"General Smuts expressed his sympathy in its aims and ideals `as a
man who believes in the supreme importance of the imponderable
and non-material elements in human life'. And Mr. Archibald
MacLeish, the American poet and publicist, expressed the view
that `it was largely in consequence of the activities of the British
Council that no literate European will ever again refer to the
English as a nation of shop-keepers'. Such tributes are welcome,
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but unlikely to create any profound emotion in the hearts of the
British taxpayer, the members of the House of Commons Select
Committee on Estimates or the Organisation and Methods
Division of Her Majesty's Treasury. Nor do they provide the
Council with any precise directives as to the scope and nature of
its functions in a period of comparative peace. This, like the ques-
tion of post-war plans, was a matter on which the Council had its
own views, but it was essential to secure a governmental ruling on
it. Accordingly, in 1944 Sir Malcolm Robertson, who had suc-
ceeded Lord Lloyd as Chairman of the Council, asked the Foreign
Secretary and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to appoint a special
committee 'to enquire into the work and organisation of the
British Council, and to recommend what should be the future
scope of its activities, how its purpose can best be fulfilled, and
what should be its relationship to the Central Government'. Sir
Findlater Stewart, a former Permanent Under Secretary of the
India Office, was therefore charged to conduct an enquiry and
reported to the Government in February of 1945.
His report laid down the principle that, with the coming of
peace, the British Council would pass from the experimental stage
to the stage of long-term planning. If this were to be achieved, and
a fully qualified staff were to be recruited, some element of
permanence and continuity would be essential. It recommended
therefore that the Treasury should provide the Council with
sufficient funds to operate without interruption for a period of five
years. Sir Findlater Stewart expressed the view that experience
had shown that it is of advantage to the Council abroad not to be
identified with any Government Department, and that it `should
be left to do its work in its own way' and not be expected to do
other people's work. Inevitably, some of the functions performed
by other bodies, such as the B.B.C. or the Travel Association,
might overlap with those of the Council, but if proper liaison
were provided there seemed no reason why these activities should
not supplement each other rather than conflict. ? The House of
Commons Select Committee on Estimates, as well as the Treasury,
having carefully examined the whole position and suggested
certain improvements in organisation, also recommended that the
Council should continue to operate for a period of five years, after
which the whole position should be reconsidered.
In October 1952a further Committee was appointed under the
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 25
able and experienced chairmanship of Lord Drogheda to review
the whole field of our information services. Its terms of reference
were extensive; it was asked to:
`Assess the value, actual and potential, ofthe overseas informa-
tion work of the Foreign Office, Commonwealth Relations
Office, Colonial Office, Board of Trade, and Central Office of
Information: the external services of the B.B.C.: and the work
of the British Council: to advise upon the relative importance
of different methods and services in different areas and circum-
stances: and to make recommendations for future policy.'
The Drogheda Committee presented its report to the Cabinet
in July 1953 and a full summary was published as a White Paper
in April 1954. In view of the fact that many of its recommenda-
tions are still under consideration it seems preferable to give in
this paper no more than an abstract of the general policy advocated.
It was in principle recognised that some system of overseas
information was essential in order to support our foreign policy,
to preserve and strengthen links with the Commonwealth and
Empire, and to increase trade and protect foreign investments.
With the disbanding of the Ministry of Information the four
`policy' departments-the Foreign Office, the Commonwealth
Relations Office, the Colonial Office and the Board of Trade-
had assumed responsibility for the provision of information in
their own spheres. In addition to the direct operations of their own
staffs, they had the assistance of three `operational agencies',
namely the Central Office of Information, the B.B.C., and the
British Council. It was essential that these agencies, if they were to
recruit staff of good quality and work on a planned programme,
should be guaranteed continuity over a certain number of years.
The Drogheda Committee suggested therefore a `planned expan-
sion' of all our information services over a period of three to five
years which would entail raising the annual cost of all services
from the existing ten million to twelve and a half million-a total
which compared not unfavourably with the sixty-five million
pounds allocated annually by the United States to their informa-
tion work overseas. The share of the British Council in this
increase was estimated at #630,000.
The Drogheda report insisted that the British Council had. `a
great task' to perform in Africa and Asia. The number of scholar-
ships accorded to technical and engineering students in Latin
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z6 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
America should be sensibly increased. The report drew special
attention to the small number of scholarships at the disposal of the
British Council as compared with those accorded by other
Governments. Whereas the United States provided as many as
4,000 scholarships for overseas students, and France as many as
1,200, all that the British Council could afford was 243 scholar-
ships and 1.63 short-term bursaries. Such grants, the report
recommended, should be widely extended, with special regard to
students originating from Asia, Africa and the Colonies.
(6)
It will be deduced from even the most summary account of the
development of the British Council from the day that it was first
launched as an experimental project, or ballon d'essai, by the Press
Department of the Foreign Office, to the time when its scope was
extended to embrace five continents, that it has altered its aspect
and direction according to the shifting needs of our overseas
relationships.
A central aim of the British Council has always been to spread
the knowledge of the English language, and thereby of English
institutions and ways of life, in ever widening areas. Such
criticism as has been made against it has ignored this central
purpose and has concentrated upon occasional episodes (such as
the despatch of a ballet company or the hospitality accorded to
some influential foreigner) which can easily be represented as
extravagant and fruitless. The Council has in practice successively
directed its main effort to meet the specific dangers threatening at
any given period. Thus, at one time, priority was given to pre-
serving goodwill in foreign markets, especially in Latin America;
at a later date it seemed most important to counter the intensive
propaganda of the Axis Powers in the Near East and the Mediter-
ranean basin; during the war it became necessary to create a Home
Division specifically intended to supervise the welfare and to
stimulate the good feeling of the many exiles in our midst; and
after the war it was generally realised that priority must be given
to Asia and Africa. Thus the Council itself anticipated many of
the ideas and practical suggestions embodied in the Drogheda
report. Yet what impresses the student of the Council's work is,
not so much its adaptability as its consistency, not so much its
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response to political requirements as its independence of such
requirements. Certainly the Council has been able to profit by
altered circumstances or extended demands in order td obtain from
Government departments the extra support and finance needed
for any given expansion. But the Council itself has always foreseen
the necessity of such expansion and has always maintained the
principle that the value of its work overseas is based upon its
political impartiality and its independence of direct governmental
control. The Council has rightly been convinced that its perma-
nent task of communication and interpretation would be ham-
pered were it to be sapposed abroad that it was no more than
the instrument of governmental or departmental policy.
In India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, Indonesia, Thailand, Iraq,
Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Persia, Syria, and even Japan, Council
centres have been opened, teachers appointed and much work
already accomplished, not only in the direct teaching of the
English language, but also, what is even more important, in the
training of nationals who wish to teach English to their own com-
patriots. In close co-operation with the Colonial Office and the
local administrations, the Council now operates in Nigeria, the
Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasa-
land, Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda. Council offices have been
opened at Kuala Lumpur in the Federation of Malaya, at Singa-
pore, in Sarawak, and at Hong Kong. Centres are also operating,
or being provided for, in the Pacific and in the Caribbean.
Islands. The present trend of development, therefore, is to con-
centrate the active educational work of the Council upon more
distant areas and upon communities possessing less advanced
educational and technical facilities of their own. At the same time
the Council has become the `principal agent' of Her Majesty's
Government for the execution of the several Cultural Conven-
tions concluded since the war and for work under the Council of
Europe and the Brussels Treaty (Western European Union). This
gives it greater responsibility in such important matters as the
exchange of university professors, students and research workers.
On 1st January 195o, after prolonged negotiation, the Council
at the request of the Colonial Office accepted increased responsi-
bilities `for certain aspects' of the welfare of Colonial students in the
United Kingdom. The main cost is borne by the Colonial
Office, mainly from the Colonial Development and Welfare Funds,
a
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28 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
but both the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Relations
Office provide the Council with grants for the welfare of over-
seas students. The reception and care of overseas students and
recommended visitors have come to occupy so much of the time
and effort of the Home Division, that these special activities merit
more detailed description.,
The number of overseas students attending courses in Great
Britain has increased enormously during the last ten years. In 1946
there were little more than i,ooo students from British Colonies;
in 1954 there were some 8,ooo. The approximate total of overseas
students now studying in the United Kingdom from the Colonies,
Commonwealth and foreign countries is in the neighbourhood
of 25,000.
In the old days overseas students, especially coloured students,
used to suffer much on arrival from loneliness, homesickness,
money troubles, cold, food, language difficulties and the problem
of finding congenial accommodation. Those who came from
remote and quiet countries were often nervously affected by the
speed and noise of London traffic, by the reserved manners of the
ordinary Briton, and by our greater regard for punctuality and
the employment of time. Colour prejudices sometimes exposed
them to incivility. Such unfortunate experiences could leave scars for
fife. The British Council has, during the last few years, made great
efforts to mitigate these calamities. Before they leave their own
countries students are where possible given `introduction courses'
in which they are instructed as to what they may expect. No longer
do they disembark lost and bewildered at Liverpool or Tilbury, but
are received on the quay-side by Council representatives who see
that all passes amicably and well. In the last five years some 14,000
Colonial students have been met in this way on arrival. They are
then normally taken to one of the Council hostels where they are
housed under the benevolent care of a Warden until accommoda-
tion can be found for them in private lodgings. The policy is to place
students in lodgings as soon as possible in order that they may find
their own feet, improve their knowledge of English, and acquire
experience. A list of approved lodgings, where students will be
given fair treatment and a friendly welcome, is compiled and regu-
larly checked by the Student Welfare Department of the Council,
, See Appendices E, F, X and XI
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL 1934-1955 Z9
and in the last four years as many as 7,000 students have been thus
accommodated. The student can then take further `introduction
courses' on how to live in Britain; he is taken on tours of London,
on experimental journeys by tube and bus, and even introduced
to different types of restaurant. At the university or college to
which he or she is attached there will generally be a Students
Union or an Overseas Students Welfare Committee which will
provide further solace and amenities. It is hoped by such means to
secure that the overseas student returns to his own country, not
only with enhanced experience and knowledge, but also with
memories of friendly treatment and with feelings of amity in place
of antagonism.
In order to supervise and execute this varied and highly compli-
cated work the British Council have appointed Representatives
in Wales and Scotland, with headquarters in Cardiff and Edin-
burgh. Fourteen area offices have also been set up in England,
three in Scotland and one each in Cardiff and Belfast. There are
three British Council hostels in London, and one each at Leeds,
Newcastle upon Tyne and Edinburgh. In London there is also a
students centre at No. 3 Hanover Street which provides a club for
social meetings, a canteen, and opportunities for lectures, film
shows, political and literary discussions, and occasional dramatic
readings.,
The wardens, directors and staffs of'the several hostels have
found that students, especially Colonial students, are rendered
unhappy, not by loneliness and bewilderment only, but also by
the constant dread that they may fail in their examinations and
thereby bring disappointment to their families at home. Such
anxieties can often be relieved by the sympathy and encourage-
ment of a warden or director. The students residing in the Council
hostels are able to elect their own House Committees and are thus
encouraged to regard their hostel, not as an institution managed
by authority, but as a club which they can help to run themselves
and in which they can take a certain pride. They are thus encouraged
to return to their home countries, where they will probably become
prominent in their own politics or professions, with enhanced
self-confidence and self-esteem, rather than with dark memories
of humiliation, loneliness or failure.
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30 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
In the course of long and varied experience the officers of the
Council have come to realise that educational and other assistance
given to individuals is more feasible, more welcome and more
durable in effect than any attempts at mass persuasion. This shift
of emphasis and the extension and adaptation of function which
it implies are explained in Sir Paul Sinker's sequel to this historical
survey, entitled The British Council' Now.
Assuredly men and women in all countries have become weary
of being instructed by Governments as to what they should feel,
or read, or know: they wish today to be provided with the mental
opportunities and equipment such as will enable them to think
and judge for themselves. Education, and above all self-education,
strikes deeper than precept: it is the ambition of the British
Council to provide overseas specialists with facilities for exchang-
ing ideas and information with fellow specialists in this country,
and at the same time to enable students to develop their own
minds in a congenial atmosphere.
I am aware that the British way of life is an acquired taste and
one which is not immediately communicable. Our national
reserve, which is compounded partly of expected modesty and
partly of a respect for the privacy of others, may at first seem to
the overseas visitor cold, distant and proud. It is the aim of the
Council, by treating visitors and students as interesting individuals,
to encourage them to get beyond this seeming indifference and to
realise that much spiritual and intellectual value is to be derived
from our tolerance, our respect for order, our individualism, our
inherent gentleness, our humour and our calm.
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i
The British Council Now
BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL
S IR HAROLD NICOLSON has shown how much the British
Council has owed during the past twenty-one years to the
initiative and far-sightedness of those who were responsible for
its foundation and to the successive Chairmen who guided and
sustained its activities. Our gratitude is indeed due both to them
and to the many people, distinguished in their own walks of life,
who give us their voluntary help and advice as members of the
Executive Committee and of our Advisory Committees and
Panels.,- The execution of the Council's work is financed mainly
from public funds, but we are fortunate that the guidance remains
in voluntary hands.
My own experience of the British Council is limited to the
last one of its twenty-one years of activity. I have so far visited the
Council offices in only six of the sixty-five countries in which we
work, and I have already learned that each country presents
different problems and different opportunities and that generalisa-
tion is difficult and can be misleading. This is one of the reasons
why it is singularly difficult to give a simple and precise answer to
the question `What does the British Council do?' and I am con-
scious, that I shall not succeed in giving more than part of the
answer.
Our gross annual income, including what we earn from teach-
ing, sale of publications, etc., now stands at about 23,000,000.
A lot can be done with three million pounds. It only begins to
seem inadequate when it is looked at in relation to the opportuni-
ties open to us. If we were beginning with a clean slate, it might
be wise to concentrate on fewer countries and to do the job more
thoroughly over a narrower area. Even then it would not be easy
to decide what areas to leave out. As things are, experience has
shown that to withdraw from a country where we have started
work causes damage which must be avoided at almost any cost.
Leaving aside, therefore, the possibility of any major geo-
graphical re-deployment, we must resolutely continue to distin-
guish between the more important and the less important activities
(a distinction which will vary from one country to another), and
i See Appendices I and II
31
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BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
concentrate on limited objectives, on bread-and-butter rather than
cake. This article will be limited to the activities which are amongst
the most important in all countries or at least over large areas of
the world.
Our main task is the making and fostering of contacts between
individual people. We have not the resources, even if the attempt
were desirable, to make any direct impact on the masses. Among
the most effective international. contacts are those between oppo-
site numbers, i.e. between people of the same profession or calling
or academic discipline who `talk the same language' because they
are dealing with similar problems in their respective countries.
Many of these contacts take place direct without any help being
needed from the British Council or anyone else. Where this is not
the case, the British Council comes in to foster and sustain such
contacts. It is in its role of middle-man in this form of inter-
national traffic that the British Council does much of its most
effective work. In the nineteenth century the preservation of peace
owed much to the `Monarchs' International'. It is not altogether
fanciful to see a parallel at the present time in the mutual under-
standing that can exist between those who work in the professional
and managerial fields in their respective countries. The many single
strands ultimately form ropes which may even stand up to some of
the strains exerted in opposite directions by conflicting national
interests and emotions.
The number of overseas visitors to this country (excluding
students) for whom arrangements are made each year by the
British Council is some 3,500. Very few of these visitors are
financed by the British Council. Many are private visitors; some
are financed by their own Governments; others hold United
Nations Fellowships, etc. It is our task to arrange the personal
contacts, to frame the programme, and to make the practical
arrangements to ensure that each visitor can make the best use
of his time and see what he comes to see. It is our task also to
preserve the personal touch, to give advice and help where
needed, and to treat each visitor as an individual rather than as
a unit in a statistical table. The length of the visits ranges from a
week or two to two years or more. The subjects which the
visitors come to study or discuss cover most of the professional,
technical and academic fields. So far as the subjects can be grouped,
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL NOW 33
the largest group consists of subjects falling under the heading
Education, followed by Natural and Applied Sciences. This is
closely followed by Social Studies in its widest sense, and by
Medicine. The remaining large group consists of the Arts and
Humanities.
Geographically, the largest group-about half the total-con-
sists of visitors from European countries. One reason for this is the
proximity and ease of access to this country which makes it
possible for large numbers of Europeans to come for short courses
or study tours.- The second largest group-between a fifth and a
quarter of the total-consists of visitors from the Commonwealth,
including the Colonies. Many of these are trainees under the
Colombo Plan. The remaining three groups, in order of size,
come from the Middle East, the Far East, and Latin America.,
It may give greater reality to these statistical facts to select a few
individuals from a current list of visitors. The following are taken.
at random from a list for July and August 1955, which consists of
some 6oo names in all. The Director-General of Education, Tas-
mania; Principal of Girls' High School, Burma; Chairman,
Federal Fiscal Tribunal, Mexico; Professor of Music, Athens;
Hospital Matron, Hong Kong; Director of Postal Training, Paki-
stan; Chairman, Public Service Commission, West Bengal;
Governor of Baghdad; Chief of Planning Branch, Fishing Boat
Section, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Japan; President
of the Lebanese Association for the Protection of Children; Para-
mount Chief, Nigeria; Managing Director of Film Company,
Norway; Principal, Aitchison College, Lahore; Professor of
Ophthalmology, Syria; Rector of the University of Ankara;
Conductor of Radio Belgrade; Ceylon Government Printer;
Principal designate of a Technical Institute, India; Headmaster,
Technical High School, Karachi; Chief of Juvenile Delinquency
Division, Ministry of Justice, Portugal; Chief Judge of Native
Court, Uganda; Acoustics Engineer, Argentine.
To cover this wide range of interests it is necessary for us to
call on the help of many voluntary bodies, professional and edu-
cational institutions, commercial and industrial firms, central and
local authorities, and individuals. One of the most encouraging
- See Appendix XII
9 See Appendix X
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features of our work is the willing response we find when we ask
for overseas visitors to be shown how things are done in this
country. There must of course be a limit to the calls we can
properly make on people's time for this purpose, and we try to
spread the burden as widely as possible, but the kindness and the
hospitality of the people of this country has so far proved adequate
and indeed more than adequate to meet the calls that we make
upon them. Our visitors depart not only satisfied with the ideas
and information or training that they have acquired but also
gratified by the kindness with which they have been received.
Many visitors of this kind are already leaders in their own
spheres. We also have to look to the leaders of the future. Much
of our work therefore is concerned with students. There are at
present some 25,000 overseas students in this country, of whom
about one third are University students. The remainder are follow-
ing some form of professional or technical training. For Colonial
students the British Council provides introductory courses to this
country, sometimes before they leave their home-land; meets
them on arrival; finds suitable accommodation; arranges private
hospitality; provides club centres; and arranges tours and courses
for the vacations.,, It provides some of these facilities for non-
Colonial students also, and hopes to extend this provision in the
near future. In passing, a tribute should be paid to the good work
done, often unconsciously, by those British landladies who
through natural kindness implant a life-long feeling of friendli-
ness towards this country in some of those who have passed their
student years here.
.In this country the British Council's work for visitors and
students is carried on in nineteen area offices as well as in London.
Most of the area offices are situated in large University towns and
cities, and each covers its own area, co-operating with local volun-
tary bodies and individuals, as well as with University and educa-
tional authorities. One of the deepest impressions left by a tour of
British Council posts overseas has been of the many tributes from
foreigners to the way they had been looked after in this country
by the British Council. The ancient tradition of hospitality in
Greece was such that the same word, Xenos, meant both `stranger'
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL NOW 35
and `guest'. It would be too much to say that this happy state of
affairs has been reproduced here in the modern world, but it is
one of the tasks of the British Council to help to reproduce it and
to ensure that the foreign visitors entrusted to its care leave these
shores with pleasant memories of their welcome. In discussing
methods with the French Direction des Relations Culturelles,
who have had far longer experience than the British Council
of cultural relations, it was interesting to find that they regarded
our organisation for the reception of overseas visitors and students
in the United Kingdom, to which there is no exact counterpart
in France, with considerable admiration.
The success of these activities depends equally on the work done
overseas. Our staffoverseas will normallyhave made the first contact
with the visitors and students before they come to this country, and
they will often keep in touch with them after they return. They
are also responsible for organising the traffic in the reverse direc-
tion, of distinguished British lecturers or professional advisers.,
The by-products of a lecture tour overseas are often more impor-
tant than the lectures, namely the personal contacts made with
those of like interests.
Amongst the personal contacts fostered by the British Council,
not least important are those between teachers and taught. Many
British Council staff overseas are engaged whole-time or part-
time in teaching English language and literature in our own Insti-
tutes or in Anglophil societies or in overseas Universities. There
are also British schools (too few of them) either subsidised or run
by the British Council in Spain, Egypt, Iraq and elsewhere. The
standing of these schools is very high and entry to them is much
sought after. From them may be expected to come many of the
leaders of the future. In these schools we have a very clear example
of the principle that underlies, or should underlie, all British
Council work, namely that to be justified, it must be of benefit
both to the United Kingdom and to the country in which we are
operating. Experience in the Middle East and elsewhere has
shown how beneficial the influence of these schools has been both
in fostering an understanding of this country and in providing a
standard of education (and of education not only in the academic
sense) which was not available elsewhere locally.
See Appendix XIV
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Apart from these British-run schools there are many demands
for British teaching staff in Universities, teacher training colleges,
and schools. Quite often the posts are of exceptional impor-
tance, headmasterships of schools, for example. In many cases the
help of the British Council is asked in recruitment. We are up
against many difficulties, in rates of salary, conditions of service,
and so on. Full employment in this country is itself a difficulty in
this respect. But the opportunity, especially perhaps in the field
of school education, is of outstanding importance. School educa-
tion is after all one of the greatest British achievements, and we
have much to offer and much to gain. There is a widespread
recognition of the value of British school education with its em-
phasis on character, sport, and discipline without rigidity. If we
think what the tradition of service in the public services and else-
where has meant to the United Kingdom, and how much it has
owed to our schools, we might say of certain countries that one
of their greatest needs is to produce their own versions of
Dr. Arnold. We cannot do this for them, but we can pave the way,
and in so doing exercise an influence which in the future may be
as much to our own interest as to theirs. We must therefore renew
our efforts to find ways round the difficulties that at present beset
recruitment to teaching posts overseas.
One of the most interesting recent developments has been the
great increase in the demand, especially in Asian countries both
within the Commonwealth and outside it, for the British Council's
services in the training of local teachers of English. The advantages
to the western world, as well as to the Asian countries, of having
English as a common language are obvious. The scale of the
opportunity is staggering. The difficulty is to meet the demand,
and the difficulty is not only financial. Although the British Council
has many officers experienced in teaching English to adults in
British Institutes and elsewhere, there is a dearth, both within the
British Council and outside it, of people who combine experience
of school teaching with the appropriate academic qualifications
in linguistics. The teaching of English as a foreign language is a
subject which needs a professional approach, especially in those
who will be required to train local teachers of English and to
advise Ministries of Education on the framing of syllabuses and
other such matters. This is not a problem which can be quickly
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL NOW 37
solved. In the long term it can only be solved by increasing the
provision of suitable academic training in this country, and we
are addressing ourselves to this task. We are also making contact
with the appropriate American authorities, with a view to closer
co-operation in the common task that faces both them and us.
Our work in this field, the teaching of English, may perhaps
appear at first sight as an exception to the general statement made
earlier that our concern is with selected individuals rather than
with large numbers of people. Even here, however, our most im-
portant work is with selected individuals, i.e. the teachers and the
educational authorities, rather than with the large numbers who
will ultimately be affected. Indeed, it is in this field of English
teaching that the impossibility of making any effective impact on
the enormous numbers of potential `customers', except indirectly
through the local teachers, can be most clearly illustrated.
Another central or bread-and-butter activity is represented by
the British Council libraries in many countries overseas, with
which should be included the provision of specialised films. The
`mass media'-general films, broadcasting, etc.-are useful to us
in certain parts of the world: for instance, in some Colonial terri-
tories the most elementary misconceptions exist about life in this
country, which can best be dispelled by the use of films and by
the `seeing is believing' process. But, generally speaking, our
work lies amongst those who can use, and need to use, books and
periodicals on their own special subject. In many countries English
books and periodicals are hard to come by, and the only source
may be the British Council library. The library also is the origin
of many valuable personal contacts. The running of the libraries
is a joint operation between headquarters staff who advise and
provide, and overseas staff who select and maintain the stock. The
work done through the libraries, though quiet and unspectacular,
provides one of the most lasting impressions left by a tour of
Council centres overseas.
There has been one notable addition to our work in recent
months. In the spring of this year the British Council was invited
by H.M. Government to set up a special committee to develop
cultural relations with the U.S.S.R. and to provide a single official
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38 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
channel for this purpose. Accordingly the Soviet Relations Com-
mittee was established, consisting of four members of the Execu-
tive Committee together with a representative of the Foreign
Office. The Committee decided that the most important initial
objective would be to encourage the exchange of visits by small
groups of people representative of their professions or academic
subjects, and it put forward definite proposals to this end to the
Soviet Embassy, suggesting the following fields amongst others
for exchange of visits:
Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences
The Arts and Architecture
Broadcasting (including Television)
Engineering
Journalism
Law
Literature and the Humanities
Local Government, Education and Social Services
Medicine
Natural Sciences.
These proposals were put to the Soviet Embassy in May 195 5, and
some weeks later we received the agreement of the Soviet Govern-
ment. Since then there has been a spate of activity. We have
approached, or been approached by, a considerable number of
professional and similar organisations who are anxious to parti-
cipate. We have given help in various forms, in the provision of
interpreters, in the organisation of programmes, in the arranging
of accommodation and hospitality, and, in some cases, in the pro-
vision of financial assistance. A number of Soviet delegations have
recently visited this country, and further visits in both directions
are being arranged for the coming months. Amongst the latter
are visits arranged by the Soviet Relations Committee in conjunc-
tion with the Royal Society and with the B.B.C. We are also
discussing with the Soviet Embassy and others concerned the possi-
bility of visits by dramatic companies, etc.
It is of course too early to judge whether these visits will prove
to be of lasting value. It is however a step in the right direction,
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THE BRITISH COUNCIL NOW 39
and there can be no doubt about the interest taken by Soviet
visitors, for instance by two recent parties of Soviet agricul-
turalists, in what is being done in this country. The successful
improvisation of arrangements which has been necessary for the
reception of unexpectedly large numbers of Soviet visitors at
short notice has shown how well equipped the British Council
is in the field of activity to which reference was made earlier in
this article-the handling of professional visitors from overseas.
We have received ungrudging help from the members of many of
our Advisory Committees. Through their help and that of our
other normal contacts, and through the efforts of our own
experienced staff in the United Kingdom, we have been able to
take the strain of the unexpected and heavy addition to our
work.
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Sir David Kelly
Chairman of the British Council
S IR DAVID KELLY, G.C.M.G., M.C., who succeeded Sir
Ronald Adam as Chairman of the British Council on 12th July
1955, was formerly H.M. Ambassador in Argentina, Turkey and
the U.S.S.R. and Minister in Switzerland, and has also served in
Portugal, Mexico, Belgium, Sweden and Egypt. He and Lady
Kelly recently visited Turkey and Portugal as guests of the
respective governments.
Sir David was born in 1891 and educated at St. Paul's School
and Magdalen College, Oxford (Demy), graduating in Modern
History with 1st Class Honours. During the 1914-18 war he
served in the Leicestershire Regiment and on the i ioth Brigade
Staff in France.
Sir David has played a leading part in furthering friendly rela-
tions between the United Kingdom and other countries, par-
ticularly with those of the Atlantic Community. He has been
President of the British Atlantic Committee since its formation
in 1953, and took the Chair at the N.A.T.O. Societies' Congress
at Copenhagen in 1953. He is also a member of the International
Atlantic Group. Sir David is the first President of the Anglo-
Turkish Society and is a member of the Council of the British
Society for International Understanding. He is the author of
Thirty-nine Months, The Ruling Few and Beyond the Iron Curtain,
the last including the texts of articles published in the Sunday
Times and of a B.B.C. Third Programme broadcast. Sir David s
new book The Hungry Sheep discusses international relations, and
the place of Britain in the modern world, in the context of the
state of western civilisation.
The moment when Sir David Kelly assumed the Chairmanship
was one which may well prove to have been of great significance
for the British Council. Not many months before, the Govern-
ment had announced its acceptance of the broad principles of the
Drogheda Report, which gave recognition to the essential role of
the Council in the nation's affairs, and underlined theneed for con-
tinuity and stability in its direction and finances. A few months later,
the Council celebrates its twenty-first birthday; a coming-of-age
which is marked by the personal message from the Prime Minister
printed at the beginning of this Annual Report.
40
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SIR DAVID KELLY 41
The new Chairman is not likely to let so provocative a challenge
lack a worthy response. The record of his career tells of the highest
achievements in the difficult art of diplomacy: the extent and
nature of his activities since he retired from H.M. Foreign Service
show that his enthusiasm for promoting international understand-
ing is still far from satisfied.
Those who have read Sir David Kelly's books see in him a
mind which searches out, and fords, a pattern in the events which
it observes and records; a mind which makes its contribution to
ordering those events in accordance with a well-thought-out pur-
pose. Those who have been privileged to serve under him have
had the opportunity-not a common opportunity-of watching
a creative imagination at work.
In the wide range of his cultural interests Sir David is keenly
supported by his talented and distinguished wife. Lady Kelly has
made her own very effective contribution to the task of fostering
deeper international understanding. Her husband's new appoint-
ment will give further scope to her valuable abilities.
Such then is the man who has come to preside over the work
of the British Council at the moment when it has attained to
maturity. In the Council Sir David fords an organisation moulded
by the pressures of war, politics, peace and financial vicissitudes,
but successful throughout in working with Governments of
different complexions while remaining independent of them all.
In Sir David Kelly the Council finds a Chairman who has won
the highest honours in the career of diplomacy, and has since
then shown himself more than ready for new opportunities of
bringing nation and nation together in greater understanding.
From so happy a conjunction much may be hoped.
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General Survey of the Year 1954-55
T HE YEAR was chiefly notable for the publication of the
Drogheda Committee's report on the Overseas Information
Services, issued in summary as a White Paper in April 1954; for
the debates on the report in both Houses of Parliament and the
announcement by Her Majesty's Government of the action which
they intended to take upon it; and for the first effects of that action
on the Council's work.
The Drogheda Report had been in the main highly favourable
to the Council, having approved the general usefulness and effi-
ciency of its work and recommended an eventual maximum addi-
tion of some L630,000 a year to its Government subventions,
chiefly for increased activity in Asia and Africa. The debates on
the Report in the House of Commons on 6th July 1954 and in
the House of Lords on 8th December also showed appreciation
of the Council's work, particularly in these two areas. In Decem-
ber the Government announced that, although it was not possible,
for financial reasons, to implement the Drogheda Committee's
recommendations in full and at once, they accepted the broad
principles of the report and proposed to devote -r1oo,ooo to the
expansion of the Overseas Information Services (including the
Council) in 1954-55 and a similar sum in 1955-56.
The effects of the new policy began to be felt in the course of
the year, and can in some cases be seen in the comparative tables
illustrating the present report. On the financial side, the Council's
grant-in-aid suffered no reduction for the first time for seven
years and in the estimates for the financial year 1955-56 extra
provision was allowed both for the increased cost of current
operations and for a modest expansion of the work in the Far
East, the Middle East and Africa. On the administrative side nego-
tiations were begun with the Treasury for the establishment of an
amalgamated Council service (the Council's home and overseas
services being at present separate in form though largely inter-
changeable in practice), for the improvement of conditions of
service, and for the introduction of a satisfactory pensions scheme.
All these measures had been recommended by the Drogheda
Committee as necessary for the proper functioning of the Council
and for the attraction of suitable entrants into its service-a point
of some importance for the future when the Council is again able
to consider admitting new recruits.
42
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GENERAL SURVEY OF THE YEAR 1954-55 43
Overseas there were other developments reflecting the change
of policy. Some reduction was made in the work and establish-
ments of the Council in a number of Western European countries,
and in several of the Council's teaching institutes fees were in-
creased. The small establishment hitherto employed in Germany
for cultural work was suppressed, a number of its members being
seconded to the Cultural Relations Division of the High Com-
mission: the university teachers supplied by the Council to the
Universities of Berlin (Technical University), Gottingen, Ham-
burg and Mainz were, however, retained. To some extent the
reductions in Europe were offset by the allocation of additional
money to the cultural committees and activities of the Brussels
Treaty Organisation (now Western European Union) and the
Council of Europe. The wider extension of the former as a result
of the new plans for Western European co-operation in defence
and other matters gave its operations in the cultural field an added
importance.
On the European side, mention should also be made of the
conclusion of a Cultural Convention between the United King-
dom and Portugal in November 1954. Portugal is one of the
countries longest associated with the Council, which first started
work there in 1938, and maintained its Institute in Lisbon, the
present student membership of which is above 2,000, throughout
the war and the financial changes and chances of the post-war
period. The small Institute in the university city of Coimbra has also
survived, but the former Institute at Oporto has been handed over
to the active and flourishing Anglo-Portuguese Association in that
city. The new Convention should regularise and extend the long-
standing cultural relations between the two countries.
Within the Commonwealth, the Council were to their great
regret obliged to withdraw their representation in New Zealand
and to close their establishments in Australia and Ceylon. In the
two latter Commonwealth countries, however, British Council
Liaison Officers have been attached to the office of the United
Kingdom High Commissioner to carry on the Council's work.
Mention should be made here of the triumphant Australian
tour of Dame Sybil Thorndike and Sir Lewis Casson, extended
later at their own suggestion to India, where they had an
equally cordial reception. The Council would like to record
their gratitude for the energy and enthusiasm with which both
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Dame Sybil and her husband gave themselves to this very arduous
tour.
As against the withdrawals and reductions noted above, the
Council were able to return to work in Persia, from which
country they were withdrawn in 1952 on the severance of diplo-
matic relations between H.M.G. and the then Persian Govern-
ment. The Council office and institute had been entrusted to the
care of the Swiss diplomatic authorities, to whom the Council's
thanks are due for their guardianship during a period of great
unrest. Operations have not yet been fully resumed, but the
office and library have been reopened and it is hoped to restart
the teaching work in the autumn of 1955. It is also proposed, at
the request of the Colonial office, to open an establishment in
British Honduras and to expand the work in British Guiana.
At home, apart from the general developments already men-
tioned, the year was marked by the highest number yet recorded
of students met on first arrival from overseas-4,164, of whom
3,771 were Colonial students. The rapid increase in these figures
from year to year has brought with it a corresponding increase
in the services required to welcome, house, advise and assist these
students. This problem has now grown to a size which demands
treatment on a larger scale, especially in London, and discussions
are in progress between the Council and the authorities concerned
as to the means by which the existing machinery can be reinforced.
Meanwhile, during the year under review the effectiveness of the
Council's offices which are responsible for this work outside
London was in a number of cases increased by the provision of
new and better premises. In Aberdeen, in particular, the Council
was fortunate to be allowed the tenancy, under the National Trust
for Scotland, of the historic and newly restored Provost Ross's
House, where their new centre was opened on 17th September
1954, by the Secretary of State for Scotland. In Belfast new pre-
mises were also acquired and were opened by the United King-
dom High Commissioner in Northern Ireland in December. In
Edinburgh, after a not wholly satisfactory sojourn in the Grass-
market, a new house was found in the West End. At Oxford,
with the Council's agreement, Black Hall, the present centre in
St. Giles, has been assigned for ultimate occupation by the new
foundation for colonial studies, Queen Elizabeth House, and
other accommodation is being sought.
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GENERAL SURVEY OF THE YEAR 1954-55 45
Among the numerous courses organised for foreign visitors
were two which had not figured before. The first was a course on
the organisation and operation of the City of London as a world
financial centre, which enjoyed the warm support of the City
itself: the second, run with the help and advice of H.M. Treasury,
was a course for financial officials of foreign, notably Asian,
Governments on the taxation system of this country. Both courses
are likely to be repeated in future years. A third event, of a rather
more glamorous kind, was the highly successful tour of Italy by
the Sadler's Wells Ballet, which the Council did much to assist. The
Council was not required to make any financial contribution; the
high standard of this company is now so widely recognised that
guarantees to cover the considerable expenses involved were
obtained from local managements.
Finally, certain changes within the Council must be noted. As
stated in the Annual Report for 1953-54, General Sir Ronald
Adam retired from the post of Director-General, hitherto held
jointly with the Chairmanship of the Executive Committee, and
was succeeded in June 1954 by Sir Paul Sinker, formerly First
Civil Service Commissioner. General Adam continued as Chair-
man during the year under review. Mr. Gervas Huxley and Mr.
C. P. Snow were elected as members of the Executive Com-
mittee,
To the Council's deep regret, Sir Edward Mellanby, who had
been associated with the Council since 1941 and had been Chair-
man of its Medical Advisory Panel since 1942, died in January
last. In spite of his many other interests and duties, Sir Edward
had always given his time freely to the Council's work and his
advice had greatly helped them in the spreading abroad, by word
and demonstration, of a knowledge of the high standards and
achievements of British medicine.
The year was also marked by the death of Professor W. J.
Gruffydd, of the University of Wales, Vice-Chairman of the
Welsh Advisory Panel. The Council owes much to him and to
his fellow members for their counsel and help in all matters
relating to its work in and on behalf of Wales.
Two old and valued servants of the Council retired during the
year: Dr. Walter Starkie, the Council's Representative in Spain
since 1940, has acquired an almost legendary fame in that country
for his knowledge of its culture and its national life; and Professor
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46 BRITISH COUNCIL REPORT
E. V. Gatenby, who was for twelve years the Council's Linguistic
Advisor in Turkey, is one of those who have contributed most
to the practical study of a still undeveloped subject, the teaching
of English as a foreign language. To both men the Council and
the country owe a considerable debt. R
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Photograph by Bassano Ltd
The Rt. Hon. Lord Tyrrell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C. V.O.
Chairman, 1934-1936.
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The Rt. Hon. Lord Percy of Newcastle
Chairman, 1936-1937.
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Photograph by Howard Coster
The Rt. Lion. Lord Lloyd, G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E., D.S.O.
Chairman, 1937-1941.
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Photograph by Foyer
The Rt. Hon. Sir Malcolm Robertson, G.C.M.G., K.B.E.
Chairman, 1941-1945-
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General Sir Ronald Adam, Bt., G.C.B., D.S.O., O.B.E.
Chairman, 1946-1955.
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Sir David Kelly, G.C.M.G., M.C.
Chairman, July 1955.
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APPENDIX A
CHAIRMEN AND VICE-CHAIRMEN
OF THE BRITISH COUNCIL AND OF
ITS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
December 1934-August 1955
Chairmen:
*The Rt. Hon. Lord Tyrrell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.V.O. 1934-1936
(President 1936-1947)
The Rt. Hon. Lord Percy of Newcastle 1936-1937
*The Rt. Hon. Lord Lloyd, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., D.S.O. 1937-1941
The Rt. Hon. Sir Malcolm Robertson, G.C.M.G., K.B.E. 1941-1945
General Sir Ronald Adam, Bt., G.C.B., D.S.O., O.B.E. 1946-1955
(President from July 1955)
Sir David Kelly, G.C.M.G., M.C. July 1955
Vice-Chairmen:
*The At. Hon. Lord Riverdale, G.B.E. 1936-1946
(Acting Chairman Feb.-June 1941 and 1945-1946; President
1947-1949)
The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Derby, K.G., G.C.B., G.C.V.O. . 1936-1946
Sir John Chancellor, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.S.O. . 1940-1941
(Member of Executive Committee until 1946)
The Rt. Hon. Lord Snell, C.B.E. 1941-1944
The Rt. Hon. Lord Lawson 1944-1945
The Rt. Hon. P. C. Gordon Walker, M.P.. 1946-1947
Sir Philip Morris, C.B.E. 1947 to date
The Hon. Arthur Howard, C.V.O. . 1947-1950
Mrs. B. Ayrton Gould 1947-1950
Maurice Edelman, M.P. . 1950 to date
C. E. Mott-Radclyffe, M.P. 195o to date
*Member of original Governing Board.
47
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APPENDIX B
MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
from its formation in February 1935 to August 1955
(excluding those nominated by .Ministers of the Crown)
*J. W. Ramsbottom 1935-1952
*The Rt. Hon. Lord Ramsden . 1935-1952
*Sir John Power, Bt., M.P. (Treasurer of the Council) . 1935-1950
*Philip Guedalla 1935-1945
*Ernest Makower 1935-1946
*Dr. John Masefield, O.M. 1935-1936
Sir Lionel Faudel-Phillips, Bt. . 1935-1941
The Rt. Hon. Lord Hacking 1936-1937
*Sir Stanley Unwin . 1936 to date
*Sir William Rootes, G.B.E. 1936 to date
*William Graham 1936-1943
W. J. U. Woolcock, C.M.G., C.B.E. 1936-1942
Colonel A. C. G. Dawnay, C.B.E., D.S.O. 1937-1938
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Alexander of Hillsborough 1936-1941
The Rt. Hon. C. R. Attlee, O.M., C.H., M.P. 1936-1940
Lady Chamberlain, G.B.E. 1936-1941
Colonel Ivor Fraser . 1937-1943
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Thurso, K.T., C.M.G. . 1938-1940
The Rt. Hon. H. Graham White 1940 to date
George Lathan 1941-1942
James Walker 1941-1945
Sir Eric Maclagan, K.C.V.O., C.B.E. 1942-1951
The Rt. Hon. A. Creech Jones, M.P.. 1942-1945
Sir Henry Dale, O.M., G.B.E. . 1943-1949
(President, 1950-1955)
Lady Megan Lloyd George 1943 to date
The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Rosebery, K.T., D.S.O., M.C. . 11943-1945
1 1946-1947
Mrs. Mary Hamilton, C.B.E. . 1943-1946
Sir Vincent Tewson, C.B.B., M.C. 1946 to date
Sir Montague Eddy, C.B.E. 1946-1950
*In addition to those marked above, the following served on the original
Governing Board, which ceased to meet in 1935 and was discontinued in 1936:
Sir Edwin Deller, Sir Alan Anderson and the Rt. Hon. H. A. L. Fisher.
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EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 49
Sir William Williams, C.B.E. . . . . . . 1946-1952,
F. Abbotts . . . . . . . . . 1946 to date
Sir Arthur Bliss 1947-1950
Dr. James Welsh 1947-1953
Ivor Bulmer-Thomas 1948-1949.
Aidan Crawley 1949-1950
Sir Alfred Egerton . 1949 to date
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Esher, M.B.E. . 1950-1952
T. S. R. Boase, M.C. 1950 to date
Sir Ifor Evans . 1950-1954
Mrs. Lucy Middleton 1950-1951
Sir Adrian Boult 1950 to date
Sir Philip Hendy 1951 to date
C. P. Mayhew, M.P. 1952 to date
M. C. Hollis . 1952 to date
Sir John McEwen, Bt. 1953 to date
Gervas Huxley, C.M.G., M.C. . 1954 to date
Sir Paul Sinker, K.C.M.G., C.B. (Director-General) 1954 to date
C. P. Snow, C.B.E.. 1954 to date
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APPENDIX C
CHAIRMEN OF THE BRITISH COUNCIL'S ADVISORY
COMMITTEES AND PANELS
31st August 1955
EXISTING COMMITTEES AND PANELS
Books and Publishing Panel (formed in 1948)
Sir Stanley Unwin, Hon.LL.D., F.R.S.L.
1948 to date
Drama Committee (formed in 1939)
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Esher, M.B.E.
1939-1951
Sir Bronson Albery
1952 to date
Editorial Advisory Panel (formed in 1952)
John Lehmann
1952 to date
English Studies Panel (formed in 1952)
Sir Ifor Evans, D.Lit., F.R.S.L.
1952 to date
Fine Arts Committee (formed in 1935)
Sir Lionel Faudel Phillips, Bt. .
1935-1941
Sir Eric Maclagan, K.C.V.O., C.B.E.
1941-1951
Sir Philip Hendy .
1951 to date
Law Committee (formed in 1942)
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Finlay, K.B.E.
1942-1944
The Rt. Hon. Lord Porter, G.B.E. .
1945 to date
Music Committee (formed in 1935)
Ernest Makower, F.S.A. 1935-1946
Sir Arthur Bliss, Hon.Mus.D., Hon.LL.D., Hon.F.R.C.M., 1946-195o
Hon. R.A.M., F.R.C.O.
Sir Adrian Boult, D.Mus., Hon.Mus.D., Hon.LL.D., Hon. 195o to date
F.R.A.M., F.R.C.M.
Science Committee (formed in 1941)
Sir William Bragg, O.M., K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 1941-1942
Sir Henry Dale, O.M., G.B.E., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. 1942-1949
Sir Alfred Egerton, D.Sc., F.R.S. 1949 to date
Science and Engineering Panel (formed in 11947)
Sir Henry Dale, O.M., G.B.E., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. 1947-1949
Sir Harold Spencer Jones, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. 1949-1952
Sir Alfred Egerton, D.Sc., F.R.S. . 1952-1953
Professor H. H. Read, D.Sc., F.R.S. 1953 to date
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Agricultural Panel (formed in 1945)
Sir James A. Scott Watson, C.B.E., M.C., D.Sc.
Medical Panel (formed in 1942)
Sir Edward Mellanby, G.B.E., K.C.B., M.D., F.R.C.P.,
F.R.S.
E. A. Carmichael, C.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P. May 1955 to date
Veterinary Panel (formed in 1851)
Sir Thomas Dalling, F.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E. 1951-1952
J. N. Ritchie, C.B., M.R.C.V.S., D.V.S.M. 1952 to date
Universities Committee (formed in 1946 to replace the Students
Committee)
Sir Raymond Priestley, M.C., D.Sc. ,
Sir James Mountford, D.Litt., LL.D., D.C.L. . 1953 to date
Scottish Advisory Panel (formed in 1947)
James Welsh, D.L., LL.D.
Sir John McEwen, Bt. .
Welsh Advisory Panel (formed in 1947)
Lady Megan Lloyd George, J.P.
1947-1953
1953 to date
1947 to date
Books and Periodicals Committee (1936-1949)
Dr. John Masefield, O.M.
1936
Sir Stanley Unwin, Hon.LL.D., F.R.S.L.
1936-1948
Advisory Committee on English Teaching Overseas (1940-1944)
Professor Gilbert Murray, O.M.
Films Committee (1939-1945)
(Originally Joint Committee with Travel Association)
Philip Guedalla .
1939-1944
Sir Stephen Tallents, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.B.E.
Humanities Committee (1944-1948)
1945
Sir John Clapham, C.B.E. .
1944-1946
Sir Maurice Bowra. .
1946-1948
Ibero-American Committee (1935-1945)
Philip Guedalla .
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Lectures Comtittee (1935-1944)
Sir John Power, Be.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Percy of Newcastle .
The Rt. Hon. Lord Lloyd, G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E., D.S.O.
Near East Committee (1935-1939)
.11935-1936
194r-1944
1936-1937
1937-1941
The Rt. Hon. Lord Lloyd, G.C.S.1, G.C.I.E., D.S.O. 1936-1938
Sir John Chancellor, G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., D.S.O. . 1938-1939
Resident Foreigners Committee (1939-1944)
(Later Home Division Advisory Committee)
S. H. Wood, C.B.E., M.C. 1939-1943
E. N. Cooper 1943-1944
Students Committee (1935-1946)
The Rt. Hon. Lord Ramsden, O.B.E. 1935-1946
Sir Raymond Priestley, M.C., D.Sc.. 1946
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APPENDIX D
Income and Expenditure
1934 to 1955
The Council's income comes from three sources-its government
grants, its general revenue (fees for English classes, summer schools
and courses, centre subscriptions, sales of publications, profits on
concert and dramatic tours, etc., and receipts at student hostels,
plus a small number of private donations) and the funds which it
administers on behalf of other agencies.
. The Council's financial history is illustrated in diagrams I and II
which follow. It falls into four distinct periods.
(a) 1934-40
During this formative period there was a systematic increase in
the Government grants, which roughly doubled every year. The
Council's own earnings were inconsiderable, but it received rela-
tively substantial private donations for particular activities or
areas. Costs remained steady.
(b) 1940-45
Private donations (with rare exceptions) dried up; the Council
had to stop work in most of Europe but, with the help of increas-
ingly large Government grants, expanded its work in the Middle
East, Turkey, China and Latin America and made a start in the
Colonies. Large demands were made on it for teaching and social
work among United States, Commonwealth and other Allied
troops in Britain and among other nationals of Allied govern-
ments in the United Kingdom; this was financed partly by the
Council, partly by the Service Departments and the Allied
Governments themselves. Costs rose steadily everywhere.
(c) 1945-51
The Council restarted work in the liberated countries of Europe
and greatly extended its work 5t.3here and in the Colonies, began
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some expansion in the Far East and started in Commonwealth
countries. This and the continued increase in costs due to post-war
inflation were financed by some increase in Government grants
(which reached their peak in 1947-48), by a considerable reduc-
tion in the heavy wartime expenditure in the Middle East and
Latin America, and by a progressive increase in the Council's own
earnings. The last half of the period saw a steady reduction in the
Government grant for work in foreign countries (offset by
increases in the grants for work in the Commonwealth and
Colonies and by an additional grant for the Council's welfare
services for overseas students in Britain), retrenchment in Europe
and the Council's expulsion from most of the Iron Curtain coun-
tries and withdrawal from China. There was little agency work.
(d) 1951-55
Further severe cuts in Government grants were followed by
two years of relative stability; but continued inflation absorbed
most of the later increases in grant and prevented any save minor
expansion in key areas. Heavy reductions in the funds allotted to
specialist services and material were partly restored later from the
proceeds of further retrenchment in Europe. Expenditure in the
Middle and Far East remained virtually unchanged: there was a
slow but steady increase in the Colonies and Commonwealth
countries. The Council undertook work for the Colombo Plan
authorities and the United Nations specialised agencies, and the
expenditure administered on their behalf increased sharply.
Diagram II shows that the proportion of the total expenditure
devoted to work overseas and to specialist services and material
rose considerably after the war and was subsequently reduced. By
contrast with this, the sums expended on looking after students
and other visitors to the United Kingdom have risen considerably
in the last ten years, though the Council spends less money nowa-
days on paying for them to come here and concentrates more on
looking after those who come over at the expense of themselves,
their governments or other agencies.
In general, fluctuations in the scale and pattern of expenditure
have been due partly to variations :in Government grants, partly
to changes in emphasis and opportunity (e.g., during the war and
immediate post-war years) and to the higher rate of expenditure
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INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 1934 TO 1955 55
often needed in the early stages of work (e.g., in the Middle East
during the war and in Europe immediately after it). For a large
part of the last seven years the Council had to meet rising costs on
a falling budget.
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56 APPENDIX D
M M M M P ;' t!' r- 'd` h V 1 N M dh
y ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ N M ~ 4'1 ~ P. Op ~ O .~ N cy dam"
~'9 M M M M M ~}` e} ej. ~}' eH ~ d' ~}' y! 4~ H h M
Approved For ReleA (%0?19 b : AP827
T2@%0 0W1 A5% '' ~`
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INCOME AND EXPENDITURE 1934 TO 1955 57
NOTES ON DIAGRAM i
The following are the figures illustrated:
Year
Total
expenditure
Source of Funds
Net expenditure
out of Council's
Government general Agency
grants revenue expenditure
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
4
1934-35
881
-
881
-
1935-36
13,947
5,000
8,947
-
1936-37
29,531
15,000
12,922
1,609
1937-38
67,143
60,000
6,095
1,048
1938-39
178,466
130,500
45,965
2,001
1939-40
353,233
330,249
21,110
1,874
1940-41
480,673
433,099
16,712
30,862
1941-42
688,773
611,728
5,944
71,101
1942-43
1,011,109
966,705
9,146
35,258
1943-44
1,646,321
1,573,958
60,773
11,590
1944-45
2,237,060
2,108,122
120,778
8,i6o
1945-46
2,814,625
2,522,370
267,646
24,609
1946-47
3,140,956
2,877,802
257,646
5,508
1947-48
3,439,514
3,161,413
274,6oi
3,500
1948-49
3,275,155
2,853,757
417,984
3,414
1949-50
3,374,949
3,045,321
326,088
3,540
1950-51
3,517,845
3,132,280
376,218
9,347
1951-52
3,201,143
2,773,040
374,879
53,224
1952-53
2,976,447
2,462,271
398,477
115,699
1953-54
3,048,401
2,504,008
373,558
170,835
1954-55
3,184,247
2,587,757
413,457
183,033
Note is Column (c). This shows actual expenditure from Government funds,
which was usually somewhat less than the total grants allotted to the
Council at the start of the year concerned.
Note 2: Column (d). Receipts from teaching, sales of publications, etc., and
ordinary donations: see Section B of Appendix V for an example.
Note 3: Column (e). This includes donations for special purposes and expendi-
ture on behalf of and financed by outside agencies (e.g. the Colombo
Plan authorities and the United Nations specialised agencies and, in the
war years, teaching work for the Service Departments).
Note 4: Figures for 1954-5 5 are provisional and subject to audit.
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S$ APPENDIX D
DIAGRAM II
A 1944-4
NN
HOW THE MONEY WAS SPENT
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These charts show, for each of three sample years, the approximate
proportions in which the Council's total expenditure from all
sources was distributed
(i) between the various main classes of service;
(ii) between the regions in which it works.
The charts do not show increases or decreases in the actual sums
spent.
Key
1o
LGI
Overseas organisation and local expenditure.
Specialist services and material.
Visitors, scholars, students, etc., in the United Kingdom
(including expenditure on the welfare of Colonial
students in the United Kingdom and expenditure on
behalf of outside agencies).
General direction and administration.
Welfare of Colonial students in the United Kingdom
(special grant from Colonial Development and Welfare
Funds).
Commonwealth (excluding Colonies).
Middle East and Turkey.
Far East.
Latin America.
Europe (excluding Turkey).
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APPENDIX E
Visitors to the United Kingdom
Assisted by the British Council 1945-1955
The tables which follow reflect the trends of activity in the
Council's Home Division' since the end of the war as concerns
the 35,726 overseas visitors for whom programmes, placings or
courses of study have been arranged.
The impact of the war is apparent in the figures for 1945-46,
when Leave Courses were organised for 4,651 United Staten,
Dominion and European Allied Service Personnel out of an ab-
normally large total of 5,426 overseas visitors. The return to more
normal conditions in the following year produced 2,187 visitors, a
figure which steadily increased in subsequent years to just under
4,000 in 1954-55.
As in 1945, so in 1955, the most numerous visitors are those who
attend summer schools or special courses or come on short-term
study tours. The percentage of long-term visitors, who stay from
three to ten months or longer, is tending to increase and now
represents rather more than one-third of the total. This is largely
due to what is the most important trend during the period, namely
the increasing tendency of the Council to carry out work on
behalf of British or Foreign Government Departments, the various
specialised agencies of the United Nations, and specialists wishing
to have programmes organised for them. United Nations agency
Fellows and Scholars have been accepted since 1947, Colombo
Plan Trainees since 1951, and together they now represent 14 per
cent ofthe total. The numbers of Scholars financed by sources other
than the Council have increased five-fold since 1945.
In the years immediately after the war, European countries,
anxious to resume contacts, supplied some three-quarters of the
total of overseas visitors. Geographical redistribution occurred
about 195o as the result of withdrawal from countries in Eastern
Europe and the cessation of the flow of scholars from China. In
compensation, the number of visitors from Germany, Austria and
1 This note does not include reference to the statistics relating to the welfare of
overseas students, as this subject has been commented on in the articles by
Sir Harold Nicolson and the Director-General.
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VISITORS TO THE UNITED KINGDOM 61
Yugoslavia increased; and the loss of Chinese was offset by
students from Burma, Indonesia, Thailand and, later, Japan.
In the early years the widespread interest in the national health
and social insurance schemes, in public administration and local
government, gave priority to the Social Sciences group of subjects
studied or discussed. These later gave way to Education in its
widest sense and to the group of Natural and Applied Sciences.
Interest in medical subjects is keener than the relatively low place
occupied numerically by Medicine would seem to suggest,
acceptances being limited exclusively to applicants of postgraduate
status.
Not the least impressive feature of these statistics is their revela-
tion of the extent to which the individual visitor is becoming
increasingly independent of the Council for financial assistance. It
is to be noted that even during the years when the annual grants-
in-aid to the Council were most severely reduced, the total num-
bers of overseas visitors continued steadily to rise. In 1945-46,
66. per cent of the total. were financed in whole or in part by the
Council. In 1954-55, this figure had fallen to 16 per cent.
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62 APPENDIX E
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VISITORS TO THE UNITED KINGDOM 63
O
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 Approved For Release 2000/09/08 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000100140005-8
64 APPENDIX E
0o m H N H m
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VISITORS TO THE UNITED KINGDOM 65
o n
N C,
N 0
t- "t I rn
N N
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 Approved For Release 2000/09/08 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000100140005-8
66 APPENDIX E
~
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VISITORS TO THE UNITED KINGDOM 67
~~..
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 Approved For Release 2000/09/08 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000100140005-8
68 APPENDIX E
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 Approved For Release 2000/09/08 : CIA-RDP78-02771 R000100140005-8
VISITORS TO THE UNITBI) KINGDOM
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