COMMUNIST PARTY TRAINING SCHOOLS AND RELATED ACTIVITES IN LATIN AMERICA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-00915R001100230001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 7, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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COMMUNIST PARTY TRAINING SCHOOLS
AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
IN LATIN AMERICA
Distributed
March 1960
Copy 01
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Study, training, indoctrination, criticism and self -criticism
are basic to Communist party membership. Each Party regards
itself as a "vanguard" - that is, an organization in which the
members should be prepared, through knowledge and training,
to influence non-Communists in favor of Marxist concepts of
historical materialism and Communist leadership. In, all Com-
munist parties, there is periodic-, . if not continuous, emphasis,
on discussion, indoctrination, and training from the cell to the
national and international level.
Emphasis on. ideological training is increasing throughout
the world movement, in response to the Soviet dictum that
"peaceful competition" means an intensification of "ideological
struggle". The Moscow Declaration of November 1957, which
is acknowledged as binding upon the entire movement, stated
that "it is a prime task to intensify Marxist-Leninist education
of the masses. ".,On 9 January 1960, the Central Committee of
the CPSU adopted a special and very detailed resolution on "the
tasks of party propaganda in contemporary conditions", stating
that "peaceful coexistence" means "a most relentless struggle
for Communist ideology, the most progressive and truly
scientific ideology of our time. " Communist parties in the
Free World have resolved to raise the ideological standards of
their members and some have taken practical steps to strengthen
their .internal training programs.
This emphasis is concerned, in part, with the consplidation
of internal discipline necessary if Communist cadres are to
operate within mass movements on an extremely broad basis.
The main purpose, however, is offensive. The CPSU wants to
equip these cadres operating in. the "enemy camp" with the
arguments necessary to destroy the loyalty of the "masses" to
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the practices and political systems of the Free World, and to
convert this into faith in the ""superio:rity"' of the Communist
system. The Moscow Declaration goes on to say that the "prime
task" includes the need to "combat bourgeois ideology, expose
the lies and slanderous fabricatilpns of imperialist propaganda
against socialism and the communist movement, and widely
propagate in a simple and convip ing fashion the ideas of
socialism, peace, and friendship among nations. "
According to the CPSU Resolution of January 1960, the
Communist propagandist must be lively, persuasive, flexible,
and down to earth. He must "ye3,r in and year out, systemati-
cally and purposefully raise his ideological political level and
master Marxism-Leninism as a integral doctrine. " The
relevance of the Soviet resolution:, it should be noted, is not
confined to the Soviet Union; it is known that the resolution
was passed to non-Bloc CP's at an early date.
In summary, the Soviet "peace initiative" is designed to
create a climate in which the '"ideological struggle" has freedom
to develop and become a more p?Itent weapon in the "struggle
for socialism on a world scale. The importance of an
effective training program to tho success of this effort is
obvious.
Latin American Communists receive some of their most
important training abroad, in thq Higher Party School of the
Communist Party of the Soviet t ion, in the courses run for
Latin Americans by the Commur} st Party of China, in the
schools of other Communist partes in both Free World and
Bloc countries, in special schools sponsored by the inter -
national fronts, and in on-the-job training at international
front headquarters. However, virtually every Communist
party has its own training program, as the following informa-
tion will show, although its extent, its periodic or continuous
aspect, or the details of its orgnization and content are not
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always known. In general,, the larger parties appear to organize
training courses, on a national or regional basis, at fairly
frequent intervals. One such example is the Argentine Commu-
nist Party school known to have operated in the summer of 1958,
Such schools often accept some students from foreign Communist
parties. The Argentine, Uruguayan, Chilean, and Cuban Parties
are known to have offered training in their schools to Communist
party members from smaller countries. The smaller parties
organize lecture series, courses, and study groups, on a less
elaborate scale and possibly at less frequent intervals. In some
cases, due to the small size of the party or the degree of repres-
sion,. there is, little training activity within the party, as in El.
Salvador or Nicaragua. However, there may be an effort to
extend Marxist influence through courses in labor union organ-
ization, or discussion groups organized by youth or student
groups.
Apart from the Communist party schools and training
courses, training in Marxism may be accomplished through
schools run by other parties, such as the Popular Party
(Partido Popular) in Mexico, which controls the Workers'
University, or through Communist infiltrated institutions,
such as the Advanced School of Brazilian Studies in Brazil.
Infiltration of local and national educational systems is a
universal Communist objective. In Cuba, for example, it
is evident that Communists are using the educational system
as a vehicle for instruction in elementary Marxist concepts.
It has also been noted that students who obtain non-political
scholarships permitting them to go abroad for study may
receive Communist party training on the side. This has
occurred, for example, among students from Central America
at the International Civil Air Training Center (Centro
International de Adiestramiento de la Aviacion Civil) in
Mexico City.
In Panama, a "Marxist study group", taught by an
unidentified Chilean, was meeting twice weekly as of July 1,959.
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In November 1959, members of :the "Youth Aktiv" (or youth
fraction) of the Panamanian CP;(the Partido del Pueblo)
expressed the belief that the gr6:up (Circulo Marxista.
Universitaria) would include alzxost one hundred students,
and decided to designate specific individuals as coordinators
within each school of the university.
In Costa Rica the Secretar7+"General of the Communist
Party (Partido Van uardia Po.. u3ar) presented a new educational
plan in October 1959. This invo, ved organizing a school for
basic Leninist indoctrination, as well as formation of study
circles, neighborhood 'question: ,and-answer" sessions, and
self-study of Marxist literature.. It will be recalled that the
Communist-controlled General Confederation of Costa Rican
Labor (CGTC.) held a training school during May 1958 for
Central American labor leadersml, with financial help from the
World Federation of Trade Unioi .s.
In El Salvador a simple course in trade union work was
initiated on 16 November 1959 by Carlos MARIN, Communist
leader of the tailor's union. In Honduras and in Guatemala
internal party training programs: have been organized at
times, as evidenced in special training literature, and are
possibly currently in progress. In Cuba, the Havana Pro-
vincial Committee of the Cuban, P (the Partido Socialists
Popes) opened a cadre school In April 1959. It is probable
that other such sthools, as we4 as Marxist study groups,
etc. , are currently in operation It may be noted that Com-
munist influence is apparent in the Marxist nature of some of
the training materials used in the courses on political economy
and history within the Armed Forces and the 26th of July
Movement.
In Mexico, the "official" Comupist Party (the Partido
Comunista Mexicano) is small, disorganized, and badly split
over questions of leadership and Policy. The "dissident group",
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which now appears to be gaining control, formed a Marxist
study group in.. September 1959, located at Ref orma No. , ZO
and called the Centro de Estudios Flores Magon. The Popular
Party (Partido Popular), a Marxist party, has long had its
own school for genera]. Marxist training - the Workers'
University (Universidad Obrera). Foreign Communist party
.members.knave. received training here. The university has
recently sought to expand its curriculum to have a more
general,appeal. On.the other hand., the Party leadership in
June 1959 was planning a school exclusively for the training
of party leaders, with two or three month courses.
In May 1959,
Paraguayan and other foreign Communists
were being trained at a Communist training school in El
Tigre, Argentina,. a resort area near Buenos Aires. Oscar.
Creydt, exiled Secretary General of the Paraguayan Commu-
nist Party, was in charge of all or part of the training.
Paraguayan and other Communists who had been trained at
the El Tigre school were expected to enter Paraguay to train
members of the Paraguayan Communist Party in theory and
tactics.
Within Uruguay the Communist Party operates a cla:n-
destine school. for training Party members in the principles
of Marxism, according to one report. The school. is a
.financial burden to the Party and operates only sporadically,
but does not fear suppression by government security services.
In Bolivia, an item of significance is a letter, dated 19
October 1959, from the political commission of the Chilean
Communist Party (PCCh) to the central committee of the
Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), addressed to Hugo
MANCILLA Romero, School of. Civil. Engineering, Universidad
Mayor de San. Andres, La Paz, which revealed that the PCB
had applied for training, in an unspecified course, of one of its
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.m.embers. The same communication contained an invitation by
the PCCh to the PCB to send 4, member to attend a women's
course in 1960.
In chile, in line with the promotion campaign to improve
the Party not only quantitative).r but also qualitatively, increasing
efforts have been made to expand and develop political indoctrina-
tion of Party members. During March, Jose HERNANDEZ
Gonzalez, signing himself acting secretary general of the PCCh,
sent correspondence to the Antpfagosta Regional Committee
informing it that the Party was opening a central training school
1 1, in Santiago on 1 April and requ~:stingthe name of the attending
delegate. It is not known wheter this school is identical with
the Central Cadre school mentioned in other reports.
A. special training course for Communist women at the
Central Cadre School in Santiago was initiated on or about 1 July
1959. According to Rafael COTES of the Party's National
Political Commission, the. course was to last two months and
draw delegates from all the provinces. Trainees attending this
course, according to. El Siglo, the Party's daily newspaper
(issue of 20 August 1959), spent a day in Rancagua testing their
newly acquired skill in oratory 'and enjoying the hospitality of
the Women's Commission of th O'Higgins Regional Committee.
This course presumably was spparate and distinct from the
training given at an indoctrination school for women at Calle
Compania 1439 in Santiago, which reportedly has been operating
since prior to November 1958.
In Concepcion a regional school for Communist Party
cadres had been started, El Si ;o revealed on 21 August 1959.
The first session began with s' teen trainees, members of
the regional committees, and o"i the local committees of Lota,
Coronel, and other cities. Nelson SAAVEDRA was identified
in the article as the school's di'4^ector.
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The material taught at this school probably was largely
identical, with that contained in a new indoctrination course on
the regional level which was being organized in early August,
according to .a. usually reliable source. Subjects to be studied
in this, course were to include the history of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of Chile, labor
unionism, and international affairs. Each local committee was
.to submit the names of ?theee candidates, one of whom would be
selected to attend the course. During the course the students
-would be relieved of all Party activity.
In another. Communist training activity, according to EI
Siglo on 16 August, Luis CORVALAN Leppe, the Party's
secretary general,, was the featured speaker at a ceremony
held in. Santiago two days before. Other speakers were given
by the paper as Juan VARGAS Puebla, director of the new
school, and Juan GARCIA, who spoke for the student, body. It
is not known whether the Labor School forms part of the Central
Cadre School.
With regard to Argentina, the increasingly strong anti-
Communist posture of the government has curbed considerably
many Party activities and no major training center on the order
of the "Aurora" Latin American Training School for Communist
Party Cadres, closed down by the authorities in. September 1.958,
is believed to exist. The Party apparently continues to give
general training courses to new recruits. According to
available information these courses are normally divided into
seven classes. Each clasei h.as a bibliography consisting largely
of the Party Program, Party Statutes, reports and speeches
delivered to the Central Committee, editorials from the local
Communist press, Party bulletins and other Party publications
such as The Activist's Notebook. Classes are organized as
follows.
First Class: The new political situation
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Second Class: The present international situation and
the fight for peace
Third Class: The, socio-economic structure of the
couftry and the fight against imperialism
and jpligarchy
Fourth Class; Pol't .cal instability since 1930 --
conti,nuation of the Party line to achieve
units in the fight for a democratic and
11
progressive nation
Fifth. Class; Rolefof unified committees for providing
mea s for forming a National Demo -
crat Front
Sixth Class: The :arty
Seventh Class: The f4nctions of the cell
An interesting training feature was the special "reading
month" decreed by the Central Committee for 15 April - 15 May,
to give Party members an opportunity to read thoroughly the
draft thesis, program and statuts to be presented to the XU
National Congress of the Party. The reading month was to be
followed by "organic discussion'!, in the cells, district and local
committees between 16 May and :0 June; Provincial Conferences
were to be held from 1 July to 15 ;,July. Collective readings of
the Congress draft were permitted and outsiders interested in
the Party line could be invited to'them.
reported in March that the 25X1 C1 Ob
Argentine Communist Party adgroup of well-organized cells
in the University of La Plata, with a special section devoted to
recruiting and training Communis';t members among Peruvian
students. Peruvian. Communist students usually began the
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recruitment by inviting the Peruvian students to social affairs.
Later, study groups were formed, and they were given more
detailed Party training, including techniques used in public
demonstrations. This same activity reportedly was also
carried an at the University of Buenos Aires and other
Argentine universities. Many of these students came from
the provinces of Peru; when they returned home they were
not known, to be Communists and, therefore, could easily
begin the organization of Communist cells in their home towns:.
In Brazil, in late 1.958, the Party's Central. Committee
reportedly decreed that a training course should be initiated
for members. as soon as possible, in locations and at times
whl.ch would be both. secure and convenient. The objective of
the course was to prepare Communists to assume a more active
role in mass work, particularly among laborers.
Consequently; the Brazilian Communist Party ran a series
of lectures for its members, in Sao Paulo. beginning on 10 April
and extending through 19 June. The schedule ran as follows-
10 April. m The Process of Brazilian. Economic
Development
17 April - The Democratization of National Political.
Life
24 April - The Growth of the Forces of Peace,
Democracy, and Socialism in the World
2 May - The Seriousness of the Struggle between.
Brazilian Nationalism and North American
Imperialism
8 Mayo The United Front and the Struggle for a
Nationalistic and Democratic Government
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15 May - The Importance of Unity between the
Proletariat and the National Bourgeoisie
22 May - The Unity: of the Working Class and the
Alliance'writh the Rural Worker
29 May - The Nationalist Movement
6 June - The Peaceful Character of the Brazilian.
Revolution
12 June - The Victory of the United. Nationalist
Democratic Front in Elections
19 June - Strengthe#iing of the Party through the
Development of a new Policy
Constantino STOIANO, first secretary of the Transportation
Enterprise Committee of the Party, was one of those selected to
present these lectures.
The content of these lectur'',s and other material appeared
later in a number of training courses given throughout Brazil.
The best example, and the one on which most information is
available, is the course which was given in Santos during the
summer of 1959.
On 12 July, the first lecture: of this course was given at
Rua do Comercio 9, the Santos $eadquarters of Novos Rumos,
official PCB weekly newspaper published in Rio de Janeiro.
The lecture, entitled "O Proceso de Desenvolvimento
Economico do Brasil e a Democratizacao da Vida Politica
National" (The Process of Brazilian Economic Development
and the Democratization of the National Political Life), was
delivered by Arlindo Alves LUCNA, political secretary of
the Santos Municipal Committee.!
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1c
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The second lecture, "Crescem no Mundo as Forcas da Paz,
da Derocracia, e do Socialismo" (The Forces of Peace,
Democracy and Socialism Are Growing Throughout t' e World),
was given at the same address by Alves LUGENA. The two
lectures were combined at the first class.
A second class was held on 19 July, based on material
contained in a four -page document having the same title as
that of the second lecture. This document bore the following
outline:
1. Transformation of socialism into a world system
2. Disintegration of the colonial system of imperialism
North American imperialism as the center of world
reaction
4. Wars are no longer inevitable
Important part in. the struggle for world peace
played by the Brazilian efforts against North
American imperialism
. A. series of questions on the above material
7. Bibliography
Four additional classes apparently were held in Santos
during.29 July - 27 August 1959. A four-page document,
entitled "Profunda se a Contradicao Entre a. Nacao Brasileira
e o imperialismo Norte Americano" (The Contradiction
Between the Brazilian Nation and North American Imperialism
Grows Deeper), was presented to members at the third class.
It covered the following subjects:
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1. Contradictions *w thin Brazilian society
2. The character off the Brazilian revolution
3. The principal cotradiction within. Brazilian
society
4. Nationalism and entreguismo (the yielding to
foreign domination for personal gain by
entrenched interests)
5. A series of questions on the above material
6. Bibliography
A fourth class, held on 12 August, centered its study on
another four-page document, "A Frente Unica e a Luta pox
um Governo Nacionalista e Democratica". The material was
broken down into the following categories.
1. Importance of the united front. Concrete forms
of action or cornmoin organization
2. Contradictions in tie united front and the role of
Communists
3. The program of the united front and the struggle
for a nationalist ands democratic government
4. A series of questions on the above material
5. Bibliography
In the fifth class, held on 2C! August 1959, a three-page
document, entitled "0 Movimientoi Nacionalista" (The Nationalist
Movement), was used, and the subjects covered included:
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1. The nationalist movement as the true form of the
united anti -imperialist front
2. The nationalist movement as part of the world
socialist revolution
3. The part of the Communists in the nationalist
movement
4. A series of questions on the above material
5. Bibliography
The sixth class, on 27 August 1959, was concerned with a
four page document entitled "Ali.anca do Proletariado corn a
Burguesia" (Alliance of the Proletariat with the Bourgeoisie).
The material covered included:
1. The interests of the bourgeoisie in the agrarian,,
and anti-imperialist revolution
Z. The interests of the proletariat in the agrarian
and anti-imperialist revolution
3. Unity and the struggle within the united front and
the leadership of the proletariat
4. A series of questions on the above material
Bibliography
This course reportedly has been given in several other 25X1 C1 Ob
parts of the state of Sao Paulo. On 20 July 1959,
reported that this course wou 25X1 C1 Ob
be given for Party members in the Santo Andre area beginning
on 24 July. The instructor was to be Moises WAISCHENKER,
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.a Central Committee member, and organizational secretary of
the Sao Paulo State Committee. A later report also stated that
the Santo Andre course would begin on 24 July and would run
.on consecutive Fridays therea,ter. Classes were to be given
at Rua Delfim Moreira 11, SaqiPaulo, headquarters in Sao
Paulo of Novos Rurnos, the official Party weekly published in
Rio de Janeiro. The instructor for these classes was to be
Jose CAR.ECA (alias of WAISC IENKER). The same report
mentioned that CARECA gave briefing on this course at the
above address on 17 July and distributed copies of the schedule
of lectures to those in attendant e.
In September, it was reported that a political course would
be offered in the near future to!members of the Party in
Pernambuco. The course would be given informally in all
Party units from. base organizations (cells) up through the
regional committee. Reading fpr the course included Stalin's
"Foundations of Leninism" and. On the Problems of Leninism",
the Party Program, the Party's Political Declaration of March
1958, and published press interviews and articles of Luiz
Carlos PRESTES, the Party's secretary general. A review of
the rather elaborate series of questions formulated for this
course, which were based on thq Political Declaration of March
1958, reveals that the material was quite similar to that covered
in the training given in the Sao Paulo area.
Other Communist training activity, as of late Se member
1959, included a Russian language course offered to young
Communists in Santos, under the, auspices. of the Santos Student
Center. The Santos Municipal Cpmmittee of the Party issued
instructions for anyone interested in taking this course to talk
with. Luiz Rodrigues CORVO, a ]arty member and student
leader in Santos.
In related indoctrination activities, mention should be made
of the "civilian war college", Insituto Superior de Estudos
14 '.'
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nT~--
1 ?T
Brasileiro.s. (Advanced Institute of Brazilian Studies - ISEB), a
,governrneni-supported, .graduate school of: social studies which
is penetrated and dominated, if not controlled, by Communists.
Staffed predominantly by ultran.atignalists, including Communists,
the seh.ool provides intensive training on. Brazilian, problems and
is designed to accelerate national development. It seeks to
indoctrinate select groups of current or potential leaders of
,government and.. industry who will become the cadre preaching a
new philosophy for Brazil.
As of August, ISEB had four courses. The first was a
regular basic course, the subjects of which reflected ultra-
nationalist, leftist, and neutralist "third force" ideas. It has
been reported that the dominant theme was dialectical materialism,
with the eulogizing of Soviet Russia and Communist China and the
denigration of the United States. Most of the professors were
characterized as either known Communists or leftist ultra-
nationalists. The second, a special course, was being given for
250 young military officers, mostly majors .and below. A third
course of eight lectures was being sponsored by the directors of
the student councils of two large universities in Rio de Janeiro.
It was aimed at university students, and the titles of the lectures
reflected ultranationalism and even Marxism. Four of the
lecturers were known. Communists. A special course also
given, to which the general public was invited, was entitled
"The Structure of Our Natural Resources".
During the period 1956-1958, ISEB has graduated approxi-
mately 130 students from its regular course. They have come
from all sectors of the national life. Derogatory information
is held on almost one fourth. of these students, most of it in
connection with Communist activities. As of August 1959,
Armenio GUEDES, one of the top leaders of the Brazilian.
Communist Party, was attending regular courses at ISEB.
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Recent reports state that CTnmunists, leftists, and other
supporters of ISEB are now very much on the defensive in the
face of current attacks by the la~'al press on Communist influence
in the Institute. Coupled with this press attack, several
influential and respected. Brazilians, including President
KUBITSCHEK, have made publi~ statements charging the,
ultranationalists with not having''the best interests of Brazil at
heart. The result has been an unorganized barrage of accusa-
tions of entreguismo by the leftiVt and Communist press, and a
lengthy and weak defense of ISE by its director, Roland
CORBISIER.
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0 'M
COMMUNIST PARTY TRAINING SCHOOLS AND
RELATED ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA
60 ETJ EOFFROM FILE
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Study, training, indoctrination, criticism and self -criticism
are basic to Communist party membership. Each Party regards
itself as a "vanguard!" - that is, an organization in which the
members should be prepared, through knowledge and training,
to. influence non-Communists in favor of Marxist concepts of
historical materialism and Communist leadership. In all Com-
munist parties, there is periodic, if not continuous, emphasis
on discussion, indoctrination, and training from the cell to the
national and international level.
Emphasis on ideological training is increasing throughout
the world movement, in response to the Soviet dictum that
"peaceful competition" means an intensification of "ideological
struggle". The Moscow Declaration, of November 1957, which
is acknowledged as binding upon the entire movement, stated
that "it is a prime task to intensify Marxist-Leninist education
of the masses. " On 9 January 1960, the Central Committee of
the CPSU, adopted a special and very detailed resolution on "the
tasks of party propaganda in. contemporary conditions", stating
that "peaceful coexistence" means "a most relentless struggle
for Communist ideology, the most progressive and truly
scientific ideology of our time. " Communist parties in the
Free World have resolved to raise the ideological standards of
their members and some have taken practical steps to strengthen
their internal training programs.
This emphasis is concerned, in part, with the consolidation
of internal discipline necessary if Communist cadres are to
operate within mass movements on an extremely broad basis.
The main purpose, however, is offensive. The CPSU wants to
equip these cadres operating in the "enemy camp" with the
arguments necessary to destroy the loyalty of the "masses" to
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m
C, L' r- 1L_'
the practices and political systems of the Free World, and to
convert this into faith in the "superiority" of the Communist
system. The Moscow Declaration goes on to say that the "prime
task" includes the need to "combat bourgeois ideology, expose
the lies and slanderous fabrications of imperialist propaganda
against socialism and the communist movement, and widely
propagate in a simple and convincing fashion the ideas of
socialism, peace, and friendship among nations. "
According to the CPSU Resolution of January 1960, the
Communist propagandist must be lively, persuasive, flexible,
and down to earth. He must "year in and year out, systemati-
cally and purposefully raise his ideological political level and
master Marxism-Leninism as an integral doctrine. " The
relevance of the Soviet resolution, it should be noted, is not
confined to the Soviet Union; it is known that the resolution
was passed to non-Bloc CP`s at'an early date.
In summary, the Soviet "peace initiative" is designed to
create a climate in which the "ideological struggle" has freedom
to develop and become a more potent weapon in the "struggle
for socialism on a world scale. " The importance of an
effective training program to the success of this effort is
obvious.
Latin American Communists receive some of their most
important training abroad, in the Higher Party School of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in the courses run for
Latin Americans by the Communist Party of China, in the
schools of other Communist parties in both Free World and
Bloc countries, in special schools sponsored by the inter-
national fronts, and in on-the-job training at international
front headquarters. However, virtually every Communist
party has its own training program, as the following informa-
tion will show, although its extent, its periodic or continuous
aspect, or the details of its organization and content are not
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always known. In general, the larger parties appear to organize
training courses, on a national or regional basis, at fairly
frequent intervals. One such example.: is the Argentine Commu-
nist Party school known to have operated in the summer of 1958,
Such schools often accept some students from foreign Communist
parties. The Argentine, Uruguayan, Chilean, and Cuban Parties
are known to have offered training in their schools to Communist
party members from smaller countries. The smaller parties
organize lecture series, courses, and study groups, on a less
elaborate scale and possibly at less frequent intervals. In some
cases, due to the small size of the party or the degree of repres-
sion, there is little training activity within the party, as in El
Salvador or Nicaragua. However, there may be an effort to
extend Marxist influence through courses in labor union organ-
ization, or discussion groups organized by youth or student .
groups.
Apart from the Communist party schools and training
courses, training in Marxism may be accomplished through
schools run by other parties, such as the Popular Party
(Partido Popular) in Mexico, which controls the Workers'
University, or through Communist-infiltrated institutions,
such as the Advanced School of Brazilian Studies in Brazil.
Infiltration of local and national educational systems is a
universal Communist objective. In Cuba, for example, it
is evident that Communists are using the educational system
as a vehicle for instruction in elementary Marxist concepts.
It has also been noted that students who obtain non-political
scholarships permitting them to go abroad for study may
receive Communist party training on the side. This has
occurred, for example, among students from Central America
at the International. Civil Air Training Center (Centro
Internacional de Adiestramiento de la Aviacion Civil) in
Mexico City.
In Panama, a "Marxist study group", taught by an
unidentified Chilean, was meeting twice weekly as of July 1959.
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In November 1959, members of the "Youth Aktiv" (or youth
fraction) of the Panamanian CP (the Partido del Pueblo)
expressed the belief that the group (Circulo Marxista
Universitaria) would include almost one hundred students,
and decided to designate specific individuals as coordinators
within each school of the university.
In Costa Rica the Secretary General of the Communist
Party (Partido Vanguardia Popular) presented a new educational
plan in,October 1959. This involved organizing a school for
basic Leninist indoctrination, as well as formation of study
circles, neighborhood "question-and-answer" sessions, and
self-study of Marxist literature. It will be recalled that the
Communist-controlled General Confederation of Costa Rican
Labor (CGTC) held a training school during May 1958 for
Central American labor leaders:, with financial help from the
World Federation of Trade Unions.
In El Salvador a simple course in trade union work was
initiated on 16 November 1959 by Carlos MARIN, Communist
leader of the tailor's union. In Honduras and in Guatemala
internal party training programs have been organized at
times, as evidenced in special training literature, and are
possibly currently in progress. ',. In Cuba, the Havana .Pro-
vincial Committee of the Cuban CP (the Partido Socialista
Popular) opened a cadre school in April 1959. It is, probable
that other such schools, as well as Marxist study groups,
etc. , are currently in operation: It may be noted that Com-
munist influence is apparent in tho Marxist nature of some of
the training materials used in the courses on political economy
and history within the Armed Fortes and the 26th of July
Movement.
In Mexico, the "official" Communist Party (the Partido
Comunista Mexicano) is small, disorganized, and badly split
over questions of leadership and policy. The "dissident group",
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which. now appears to begaining control, formed a Marxist
study group in September ].959, located at Reforma No. 20
and called the Centro de Estudios Flores Magon. The Popular
Party (Partido Popular), a Marxist party, has long had its
own school for general. Marxist training - the Workers'
University (Universi.dad Obrera). Foreign Communist party
members have received training here. The university has
recently sought to expand its curriculum to have a more
general appeal. On the other hand., the Party leadership in
June 1959 was planning a school, exclusively for the training
of party leaders, with two or three month courses.
In May 1959,
Paraguayan and other foreign Communists
were being trained at a Communist training school in E1.
Tigre, Argentina, a resort area near Buenos Aires. Oscar.
Creydt, exiled Secretary General of the Paraguayan Commu-
nist Party, was in charge of all. or part of the training.
Paraguayan and other. Communists who had been trained at
the El Tigre school were expected to enter Paraguay to train,
members of the Paraguayan Communist Party in theory and
tactics.
Within Uruguay the Communist Party operates a clan-
destine school., for training Party members in the principles
of Marxism, according to one report. The school is a
financial. burden. to the Party and operates only sporadically,
but does not fear suppression by government security services.
In Bolivia, an item of significance is a letter, dated 19
October 1959, from the political commission of the Chilean
Communist Party (PCCh) to the central committee of the
Bolivian Communist Party (PCB), addressed to Hugo
MANCILLA Romero, School of Civil Engineering, Universidad
Mayor de San. Andres, La Paz, which revealed that the PCB
had applied for training, in an unspecified course, of one of its
25X1C10b
25X1C10b
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members. The same communication contained an invitation by
the PCCh to the PCB to send 2sI member to attend a women's
course in 1960.
In Chile, in line with the promotion campaign to improve
the Party not only quantitatively but also qualitatively, increasing
efforts have been made to expand and develop political indoctrina-
tion of Party members. During. March, Jose HERNANDEZ
Gonzalez, signing himself acting secretary general of the PCCh,
sent correspondence to the Anta#agosta Regional Committee
informing it that the Party was opening a central training school
in Santiago on 1 April and reque$tingthe name of the attending
delegate. It is not known whether this school is identical with
the Central Cadre school mentioned in other reports.
A special training course for Communist women at the
Central. Cadre School in Santiago was initiated on or about 1 July
1959. According to Rafael CORTES of the Party's National
Political Commission, the course was to last two months and
draw delegates from all the prornces.. Trainees attending this
course, according to El Siglo, the Party's daily newspaper
(issue of 20 August 1959), spent a day in Rancagua testing their
newly acquired skill in oratory and enjoying the hospitality of
the Women's Commission of the O'Higgins Regional Committee.
This course presumably was separate and distinct from the
training given at an indoctrination school for women at Ga11e
Compania 1439 in Santiago, which reportedly has been operating
since prior to November 1958.
In Concepcion a regional school for Communist Party
cadres had been started, El Si la ',revealed on 21 August 1959.
The first session began with sixt',epn trainees, members of
the regional committees, and of the local committees of Lota,
Coronel, and other cities. Nelson SAAVEDRA was identified
in the article as the school's director,
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The material taught at this school probably was largely
identical. with that contained in, a new indoctrination course on
the regional level which was being organized in early August,
according to a usually reliable source. Subjects to be studied
in-this course were to include the history of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party of Chile, labor
unionism, and international affairs. Each local committee was
to submit the names of three candidates, one of whom would be
selected to attend the course. During the course the students
would be relieved of all Party activity.
In another. Communist training activity, according to El
Siglo on 16 August, Luis CORVALAN Leppe, the Party's
secretary general, was the featured speaker at a ceremony
held in Santiago two days before. Other speakers were given
by the paper as Juan VARGAS Puebla, director of the new
school, and Juan GARCIA, who spoke for the student body. It
is not known whether the Labor School forms part of the Central
Cadre School.
With regard to Argentina, the increasingly strong anti-
Communist posture of the government has curbed considerably
many Party activities and no major training center on the order
of the "Aurora" Latin American Training School for Communist
Party Cadres, closed down by the authorities in. September 1.958,
is believed to exist. The Party apparently continues to give
general training courses to new recruits. According to
available information these courses are normally divided into
seven classes. Each cl.as41as a bibliography consisting largely
of the Party Program, Party Statutes, reports and speeches
delivered to the Central Committee, editorials from the local
Communist press, Party bulletins and other Party publications
such, as The Activist's Notebook. Classes are organized as
follows:
First Class: The new political situation
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The present international situation and
the fight for peace
Third Class: The socio-economic structure of the
country and the fight against imperialism
and oligarchy
Fourth Class: Politiciaj instability since 1930 --
contintiation of the Party line to achieve
unity iii :the fight for a democratic and
progrel,ssive nation
Fifth Class: Role of unified committees for providing
means Or forming a National Demo-
cratic !Front
Sixth Class: The Party
Seventh Class: The functions of the cell
An interesting training feature was the special "reading
month" decreed by the Central Committee for 15 April - 15 May,
to give Party members an opportunity to read thoroughly the
draft thesis, program and statutes to be presented to the XII
National Congress of the Party. The reading month was to be
followed by "organic discussion" in the cells, district and local
committees between 16 May and 30 June; Provincial Conferences
were to be held from 1 July to 15 July. Collective readings of
the Congress draft were permitted', and outsiders interested in
the Party line could be invited to them.
reported in March that the
Argentine Communist Party had .:group of well-organized cells
in the University of La Plata, with a special section devoted to
recruiting and training Communist; members among Peruvian
students. Peruvian. Communist students usually began the
25X1ClOb
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recruitment by inviting the Peruvian students to social affairs.
Later, study groups were formed, and they were given more
detailed Party training, including techniques used in public
demonstrations. This same activity reportedly was. also
carried on at the University of Buenos Aires and other
Argentine universities. Many of these students came from
the provinces of Peru; when they returned home they were
not known to be Communists and, therefore, could easily
begin the organization of Communist cells in their home towns.
In Brazil, in late ].958, the Party's Central Committee
reportedly decreed that a training course should be initiated
for members as soon. as possible, in locations and at times
which would be both secure and convenient. The objective of
the course was to prepare Communists to assume a more active
role in mass work, particularly among laborers.
Consequently, the Brazilian Communist Party ran a series
of lectures for its members in Sao Paulo beginning on 10 April
and extending through 19 June. The schedule. ran as follows-.
10 April - The Process of Brazilian Economic
Development
17 April - The Democratization of National Political.
Life
24 April - The Growth of the Forces of Peace,
Democracy, and Socialism in the World
2 May - The Seriousness of the Struggle between
Brazilian Nationalism and North American
Imperialism
8 May - The United Front and the Struggle for a
Nationalistic and Democratic Government
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o r.+ n nl y,. T
15 May - The Importance of Unity between the
Proletariat and the National Bourgeoisie
22 May - The Unity of the Working Class and the
Alliance with the Rural Worker
29 May - The Nationalist Movement
The Peaceful Character of the Brazilian.
Revolution
The Victory of the United Nationalist
Democratic Front in Elections
Strengthening of the Party through the
Development of a new Policy
Constantino STOIANO, first secretary of the Transportation
Enterprise Committee of the Party, was one of those selected to
present these lectures.
The content of these lectures and other material appeared
later in a number of training courses given throughout Brazil.
The best example, and the one on which most information is
availabl!, is the course which was' given in Santos during the
summer of 1959.
On 12 July, the first lecture of this course was given at
Rua do Comercio 9, the Santos headquarters of Novos Rumos,
official PCB weekly newspaper published in Rio de Janeiro.
The lecture, entitled "0 Processo de Dese.nvolvimento
Economico do Brasil e a Democratizacao da Vida Politica
Nacional" (The Process of Brazilian Economic Development
and the Democratization of the National Political Life), was
delivered by Arlindo Alves LUCEITA, political secretary of
the Santos Municipal Committee.
10
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The second lecture, "Crescem no Mundo as Forces da Paz,
da Democracia, e do Socialismo" (The Forces of Peace,
Democracy .and Socialism Are Growing Throughout the World),
was given at the same address by Alves LUGENA. The two
lectures were combined at the first class.
A second class was held on 19 July, based on material
contained in a four-page document having the same title as
that of the second lecture. This document bore the following
outline:
1. Transformation of socialism into a world system
2. Disintegration of the colonial system of imperialism
3. North American imperialism as the center of world
reaction
4. Wars are no longer .inevitable
5. Important part in the struggle for world peace
played by the Brazilian efforts against North
American imperialism
6. A series of questions on the above material
7. Bibliography
Four additional classes apparently were held in Santos
during 29 July - 27 August 195 9. A four -page document,
entitled "Profunda se a Contradicao Entre a Nacao Brasileira
e o imperialismo Norte America-no" (The Contradiction
Between the Brazilian Nation and North American Imperialism
Grows Deeper), was presented to members at the third class.
It covered the following subjects:
ll
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1. Contradictions within Brazilian society
2. The character of the Brazilian revolution
The principal contradiction within Brazilian
society
4. Nationalism and entreguismo (the yielding to
foreign domination` for personal gain by
entrenched interests)
5. A series of questions on the above material
6. Bibliography
A fourth class, held on 12 .Agust, centered its study on
another four -page document, "AFrente Unica e a Luta pox
um Governo Nacionalista e DemoIi ratica". The material was
broken down into the following ca~egories:
1. Importance of the una.ted front. Concrete forms
of action or common organization
2. Contradictions in the united front and the role of
Communists
3. The program of the united front and the struggle
for a nationalist and democratic government
4. A series of question on the above material
5. Bibliography
In the fifth class, held on 20 August 1959, a three-page
document, entitled "O Movimiento,:Nacionalista" (The Nationalist
Movement), was used, and the subjects covered included:
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1. The nationalist movement as the true form of the
united anti-imperialist front
2. The nationalist movement as part of the world
socialist revolution
3. The part of the Communists in the nationalist
movement
4. A series of questions on the above material
5. Bibliography
The sixth class, on 27 August 1959, was concerned with a
four-page document entitled "Alianca do, Proletariado corn a
Burgues.ia" (Alliance of the Proletariat with the Bourgeoisie).
The material covered included:
1. The interests of the bourgeoisie in the agrarian
anal anti-imperialist revolution
2. The interests of the proletariat in the agrarian
and anti-imperialist revolution
3. Unity and the struggle within the united front and
the leadership of the proletariat
A series of questions on the above material
5. Bibliography
This course reportedly has been, given in several other
parts of the state of Sao Paulo. On 20 July 1959, 25X1 C10b
reported that this course would
be given for Party members in the Santo Andre area beginning 25X1 C10b
on 24 July. The instructor was to be Moises WAISCHENKER,
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.a.. Central Committee member and organizational secretary of
the Sao Paulo State Committee. A later report also stated that
the Santo Andre course would begin on 24 July and would run
on consecutive Fridays thereafter. Classes were to be given
at Rua Delfim Moreira 11, Sacs Paulo, headquarters. in. Sao
Paulo of Novos Rumos, the official Party weekly published in
Rio de Janeiro. The instructor for these classes was to be
Jose CARECA (alias of WAISCHENR). The same report
mentioned that CARECA gave a briefing on this course at the
above address on 17 July and distributed copies of the schedule
of lectures to those in attendance.
In September, it was reported that a political course would
be offered in the near future toimembers of the Party in.
Pernambuco. The course would be given informally in all
Party units from base organizations (cells) up through the
regional committee. Reading fir the course included Stalin's
"Foundations of Leninism" and':'`'On the Problems of Leninism",
the Party Program, the Party's Political Declaration of March
1958, and published press interviews and articles of Luiz
Carlos PRESTES, the Party's. secretary general. A review of
the rather elaborate series of questions formulated for this
course, which were based on the Political Declaration of March
1958, reveals that the material wars quite similar to that covered
in the training given in the Sao Paulo area.
Other Communist training activity, as of late September
1959, included a Russian language course offered to young
Communists in Santos, under the auspices of the Santos Student
Center. The Santos Municipal Committee of the Party issued
instructions for anyone interested. i x taking this course to talk
with Luiz Rodrigues CORVO, a Party member and student
leader in Santos.
In related indoctrination activities, mention should be made
of the "civilian war college", Instituto Superior de Estudos
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Brasileiros (Advanced Institute of Brazilian Studies - .ISEB), a.
government-supported graduate school of social studies which
is penetrated and dominated, if not controlled, by Communists.
Staffed predominantly by ultranationalists, including Communists,
the school provides intensive training on Brazilian problems and
is designed to accelerate national development. It seeks to
indoctrinate select groups of current or potential leaders of
.government and industry who will become the cadre preaching a
new philosophy for Brazil.
.,As of August, ISEB had four courses. The first was a
regular basic course,. the subjects of which reflected ultra-
nationalist, leftist, and neutralist "third force" ideas. It has
been reported that the dominant theme was dialectical materialism,
with the eulogizing of Soviet Russia and Communist China and the
denigration of the United States. Most of the professors were
characterized as either known Communists or leftist ultra-
nationalists. The second, a special course, was being given for
250 young military officers, mostly majors and below. A third
course of eight lectures was being sponsored by the directors of
the student councils of two large universities in. Rio de Janeiro.
It was aimed. at university students, and the titles of the lectures
reflected ultranationalism and even Marxism. Four of the
lecturers were known Communists. A special course also
given, to which the general public was invited, was entitled
"The Structure of Our Natural Resources".
During the period 1956-1958, ISEB has graduated approxi-
mately 130 students from its regular course. They have come
from all, sectors of the national life. Derogatory information
is held on almost one fourth of these students, most of it in
connection with Communist activities. As of August 1959,
Armeni.o CUEDES, one of the top leaders of the Brazilian
Communist Party, was attending regular courses at ISEB.
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Recent reports state that Communists, leftists, and other
supporters of ISEB are now very much on the defensive in the
face of current attacks by the local press on Communist influence
in the Institute. Coupled with dais press attack, several
influential and respected Brazilians, including President
KUBITSCHEK, have made public statements charging the.
ultranationalists with not having the best interests of Brazil at
heart. The result has been an'unorganized barrage of accusa-
tions of entreguismo by the leftist and Communist press, and a
lengthy and weak defense of ISEa by its director, Roland
CORBISIER.
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