FOREIGN OFFICIAL AND PRIVATE MAP PUBLISHERS- BRAZIL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-01617A002700040001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 67
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 22, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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COPY NO.
FOR THE CHIEF,CIA LIBRARY
FOREIGN OFFICIAL AND
PRIVATE MAP PUBLISHERS BRAZIL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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This document contains information affecting the na-
tional defense of the United States within the meaning
of the Espionage Act, 50 U.S.C., 31 and 32, as amended.
Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any
manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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1. This copy of this publication is for the information and use
of the recipient designated on the front cover and of individuals under
the jurisdiction of the recipient's office who require the information
for the performance of their official duties. Further dissemination
elsewhere in the. department to other offices which require the informa-
tion for the performance of official duties may be authorized by.the
following:
a. Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for
Intelligence, for the Department of State
b. Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, for the Department
of the Army
c. Director of Naval Intelligence, for the Department
of the Navy
d. Director of Intelligence, USAF, for the Department
of the Air Force
e. Director of Intelligence, AEC,'for the Atomic
Energy Commission
f. Deputy Director for Intelligence, Joint Staff,
for the.Joint Staff
g. Assistant Director for Collection and Dissemination,
CIA, for any other Department or Agency
2. This copy may be either retained or destroyed by burning. in
accordance with applicable security regulations, or returned to the
Central Intelligence Agency by arrangement with the Office of Collection
and Dissemination, CIA.
DISTRIBUTION (M Series):
National Security Resources Board Atomic Energy Commission
Department of State Joint Chiefs of Staff
Department of the Army Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of the Navy Research and Development Board
Department of the Air Force Munitions Board
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction . . . . . .
1-16
A. The Status of Cartography in Brazil
1
B. Triangulation
1+
C. Topographic Maps . . ... .
5
D. General Maps . . . . . . .
.
7
E. Part Maps . . . . . . . . ...
9
F. Special Maps
11
1. Hydrographic Charts .
11
2. Aeronautical Charts . . .
.
12
3. Road Maps . . . . . . .
.
12
4+. `Railroad Maps . . . . . . . . .
..
13
5. Agricultural Maps
6. Mineral Resources Maps
7. Public Works Maps. . . ...
8. Cadastral Maps . . . . . . .
9. Boundary Maps
II. Individual Map Publishers
A. Federal Agencies
1. Centro Nacional de Ensino e Pesquizas Agronomicas
2. Conselho Nacional de Geografia . . . . . . . .
3. Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Ferro . . .
i14
11L
15
15
16
17-54
. .
17
. . .
18
. . .
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4. Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem . . . . . . 22'
5. Departamento Nacional de Obras de Saneamento . . . . . . 23
6. Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios e Canais . . . . . 24
7.- Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral. . . . . . . . 26
8. Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navega?ao, Ministerio
da Marinha . 28
9. Diretoria de Rotas A6reas, Ministerio
de Aeronautica .
29
10. Inspectoria Federal de Obras contra as Secas . . . . . 31
11. Servico Geografico do Exercito . . . . . . . . . 32
B. State Agencies . . . . .
12. Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem, Sao Paulo ... . . . 34
i
13'. Departamento de Geografia e Estatistica
Prefeitura do distrito Federal . . . . . . . . . .
14. Departamento de Geografia, Terras e Coloniz.acao,
Parana
36
15. Departamento de Via a, Sao Paulo . . . . . . . . . . 37
16. 'Departamento Estadual de Geografia e
Cartografia, Santo Catarina . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 38
17. Departamento Geogr&fico, Minas Gerais . . . . . . . . . 38
18. Instituto de Biologia e Pesquizas Tecnologicas,
Parana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
19. Instituto Geografico e Geologico de Sao Paulo . . . . . 42
20-. Sec$ao do Cadastro, Prefeitura de P6rto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
21. Seciao de Plantas do Cadastro, Prefeitura
44
de Sao Paulo .
C
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C. Private Map Publishers
22. Companhia Lithografica Ypiranga . . . . . . . . . . . 45
23. Companhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo . . . . . . . . . 47
24. Empreza de Topografia, Urbanismo e Canstru9oes,
Ltd.a 48
25. Instituto Cartografico Castiglione . . . . . . . . . . . 48
26. Livraria do Globo de Barcellos, Bertaso e Cia . . . . . 50
27. Servi9os Aerofotogrametricos, Cruzeiro do Sul. . . . . . 51
28. Touring Club do Brasil 53
III. Glossary . . . . . . . . . 55-60
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CONFt&*TIAL
A. The Status of Cartography in Brazil.
The establishment of the Conselho Nacional de Geografia (CNG) in
1937 marked the beginning of the era of systematic mapping in Brazil.
For the first time, the coordination of all mapping and geographic
activities became the continuing responsibility of a single agency.
Since 1937, great cartographic progress has been made in Brazil, but the
task of mapping the entire country is still far from complete.
The problems of mapping Brazil are particularly complex because of
the large extent of its territory and the retarded development of large
parts of the interior of the country. Although the easternmost point of
Brazil was the first part of South America to be discovered and has been
shown on maps since the early 1500's, only the narrow coastal zone and a
still narrower strip of the adjacent highlands are today exploited and
settled to any great extent. Except for a few scattered areas, the vast
interior is little known, sparsely populated, and undeveloped.
Practically all of the State governments as well as the federal
government and a number of private cartographers make some kind of maps,
charts,. or plans.1 There has never been, however, a complete compilation
1. An alphabetical list of Brazilian map publishing agencies mentioned in
the text is given with English translations in the glossary at the end
of the paper.
Note: This report has not been coordinated with the intelligence organi-
zations of the Departments of State, Army, Navy, and the Air Force.
nay
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of all known cartographic source materials into a single map of the
country comparable to the Codazzi maps of Colombia and Venezuela or the
DeMoussy and Instituto Geografico Argentino maps of Argentina. Maps made
by federal and state agencies have usually covered only small areas with-
in the boundaries of a single state, or relatively small regions including
several of the smaller states. The few federal organizations that have
mapped areas that overlapped state boundaries have done so principally
as a part of the preliminary studies that preceded the construction of
public works. Coverage by such maps is both scant and scattered. The
work of private firms and individuals has been equally fragmentary. All
of the maps produced by private and official organizations combined do
not provide complete, reliable map coverage of Brazil. In 1922, the
Clube de Engenharia produced, as a private effort, a 1:1,000,000 map in
44 sheets, but it was compiled too hurriedly to give more than a gener-
alized idea of major topographic features of the country and cannot be
considered as reliable. No map at a comparable scale has been made by
any other Brazilian mapping agency. Aerial photographs, topographic and
other reliable surveys, and compiled maps are now being used by the
Conselho Nacional de Geografia in the compilation of a set at 1:500,000
for the eastern highland and coastal area and at 1:1,000,000 for the in-
terior of Brazil.
In 1938, a year after the establishment of the Conselho-Nacional de
Geografia, each of the 1,574 Municipios (counties) of Brazil was ordered
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to prepare within one year a map (1:25,000 to 1:1,000,000) of its area,
indicating the locations and names of all prominent physical and cultural
features. During the next five years, 1939 through 1943, no changes were
to be made in boundaries or place names. After receiving the maps, the
CNG was to study them, adjust the boundary lines, and prepare a new set
of place names in which there would be no duplication. The revised
boundaries, including those of a few newly created municipios, and the
new set of place names were to remain unchanged for another five-year
period from 1944 through 1948, except in. the few cases where new ter-
ritories might be created by executive order. The spelling of all place
names was changed to agree with the new Brazilian orthography, a simpli-
cation of the Portuguese which became official on 23 February 1938.
The municipio maps, now numbering over 1,700, were compiled for the
most part without good geodetic control. For the first time, however,
the entire extent of Brazil was mapped at a fairly large scale. In
addition, an immense amount of geographic detail became available for
study, classification, and use in future compilations.
Wartime trimetrogon aerial photography by U S Army Air Forces
(USAAF) reconnaissance squadrons covers approximately 45 percent of
Brazil -- chiefly in the north and northeast, east of a line drawn from
Rio de Janeiro to Manaus. About 15 percent of the country is covered by
vertical photography flown by various private and official Brazilian
organizations. These photographs provide another valuable source of
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information, but full use of them cannot be made until a sufficient
number of control points are established. The Inter-American Geodetic
Survey is currently working with the Brazilian Government to improve
coverage and control for Brazil.
B. Triangulation.
At present, there are only about 6,000 observed points in Brazil,
many of which are of doubtful accuracy. Triangulation networks are also
poorly developed. The Brazilian Navy has been making observations along
the coast and the lower Amazon since the early 1820's. Early surveys of
the coast were made by the British and French and, in recent years, the
U S Navy and U S Coast and Geodetic Survey have cooperated with the
Brazilian Navy. The Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios e Canais
(DNPRC), in cooperation with the local port authorities and the Navy, has
made second- and third-order triangulations and observations. in and about
most of the ports and harbors of Brazil. The Servico Geografico do
Exercito eid its predecessors in the Ministerio da Guerra have been
taking observations and triangulating in Rio Grande do Sul since 1913,
and in northeastern Brazil since the late 1930's.
Since its establishment in 1937, the CNG is reported to have tri-
angulated a larger area than did the mapping agencies of the Ministerio
da Guerra in the past 45 years. In July 1949, the CNG completed a long
first-order triangulation chain along the 49th meridian from Torres in
Rio Grande do Sul to Goignia in Goitfs. The CNG is. now working east along
hAL
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the 20th parallel. The Servi3os Aereos, Cruzeiro do Sul (CdoS), a
private agency under government contract, has made a good second-order
triangulation of a 1,500-kilometer stretch of the Sao Francisco River and
is to triangulate the entire basin, about one-tenth of the area of Brazil.
In the States of Parana and Santa Catarina, observations and triangulations
have been made by Dr. Reinhard Maack.
State and national road departments have made low-order surveys,
traverses, and leveling in connection with studies for road construction.
State geographical organizations in Espirito Santo, Bahia, Minas Gerais,
Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul have made low-order
triangulation and leveling surveys and many observations of geographical
positions. As yet, no organization has made more than a half hearted
attempt to collect, evaluate and make use of all available materials of
this nature.
C. Topographic Maps.
Although topographic mapping has been in progress since 1903, only
about 15 percent of the total area of Brazil has been mapped at scales of
1:100,000 or larger. Most of the topographic maps at scales ranging from
1:5,000 to 1:108,000 have been produced by one federal agency, two state
agencies, one private company, and one private surveyor.
The Servi?o Geografico do Exercito (SGE) was created in 1932 by the
amalgamation of two mapping organizations then under the Ministerio da
Guerra -- the Comissao da Carta Geral do Brazil (CCGdoB) and the Servi5o
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Geografico Militar (SGM). The former was established in 1903. The
latter was created in 1917 from the Seccao de Estereofotogrametria of
the Estado Maior do Exdreito (SE), which had been established in 1914.
Whereas the CCGdQB published topographic charts made from field surveys,
the SGM worked principally on photogrammetric maps. Both functions have
been continued within the SGE, but the topographic maps at 1:50,000 and
1:100,000 that have been made to date are limited to the Federal District
and parts of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Planimetric maps at 1:25,000
cover only parts of the states of Pernambuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte,
and Ceara. All mapping is based on good quality geodetic surveys.
The Instituto Geografico a Geologico de Sao Paulo (IGGSP) was estab-
lished in 1896 as the Comiss$'o Geografica e Geologica de Sao Paulo and;
although it has been reorganized eight times under different names and
with slightly different functions, it has been active in the field of
mapping in the State of Sh'o Paulo since 1900. At present, over one-half
of the state is covered by good topographic maps at 1:100.,000 based on
field surveys.
The Departamento Geografico de Minas Gerais (DG-MG), organized as:
the Comics-go Geologica de Minas Gerais in 1891, has completed 50 sheets at
1:100,000 covering the southern third of the state of Minas Gerais. All
sheets published to date are based on topographic field surveys, but
future sheets will be completely photogrammetric.
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The Departamento de Aerofotogrametria of the Servijos A4'reos Cruzeiro
do Sul (CdoS) was established in 1935 as a section of the German-owned
"Condor" air lines but today it is an independent Brazilian organization.
It is outstanding as the most prolific producer of excellent quality large-
scale topographic maps in Brazil and, with the possible exception of the
Servicio Aerofotogrametrico Nacional of Per, is the best equipped and
organized service of its kind in Latin America. Large-scale aerial
photogrammetric maps based on high-precision second-order triangulation
are made on contract for government and private organizations. Most of
this mapping is limited to small scattered areas extending from the State
of Rio Grande do Sul to Cearl, but maps have also been made of the Sao
Francisco River for the Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios a Can is
(DNPRC).
Reinhard Maack, now chief geologist and topographer of the Instituto
de Biologia e Pesquizas Tecnologicas (IBPT) of the State of Parana, has
been active in cartographic work for over twenty years and, as a private
individual, has published topographic maps of parts of the State of Parana
at scales ranging from 1:25,000 to 1:100,000, based on his own tri-
angulations.
D. General Maps.
One official and several private organizations produce general small-
scale-maps of Brazil. These maps tend to be over-generalized and vary
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greatly in quality. Most of them have been compiled from a number of
incomplete official and unofficial sources.
The general maps of Brazil prepared by the Conselho Nacional de
Geografia (CNG) are the best and most nearly accurate, but only a few
have been published. The CNG, as the official coordinator of geography
and cartography for Brazil, has access to many types of information not
generally available to other compilers. The best general map produced
to date is the CNG Maps, do Brazil at 1:5,750,000, published in 1945.
The map has hypsometric tints that appear to have been taken, with only
slight revision, from the 1:5,000,000 Map of the Americas published by
the American Geographical Society of New York. All of the numerous
place names included are given in the new official spelling, internal
and international boundary lines have been corrected, and road and
railroad information has been brought up to date. A new edition of the
CNG map is being prepared at 1:5,000,000 for publication in 1950.
The Instituto CartogrfLco Castiglione (ICC), successor to Jose
Castiglione, who was the leading private cartographer of Brazil'for over
twenty years, has produced wall maps of the country at 1:4,000,000 and
1:7,000,000 that include considerable detail and have a fairly high degree
of accuracy. Two other private publishing firms, the Companhia
Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo (Melhoramentos) and the Livraria do Globo
(0 Globo) of Porto Alegre, have also compiled and published maps of
Brazil as wall maps in smaller-scale editions. These maps are too
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generalized and sketchy for any use. other than in schools.
E. Part Maps.
General maps of parts of Brazil, either single states or groups of
states, are more common and usually are of better quality than maps of
the entire country. Few federal agencies have made maps of this type,
but the geographic organizations that have been established in many of
the state governments publish general and special subject maps of their
states. Each of these organizations now serves two functions -- (1) as
the principal geographic and geologic mapping agency of the state and
(2) as a branch of the Con$elho Nacional de Geografia. Private carto-
graphers and compilers also have produced state and regional maps of
good quality, for which much of the information was taken from official
Since 1908, the Inspectoria Federal de Obras Contra as Secas (IFOCS)
has been active in mapping the periodically drought-stricken area of
northeastern Brazil. This area of 258,620 square miles, almost as large
as Texas, includes all or parts of the states of Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande
do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia. Rapid re-
connaissance surveys have been made of the whole area for maps at
1:400,000 to 1:5,000,000. The maps, while lacking adequate geodetic
control, are fairly detailed, and are the best Brazilian maps available
for the area.
COPfffJEtTIAQ
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The Instituto Geografico e Geologico de Sa Paulo (IGGSP) in 1947
and the Departamento Geografico of Minas Gerais (DG-MG) in 1944 have
produced creditable general maps of their states at 1:1,000,000. Both
agencies compile small-scale general maps only incidentally, the
principal interest of both being topographic maps. The Departamento de
Geografia, Terras e Colonizacto (DGTC) of the State of Parana and the
Departamento Estadual de Geografia e Cartografia of the State of Santa
Catarina (DEGC) have issued maps of the two states at the scales of
1:500,000 and 1:800,000, respectively. Both maps were published in 1948
just before the 1949-53 changes in municipios were announced and conse-
quently, a few internal boundaries and place names are erroneous.
Both the Instituto Cartografico Castiglione (ICC) and the Companhia
Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo (Melhoramentos) have published maps of states
and parts of Brazil, compiled from official sources. The ICC, in 1941+,
issued a topographic map of the State of Sao Paulo at 1:500,000 and
general maps of Goias at 1:1,000,000, Mato Grosso at 1:2,000,000, Northern
Brazil at 1:2,000,000, and Northern Brazil and Southern Brazil at
1:1,000,000. In 1949, a new gradient-tinted map of the State of Sao Paulo
was issued at 1:1,000,000. Melhoramentos printed a gradient-tinted map
of the State of Sto Paulo in 1948 and another of the states of Minas
Gerais, Rio do Janeiro, Espirito Santo, and the Federal District at
1:1,450,000 in 1947.
COE&IAL
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F. Special Subject Maps.
Maps on special topics or for special uses covering all or parts of
Brazil are produced by a large number of official federal and state or-
ganizations. Private cartographers and commercial concerns have shown
little interest in this type of map and, except for road maps, have pro-
duced practically none.
1. Hydrographic Charts.
The Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegalao (DEN) of the Ministerio da
Marinha has produced excellent hydrographic charts of the coast of Brazil
/ I
from Rio Parnaiba, in the north, to Uruguay and the Rio de La Plata.
Coastal surveying has been in progress since the early 1820's. In the
early 1860's, the French navy surveyed practically all the coast and these
calculations were used for a long time by the Brazilians. Within the last
15 years, however, new detailed surveys have been made and the hydro-
graphic charts are being revised from aerial photography, which now cover
all of the coast south of Vitoria and five of the northern ports.
The Departamento Nacional de P&A?tos, Rios e Canais (DNPRC) has re-
cently published large-scale topo-hydrographic charts of 20 of the most
important ports of Brazil. These are based on local triangulations.
Soundings are rechecked each year by the 18 field offices in cooperation
with the local port authorities. The charts are reproduced only as
Ozalid prints for DNPRC use.
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2. Aeronautical Charts.
The Diretoria de Rotas Areas (DRA) is the only compiler of aero-
nautical charts in Brazil, although the CNG expects to enter the field in
1950. A series of 32 flight strips at 1:1,000,000 cover the major air
routes of the country. Landing charts for many of the air fields, which
include landing regulations, are published at large scales for inclusion
in bulletins issued for DRA. Although these flight charts were reported
by the CNG as being of better quality than the USAF charts of the same
areas, commercial and military pilots generally prefer and use the charts
made in the United States. Place names on the Brazilian flight strips
have been corrected and the aeronautical information is recent and
official.
3. Road Maps..
The best road maps of Brazil for general use are issued by private
agencies. Although the Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem
(DNER) and the Departamento de Estrad.as de Rodagem of each state issue
official road maps, these agencies tend to emphasize projects for future
road construction or details of construction. The IFOCS has made larger-
scale, more reliable, and more useable maps for the states of Alagoas,
Pernambuco, and Sergipe. The Touring Club do Brazil (TCB) has issued a
map of central, eastern, and southern Brazil which, although at a fairly
large scale, distinguishes only federal, state, and municipio roads and
gives no indication of road conditions. The Standard Oil Company (Esso)
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compiles the most reliable and useable road maps of central, eastern, and
southern Brazil. Texaco has a series of 16 strip route-guides, which
were revised and reissued in 19+9 for the general public.
Alberto Entree, owner of the Livraria Central in Florianopolis,
Santa Catarina, is now personally checking all roads in that state with a
view to publishing a road map of Santa Catarina in 1950.
The Instituto Geocartogr&ico Sagres in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do
Sul, issued a road map of that state at 1:750,000 in 19+8 and is now
working on a new edition of it.
4. Railroad Maps.
The Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Ferro (DNEF) has published
a series of maps of separate states and groups of small states, and two
maps of all of Brazil in its entirety but some of the maps are out of
date. State railroad agencies, such as the Departamento de Viacao of
S o Paulo (DV-SP), issue few maps other than those showing details of
construction and projected routes. The "Guia Levi," which is issued
monthly, includes an adequate general railroad map of Brazil to accompany
train schedules. The Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo editions of "Guia
Levi" differ in only one respect -- each contains a street map of the
town of issue. The Great Western of Brazil Railway, with headquarters
in Recife, Pernambuco, published a map of its lines in Rio Grande do
i
Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas at 1:1.000,000 in 191+0.
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5. Agricultural Maps.
Practically no maps on agricultural subjects have been published in
Brazil. The Centro Nacional de Ensino e Pesquizas Agrontmicas (CNEPA)
has compiled an ecological atlas of the country showing major crops by
municipios according to the most recent official data. CNEPA, however,
has no immediate plans for publishing the atlas. The Divisao de
Geografia (Division of Geography) of the CNG is making land use studies
of areas potentially suitable for colonization. Maps are made from field
and aerial photographic data.
6. Mineral Resources Maps.
Few geological or mineralogical maps of all or parts of Brazil have
been issued. The Departamento Nacional?de Produjao Mineral (DNPM) pub-
lished a geological atlas of Brazil in 1933, which includes a separate
map of each state. Present plans include a revision of these maps from
data collected since 1933, DNPM has also published a geological map of
Brazil and neighboring countries at 1:7,000,000 (1938), a geological map
of Brazil at 1:5,000,000 (1942), maps of the geographical distribution of
Mineral deposits and of mineral industries (both 1944), and a map of pos-
sible petroleum fields in Brazil (1938). Numerous large-scale maps of
small but important mineral areas have been printed to accompany reports
in the various bulletins issued by DNPM. The Conselho Nacional de
Petroleo (CNP) has let a contract to the CdoS to make topographic maps at
1:20,000 of the petroleum field of 20,600 square kilameters in the eastern
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part of the state of Bahia.
7. Public Works Maps.
Maps of ports, canals, reservoirs, hydroelectric power station
sites, and irrigation and drainage projects are made by the Departamento
Nacional de Partos, Rios e Canals (DNPRC), IFOCS, the Diviyao de Aguas
of DNPM, and the Departamento Nacional de Obras de Saneamento (DNOS).
These maps are at scales ranging from 1:1,000 to 1:100,000. The largest-
scale maps are for special study and construction work.
8. Cadastral Maps.
Cadastral maps of real estate developments, cities, and municipios
have been made at scales ranging from 1:250 to 1:50,000 by official and
officially contracted private agencies. Also the cadastral sections of
the local governments in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre, Belo
Horizonte and other cities make very large-scale maps for their own use.
City, town, and municipio maps at scales of 1:1,000 or larger are made by
CdoS, using aerial photogrammetric methods, and by the Empr9za de Topo-
grafia, Urbanismo e Construc'oes, Ltda. (ETUC), using only ground surveys.
there are seven other organizations similar to ETUC
in Rio de Janeiro and ETUC itself has three branch offices in other states.
The-land and colonization offices in many states have made rough surveys
and maps of much state-owned land, especially that which has been set
aside for colonists.
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9. Boundary Maps.
Boundary commissions of the Ministerio de Relaaoes Exteriores have
been surveying, delimiting and demarcating the international boundaries
of Brazil since 1872. Boundaries between Brazil and the three Guianas,
Venezuela, and Colombia are defined by treaty but in general have not
been surveyed; the Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay
boundaries have been surveyed by joint commissions. Most of the resulting
maps are in manuscript form and are filed in the Servijo de Documentacao
of the library of the Ministerio de Relaaoes Exteriores.
Inter-state and inter-municipio boundary maps are under the juris-
diction of the CNG, which has produced special outline maps of each state,
showing the accepted boundaries and the administrative centers of states
and municipios for the period 1943748. The various State assemblies have
authorized the creation of numerous new municipios, and all published
municipio maps must consequently be revised.
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II. INDIVIDUAL MAP PUBLISHERS
A. Federal Agencies.
1. Centro Nacional de Ensino e Pesquizas Agronomicas, Ministerio do
Agriculture (National Center for Agronomic Education and Research, Ministry
of Agriculture) Kilometro 47 (on Rio-Sao Paulo Highway), State of Rio de
Janeiro
Administrative Office: Avenida Pasteur 404, Rio de Janeiro, D..F.
Dr. Alvaro Barcelos Fagundez, Director
Dr. Francisco Domicio de Azevedo, Chief, Agricultural Climatology Section
Dr. Arturo Holanda, Chief, Soil Fertility Section
Sr. Fausto A. Fontes, Microphotographic draftsman
Although the Centro National de Ensino o Pesquizas Agronomicas (CNEPA)
is an agricultural school rather than a mapping agency, it has prepared
f
manuscript maps for a crop atlas of Brazil. A soils map of Ceara and
Piaui is also being compiled, probably for publication in an official
report. Only one cartographer-draftsman is employed but several profes-
sore are engaged in research leading to the publication of maps.
Dr. Domicio de Azevedo headed a group which drew up a questionnaire
to be sent to the authorities of each of the 1,700 municipios of Brazil
requesting official figures on crop production. Of the municipios, 50
percent returned complete information and another 27 percent supplied
incomplete data. On the basis of these returns, 22 maps showing major,
secondary, and minor crops were compiled. By mid-1949, all of the maps
had been completed and they show the distribution of sugar cane, beans,
wheat, castor beans, rice, millet, flax, cotton, coffee, cacao, mandioca,
potatoes, and other crop production. Dr. Fagundez stated in October 1949
that although the atlas had been completed, it might never be published.
IITIAL
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Dr. Holanda is preparing a generalized soils map of Ceara and Piaui as
part of a study on northeast Brazil. At least six general soils types are
to be shown, but the map is still in compilation. Chemical analyses of
soils and data on the characteristics of the vegetation cover of the various
soil types are available for much of northeastern Brazil. No indication
ae to the possible date of publication has been given.
The drafting of the atlas and soils map is being done by hand. The
atlas maps show distribution by simple black and white symbols. Both the
atlas and the soils map will necessarily be generalized, as complete in-
formation is not available. Both, however, will be valuable contributions
to the geographic knowledge of Brazil, if and when they are printed.
2./ Conselho Nacional de Geografia, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia
e Estatistica (National Council of Geography, Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics)
Main office: Edificio Serrador, 5th floor, Pracaa Mahatma Gandhi 11+, Rio
de Janeiro, D. F.
Dr. Cristovam Leite de Castro, Secretary General
Dr. Jorge Zarur, Assistant Secretary
Divisao de Cartografia (Cartography Division): Av. Pasteur 1+04 (lower
floor), Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Dr. Allyrio Hugueney de Mattos, Director
Dr. Armando S. Schnoor, Chief, Revision Section
Divisao de Geografia (Geography Division): Rua Senador Dantas 14, 21st.
floor, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Dr. Fabio de Macedo Scares Guimaraes, Director
Dr. Miguel Alves de Lima, Chief, Geographical Studies Section
The Conselho Nacional de Geografia (CNG) was established in 1937.
It acts as the official coordinating agency for all government geographic
and cartographic work. The CNG has been charged with all first-order
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triangulation and geodetic observations, the checking and evaluating of
all existing data on geographical positions, and the compilation of gen-
eral maps and the Carta Geral do Brasil (General map of Brasil) at
1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000. All of these maps are for the use of govern-
ment agencies and for public sale. The CNG has produced many maps on a
number of subjects and at various scales during the last 13 years. The
principal objectives at present are the topographic series at 1:500,000
and 1:1,000,000, a reconnaissance topographic series of the state of Bahia
at 1:250,000, a general map at 1:5,000,000, and special-subject maps of
states at various scales.
The Divisao de Geografia (Geography Division) has a staff of over
50 persons, only 8 of whom are cartographer-draftsmen. It produces only
special maps to accompany geographic research and field studies on sub-
jects such as the distribution and movement of population, land utiliza-
tion, vegetation changes, and soils.
The Divisao de Cartografia (Cartography Division) which has a field
force of 80 and an office staff of 106 (including photogrammetrists, re-
searchers and compilers, cartographer-draftsmen, and calculators), does
most of the cartographic work. As of September 1949, only 10 of the
1:500,000 sheets, 11 of the 1:1,000,000 sheets, and 5 of the 1:250,000
sheets had been published. Work is in progress on 60 other sheets at
1:500,000, 13 sheets at 1:1,000,000, and 3 sheets at 1:250,000. Photo-
copies of about 30 rough preliminary sheets were received in Washington
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in 19+7; most of those sheets have not yet been completed. Outline maps
showing the internal political divisions (municipios) have been made for
each of the states and for Brazil as a whole, but must be revised in view
of the additional municipios set up. A general one-sheet map of Brazil
at 1:5,750,000 has been published, but it is now out of print and a re-
vised edition at 1:5,000,000 is scheduled for publication in 1950. Work
is also in progress on a 1:3,000,000 map of the country. The CNG plane
to complete the mapping of the country at 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 during
the next two years and to eventually produce a larger-scale set.
Sources used for the 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 maps are listed on the
individual sheets and include: (1) various surveys by SGE, CNG, and other
official agencies; (2) aerial photographs taken by the USAF; (3) the
American Geographical Society (AGS) 1:1,000,000 Map of Hispanic America;
(4) the USAF aeronautical charts at 1:1,000,000, which include photo-
grammetric information; and (5) about 1,700 maps received in response
to the CNG requirement that each municipio make a large-scale map of
its area. Though many are poorly drawn, the municipio maps provide-much
detailed information and are widely used in map compilations by CNG,
SGE, and other Brazilian organizations. Data on some 6,000 control points
in Brazil are now being rechecked for accuracy by CNG and the Inter-
American Geodetic Survey (US Army Engineers): Points observed by US
Coast and Geodetic Survey, though accepted as accurate, are few in num-
ber and are located only along the coast. All maps are drafted by hand
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on plastic with separate sheets for each color. Place names are pre-
printed on transparent adhesive, which is applied to the manuscript map.
The 1:6,500,000 maps issued up to 1945 were highly generalized. The
1:5,750,000 map issued in 1946, although the best and most recent official
map of the country, was copied to a large extent from the AGS 1:5,000,000
map. Only minor changes were made in the physical features, but all of
the place names were corrected, according to the legal requirements.
At the scales on which CNG is working, the amount of detail that
can be shown is limited. Accuracy varies with the sources used. Only
those parts that have been taken from aerial photographs or maps made
from aerial photos may be considered as being of good reliability.
Nevertheless, when completed, the CNG maps at 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000
will comprise the most recent and probably the most reliable cartographic
sources of information on Brazil. The only comparable sets published are
the 1:1,000,000 maps (now out of date) of the Clube de Engenharia, the
1:1,000,000 series of the AGS, and the 1:1,000,000 aeronautical charts
of.the USAF.
r
3. gepartamento Nacional do Estradas de Ferro, Ministerio de Viajao
e-Obras Publicas (National Railroad Department, Ministry of Transport and
Public Works)
Avenida Graja Aranha 416, 10th floor, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Eng. Arthur Pereira de Castilho, Director General
The Departamento Nacional de Estradae de Ferro (DNEF) is the official
agency for the development of railroads in Brazil and publishes the offi-
cial railroad maps of the country. The maps are made principally for the
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use of the Ministerio de Viacao e Obras Publicas, although some are issued
as wall maps for public use. The cartographic staff is small and has pro-
duced no maps recently. The maps previously published include general
planimetric maps at scales ranging from 1:1,000,000 to 1:5,000,000 for
each of the Brazilian states, or groups of small states. Special surveys,
plans, and profiles are made for projected railroads, but they are at very
large scales and are of no use in compiling smaller-,scale maps. Plans for
the future include periodic revision of the general maps.
Except for data on railroads, the maps are compiled from various
.sources, most of which are of doubtful reliability. All maps are hand
drawn. They are suitable and have sufficient detail for wall maps, the
coloring and lettering are well handled, and the legends are adequate.
Details concerning railroads can be accepted as accurate as of the date of
publication. As a whole, the accuracy of the maps is questionable, and
they should be used only for general reference purposes.
4+. Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem, Ministerio de Via9ao
11
e Obras Publicas (National Highway Department, Ministry of Transport and
Public Works)
Edificio "A Niote", 19th floor, Praia Maua, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Francisco Saturnine Braga, Director General
The Departamento Nacional de Estradas de Rodagem (DNER) is the offi-
cial highway department of the national government and as such, produces
maps for the use of engineers of the department and for inclusion in offi-
cial reports. The staff is small and very few maps are produced. The
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DNER makes maps of Brazil only. Most of these are maps of projected high-
ways. The files of the organization contain fairly complete reports on
highways, distances, the condition of roads, and plans for projected roads
that have been collected from state highway offices. Only small-scale
generalized road maps showing highways in operation and projected highways
are issued for public use. The same type of maps will be made in the future,
but the DNER also plans to make a larger number of maps in cooperation with
the various state highway departments.
The sources used in the compilation of DNER maps are official road
reports from various state highway departments and DNER records. The only
acceptable geodetic information used is that acquired in surveying routes
for new roads. All of the maps are hand drawn. A number have been repro-
duced as Ozalid prints and have been hand colored. The maps are neat but
are drawn at such a small scale that details are highly generalized. Even
the detail shown is of doubtful accuracy. The maps are of use principally
in planning for future road construction in Brazil.
5. Departamento Nacional de Obras de Saneamento, Ministerio de Via9ao
e Obras Publicas (National Department of Sanitation Work, Ministry of Trans-
port and Public Works)
Avenida Venezuela 53, 4th floor, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Dr. Camilo de Manses, Director
Eng. Clovis Correa Leitao, Chief, Hydraulic Section
The Departamento Nacional de Obras de Saneamento (DNOS) is the offi-
cial government agency in charge of drainage developments and sanitary
measures, and produces maps of those areas in which reclamation work is
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in progress or is needed. Although it has a small cartographic staff, the
DNOS has produced a comparatively large number of maps and sketches of sec-
tions of Brazil for its own use. Planimetric maps, especially of hydro-
graphy, are made at various scales. No large area has been covered by any
one map, but much of the marshy area along the east coast has been mapped
planimetrically. Some 3,000 original maps, sketches, and plans, mostly of
rivers and canals, have been made for study or inclusion in DNOS reports.
Few maps are made for general publication. The DNOS plans to continue
production of maps of the same type and at the same rate, but in the future
more use is to be made of aerial photography and mosaics.
Sources used in the compilation include DNOS river surveys without
geodetic control, surveys and maps by other agencies, and ground and aerial
photographs. A library of 3,000 original maps, sketches and plans, 350
air mosaics, and 3,000 photographs is available to the cartographers and.
engineers for reference. All drafting is done by hand and all maps, except
those in printed reports, are issued as Ozalid prints. The work is neat and
hydrographic features are particularly well shown. The amount of detail
varies according to the scale of the map. The accuracy of the maps cannot
be guaranteed, since little triangulation is used in their production.
The maps are of value principally for the study of drainage basins and
stream flow in eastern Brazil.
6. Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios-e Canais, Ministerio de
Via ao e Obras Publicas (National Department of Ports, Rivers and Canals,
Ministry of Transport and Public Works)
Praca Maua 10, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
CONFII3ENTIAL
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Dr. Clovis de Macedo Cortes, Director General
Dr. Gilberto Magalhaes, Executive Director
Eng. Sylvio Lopes de Couto, Director, Division of Plans and Works
Dr. Jose G. de Amorim Garcia, Director, Division of Hydrography
The Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios e Canais (DNPRC) is the offi-
cial agency for the development and care of ports, rivers, and canals in
Brazil and for the production of maps for the use of engineers and officials
of the Ministerio de Viacao e Obras Publicas. The 18 field (district) offices
in operation are engaged in surveying and sounding ports and harbors within
their districts in cooperation with the local port authorities. Charts are
made, revised, and sent to the main office for information and study. The
cartographic staff in the Rio office is small, and maps made are limited to
Brazil. They are prepared for use in official studies and reports of the
agency. Large-scale topohydrographic charts of 20 of the major ports of
Brazil have been.made on drafting paper suitable for Ozalid reproduction.
A 1:4.000,000 map of navigable rivers in Brazil was prepared in 1947 but
only Ozalid copies were made. A revised edition was lithographed for issue
in late 1949 and should now be available. Large-scale topographic maps,
sketches, and profiles are made for the planning and construction of ports
and canals and for river control. Future production will continue along
the same lines.
The DNPRC has contracted with the CdoS for the construction of 1:5,000
topographic maps of the Sao Francisco River based on aerial photography and
good second-order triangulation. One-third of the maps have been drafted,
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and two-thirds of the restitution and seven-eights of the triangulation
were completed as of October 1, 1949. The maps are drafted on heavy
drafting board and are reproducible only by photography. Apparantly
DNPRC has no plans for printing distribution or other copies made from
these originals.
Sources used in the compilation and construction of DNPRC maps are
principally surveys by DNPRC and DNH engineers, and large-scale topo-
graphic maps and plans produced by the government agencies concerned
with rivers. The amount of geodetic data used by the agency is lim-
ited and of unknown quality. All drafting is done by hand. Most of
the maps are issued as Ozalid prints, blueprints, or photostats.
Printed reductions are made for inclusion in reports of the DNPRC.
The maps available show adequate detail for the special purposes for
which they were planned and are well drawn and legible. The maps are
of value because so few other maps have been made of Brazilian rivers
and ports.
7. Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral, Ministerio de
Agricultura (National Department'of Mineral Production, Ministry of
Agriculture)
Avenida Pasteur 404, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Eng. Mario da Silva Pinto, Director General
Eng. Waldemar Josh da Carvalho, Chief, Division of Waters
Dona Dolores Iglesias, Chief Librarian
Eng. Axel Lofgren, Chief, Topographic and Geologic Map Section
The Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral (DNPM), is the offi-
cial Brazilian geological service, and consists of a number of small
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specialized offices. Its .only publications are special. geologic and large-
scale topographic maps of.Brazil produced especially for the use of the
Ministerio de Agricultura and for publication in mineral reports. No es-
timate can be given of total size of the staff, since it is divided among
a number of offices. Few maps are made in any given year.
Several general maps at the scale of approximately 1:5,000,000 show
geological formation, areas of occurrence of semi-precious stones, and
deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. The 1933 geological atlas,
with separate maps of each state, is in process of revision but no date
for completion is given. Large-scale maps of zones of possible mineral
wealth and of areas around known deposits have been made for publication
in various bulletins and reports. The SecDao de Fora Hidraulica
'(Hydraulic Energy Section) has a large number of topographic maps of
potential dam sites at 1:500 to 1:5,000. It also has a few special-
subject maps showing the distribution of power plants, reservoirs, and
dam sites in Brazil. In 1949, the Seccao de Hidrologia (Hydrology
Section) published an atlas of rainfall containing 28 maps, and it has
drafted a series of 17 maps of the major river basins in Brazil.
Large-scale relief models have also been made in the Secc9ao de Forca
Hidraulica of at least three hydro-electric projects. Further work of
the same type is planned for the future.
All source material used in compilation is taken from surveys and
reports made by DNPM personnel. Little or no geodetic data is used in
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the construction of small-scale maps, but large-scale site maps are
usually based 'on triangulation. All of the drafting is done by hand.
Except for the very large-scale topographic maps, the maps are generalized
and show little detail. The large-scale maps cover such small and
scattered areas that they would be of little use in the compilation of
other maps.
8. Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navega ao, Ministerio de Marinha
(Bureau of Hydrography and Navigation, Ministry of Navy); formerly
Servi9o Hidrografico (Hydrographic Service)
Ilha Fiscal, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Contra-almirante Antonio Guimaraes, Director General
The Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegajao (DHN), the official mapping
agency of the Brazilian Navy, publishes charts, port plans,. and other
materials particularly for the use of the Brazilian Navy and Merchant
Marine. It was set up along the lines of the United States Hydrographie
office. Although the cartographic staff is small in comparison with
those of the topographic mapping agencies mentioned, over 60 coastal
charts have been published.
The charts and ports plans issued by the DEN are limited to
Brazilian coastal areas. Charts made by foreign hydrographic offices
are not reproduced, but master copies are currently revised. Publi-
cations of interest to mariners are also issued by the DHN. The
Brazilian coast from Rio Parnaiba south has been covered by charts,
at scales ranging from 1:2,500 to 1:3,000,000. Revisions have been
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made of a number of these charts. Plans for the future include:
(1) aerial photography of the entire coast; (2) the construction of three
series of charts on large, medium and small scale for the coastal area;
and (3) the revision of all charts currently in use.
Surveys made by the DHN and charts published by the US Navy Hydro-
graphic Office (USHO), the British Admiralty, and the French Hydrographic
Service and DEN aerial photography are the principal sources used in com-
piling coastal charts. A Ryker plotter and 2 bars with 17 multiplex pro-
jectors are used in photogrammetric work. All charts are copper-engraved
for printing. Cartographic methods of the DAN are comparable to those
used in USHO. Unlike the US and British charts, all land areas are over-
printed in green, with relief shown by contours and form lines wherever
possible. The Brazilian charts also show greater detail of physiographic
features near the coast. The charts may be reproduced easily. The USHO
has rated the Brazilian charts as the best issued by any South American
country, comparable to the United States charts in accuracy and content.
9. Directoria de Rotas Aereas, Ministerio de Aeronautica (Bureau
of-Air Routes, Ministry of Aeronautics)
Ponto do Calaboulo (Aeroporto Santos Dumont), Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Ten. Brig. Eduardo Gomes, Director General
Capitao Eiser da Costa Felippe, Chief, Publications Section
The Diretoria de Rotas Aereas (DRA) is the official agency for the
production of aeronautical charts for civil and military use. No infor-
mation is available on the size of the cartographic staff but the organi-
zation is relatively new and has not yet produced many charts.
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To date, aeronautical charts are made only of Brazil, but charts
covering other countries may be made later if they are needed by Brazilian
commercial air lines. Some 32 flight strips at 1:1,000,000, covering the
major air routes of Brazil, have been issued. These appear to have been
compiled from the USAF aeronautical charts at the same scale, with minor
revisions in aeronautical information and corrected place names. Bulletins
on navigation and landing regulations, conditions of fields, meteorology,
isogonic variation, and other flight information are published, usually
with accompanying plans and maps. It is planned to cover all new flight
areas and airfields in Brazil by maps and charts of the same types as
those already published.
No information is available on the geodetic control used in pre-
paring the charts. Although Brazilian authorities claim that the charts
are better than the USAF charts for the same areas, Brazilian pilots pre-
fer to use US charts. The Brazilian charts, are not well made and appear
amateurish in comparison with those of USAF. Physical and cultural data
cannot be shown in great detail at 1:1,000,000; the accuracy of those
shown depends on the sources used, but information on sources is not
available. The charts may be reproduced easily but since their relia-
bility is open to question, they should be used as reference maps
rather than sources for compilation..
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10. Inspetoria Federal de Obras contra as Secas,.Ministerio de
Viacao e Obras Publicas (Federal Inspectorate for Drought Control, Minis-
trylof Transport and Public Works); also known as Departamento Nacional
de Obras contra as Secas (National Department of Drought Control)
Avenida Nilo Pejanha 155, let floor, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Eng. Vinicius Cesar Silva de Berredo, Director General
Antonio Hirsch Marcolino Fragoso, Chief, Aerophotogrammetric service
The Inspetoria Federal de Obras contra as Secas (IFOCS or DNOCS),
the official federal drought control agency, is interested particularly
in the-semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil, which includes all of
the states of Ceara and Rio Grande do Norte, and parts of the states of
Piaui, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia. Maps are pro-
duced principally for the use of the agency and of engineers contracted
to construct reservoirs or irrigation systems. No information is avail-
able on the size of the cartographic staff. The agency has been active
since 1908.
Only maps of northeastern Brazil are made. Those published to date
include some 35 general, geologic, phytogeographic, hypsometric, pluvio-
metric, and road maps of the various states and of the region as a
whole. The scales of the maps range from 1:400,000 to 1:5,000,000.
In addition, the Photogrammetric Section of IFOCS has made several
hundred maps and plans of small areas suitable for reservoirs, dams,
wells, and other drought control installations at from 1:1,000 to
1:25,000. Further work along the same general lines is planned. Com-
pilation of maps at scales larger than 1:25,000 is usually based on
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photogrammetry, whereas maps at smaller scales are prepared from field re-
connaissance and plane-table surveys. All drafting is done by hand. The
maps are reproduced in black and white and are detailed, but tend to have
inadequate legends. Brazilian authorities indicate that the reliability
of IFOCS maps depends on their dates of compilation. The maps are a
valuable source of information, especially since there are few other maps
11. Servico Geograa6fico do Ex6rcito, Ministerio da Guerra (Army
Geografic Service, Ministry. of War)
Morro da Conceijao, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Gral, Djalma Poli Coelho, Director General
Cel. Senna Dias, Administrative Officer
T. Cel. Dacio Cesar, Chief, let Division, Geodesy
Cel. Jacyntho D. Moreira Lobato, Chief 2nd Division, Topography
Cel. Lannes J. Bernardes Jr., Chief, 3rd Division, Photogrammetry.
Cel. Jose Brito e Silva, Chief, 4th Division, Cartography
Cel. Roberto Pedro Michelena, Chief,.1st Survey Division,.P8rto Alegre,
Rio Grande do Sul
The Servico Geografico do Ex4rcito (SGE), the largest official pub-
lisher of topographic maps, produces maps of Brazil primarily for the use
of the Army but also for sale to the public. It has a staff of over 80
persons in Rio de Janeiro, including 24 photogrammetrists and about 30
cartographers and apprentices. The let Survey Division, working out of
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, has at present a staff of 250 field men
engaged in triangulation and leveling. The 2nd Survey Division, with a
smaller group, is working out of Ponta Grossa, Parent. Although the
agency has been active since 1932, only a comparatively small area has
been mapped.
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The principal output of the SGE has been topographic maps at 1:10,000,
1:25,000, and 1:50,000. The larger-scale maps are of small areas of mili-
tary importance. Sheets at 1:50,000 have been made of the Argentine and
Uruguayan border area, the northeastern coast areas, and the Federal
District. A new Carta de Comunicacoes of Brazil south of 2405 is being
compiled at 1:250,000 from existing municipio maps. As of October 191+9,
24 of the sheets for the states of Parana and Santa Catarina had been
published. Work is in progress on sheets of the same set for Rio Grande
do Sul. A new topographic series at 1:100,000 is planned for the State
of Rio Grande do Sul and at least one sheet has been published. Trian-
gulation of second order and precision leveling are being carried on in
northern Rio Grande do Sul. SGE plans to link its lower-order triangu-
lations to the first-order work of the CNG at Torres, Rio Grande do Sul,
and to make the necessary adjustments on the existing net.
The principal sources used in map compilation are SGE topographic
and triangulation surveys, which have been made over a long period of
years, and aerial photographs taken by the USAF and by private contrac-
tors. All drafting and lettering is done by hand. Aerial photographs
are used in the Photogrammetry Section, where two Heyde aerotopographs,
one Zeiss stereoplanigraph, one Poivillier plotter, several bare of Zeiss
multiplex cameras, and a number of Wolfe plotters, developed in the SGE,
are used to transfer information to paper. As many control points are
used as possible. This material is then sent to the Cartographic
COf4F[+TiAL
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Section where contours, hydrography, and cultural , data are drafted in ink
by hand. The sheets are then reproduced at 1:50,000. Work is slaw and
the number of steps required may result in slight errors. Maps are
usually published in black and white and have inadequate legends, but
are otherwise satisfactory. Physical features are given in detail and
are usually accurate. The amount of cultural detail shown varies accord-
ing to the area mapped, much of which is sparsely populated. All of the
sheets may be reproduced easily. Although the maps do not compare
favorably with US maps at the same scale either in presentation or in
accuracy, they are the only source maps available for much of the area
they cover..
B. State Agencies.
12. Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem, Secretaria de Via$ao e
Obras Publicas, Estado de S'o Paulo (Public Roads Department, Secre-
tariat of Transport and Public Works, State of Sao Paulo) Rua
Riachuele 115, 6th floor, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
Dr. Cicero da Costa Neves, Acting Director General
Eng. Civil Valdo Silveira, Assistant to Director General
The Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem (DER-SP), the official
highway organization for the state of Sao Paulo, produces maps princi-
pally for the use of its own engineers and officials. Both the carto-
graphic staff and the annual production of maps are small. Maps are
prepared only for roads in the State of Sao Paulo. The few published
maps have been made principally for inclusion in DER-SP annual reports
or reports on projects in progress. Manuscript maps, plans, profiles,
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and bridge and other construction details are prepared for.all new state
roads being considered or under construction. There are no plans to in-
crease the rate of publication in the future nor is any change in type of
work projected.
The DER-SP used the 1:100,000 topographic sheets of the IGGSP and
aerial photographs, wherever possible, for planning the routes of new
highways. The projected routes are then checked in the field. A map
library of over 20,000 maps, plans, charts, and diagrams in manuscript
form and at extremely large scales is available for reference. All
drafting is done by hand, and the finished maps are usually issued as
Ozalid prints. Detail on the state maps at about 1:1,000,000 is scant
and generalized, but should be considered in compiling maps at smaller
scales. Most of the plans, diagrams, and profiles are not usable in map
compilation because of their very large scales and lack of topographic
information.
13. Departamento de Geografia e Estatistica, Secretaria Gera! de
Interior e Seguranca, Prefecturo do Distrito Federal (Geography and
Statistics Department, General Secretariat of the Interior and Security,
Prefecture of the Federal District)
Avenida Beira Mar 200, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Dr. Sergio Nunes Magalhaes, Jr., Chief
The Departamento de Geografia (DGE) is the official statistical and
geographical research agency in the prefecture of the Federal District.
It produces maps and statistical reports for official and public use.
The cartographic staff is composed of about six cartographer-draftsmen.
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The number of maps produced each year is small and the area covered is
limited to the Federal District. Topographic maps at 1:20,000, 1:75,000,
and 1:125,000 have been issued, but are probably copies of the 1922 SGE
map of the Federal District. A special zoning map at 1:20,000 has been
made of a part of the city. Other statistical data are published by
the DGE in chart form. The DGE also plans to publish a 1:75,000 con-
tour map in six or seven colors and a revised aerial photogrammetric
map at 1:5,000.
Sources used in the preparation of maps are SGE topographic maps
of the Federal District, cadastral maps, and photogrammetric surveys..
All of the drafting is done by hand; the printing is contracted to pri-
vate firms. Cartographic presentation is good except on the 1:125,000
map., on which too much reduction has resulted in illegibility in some
places. The maps are detailed and accurate. They may be reproduced-
satisfactorily in black and white but are of limited use in map compi-
lation because of the small size of the Federal District.
14. Departamento de Geografia, Terras e Colonizacao, Secretaria
da Agricultura, Industria e Comercio (Department of Geography, Lands
and Colonization, Secretariat of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
Av. Iguacu, esq. Marechal Floriano, Curitiba, Parana
Dr. Almir Miro Carneiro, Director General
Dr. Alceu Trevizani Beltr9'o, Chief, Division of Geography
The Departamento de Geografia, Terras e Colonizacao (DGTC) is the
principal map-making agency of the State of Parana'. It produced general
maps of the state at 1:750,000 in 1922 and 1938, and a 1:500,000 map in
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1948.
The latter was partially revised by CNG from aerial photography.
DGTC is now working on topographic-cadastral sheets at 1:100,000 and on
surveys of municipio boundaries. General maps for propaganda purposes
are also made for other agencies, but they are usually prepared in single
copies only. The DGTC has a library of 15,000 maps, which includes pro-
perty, municipio, part, and state maps. The office has 6 draftsmen,.2
of whom have been with the organization for over,20 years.
15.. Departamento de Viacao, Secretaxia de Viacao e Obras Publicas,
Estado de S'o Paulo (Transport Department, Secretariat of Transport and
Public Works, State of Sao Paulo)
Rua Riachuelo 115, 5th floor, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
Dr. Alfredo Borelli, Director
The Departamento de Viacao (DV-SP), the official organization for
the development and administration of railroads in the State of Sao Paulo,
produces maps for use within the Secretaria de Viacao e Obras Publicas of
the state. The cartographic staff is small and very few maps are produced.
.Only maps of Sao Paulo State, showing existing and proposed railroads are
published, but large-scale manuscript plans, charts, and diagrams of sur-
veys and construction details of particular interest to engineers are on
file in. the office. No maps for public distribution have been made recent-
ly but a 19+9 map is being printed at present.
Basic sources for maps at all scales are the IGGSP 1:100,000 and
1:1,000,000 maps, which are supplemented by original surveys by DV-SP
engineers. Too few maps have been produced to make possible detailed
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evaluation.. Inasmuch as no maps more recent than 1937 are available,
DV-SP maps would be of little use to compilers.
16.' Departamento Estadual de Geografia e Cartografia (State Depart-
ment of Geography and Cartography)
Edifico Ipase, 4th floor, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina
Eng. Antonio Victor Peluso, Director (on leave in US)
Eng. Carlos Buchele, Junior, Interim Director
The Departamento Estadual de Geografia and Cartografia (DEGC) pre-
pares municipio maps at various scales, as well as general maps of the
state of Santa Catarina at 1:500,000 and 1:800,000. The staff includes
two geographers, three topographers, and nine draftsmen. All of the maps
prepared are tied to geographical coordinates, about 300 of which have
been verified and approved by CNG. Precision leveling along roads has
been done by DEGC engineers working with the CNG groups. DEGC engineers
also assisted the CNG in its first-order triangulation net across the
state along the 49th meridian.
DEGC plans to revise the general map of the State of Santa Catarina
every two years, to publish topographical-cad_astral sheets at 1:100,000,
and to make an album of the municipio maps, principally for teaching
purposes. General maps of the state are compiled from topographic and
leveling surveys and from aerial photographs. The DEGC also publishes
a Boletim that includes excellent geographical studies.
17. Departamento Geografico, Servijo Publico do Estado de Minas
Gerais (Geographic Department, Public Service of.the State of Minas
Gerais)
Praca da Liberdade, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais
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Benedito Quintino dos Santos, Director
Josh de Oliveiro Duarte, Chief, Astronomic and Geodetic Division
Valdemar Lobato, Chief, Topographic and Cadastral Division
Octavio Roscpe, Chief, Cartographic and Drafting Division
The Departamento Geografico, Servip Publico do Estado de Minas Gerais
(DG-N.) is the official topographic mapping agency for the State of
Minas Gerais and is the state branch of CNG. Topographic maps are pro-
duced primarily for the use of state and national government departments.
The staff is small and produces only a few topographic or general maps of
the State of Minas Gerais in any one year.
General maps of the state at 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 and topographic
maps at 1:100,000 are the principal publications. The DG-MG also co-
operated with the Secretaria de Viacao e Obras Publicas in 1944 in pro-
ducing a road map of the state. To date, fifty sheets at 1:100,000,
covering about one-third of the state, have been completed. No maps were
produced between 1939 and 1948 for lack of printing arrangements. A
contract has been made with SGE for future printing needs and eight sheets
are expected to be published during 1949-1950.
In the past, about 5,000 square kilometers were topographically sur-
veyed yearly by five field parties, each consisting of three topographers
and two assistants.. These old surveys are of low second-or possible
third-order. DG-MG is cooperating with CNG in the first-order triangu-
lation of the 20th parallel through Minas Gerais. Present plans call
for the continuation of field work only for triangulation, leveling, and
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the checking of existing control data. All other topographic data will
be taken from locally contracted aerial photography. USAF photography will
will be used if it is available, but the coverage is inadequate. A con-
tract has been let to the Cia. Levantamentos Adrofotogrammetricos, S. A.,
of Rio de Janeiro, for 30,000 square kilometers of vertical photography
in the "Triangulo Minero", or westward extension of the state. All con-
trol work and restitution will be done by DG-MG personnel. Only a few
Fairchild stereoscopes, a rectiplanigraph, and a stereocomparagraph are
now available for photogrammetric work, but two bars of Bausch and Lomb
multiplex cameras are on order. Six of the fifteen draftsmen in DG-MG
have been sent to the CNG and SGE in Rio de Janeiro for training in
photogrammetry. Cartographic methods and equipment are modern.
In general, physical features are well delineated on the maps, but
the amount and accuracy of the cultural data shown varies from sheet to
sheet, many of which are considerably out of date. In most cases, the
legends are not full enough. Usually three or four colors are used on
the maps most of which have been printed by the Cia. Lithografica
Ypiranga. In the future, they will be printed by SGE. The sheets may
be reproduced in black and white without much loss of detail. They are
fairly reliable and provide the only large-scale map coverage for the
State of Minas Gerais.
18. Instituto de Biologic e Pesquizas Tecnologicas, Secretaria
de Agricultura, Industria e Comercio, Estado de Parana (Institute of
Biological and Technologic Research, Secretariat of Agriculture, Industry
and Commerce, State of Parana)
Caixa Postal 357, Curitiba, Parana
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Dr. Marcos Augusto Enrietti, Director
Dr. Reinhard Maack, Chief, Geological Service
The Instituto de Biologia e Pesquizas Tecnologicas (IBPT) is a small
but active scientific organization. The Institute itself and most of the
maps published and in progress are the results of the efforts of
Dr. Reinhard Maack, who has spent over 20 years in private geographical,
geological, and botanical exploration and studies of the states of
Parana and Santa Catarina. As yet, IBPT has published no maps except
Maack's own, usually at greatly reduced scales and as inserts to accom-
pany reports in the annual Arquivo and bulletins of the Institute.
Drafting is now in progress on a 1:750,000 phytogeographic map of
Parana. A preliminary rough draft of a geological map of the state at
the same scale has been completed. Both are scheduled for publication
in 1950. A hypsametric map of the state, also at 1:750,000, is planned
for publication in 1951. -Maack's surveys of the Rio Tibagi are in
drafting and a five-sheet topographic map at 1:100,000 will be published
in 1950.
Maack personally does the surveying using Wild T-2 and Hildebrandt
Universal instruments. Drafting is done by one cartographer and two
aides. IBPT has an Ozalid machine for simple reproductions and uses the
state printing office for its publications. Production is slow, prin-
cipally because of shortages of funds and personnel. Maack has at least
eight field books and a large file of data that are as yet unused.
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19. Instituto Geografiio e Geologico de Sao Paulo, Secretaria de
Agricultura, Industria e Com rcio, Estado as Sao Paulo (Geographic and
Geologic Institute of Sao Paulo, Secretariat of Agriculture, Industry and
Commerce, State of Sao Paulo)
Rua Antonio Godoi 122, 8th floor, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo
Cal. Dilermando de Assis, Director (19+9- )
Eng. Aristides Bueno, Chief, Topographic Service
Eng. Plinio de Lima, Chief, General Geologic Service
Eng. Theodoro Knecht, Chief, Economic Geologic Service
Eng. Nestor Aratangy, Chief, Hydrologic Service
Eng. Gastao C. Bierrenbach Lima, Chief, Geodetic Service
Sr. Otto Bendix, Chief, Cartographic Section
The Instituto Geografico e Geologico de Sao Paulo (IGGSP) is the
official topographic and geologic mapping agency for the state of Sao
Paulo. It also serves as the Sao Paulo branch of the CNG and officials
of the IGGSP serve on the Regional. Directorate of the CNG along with
representatives of other state mapping agencies. IGGSP is charged with
the production of topographic maps of the entire state for the use of
state government departments, but the maps are also available to the,
general public. The staff, including office and field personnel in.the
various services, numbers only 158 of which 4+0 are technicians and 20 are
topographers. There are eight to ten staff members in the cartographic
section. Only a few maps are produced in any one year.
Since 1906, the IGGSP has issued 51 topographic sheets and 6
geologic sheets at 1:100,000, 21 general maps at 1:1,000,000,.x+ general
maps at 1:2,000,000, and 6 sections of a tourist map of the State of Sao
Paulo at 1:200,000. The IGGSP also publishes a monthly bulletin that
usually contains several small-scale maps and a large number of special
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bulletins and reports that include statistical data and special-subject.
maps. Current field work is limited to topographic surveying in southern
and western Sao Paulo and to the re-surveying of the area covered by the
topographic sheets for the city of Sao Paulo and its environs. Less
than one-half of the state has been mapped to date. Eight sheets at
1:100,000 are currently in work and a 1:750,000 map of the state is in
press. Plans call for the completion of the 1:100,000 set for the en-
tire state before beginning on larger-scale maps. The IGGSP uses its own
topographic surveys and data as its principal source material.
IGGSP was yet up along the lines of U S Geological Survey and has
practically the same standards. All drafting is done by hand, with a
minimum of modern equipment. The agency has no reproduction plant and
most of its maps are printed by the CIA. Lithografica Ypiranga in Sao
Paulo. The maps are usually printed in four colors; physical and cul-
tural features are shown in adequate detail and accuracy, but legends are
usually scanty. The maps reproduce well in black and white. They are
usually reliable and are the best map coverage available for the State of
Sao Paulo.
20. Seciao do Cadastro, Diretoria Geral de Obr.s e Via9ao da
Prefeitura de Porto Alegre (Cadastral Section, General Bureau of Works
and Transport, Prefecture of Porto Alegre)
Palacio da Prefeitura, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul.
Dr. Bozano, Director General of Works and Transport
Eng. Fernando Ribero, Chief, Cadastral Section
Ernesto Sander, Chief, Drafting Office
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The Seciao do Cadastro (SC-PA) makes only extremely large-scale
plans for the city of Porto Alegre for use of the staff of the agency.
Over 20 draftsmen are employed. The annual production of maps is unknown
but less than half of the city has been mapped at scales larger than
1:1,000. In 1939, the Cruzeiro do Sul (CdcS) contracted to furnish
photogrammetric maps of the city in 69 sheets at 1:1,000, of the imme-
diately adjacent suburban area in 53 sheets at 1:2,000, of the remainder
of the municipio in 37 sheets at 1:10,000, and of the entire area in one
sheet at 1:50,000.
The SC-PA uses these maps for checking its own more detailed 1:250
to 1:750 plans of separate blocks and property holdings. All drafting is
done by hand and only record copies are made. The plans are currently
revised. As all plans are on very large scale, they would be of limited
use to map compilers in the Unites States.
21. Seciao de Plantas do Cadastro, Secretaria de Fazenda da
Prefeiture de Sao Paulo (Cadastral Plans Section, Secretariat of Finance,
Prefecture of Sgo Paulo)
Rua Sao Bento, 365, 3rd floor, Sao Paulo, Sgo Paulo
Sr. Jose Foresti, Director
The Seccao de Plantar do Cadastro (SPC-SP) produces only large-scale
plans of the rapidly growing city of.S'o Paulo, principally for official
use and for recording property holdings. The staff includes over 20
draftsmen. Few maps are compiled for publication but many large-scale
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plans of individual land holdings at 1:500, 1:1,000, and 1:5,000 are
completed in manuscript form every year. Four maps at 1:10,000 have been
published. A 1:20,000 plan of the city is currently being revised to
include new streets and subdivisions. No change in type of work is
projected.
Data for the plans are obtained by regular ground surveys by the
SPC-SP. No aerial photogrammetric survey has been made since 1929 when
the Societa Anonima Rilevamenti Aerofotogrammetrici (SARA), an Italian
firm, produced maps at 1:1,000 of the central part of the city. The
rest of the city was mapped at 1:5,000 with one-meter contours. Another
set of five sheets at 1:20,000 with five-meter contours, was made for the
whole city. These sheets, now badly out of date, have been used a
great deal as a source of basic information and for checking. All
drafting is .one by hand and the maps are filed in manuscript form.
As the plans are prepared at such large scale and are so highly special-
ized, they are of little use to map compilers in the United States.
C. Private Map Publishers.
22. Companhia Lithografica Ypiranga (Ypiranga Lithographic Co.)
Rua dos Gusmoes 1+57, Sao Paulo, S9o Paulo
Curt Reichenbach, Technical Assistant in charge of Cartography
Otto Bendix, cartographer
CIA Lithogra4f ica Ypiranga (Ypiranga) is a general commercial
publishing company. A small cartographic section prints maps on contract
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for such official organizations as the DNEF, IGGSP, DG-MG, and DEE-MG,
and for private organizations such as Geobrasil, Companhia de Energia
El4ctrica Paulista, Esso, and Shell-Mex. The staff consists of one full-
time technician, one full-time cartographer, and other cartographer-
draftsmen contracted as needed.. The total number of maps printed each
year is not large since the staff must occasionally redraft the manuscript
maps submitted, make color separations if needed, and always retouch the
plates.
As all. work is done on contract, the maps may be of Brazil or of
foreign countries, but are usually of Brazil. All types of maps are
printed by Ypiranga. The reproduction section has four cameras (the
largest of which uses negatives 4+8 inches square), right offset machines,
and six flat-bed presses.
Only Esso maps are actually compiled by Ypiranga. For these, data -
from Esso and IGGSP files are plotted on a base map. This is cut into
parts corresponding to the Esso distribution areas and the parts are
sent to the appropriate Esso distributors for corrections in distances,
routes, and road conditions. The sections are then reassembled, photo-
graphed, blue-lined, and traced'to make the fair drawing. Esso sets up
the format, suggests colors, provides raw data, but leaves other decisions
to Ypiranga.
Blue line prints, screens, and preprinted designs are used as
drafting aids. The combination of modern drafting techniques and
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reproduction facilities gives the finished maps a clear and professional
23. Companhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo: Industrias de Papel
(Development Company of Sao Paulo: Paper Industries)
Rua Tito 479 (Laps), Sao Paulo, S-Ko Paulo
Gunter Klusemann, Director General for Graphics
Emil Krausz, Chief of Cartography
The Companhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo (Melhoramentos), one of
the largest private publishing houses in Brazil, specializes in
children's books and textbooks, but also publishes maps for school and
general use. Of the 750 employees, only 2 are cartographer-draftsmen.
The annual map production averages about two per year, chiefly general
maps of Brazil at 1:4,500,000 and of the six continents at 1:9,000,000.
A map of the State of Sao Paulo at 1:1,000,000 was published 1948 and a
general map of the states of Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de
Janeiro, and the Federal District at 1:1,450,000 in 1947. A new edition
of Pauwel's atlas is prepared each year. A pocket-guide plan of the city
of Sao Paulo is being drafted at 1:20,000 for printing at 1:30,000.
Planned for the future are a map of southern Brazil at 1:1,500,000 and a
new 1:1,000,000 map of Sao Paulo showing air lines and road distances in
addition to gradient tints and general data.
Source materials used are those available to the general public and
the resulting maps are highly generalized. All drafting is done by hand
but the two cartographers are Germans with long experience. Although
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lettering, grids, and legends are adequate, the colors used in printing
are not well chosen. The maps are usuable principally as wall maps.
24. bnpreza de Topogrdfia, Urbanismo a Construgoes, Ltda. (Topo-
graphy, Urbanism and Construction Publishing Co., Ltd.)
Manuel de Carvalho 16, 7th floor, Rio de Janeiro, D.F.
Eng. Civil Octavio Cantanhede, Director
The Empreza de Topografia.. Urbanismo a Construcoes (ETUC) is a
private mapping organization which makes cadastral and topographic surveys
on contract for official and private agencies. The cartographic staff
numbers only seven, but a relatively large number of maps have been made
on contract during the last few years. Cadastral and topographic maps
of cities, municipios, real estate developments, dam sites, trans-
mission lines, and factory sites are made at scales ranging from 1:1,000
to 1:10,000. The number of contracts has increased and ETUC may possibly
produce maps in large numbers in the future. Branch offices have been
set up in Vitoria, Juiz de Fora, and Florian' olis.
Sources used in construction of ETUC maps are actual ground surveys.
No aerial photographs are used as yet. All of the cartographic work is
done by hand and the maps are neat, detailed, and accurate. They are
available only through the contracting agency.
25. Instituto Cartografico Castiglione (Castiglione Cartographic
Institute); successor to Jose Castiglione
Rua Joao Bricola 39, 7th floor, Sgo Paulo, Sao Paulo_
Armando Castiglione, Director-Cartographer
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The Instituto Cartografico Castiglione (ICC) is the most prolific
private producer of general maps for public sale in Brazil. Jose
Castiglione, the father, was the leading private cartographer in Brazil
from 1906 until his death in 1944. The ICC is still a one-man organiza-
I
tion, with Armando Castiglione doing all the research, compilation,
drafting, and the final correcting of the plates. The annual production
is about six maps per year, including revisions.
} The ICC is interested principally in general maps of all or parts of
Brazil, but it has-published city plans of Sao Paulo and Santos and a.
few compiled topographic maps at 1:100,000 of the coastal area of the
State of Sao Paulo. Lithographed general maps of Brazil have been
published at 1:4,000,000 (1948) and 1:7,000,000 (1945)y of South America
at 1:5,000,000 (19.5), of the State of Sao Paulo at 1:1,000,000 (19.8),
and of the State of Rio de Janeiro including the Federal District at
1:400,000 (1944). Maps in the form of Ozalid prints have been issued
for Mato Grosso at 1:2,000,000, northern Brazil at 1:2,000,000, north-
eastern Brazil, southern Brazil and the State of Goias at 1:1,000,000,
and the state of Sao Paulo at 1:500,000, as well as a city plan of Sao
Paulo at 1:20,000.
Plans for the future include the annual revision of the city plan
of Sao Paulo (from aerial photographs) and the map of Brazil. In work
are a general work: atlas for school use, a large-scale plan of Sao
Paulo city that shows bus and streetcar routes, a guide to the city
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containing maps at 1:10,000 of each of the political divisions and a
complete street index, and a topographic and transportation map of the
state in large 1:100,000 sheets.
Sources used include official state and federal government maps,
aerial photographs, and statistical data. Some of the ICC topographic
maps are copies, with slight revisions, of IGGSP and SGE maps. A small
reference library has been established, which consists of about 500
official maps and the most reliable privately produced maps, and a
number of original, unpublished manuscripts of explorers, geographers,
and engineers.
All drafting is done entirely by hand. Corrections are made on the
final zinc plates rather than on the fair drawings because Castiglione
considers it easier and cheaper. The lettering and line work are well
done and the choice of colors is good. The maps published include a
vast amount of detail, especially place names, and are fairly accurate.
As all maps are compilations; they cannot be regarded as primary sources
of information but may well be used as bases for plotting additional data.
26. Livraria do Globo, S.A. (The Globe Bookstore Co.)
Rua dos Andradas 1+16, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul
Dr. Jose Bertaso Filho, Director of Commercial Section
Sr. Henrique Bertaso, Director of Editorial Section
Livraria do Globo (0 Globo) is a private publishing house and
1
book store that occasionally prints maps for school use and for official
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agencies in southern Brazil. 0 Globo usually reproduces under contract
and sells maps compiled by such government agencies as the Secretaria de
Agricultural Industria e Camercio (SAIC) of the State of Rio Grande do
Sul, and by private individuals. Few maps other than those of Brazil
are published. In recent years, only general maps of Rio Grande do Sul
at 1:750,000 and 1:1,500,000, and of Brazil at 1:5,000,000 have been
issued. A new map of the State is being printed for SAIC for issue in
1950. A general world atlas by A.G. Lima, designed for students in
grammar schools, was reprinted for the eighth time in 19+8 with no obvious
revisions or improvement in quality. One cartographer is at present em-
ployed in compiling and drafting maps of Brazil and of the various states
for school atlases of southern Brazil and northern Brazil. The maps are
fairly detailed for their scale and the atlases should be better than
any now in existence. The maps printed for government agencies are
compiled from official source material by the agency itself and are
usually more reliable than those compiled by other private firms. The
small-scale map of Brazil is over-generalized and of little use except as
a wall map.
27. Servipos Aereos Cruzeiro do Sul, Ltda., Departamento de
Aerofotogrametria, (Cruzeiro do Sul Air Services, Aerial Photogrammetry
Department)
Avenida Pasteur 429, Rio de Janeiro, D.F.
Eng. Edson de Alencar Cabral, Director
Eng. Pablo Barros,'Asst. Director
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The Photogrammetry Department of Cruzeiro do Sul (CdoS), a privately
owned airline, does photogrammetric surveying and topographic mapping
on contract for a large number of government agencies and private
companies. Some maps are made for the use of the airline itself but most
are for the use of other agencies. The staff numbers over fifty of which
half are cartographers and draftsmen. A relatively large number of topo-
graphic and cadastral maps of Brazil have been produced since the agency
was established in 1935.
The company specializes in large-scale maps and has completed over
60 projects to date. Cadastral maps at 1:1,000, 1:2,000, and 1:10,000
have been made of the municipio of Porto Alegre, and at 1:1,000 and
1:2,000 of the city of Salvador (Bahia). Topographic maps of various
real estate developments near Rio de Janeiro have also been prepared
for private interests, and of islands in Guanabara Bay (Rio Harbor) for
the Ministerio da Marimba. Several river valleys in Rio Grande do Sul
and other states have been mapped for state or national sanitation
organizations. CdoS has contracted to map an area extending for 1,500
kilometers along the Sgo Francisco River at 1:5,000 (about 9,000 sheets)
for the Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios, a Can is (DNPEC) of the
Ministerio de Viacao e Obras Publicas. All of the photography, one-third
of the maps, two-thirds of the restitution, and seven-eighths of the
triangulation have been completed. A contract has also been signed with
the Conselho National de Pet.roleo for maps at 1:20,000 of the petroleum
hall I! II Cr Idl 11
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field in the eastern part of the state of Bahia, an area of 20,600 square
kilometers; all of the area has been photographed and photomaps are being
made. The CdoS has also been contracted by CIA. Hidroeletrica do Sao
Francisco to map the entire Sao Francisco basin, approximately one-tenth
.of the area of Brazil, at 1:25,000. Over 130,000 square kilometers in
the southern part of the basin had been flown in 1949.
Photogrammetric equipment in use consists of two stereoplanigraphs
and seven multiplex bars with about 50 projectors. To a large extent,
new Bausch and Lomb equipment has replaced the older Zeiss cameras, but
Zeiss cameras are still used on some work. The drafting is excellent and
all possible care is taken to prevent subsequent distortion due to ex-
pansion or contraction of drafting papers or to reproduction materials.
The maps are exceptionally detailed and are based on good quality
secand-order triangulation made by engineers of the company. The maps
may be reproduced in black and white without great loss of detail. The
work done by CdoS is the best and most reliable of any agency in Brazil.
No maps, however, may be obtained directly from CdoS, since all source
material and maps became the property of the contracting company or
agency. Maps must therefore be obtained from such agencies.
28. Touring Club do Brazil (Touring Club of Brazil)
Pra9a Maua, Rio de Janeiro, D. F.
Dr. Edgardo Chagas Doria, Secretary General
WI11NTIM.
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The Touring Club of Brazil (TCB) is a private automobile association
that issues only road maps of Brazil for the use of its members. One
draftsman is employed and comparatively few maps have been made. One or
two maps per year are being issued, generally of tourist attractions in
the vicinity of Rio. One large map of east central and southern Brazil
was published in 19+6 but has never been revised. There is no indication
that the rate of production will be increased in the future.
The sources used in the. compilation of the road maps are DNER re-
ports and data from the various state road departments and from surveys
by TCB personnel. All of the drafting is done by hand. The informa-
tion presented is highly generalized and roads are classified only as
national, state, and municipio roads. Although the maps are easily
reproduced in black and white, the information shown is of little use
in map compilation.
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III. GLOSSARY
I. Official Agencies.
Abbreviations
A. National
Centro Nacional de Ensino e Pesquizas
Agronomical, Ministerio de Agricultura
(National Center for Agronomic
Education and Research, Ministry
of Agriculture)
Camissao da Carta Geral do Brazil
(Commission for the General Map of
Brazil) Predecessor. of SGE founded
in 1917 from Sec ao de Estereofotogrametria
of the Estado Malor do Exercito
Conselho Nacional de Geografia,,Instituto CNG
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica
(National Council of Geography,
Brazilian Institute of Geography and
Statistics)
Conselho Nacional de Petroleo CNP
(National Petroleum Council)
Departamento Nacional de Estradas de
Ferro, Ministerio de Viacao e Obras
Publican '
(National Railroad Department,
Ministry of Transport and Public Works)
Departamento Nacional de Estradas de DNER
Rodagem, Ministerio de Via a"o e Obras
Publicas
(National Highway Department,
Ministry of Transport and Public Works)
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Official Agencies.
National (cont.)
Departamento Nacional de Obras contra
as Secas, Ministerio de Viacao e Obras
Publicas
(National Department of Drought Control,
Ministry of Transport and Public Works)
Departamento Nacional de Obras de DNOS
Saneamento, Ministerio de Viacao e Obras
Publicas I
(National Department Sanitation Works,
Ministry of Transport and Public Works)
Departamento Nacional de Portos, Rios e DNPRC
Canais, Ministerio de Viacao e Obras Publicas
(National Department 4 Ports, Rivers and
Canals, Ministry of Transport and Public
Works)
Departamento Nacional de Producao Mineral, DNPM
Ministerio de Agricultura
(National Department of Mineral
Production, Ministry of Agriculture)
Diretcria de Hidrografia e Navega9ao, DHN
Ministerio de Marinha; formerly Servijo
Hydrogr6fiso
('Fireau of Hydrography and Navigation,
Ministry of the Navy)
Diretoria de Rotas Aereas, Ministerio DRA
de Aeronautics
(Bureau of Air Routes, Ministry of
Aeronautics)
Inspectoria Federal de Obras contra as IFOCS
Secas, Ministerio de Viacao e Obras Publicas
(Federal Inspectorate2for Drought
Control, Ministry of Transport and
Public Works)
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Official Agencies.
Abbreviations
National (cont.)
Seccao de Estereofotogrametria, Estado SE
Maior do Eaercito
(Stereophotogrammetric Section,
General Staff of the Army)
Servico de Documenta~ao, Ministerio SD
de Reiacoes Exteriores
(Dccumentation Service, Ministry of
Foreign Relations)
1 .0
Servijo Geografico do Exercito, Ministerio SGE
da Guerra
(Army Geographic Service, Ministry
of War)
Servijo Geografico Militar, Ministerio SGM
da Guerra
(Military Geographic Institute,
Ministry of War)
B. State.
Comissao Geografica e Geologica de Sao
Paulo
(Geographic and Geologic Commission
of Sao Paulo)
Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem, DER-SP
Secretaria de Viacrao e Obras Publicas,
Estado de Sao Paulo
(Public Roads Department, Secretariat of
Transport and Public Works, State of
Sao Paulo)
Departamento de Geografia e Estatistica, DGE
Secretaria Geral de Interior e Seguranja,
Prefeitura do Distrito Federal
(Geography Department, General Secretariat
of the Interior and Security, Prefecture
of the Federal District)
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Official Agencies.
State. (cont.)
Abbreviations
Departamento de Geografia, Terras e DGTC
Coloniza5ao, Secretaria de Agricultura,
Industria e Comercio, Estado do Parana
(Department of Geography, Lands and
Colonization, Secretariat of
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce,
State of P sane)
Departamento de Viacao, Secretaria de DV-SP
Viacao e Obras Publicas,?Estado de
Sao Paulo
(Transport Department, Secretariat
of Transport and Public Works, State
of Sao Paulo
Departamento Estadual de Geografia e DEGC
Cartografia,Estado de Santa Catarina
(State Department of Geography and
Cartography, State of Santo Catarina)
Departamento Geografico, Servico Publico DG-MG
do Estado de Minas Gerais
(Geographic Department, Public Service
of the State of Minas Gerais)
Instituto de Biologia e Pesquizas Tecnologicas, IBPT
Secretaria da Agricultura, Industria e
Comerico, Estado de Paranl
(Institute of Biology and Technical
Research, Secretariat of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce, State of Parana)
Instituto Geografico e Geolsgico de Sao IGGSP
Paulo, Secretaria de Agricultura, Industria
e Comercio, Estado de S&'o Paulo
(Geographic and Geologic Institute of
Sao Paulo, Secretariat of Agriculture,
Industry and Commerce, State of Sao Paulo)
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Official Agencies.
Abbreviations
State. (cont.)
Secc-'o de Plantas do Cadastro, Secretaria SPC-SP
de Fazenda, Prefeitura de Sao Paulo
(Cadastral Plans Section, Secretariat
of Finance, Prefecture of Sao Paulo)
Seccao do Cadastro, Diretorio Geral de
Obras e Via9ao da Prefeitura de Porto Alegre,
Rio Grande do Sul -
(Cadastral Section, General Bureau of
Works and Transport, Prefecture of Porto
Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul)
II. Private Private Agencies.
Clube de Engenharia
(Engineering Club)
Companhia Lithograifica Ypiranga
(Ypiranga Lithographic Co.)
CE
Ypiranga
Companhia Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo: Melhoramentos
Industrias de Papel
(Development Company of Sao Paulo:
Paper Industries)
Departamento de Aerofotogrametria,
Servicos Aereos Cruzeiro do Sul
(Air Photogrammetry Department,
Cruzeiro do Sul Air Service)
Empreza de Topografia, Urbanismo e
Construcoes, Ltda.
(Topography, Urbanism, and
Construction Co., Ltd.)
Guia Levi
(Levi Guide)
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Private Agencies.
Abbreviations
Instituto Cartografico Castiglione
(Castiglione Cartographic Institute)
Instituto Geocartografico Sagres
(Sagres Geographical Institute)
Livraria Central de Alberto Entree
(Central Bookstore of Alberto Entree)
Livraria do Globo, S.A. 0 GLOBO
(The Globe Bookstore Co.)
Esso Standard Oil Company Esso
Touring Club do Brazil TCB
(Touring Club of Brazil)
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