The Third (Communist) International STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-02646R000600130001-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 91
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 23, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1947
• Content Type: REPORT

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The Third (Communist)
International
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Interim Report
November I, 1194-7
n r"
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 Appr
Chapter
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Proliminary Remarks
I. Origin and Purpose of the Communist International
II. Principal Components of the Communist International
A. Sections ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? r ? ? r
B. Interrelation of Sections; Federations ? .
C., The World Congress. . . . . . ? ? ? ? .
1. Function
2. The Seven World Congresses . . . . . .
D. The Executive Apparatus . . . . . . ?
E. The International Control Connission . .
III, The :Executive Cem itteo of the Communist International
A. Principal Functions
B. General Structure . . ? ?
0. The Plenum .
D. The Permanent Agencies of the ECCI . . . . .
IV.. Pr3.-iry PoJ i+A coal S- oPri_ng Agene.iea of the ECCI . .
A. The Praesidiuri
1. Politburoau and Orgbureau .
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2. Standing Co issions of the Praosidium .
B. The Political Secretariat . . . .
1. Structure and Function . . . . . ?
2. The Sectional Secretariats . . ? .
C. The Political Propaganda Departments . .
1. Agitprop Department . ? ? . . ? ?
2. Information Department . . . ? .
3. Editorial Board
4. Publishing Department
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? . a .
5. International Women's Secretariat . .
6. Cooperative Department .
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W ATA
P. 11,
1.
14: read "ICC" for "ECCI"
F. 28,
1..
1: read "Mezhdunarodnoi Svyazi"
for "Mezhdunarodny Sviasy"
P. 52. i.. 35:
read "Solomon A." for "Solornona"
P. 54.
1.
32: read "lie zhrabpom" for "I ie zhabpom"
P. 57,
1.
14; read "Zhdanov" for "Zhadanov"
P. 71.
1.
46; read "Moskvin" for "l-loskuin't
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Chapter Pago
V. Clandestine Action Dopartrients 26
A. Org Department . , . b . - . ?
26
B. International Liaison Department (OMS) 28
C. Finance Department i 4 i ? - . ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? 33
VI. ECCI Field Agencies and Representatives ? . 38
A. Permanent Bureaus . . . . 38
B. Representatives and Instructors . 44
VII. Notes on Training Schools . . 48
VIII. Comintorn Auxiliary Organizations ? . 51
A. General Purpose and Structure . 51
B. Main Comintern Auxiliaries . 51
IX. Dissolution of the Comintern , . ? . . . . + . ? . 57
A. World Congress Delegates
B. Members of the Executive Conmittoo of the Communist International . 65
C. Members of the Praosidiun of the ECCI
D. Noubors of the Political Secretariat
E. Q.A.Q. (Agitation-Operative Department)
F. Distribution Points of New Time
85
Inside
Structure of the Third (Coimunist) International. . ? ? . Back
Cover
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Durin;' the twenty-four -,roars of its official existence the Third
(Communist) International played a ;;ey role in the world-wide or,anization
and development of the revolutionary Y jarxist movement. As the first global
political machine in history, it coordinated the o.:t:"orts of groups of
and fanatical a itators and revolutionaries in almost every
nation and eoloni acd. o..,: ca of the ? ror l." , To no si: all degree the enormous
y
L'rowth of world communism i.:!. our -cnoratio:a has boo:.z rue to its into; ;rat-
inc and. Compulsive force.
P. "scie'Z'ti fie" political-econor}ic r~:ovoriont with the r ualitics of a
rol ions crusade, a movement dedicated to ac'hievinr a si::ir lc simple aim--
the compplote abolition of cl ssos and t'.zc roali?ation of socialism in the
entire worl: d--b'.: moans of the rcvoii tioluary seizure of poucr by urban
factory Twroricors led by a disciplined va nruard, international conmiunisui
has profited r.reatly from the direction and assistance of a hii?hly-trained,
professional staff of revolutionaries who
'..'o?t pure the basic doctrine of "sciontific;' socialism
oxpoundod by Marx, amended by Lenin, and stabilized by
Stalin;
ostabl :'!shod ptttorns of Part,, or,r.?a::iization and. functioning
ba.sod upon the long, w-porienco o:7 the 'lo:Lshcvih po.rty be-
fore and. a ftor the ` oviot revolution;
dictated the strategy a.id analyzed. the tactics of national
Party ;?repav an ..r% and action;
pooled the ':nouled.`e gainer'. by the c,rpor:' once of each Party
for the bonofit of all;
trained national cac.sos in political, socrot intolli[once,
and subversive activities; provided.:; for Party work--
from newspaper bud.{. ots to revolutionary. war--chests;
and developed a cl ia.to o'. personal profossional rolation-
ships indispensable for maintainin cohhc:sion and sinfle-
mindodness is international political action.
Tho international Con?;;:uni.st _ ov imont very oarly in its career
or4:anizod itself throuCe:hour on the Leninist pri.nciolc of centralism,
which: Call .d for an authoritative center -responsible for the interpretation
of doctrine an'. the d.Cteraination of strate y ane'. tactics and for semi-
milit:lr- subordination of lo''or to higher echelons. Applied on the
national as ? ell as the international level, this pri.nc'-91c a.vo the Comin-
tern its characteristic organizational pattern. The netioi~,~.1 ?.~.. rtios affil-
iated with the 'hird woro :~~rc~une-. Central Cormnrittocs
which exercised national cor;rraanc7. fv-actions. Int; r ~^ ional. centralization
was achiever.]. by the Executive Cormiittoc o: the Comintern in Moscow which
was established as tho hii?h command' of the entire Communist movement. The
Comintern therefore rcprosentod not only a fcdora:.t:Lon of parties joined
to{;:othcr for common ^:ct *,on, but also a. , complex and tightly organized
ho;%dou artors eosmr.nc?, staff which "assumed control over the various national
centers., o.nd was itself closely intog-ratod into the .:xocutivo canter of
'?'n no l T , , M1
'ho onr. Corsat..hist Pr.rty which h,.c. 1lr:,^.c.S.;* sue coodoa. in scizizv, powe
er.
Cor"intorn head-.'uartors provided, the ; cihe a.l staff of the world. revolution,
and however its dissolution may b o I.n"i,crprcted, the, L-Ininist-S list
pri.nciplo of cont -aliza tio'x., -rithout which (from the Com,>rnunist point of
view) a revolutionary r:?.ovcriont is impossible, has not boon abLuadoned.
.. 0 s all dart of the successful dovolooment of the Communist :`:'OVCD]ont--
oarticulr,rly durinL the fascist thirties and c,.urint., the ,,ar itsolf--has been
c,.t.c to its practical co, bina.tion of and ' i:Llegal113~ activities in
fightin .ag inst the -)olitic:-.1, social, and police oppositio-.a, it was faced
Communist parlance i'or ';ovort or public;, and '1sccrot or und.orgroundi'.
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frith everywhere outside.tno,Soviot?Union. The contributions of Third
Inter:. tioi 1.'.hoadquartcrs to the effective illegal life
of tho world,
.
part 7r h^vo boo. of sin rtalar mportonce. Ponf;in ; from the provision of
~.'!onoy the "black" rovcmont of. personnel, the provision 'of safo-h ,von
inside the USSR to the tr.ainiin" of national cadres a.n the arts of
ospiona ;o, Sabot-.`?o, and Cl anclestino or, aii.ize.tion and propaganda ,work,
the direction of the world Center has ruarantcod the. pcrinariont oxistenco?
of every national section wh hover the n~.turo or s?!.rongth of the repros-
siv;, forces d.i,,?octed against it.
The. Third (Corn anist) Intcrnatiolawl '..s ;idissolvcdiu by decree in
1943.. The dissolution of the h ;^dcuarters w .s authentic: the bureau-
cr^ti.c structure, ?th'o po, sonnol c.ssig:nnonts, c.nc'. the,delegated` functions
as they existed in 'the. late 130S. woro..actually liquidated. The efficient
functionin of the. international Conm. unist? i over2oxit was nonetheless lithe
affected b-
y, this ;tc'issolution" of ,its pr rent steering organization, and
t!c fora], rotxpinC of .inc European Parties annoLinced 5 October 1947.
e xap1y ostablishos on a more systematic ~'nization- ]. basis the
ctiona coord.ink:tion and centralized control 't-:Lich tho Communist move-
rent has novor lost. Tho..prosont paper accordingly presents :c n analysis
df ' the tidissolvodl; Comirtorn, not out' of historical interest, but ? as pro-
viding an, indisponsablo factual basis for an estimate. of the org;a Azation
and fuactionin of intern-?.tionc.l Communism tod.:ay. This .paper will be'fol-
lowed by an overall roster of personnel conilo.cted with the Third Inter
n .tignal ,before 1943, and subsequently by a detailed appreciation of the
methods and tochniqucs by which international Coi=iunism has, since 1943,
maintained the ri"ica centralism which for ^.y contributes so 1-^rgol,r to
its successful exploitation by the Sovict government in the non-diplomatic
implementation of its foreign Policy.
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I. ORIGIN :1D PURPOSE .OF THE Co".11 i TIST INTEM., TIONAL
The "sciontificu' socialism of Karl Marx and Friedrich En&cls, offer-
in.:.not only a critical analysis of modern capitalist society but also a
clearly-outlinod program for action to be cr.rriod out by the working
rm.-asses of the world., rave birtha to a series of international workers'
associations dedicated to the purpose of trr.nslati ag Marxist doctrine into
social action.
Marx himself initiated the internatio;.l.al Comnu.nist movement with
the founding of the Communist League in Juno lc>47 (earlier Le.^.s Llc of the
Just) which was or ,-.-.nized into communes (3-20 mombors), circles (2-10
r..ommunes), lend.i.n : circles, C: ntral Committee, and a Congress. This
miniature league of "ad.va aced workers" a.ccoptcd the programmatic principles
r.izc. tactics of Marx and. E1IE els -...nd commissioned the former to d.raw up the
C01--illunist Ma:::li.fosto which was published in February lcention of delegates from illegal parties,
used no cover names to obscure their identity.
The "theses" and "resolutions" arrived at in these sessions sup-
plemented the theoretical and programmatic decisions of the World Con-
gresses and. wore, although general in nature, binding; for all echelons of
the Comintern. Through them the Comintern strategists oxprossod their
authoritative, appraisal of the conflicting forces in the political world
arena. After a first period of "acute revolutionary situations" which
was concluded with the defeat of the proletariat in Germany and other
countries (1923), the Plenum acknowledged an "offons,ive of capital",
the end of i~mediato revolutionary situations in Europe, and the shift-
ing: of the "revolutionary wave" to the colonial countries. By 1928, after
a period of "capitalist reconstruction" the "relative stabilization of
capitalism" became the pronounced basis of Communist strategy. In 1930,
however, the Tenth Plenum announced that because of the crisis in the
United States the pace of revolutionary developments would increase.
The Eleventh Plenum (April 1931) found that "because of the deepening
of the economic crisis and. the increasing chances for a revolutionary
crisis in a series of countries" the danger of an armed intervention
against the USSR had increased, and described the primary task of the
sections as the prevention of a war against the Soviet Union, especially
through the conquest of the Socialist-led and therefore pro-bourgeois
working class ("united front from below"). In 1932, the Twelfth Plenum
announced the "end of capitalist stabilization" and acknowledged an
"upsurge of revolutionary activities" in various countries, noting,
however, the absence of immediate revolutionary situations and placing
emphasis on the necessity of preventing a war against the Soviet Union
by smashing the influence of the Social Democrats and by popularizing
the Soviet Union.
It is perfectly clear that such general pronouncements as these
were not sufficient to give the sections adequate tactical direction.
The theses and resolutions of both the World Congress and the ECCI Plenum
constituted compendia of basic ,.uidanco for the sections. The precise
and practical direction of the sections, however, emanated from the
permanent political steering agencies of the ECCI--the actual managerial
board of the Comintern.
D. The Permanent Agonciep.
The permanent working departments and agencies of the ECCI
carried out at vast assortment of assignments and. functions which can very
roughly be separated into political-propaganda direction and subversive
action. No clear-cut differentiations of these two categories of
activity can be made, nor did individual departments and sub-agencies of
the ECCI confine their activities excvlsivoly to one or the other field.
In broad terms, however, the political direction was carried out pri-
m.~rily on a legal, i.e., public or overt basis, though illegal or
clandestine elements were often directly involved, while the executive
work on subversive action abroad (financin`, sabotage, espionage,
revolutionary action) was naturally protected by rigid security measures.
The primary ECCI agencies concerned with politic^.l.direction were the
Praesidium, the Political Commission and Organization Bureau, the
Political Secretariat, and the Sectional Secretariats. The primary action
or action-service agencies of the ECCI comprised the Organization (later
Cadre) Department, the Department for International Liaison, and the
Finance Department. In addition, a variety of field stations and individual
representatives wore established by ECCI headquarters in the field to act
as liaison and relay points between the Moscow headquarters and the
national sections. Those three groups of ECCI departments and. agencies
are analyzed in the following three chapters.
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IV. PRII- ARY POLITICAL STMING AGEi\ CIES OF ZIP., ECCI
Of the permanent ar cncics authorized by the ECCI to wort: out poli-
tical strategy and tactics within the framoirorL of the theses and reso-
lh.tions of the World Congresses and of the Plenary Sessions of the ECCI,
the Praosidium apparently represented the supreme authority. However,
in the later period of the Comintern, especially after 1935, the Political
Secretariat appears to have absorbed much of the original rani-; of the
Pracsidiun, if iot a substantial portion of its functions. hey positions
in both bodies were hold by ECCI members, since the Praesidium--which
was elected by the Plenum--itself appointed the members of the Political
Secretariat. According to an ECCI decision of 1924, no loss than
fiftoon ECCI members were obliged to reside in Moscow.
A. The Praesidium.*
Consisting; of varying; numbers of "full" and "alternate" mombo'rs,
the Praesidium (often referred to as the Board of Directors) was origin-
ally headed by a chairman--the "president of the ECCI" in a technical
sonse--who was elected by the World Congress as testimonial to his
superior position. However, whon Zinoviov, the last Praesidium chairman,
was dismissed in 1926, the office was discontinued.
The domination of the Praosidium by the CPSU is clearly indicated
by the fact that its '..ey members were drawn from the top rank of the CPSU
leadership. Bulrharin (member until 192"), Zinovicv, (member until 1926)
and RADETI (momb:;r from 1920-1922) were the chief Comintern theoreticians
a.nd idoolog;ists until they wore liquidated in Stalin's purges. Piatnitzky
(member from 1927-1931) was the organizational brain of the Comintern
Curing a vital period of its "contraliz^.tion" program. Other Russian
Bolshovi's in the Praosidium were i:^.nuilski (member since 1924), Kuusinon
(member since 1920), Lozovski, head of the Prof intern (member since 1926),
Molotov (member from 19.27-192c:), lioskvin @ Trilissor, (member since 1935),
and Stalin, who belonged to the Pracsidium from 1924.
Of the non-Pussian Praosidium members, only Togliatti (Italy),
I olarov (Buhr- aria) and the late Zctkin (Cormany) had a long record of
membership in the Praosidium.
The last Pracsidium, elected in 1935, included the following non-
Russian members: Cachin (France), Dimitrov (Bulgaria), Togliatti (Italy),
Foster (USA),' Gottiurald (Czechoslova'.kia), Koplenig (Austria), Linderoth
(Sweden), Marty (:" rance), Ok_ano (Japan), Piock (Germany and Thorez
(France).
Meotinr s of the Preesidium tool: place .,t approximately six months'
intervals, with eleven members considered a quorum. An appraisal of the
directing activities of the Praosidium is mace difficult by the fact that
the Political Secrotari-,t and even field {;c.icics of the Comintern, such
as the '.Jestern Europ:an Bureau (see below), issued political directives
over their of-bra si nature and on the same level with the Praosidium.
Lack of conclusive evidence precludes more precise delineation of
praosidial functions, and it will be best to ,assume at present that the
Prnosidium and the Politic-1 Secretari-~t formed a tight organizational
entity.
1. Politburoau aid Ortbureau. The Pracsidium apparently
functioned through two agencies: the Political Bureau (Politbureau) and
t e Ord niz^.tional Bureau (Orgbureau).
The Politbureau, the existence of which has been
reported by a single source of unknown reliability, may have
represented the top working policy leadership of the ECCI, and
was reported in 1924 as consistin`, of five Pracsidium members
and the rocrotary General of the Comintern.
* For a list of members see Appendix C.
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b. The Orgburoau, the c:.istonco of u hich is definitely
cstablishod, consisted, in 1924, of three members of the Secre-
tariat, the chairman of the Finance Commission, the chief of
the International Liaison Department (07j"dIS), and two Praosidium
members. In 1926, it was composed of ManiLilsky, Troint, Kuusinon,
Sacral, Dimitrov, Ferguson and Togliatti (all Praesidium members
and with the exception of Manuilsky and Treint, Comintern
socrctaries), Piatnitsly, Chief of O;MS, and the chiefs of the
functional departments of the ECCI (sec below). In 1928 the Org-
bureau was transferred under the jurisdiction of the Political
Secretariat.
In Juno 1925, a standing Committee nn Military Questions
was incorporated into the Orgbureau. Its chairman was Bukharin and
its deputy chairman Manuilsly and IKuusinon. Other members were
reported a.s Lankly (sic); Lorzin, chief of Rod Army Military Intel-
ligence; Herbert, member of the Concra1 Staff of the Rod Army, and
'consultant on European and American problems; Voskressensicy,
member of the General Staff of the Rod Army and Far Eastern expert;
Dombitzky, Rod Army Military IntclliEonce and export ^n military
questions concerning Great Britain and India. This Committee
analyzed and judged the feasibility of plans for revolutionary
military action nr.parod by the sections. It is not known whether
it was also on,ged in direct overall planning of revolutionary
strategy.
2. Standing Commissions of the Praosidiuri.
In forming; decisions, the Praosidium-rand through it the
Political Secretariat--was assisted by several standing; commissions of
which the most important was the Political Cormiission.
a. The Political Commi?sio--which may have grown out of
tho previously mentioned Political Commission of the World Congress--
appears to have analyzed the uoli.ti_cal conduct of individual
sections ,and worked out the proper tactics for each party. In the
years 1930-32, for example, great ^xiount of its effort was spent
on the problems of the French Section. In 1933 Luigi Longo (Italy),
and And.ro Marty (France) were members of the Political Commission.
b. The Trade Union Commission was cstablished in 1926 and
consisted of Zinoviov, Piatnitzky, Lukh.arin, Tomski, Lozovski,
Troint, To-liatti, Ferguson, Smeral, Goschko and Min. In 1933,
the Commission was headed by Lozovs?y, with Cusov as his assistant.
c. The American Commission, .at m session on 26 Fobrur.ry
1926, was composed of Robson, chairman; Iluusinon (USSR) secretary;
Brown ( Braun @ Ewcrt (Ger^hany); Voitinski (USSR); Kataycma (Japan);
Dzhenn^.ry (sic); Mkanuilsky (USSR); Pepper, ? Pot any (Hungary);
Somaren (sic); Thaciman (Germany). At a session of this Commission
on 6 May 1929, Stalin called for an open letter in the name of the
ECCI to the members of the Communist Party of America, demanding
that the Secretariat of the Central Executive Committee of the
American PartT be altered, and that Lovostone, Party secretary, be
recalled. In~ 1933 I'uusinon was chairman, and tho following were
members: Gusev, 4 Drabkin, @ Davidovich, @ Green; Manuilsky;
Molotov; and Milrhailov, @ '-Iillira.is, also Comintern representative
to the U.S. in 1929 and 1930,
d. The Negro Commission, in 1926, included the following
members: Billings (US); Small (US); Johnson (US), Janson (Holland);
lvLalakkr. (NEI) Safarov (USSR); Katayrima (Japan); Budenga (sic);
Djoss (sic); Bunting (So. Africa).
e. The French Comission, in which Manuilsky played a
leading role (1930).
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f. The Balkan Commission, appointed by the Fifth World Congress
in 1924, was composed of Zinoviev, Tr'tzky, Braun, @ Ewert (Germany);
Treint (France); Muna (Czechoslovakia);.Bordiga (Italy); Stewart
(England); Valetsky (Poland); Varga (Hungary). At its first session
(20 June 1924) the following representatives from the Balkan
Sections were present: Kolarov, Dimitrov (Bulgaria); Boskovich,
Radich (Yugoslavia); Popescu (Rumania); i!Iaxir..os (Greece);
Dzeli (Turkey).
B. The Political Secretariat.*
1. Structure and Function.
Elected by the Praesidium, the Political Secretariat wa1s
essentially the executive agency of the Praesidium, although it also had
the statutory power "to make decisions", and. the political instructions
it issued to the sections were as bindin4 as those of the Praesidium. It
appears, however, that in the course of time, this overlapninr of functions
was reduced to a minimum.
Structurally, the Political Secretariat was headed by the
Secretary General assisted by several permanent or alternate secretaries,
a clerical staff, and an administrative office (chancellery).
The pivotal position of the Political Secretariat is illus-
trated by the fact that it controller'., throrLh its secretaries, not
only the policy-making activities of the Regional Secretariats attached
to it (see below), but also the political-propa anda as well as the
action functional-departments of the ECCI which were oranized on a
functional-executive level not unlike the departments of a national
Central Committee. In this connection, the ECCI decreed as early as
'1926 that each secretary of the Political Secretariat was to "maintain
liaison" with such ECCI departments as the ALitprop, Organization,
Information, Publishing, International Liaison, etc. In 1928, the
Orgbureau was, as previously noted, subordinated to the Political
Secretariat leaving the latter's position greatly strengthened.
Insofar as the political steering activities of the
secretariat were concerned, some of its tactical instructions to the
sections were issued openly via the Comintern anc' Party press, or by
letters and cables. On the basis of a provisional analysis of those
published materials, hoirever, it would appear that the bulk of the
Secretariat's instructions were communicated through the clandestine
channels of the International Liaison Department and the permanent
bureaus (see below). Conversely, the Central Committees of the Sections,
..rhich were obliged to subr_?,it minutes of their meetings and confidential
progress reports to the ECCI used the same covert channels for their
communications with the Political Secretariat. A comparison of the
overt output of the Political Secretariat with that of the Praosidium,
indicates that the porcontago of published Secretariat instructions was
considerably hither than that of praosidial edicts. The reason for
this phonomen becomes evident at least from 1935 on -hon all known
-?embers of the Secretariat wore identical with Pracsidium mombors, i.e.,
Dimitrov, Togliatti, Gottwald, -.uusinon, Manuilski, Nar'~y, Piock, Florin,
.ioskvin @ Trilisscr, and Wang Ming.
The fact that Dimitrov, the Secretary General, was elected
by the Seventh World Congress (1935) -- an honor previously bestowed only
on the chairman of the Praesidium -- also testifies to the increased
oi,nificance of the Secretariat. As a matter of fact, since no World
Congress or plenary sessions of the ECCI were hold after 1935, it appears
clear that the Secretariat virtually replaced the.Praesidium and therefore,
in practical teens, became the effective directing center of the Comintern.
* For a list of Secretariat members see Appendix D.
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Behind this development apparently lay the realization that
a basic change had taken place within the Communist International.
Uhoreas--as Pioc':' stated at the Seventh World Conr?ress--the Communist
parties of the world had been more propaganda `robs in the late twenties,
they were, in 1935, beginning to be transformed into strong mass parties
and had dovelopod leaders who wore able to decide ind.c-?ondontly, though
on the basis of decisions of Comintern congresses and plenary sessions,
the most complicated political and tactical ruestions of their countries.
.Accepting Piocl.'s estimate, the Seventh World Congress accordingly gave
the ECCI the following instructions:
"while shifting the main stress of its activity to the elaboration
of fundamental political and tactical lines of the world labor
movement, tO proceed in deciding any quostion from the concrete
and specific conditions obtaining in each country, and as a rule
to avoid direct intervention in the internal organizational
matters of the communist parties; to assist systorratically-i
the formation and training of cadres as well as genuinely
Bolshevik loaders in the Communist parties so that these
parties will be able, at the sharpest turn of events, to find,
independently and quickly on the basis of decisions of congresses...
and plenums, the correct solutions for the political and tactical
problems of the Coimmunist movement; to render effective aid to the
Communist parties in their ideological struggle against political
opponents; to as ist the Communist parties in making use of their
own experiences as hell as the experiences of the world communist
movement, avoiding, however, the mechanical application of the
experience of one country to the other, and the substitution of
sterotyped methods anc. general formulation for concrete Piarxian
ger contact between leadinr bodies of the
analysis; to ensure clo,
Comintern and the sections of the Comintern by still more active
participation on the part of authoritative representatives of the
most important sections in the r'.ay-to-day work of the ECCI".
The Political Secretariat was clearly in a much better
position to implement these functions than the irregularly meeting
Praesidium, for it had at, its disposal adequate machinery (in the form
of the Sectional Secretariats) for maintaining; close contact with the
sections, for the clarification of the political line, and for the
training of section lead.ers, as well as machinery for providing practi-
cal assistance to the sections. in the form of the Org, Finance and
International Liaison Departments.
2. Sectional Secretariats (Laondersekretariate).
The bureaucratic and, at time, academic qualities of the
long-distance political steering; performed b,-,-, the Pra%osidium arid. the
Political Secretariat wore bound to produce friction between the
Comintern and the sections, especially the parties which wore gradually
coming of age. In 1926, therefore, machinery was created in order to
provide the Comintern with expert native consultants and to give the
sections voice in the formulation of Comintern policies as well as a
training ground for their future leaders. To this end there wore
established under the Political Secretariat, so-called Section-1
Secretariats (or Laenderse':retariate) which represented consultative
working bodies responsible for one or more geographically related
sections. The chiefs of the Sectional Socr. otar_i_a is wore members of the
Political Secretariat and, in some cases, members of the Praesidium as
well. Under their direction worked native Communists assigned to the
Sectional Secretariats and serving in the following capacities:
a. Reporters, i.e., highly informed consultants whose
advice was sought by. the Political Secretariat or
the Praesidium.
b. Reprosontativos of the sections, who looked out for the
interests of their parties without, however, having
any decisive voice.
W
J I %.I\ pr
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A rout ccs who iacrc ,.^.tt^ched to Sectlona Sccre-
ar t `or trainipg purposes.
J. L' ,L4~. V V,LI ~,'tiaV li 1- L, a wi L i 1J. Vl. uu-LL.L u ULu.,U-L DULL ui u.L Lilul.-
gration could be ^.chicved, between the EC"CI ^.nd the sections, and the
instructions of tlic Scvcnth ~.Jor1 d Congress to the ECCI (noted above)
testify to the im 2ort~.nce attached. to the institution of the Sectional
Secret rio.Ls, sulk-cormnissions of which Trerc even permitter to draw up
their oua nstructions to the _field.
Prev .ouse_to the Sovciz~_h World. Conress, nnothor method of
intcgr^.tin the wor? of the tSoctioi, al Sccroteriets with the policy-making
of the Comintern was rcportb'dly r cp~osonted 'ITT the; so-cnllod I'Littlo" ..^,nd
"Big Con issions". These co:>missions consis-LOCI Of m otherwise unzdonti-
fied core of five or six iflen~oor s (Pr ~esid1um?) which w^.s e l^rgcd, in the
caso of the "Bid; Commissions", by el. the Teaoortcrs of the Lacndorsokre-
tariate, and in t J case of the "Little Commissions`` by one Reporter or
the respectiveSecretary, c7 ^Ict., functions of those, co mmissions'
howov r, arc unknown (probably policy coordination) it 7.ppor rs
doubtful th A thoy existed after 193" when the lc-.ding Pr^.esidiur members
ran the Politic^.l Secret^.ri ct.
as of 1926:
and only
Franco, Italy, ) Chief: Jacob (Fr.^nce)
$w tzcr 1 nd,
Belgium, )
FrenchColonioQ )
) Chief: Geschke (Germany)
Czechoslovakia ) Chief: Smcral (Czechoslovakia
Austria, Hun,ary
4. Engl,.nd, Australia,) Chief: For`uson (Great Britain) for the
Ircl^-std, S. Africa,) Netherlands and domin ens;
Ind-i,^a, Netherlands,) Chief: Roy (India) for all colonies,
inclu('.i n!- Colonies )
Bonaaar'k, Iceland
5. USA, Ca' da, Japan) Chief: Pepper @ Por;any (Hungary)
6. Sweden, Norway, ) Chief : Kilbur:z (,Sweden)
7. Spain, Portug:^l,
Latin America
Poland, Lithuania,
Latvia, Estonia,
Finland
Pul1aria, Rumania,
Yu oS1'-vV a, Greece
USSR
Far & Niddlo East
Chief: Droz (Switzerl^.-11d)
C11ief: ?Kuusinon (Finland)
Chief: Dimitrov (Bul`aria)
Chief: Pi.atnitzky (USSR)
) Chief: Petrov (USSR)
By 1929, however, roorg;r.nization had apparently taken
it;ht Sectional Secretariats remained:
place,
C24tr .l Euro c-~n Secretariat for Germany, Czechoslovakia,
Aust ia, HunEary, Swi zc nand and the Nethcrlanc s.
2. Ba l:o.a1 Sccrctaria for Bull ^r:^., Yugoslavia, Rumania and
Groppp..
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 Approved For Release I 999/0 RDP78-02646R000600130001-7
3. A i 1o American a
- Secretariat for E{;,land, South Africa,
Austr lia, Now Zealand, U.S.A., Canada, Philippines,
Ireland,
6. L^t i Sccreet,,t for France, Italy, Rol,ium, Spain,
Ports,^.l anc' Lux ?_~botu~ ,
Icoland.
Polish-Baltic Secretariat for Poland, Lithuania, Latvia,
4. Sc ndinavi.a,n Socrctari^t for Sweden, Norway, Denmark,
? L^.tz,z A ican~ Se eretariat for Mexico, Argentina, Brazil,
Cuba, Chile, Uru uay, Paa.rag;uay, Colombia, etc.
t aocrctari-^t for Chi n,, Japan, I;or, .~, Indiaa, Indo-
nosla, Lido China. and French Colonies, Turkey, Palestine,
Egypt and Persia,
This. broakdoizais, of course, not final, and changes in
the organization of Sectional Socrotari.ats probably occurred after 1929.
C. Zia 2 Departments.
As stated previously, the Political Secretariat had at its dis-
posal various functional agencies (so called Departments) which served
either political-propagandistic or clandestine action purposes.
Amon he I former belonged the Agitprop De,nartmont, the Informa-
tion Depaz tm,ent, the Editorial Board of the Com.?.un.ist Inter national, the
Publishing Depart-me t, the International Women's Secretariat and the
Cooperative Department. Since a.ll theso c'.op:ai tmonts were ,,more or loss
oonnecttod with the political asps ets of the work of the ECQI discussed
in the iromedi. tgly preccdin.,_ sections, they will, although of lessor
importance, be c'iscusse first, followed by an anal, sis of the excood-
ingly important action agencies ; the Ol g^.n:niz,-a.tion, Finance and Inter-
national L?aisonn Departments.
1., TI c l it-;nro . 1r itatio n .nd Pro ^ ndaj * Dc a.rtment
Possibly succeeding a Department of which only the initials
0 A.O,*3` (Agitation-0pera.tive Dcpartment?) are known, the A-itp~ rop Depart-
mont w s apparently cre ?.ted after the Fifth World Congress. (1924). By
Mar. ch 1925 it was well csta.blishod, -. nc. had four sub-sections: Agitation,
Propaganda, Press, and E_ ;ploitation of Acquired Experience.
In 1934 the Department was headed by Bela Kun? Its
functions were to erg^. !ize the agitation and propaganda work of the
Comintern,; to direct the :activities of the corrospondi ni Agitprop
departments of the national sections; to study, systematize and h-.r-
monize the pr.a.ctices of the sections; and to t-_-:'.in suitable personnel.
subsections.
The following illustrate the activities of the dep..artmcnt's
a. Agitation Section. In 1Lrch 1925, this section had
initiated sever-1 i .rater n ati ona.l campaigns, amonv.; them the 10th
anniversary of the outbreak of World War I, the first anniversary
of Lenin! s death, the anniversary of the October Revolution, etc.
In each case the section n :cl supplied themes for or -.tors and
material for the press, giving, however, only general directives
with enough leeway for the national parties to C.just the material
to the prov.a.iliiig political situation, The agitation Section also
had mgppcd out international Communist holidays for 19:26, i.e.,
WoTI n's D y, Youth Door, Press hock, etc..
The term f1apitn.tiont1 in C mmunist parlance denotes prop:^agandistic
action directed at neutral or hostile groups, where.-.s f?propagandat1 signi-
fies training and schooling in Communist doctrine,
Fox .a table of, organization of O.A.0,--of urd:n.own reliability--soo
Appendix E.
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1927 the following intern^_tion.l campaigns were
carried out by the various national p-.rtics with the support of the
Agitation section: Lenin Lloch, Anniversary of the February Rovo-
lution,, iIay Day 1927, Tenth Anniversary of the October Revolution,
and Tenth P. n ver ary of the I3.od Army.
b. roy anda:_ Soction: In 1925 this section whose princi-
pal objective it was to assist the parties in the organization of
tr24, with the following personnel: "udziansli,
Ch^il;n n? tarot :t7 (@ i1^.ss^retch .r.), Deputy Chairman;
Pavlovich, Rotsc]ooin (? Rotstein); Zoitlin (@ Kcitlin); Wilkinson.
After 1924 P i atnitzky assumed comri--.nd, ssistod by ~r brarnov L i' irov, OMS
chief for Euroio from. 1926-1930. In the late Thirties Piatnitzky was
r op1acod by iIi1thail Trilissor', chief of the Foreign Section of GTCB 1\ KVD.
The D parttnont ,.s such, included a Central Passport
Office" a central document forging section), and section for
wireless communications to which radio school was attached,
nikov-,, L"ningrad and in the Comintern Building in Moscow.
e w.^.s, in 1931, headed by one
Ry,.tt, -a.nd has-'bon located both in the Interclub at 1.5 Prospckt OE ovod-
Q
i' or,miuizi ^ t ioizs, headed by fibs; mov?
Tlls"
Mirov tr^nsmitted .r ..pry ncsS.. acs to ti.c f eld and received incoming
messages
T17 Radio School (also known as Wilson School) which had
inste.lletioe of short wave receivers and transmitters,, as well as ciphers
and codes. For security reasons, cover names were used both by students
st'h:trb of Mc,tichcv and servoa as a training center for young Communists
from abroad who wore to be used in the communications services of the
Comintcriz. The curriculiun of the courses included the Morse system, the.
G~ (St `'.te Political Di_r. ector,^.ate) was changed to CU B (Central
Dir; c ar; as :St..te security) in 1934.
to 0N?.
its maritime com~LYunicn.tion lines, appeared to have been of greatest use
_The International of $oamon and Harbor Workers (ISH~, by virtue of
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 and iristruotors, the latter were also employed ,as radio operators and
code clor'-s. After complction of thecourse, sdents were ccific i=^formation is available concerning tr finane-
.
.ln
Eng;l .nd notes totaling ca. 1D, 000 pounds; they opc?.ZC a j
olleged~y for clearing up the affairs of the Union of Soviet Eli ployces,
and depo ited banknotes to the amount of 1, 500 pounds withdrawing large
numbers of I pound notes; they said 2,666 pounds worth of dollars to the
ca shier .)f the Harodny Bank and were paid in pound no->tes; they do ositcd
eight 100 pound notes n a personal account and withdrew pound no es.
Coonsiclcra 1. .c :zunbers of the pound notes thus obtained were traced,
within fell days after their withdrawal, to the CPGB and its auxiliaries.
ing activities of Soviet trade install-tions in Lo don. In L-lace
100 pound Bank of England notes, cashed in Indiaa for on Indian Communist,
wore tr, cecl back through the Bank of England and Lloyds Bank to the
Russian . Co merci:l an? 'I dustrial Bank, Ltd., London, as part of a package
of 60,000 pounds worth of various notes, and from there to an official
of the Soviet Trade Delegation, Nicoloi {lishko.
Bo:ttlQorl 5 July 1927 and 20 November 1927, two employees of
the Soviet coopcra.tives, Centrosoyus, Ltd., in London, obtained
13,7966 T nunds worth of 1 pound treasury notes from the PMiosco-)w N-rodny
Bank Lit London by various tr--.nsactions. they exchanged 5 pound Bank of
t ~
~ d ? ~ ' ?ccoi~nt
Another case, involving a clerk in the Foreign txchango
Department of the Moscow N rodny same in London, follows similar
pattern. Between 27 October 192`1 and 15 February 1928, the clerk,
bcJ,ievc,d to h ovc been Comintern financial agent, sold dollars to
foreign br'- r s r to the cashier of the Bank. 1,1cssongers of the bares:,
act n{; andor h.'.,-:, instructions, exchanged the ban?: notes thus received
ag~.in,,,t troosury notes ,,f the Midland Ba.nk, the Lloyds Bank and the Bank
of En?;land. On 15 February '1928, the clerk opened an account at the
1\Tarodr.,y Bank, depositing the proceeds of his dollar s: ales and immediately
withdr.awi n trc~.sury notes against his chocks. His transactions involved
over 14,000 pounds. Considerable nur.cocrs -.f the trc^sur,,.T -notes obtained
from the iarodny Bank or its messengers wore traced to British Cors.rurjists.
the C 'nm ssariat >f F"rein Trade in Hose )w.
Tt . is ul-2c1,1oyna whether the practices described above were in
general use tlhcrcver Soviet trade installations operated.' I'U- is entirely
possibly; that Piatnitz',, established . second channel of financi^J. con-
rrunic".tions thrnuch official S-vict trade installations, and it is note-
worthy in this connection that an unconfirmed. ECCI decision in 1931
obliged Soviet trade ropreserit.ntivos abroad to transmit ^. percentage of
foreign ~urrcrzc c: roccivoc. f ?r gooc'.s imparted from Russia V) native
C .ninu ist parti~Ls, with 'the adjustment t be made between the ECCI and
the ' uSslan zone.
At t: e be inning of 1946 the G.^.ra.nntic Und. i~rcczit' BaT c ri T. w^G Weill;
registered in the c ommorci'al register ,f Berlin with an initial capital
of 150 rlilUo_i Rig advanced by the Central Finance Department -f the
SHA. A r o? director ?of this bank, Henry i'loyer, was, in January 1946,,
chief of the nahce Department in the German Central L.cb-.iinistr.^tion for
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Seyoral; reports hint at tho possibility of still another
di$tributign, chan}zelt Fro?-i 1921 to 1938, the Banque Commorciale Pour
L'Europc Du Nord, Paris,' was allegedly controlled by Comintern represent.-
tives, Pmong its directors were one Gurwicz or Curwrich, and Willy
uenzenber, Piatnitzky's appointee as director of all Communist commercial
enterprises in Europe. Connected with the bank were a Soviet citizen
Godovann' jpy, nd,pne Charles,Hilaum who ,was allegedly in charge of the
financinZ of the French Communist Party.
In 1938 the house of Seli,gmann, Paris, was also mentioned
as having served clandestine Comintern purposes. However, no precise
details are currently available,
3 Su ervi o Method .
In an effort.tQ ;systematize Comintern spending. Piatnitzlcy
requested quarterly reports from the sections to account for the use of
Coznint~rr, fps, From, 1926-1930 the German Communist Hugo Eberlein
served as general field supervisor-,-and trouble-shooter for Piatnitzlw.
His job1 involving natters of business management and financial trans-=
actions required. extensive travel-which took him, in 1930, to the OMIS
statioal $hanFhai, In 191_ Eberlei.n was concerned with.the secret
as ncinc, of the 'ranch Communist newspaper L Humanite. An advertising
agency wa!;set up which accepted advertisements for the paper, but paid
out to the paper's management amounts considerably larger than the
receipts +~ om advertisers, In 1933 Eberlein smuggled several hundred
thousand d "9-
).t a s . Qut of .Hitler Germany. Shortly afterwards, he was
instructed Piaatnitz to supervise, organize and finance the printing
of illegal propaganda material for dissemination in the Reich. In 1935,
he was e1Go' d to . e International. Control C,ormniss io and a year later
,was arrest ;c an Strasbourg, France. Finally extradited to the Soviet
Uniion, he disappeared in the purges of 1937, together with his bosses
Pia tn4tzky and Abramov c Hirov.
This .pk his. bean reported recently as concerned with the financing
or tiro k'ronci Cor,nu41ist Party.
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 Approved For Release 1;999/0
~}~ ECCI FIELD 1.G~ ?CTLS AIM REPR, SE ITATM9.
b recutive probler-?, of the Comintern and its political
t
oration on this sphere Cf Cumin ern ac on.
The as c e
steerin' one, clano.esta.ne action agencies in 1;oscota was to translate
directives and a_nstruciions into effective action In the areas of the
sections. For this purpose it s?ias clearly necessary, especially in the
amateurish and etisorrgganized 120's to establish directly in the field
forward azencies or "relay stations" with sufficient power to impose the
decisions off` the ECCI on the national parties.
The personnel and activities of -these field agencies were, in general,
closely ruardecl secrets, not only because such Comintern installation,-
-represented an eincroachm.ent upon the sovereignty of the countries in
which they operated, but also because the- were in all cases closely con-
cer1i. cl with illegal party work. The cland.es-tine character of these field
activities has naturally resulted in a great paucity of reliable infor-
'' t' oin n the ficlcl on` a country- or regional basis, was
'n ern 1?eresentat veswere "especially obligee to supervise
the cariri outf the decisions o the World Congresses and of the
V01.11 They roceived their ili?truuctionS from the Praesicitiun and its
Political Secretariat, to which they were responsible, and had the
'statutory right to participate in meetings of the central party
bodies as well as of the local or,--ani zations of the sections to
which they titre sent.`heyy were also entitled to oppose decisions
which were .not in lino with their instructions. In 1924 an authen-
tatives?
n
a
appeal to tl.c ECCI or the F-r-aesi Wile
ECCI ~~rec ,1
primarif ;r ac iicved throe gh three types of field. agencies: Permanent
Bureaus, Comintern Popresentatives, and Comintern Instructors.
PQmanent Bureaus, according to Corsi intern statutes, had the
purpo e of establishing close contact with the Sections in order
to be better able to guide their trorl>." The sections were obliged
to#*carry o- it to instructioi-is -r' -t-he bureaus, even -.DenclinL; an
tic document mentions two caterora-es of soon repiese,
to the Soctions,'chosen from
prig S 'COT mcz .bens or other qualif ied personnel,
dndowod with the fullest powers;
11ing representatives 1-noso task was to visit
Ie varios sections in order to supervise and control
1tio eia
iiotterf old, L. E. Q Carr
USA
China
Alterrnato
Chzhan
Cook
USA.
Alternate
Dimitros
Greece
Alternate
Earsman, W9P.
Australia
Eborlcin, Hugo
Germany
Froelich, Paul
Germany
Poland
Alternato
Greece, J.
Latin America
Alternate
Hane.nchen
Korea
Heckert, Fritz
Germany
Honr~,ot, ~,
France
Hum crt-Droz, Jules
Switzerland
I rd.anov
13ul&,aria
Altornate
Janson
Luxemburg
Hanson
Holland
Alternate
Jones, David Ivon
South Africa
Alternate
Jorgensen
Denmark
Alternate
iias lyan
Armenia
Kat:.yama, Son
Japan
Kid Dom, Karl
Sweden
Koplonig, Joh^nn.
Austria
1~ ritschonor, Fritz
.Austria
Eroibich, Karl
Czechoslovakia
Otto V.
Kuusinon
Finland
,
Lekai
Com. International of Youth;Hungary
Lorin, Vladimir Ilyich USSR
Los sog France
Lozovski, St.lomon A. RILU
Manner Finland
Markovich Yugoslavia
Mil hail Com. International of Youth
Muonzonborg, Willi Con, International of Youth,Germany
Alternate Mussabolt.ov Azerbaijan
Neurath, Alois Czechoslovakia
van Ovorstraten Eolgium
Alternate Pogolmann Estonia
Alternate Ponolon, J. F'. Latin America
Popov, Dimitri. S. Bulf aria
hniak Poland
P
ruc
Radek, Karl Poland & USSR
Alternate Roy, Manabondranath India
Alternate Salih Turkey
Schefflo Norway
Schueller, Richard Com. International of Youth;Austria
Approved For Release 1999/9666
 Approved For Release
#' .to al^
Tz oiurir, ,
"u ~an,tado A
crraclni. m'Bert.o
'r. "teon f.
RbP78-~2ra46 R000600130001-7
tlkr~r:ino
inland
France
Latvia
Near East, Persia
Italy
USSR
Georgia
USA
Ireland
Germany
ywex'ausky, Osc^r C Balclwwrin
`i
~,x civ .ov, Grigor
PNI
q. -1 11 ~ r
ie-cto . at the ?ourtli ''4or'! c
* ~ " Glill am` ITT.
4.tcr~3atoettczcr au1
t nct 3cr i'ra l odoo `
rat Y
T Td1coIal
can
:U, Hugo
Y6~ ?LFd'.Fy,V Q.1r ; O
Antonio
12
? :und Zoth"
Al
JI
901
Ldwinama on
Carr
xov, l'asil' ,
n~rl.. 4 tr+ ;
tat or-ha
l,trItp
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.1,tcr is to
I-It `in,-tQ
F41 rz .diTmir Ill~ich
ave
Tux4Alois
lV owboir U, `r, v!alton
oar ~ nat o i ra na th
tcerg$ `Charles E.
Qv
r Richard
~tc,,umi,r
W r2cr for stirnor)
rotzkv. Loon +,ji.
2 IV V, rigori
ta -a a.ra .
South I~f rica
Germany
Italy
USA.
TSL
France
Germany
France
Australia
Italy
Italy
Sweden
C erman,T
3 pan
USA
Balkans and Bulgaria
Finland
USSR
G. Britain (Ireland)
Balkans
Czochos .ovakia
Czochoslovakia
G Britain
Poland
Poland TJSSP.
Inc' is
e Damon USIA
Orient
Norway
L`o 'Iritornational of Youth;Austria
C`om. Iritcrr tional of Youth
Czechoslovakia
France
Mooted at t~lo Fifth T orld Congress
A.tr ate o Cki
I.medoo
0ov .ch
i?icolai
11`em troy Cxeorgi
C ~?a o fto row piny, 'an
i na e of Iota ~acqucs
Approved Foi Release 1.9
Latin America
C erma.ny
USSR
in l924,.
Noland
Italy
YU-F,Fslavia
China
Rumania.
tag.-,,aria,
Czechoslovakia
Trance
'78-02646R0006001 30001. -7LL
 Approved For Release 1,,99/
IA-RDP78-02646R000600130001-7"
Alternate Dunne, Y,, it liam V.
USA
Fi^l,a,"Gottlieb
Austria
Filippovich, Filip
Yugoslavia
Alternate Fisher Rutin
,
Germany
William Z.
'ostcr
USA
Frunzo
Ukraine
Alternate Gal_lachor, William
G. Britain
Ge hke, Ottornar'
Germany
Alternate Giro lt, Suzanne
France
zr~ejorzewslki
Pol^.nd
Alternate Hansen, Arvid Gilbert
HePscn
Norway
Com. International
h
'
Sweden
lund, Zot
F Io,0
Japciu.0 otte, Joseph
Belgium
Alternate J crrom, Guy
France
IK