ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS AT THE AFRO-ASIAN SOLIDARITY CONFERENCE CAIRO 26 DECEMBER 1957-1 JANUARY 1958

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CIA-RDP78-00915R001000290046-9
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October 1, 1958
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Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC EVENTS AT THE AFRO-ASIAN SOLIDARITY CONFERENCE CAIRO 26 DECEMBER 1957 -1 JANUARY 1958 Distributed October 1958 SPY ~ ~ Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 ANAIsYS~S 0~'' SPECIFIC EVEN75 AT TgE ~AS~AN ~U,I,~l3ARI~'Y G4i'~'E~~YGF 26 Dea~mr ~:~~~ :? 1 ,Janu~;ry 195$ Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78~00915R001000290046-9 TABLE. CF CONTENTS I, DELIBERATIONS OF ~ MAIN COMMCSSIONS 1 A. The Political Commissioxi 1 1. The Palestine S~.bcocnmi.ttee 2. 'T'he Algeria Subcommittee 3. The Subcommittee on,Imgerialism ~+. The Racial. Discrimination Subcommittee 5, The Nuclear Warfare, Subcommittee B. The Economic Commission ~+ 7 g 11 ll 12 1. Economic Struggle Against Colonialism - The Soviet Program is Presented 15 2. ~e Question oP Colonial Territories l:7 3. die Final Resolutions 1$ C. The Culturssl Commission ' lg IT. III. S~ttTC'3:'tIRAL AMID C-RGANTZATIONAL CHARAC9~tISTICS OF THE AFRO ASIAN SOLIDARITY' COUNCIL AND SECRETARIAT TETE CONFERENCE AND BLACK AFRICA 2l 26 IV. 7~EATMENT OF THE CONFERENCE WITHIN THE SOVIET BLAC 33 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :'CIA-RDP78;00915R001000290046-9 1 A ~'BE~A~JC?~ilrS ~~ 1tiT Ct~~+P~5S7C4~TS A. ~~ ~'~]~ti~a~. t~s,m~,~.ssion g~*er the ~~ ga~i~ing gtzid~nce off' I)z?. Arnim Singh, this ~issisan se~.e~:d ~~Ase :~ash~ra~?i Nel~x?u as preside~at (iugati~sn nsa~:isan), althoazgh D~^. Singh hi~s~3.f o~?igft~.7.;A.y favsared an ~~t~.~tn ,resident. A S~,d~,~e dr~~.~;g~f~e (nsarnisted ~y- ~t~.ioisia~ was then e~.es~ted i?irst vise p~?esi~ient, aij.=~gac~~a~? the Iras,~ delegate oa~~,~ no x~e~. fca~ ~~e presidents?oc `he st~,Uabble that fs~lled s~gges?~d ~;ha'~ the :~i;~~b~ 'cZe?ega,te rasa, i~a the ~saanists 4 Seca, t~~e 1~"'~~~' der :~san tsa stee~? the s:omtn~.s- si~n4s ca~rk. ~iss~~assi~~ ?:~ tg?a.~ gcxesti~an ended wl3era the Chinec~e de~.~g~,fi~ ~;;agge?~ t9d. tm~~t Pre 'fie sa-s~sa vi.~e presidents, n~~..ited ~g,t f~ t'~e sec~~nd v~.ee p~esideney, and. iaroposed mat the ~sre ~:~~ie~~a?~~s head ~~~ ;satgas:a~cttees.# dais prsap~s~ way s~pps7:r-~~d ~~ t~.e J's,~se, the ~hax~ians, and Indians. ~'~ '~a~ ~,c~ep?rs~d. as fag? as tgae vise ~esid,ens:ies we~?e ~~n~e~?;d, t~~'~, '~a'ie ~~ab~~~ait'eee c;~zestivn still. caused ?~a~saaxhle. re is nsa fi~~ ~?~r~..nce sai? fibs c~n~~e:rrpl~t+~d, division saf l.sga~u^ heee~ the p~~~p~se~. rasa sniacsa~ttees. ~~,~ accsa~~daLng t~ a ~rcn~lic s~atesnt b~ I,.Y,ic3 ~. ~,~?~~~~~, the ~ was tsa pc~?~t s~~-at?ate trestraent ?~ ,~? ~~ ~"+~ re~~ca ~, ar~~t~~.ee ieriali.sma `tae f ~ was ~~ea v~~~, eai?~'~ csal~n$~ t~:~?~it?~ ies, ~'hiel-i gas cha~?s,c?w i~e~t as ag s~-.~~t~,~.s oaf the saki fsaa?r~ ~f lames ~.al~,~s~"~ a the ~.~tter was tsa derv. witg~ aa~,nifestativns ai~fecting ~.ndepenc~.c'nt csa~~xsa?~~.: ies9 s~z~h' as the Eisenhsawer ~ = c?~rine, ~?`~~ o ~e gave c:Aet ~'a~? this ~ixstificstion t~ a m~e~^ ~f the ~%~~d~sn{ ~,n c~elega?~i~aaap b~.t it is dear that ~~~h a disis9n s~f ?.~,Yasar ~rsaaal.d. Yseve fitted. neatly iffita the ~~~~.ni~t pin sag sraign~ -1- rt~3~7~?m'~-~z;~ n~B r n ,~ Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 As in other comm~.ssions, sores delegations obviously desired to prevent the creation o~? many subcommittees., But, on a 7,'axnisian motion, supported by the Sudan, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, and apparently, Egypt, a decision was .made to create five subcotm~aittees, with sgecif is attention directed towax?d dealing with the Tian and Palestit~:an questions Just p~?ior to the vothich showed only four delegations opposed), ~?x?. Sin{,~i again appealed for the creation of no mare than two subcommittees, endorsing the original Chinese suggestion. When the vote went against his proposal, D~u?. Sixagh p~?ev+ented the recording of the identities of the f~ delegations which had supported him. St is ~OOSSible that moderates from Japan, Ethiopia, and Ghana sup~,ort~:d India on this vrste and were the fc~x~c inv~alved; 'but it is equa].?ly possible that the Chinese and two of the other four Comt~unist delega- tions present may have voted. with the Ix~diaxis. In the latter ev~:nt Dr. Singh's concern over the identificatipn of the aainority could be easiay understa~ndable~ for it' would have raised. questions c?~ncerning the votes of the other two Coe~munist bloc del~9gations, and perha'cs exposed a dii'f erence of opinion amom~g Cotaaa~.sts over a question of ope~?atiag tactics. `phis b~?eakup in?~o subco~rmittee~, in fact, tended a to highlight the issues of A,~.ge:~ia and Palestine, ~b~ to dilute possible opposition to such prefabricated reports and resolutions as those presented by the E tiara delegate in the subcomt~ittee on i~,serialism, ~,nd {to permit such single~m~.nc~ed p~?o-Co~rmaunist delegates as the Japanese YAa`~ill Kao~~a to make the ma~sir~aum ingression. she five subccsmmitt~es event~ral].y approved. covered. a? It:~perialism Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 13. Algeria c. Racial discrimination Nuclear weapons 7~ie Ccanfereace resolutions which' emerged from the Political Comgaission supported ~rirtually -all nations]. liberation and irredentist struggles in Asia and. Africa. They also a. Gave explicit endorsement to the central thesis which the Communist movement is currently prc~agating throughout the world$ that the prob- leas of the colvmial areas and newly independent countries as well as the threat to world peace are daze solely to "imperialist ambitions.' b. Devoted .most attention t? the Algerian conflict. c. Made what appears to be the Conference's most significant statement on the question of Palestine. one mayor Afro Asian liberation problem--that of Kashmir--gas not discussed. The most it~f'I.ammstory statements' made at the Confer~r~ce by self-styled representatives of national. liberation organizations were those of the persons Approved- For Release :CIA-RDP78';00915R001000290046-9 Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 who spoke in the- name of the Chad and of Kenya. Both called for Afro-Asian arming of their peoples and promised that with arms the national liberation.forc~s would eel the eolouial powers from their territory. Neither of these "spokesmen" is known tv have had- Communist contacts or to have demonstrated pro-Communist attitudes in the past; both in fact have-apparently been resident in Cairo for some time and appear to be Egyptian- sponsored. However, .the Kenya delegates were cultivated by the Soviet delegation tv the Conference.. and proceeded to the tTSSR after the end of the Conferences where they. were given very flattering treatment and publicity. ~.. The Palestine Subcommittee The endorsement by the Cairo Conference of a, special resol,~tion incorporating a demand for the "recognition ,of the rights" of Palestinian refugees is of considerable interest, As was pointed out earlier, the proposal that a special subcommittee be created to' deal with Palestine caused some trouble in the pcalitics~l corumittee meeting. The ..Arab-Israeli issue-was in fact a subject of discussion~;at the .April 1955, New Delhi Conference,. where the Asian Solidarity Movement was created; and resolutions were passed. there which ob,~ected to "pressures exerted through;Israel and Turkey to force Arab states' to loin military 'blocs" and denounced the "aggressive policy of ruling circles in Israel." These clearcut positions taken in April 1955 are interesting contrasts to the World Peace Council's inability, since the irrita- tion of the. Soviet program of military aid to-the Arab -- World, to pass resolutions on Arab-Israeli relations, and suggest that on this critical issue the Solidarity Movement is more responsive to Communist desires than is the World Peace Council. Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 ~illT. tae full import of the Cairo resolution can only be reeog- nized, hc~we~rer, when it is viewed against the baekgrourad of authoritative Communist statements on the Arab-Israeli issue ma9~e during the latter half of 19''j7. The most relevant is a policy declaration by the Congress of the Israeli Communist Party made in mid-1957, which called for "recognition of the rights of .the Palestin3.as~ Arabs--including the right of self- d,etermination,. and if they so deoired, their right to secession." The Cairo resolution, proposed by the Palestinian delegation with Eg'~tian aid and encouragement and with a licit Soviets ~ cart enco~asses the first part .of is declaxation, and reiterates the April-1955 New Delhi condemnation off' the Israeli Government as-an aggressive imperialist tool. The ".mocl,~rate" nature of the resolution is,.thsrefore, in fact deceptive, it is better characterized, as a cautious step forward 'by international Commca~iism~: in a typically d,eeeptivn long mange campaign, to e~~,cait as exceeding cc3mplex and explosive issue to its own egds~ R. Palms Thitt, who for .many years has been the most accurate d authoritative spokesman of international. Communism on the strategy and tactics to be employed in the, colonial world, :made this wear in an exhaustive article on Israel published in A~ug~st 1957 ~ the British Communist magazine, Lam A~-nth a Approving.tl~ above~,uoted policy statement of the Communis Party of Israel, he pointed out that the'politicai conditions for such a settlement "are not yet ripe, but are gathering." the Cairo resolution is a significant step toward the creation of. the ~ripe_political conditior3s" envisioned by Dutt in this plan, from which only the Soviet bloc and international Comm-~nism ~o~ald d~e~ive `moor benefit. .Resolutions endorsed an 1 February 1988 by the Communist Party of Israel real the extent to which the Cairo resolutions are consistent with its dcamestic program and ob~ectivess ~LCI~ -~ _R_~E CI;Pl!I~AL CoTT~E of TBE CAST PARTY of ISRAEL 3d ~anuax~y - 1 February 1~- "`ate Ce~atral Committee of the Communist Party of Israel. ~~ held its seventh plenary session at Tel Aviv from 3? January to 1 Febrasxy. Comrade Meir Wil~rtter, member of the political bureau, outlined the party program for the tech anniversary of the establish- ment o#? the:state. 'Editorial IJote Meir Wilmer is also a leading figtare is Israeli Peace Committee delegations to the World Peace Council "An agreement of the great powers on the disarma~me'mt questioB and other international problems--among which are those of the -5- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Middle East--would serve the catase ?~' peace in geaieral a~Id would represent a great contribution towards.a,relaxation of today's;; dangerous tensions. It would create more favorable conditions, for the solution of the Palestinian problem and the Israel-Arab.-.. confliet9 which, is intentioa~a].ly.aggravated by the imperialists and their servants. ye ~ AFRO aszATle corESS I1+i cAIRo "R3ie Cairo Cougressy -lay- ma~.festing the solidarity of-all the peoples of.Asia and Africay has made a great contributiott to, ? world peace. "~,e resolutions concerning economics social' and- cull.tural, questions, as well as the resolutions relati:ag to the development of the national economies. of the Asian amd African countries are all part of a general program for the fight against-imperialism from abroad and against-reaction at home. "fie resolution concerning Palestinian problems decl~~area that Israel serves as affi imperialist 'base which threatens thehe ut rs;ce a ~~xc~a rectors tact as a truer to stmt a shoot3.ng tthet will. be disast~?ous .~,a~iasd.a ~~ecau~e oi? t.s belief and i~ the spirit o~ ~nduxaag9 it conde~s a $? Via) ria~isffi iffi e11 its ~~r and anax~i~estationse ?9m lt. Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 ~ (b} foreign interference in t23e affairs of other countries; 8t (c) milits~?~y ar~~. political paacts and alliances that create overriding spheres of influence, endanger world peace and suppx?c~as the peoples aspirations; u (d) mi.l~.tery aid one country or group of countries, which constitutes threat. to neighbouring ccntntries and campe]as them to increase their md.li?~a'~y bu,8gets, than retarding their peoples' econoffic development; "(e) trestles that encroach upon. nations]. sovereignty of nations; a, (f } exploits,tiot~ of ~~e tiotaal econoa~r in other countries for the benefit of imperialistic powers; "(g) conspiring to overtYarow national governments in the interest of? the im~aeria,3.ists; ?(h) si?~ on cond?itiox~ detrimental to the interests of seller countries that ultimately jeopardise their sovereignty and independence; . ,t (i) establishment of foreigY.9 mi7.itst?y bases and forces on the territories of other countries; t'`7:'he Conference sees in the policy embodied in Pancha Shi1a seed the ten principles of ~and~ung best ,means to alleviate international te~-sion and to end the cold war, "Therefore it dec7.~?es t.~aat it gives its fu].1. support to the rights of the peoplesa ~' (a) to f`~?eedom$ self'-deter.~aination, sovereignty, and complete independence; "('b} to e~ettle their ita~ttF:~?~sa~. p~?ob3.ems by them~elv~es "(c) to choose form of their go~rnments according t0 their desire~o" Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78'-009158001000290046-9 1~ t~ai~ ~axb~~~~e9 d~.~ssiaa~ ~e~ter~d upo~a c~m~~ie~r~ ~i? ~1.~ged d~.~~~i~i,tsa~~ s~~ic~~ o~ ~, g~ali?ti~e~7. F.a~ - - --- - - -- ~ s~ dale ___,~_~ -~__ w~ ~~,,,.....6 b ~?~e ~~~~ dale ~ ~.t~a ~a,~e~ v~ t~~ i~ad~pea~d~a~t ? ~ fi~i~~ ire ~~^ ~itaai ~vi`tli ~Y~~9s A~i~a wrere ~g11,y ~~~ tae "3` ~~~ol~~~~~~ ~?~d i~ ?~ ~~'b~?r~i?~t~~`~l.i~i~~.izes~:e '~ i~~ bar ~,?~?~~?ib?~ia~g tie ~~~ti~e~ to ?~&e d~~ia~~ c~~ the ~~al~?~i~ `~~'~ ' t ~i ~`tx~~t?theaa ?thei~ csar~txol and ~l~iii~~ ~i' r~~i ~i~r~~ ~ ?tc~ re~,?e~~ acad. Affi ~?~?~~~ ~ i~~u~~e ~ ~~~ ?~ioxa ~f ~a~ial di~~,~i~ai~aa~tiAta ins ~ ~':?~~, ~~ i~~m $~e r~t~~i~x~ioxaq b~~ i~ w~,~ ~ ffi~e~~~~ ?I,~e ~..9.~~d~r 6? rate?" a~~iot~ Paz ~o ~~~e~~ ~~i~ ~io~ .at~x?itffi ~~~e~ ~c~?axtirr h~~er, i~a ].i~,kat ~~ ~ ~,~~~. ~b~et~~i~~ o~ ~ ~?~~?.l~~io~4 ~~ ~i~t~ fi~ae c~aaa~a?~io~ of d~.~~~i~i.?~i~~ ?k~a i~c~. 3.~~ . ~~?t~~i~~~ to tgae ~r~1d ~`t~te~ ~ k~~ di~;a~d aid Asa ~ effigy ?~s~?~d the ?~i.t~? p~li?~i~~7. isa~~~~~i~~ ~~t '~ a~ ~?i?aa~y i~ate~?e~t~-_ i~ ~ ~a~ias~. d~.ffi~iuai,?~ion ~ mar~:~~~~~~tiot~ o~ ~oloa~iali~me ~ ~ ~~zb~eg~xea~~ ~~d im ~oas~tioa wit~a the ce~.~- ~~a~i~~ ~~? t toix?thday o~ Pam Rob~~a~~ egp~a~?~ ~sr~ e~'e~tir~e~r d~~id ?t~ ~~ra a~~ti Aa~i~~ ffieffi~iim~xa~ bayed s~~a ~.l~ged ~a~;is~9, difficritaia~s,~i~~e ', 5 a ~ ~~e~ Wa~~~~ Sra~~;earr~~t,~~ ~~ ihia$ bot?~ ~~ ~~~ p~?o-C ~~ YAS~,~ Tf ati~+ax ~x~~~t~~e~ed lit?~le ?mmi~i~~ hip i,~~ta~ e,~st ~Yae We~tg ~k~i~Ya #?~x??tYa~~? _ d ~ ~~llm d~xa~iati~n~ of? Western larre?~,?~ion~ 3'~r ~~Ya3~ ~, n`~~lear ~a~?~. iced tY~e Western Wirers ~#? n.si .Ai?s?o Asiaas fi~rritsr~?~.es "~~r pre~ere~t~e faar i~ea~~~aas ?tes~ti~a~ ~, ~~?~ risl~ o~ i~,~~ari 1~ ~^t~,ca~ and inn d era t~c~r ?~hei~? u37o~..i ~~ t~ ~,~?~~~~ S~`~"t,e?~ sus ~?~ t~.e baranin e ee~h b~ Via, ~`~ and ~ s`~xp,~~ti re by Syriaxa, lane end o?tla~r 4Z~~ld ~a~e ~o~il re mere dearly ?~,? fir' , Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 cp untended to support the "atomic blacl~i~.?' strategy t~c>w being applied by the CFaU in the Free World through the peace campaigns Sits "struggle for peace,' whic~t is art extension of the well-lmown WPC program, has taken on new features since the publicatign of the Peace Manifesto signed by sixty-four Comrrtunist parties in November 1957 at Moscows It demands acceirtatirtce of Soviet-initiated or supported proposals on .many matters, includ.iaag t~aose on colonial terri- tories, as the only alternative to increased international tension, and evex?-increasing possibilities of nuclear warn Subsequent Soviet coanmentery has etnphaasized that the Conference "endArsed and supported Soviet policy oat atuclear warrfare a ~' It is intet?esting to note, in connection with the drifting of the nuclea~? warfare resolutions, ?traat the Soviet cl,eleg$tion flatly refused to permit the inclusion of the USSR as a recipient of txze proposed, appeml. for banning testae The sensi- tivity of the 'CSSIi on this paint 'becomes understandable wfien it is realized that the USSR refuses to permit array propagation inside the Soviet bloc of the scare-mongering used by men such as XA~''"UTe a tactic whi h they era'thusiastically endorse and repeat abroado This posture seems dictated by their concern over the possible impact of such arguments upon the Soviet peopled The basis for this concern was made clear as far back as ear7,y 1955, when then Premier Malenkov was accused by the CFSIJ of succumbing to ~imperislist atomic b].s~,ckmail"` and. contributing to "sle~eatism:' when he stated that nucleat? warfare would lead. to the d~es~Gruction of eiroilizationo Malenkov was obliged. to restate his pos~.tion for the Soviet people and to affirt~ that "in spite of widespread destruction, the Soviet Coa~aunist society would emerge victorieau,s fret a asuclear war." This remains the official dor~estie liras in the Bloc today. Yugosledv attempts to criticize the USSR as well as certain Western states for contributing to the heightening of tensions have, since earl~r Ir ].958, dz?awaa virulent denunci~-tions from the Soviet blow Ba The Economic Comm3.ssion The organization of the ~acaa?k of this commission was carried. out raith a, speed. aazd incisiveness not encounte~?ed elsewhere and control appeared to remeiin firmly in Communist ha~ads o lRae problem of subco~.ttees arose9 as in the political. commission, but it dad Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 not seriously affect the coarse of et~:nts'. , At the first .meeting the Egyptian delegation nominated a Syrian Comraunistt Nazim ~alii a professor from Damascus who had,been a,member of the predominantly Communist diglegation to Idew Delhi in April 19558 to head the commission. FIa~ring assumed control of the proceedings, Mr. Mousli proposed, as soon as he took the chair a. the election of two vice presidents and a secretary;. the- notn~iinatiora of the ~'apanese delegate as secretary, e, the nomination of an Egyptian delegate and the Soviet delegate to the vice presidencies. Tlaese nominations frcan the chair were accepted, The Egyptian delegate was then recognized and 8romptly read, a series of si~,teeh recommendations. The Sudanese delegate then proposed-that the reports by the USSR and ~Tapan be presented The chairman, who obvI,ously wished to givre the ~'SSEi d,ele6ate the advantage of making the final presentation and reacting to proposals made by others, statedF "In this .meeting we only hear recommendations from all sid~es,`~ and then called upon the Ceylon delegate to present his recommendations, As the: Ceylon delegate himself stated, `gam,proposals bear very close resemblance to those advanced by Syria-and Egypt." He first highlighted as a "'basic problem" the question "hc,~w can the strangle hold o~? economic imperialism be broken?~ '1~tis question he proceeded to answer proe~tly by proposing adoption of the. concept of regional es contrasted with national $ndustrialization. I3ia reccammendations dealt with the centr questions of (a~ sources of capital$ ~'b} sources of technical. knowledge; ~c~ relatioxsship between ecrnsu-ner and capital goods production; ~d~ state sponsorship ?f industry; Vie) the need for 'political similarity" of participating gei`rernments, all of which topics were dealt with in the subsequent Soviet presentation, After a short comment from the Tunisian .member, a second Syrian d,elegate9 Nlaraaf Dawalibi who also was present at the New De]l1i .meeting in April 1955 then sought to prevent the introc~aa.ctioa of osier ideas a~ad to steer- the organization of the deliberations. Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78;00915R001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 He proposed a plan of work, suggesting that "the written at~d verbal reports so far presented were quite adequate as a basis fir defining the agenda of our committee.?1 Iie suggested that axt agenda subcommittee of the whole be created and also introduced a-new topic, calling attention to the need to deal with the case "of the people who are still crlanized.?' The chairman, after having heard and passed outer comments by an Egyptian delegate and the Burmese delegate'. reiterated'- the observation of his Syrian colleague concerning the commissions need to consider the problems of peoples still in colonial status, and again riecognized his colleague. ', Returning again to the question of organizing the committee's work, !~. Dawalibi repeated his proposal that the coa~i.ttee operate eas a unit, thus opposing the Egyptian and Sudanese proposals for the creation of subcommittees. After furth~,er in- conclus3ve discussion on whether one, threes or four subccunmi.ttees should 'be organized, the-chair finally recognized the Russian delegate, who proposed (a) a general discussion on the following day With the whole committee in attendance; (b~ a decision in principle on the creation of subcommittees; and (c a postponement of the decision of need for and number of subcommittees necessary until after the general discussion..- His."suggestions" were prtly supported by the Chinese delegates Chi Tao N13.ngs-and thereafter by Palestine, the Sudan, and Egypt. In this manner the entire committee was held to ther (as had been originally proposed by the Syrian d,elegation~to hear the Soviet reports and an opportunity was created for the real discussion on convening subcommittees to take place outside the formal meeting. Four subcoam~ittees (again a reflection of the Syrian delegatets insistence on a special eonsidsration of the dependent countries) were in fact formed ~e most .elaborate and lengthy reports presented at the'Ccnferenee were those presented by Egypt and Syria to the Economic Commission. The Egyptian report had been prepared as-far back as ?ctaber by Ai3e1 Aa~.t~, an Egyptian Communist. The authors of the Syrian report are not known, but its content clearly reflects the close link which the writers must have had to the Afro Asian Lawyers Coherence in Damascus in November. Significant similarity to the Egyptian and Syrian reports have also been noted in detailed and lengthy reports presented by individual members of the Ceylonese and. Japanese delegations. -1~+- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 on the following day8 ~a) the Commerce Exchange Subcommittee; {`b) the Industrial and Agricultural Subcommittee; ~c} the Labor and Cooperatives Subcommittee; and (d) the Dependent Countries Subcommittee. 1. Ecouomic,S~l_e Against Colonialism -The Soviet Program is Presented ~~~ On the second day of delberationsr the Soviet delegates Arzumaniyanr in his speech to the Economic C ommission presented. a Communist blueprint for economic development in Afro Asia, repeating the usual Soviet offer of disinterested aid without strings to independent countries in Africa and Asia.- Other aspects of his speech merit closer and ire immediate priority attention. Firsts he spoke in a curiously ambiguous manner. .When proposing courses of actions he spoke as sn Afro-Asian exploit- ing the basic advantage offered by the admittance of the 't1SSR to the Conference as a full and egos]. participant. At other pointer particularly when making offers of assistances he spoke as a repre- sentative of the Soviet. bloc addressing Afro-Asian peoples. ~e significance of this dualism emerged later whew. the economic commission produced for all Afro Asian countries resolutions on corm~ercer 1.aborr and industrial development-which were consistent with Mr. Arzumaniyan's recommendationsr and a separate group of resolutions directed to the dependent countriesr which called for struggle against inclusion of dependent African territories in the European Common Market programs condemned existing colonial development schemesr Colombo P]:anr etc.r Arad advocated acceptance only of such aid as was offered without strings. Secandr basing his presentation on the Soviet examples he suggested the essentials of a national. economic development program which each Afro Asian country could profitably adopt. The principal elements of this program were a. Financing of industrial development through nationalization of foreign-owned entes?prise,. b? State control of a17. foreign trader with severe restriction of aeon-essential imgorts, to ensure direction of profits and benefits to productive', purposes. _15_ Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 co Central economic planning, with emphasis upon the priority development of productive industrial capacity rather than upon coasumer goods.- d. Maximaam ezcploitation of raw materials expo~?ts in foreign .markets to help defray costs of internal de~relopment. In view of his offer of Soviet aid and technical assistance, "within the capabilities of the Soviet economy,fi? it is interesting to note that he emphasized in this portion of his speech that economic development could be achieved9 as he claimed it',was in the Soviet Union, without foreign aid, if th~ e proper tee~.niAUes were employed. ' Third? he suggested a cooperatives economic program,''to be undertaken by all Afro-Asian countries in concert, which',would further contribute to economic development of the whole ~.rea. This cooperative progx?am would involve the acceptance by'the Afro-Asian g~?oup of such concepts as complementary national economies, the use of preferential and p~^otective tariffs, and ,point pricing of raw materials exports outside the Afro Asiaa area ' to caa~cimlze profits o The progx?am~; which he related to the need to protect the Afz?o-Asian countries a~,inst unfair ensures of "new colonialism" of the European Common Market and the threat of plans for Eurafrican developn~nt, contained what was in effect an endorsement in principle of tx~~e Egyptian call for the'. creation of sn Afro Asian common .market, within which the USSC and its Asian sataellites presumably would be :Included. But it went far beyond those ideas by cs~.ling for the inte~ation of national economies in Africa and Asia. It was clear from the proceedings that the US~R was not disposed to commit itse].i' in advance to such enterprises',.ae-were envisioned in the detailed Syrian, Egyptian, Japanese,. a{~d. even Moroccan proposals. !, Also,~in this section of his speech, the Soviet delegate said that the Afro Asian countries, "being dedicated to "the principles of anti-colonialism naturally could not themselves indulge in the techniques of colonial plunder.` This interesting state- m,ent, which followed his description of private investment of capital abroad as ?tthe main icnperiali st device for pluhd~ring colonial territories,' is a clear indication that in Comt~unist opinion such operations by private capital are u.naccepta'~le even -16- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78~00915R001000290046-9 ii? serried. out by the more aclvaraced independent countries oi' Asia and African such as Tnelt+a sad pagan. Together with. a statem~eret 03' Nfa?? Sadekf~ it :makes clear that Soviet ', opposition to real Afro Avian 'economic cooperation at tla,is time will persist so long as the e~~lusion of the West i'r?~m Ado Asiaaa eeor~mio af`Feir~ is ~t ec~mpl~te~, aatd, tl~,t it does not envision the assigrunerst o~ ' rs~le in such devel,cipmentsc~scmes ta''private capital. Path the speech and the Dina]. resol~xti?nt~ an econowic questions sa Bch the Soviet delegation accepted9 laid the gro-;rndwork f?r the piecemea3. development o~ a system of? economic cooperation' with the 1JSSi3 in a pEasition to c?retrol the pace eared euterlt of ?t~he development. Against this backg,~c~id,~ the emp_'hasia placed oa regional3y~ ita?~~ated indtria]~i.~ation, with its aceeptazece of the i~nter- d~epend,erece o~ the pat?ticipating state~a. c]early suggests the line- along which Leninist ~unity~ is tea be' de~loped between the Soi-let b 3.oc and the free nations of Asia and. Africa: as the slogan, of "Yeational self-dretermireetion" ceases tc be vend. 2. Tl~e_ Qwestion o~lonialor3.e~ The denuneiation by the commission of the Europee~re Common I+?ax?l~et and, the related L'earafrica d,ev~elopment plan bad, also ote; Are iref'cermativt il.].ustratiore of the'... Communist capability to deal g~acef?illy with problems which arise in such co~erence,s is prov3,dsd by a statement made on 2~ December by an Egyptian d~;legate~ Abd ai A2iz Sadiek ~a long-time Egyptian Peace Partisan~? ~Jlien it appeared that the question ot? an Afro Asian Common Market w getting. too arch attentions this man issued a statement that Lgy7a?~ d,id. not i?avor the creation ?i' a cowman .markett because; `~l. The ru~z~-recogziition oi? Comm~xuist China by certain countries constituted are obstacle to the common market. g?2. -There was a possibility that certain Wester~a powers would their control ovjer certain territories in Asia attd Af~:?ica to ' iretrFZde a on the common market. `~ ~e them gently directed discu?esion into whet the US~ft considered proper terizrs at this titsr~ by ~pa?oposing~ `Mast ~Af~ican and Asian countries coopex?ate closely ire. the economic Meld throh individual. bilateral, agr?eements.~ j _l7e Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-0091580010,00290046-9 been foreeed e~ere b~ ~~~.~~ ~tate~ne~ta ae i'~? back ae September ].~57, when tYae W?a~?].d ~'e~ce ~a~il ~ab].icati?n9 ~~i~?an~ pbxbli~he~. a~ article b~ ~3.erre ~~~ an `~ Il].~aia~s ~i' t3e n I1~~.t0 ~'~in~ ~e~]?a~?a?~i+~~r~ i~~. ~n 29 I~~ember aid. ~ I~~ern'ber by ?t~xe '~reffich ~o,~~~ P ?~'ty's te~gether pith leading repreeentati~e ~~ the Cs~z~;+.~t p~~~iee ~i? A3.gerias M~racce~, and, t~ieiae b~t~. ia~crated this ear at~,e;+~k on the E~ra~?ica ply. ether mm~~ atc~ on; a EafY~i~a pYan t~rere a]8o made earlier in ~,9~7. ~ore~.gn '' ~ ~bl,ishing Houae 'in Moscow in fact cat~ade a ~~?3b~ition ~o this ~ gn at the end cif the gear by p~]Die~.3.ng a ~'Ssie~ap$ ~.,..ich c~ontaia~d articled fY?om sixteen caa~trieffim-ate d~~te~. to criticiatn of the Comme~n I~rket ~pra~gr?ain. ~ i~or??~ pc-int w~ii~h urged during tY#e ~aixo s~Siberatioa~ way that t'~ q~tia~ffi o~ the Eurafriaan ~ w~ ~ie~aed f~t?~s t~ao d3.erer~t aspectffi a. one t~'a?ab],e it~a~?t o~ a E~ara~`ri~an p]~an om the ec~a~ni~ de~3L nib o~ t,~~ indepen~nt co~zntries e~f o Asia, o~tsids the p ax?ea9 whose ec~onoe wo~u].d encounter coct~tition ~ ~axrmica. b. 3~e eg;~r u~a~rab].e i,et mf the plan ;on the A~`a?icat~ ?~erritoriea ?~ be d3.rect~y affected. {e.g.9 Forth Ai3?ica9 Mack A~i~,~ ~ho~e p~?eaent sub~u~ti,~n to ~o3.~nia]. natio~a wo~].d be enhanced by the operation of the plays. ~. '1'Yse final Resol.~,tione ', A c~c~~arison of ?~ ~i~.a~, pro~sal.s ~t' tlhe eco~.c coai.asi?as with the recd n~,?~io .b~i.tt,ed tar the x?io p~ticipant~ re~als .e i"o].lirsg. a Simian re~:otm~n~,tiona +~n t,~ae pr~x?iet~r of a3atio ~,atio~e ~~~ e~co~aging go~s*nt~nts tcg tae~rk ~ the d~e~elopmant oi' point p and prog~ i`or econom3.c deb,?ga~aent~ ply the rec~anda?ti~n~ ~~ar ~ r?~ ~~ c:~l:~nial peoples s i~g #'?r freedom and. i~upend~nce' ire in~arpc~rated iffi the Sinai re~olutiorae. the ~~ac~l~tion~s on e~ossomi~e ag~icazl.t~?als at~d indaxetria~. ~oopera?~ion a,*sd oss action meeting aabor and c~pera?~i~a ref'I,ec?ted prima~?i the Eg~atian aub~.s$ion? ~e recotar~~:datio c~oncer~i~ c rci~., exc~sae f'i31~r p~?eaented to the Co~eren~e ref"le~teci the gesnta pre~e~s"~d b~ b~~?h 'use Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Egyptians and Syrians and incorporated specific secondary recom- .mendations .~,de by both of then, such as the need for a point consultative body to deal. with economic planning, proposals for exchange of commercial data,- and support for a Cairo Conference of Chambers of Commerce Cato Egyptian proposal. However, all specific recom~aendations for such measures as the creation of a cQm?~on economic development fuxu], a common. market, a central bank CMoroccan proposal, an Asian African payments union,. etc.y simply vanished. These very concrete proposala which had considerable support from members of the Jaiaanese and Indian delegations, among others9 appear to have beau dropped without any significant discussion after the une~nthus3ast3~ Soviet attitude towa~?d these reco~ttnendations was .made clear in the speech delivered on the second day of the Cotai'erence:. Although .many of the d,slegates came to this Conference,. in .spite of Misgivings, because of their hope that o~ or a of these proposals .might be endorsedF their failure to achieve att~gthing tangible appears to have gone unnoticed. ]3ut this was- not :tserely a .failure to achieve ~ desired eud. It was, even .more importantly, a mayor victory for the International Commuaaist I~vement which is not' in a position to e~loit for agitatianal purposes tme alluring and generalized resolutions of the Conference, ,which define aspirations that are universally ap- pealing, and courses of action which appear desirable. The movet~ea~t cata accept this wholeheartedly and yet remain free to maneuver and agitate over methods and specific steps to the advantage of its own cause. This cottIInission functioned as a single body with I3r. Taha ~Iussein of Egypt as presiding officer and an Indian delegate, Professor R. '~, 4ttu?kar, as rapporteur. In this coherence it dif- fered from the Political and Economic Commissions, which broke into subcommittees in spite of the desirea of some delegations. The heads of the: Chinese axad Ghanian delegations participated in its deliberations, as did Dr. I,ouia Azad, the rappcirteur of the Egyptian delegation. Proceedings went for?.arard smoothly and cons~ipsAted .main~.yoyf~y,~hearing proposals from,~am~y delegates. T~iere was ? .Lrtuall~ no kiln 6;7a f Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 The original Egyptian proposals were discussed and.cainor amendments were offered by the Ceylon Indian8 Japanese9 and Burma delegationao These9 howev+er~ were taken up with the rapporteur rather than in open discussions ~e Syrian delegate offered at the second .meeting a .modifier of the preamble to the Egyptian resolutiono This statement which f`~oliticalized~ tlae entire content of the recommendations highl3.ghted 'the role played by cu7.ture in the development of politicala economics and social solidaritye~ The Soviet delete on the commission extended the invitation to Afro-Asian writers to participate in the second Asian $Jriters4 Conference to be held. in Tashkent in October 1958. ', The final meeting of the commission adopted the original Egyptian recommendations with the addition. of only the 5y~ian amendment described above and. a proposal for the creation; of national translation bureausa Four additional recommendations were approved--one op teaching of the mayor Sang~zages of A~?ica and Asia9 one on scholarships for Algerian stadents; one ca~.ing for an ennue,], Afro Asian cultural prize, and o~ calling on governments to combat ]literacy Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78.-009158001000290046-9 II. ST[~TCTTR~+ AIItI[3 E~tGANIZATIONAL CHARAC7~ISrICS ~F ~ AFRO ASIAN St3 Co A~ SECRETAR The Organization Comtniaaion of the Conference comprised the heads of all aaatiotaal de]aegatione. However, i~ a xaumber of inataasees--as in the 'SSSR delegation, for example--leas proM.i.~nt delegates-were present who either directed the actions of delegation leaderas or were authorized to speak for them. Little is knor~n ?about the deliberations of this commi.asion, but the results of its acti?na merit close study. The fine]. reac~lution on organization approved the creation of an Afro- Aaian Peopleps Solidarity Council and a permanent secretariat. .This i.a the cu].~aination of an organizing effort which began three years ago. These bodies, which ~aave not to date (A-1~gust 195$) begin coMpletely staffed, have not yep began to function. In the interim the Egyptian committee is operating in their stead and appears to be concentrating on the translation and dieaemina- tion of some of the Conference speeches. Preparation of .Material for the vitriolic ~~Tmice o~ Free-Africa" is 8].~o being carried oat, tan the basis of data so far received, the Afro-Asian solidarity ,movement and i~~ permanent bodies are, rough3y, regions]. equiv~enta of the World Peace Moveanent and its organs, the Execative Bureau and Secretariat. a. It encompaasea all binds of geople, as distingaished from the other ~ze,~or fronts, which specialize in appealing. to one specific group--trade unionists, youth, lawyer. b. It has espoused as one of its primar~r tas}~a the same basic program to which the WPC is dedicated, i.e., the carapai;grs for peace--on Soviet terms. , c. .There is no evidence that the Council and Secretariat are coa~atitutionally responsible to the Conference-which authorized their creation. (In the-WPC the Secretariat is self perpetuating and not responsible to the World Peace Council; the Executive Bateau of the WPC is noa~.nated by the Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78;009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Secretariat; there is no mechanism or procedure for direct nomination by the Council.) It differs from the World Peace Movement--and avoids'a-.. ma,~or defect of that organization_-in one essential. It has a second positive mission, through which it can reach and iti~f'luence others who are not Communists. This .mission is its support of national liberation movements. In this it can serve as a'focus and coordinating center, bringing together all Communist Front activity in the Afro-Asian area, whether it be?in youth, labor, professional fields, women, etc. The organization of "Algeria Days' programs on 3o March throughout the Afro Asian area was its main project so far, and at the national level Communist parties have invariably played key roles in these programs. The organization and charter of the Council is still unclear. All that is known is that every country in the two continents is entitled to have one member of the Council, to be nominated by the national committee. The Council will convene when'. called by the Secretariat and will meet at least once each year.' From this limited information it seems clear, however, that the princi- pal function of the Council will be that of a rubber stamp, to approve in retrospect the actions of-the Secretariat. pro- vision for individual nominations to the Council is also Wf interest, because it .f'acilitatos: Communist control of the body (through the close-knit international party mechanism) and inhibits point action by the free nations of Africa and Asia, which laek',agy equivalent device. The Secretariat, composed of a Secretary General and,teri secretaries, is given virtual carte blanche so far as its '...mission and internal structure is concerned. The Egyptian committee was given the right to select the Secretary General (fox? cone year!)g the ten other national committees authorized to designate one secretary each were Cameroons, China, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, the Sudan, Syria, the USSR, and Ghana. There has '~-een an unexplained delay in the selection of secretaries. The Smviet secretary, Abd al Ghaffar Abd al Rashidov, the first to arrive in Cairo, did so in early March. The Chinese .member, Yang Shiro, arrived in Cairo 5 May. Both the method of selection and the specific countries selected are of critical importance in determining the future of Communist control of this strategic body. Approved For Release : CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 C a. A precedent has been established by which,. at a second conference, the key post of Secretary Gener~l,a:an be handed to a Communist, ,from either a Bloc country or even a wee World country where CP domination of the national committee is co~}plete. b. 3'he precedent has been established by which any country not considered a reliable ally by the Soviet 'Sloe can easily be prevented from gaining a seat on the Secretariat, mwo seats on the Secretariat are already Communist-controlled. Far other seats Coa~munists or erypto-Communists are likely to 13e designated, .although the decisions have riot as yet been .made. The countx?ies to be represented are India, Syria, and the Sudan. In at least acne of theseq however, there +s already evidence that the national committee is deadlocked in .making its choice. It is impossible at present to e~,etermine whether Communist influence in the national coma~.ttees of the Camera3ons, Indonesia,- Iraq,. Japan,. and Ghana is sut'ficiently strong taa lead to the designation of an individual ~s~ is, overtly or covertly, subject to Communist party discipline or to control by a cl,sxidestine arm of a Soviet bloc 8~rnment. '1'he question is not, however, being left ccampletely to chance, if the Secretariat follows a reported plan fair the internal division of labor and thaw specific assignments of the individual country secretaries. Ftrur :main cotr~i.ttees have irl fact beau provideai for ? a. Political b. Social C . I'~''+CClnomiC d. Liaison. It is reported that within these main a~o~,ttees specific assigexments for country secretaries have been distributed as follows; -~3~ Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78;00915R001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 a. Ana (Social GQ~t~~tee) m Yout:~ and Socia3s Services b, IndiaEconomic G~-m~aittee ~ d Labor and Cooperatives c o ~'apan ~Polit~.c~. Geaas~.tt~e ~ < LM1fnc~ag? Weapons &. Indaanesia {ld.a.~.eom Gou~ittee) a Asian States e. Iraq (Y~..aison Go.ttee~ -Arab States ~o Sazdan ~Y.iais?n ~Co~ttee~ @ Aftcica~a States '' an the bae~.s oi? the aet~rities o~ tlae Conference itself, and of general l~aow3.ea3ge conce~?nimg a ec'~;ivities of tae national Go~anist parties of the A~?~a Sian a~?ea, these assigr~emts cannot be cot~idered fortune o father, they re?3.ect a particularly apt division of labor fro~a tae +~oast point caf ~ie~a, in which a partica~lar strength or special frznction of the respective mational G?~amuniat party would teaei to it?ove its cY~ancee for exertia~g influence. ao Ira ~hasaa the ycara~' ms's are -`~~ bodies to' which local Gaans.et~ and. pro?Soviet extremists havie directed their maim ef?i?oz.~ta. b? In India, Co'~ist Pa~?ty tnass~ organi2atior~' is strmngest in bot~a. labor and peasant bodies, and. ma~o~ unity c iga~s are being conducted. ix~ both fie~.d~o It is, further, eaa].ighten~.r~g tea no"s.e that A. ~L. ~opalan the leading Cot~u+a~aist iss tl~ 3sadian delegation to Gairo, is a member oi' t3ae Po~.itbt~?o of the GP, pi,^esident of the P atcty? ~ peasant o~.~gan ration, and a foresstor a~ leading spokesa ft~? the c,~x?'x?ea~t ~?as?ty policy of aggressive' umi.ty campai~s in bot'~a the labor ~snd, agricultural cooperatives fields. ~e .main points of tine Gairo resolutions om, these matters foll~red c~.aseA,~ the main liaaes ?~ a key speech he made iaa Augaas~t X953 tea t~~e Goma`~erence of the Party ? s; peasant a~ntmo All?Is, ~fis~ Sabhe,. c. Againq 'fie ~apase G.an:~st Par~:y has had' mayor success in deve~.aa~aing and. dom~.x~ting the front c 8ms mn the ntac~,ear ~eapo~ issrae. a speech, by ~A~JY ~aoxu, Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 at Gairo on the topic. was the .most intemperate address delivered by any Japanese delegate9 and it faithi'~.il1y echoed the Soviet9 Ghinesey and World Peace Council line on the topic.. d. The designation of Sudan to handle liaison with the African countries is also enlightening. In this regard, the statements .made by the Sudanese Communist Izzal Diu Amere quoted elsewhere in this paper, revasl that this function is prec3ee],y the one which .moat closely f ita the cs~pablities of the Sudanese party. ee The designation of Indonesia and Iraq to equally cxitical liaison tasks is also significant. The Iraqi delegation to the Conference was drawt3 Prom the Left- ~ationalst oppQSition at home and ixt e~.le~ in a couratx~ in which official policy eras, at least at that time9 contrary to that advocated by the Conferenceo' Such elementsy which have heretofore accepted the cooperettion of the Iraqi C?mmunist Bartyy are admirably suited to serge as a bridge to dissident elements in the other Arab states, and at the samrt: time, as a channel through which Iraqi Com~cunists can exert influence by providing clandestine communication lit~ksy introductions to Party m~es~bers in other- couatriest advice9 and other useful services. In Indonesia the- ratrea~gth9 international. contacts, anc3. favorable .position of the Gomffiunist ~"typ which has succeeded is identifying itself' as a leading element in the campaign for recovery of West Irian, again would tend to give it considerable leverage in gaining control of and e~loiting this position. It rernai~as to be determined what functions will be assigned to the secretaries f'ra~ the USSR and China, the Gameroonsg a~td Syriag all of .ch are of critical importance to Communist control of the Secretariat. It also remains tee be seen-resat individna~.s actual],y are designated to these positionsF ?~n the basis of the events at the Conference it appears likely. that either the tJSSt~ or the Syrian member Mould head the ~onomic ~cmmi.ttee~ with the- other designee takisag respo~bility fox a subcotmtaittee om comtmercial relations or national. economic policy. China is a logical cand3.dste to head the ~cial 6tommittec~. It is iossible to envisage the function likely to be assigned to the Croonian secxetaxy. -25- COlE~'~'AT~7. Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 zoo ~ coErt~E ~ a~ae~ cA With the exception of the Ghanian and Ethiopian d,e].agations, which attended primarily as observers with the approval df their respective governments, and the goon d,ele,~ationg which represented an undeniably significant (although illegal)...political element, the raumero~us "delegations" which c3.aimed to repl^eaent Black Africa at Cairo were largely composed of individuals currently residing in Cairo. T~ieae, as well as others such as the repre- sentatives of the French Sudan, have at 'best very dubious bases for their claims to be representative of politically significant coups. N~any, such as tk~e Kenya representatives, are im fact atuc~nts in Cairo whose education is being subsidized by the Egyptian authorities. Few such ?1representatives,?t however, have been repudiated by the ge?oups or Gauntries they clammed to represent; and there is a hazard that they.tmay im course o~ time be considered "representatives approved by default". One such self-designated ~?epresentative who was openly .repudiated was Joseph Garang, native of the Southern Sudan. lie nevertheless went to Cairo and was officially listed. as a mmember of the Sudanese delegation, as a representative of the Southern &iberal ~at?ty. Prior to his departure from ~iartoum, however, the secretary general of the Southern Liberal lty had publicly disavowed him. and announced that he represented no one except himself--arid the Communist Party, of which he has `been a .member for some time. It is also interesting to note that~he was not included in the list off' official Sudanese delegates released in Khartoum by the all~~arty committee which chase the official Sudanese delegation. The caliber and character of most of the Black African "representatives" is clearly revealed in the following items based on official transcripts of representative speeches and statements: ao John Kamwidhi (allegedly a student resi.dsnt ira Cairo), self-styled ~lead,er of the ?~enya delegation,"' delivered a strange parod~r of the ~mierican Lleclaration of Independence, incorporating praise for such degenerate Mau Mau terrorists as "Marshal" China, "I+'ield Marshal Kime~tYii and "Marshal" Mathenye, and repeated denunciations of the British security -26- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 practices. He also described. Kenya political organizations, id,entif'ying Mr. Arqu,itiga Khodek as president of the Nairobi District African National CongressA the only strong body}." and listed, as three other "repressed bodiese the North, Centrsl~ arid, South Nyanza African Associations. b. A Nigerian delegate {speakiarg in the subcommittee on imperialism. on the question of choosing a president for the committee: "I propose we elect', alternatively different presidents from Af~?ica and Asia. ', Chairman ~ tem: t"This is not very clear; if I understand properly,. everyone would become president..' c. The spokeamatz for the Chad delegation aroused. coiasit'lerable apprehension at the Conference when he called for the provision of arms to a ~?Tnited Afrrcan Army" which, he eaide would then carry out the ~aaz' to eliminate colonial oppression. Mere is~ ho~revery evidence which suggests that considerable effort was expended without success by the Egypt~,iana its attempts to bring more competent an$ impressive delegates.from Black Africa to the Conference. Tnvita~tions were conveyed to such prominent personalities as Team Nlboya of Neraya, Juliuxa Nyerere of Tangatry9.ka~, and Diallo Seydou of Fa?ench West AfSricay but a7.~. of them failed 'to attend. T~ seems ;likely that their son-appearance resulted either from their own lack of enthusiae~m,or, .more significantly from the disfavor with which their organizations viewed the gathering. Other figcres from East Africa9 according to Egyptian bresadcasts9 allegedly received clandestine invitations and. of'fe~?s of s5~id, far clandestine travel to Cairo vta the Sudan. But in spite of such "opportunities?~ to evade the travel restrictions certain to be imposed by coloratal ac~ttaittistrations, virtually all East African invitees appeared to find it less compromising and politica]1y more profitable to follow the normal procedures of applying for passports and: of`f'icial permission t~'travel, knowing fta].2. well that permission would be denied,. These executive actions they--and, the Egyptian radio as well--have asince e~loited in post?Conf`erence propaganda. This ce~urse was adopted by a five-man delegation f?ror~ Zanzibari three men f'rt~m Kenya, attd two from Tanganyika. Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78+009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Comrmzniat participation from Black At~?ica was in fact very limited; but this fact may have beau the outgrowth of local political problems with which these elements are currently concerned. Perhaps the most interesting and ea2lighteuing reaction to the Conference by the Communist-oriented elements in Black Africa was the treatment given the Conference in the 27 December issue of the South African New .Age weekly. A factual and generally favorable half-page story concerning the opening of the Conference was published si8~e by side with a reprint of the .manifesto issued by the Egyptian Communist Party in July 1957, which was published at that time by Humanite and Unity the newspapers of the Ccam~unist b~rties of Fx?ance and~taly. his manifesto, which states clearly (for a Communist audiences at least} the reservations and limits conditioning Communist endorsement of the Masser regime, seems ' likely to have been published in this way to aid the Communist reader to understand. the true character and significance of the Ganf'erence and the cautious enthusiasm with which the paper treated the event. die $ December issue of CP India?s New used precisely the same d,ev3ce, printing the manifesto on oa~e pao~, with a CP Egypt criticism of Nasser~'s domestic policy; a report concerning the Cairo CoarP'erence was on the adjacent page. In spite of the existence of significant C~nur~.st-oriented elements among the nationalist groups in French Equatorial. and West Africa, and the issuance of imitations to local aff~.liates of the World Peace Council, their _participation at Cairo', was minima]-. Travel difficulties along cannot be held responsib7.e, for paid passages were available by the Secretariat mf the Cvaf'erence, and Communist student and trade-union personaXities i`x?om the area have usually Managed in the past to ov~ercoaue this obstacle when the event was considered important. But s number of Black African Communists decided to forego attending even such.ma~or activities as the Vlth World Youth Festival in' Moscow any the WFIU Congress in Leipzig in 19,57 to avoid ex- posing themselves to local denunciation. On the basis of'it~'c~rma- tion gleaned eaatc?lier in 1957 it is also considered. likely', that this most mature component of Communism in Black Africa iffi well.-aware of the fact that ' non-Cammun3.st and anti-Communist nationalists, as a result of their e~eriences with Arab residents in tlyeir own countries, also find Egyptian pan-Arabisffi at~c3. e~,gansi~anism distasteful. It is also likely that some Gists share this -2$- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78'-009158001000290046-9 ce~r.~a attitude and d~ not yet fully understand and~or enthusiastically accept the Soviet-inspired strategy of collaboration with ~'asser-Arab nationalism in advancing the anti-colonial struggle in Africa. his general problem is reflected in the speech delivered by Firmin Joseph Abalo~ delegate from Togo which reflects this attitude of Central Afx?icar~ nationalists "There is finally a problem which should not escape ust and with tlhich Centre]. Africa will request that the Conference concern itself9 to try to find possible solutionse It is the attitude of the Syro I~bataeae. "You no doubt know (at least tho Central African delegations, that Syrian and Lebanese citizens are engaged in commerce in our countries. Their behavior toward the-local population is like that of the European colonialistst and they are in general allied with.-them to e~pl?it our people.. C?n the political. lave]. as we31 they aide with the imperialists. 4th masses have diffieultlr understanding ua when we estplain to them that all the countries of Ai"rica and Asia-- including the Syrians and Leba~se ih consequence--aY?e united in the same struggle for their liberation from imperialist domination. These massesg we aay~ cannot understand how their Asian i~?ie~ads continue to fight .against us in the camp of our aggre~sor~~ There is in tact no reason to believe that in its choice of .means of infl.~tencng Africa the "CSSR and Intert~tional Cor~unism are placing undue emphasis and reliance upon the Ai'~o Asian Solidarity organization and st~pc~rt for N~aser9s aspirations. Trade uni.ar~ sx~d ycsuth g3r?oups throughout Af`rics have. long been cultivated dir~ectlya and the problems attendant upon simultaneously exploit- ing African nationalism and strengthening'Communism,in Black Ai`rica have already been recognized withiffi the Internatioaaa3. Movement. An article by A. Zusmanovicht published in August 1987 in the second issue oi? the new Soviet academic publication on Afro-Asia, C~~te~porar East sheds light on this aspect of the Soviet attitude totted A~~'~^iCa. While it grants that "at the present sta~e'of development the liberation movement in the African colonies is headed by the national bourgeoisie;" the -29- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :.CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 .main emphasis in the a~tiele is on the developing strength trade unionism and the need to integrate that strength into the anti-colonial effort. "The African working class must clash with the',colc-nizers because the basic enterprises using hired labor belong to foreign corporations. Therefore the struggle of 'the working class is becoming ats integral part of the a11- pepo le, nationa3., anti-i~perialiat Wit." -` This "assessment" is clearly not a new one; but in the past it has been largely restricted to tracLe union circles. From the abundant proof that an intensive campaign has been carried out by the WFitT and its African offshoots since 1955 to involve non-Communist African trade unionists in united front arrangements at the national level two conclusions emerge. (a} The tTSgft continues to place high priority on establishing Communist d,omtnation of African trade unions as the .main instrument for influencing and dominating the national liberation effort in the area. (b) Because the efforts .made between lgl+6 and X955 to pull African Labor bodies directly into the Communist camp by working through Gommaznist trade union bodies in tie mother countries have largely failedt the current intent is to exploit unity of action in economic struggle against colonialism at the local and national level $s a diffierent route to the same end. Communist-dominated African unions have in fact been',.permitted to disaffiliate from the WFTI'fJF as a tactical .measure o in order to make their unity proposals :more palatable loc ~ and'they have been accepted in acme national aaad regional. bodies as a result. But their ability to exploit these gains is limited as lobs as the trade unions do not become (a~ involved in violent conflict with local governments (b) identified with the extremist e]~eu~nts of the national liberation movements and~or {c} combined in broader regional bodies and thus open to Communist e~loitation of the opportunity to manipulate their organisational skills common perspectives and parallel lines of coordination and direction which operate through the International Communist Movement. -30- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 The A~'rc~-.Ammiax~ aolidax?ity mm~kra~egy i~ ab~ric~usly vie~red as ~ .mans ~f encouraging azrd, controlling thiffi rapprochement, wYail.e keeping the aaature and. eartent o~ the Co~runimmt it~'luence iu the procemms concealed.. But the hcalding o~ the Cairo Cor~f'erence acrd tlae establish rat o~ tlae Council and Secretariat sre by no :~eaaamm ader~uate orgarxizational measureas ino thes~selv~ess. other .~asuremm are berg taken. These measuremm appear likely to in~+sal~re the assumption by the Corunist party of the Sudan and itmm cadres o#' art Carat tammk--that oi' beccunixrg a bridge, intermediy, btrff?er, and so~.rce o~ mmuppo~t, beteu the pro- Co:rnist . rrt in the Arab World and at least sc~e cf the nat~,otma]. liberation ~orcemm o~f Mack A~rice~. A post-Cms~ere~ce speech by a leading Sud~-rree~e Con~arurist brraad~a~t f'~cim ~airv to the Suds d,~almm ~it~r thiffi e~reaeely aigni?icarrt question? roadcas~t Igrter~.e~ with ~'. I~za7l. ~3ira ~lmir, Secretary of the se Delegation to the Afrco Asian Solidarity Conference - 29 Decea~rber 1g5~ "The AASC is exr ex~enssion of the Baatidung Con#'eretace of 195. . .The present Corrfea?ence represexit~s a bigger force as it representes the people. . .The Corrtereuce is of greater it~portance to -the African countries whose. case has mot beers coidered ors an interrrationaa. level. 3'here are ~evera3. Africian nations atrugglirrg for indepeuc~ence, the peoples of the Cameroons, Tanga.ka, ?lgarrda, and. others . .The leaders of the peoples repreeeri#?ed ~'teac reachirsg au und~eratandi~g can evert pressure upon their gogrerrerrts so as tca present a united, gout im the '~Traited Nations thus f or~i.ug ara isat~raational bloc Which ,~-y save tli~ world ir~r the daxrgermm of sear . stion? `?Whast is the role ~ be played im the Conference by .the Su tae delegatioffi?" Ammer? "The Sudatr by its a~rn geographical. and pralitical. po~sitiorr~corastitutes a bride between the I~'iddle East snd. the Armmb League ors the cane hasnd$ and the heart caf Arica which is still under -the .yoke of im~aerialis~r, orr the rather. 7~ae Sud~a shc~u].d be spokes.~rarr of the Ai'rican patio .ch are ta$g3.ng a bitter struggle nmmt ierialisuao F~;vrthex~nrare~ , it hays its role which it tmu~t play in the s~,ppcart of` the Arab cause Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 and the Arab liberation trends led by Egypt and Syria. The Sudan as a newly inc3epend,eut and axa uncommitted country is .more capable of actix~-than some other Arab or African countries Which have joined certain alliances.- "The Sudan did not achieve independence until two years ago. . . However, in spite of the short period availsbleA the Sudan has merle itt~ortant contacts with the African countries. Thee latest exa~ple is that of the Camero?ns. The Sudan was able to reach some liberation. .movements in Ta~ka and Uganda. It also worlred to facilitate the travel of some of these countries' delegations to Cairo to attend the present Conference. .'. . There are several close links between the Sudan's cause and that of the African countries. Tate Sudan had experience with:. ir~erialism. 7~e methods used by the imperialists in Tanganyika or in Uganda are very similar to those used in southern Sudaa to isolate it, and. to keep it in a primitive state. . . The Afro Asian countries should take action against this'European common market ar the alleged free trade area." Key figures among the Communiffit-influenced African nationaliets~ such as Felix Moumie, are now active in Khex?toum as well, as Cairo. There is evidence of cooperation between Sudanese Commun~.sts and Egyptians in attempts to bring people to the Conference clandestinely from Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, and other central Afi?ican territories. These factors increase the likelihcxyd that the Sudan Will. in fact fill the role outlined above. Further, the ability of the Communist .movement to coordinate Black African activities of the. international fronts with those of the'Afro- Asian Solidarity Council is enhanced by the introduction of Sudanese nationals into leading positions in the executisre bodies and secretariats of most of the ma,~or international fronds. Some post-Conference broadcasts from Cairo to Black'AYrica strongly suggested that the Egyptians at least were sens~.tive to the po$sibility that their appeal to Black Africa was bung adversely affected by charges that the Conference Was Co~mutaist- inspired and dominated. `:IIiey have tried. to refute these 'charges by pointing out the contradictions between the repressive measures generally taken by Communist governments and the demands ',for freedom of speech, assembly,. etc., for which the Conference called in its resolutions. Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78!009158001000290046-9 C~~r!~ ~. ~~ 4~' T~ (~1E~CE T~ ~ BIAC It a~as appa~?ent as the C~a~'e~?ence c?h~ex~ed that the ccyazntriee ~~ the So~.et b~c ire eater to exploit it as ~ topic i'or dcstic pr ~ v~ell as for ~oreig~, a~autptxt. Stiieh dstic da ei'f vets he, ire the ps,st beep .made in conaiect~.en with the. activities ~~' the internationa]. C st ~'rontss but with the possible e~cepfiio~a oi" the nth Wor~.d. Y~ath Festi~l no sir~gl~e such ewe~at has in p~fi yea~?s recei~d, as extensive seed. enthtasiastic treatanent by bow, the Sfi ate Chi~sa. ', ~e proc~e~sixag fa~x? Chinese audiences was noteworthy i'or fibs ~o~:1.c~aaing reasons g a. I~legates upon weir return tca China ia~8'lated the stafiistics co~acert~ing attenee a Kaao -ass on g ~'ebru~ucy said. to ~ 1, Soo-.ms~a Peiping rally that 508 delegates representing ~it'ty Ado Atsian countries here preseat {acfiual parti~ipati~an was forty three countries ~ . b. The Coni'ereaace was d~es+~ribe~ te> ohitaese audiences, ~v were a3~eady .lies with fibs 1955 B+e.ung C?uferemcex ee `~~ co~ati~etiora atad devel?pmenfi og the Bankiau~g Cox~f'ere~ace,~ ~u~aityreached.) at a higher level, et ate: ~ having produced a "~ar~%On programs oi' action." This line was echoed by the ~7apat~ese CP and by Soviet broadcasts' i~t Japanese. c e fibs res~al~atio~ss of t?ne Cmnt'erence were re~re~effited as ~':a pa~wrer sugiaort tea the Peace Nleaaifestee of the ~ixtym four C st and Workers $ Parties a~t lsce~. ~ This line etas min echoed. by the J'~aaa~se CP amd. reptayed by I~iscow 3aa d'epaa3ese o d.. The 'GTnesae .~,ost it3sistemtly reiterated was that the Co~rf?erence represe~ated `two-thirds o~ the op:Ge oi' the earth's' ~r~ore thaxe o bi713.ora, 60~ xail5.i.on people"; the slogat2 "The Wind. Blares ~~ the East was hexed in press ate. rad~.o treatments. This thesiffi fide ~BSS~ a3.so propagated. e. Tea heig~'iten the irgpressioa~ ~f the strength and: determi~aafiiorz o~ tkse Black .A~S?ican participants, the Chinese elso published a broadc~t dramatic but false stories concerni~ag delegates tra~llit~g Cs,.Ero on foot f~^ Black erica. ?~~_ Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78'-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-0091580010'00290046-9 f~ China also placed considerable emphasis upon evidence of her close rapprochemer#~ with Egypt. New China Egypt and Egypt-China Friendship Societies launched simultaneously is both countries is January 1958, were lied with the Conference in propaganda output. In general, the primary Chinese emphasis was d3.rectsd st demonstrating, even through direct falsii'ication, the strength and vitality of the Afro-Asian response to the Solidarity Conference. Even Free World commentaries Which, while generally unfavorable to the Conference, stated that the event had to be taken seriously were quoted extensively to Bloc audiences to prove this thesis. The Chinese also were .?ore ready to acknowledge the re].r!tionship of the Conference to the future of Communist parties throughout Africa and Asia, and less interested in highlighting the Moslem--Arab role in the Conference. Treatment for Soviet Audiences h?oscota's treatment of the Cot~'erence differed in emphasis from that of the Chinese. Although it too emphasized the weight and size of the forces allegedly representedp and predicted that "the weapon of solidarity will be used even. .more frequently in the struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa" tLeontyev, Soviet Home Service' 2 February 195$~~ it emphasized even more the following themes a. The peoples of Afro-Asia have becc convinced that the USSR is the true friend, mighty ally. b. The West was stunned, conf used, and alarmed by the Conference.. c. The "slandering" by the West of the Conference as Communist-inspired and dominated has failed to impress the Ado Asian countries. d. I~ew plots and countermeasures are being drumt~ed up to counter the effects of the Conference. e. The "colonialist~a"~' attempts to prevent ci~elegates from at~ndi.ng .the Conference failed. -~- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 The. Soviet domestic treatment placedemphssis t~aonthe value o~ the Conference ~ an aid to the campaign for peace and in- coiorated the Comferenc~ in its ever-~;rc?owing list of targ+~ts for f?utu~e ~`ir~per3~alist pl?tsac~ It ~o shored 'the higher- level of Sov~,et sensf.tivty ~ the exposure oif the Communist inspiration and domination ei' the Cox~'erence and its concern over the reactiatas of .Af'r+~~Asa~n ~oue,,r~~n~me,~t.~ts w~.iicla it so ass~iduous].~ seeks to cultivated The tJS~ also publici~e~the Coa~eret~ee reso3.utio~s on the rights of the Palestis~ Arabs and. concem~trated, .moz?e than G'hina .did, won the ant of Moslem participation i~a the gathering. One broadcast on the Soviet How Ser~rice, mac' daaring the period o~ greatest concentration on the Conf'erence9 is of particular interest In this broadcast the s~eakerq Eugene Gusarov~ placed his e~tphasis upon a description of the extent to w~4if.ch ?tthe young African proletariat has entered the path csf the natioxia~. libera- Lion t~ovemente~' Statistics on the growth of the trade union ~v~:ment in Nigeria, and ~?ench West A.f'rica were presented; Nigeria, the Cameroongg and Y~,enya were the main territories credited with significant advan~ces~ sasd desete~.bee~. as the scenes t~f the 'severest struggles?~ d 't'he broadcast s~x?oz~ly suggests that ' it is to these countries and, this ~?oleta~?iat that the tTS:~ looks for the organization and leadership o~ el~feeti~: national libexatic~n.movements in the area, but7,.,it is.eanoteworthy than therewaas virtu,~.1y no repres~enta- tion Of this "ts.bi ic$6n pZ?o].etarlat~' at ~Ls~iror Perhaps the most interesting fact concerning the propaganda treatment was the ~rtua]~.y complete omigaion, f`roan both the Soviet and ~hixiese early domr~etic ontput,~ of any extensive des- cription of the Soviet delega,~te Avzumaniy~tx~'s suggestions to the Af~?o Asian countries about the organizati~-n of their d~aa~edtic ec?noml:c pro~awse Poth treat his description of the extent and.. disinterested nature of Soviet aid,, his description of the evils attendant upon. acceptance of Westet?n imgialist aid, and his endorsement of nationalization oi'foreigra enterprise as a source og capitalo Isis blueprint for e~f?ect?ive ecos~ot~ic development was f'in.y reg~or^ted at sots length in the So~.et ~ourn~. Cunorary East in I'~h 2.958, Another fact worthy of xaote was the extent to which the.. S?~viet outlets ?~;oted, the authoritative voice of the Eg,~ptan, hosts _~5- Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 on key questions statements and interviews with N}.ia7.id Mulshi- al-Dingy the leading Egyptian Communist active at the Cor~erezace: and Qther Egyptians closely associated with him such as the Foreign Editor of his newspaper9 Al Massa and Yussuf Hilmi of the Egyptian Peace Partisans. Mukhii-~ n's address on imperial- ism was reported at length in the Russian language magazine, Contemporary East, in March 195$. The USSR also insured the widest distribution possi'~le of the resolutions adopted at the Con~P'erence by issuing a speci~7. supple- .meat containing all the resolutions as an enclosure to issue No. 3 X16 January 1958) of its publication New_ T~ s. Polish output concerning the gathering was limited''but it did contribute two special gotes: a. It acknowledged the existence of "differences separating Afro-Asian countries," and "serious obstacles to the convening of a second official Conference of 'the eountrie8 of Ai'ro Asia." b. It characterized the resolutions as "conder~pation of the opportunism of some Afro Asian countries which show a lack of consistency in their statements in the in~erzis- tiona]. area." ', -36- ., Approved For Release :CIA-RDP78-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release :CIA-RDP L8-009158001000290046-9 Approved For Release : 8-009158001000290046-9