THE UNITED FRONT IN COMMUNIST CHINA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 108
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 21, 1998
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: May 1, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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T
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25X1C10b
25X1A2g
COMMUNISM
THE UNITED FRONT IN COMMUNIST CHINA
May 1957 Copy N? 151
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THE UNITED FRONT IN COMMUNIST CHINA
A technique for controlling, mobilizing, and utilizing
non-Communist masses
S
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PART I
PART II
PART III
PART IV
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
THE UNITED FRONT
NON-COMMUNIST POLITICAL PARTIES
ALL CHINA FEDERATIONS
OTHER FRONT ORGANIZATIONS IN COMMU-
NIST CHINA
ABBREVIATIONS FOR ORGANIZATION
TITLES USED IN THIS COMPILATION
ALPHABETIZED LIST OF CHINESE NAMES
APPEARING IN PARTS I THROUGH IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ix
INTRODUCTION . . . . .. . . . . . . . xi
PART I THE UNITED FRONT IN
COMMUNIST CHINA . . . . . . . . . 1
Appendix to Part I. Highlights on Parties,
Mass Organizations, and Fronts in
Communist China . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chart 1. Organizational Chart
of the CPPCC . . . . . . Following page 13
PART II NON-COMMUNIST POLITICAL PARTIES. . . 15
A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . 15
B. Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
C. Subordination to the CCl? . . . . . . . 17
D. Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
E. China Democratic League (CDL) . . . . 19
F. Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee
(KMTRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
G. China Association for Promoting
Democracy (CAPD) . . . . . . . . . 21
H. China Democratic National Construction
Association (CDNCA) . . . . . . . . . 22
I. China Peasants and Workers Democratic
Party (CPWDP) . . . . . . . . . 23
J. Chiu San Society (CSS) . . . . . . . . 24
K. Chih Kung Tang (CKT) . . . . . . . . 24
L. Taiwan Democratic Self Government
League (TDSGL) . . ... . . . . . . 25
Appendix to Part II. Chinese Communist
Version of Non-Communist Political Parties . 27
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TABLE OF CONTENTS - Cont'd
Page
PART III ALL CHINA FEDERATIONS . . . . . . . . 31
A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
B. Scope and Composition . . . . . . . . 31
C. Organizational Structure and Subordination
to the CCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
D. Quasi-Legal Status . . . . . . . ... . 33
E. Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . . 34
F. Relative Status of All China Federations . . 34
G. All China Federation of Trade Unions
(ACFTU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
H. All China Democratic Women's
Federation (ACDWF) . . . . . . . . . 37
I. All China Federation of Democratic Youth
(ACFDY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
J. All China Federation of Students (ACFS) . 39
K. All China Federation of Industrial
and Commercial Associations (ACFICA) . . 41
L. All China Union of Commerce (ACUC) . 42
M. All China Federation of Cooperatives
(ACFC) . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 43
N. All China Federation of Literature and
Art Circles (ACFLAC) . . . . . . . . . 44
1. All China Federation of Journalists
(ACFJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2. Union of Chinese Writers (UCW) . . 45
0. All China Federation of Scientific Societies
(ACFSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
P. All China Association of Medical Societies
(ACAMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Q. All China Federation of Returned Over-
seas Chinese Associations (FROCA) . . . 47
R. All China Sports Federation (ACSF) . . . 48
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TABLE OF CONTENTS'- Cont'd
Page
S. Political Science and Law Association
of China (PSLA) . . . . . . . . . 48
T. China Islamic Association (CISA) . . . 49
U. China Buddhist Association (CBA) . . . 50
V. Christian Religious Circles (CRC) . . . . 50
Appendix to Part III. Democratic Personages
and Intellectuals . . . . . . . . . . . 53
PART IV OTHER FRONT ORGANIZATIONS IN
COMMUNIST CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . 59
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
B. China Peace Committee (CPC) . . . . . 60
C. Chinese People's Association for Cultural
Relations with Foreign Countries
(ACRFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
D. Chinese People's Institute of
Foreign Affairs (PIFA) . . . . . . . . 61
E. Chinese People's Parliamentary Group
(CPPG) . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
F. China Committee for the Promotion of
International Trade (CCPIT) . . . . . - . 63
G. All China Association for ]Dissemination of
Scientific and Technical Knowledge
(ADSTK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
H. National Illiteracy Elimination
Association (NIEA) . . . . . . . . . 65
I. Sino-Soviet Friendship Association (SSFA) . 67
APPENDIX A. ABBREVIATIONS FOR ORGANIZATION
TITLES USED IN THIS COMPILATION. 71
APPENDIX B. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CHINESE
NAMED IN THIS COMPILATION . . . . 75
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At the end of the text of this compilation will be found:
1. A listing of the abbreviations used in, this text and the
organizations for which they stand showing the page in the
text where they are described and their officials named. (See
Appendix A.)
2. An alphabetical tabulation of Chinese named in this com-
pilation (non-Chinese are not included). This list shows the
organizations and activities within the framework of this com-
pilation with which the persons named are connected. (See
Appendix B.)
The alphabetical tabulation is not to be considered as providing
full biographical data. It is intended only to indicate the rela-
tions of leaders with the organizations and activities with which
this compilation is concerned. In only a few instances have the
connections of individuals with organs of the Chinese Communist
Party or the Chinese People's Government been included. Mem-
bership in the executive or central committees of the various
political parties, All China federations, and front organizations
appears only when such membership is head by persons listed for
other reasons within the scope of this paper.
Use of the alphabetical tabulation in conjunction with the list
of abbreviated organizational titles will enhance its usefulness.
For example, the list of abbreviations shows ACFLAC as the code
used for the All China Federation of Literature and Art Circles
discussed (together with its leaders, who are named) on page 44.
Page 45 shows KUO Mo-jo as chairman of the ACFLAC. A
reference to KUO in the alphabetical listing, will show his other
connections with organizations discussed in this compilation.
Although some of the organizations coded after KUO's name are
not included in this compilation (WPC - World Peace Council;
Japan FA - China-Japan Friendship Association), the identity
of these organizations may be determined from the list of abbre-
viations; and the scope of KUO's participation in non-CCP, non-
government activities will be indicated. It should be understood
that the organizations shown after each name represent only
those more important ones with which the individual is known
to be associated.
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INTRODUCTION
How is the Chinese Communist Party (COP), an organization
of less than 11,000,000 members (approximately 1.8 percent of
the population of China), able to control so effectively non-Com-
munist masses in excess of 600,000,000 and to mobilize them in
support of its important domestic and foreign programs?
Like other Communist parties in power, the CCP relies heavily
on state security organs. Thus far these organs have been suc-
cessful in overcoming internal resistance to Chinese Communism.
The CCP is not satisfied, however, with preventive measures alone.
It is endeavoring to enlist more positive forces in support of the
internal security system. The CCP is seeking not only to protect
itself from the non-Communist masses but also to mobilize the
energies of these masses in support of its foreign and domestic
policies. For this reason it has organized. a vast and complex
network of unofficial (non-Party, non-government) organs. The
name given to this network is the united front.
This paper explains what is meant by the united front and
describes its various component organizations in terms of their
functions, subordination to the CCP, and key personalities. In
a subsequent paper the role of the united front and of the persons
involved in extending Chinese Communist influence abroad and
in conducting international relations will be discussed. Specifi-
cally, the participation of the united front components in the
world Communist movement and their relations with non-Com-
munist countries will be described.
Only Chinese Communist sources have been used in preparing
this compilation. They consist chiefly of press releases and radio
broadcasts.
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PART I
THE UNITED FRONT IN COMMUNIST CHINA
The Communist Concept of a United Front
According to the traditional Communist concept, a united
national front is a coalition of a Communist Party and other
political parties having at least some objectives consistent with
the immediate aims of the Communist Party. Such a coalition
must be subject to immediate or eventual control by the Commu-
nist Party. In industrial countries united fronts usually include
labor and socialist parties, whereas in agrarian countries the
Communist Party allies itself with nationalist and peasant bodies.
The united front serves a twofold purpose. It enables the Chi-
nese Communist Party (CCP) to gain organized, non-Communist
support for its so-called minimum program. It also provides the
Communist Party with a screen behind which its members can
penetrate and eventually gain control of the united front's non-
Communist affiliates.
The CCP's Use of the United Front
Since it was founded in 1921, the CCP has used the united front
to establish a foothold among the masses, undermine the influ-
ence of other political parties, defeat the warlords, gain support
of the victims of Japanese aggression, and aid in the seizure of
state power. Since forming a government in 1949, the CCP has
employed the united front to extend its control over the non-
Communist masses and to mobilize these masses in support of
its foreign and domestic programs.
The CPPCC - Organization of the United-Front
The basic structure in the united front is the Chinese People's
Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Chart 1 is an
organizational chart of the CPPCC. The first full session of
the CPPCC was convened by the CCP on 21 September 1949
for the purpose of forming a "coalition" government. It was
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attended by more than 600 delegates representing various politi-
cal parties, mass organizations, geographical regions, overseas
Chinese, the "People's Liberation Army," and ex-KMT members.
Its composition and the fact that less than a third of the dele-
gates were CCP members gave the CPPCC the appearance of
being a truly representative body having broad non-Communist
support. The CPPCC was not, however, as broadly based or as
representative as it appeared. The directive of its preparatory
committee defining qualifications for representation in the
CPPCC excluded automatically all those not in basic agreement
with the CCP's so-called minimum or "common" program.
Almost immediately after it had been convened, the first
CPPCC adopted unanimously the basic Chinese Communist proc-
lamations, which, taken together, served as the law of the land
until 1954, when a formal constitution was enacted. These docu-
ments identified the CPPCC as the organization of the united
front, empowered to enact or amend laws, elect the Central
People's Government Council, and submit resolutions concern-
ing policies or measures of the Central People's Government
Council. However, because the first CPPCC adjourned on 30
September 1949 and never again met in plenary session, it obvi-
ously never exercised these powers. Between 1949 and 1953 the
CPPCC National Committee met four times and was used by
the government to place the popular stamp of approval on impor-
tant regulations, laws, and decisions.
Since 1954, when a National People's Congress was elected and
a full-fledged constitution adopted, the CPPCC has had no legis-
lative powers. It remains, however, the organization of the
united front. In January 1956 the second CPPCC was convened,
and subsequently resolutions defining its new role were adopted.
According to these resolutions, the CPPCC is charged with the
responsibility for indoctrinating its non-Communist affiliates
and publicizing important government and party programs.
Components of the United Front
The basic components of the united front (and, therefore, of
the CPPCC) are identified in the Preamble to the Constitution
of the government of Communist China as "democratic parties,
classes, and people's organizations." For all intents and pur-
poses the "democratic classes" have been absorbed by the "demo-
cratic parties" and "people's organizations."
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The "democratic parties" are non-Communist, urban, political
groups, most of which came into being during the 1940's and
capitulated to the CCP shortly before or upon its seizure of state
power. For the purposes of this paper, "people's organizations"
have been divided into All China federations and other unofficial
fronts. The All China federations have been formed by the Com-
munists to mobilize all elements of the population not already
organized by the CCP, the government, or the military. Mem-
bership in an All China federation is limited to those in a par-
ticular social, professional, economic, vocational, or religious
group. For example, only members of the laboring class are
admitted to the All China Federation of Tirade Unions.
Fronts other than the All China federations have been formed
by the CCP to implement important domestic or foreign propa-
ganda programs. Membership in the fronts cuts across the lines
which are used to determine the composition of the All China
federations. For example, the Association for Cultural Relations
with Foreign Countries (ACRFC) was formed by the CCP to
stimulate. cultural exchanges with non-Communist countries.
Among its members are leading figures in many of the All China
federations and non-Communist political parties.
Control of the United Front
It is clear that the united front of non-Communist parties,
All China federations, and other fronts is firmly under CCP con-
trol - specifically, the control of its Central Committee. With-
out exception the non-Communist parties have acknowledged
and frequently reaffirmed their subordination to the Central
Committee and the Chinese Communist program. The presence
of CCP members who are responsible to the Central Committee
at all levels of the "people's organizations"' assures Central Com-
mittee control of these organizations. *
Because the Central Committee meets so infrequently, it is
also clear that control of the united front is exercised by one or
more of its organs. It is difficult to determine which of these
organs controls the united front or, if more than one is involved,
how the control is divided.
* According to the Constitution adopted by the CCP at its 8th Party Congress,
party members in the leading organs of "people's organizations" must obey
the competent CCP committees - in this case the Central Committee - for
the "people's organizations" are national in character.
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The range, variety, and importance of united front activities,
the great mass of people involved, and the emergence of new
Central Committee organs suggest that the control is probably
divided among the United Front, Propaganda, and perhaps other
departments of the Central Committee.
Policy statements on united front activity are frequently pub-
lished in the name of the United Front Department (UFD) by
its Director, LI Wei-han; and it appears that this department
has primary responsibility for directing the non-Communist par-
ties. The leading roles of the UFD Director and one of his dep-
uty directors as, respectively, first vice-chairman and secretary
general of the CPPCC suggest that the UFD also supervises this
organization of the united front.
No announcement concerning organization and personnel of
the United Front Department was made during or since the 8th
Chinese Communist Party Congress in September 1956, but LI
Wei-han was identified as director of the UFD when he addressed
the Congress on 25 September 1956. Little has ever been publicly
announced concerning the organizational structure or personnel
except for references to the director and his deputies. Latest
reports on the organization date back to 1951, at which time the
existence of three bureaus was reported. The First Bureau had
three divisions. The First Division consisted of five subdivisions
with responsibilities for guidance of the non-Communist political
parties and for so-called democratic non-partisans. The Second
Division had four subdivisions: one responsible for internal mass
organizations, another for external or overseas Chinese organiza-
tions, a third for ethnic minorities, and the last for religious
groups. The Third Division was concerned with external liaison
through international Communist fronts and delegations sent
abroad. The Second Bureau had three divisions : Intelligence,
Investigation and Research, and Communications. The Third
Bureau was concerned with administrative matters, files and
records, and security. There were United Front Departments in
the regional Party bureaus and UFD representatives down to the
lower party units. Whether the UFD still retains this organiza-
tional structure is not known.
Control of the All China Democratic Women's Federation is
probably in the hands of the recently identified Women's Depart-
ment of the Central Committee. It is possible that departments
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corresponding to other All China federations, especially the large
and important ones, have been or will be created by the Central
Committee.
The nature of their activities and the presence in their leading
organs of CCP propaganda specialists indicate that many of the
other fronts are directed by the Propaganda Department of the
Central Committee.
In the sections which follow the basic components of the united
front - i. e., the non-Communist parties, All China federations,
and other fronts - are described in terms of their origin, compo-
sition, subordination to the CCP, functions on behalf of the CCP,
and leading personalities. Highlights on each of the organiza-
tions affiliated with the united front appear in the appendix to
Part I.
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APPENDIX TO PART I
HIGHLIGHTS ON PARTIES, MASS ORGANIZATIONS, AND FRONTS IN COMMUNIST CHINA
CLAIMED
ORGANIZATION FOUNDED MEMBERSHIP
INTERNATIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY Circa 1920 10,730,000 (September 1956).
(CCP)
CPPCC STANDING COMMITTEE 1949 665 delegates (1955).
NATIONAL PEOPLE'S CONGRESS 1954 1,226 delegates (2nd session,
(NPC) 1956).
NPC STANDING COMMITTEE 1954 80 members; of which 13
(NPCSC) vice chairmen.
Chairman-
MAO Tse-tung
Secretary General-
TENG Hsiao-peng
Chairman-
CHOU En-lai
Secretary General-
HSING Hsi-ping
Chairman-
MAO Tse-tung
Secretary General-
LI Wei-han
Chairman-
LIU Shao-ch'i
Secretary General-
PENG Chen
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Diplomatic relations with
28 countries as of 15 May
1957.
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CLAIMED
NIr IVIERRSHIP
INTERNATIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
Secretary of the Secretariat- WFDY.
HU Yao-pang Komsomol (USSR).
Secretary General-
LO I
CHINESE YOUNG COMMUNIST 1920
LEAGUE (YCL). Predecessor (So-
cialist Youth of China) founded
1920. China New Democratic Youth
League (CNDYL) name adopted 1946.
Present title, YCL, adopted 1957.
CHINA DEMOCRATIC LEAGUE
(CDL)
1941
KUOMINTANG REVOLUTIONARY
COMMITTEE (KMTRC)
1945
CHINA DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL
CONSTRUCTION ASSOCIATION
(CDNCA)
1945
CHINA PEASANTS AND WORKERS
1931
DEMOCRATIC PARTY (CPWDP)
23,000,000 (May 1957) ;
470,000 branches.
Over 30,000,000 (May 1957)
out of 76,000,000 eligible.
86 branches - as of July 1953
had grown 275% since 1950.
As of February 1956 had
grown 650% over 1950. 400
committeemen in Shanghai
(April 1956) in liaison with
2,000 ex-KMT leaders.
Over 2,000 in Shanghai (July
1956) doubled over 1955. In-
dustrialists, businessmen,
and their dependents.
Not reported. Probably few
actual "peasant" or "work-
ers" members.
Deputy Chairman-
CHEN Lien (F)
Possibly via YCL with
USSR and Satellites.
Chairman-
SHEN Chun-jui
Secretary General-
HU Yu-chih
Chairman-
LI Chi-shen
Secretary General-
MEI Kung-pin
Chairman-
HUANG Yen-pei
Secretary General-
SUN Ch'i-meng
Chairman-
CHANG Po-chun
Secretary General-
HUANG Ch'i-hsiang
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CHINA ASSOCIATION FOR PROMO-
TION OF DEMOCRACY (CAPD)
1946
CHIH KUNG TANG (CKT)
1944
CHIU SAN SOCIETY (CSS)
1944
TAIWAN DEMOCRATIC SELF-
GOVERNMENT LEAGUE (TDSGL)
1947
SINO-SOVIET FRIENDSHIP
ASSOCIATION (SSFA)
1949
AC FEDERATION OF TRADE
1925
UNIONS (ACFTU)
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CLAIMED
MEMBERSHIP
INTERNATIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
Doctors, economists, lawyers,
sportsmen, writers, scientists,
teachers (69%), cultural, ed-
ucational workers. Claimed
33% growth in 5 months pri-
or to August 1956 and total
19 times greater than 1950.
Returned overseas Chinese.
Intellectuals.
Taiwanese.
58,000,000 (1954). 1,830
branches, 213,150 sub-
branches.
Over 14,000,000 (1957) ; 12,-
600,000 (New York Times, 27
August 1956).
Chairman-
MA Hsu-lun
Secretary General-
HSU Kuang-ping (f)
Chairman-
CHEN Chi'yu
Secretary General-
CHENG T'ien-pao
Chairman-
HSU Te-heng
Secretary General-
T'U Ch'ang-wang
Chairman-
HSIEN Hsueh-hung (f)
Secretary General-
CHIANG Shih-ch'ien
Chairman
Mme. SUNG Mei-ling
Secretary General-
CH'IEN Chun-jui
Chairman-
LAI Jo-yu
Secretary General-
TUNG Hsin or
CHANG Hsiu-chu
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Possibly with CKT, par-
ticularly in US, Latin
America.
Possibly in Taiwan .
None reported.
WFTU - Asia - Pacific TU
Congress.
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FOUNDED
CLAIMED
MEMBERSHIP
INTERNATIONAL
AFFILIATIONS
ORGANIZATION
AC FEDERATION OF RETURNED
June 1956
Not reported. Probably quite
Chairman-
None known.
OVERSEAS CHINESE (FROC)
UNION OF CHINESE WRITERS
Circa 1949
extensive.
Not reported.
TAN Kah-kee
Secretary General-
CHUANG Ming-ii
Chairman-
Not reported.
(UCW)
MAO Tun (SHEN Yen-pang)
Secretary General-
CH'EN Pai-ch'en
AC FEDERATION OF SCIENTIFIC 1954 50,000 claimed (1952).
Chairman-
-kuan
LI S
WFSW.
SOCIETIES (ACFSS)
AC FEDERATION OF MEDICAL
15,000 (July 1956).
g
su
Secretary General-
YEN Chi-tzu
Chairman-
World Congress of Doc-
SOCIETIES (ACFMS)
POLITICAL SCIENCE & LAW
ASSOCIATION (PSLA)
AC FEDERATION OF COOPS
1949
1949
Probably relatively small.
20,000,000 (August 1950) ;
38,-
FU Lien-chang
Secretary General-
FANG Shih-shan
Chairman-
TUNG Pi-wu
Secretary General-
CHU Ch'i-wen
Chairman-
tors (WCD).
(ACFC)
AC SPORTS FEDERATION
(ACSF)
June 1952
000 branches.
CHENG Tzi-hua
Chairman-
MA Yiieh-han
Secretary General-
CHANG Lien-hua
International Olympic
Committee; other inter-
national sports groups.
11
SECRET
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 Approved For Release 1999/08/24: CIA-RDP78-00915R000600210003-9
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PART II
NON-COMMUNIST POLITICAL PARTIES
A. Background
With the exception of the Chih Kung Tang, which originated
in the early 17th century, and of the Chinese Peasants and
Workers Democratic Party, formed in 1927, the non-Commu-
nist parties were organized during the turbulent decade which
preceded the seizure of power by the CC:P. All of them were
based on nationalism and a desire for a new and better China;
all were highly idealistic. Completely urban in character, they
consisted mostly of scholars, intellectuals, businessmen, and
others who were professionally trained. In terms of ideology,
total membership, and general support, none could compare with
either the Kuomintang (KMT) or the Chinese Communist Party;
none had military components.
During the political skirmishing which followed the defeat of
the Japanese, these parties stood midway between the KMT and
the CCP, often assuming the role of mediator and offering those
who found fault with the regime in power an alternative to join-
ing the Communists.
When the civil war was resumed and the tide of battle shifted in
favor of the Communists, these parties lost their bargaining
position and accepted the invitation of the CCP to participate
in the formation of a coalition government. Although the Com-
munists dominated the government which was eventually formed,
representatives of the other parties were appointed to a number
of the less sensitive posts.
Since 1949 the memberships of the non-Communist parties
(now often referred to as "satellite parties") have greatly ex-
panded but are still under firm CCP control. Recent statements
from Peking insist that their ranks will increase still further, and
a period of long-term coexistence with the CCP has been forecast.
In referring to these non-Communist parties, the Chinese Com-
munists most commonly call them "democratic" parties, which
15
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wording is included in the titles given most of them. The appen-
dix to Part II presents the Chinese Communist version of these
parties and their functions.
B. Functions
The non-Communist parties have been retained and encour-
aged by the CCP to expand because of their urban character.
They provide the CCP, which is a predominantly peasant party,
with access to urban scientists, businessmen, educators, Chinese
returned from overseas, and intellectuals whose skills are needed
to handle the complex technical and administrative problems
with which the Communists are faced. The non-Communist
parties are also important to the CCP for security reasons; they
provide the Communists with a ready-made means for identify-
ing and controlling non-Communists who are politically articu-
late and hence potentially dangerous.
Their primary function on behalf of the CCP is to organize
the intelligentsia and non-Communists of importance in all major
cities of China. The United Front Department has assigned each
party a specific organizational target. This fact was confirmed
by an editorial appearing in the 24 January 1951 issue of the
People's Daily, official organ of the CCP Central Committee. The
editorial stated that the non-Communist parties had recently
held simultaneous meetings at which organizational development
was stressed as the primary task and that ". . . in full conformity
with their own historical background ... these conferences appro-
priately decided on their respective specific targets of organiza-
tional development. Thus the KMT Revolutionary Committee
decided to adopt public functionaries who are presently in office,
and in particular the former KMT members among them, as
its principal organizational target . . . ; the China Democratic
League decided to adopt intellectuals of cultural and educational
circles . . . as its principal targets ... ; the Democratic National
Construction Association decided, in the main, to go after the
middle and small elements in national industry and commerce
as well as to reach out to all kinds of trades and crafts." Because
targets assigned to each are not mutually exclusive, the member-
ships and tasks of the various non-Communist parties overlap.
The same editorial stated that the non-Communist parties
would limit their organizing activities to the major cities. This
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CFIART I
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE CPPCC
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CCP CENTRAL COMMITTEE
- - - - - - - - - - - -
----------J--
UNITED FRONT DEPARTMENT (UFD)
)
- ----------
CHINESE PEOPLE'S POLITICAL CONSUL
TATIVE CONFERENCE (CPPCC)
NATIONAL COMMITTEE
Following is a list of parties, people's organi-
zations, and groups represented on CPPCC
with a number of national committee members
for each:
CCP
40
KMTRC
26
CDL
25
CDNCA
25
C APD
12
CPWDP
l2
CSS
12
CNYDL (CYL)
10
CKT
6
TDSGL
6
DEMOCRATIC NONPARTISANS
12
ACDWF
26
ACFICA
26
ACFLAC
26
ACFTU
20
NATURAL SCIENCE GROUPS
23
NATIONAL MINORITIES
20
EDUCATIONAL CIRCLES
20
OVERSEAS CHINESE
16
PEACE/FRIENDSHIPASSNS,
15
MEDICAL/HEALTH CIRCLES
14
SOCIAL SCIENCE GROUPS
13
RELIGIOUS CIRCLES
12
RELIEF/WELFARE GROUPS
11
ACFDY
10
JOURNALISTS/ PUBLISHERS
10
PEASANTS
10
COOPERATIVES
8
SPECIALLY INVITED GUESTS
189
TOTAL
655
The third annual meeting of the national com-
mittee was held in Peking in March 1957
attended by 621 national committee members,
260 members of local CPPCC committees and
a large number of observers.
NATIONAL COMMITTEE EXECUTIVES AND
SECRETARIAT
Honorary Chairman; MAO Tse-tu
Chairman; CHOU En-la
Vice Chairmen: LI Wei-han*
LI Ssu-kuang
CHANG Po-chin
TUNG Pi-wu
LI Chi-shen
CHEN Shu-tung
BURHAN (PAO Erh-han)
KUO Mo-jo
HO Hsiang-ning (f)
P'ENG Chen
SHEN Chun-ju
HUANG Yen-pei
TAN Kah-Kee
SOONG Ch'ing-ling (f)
Secretary-General; HSING Hsi-
Deputy Secretaries General; WU Lian Png
g-v g
I Li-jung
WU Chueh-nung
LI Wei-han is director and HSING Hsi-
deputy director of the UFD. Ping is
CPPCC STANDING COMMITTEE
Chairman: LI Wei-han
Vice Chairmen; CHEN Sh t
u- ung
CHANG Po-chUn
LI Chi-shen
Deputy Secretary General: MEI Kung-ping
WORK SECTIONS (TEAMS)
General Affairs
Chief:
Deputies:
Medical and Health
Chief;
Deputies:
National Minorities
Chief:
Deputies;
Women's Affairs
Chief;
Deputies:
Education
Chief:
Deputy;
Overseas Chinese
Chief:
Deputy:
International Relations
Chief:
Deputies:
Social Welfare
Chief;
Deputies:
Religion
Chief:
Deputies:
Industry and Commerce
Chief:
Deputies:
Culture
Chief:
Deputies:
Science and Technology
Chief:
Deputies:
SHEN Tau-chi (f)
TU Chung-hai
LU P'ing
KUAN Wu
LI Tsung-en
LI CHU Po-shan
CHAO Hsu-ping
LIN Ssu-thing
LU Han
PAN Kuang-tan
TAN Chun-mei
PAI Chao (Possibly sa.rne
as PAI Shou-i of ACRFC)
HSU Te-heng
LI Chen
WANG Yen-chih
YANG Hsi-wen (resigned
27 April 1956)
LO Lung-chi
CH'EN Ch'i-yuan
TA P'u-sheng
LI Chu-ch'en
C HENG Chen-to
MAO I-sheng
CPPCC STUDY COMMITTEE
Chairman;
Deputies:
Secretary-General;
61 Committee Members
LI Wei-han
YU I-fu
HSIUNG K'o-wu
MA HsU-lun
SUN Ch'i-meng
WANG Shao-ao
CPPCC LOCAL WORK COMMITTEE
Chairman:
Deputies:
CHANG Po-chUn
HO Kuei-yen
WANG Shao-ao
I Li-jung
KUO Tse-then
CHOU Shih-Kuan
CPPCC REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL
CONFERENCES AND COMMITTEES
Under guidance of CPPCC local work com-
mittee, there were 690 local CPPCC com-
mittees as of March 1957 (of which 332 were
established in 1956).
INSTITUTE OF SOCIALISM
Established October 1956,
President;
Vice Presidents:
WU Yu-chang
SHAO i,i-tzu
YANG Ming-hsien
NIEH Chen
CHIEN Chia
h
-c
u
Secretary-General: LIU Meng-shun
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principle was spelled out in most of the separate party declara-
tions, some of which specifically rejected the possibility of work-
ing in the small cities. The most important implication of this
declared principle is that the overwhelming mass of the Chinese
population in the countryside is not to become an organizational
target for any of the non-Communist parties.
The non-Communist parties are also responsible for indoctri-
nating the intellectuals in Communist ideology and mobilizing
their support for the CCP's important domestic and foreign pro-
grams. In 1950 the United Front Department of the CCP ini-
tiated study conferences for senior cadres. Joint training classes
for lower level personnel of the various parties were instituted
in the larger cities during the same year. :Personnel of the non-
Communist parties are regularly "invited" to attend symposia
held by government offices for study of the latest government
(party) directives. Statements by their central committees that
they are Marxist/Leninist parties indicates the extent to which
indoctrination has been achieved.
Every major CCP or government policy pronouncement is
immediately endorsed by statements issuing from the leaders of
the various non-Communist parties and, when required, these
statements are followed by actions designed. to execute the policy.
C. Subordination to the CCP
Obviously what the Chinese Communists call political parties
are not to be confused with political parties in the accepted,
democratic sense - i. e., organizations seeking to influence or
control the government by means of competitive appeals to an
electorate. The competition which characterizes the activities
and aims of political parties in a free society is nonexistent in
China. Without exception the non-Communist parties have
publicly acknowledged their subservience to the CCP, willingly
accepted assignments from the CCP United Front Department,
adopted the CCP's program as their own without the slightest
sign of independence of action, and admitted Communists into
their own ranks. There is also some reason to suspect that some
persons posing as members of one or another non-Communist
party are actually clandestine members of the CCP. Under con-
tinuous pressure from the CCP, even the capacity for developing
autonomous programs of action has been lost.
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D. Membership
Although Peking has announced the rates at which the various
non-Communist parties have expanded (in June 1956 a Peking
radio broadcast stated that their memberships had expanded
some 400 % since 1949), statistical data on their total mem-
bership have not been released. The relatively small number
of urban intellectuals in China, the CCP's monopoly of the
peasantry, and the fact that the organizing activities of the
parties have been limited to the major cities suggest that the
non-Communist parties have relatively low membership ceilings.
It will be remembered that the membership of the CCP was
announced at the 8th CCP Congress in September 1956 as being
10,700,000, certainly many times the total of all the non-Commu-
nist parties.
Details on the geographic distribution of membership are also
lacking, although it is known that all parties except the Chih
Kung Tang (CKT) and the Taiwan Democratic Self Govern-
ment League (TDSGL) have at least pilot organizations in most
of China's larger cities. The KMT Revolutionary Committee
(KMTRC) and the China Democratic League (CDL) are known
to have organizations in Vietnam, Malaya, and Indonesia, and
possibly in Burma.
Within mainland China a rough north-south line can be drawn
among the non-Communist parties. Historically, the KMT Revo-
lutionary Committee, the China Democratic National Construc-
tion Association (CDNCA), and the Chih Kung Tang were strong-
est in the south. Several KMT Revolutionary Committee leaders
were once influential figures in the southeastern coastal prov-
inces, and many China Democratic National Construction Asso-
ciation leaders were members of industrial and commercial circles
in Shanghai. The continuing importance of the KMT and
CDNCA south of the Yellow River is evidenced by the fact that
several of their leaders hold posts in the provincial and municipal
administrations in that area. The less important Chih Kung
Tang, which recruits among Chinese with overseas connections, is
generally restricted to southerners and its membership is largely
concentrated in Kwangtung and Fukien, the provinces in which
most Chinese emigration has originated. The Chih Kung Tang,
which has its headquarters in Canton, is the only non-Communist
party that does not have its central offices in Peking.
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The China Democratic League, by contrast, seems to have a
preponderance of northerners, perhaps because its membership
is composed largely of professors and writers who have long
regarded the north as the cultural center of China.
E. China Democratic League (CDL)
Founded in 1941 as the Democratic Groups League, it is a
consolidation of the "Association of Comrades in the War of
Resistance and National Construction" and the "China Demo-
cratic Parties Alliance." Its present title was adopted in 1944.
Many members of smaller political parties during the period
from 1941 to date have also been members of the CDL, and some
of the smaller groups have been completely absorbed into the
CDL. Dissolved in October 1947 by edict of the KMT, its leaders
moved to Hong Kong where it reestablished headquarters and
announced its anti-KMT and pro-Communist policy. Its mem-
bers worked actively in concert with the Chinese Communists
in subversion on the mainland up to 1949, when the Communists
gained control. Then its headquarters moved to Peking and the
CDL has since been one of the leading satellites in the united
front.
The Chinese Communists say the CDL "has close contacts
with the intelligentsia." Its membership is drawn largely from
those presently or in the past connected with the fields of culture
and education. Chinese Communist announcements say 19.3%
of the membership are members of the faculty and staff of
higher institutes of learning, 26.7% from middle schools, and
12.7%) from primary schools. Its membership is claimed to
have grown 276% from 1950 to March 1956. As of April 1956
it had branches in 86 cities in Communist China. Many of
its members are drawn from the fields of law, journalism, and
finance. The membership of the former National Salvation Asso-
ciation (Chuo Kuo Hui) appears to have been completely absorbed
into the CDL by 1950. Because of its dissolution by the KMT
in 1947 and the flight of its leaders from. China, many of its
present members spent considerable time outside the mainland
of China, particularly in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, which
would account for the existence of CDL branches overseas.
CHANG Lan, first head of CDL and now deceased, was assigned
important positions in the original CPG structure.
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CDL has played a leading role, under the Chinese Communist
Party, in the CPPCC, and many of its members in the period
1949-1954 held high posts in the CPG. Its members still hold
a large portion of the important government positions in China
assigned to non-Communists, and there is little if anything to
distinguish between the doctrines of the CDL and CCP.
There is considerable evidence that there are branches of the
CDL in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaya, Indonesia, and
Burma. It is believed to serve clandestinely the interests of the
Chinese Communists in some areas where diplomatic representa-
tion is not established and where Communist activities as such
would meet with local government opposition.
Officers of the CDL :
Chairman SHEN Chun-ju
Vice Chairmen CHANG Po-chiin
KAO Ch'ung-min
LO Lung-chi
MA Hsu-lun
SHIH Liang (f )
Secretary General HU Yii-chih
Deputy Secretaries HSIN Chih-ch'ao
General HSU Shou-hsien
CHANG Yun-ch'uan
CHOU Ch'ing-wen
YEH Tu-i
F. Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee (KMTRC)
The KMTRC was formed in Hong Kong in January 1948 by
Marshal LI Chi-shen as a gesture of protest against his KMT
political enemy CHIANG Kai-shek. Subsequently Marshal LI
joined forces with Communist opposition to the KMT and became
a vice-chairman (honoris causa, to all appearances) of the gov-
ernment organized by the Communists in 1949.
The KMTRC organizes all ex-KMT members who are accept-
able to the CCP. This category includes former members of
the KMT who are living in Southeast Asia as well as those in
China. At the third KMTRC Congress, which was held in Feb-
ruary 1956, LI Chi-shen announced that membership had grown
6.5 times since 1950.
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The KMTRC maintains a steady flow of propaganda into Tai-
wan and other Chinese communities overseas, soliciting KMT
members to defect and return to China.
Officers of the KMTRC :
Chairman LI Chi-shen
Vice Chairmen HO Hsiang-ning (F)
CH'ENG Ch'ien
TS'AI T'ing-k'ai
CHANG Chih-chung
HSIUNG K'o-wu
LUNG Yun
TENG Pao-shan
CH'EN Shao-hsien
Secretary General MEI Kung-pin
Deputy Secretaries CH'U Wu
General CH'EN Tse
G. China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD)
Founded in January 1946, the CAPD consists mostly of cultural
and educational workers.
It organizes progressive intelligentsia, administrative workers,
and practitioners. Members of the Central Committee include
a number of persons also active in the China Democratic League
and some former military and government officials under the
Kuomintang. The association was formerly known as the China
Kuomintang Association for Promoting Democracy. A large pro-
portion of the CAPD membership is made up of what the Chinese
Communists call "intellectuals."
Officers of the CAPD :
Chairman MA Hsu-lun
Vice Chairmen WANG Shao-ao
CHOU Chien-jen
CH'E Hsiang-shen
Secretary General HStY Kuang-p'irtg (F)
aka Mme. LU Hsun
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H. China Democratic National Construction Association
(CDNCA)
The CDNCA originated in December 1945 as an organization
of traders, manufacturers, and others engaged in industrial and
commercial activity. Although it was accepted into the coali-
tion government which was formed in 1949, several of its mem-
bers, including an official on its standing committee, were sub-
sequently purged; and it was not permitted to take part in any
formal party activities until June 1952. The tenuous stature of
the CDNCA suggests that persons in industry and commerce have
been more reluctant than others to rally to the support of the
regime, and that persons in this category are not trusted by the
Communist regime.
It organizes industrialists and merchants. According to an
official press release, dated 28 August 1956, membership in the
CDNCA had grown 2.5 times in the preceding eight months.
Seventy-six percent of its members are said to be businessmen.
The CDNCA is charged with responsibility for eliminating
resistance among merchants and industrialists to the CCP's pro-
gram for nationalizing industry and commerce.
This association is closely related' to the mass organization,
All. China Federation of Industrial and Commercial Associations.
There are also local branches of CDNCA in all the large munici-
palities, such as Shanghai, Tientsin, and Peking. The CDNCA
and the All China Federation of Industrial and Commercial Asso-
ciations held a preparatory conference in February 1956 and
founded a new subsidiary organization, the National Conference
of Dependents of Industrial and Commercial Circles, Women
Industrialists and Businesswomen, of which CHANG Yun, vice
chairman of the All China Democratic Women's Federation, was
named chairman. This National Conference is illustrative of the
numerous overlapping control and propaganda devices which
reach out to encompass groups of persons not otherwise organized
through the satellite parties or mass organizations.
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Officers of the CDNCA :
Chairman HUANG Yen-p'ei
Vice Chairmen LI Chu-ch'en
CHANG Nai-ch".i
NAN Han-ch'en
SHENG P'ei-hua
SHIH Fu-liang
HU Chiueh-wen
HU Tzu-ang
Secretary General SUN Ch'i-meng
Deputy Secretaries LO Shu-chang (F)
General YU Huan-ch'eng
I. China Peasants and Workers Democratic Party (CPWDP)
Originally known as the Chinese Revolutionary Party, the
China Peasants and Workers Democratic Party (CPWDP) was
founded in 1927 by petty bourgeoisie elements who opposed both
the KMT and the Communists. In the late thirties it joined the
KMT and the CCP in a united front against Japan. Following
the defeat of the Japanese and the renewal of the civil war in
China, its leaders fled to Hong Kong. In 1948 the CPWDP
accepted the united front proposals of the CCP. Despite its
name, the CPWDP has no ascertainable roots among the masses
of peasants and workers.
In 1950 the CPWDP was assigned the task of organizing experts
and technicians in economic departments of the government.
After discussions in the late spring of 1953 its leaders issued a
directive stating that the emphasis would shift to the recruit-
ment of the middle and upper levels among public functionaries
and educational workers, specifically intellectuals working in
scientific, technical, educational, cultural, medical, and public
health departments of the government. This change in targets
followed public acknowledgements by CPWDP leaders that dur-
ing previous periods of expansion certain non-conformist and
undisciplined elements had been accepted by the party.
Reports of its activities indicate that the CPWDP is especially
concerned with indoctrination (or, as the Communists say, "rais-
ing the political consciousness") of scientific, cultural, and edu-
cational leaders in China.
23
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Officers of the CPWDP :
Chairman CHANG Po-chiin
Vice Chairman
Secretary General
Deputy Secretaries
General
P'ENG Tse-min (deceased October
1956)
HUANG Ch'i-hsiang
CHI Fang
LI Po-ch'iu
J. Chiu San Society (CSS)
Founded in 1944 as the "Democracy and Science Society," the
Chiu San Society (CSS) later took its present name, which means
September Third Society, in commemoration of China's victory
over Japan on that date. It was originally composed of intel-
lectuals engaged in the cultural and educational fields and
resulted from conferences of various university professors. It is
now an organization for scientists and highly skilled intellectuals.
Officers of the Chiu San Society :
Chairman HSt7 Te-heng
Vice Chairman LIANG Hsi
Secretary General T'U Ch'ang-wang
Deputy Secretaries LI I
General SUN Ch'eng-p'ei
WANG Chih-hsiang
K. Chih Kung Tang (CKT)
The Chih Kung Tang, as discussed herein, represents a group-
ing of persons who were former members of a secret society of
Chinese overseas. This secret society originated in the early
17th century in China and spread to Southeast Asia, Australia,
and the Americas. It has undergone many changes since its
founding, and numerous splinter groups have sprung from it
over the years. Its members furnished financial and political
aid for more than one attempt to overthrow the constituted gov-
ernments of China. Two of the offshoots are still active in the
Americas. One group bears the title Chih Kung Tang; the other
and larger society is the Min Chih Tang, which is at least not
openly pro-Communist. These two groups exert considerable
influence among the Chinese communities in the Western
Hemisphere.
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The CKT in Communist China is comprised principally of per-
sons returned from the Americas. The present CKT on the
China mainland apparently originated sometime in 1949. Its
present chairman and its former chairman, now deceased, were
both leaders in the Chih Kung Tang branch in New York City
before returning to Communist China.
The CKT directs Communist propaganda toward overseas Chi-
nese, principally those connected with non-Communist controlled
branches of the secret society, and assists in processing returned
overseas Chinese and their dependents.
Officials of the CKT :
Chairman CH'EN Ch'i-yu
Vice Chairman KUAN Wen-sen
Secretary General CHENG T'ien-p:ao
Deputy Secretary YEN Hsi-chiin
General
L. Taiwan Democratic Self Government. League (TDSGL)
The Taiwan Democratic Self Government League (TDSGL)
was founded in 1947 by anti-KMT Taiwanese and Chinese. It
organizes Taiwanese and Chinese with relatives or a special
interest in Taiwan.
Its primary function is to support by every means at its dis-
posal the CCP campaign to gain Communist control over Taiwan.
Members of the TDSGL often broadcast direct appeals to their
friends and relatives on Taiwan, encouraging them to defect
or otherwise assist the Communist cause.
Officers of the TDSGL :
Chairman HSIEH Hsiieh-hung (F)
Vice Chairman LI Chun-ch'ing (LI Shun-ch'ing)
Secretary General CHIANG Shih-ch'ien
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APPENDIX TO PART II
CHINESE COMMUNIST VERSION OF NON-COMMUNIST
POLITICAL PARTIES
The following descriptions of the satellite parties were broad-
cast in English by Radio Peking to Europe in June 1956 "for
the convenience of editors wishing to follow the reports of the
National People's Congress" :
"A survey of the political parties of China, other than the Com-
munist Party, shows that their membership has grown by over
400 percent since liberation. Local organizations of the parties
are distributed chiefly in the cities. Altogether they have some
300 local organizations.
"The chief parties of China are the Revolutionary Committee
of the Kuomintang of China, the China Democratic League, the
China Democratic National Construction Association, the China
Association for Promoting Democracy, the Chinese Peasants and
Workers Democratic Party, the China Chih Kung Tang, the
Chiu San Society, and the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government
League.
"The following are brief introductions to these parties:
"l-The Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang of
China ... was composed of democratic elements of the former
Kuomintang who opposed CHIANG Kai-shek's dictatorship. It
was formally established in 1948. It has close contact with
former members of the Kuomintang and with upper and middle
class elements who were, in one way or another, historically
connected with the Kuomintang. It attended the first plenary
session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
in 1949; and LI Chi-shen, its chairman, was elected Vice Chair-
man of the Central People's Government at the conference.
"LI Chi-shen was elected Vice Chairman of the National Com-
mittee of the CPPCC and Vice Chairman of the Standing Com-
mittee of the National People's Congress in 1954.
"2 - The China Democratic League has close contact with the
intelligentsia. It was established in 1941 under the name of the
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Democratic Groups League, which it changed in 1944 to the
China Democratic League. Members of the League supported
the principle of persisting in the war against Japanese aggres-
sion and stood for the Chinese Communist Party's policy of
democracy and unity against the Japanese invaders. After vic-
tory in the war, it fought against the rule of the Kuomintang
and opposed its plots for civil war. It was dissolved in October
1947 under Kuomintang pressure and reestablished itself in Jan-
uary 1948 in Hong Kong. It declared for cooperation with the
Chinese Communist Party at the same time. It attended the
first plenary session of the Chinese People's Consultative Con-
ference in 1949; and CHANG Lan, the late chairman, was elected
Vice Chairman of the Central People's Government. CHANG
Lan, the late chairman, and SHEN Chun-ju, the vice chairman,
were elected vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress and vice chairmen of the National
Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference in
1954. SHEN Chun-ju is now the chairman of the League.
"3-The China Democratic National Construction Associa-
tion was formed in 1945. Members of the Association are mainly
patriotic industrialists, businessmen, and intellectuals who are
connected with those circles. Led by HUANG Yen-p'ei and
CHANG Nai-ch'i, the Association attended the first plenary ses-
sion of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
in :1949. HUANG Yen-p'ei, the chairman, was nominated Vice
Premier of the then Government Council, following the estab-
lishment of the Central People's Government.
"HUANG Yen-p'ei, the chairman, was elected Vice Chairman
of the Standing Committee of the First National People's Con-
gress and Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chi-
nese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1954.
"4 - China Association for Promoting Democracy. The mem-
bership of the China Association for Promoting Democracy is
chiefly made up of people in cultural and educational circles. The
chairman is MA Hsu-lun, and the secretary general is HSU
Kuang-p'ing, wife of the late writer, LU Hsun. The China Asso-
ciation for Promoting Democracy was founded in 1946. It was
one, of the important groups which carried forward the demo-
cratic movement before 1949.
"In 1949 the Association took part in the first plenary session
of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. The
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Association's Chairman, MA Hsu-lun, is a :member of the Stand-
ing Committee of the National People's Congress.
"5 - The Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party was
founded in 1929 after the defeat of the first great revolution.
Its original name was the Chung Hua Ke Ming Tang (Chinese
Revolutionary Party). Later it was changed to the Provisional
Action Committee of the Kuomintang of China. In 1935 it was
again changed to the Chinese National Liberation Action Com-
mittee. Its present name, the Chinese Peasants and Workers
Democratic Party, was adopted in 1947. The Party agreed with
the policy, established by the Chinese Communist Party in 1935,
of setting up a national united front to fight against Japan. In
1938 the Party proclaimed that it stood for democracy, unity,
and a war of resistance. Later it joined in activities against the
Kuomintang's civil war policy and in the struggle for democracy.
In 1949 the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
participated in the first plenary session of the Chinese People's
Political Consultative Conference. The chairman of the Chinese
Peasants and Workers Democratic Party is CHANG Po-chiin,
who is also Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese
People's Political Consultative Conference.
"6 - China Chih Kung Tang has contact with Overseas Chi-
nese. It was organized by Overseas Chinese in America. In
1947 the Party issued its political platform advocating peace
within the country and political democracy, and opposing the
dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang. The China Chih Kung Tang,
represented by CH'EN Ch'i-yu and others, participated in the
first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consulta-
tive Conference in 1949. The chairman of the China Chih Kung
Tang is CH'EN Ch'i-yu, and the vice chairman is KUAN Wen-
shen. CH'EN Ch'i-yu is now a member of the Standing Com-
mittee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
"7 - The Chiu San Society. Members of the Chiu San Society
are chiefly intellectuals in the academic field. Founded in 1944,
the Society evolved from forums and gatherings of a section of
university professors. It was formally inaugurated in 1945, when
it became known as the Chiu San Society. Before liberation, the
Society made contributions to the democratic movement. In
1949 the Society was represented at the Conference with HSU
Te-heng and others as its delegates. HSU Te-heng, Chairman of
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the Chiu San Society, is now a member of the Standing Com-
mittee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
and is Minister of Marine Products. The Vice Chairman of the
Society, LIANG Hsi, is currently Minister of Forestry.
"8 - The Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League was
founded in November 1947. Its aim is to oppose U. S. imperialist
aggression and work in coordination with all the people of China
for the liberation of Taiwan. The league embraces a section of
compatriots of Taiwan origin living on the mainland. The league
participated in the first plenary session of the Chinese CPPCC
held in 1949. The Chairman of the League is HSIEH Hsiieh-
hung, and the Vice Chairman is LI Chun-ch'ing."
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ALL CHINA FEDERATIONS
A. Introduction
All China federations, as they are called by the Chinese Com-
munists, constitute the second major component of the "people's
democratic united front." They are used by the Communists to
mobilize all elements of the population not already organized
by the Party, the Government, or the military. Separate All
China federations corresponding to each major social, religious,
professional, and vocational group (e. g., workers, students,
women, youth, scientists, businessmen, returned overseas Chi-
nese, etc.) have been formed by the Central Committee organs
of the CCP. In this way the Communists (who constitute less
than 2% of the population) are able to involve great masses
of people in the many state-sponsored political and economic
"movements" which characterize their technique of governing.
Like the satellite parties, the All China federations are used
by the Communists to organize, indoctrinate, and mobilize spe-
cific sectors of the Chinese populace. However, they differ from
the satellite parties in several respects, notably in their origin,
number, size and character of membership, relation to the CCP,
and diverse functions.
B. Scope and Composition
Unlike the satellite parties, which were :formed independently
and later absorbed by the present regime, most of the All China
federations are creatures of the Communist Party, some of them
founded before 1949. As emphasized previously, the satellite
parties are relatively small, few in number, and restricted to
work among urban intellectuals, Chinese who have returned from
abroad, and former members of the KMT. The All China feder-
ations, on the other hand, vary in size, are numerous, and prac-
tically unlimited in their combined range.
There are over twenty major All China federations, ranging in
size from the All China Sports Federation, consisting of several
thousand young athletes, to the All China Democratic Women's
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Federation, which claims a membership of almost 80 million.
Some of the larger All China federations have many components
which are in turn organized on a national scale. The All China
Federation of Trade Unions has separate national unions of rail-
road, electrical, textile, mine, and machine workers, among others;
and the All China Federation of Literature and Art Circles encom-
passes national associations of writers, journalists, motion-picture
workers, etc., each of which in turn has its own local and national
federations.
The collective range of these federations, unlike the closely
restricted jurisdiction of the satellite parties, is practically unlim-
ited. Every social, professional, vocational, and religious element
of the population has been drawn into group activity by one or
another of the All China federations. These elements include
workers, students, women, scientists, lawyers, doctors, business-
men, Moslems, Buddhists, etc.
Because it is not uncommon for a person to hold concurrent
memberships in several of the All China federations (e.g., a female
writer who has not yet reached the age of twenty-five might belong
to the All China Democratic Women's Federation, the All China
Federation of Democratic Youth, and the All China Federation
of Literary and Art Circles), membership statistics which are
released by the individual organizations are of limited value in
attempting to reach a figure which represents the total number
of Chinese absorbed into the federations. Some estimates have
placed this figure as high as 200,000,000. In theory, at least, the
only limit on the size of the All China federations is the total
number of people in China, excepting, of course, those whom
the Chinese Communists classify as counterrevolutionaries and
those already effectively organized under the CCP, the Chinese
Communist armed forces, and the public security forces.
C. Organizational Structure and Subordination to the CCP
Each of the All China federations has an organizational struc-
ture resembling that of the CCP and the satellite parties. The
national congress is theoretically the highest organ; but because
it meets very infrequently, its powers are exercised by the national
executive committee. Subordinate congresses and committees
direct the work of the All China federation in the provinces and
larger municipalities. The basic organizational unit is the small
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branch or group which consists of seven to ten rank-and-file
members.
The centralized superstructure of the All China federations,
like that of the satellite parties, is of less importance to the
Communists than the growth of small groups or branches under
proper guidance. It is within these small groups that each
federation fulfills its primary functions of organizing the non-
Communist masses and inculcating in them discipline, loyalty,
and self-sacrifice in the interests of the Party and state. Under
constant surveillance by a fraction of CCP members or activists
who direct the group, and faced with penalties ranging from
social ostracism to imprisonment or even death, the individual
non-Communist has no choice but to accept the decisions of the
group enthusiastically.
The various echelons described above - i. e., the national, pro-
vincial, municipal, and basic organs of each All China federa-
tion - are bound together in a pyramid of control operating on
the principle of "democratic centralism," which means that
directives issued by the national executive committee are binding
on all lower level committees and ultimately on each of the
basic units.
Although ostensibly independent, and publicized as such, the
federations are in fact controlled at the central and local levels
by one or another of the subsidiary organs of the CCP. Their
adherence to the "correct" Communist line is assured by a
nucleus of CCP members in top posts, a fact which is illustrated
in the following descriptions of the various important federations.
Although these mass organizations were founded, or taken over,
and nurtured under the guidance of the organs of the Central
Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, as were the satellite
parties in their present status, there is some evidence that they
are being phased into segments of the Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference (CPPCC), an overt device through which
the United Front Department, operating behind the scenes, can
manipulate these organizations and their leaders.
D. Quasi-Legal Status
The All China federations are more closely connected with the
formal governmental apparatus than are the minor non-Com-
munist parties, and most of the former may be regarded as para-
governmental agencies. Their charters are issued by the gov-
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ernment, and most of them have some sort of administrative
functions. Labor insurance regulations of 24 March 1951, for
example, were promulgated jointly by the government's Ministry
of Labor and the All China Federation of Trade Unions; and the
latter organization participated in the administration of insur-
ance funds. Land reform throughout the country was enforced
by the local peasant associations, which handled all the details
of land confiscation and redistribution. The youth and student
federations play important roles in the recruitment and assign-
ment of government personnel. All of these federations, along
with the CCP, non-Communist parties, and military, select dele-
gates who make up the Chinese People's Political Consultative
Conference (CPPCC), the instrument of the "people's democratic
united front."
E. Other Functions
As stated previously, the primary function of each All China
federation is to mobilize and indoctrinate a particular non-Com-
munist social, professional, religious, or vocational sector of the
population. The federations are also used to promote the inter-
ests of the Peking regime internationally.
F. Relative Status of All China Federations
For practical reasons and because they give concrete form to
the Chinese Communist concept of a worker-peasant alliance,
labor and peasant organizations have played the most impor-
tant roles since state power was seized by the CCP.
Many of the peasant associations were formed during the war
with Japan and utilized by the CCP in its activities in areas
behind Japanese lines. Others were set up on the heels of
advancing CCP armies during the period of civil war which fol-
lowed. Under the present regime peasant associations were
assigned the task of administering agrarian reform - the first
stage in the organization, surveillance, control, and indoctrina-
tion of China's farm population. In addition to surveying, con-
fiscating, and reapportioning land holdings, the peasant associa-
tion was charged with (1) organizing the village peasantry to
carry out the regime's social reforms, (2) organizing agricultural
production through rural cooperatives, and (3) propagandizing
the peasant members in order to "elevate their political and cul-
tural level." Unlike the All China federations, which are organ-
ized nationally, peasant associations are local in character and,
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though tightly controlled by the CCP, apparently have never
united under any single national organization. In 1952 the
Peking press reported that peasant associations in areas which
came under the control of the Chinese Communists after 1948
had a total membership in excess of 88 million.
Since the land reform program has been completed, the peasant
association has decreased in importance. The combined mem-
bership of agricultural producer cooperatives and collectives is
a better index to the degree of control exercised by the CCP over
the rural population. In June 1956 Peking claimed that 108
million (or 90%) of the peasant households in China had joined
cooperatives and that 60~%o of these cooperatives had been col-
lectivized.
Although not called federations, the Political Science and Law
Association (PSLA), China Islamic Association (CISA), and
China Buddhist Association (CBA) are included under this sec-
tion on All China federations because their primary function is
to organize members of particular groups. Although the Chinese
Communists publicly refer to "Christian Religious Circles" as a
united group, it is believed this is more a title than a fact, as will
be seen in the corresponding portion of this section.
G. All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU)
The urban counterpart of the peasant associations is the local
labor unions, some 200,000 of which, representing manual work-
ers in 23 principal industries, are united under the leadership
of the All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU). The
total membership of the ACFTU has reportedly increased from
4,000,000 in 1949 to 12,450,000 in 1956. The continuation of pres-
ent trends, would produce by the end of 1957 about 15,000,000
trade union members out of an estimated total working force of
16,000,000. Supervision of the trade unions at the national and
local levels is in the hands of the 1.5 million union leaders reported
by Peking to be members of the CCP.
Trade union membership includes, in addition to manual work-
ers in the 23 principal industries, various staff employees -
clerks, custodians, stenographers, typists, and management per-
sonnel at the lower level. Many working class elements are
excluded from membership : (1) peasants; (2) small handicrafts-
men, because they are not paid in wages; (3) handicraft work-
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ers, because handicrafts are distinguished from modern indus-
try; and (4) certain professional workers, because they are
regarded as non-working class elements. Those excluded from
membership in the trade unions have been organized into other
All China federations.
Under the Labor Union Law (28 June 1950) the ACFTU and its
affiliates have become adjuncts of the state with political and
internal security functions in addition to the responsibility for
organizing the working class. According to this law, labor unions
must (1) educate and organize workers in support of government
laws and directives; (2) create new worker attitudes conducive
to greater productivity; (3) guard against all types of waste, cor-
ruption, and sabotage of state enterprises; and (4) exercise vigi-
lance over private industry in the interests of the state.
The preamble to the revised "Constitution of the Trade Unions
of the CPR," adopted on 10 May 1953, contains some of the cur-
rently fashionable metaphors and slogans (underlined below)
used to describe the function of the unions:
"The Trade Unions of China led by the Communist Party have
rallied the broad masses of the workers around the party and
have thus become transmission belts between the party and the
masses. Since the establishment of the people's democratic dic-
tatorship, the trade unions under the leadership of the party
have become a school of administration, a school of management,
and. a school of Communism for the workers."
Although trade unions are enjoined by their constitution "to
show constant concern over the improvement of the material
and cultural life and the working conditions of the entire body
of workers, technical personnel, and staff members," the require-
merits of production are given higher priority than the needs
of the workers. Trade union cadres that become preoccupied
with welfare projects are often subject to sharp criticism. For
example, ACFTU Chairman LAI Jo-yii, in a report to the Seventh
All China Congress of Trade Unions, condemned the expansion
of labor insurance programs as "blind adventurism out of pro-
portion to practical requirements."
In order to increase labor productivity, trade union programs
for strengthening labor discipline and developing "labor emula-
tion." (that is, the emulation of model workers who produce above
established norms) have been initiated by the ACFTU and its
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affiliates. In 1954, for example, the ACFTU drafted and pre-
sented to the State Council for adoption "'The Outline of Labor
Regulations for State Operated Enterprises," the stated purpose
of which was "to ensure and consolidate labor discipline." The
outline was enacted into law immediately, and strict observance
of its regulations was made the "sacred duty" of all workers. Ten
of the twenty-four articles deal with punitive measures.
Labor emulation campaigns are a continuing function of the
trade unions. They are effective not only in increasing produc-
tion but also in raising the political consciousness of the Chinese
worker. The ACFTU publishes the China Worker.
The ACFTU actively participates in the direction and activities
of the World Federation of Trade Unions and maintains relations
with unions in non-Communist countries.
Officials of the ACFTU :
Chairman LAI Jo-yii
Vice Chairmen CHU Hsiieh-fan
LIU Ch'ang-sheng
LIU Ning-i
Secretary General MAO Ch'i-hua
Secretariat CHANG Hsiu-chu
CHANG Wei-chen
CH'EN Shao-min (f)
CHENG Yu
HST Chih-chen
LI Hsieh-po
LI Tsai-wen
LIU Tzu-chiu
TUNG Hsin
H. All China Democratic Women's Federation (ACDWF)
The ACDWF was formed by the Communists in 1949, ostensibly
to emancipate China's women, whose underprivileged status
had characterized previous Chinese history. Membership in the
ACDWF is limited to women's organizations; there are no indi-
vidual members of the ACDWF. In order to be counted among
the 80,000,000 members claimed by the ACDWF, a woman must
first join the YWCA or some other women's organization which
is affiliated with the ACDWF. It is unlikely that the large mem-
bership claimed by the ACDWF has been fully integrated.
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The People's Handbook of 1953 states that the aim of the
ACDWF is "to rally the great mass of women of all classes and
races to participate actively in the construction programs of the
nation, to protect the rights of women and the welfare of chil-
dren, to raise the consciousness and ability of women, to realize
equality between the sexes, to achieve thorough emancipation of
women, and to fight for the guarding of world peace in alliance
with the peace loving women of the world."
During the first two years of its existence the ACDWF concen-
trated on organizational activity, implementation of agrarian
reform, and familiarizing women with Marxism-Leninism and
the teachings of MAO Tse-tung. Traditional Chinese attitudes
toward women were attacked in an effort to exploit their pro-
ductive capacity.
Following its second National Congress, the ACDWF empha-
sized that the central task of the women's movement was to
mobilize women to participate actively in industrial and agri-
tural production. In accordance with this task several hundred
thousand women were given jobs in industry, and others were
appointed to government positions. Nurseries were organized
everywhere in order to care for children of working mothers.
As a supplement to its activities on behalf of the state, the
ACDWF is attempting to improve the social and economic lot
of the Chinese woman. Communist sources report that approxi-
mately half the students in China are women. Under the Mar-
riage Law wives have been given equal rights with their husbands.
The ACDWF has been especially active in the activities of the
world Communist movement among women (WIDF) and in pro-
moting contacts with women in non-Communist countries. The
ACDWF publishes Women of China, an English language publi-
cation, and Women Workers of the New China, an illustrated
magazine.
Officials of the ACDWF:
Honorary Chairmen SOONG Ch'ing-ling (Mme. SUN Yat-
sen)
HO Hsiang-ning (widow of LIAO
Chung-k'ai)
Chairman TS'AI Ch'ang (Mme. LI Fu-chun)
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Vice Chairmen CHANG Yizn (widow of LI Yun-sheng)
HSV Kuang-p'irig (widow of LU
Hsun)
LI Te-ch'iian (widow of Marshal
FENG Yu-hsiang)
CHIH Liang (husband LU Chao-hua,
from whom separated)
TENG Ying-ch'ao (Mme. CHOU En-
lai)
Secretary General CHANG Ch'in-ch'iu (Mme. CH'EN
Ch'ang-hao)
Secretariat CHANG Yun (widow of LI Yun-sheng)
HStt Kuang-p'ing (Mme. LU Hsun)
K'ANG K'o-ch'ing (Mme. CHU Teh)
LO Ch'iung (Miss)
SHEN Tzu-chiu (Mme. HU Tia.-chih)
TS'AO Kuan-ch'un
TS'AO Meng-chiin (Mme. WANG
K'un-lun)
TSENG Hsien-chih
1. All China Federation of Democratic Youth (ACFDY)
The ACFDY was formed in 1949 in order to unite the youth
throughout the country in support of the CCP's program. It is
a large and, by strict Communist standards;, a loosely-knit organ-
ization. In this respect it differs from the Chinese Young Com-
munist League (YCL), an auxiliary of the CCP, consisting of
young activists, most of whom are slated to become party
members.
Like the ACDWF, the ACFDY is composed chiefly of organized
youth units, both national and local. Its constitution provides,
however, that "persons having influence over and contributions
to the youth mass" may join as individuals.
The upper age limit for membership in the ACFDY is stated
to be 25. However, many of its leaders are CCP and YCL activists
who are obviously exempt from this requirement. Key ACFDY
members are also active participants in affairs of the World Fed-
eration of Democratic Youth (WFDY).
Officials of the ACFDY :
Chairman LIAO Ch'eng-chih
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Vice Chairmen CH'IEN San-ch'iang
LIU Tao-sheng
OU T'ang-liang (f)
WU Han
LIU Hsi-yiian
Secretary General TU Ch'ien
Deputy Secretaries CH'IEN Li-jen
General CH'IEN Wei-ch'ang
KUAN Shih-hsiung
SUN Fu-ling
TING Ts'ung
WANG Ch'uan-pin
J. All China Federation of Students (ACFS)
Fully aware of the key political role which students in China
have assumed over the past several decades, the Communists
organized the All China Students' Federation (currently known
as the All China Federation of Students) in 1949. The basic
units in the ACFS are student associations in all middle schools
and institutions of higher learning.
Both the student and youth federations are used as shock
troops in carrying out CCP campaigns. Under party direction,
the student federations dispatch units to activate other groups -
for example, to participate in the collectivization of agriculture
through the cooperatives and in factory reorganization through
the labor unions. Activism in ACFS work often leads to mem-
bership in the YCL and from there into the party.
Like the ACFDY, the ACFS is active in international Commu-
nist front activities, specifically in the activities of the Interna-
tional Union of Students (IUS). The ACFS is also in contact
with student groups in non-Communist countries.
There is much cross-membership between the ACFS and the
CYL; and of course, because of the ACFS is an organizational
member of ACFDY, all members of the former are per se members
of the latter. Since its organization in 1949, at least, and perhaps
before that time, the students' federation has sent delegates to
conferences, to congresses of the Communist front organizations,
and to World Congresses of Youth and the International Union
of Students (IUS). The impressionable, volatile nature of stu-
dents in all countries makes them prime targets for recruitment
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into Communism, for utilization prior to a Communist revolution,
and for the spreading of propaganda. Communist countries
generally have created a corps of "professional" students used to
exploit and control student groups.
Officials of the ACFS :
Chairman HU Ch'i-li
Vice Chairmen CHANG Wen-hao
CH'EN Chen-lei
FANG Kuang-yu (f)
FENG Yin-fu
KUAN Jo-luan (f)
SUN Shou-chu
SUNG Hsi-heng
T'o-hu-ti-ai-li
TUNG Hsueh-lung
HSIEH Pang-ting (f)
Secretary General CH'IEN Li-jen
Deputy Secretaries YUAN Yung-hsi
General CH'IEN Ta-wei
SHIH Chung-pen
K. All China Federation of Industrial and Commercial Asso-
ciations (ACFICA)
In 1953 the ACFICA was formed as a national organization for
private businessmen and industrialists who survived the several
campaigns and other efforts by the Communists since 1949
to eliminate the capitalistic trends. The establishment of such
an organization was discussed before the Communists formed
their government in 1949, but businessmen were considered politi-
cally and organizationally unfit at that time. Local federations
of these "national bourgeoisie" were, however, set up in all large
cities as channels of communication between municipal govern-
ments and private companies. A preparatory committee for
establishing the ACFICA on the national level was finally estab-
lished in June 1952, after the anti-corruption campaign had thor-
oughly cowed all sectors of private business.
In large measure the membership of this organization over-
laps that of the Democratic National Construction Association
(see Part II under Satellite Parties). The federation, however,
is not limited to China's big business; it includes associations of
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representatives of joint private-state enterprises, state-owned
enterprises and cooperatives (also separately organized under the
All China Federation of Cooperatives), and handicraft entrepre-
neurs, vendors, and street hawkers.
The primary task of the ACFICA is to impose systematically
the various stages of "socialist transformation" upon the target
groups named above. To the businessman "socialist transfor-
mation" means liquidation of private enterprise in favor of state
control or joint state-private control of all means of production
and commerce. Conceivably the Communists could have elimi-
nated all vestiges of private business. Instead, they have chosen
thus far to reform the businessman in their own image.
In the closing months of 1955 the ACFICA was placed by the
CC:P in the forefront of a nationwide campaign to eliminate pri-
vate enterprise. In January 1956 Peking announced that private
industry and commerce in all major cities had been converted
to state or joint state-private ownership, and predicted that com-
plete state ownership and control would be achieved within
three years.
Officials of the ACFICA :
Chairman CH'EN Shu-tung
Vice Chairmen CHANG Nai-ch'i
CHEN Ching-yu
HSU Ti-hsin
HU Tzu-ang
HUANG Ch'ang-shui
JUNG I-jen
KUNG T'ien-min
LI Chu-ch'en
MENG Yung-ch'ien
NAN Han-ch'en
SHENG P'ei-hua
(4 others)
Secretary General SHA Ch'ien-li
Deputy Secretaries HUANG Chieh-jan
General HU Tzu-ang
L. All China Union of Commerce (ACUC)
Originally known as the All China Union of Shopkeepers, the
name of this body was changed to All China Union of Commerce
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in December 1955. It embraces within its membership employees
and workers of state-operated, joint state-private operated, and
privately owned commercial enterprises, commercial cooperatives,
and units subordinate to them. Exactly where this federation
fits into the over-all picture (whether under the ACFTU or
ACFICA) is not clearly established, although it is believed to be
one of the associations affiliated with the ACFICA. Sometimes,
however, it is called the China Commercial Trade Union.
Officials of the ACUC :
Chairman CHANG Ch'ing-ch'un, Vice Minister
of Commerce
Vice Chairman LI Wei-hsin
M. All China Federation of Cooperatives (ACFC)
Formed in June 1951, the ACFC claimed 120,000,000 members
in over 36,000 supply and marketing cooperatives by January
1953. Most of these cooperatives are in the rural areas, where
Communist assertions claim nearly 32,000 associations serving
the supply and marketing needs of over 95,000,000 peasant
members.
Cooperatives affiliated with the ACFC should be distinguished
from state-administered agricultural producer cooperatives (the
precursors of collective farms). Although the functional rela-
tionship between the two has never been clearly defined, it is
believed that the ACFC and its affiliates support the agricultural
producer cooperatives with basic equipment, seed, etc., and assist
the state in marketing the latter's product.
The ACFC also apparently encompasses groups concerned with
the handicraft trades and with the production and marketing of
certain industrial products.
The All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooper-
atives, often mentioned, is believed to be a part of, or perhaps
identical with, the ACFC.
Officials of the ACFC :
Chairman CH'ENG Tzu-hua
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Vice Chairmen CHANG Ch'i-lung
LIANG Yao
MENG Yung-ch'ien
TENG Ch'en-hsi
YEN Ku-hsiang
Board of Supervision
Chairman TSENG Shan
Vice Chairmen TAI Hsiao-tung
YU Shu-te
N. All China Federation of Literature and Art Circles
(ACFLAC)
The ACFLAC, into which associations of authors, journalists,
musicians, painters, and actors have been incorporated, was
formed in 1949. Because of their potentially "dangerous indi-
vidualism" and usefulness in propaganda activities, writers and
artists have always been of particular interest to the CCP.
The thesis that literature and art are subordinate to and should
be subjected to political requirements, as postulated by MAO Tse-
tung in 1942, was endorsed by the ACFLAC at its founding and
has served as its basic orientation ever since.
The activities of the ACFLAC are twofold: security and propa-
ganda. Its primary task is to identify and control actual or
potential dissidents among those in the fold encompassed by
ACFLAC. In addition, the ACFLAC through its propaganda
organs and other channels of communication popularizes impor-
tant programs of the party and government. To date its ranks
have been the object of a continuous process of ideological
remolding.
Among its member organizations are included the national
and local organizations of the All China Federation of Journal-
ists (also known as the All China Journalists' Association), the
Union of Chinese Writers, the Union of Chinese Musicians, the
Union of Chinese Stage Artists, the Union of Chinese Dance Art-
ists, the All China Federation of Artists, and the All China Fed-
eration of Cinema Workers.
The leaders of the ACFLAC, officers of the All China Federa-
tion of Journalists (whose members include all important editors,
publishers, etc., in China), and officials of the Union of Chinese
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Writers (which has taken the lead in propagandizing the CCP's
present line of "encouraging all schools of thought to contend")
are herewith identified :
Officials of the ACFLAC :
Chairman KUO Mo-jo
Vice Chairmen CHOU Yang (aka CHOW Yang)
SHEN Yen-ping (MAO Tun)
Secretary General YANG Han-sheng
1. All China Federation of Journalists (ACFJ) (also known
as All China Journalists' Association)
Officials of the ACFJ :
Chairman TENG T'o
Vice Chairmen CHIN Chung-hua (CHIN
Hsiao-ya, C. K. King)
HU Ch'iao-rnu
MEI I
WANG Yuri-sheng
WU Leng-hsi
Secretary General WU Leng-hsi (concurrent)
Deputy Secretaries HStt Mai-chin
General LI P'ing-ch'uan
LIU Tsun-ch'i
SHAO Tsung-han
WU Wen-t'ao
2. Union of Chinese Writers (UCW)
Officials of the UCW :
Chairman SHEN Yen-ping (MAO Tun)
Vice Chairmen CHOU Yang (aka CHOW Yang)
FENG Hsueh-feng
K'O Chung-p'ing
LIU Pai-yii.
PA Chin (LI Fei-kan)
SHAO Ch'uan-lin
SHU She-yu (Lao She)
TING Ling:
TSAO Yii
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Secretary General CH'EN Pai-ch'en
Deputy Secretaries CHANG Hsi
General KANG Cho
0. All China Federation of Scientific Societies (ACFSS)
Natural and social scientists have been organized under the
ACFSS, which is composed of some 33 separate associations
devoted to the study of everything from gardening to geophysics.
It is not to be confused with the All China Association for the
Dissemination of Scientific and Technical Knowledge (see Part
IV), a broad propaganda front in which many non-scientists also
participate.
The China Academy of Sciences is an official organ set up
under government control and bears a close relationship to the
ACFSS and the ADSTK. An International Relations Institute
was set up under the Academy of Sciences in November 1956 to
acquire, study, and apply scientific information from sources
outside Communist China. Director of this institute is MENG
Yung-ch'ien; his deputies are CHEN Han-sheng and LIU Ssu-mu.
One of the chief affiliates of the ACFSS is the All China Asso-
ciation of Medical Societies, the officers of which are active in
the World Congress of Doctors (an international Communist
front). This association has developed contacts with medical
groups in non-Communist countries.
Officials of the ACFSS:
Honorary Chairman WU Yu-chang
Chairman LI Ssu-kuang (LEE Jonquei Su-kuang,
J. S. Lee)
Vice Chairmen CH'EN K'ang-pai
HOU Te-pang (aka Chih-pen)
TSENG Chao-lun
WU Yu-hsiin
Secretary General YEN Chi-tzu
Deputy Secretaries TING T'an
General T'U Ch'ang-wang
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P. All China Association of Medical Societies (ACAMS) (Also
called China Medical Association)
Officials of the ACAMS :
Honorary Chairmen HO Ch'eng
LI-Te-ch'iuan
SU Ching-kuan
Chairman FU Lien-chang
Vice Chairmen CHANG Ch'a-li
CH'EN Wen-kuei
FANG Shih-shan
KUNG Nai-ch'uan
SHEN K'o-fei
WEI Hsi
WU Chih-li
YAO K'o-fang
Secretary General FANG Shih-shan
Deputy Secretaries CHANG Ch'ing-sung
General CHI Su-hua
CHUNG Hui-lan
FU I-ch'eng
HUANG Sheng-pai
HUANG Shu-tse
WU Ch'ao-jen
Q. All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese Asso-
ciations (FROCA)
On 17 June 1956, following a symposium sponsored by the
Peking Returned Overseas Chinese Association, a preparatory
committee to create the FROCA was formed. At a meeting of
the National People's Congress on 8 June 1956, FANG Fang, a
deputy director of the government's Commission of Chinese
Affairs (COCA), suggested the, formation of a national organi-
zation of this type as a means of strengthening local Returned
Overseas Chinese Associations which had been set up in munici-
palities and areas where returnees or their dependents have been
concentrated. Membership in the FROCA is made up of the
many local associations of returned overseas Chinese.
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Officials of the FROCA :
Chairman TAN Kah-kee (CH'EN Chia-keng)
Vice Chairmen CHUANG Hsi-ch'uan
CHUANG Ming-li
FANG Fang
HUANG Ch'ang-shui
I Mei-hou
KAO Ming-hsien
LI T'ieh-min
LO Li-shih
P'ENG Tse-min (deceased)
WANG Yuan-hsing
YEN Tzu-chun
YU Yang-tsu
Secretary General CHUANG Ming-li
R. All China Sports Federation (ACSF)
Sometimes referred to as the All China Athletic Federation,
the ACSF organizes athletes and conducts athletic programs. It
works closely with the youth organizations and the Physical Cul-
ture and Athletics Commission, a government organ. Many of
its members have been sent abroad to participate in interna-
tional athletic competitions.
Officials of the ACSF :
Chairman MA Yiieh-han
Vice Chairmen HSIAO Hua
HUANG Ch'i-hsiang
JUNG Kao-t'ang
LI Te-ch'iian
LIU Ning-i
TUNG Shou-i
WEI Ch'ueh
Secretary General CHANG Lien-hua
Deputy Secretary HUANG Chung
General
S. Political Science and Law Association of China (PSLA)
Lawyers, jurists, and law enforcement officers have been organ-
ized into the PSLA, which apparently was formed in 1955. The
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PSLA is either the successor to or at least a close affiliate of
the China New Jurisprudence Institute, which was formed in
June 1949. The PSLA is popularized by the Communist press
as an authority on domestic and international questions of law.
Statements by its leaders on the legal aspects of socialism, land
reform, territorial boundaries, and matters of international scope
are often published in the Chinese Communist press. The PSLA
maintains contact with counterpart organizations in other coun-
tries, both Communist and non-Communist.
Officials of the PSLA :
Chairman
Vice Chairmen
TUNG Pi-wu
CHANG Chih-jang
CH'IEN Tuan-sheng
HSIEH Chu.eh-tsai
PAO Erh-han (Burhan)
SHEN Chun-ju (SHEN Heng-shan)
WU Te-feng
Secretary General CHU Ch'i-wen
T. China Islamic Association (CISA)
The CISA was formed in May 1953 as a device for controlling
the some ten million Moslems in China. At a national confer-
ence in December 1956 the national committee was doubled in
size to 186 members. It has been used effectively in cultivating
relations with Asian countries and those of the Near and Middle
East in which the populations are largely Moslem.
Officials of the CISA :
Chairman
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
PAO Erh-han (:Burhan)
I-ming Ma-ho-su-mu
MA Chen-wu
MA Yil-huai (Yusuf MA Yii-huai)
TA P'u-sheng (aka Sheikh Nur Mo-
hammed)
YANG Ching-jen (YANG Tsing-jen,
aka Ibrahim YANG)
CHANG Yu-chen (CHANG Yu-tseng,
Mohammed Ali CHANG)
Chang Chieh
Deputy Secretary MA Ming-chi
General
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U. China Buddhist Association (CBA)
The function and activities of the CBA among Buddhists paral-
lel those of the CISA among the Moslems.
Officials of the CBA:
Honorary Chairmen Dalai Lama
Panchen Erdeni
Chairman Hsi-jao-chia-t'so (Shirob Galtso)
Vice Chairmen A-wang-chia-ts'o
CHAO P'u-ch'u
HU Pa (HU Pa-meng)
Ko-la-tseng (Gelathang)
Kung-te-lin Chin-mei-chi-tsun
NENG Hai
Secretary General CHAO P'u-ch'u
Deputy Secretaries CHOU Shu-chia
General CHU Tsan
KUO P'eng
V. Christian Religious Circles (CRC)
Although Chinese Communist propaganda frequently refers
to such a grouping as Christian Religious Circles (CRC), how
formal this grouping may be is not clear. It has been estimated
that there are (or were) 3.7 million Christians on the China
mainland. That the regime recognizes potential opposition from
this group to the communization of China is evident from the
repeated charges against religious leaders as "counterrevolu-
tionaries" and from the public trials held to punish some of them.
One Radio Peking announcement claimed that 30,000 peasants
from 110 villages attended the public trial in a suburb of Mukden
of a group of Roman Catholic church personalities. Although
such arrests and trials are widely publicized, other church leaders
are quoted in Chinese Communist propaganda releases as prais-
ing religious freedom in China, and urging their religious groups
to :follow the Communist lead and to expose those who do not.
Whether such statements are correctly attributed to certain reli-
gious leaders or whether they were obtained by threats or other
pressures is not known.
Shortly after the Chinese Communist take-over a three-phase
"Christian Independent Reform Movement" was instituted,
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designed to bring religion in China in line with Communist
objectives. Leaders in this movement were identified as TSUI
Hsien-hsiang and LIU Shou-pao. This movement to stamp out
or at least neutralize religion in China was obviously successful,
because almost all foreign clerics and missionaries have been
deported or jailed, or their movement and activities have been
restricted. Some of those who have gone along with the Com-
munists, willingly or not, are used for propaganda purposes
through such organizations as the CPPCC. For example, 73-
year-old Rev. Marcus CHENG, president of the Chungking The-
ological Seminary and one of 21 speakers at a meeting of the
CPPCC in February 1956, praised the "new Socialist society."
In March 1956 the "National Committee of the Protestant
Churches of China for Self-Determination" brought together 233
leaders of 70 Protestant denominations to honor a group of visit-
ing church leaders from abroad and to plan the committee's
program for future activity. Y. T. WU (WU Yao-tsung), chair-
man of this committee, represents Christian Religious Circles
on the CPPCC, is a member of the China Peace Committee and
All China Federation of Democratic Youth, and edited the Chinese
YMCA publication in Shanghai. WU, in his address before a
meeting of the committee, described the "three-self movement"
in Chinese religious circles as "self-administration, self-support,
and self-propagation." WU described Chinese Communism as "a
Socialistic order that is just, charitable, and in full harmony with
our Christian belief."
Among those publicized, with or without their consent, by the
Chinese Communists as Christian leaders favorable to the regime
are:
CHAO Fu-san, Deputy Secretary, Peiping YMCA.
CHAO Tz'u-chen, member of national committee : "Christian
Churches in China for Realization of Self-Determination"; dean
of the Department of Theology, Yenching University.
CH'EN Tsung-kuei (Robin T. S. CHEN) (CH'EN Ch'ung-kuei),
vice-chairman, "Patriotic Movement of Chinese Christians."
CHENG, Rev. Marcus, president of the Chungking Theological
Seminary.
CHIA Yu-ming, vice president of the "International Council
of Christian Churches."
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CHUNG Huai-mo (Alphonsus), Catholic Bishop of Peiping.
HO Ch'eng-hsiang, chief, Bureau for Religious Affairs under
the State Council.
KAO Shang-jen, Secretary, Peiping YMCA.
LI Chun-wu, coadjutor of the Bureau of Religious Affairs, State
Council.
LIU Shao-pao, reported leader in "Christian Independent
Reform Movement."
TING Kuei-t'ang (Bishop K. H. TING), Chinese Anglican
Church; attended a meeting of the Central Committee of World
Council of Churches, held near Budapest, Hungary, July-August
1956, and a meeting of the World Student Christian Federation
later in West Germany; was to report on his trip to the "Patri-
otic Movement of Chinese Christians."
WU I-fang, delegate to National People's Congress of 1954;
former head of Ginling College; in charge of general education
for Kiangsu Province.
WU Yao-tsung (Y. T. WU), chairman of the "National Com-
mittee of Protestant Churches of China for Self-Determination";
member ACFDY, ACFSS, WPC, ASC, ACRFC; U. S. educated;
member Standing Committee of CPPCC.
The following were announced as the officers of the "National
Committee of Christian Churches in China for Realization of Self-
Administration" :
Chairman WU Yao-tsung
Vice Chairmen CH'EN Chien-chen
CH'EN Ch'ung-kuei
CHIANG Ch'ang-ch'uan
TING Yu-chang
TS'UI Hsien-hsiang (Dr. H. H. TSUI)
WU I-fang
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APPENDIX TO PART III
DEMOCRATIC PERSONAGES AND INTELLECTUALS
Democratic Personages
In Chinese Communist terminology, that group formerly most
frequently referred to as "democratic personages" is now usually
called "democratic nonpartisans." This designation is given to
those persons who were leaders in their respective fields prior
to the Chinese Communist take-over, who were not then and have
not since become specifically identified with any of the smaller
political parties, yet are well-known to and respected by the
Chinese people. Many "democratic personages" were invited to
the first CPPCC in 1949, when the Chinese Communist program
was adopted and a formal Chinese People's Government was set
up. A few were named to government posts. Twelve "demo-
cratic nonpartisans," among those named to the National Exec-
utive Committee of the CPPCC in 1956, represent a larger group
over which close scrutiny is maintained by the United Front
Department. These individuals represent potential rallying
points around which groups of lesser personalities, who might
become dissatisfied with the Chinese Communist regime, could
gather. No attempt will be made herein to list persons falling
in this category, because there is often a thin line of distinction
between them and those playing the Communist game as leaders
of the various satellite parties, people's organizations, domestic
and international fronts. Further, there is reason to suspect
that many of these "democratic nonpartisans" are actually secret
CCP members wearing a false label for propaganda and other
purposes serving Communist objectives.
One example (probably the most noteworthy) is the case of
KUO Mo-jo. Although he is called a "democratic nonpartisan,"
the multiplicity of his connections with the government, All China
federations, and the various domestic and international Commu-
nist fronts may be seen by referring to his listing under the alpha-
betical grouping at the end of this paper.
Among other of KUO's services to the Chinese Communist
cause, he is Chairman of the "Chinese People's Committee in
Support of Egypt's Resistance to Aggression." He is a partici-
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pant in virtually all Chinese Communist domestic fronts and
campaigns and is found in the forefront, parroting the Chinese
Communist line, on all occasions. It is obvious that there is
no ideological distinction between his position on all important
domestic and international issues and that of an open, ardent
Communist. The Communists apparently feel, however, that
there is an advantage in obtaining the help of KUO and others
of his type to create the illusion that those outside the CCP who
are not affiliated with non-Communist political parties accept
the Communist line whole-heartedly. The grouping as "demo-
cratic nonpartisans" does not appear to call for any formal organ-
ization among these personages but rather to place them within
a category requiring special handling and surveillance by the
Party. It also conveniently groups them for propaganda purposes.
This is another group which is not formally organized and
cuts across lines of all other groups. It is dealt with here only
because of the great emphasis recently given to persons so defined
in Chinese Communist terminology. A concerted effort is being
made to bring them within the membership of other, more formal
organizations which would simplify their use and control.
Late in 1955 the campaign to "unite and reform" intellectuals
was begun under United Front Department auspices in the form
of speeches and discussions at special meetings of the various
satellite political parties. For example, at the meeting of the
China Democratic League in December 1955, the league heard its
vice chairman state, "It is necessary for intellectuals - particu-
larly those who have a high social position or possess high tech-
nical and special knowledge - to make further contribution to
the Socialist construction and to conduct a thorough review and
study of the various aspects of work, life, and learning among the
intellectuals, as well as their existing problems. This will assist
the Party and Government in further improving the unity and
Socialist transformation of the intellectuals." All other satellite
parties adopted similar proclamations. An article in People's
Daily on 20 January 1956 told of a number of professors and
teachers who had been admitted to Communist Party member-
ship and urged the party to admit more to membership to
strengthen its ideological and political leadership over intellec-
tuals as a group.
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The CCP called a conference from January 14 to 20 to consider
the subject, and MAO Tse-tung called on "all members to master
scientific knowledge diligently and to unite with intellectuals
outside the Party so that the country may quickly catch up with
the advanced level of world science." Among 61 speeches deliv-
ered and 29 other speeches printed and issued at the CCP con-
ference on the subject, that of Premier CHOU En-lai called for
an end to the policy of "closed-doorism" under which the in-
telligentsia had been denied party membership and called for
the party to enroll one-third of the "high-level" intellectuals
within the next six years. This position revealed quite a reversal
of the attitude expressed by the campaign. against intellectuals
in 1955 after the announced arrest of the HU Feng group and
the conviction of members as counterrevolutionaries. CHOU
called for a policy of trusting intellectuals and relieving them
of other duties so that they could concentrate on their special-
ties, referred to them as "precious property of the state," called
for a policy of "taking care of all old-fashioned intellectuals," and
demanded development and mobilization of the current strength
of the intellectuals. CHOU estimated that there were 3.84 mil-
lion intellectuals in China, of whom he classed 100,000 as "high-
level." He said that one-third of the latter have entered this
category since 1949. CHOU divided intellectuals into four
groups : (1) CCP members; (2) candidates and potential candi-
dates for party membership; (3) middle-of-the-roaders; (4) coun-
terrevolutionary elements. Apparently there had been many
complaints from intellectuals, for CHOU demanded that they be
given regular hours for their own functional work, free from
compulsory political study and conferences; that they be relieved
of the many concurrent jobs to which they had been assigned;
that they should not be required to "listen to certain long lectures
repeatedly"; that those who "have been assigned to positions
completely alien to their past training" be reassigned to make
better use of their talents; that their living conditions be improved
by better food and housing for high-level persons and relief from
having to earn a livelihood; that their ideological transformation
be accelerated; and that they be permitted to join the CCP.
To expedite the implementation of the new CCP line, the State
Council was directed by the CCP Central Committee to set up a
China Specialists Bureau responsible for "unified planning, uni-
fied examination and supervision in questions of an administra-
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tive character concerning high-level intellectuals, having author-
ity to correct, in accordance with established procedures, any
improper handling of matters by various departments concerned
relating to high-level intellectuals. Under the supervision of
the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee (CCP),
the various departments concerned should take direct charge of
questions of a political character in connection with the intel-
lectuals, of the question of continuing ideological reform, and of
the question of handling counterrevolutionaries."
This CCP conference was shortly followed by a national meet-
ing of the CPPCC, at which time the various non-Communist
political parties competed with one another in speechmaking and
resolutions designed to implement CCP orders on the subject.
The programs outlined called not only for developing the poten-
tial of "existing" intelligentsia, but also for the strengthening
of its ranks with "new blood." The campaign has since been
carried down to local and regional levels through organizations
and committees of the non-Communist parties, All China federa-
tions, other front organizations, and CPPCC organs at those levels.
The following quotes from various broadcasts by Radio Peking
in March and April 1956 indicate the results : "Twenty-one pro-
fessors and assistant professors of various institutes of higher
education in Peking were recently admitted to the Communist
Party" . . . "During the first 21/z months of 1956, 120 highly
trained intellectuals of Shanghai joined the Chinese Communist
Party" . . . "A national committee for the admission of students
to institutions of higher learning has been formed in Peking to
strengthen the guidance in enrollment of such students this
year" ... "Many noted engineers, scientists and professors have
joined the CCP" ... "Eighteen highly trained intellectuals in
Kweichow joined the Communist Party on March 26" ... "CCP
organs at all levels in Mukden recently admitted 30 high-level
intellectuals as party members" . . . "More than 700 professors
and instructors attended a lecture on how to strive to become
a Communist Party member at Hsinghua University in Peking
on March 21" . . . CHOU En-lai's report on the intelligentsia
question "has been translated into the Mongolian, Tibetan,
Korean, Uighur, and Kazak languages, and the versions will soon
be ;published in separate editions" ... "In response to the call
of the Central Committee of the CCP, the work of formulating
a 12-year, long-range national plan for natural and social sci-
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ences has been carried out during the past two months. With a
view to strengthening leadership in scientific planning work,
the State Council has formed a scientific planning committee.
Chairman is CHEN I. Vice chairmen are LI Fu-chun, KUO Mo-jo,
PO I-po, and LI Szu-kuang....... The First Commercial Bureau
of Shanghai is taking effective steps to readjust its supply of
subsidiary food to intellectuals ... and is working, together with
the Shanghai branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and
other educational and cultural organizations, to map out an
over-all plan for increasing the supply of textbooks, stationery,
and research equipment to intellectuals". . . "In Shansi, Hunan,
and Chungking a group of intellectuals recently joined the CCP.
Many of these intellectuals were elected advanced producers and
labor models" ... "864 intellectuals were admitted to the CCP
in Kansu Province ... 73 of them are high-level intellectuals."
Peking Radio stated 9 May 1956, "According to statistics for
January through April, proper arrangements were made for some
6,470 unemployed intellectuals in Fukien.. They are now work-
ing in various government departments, commercial firms, fac-
tories, schools, and agricultural cooperatives."
Another Peking broadcast on 28 April 1956 said, "Many gov-
ernmental organs and schools in Szechwan have improved work-
ing conditions of highly trained intellectuals. The Health Bureau
of Chengtu recently bought medical equipment for hospitals and
plans to buy reference books on medicine. Szechwan University
organized a touring group composed of professors and librarians
to visit institutions of higher learning in Peking, Tientsin, and
Shanghai. The Chengtu Engineering College has decided to
build a study room exclusively for instructors."
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PART IV
OTHER FRONT ORGANIZATIONS IN COMMUNIST CHINA
A. General
This section. describes people's organizations or fronts on a
national level, other than the All China federations, inside Com-
munist China. An All China federation is an organizational
device used by the CCP to mobilize, control, and channel the
energies of all persons in a particular social, economic, profes-
sional, religious, or vocational group. For example, the ACFTU
was formed by the CCP for the purpose of mobilizing and direct-
ing the energies of all members of the laboring class; the ACFLAC
was established for the purpose of mobilizing journalists, writers,
and other artists. Practically all elements of the population not
already organized under the Party, the government, the military,
or the satellite political parties have been drawn into group
activity by one or another of the various All China federations.
A front, other than the All China federations, is an instrument
used by the CCP to mobilize a number of federations and impor-
tant persons in support of an important propaganda program.
Membership in such, front organizations cuts across the social,
professional, and vocational lines which are used to determine
the composition of a federation. For example, the National
Illiteracy Elimination Association, a front organization with
responsibility for implementing the nationwide campaign to elim-
inate illiteracy, was formed by representatives of student, youth,
women's, labor, and other mass organizations. The Association
for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, a front for increas-
ing cultural exchange with non-Communist countries, was formed
by the joint action of the ACFTU, ACFDY', ACSF, ACDWF, and
other mass organizations.
Only the important fronts have been discussed in this section.
In the brief accounts which follow, emphasis has been placed on
identifying key figures in each of the fronts and describing each
organization's function.
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B. China Peace Committee (CPC)
The CPC was formed in October 1950, when the previous China
Peace Committee and the "Chinese People's Committee to Resist
American Aggression and Aid Korea" were merged. Virtually
all important persons in the CCP, non-Communist political par-
ties, All China federations, and other front organizations are
said to be members of the CPC. Headquarters is in Peking, and
branches are located in all principal regions and municipalities.
The CPC has its own Liaison, Organization, and Propaganda
Departments.
Officials of the CPC include :
Chairman KUO Mo-jo
Vice Chairmen CH'EN Shu-t'ung
LIAO. Ch'eng-chih
P'ENG Chen
SHEN Yen-ping (MAO Tun)
Mme. SOONG Ching-ling
Secretary General LIU Kuan-i
Deputy Secretaries KUO Tse-ch'en
General TS'UI Yiieh-li
WU Mao-sun
C. Chinese People's Association for Cultural Relations with
Foreign Countries (ACRFC)
The ACRFC was founded on 3 May 1954 in Peking at a meeting
of persons representing various mass and front organizations.
According to the New China News Agency, its purpose is "to
develop still further the friendly relations between the Chinese
people and the people of various other countries and to promote
cultural exchange between them." Elaborating upon the same
theme, the 1955 People's Handbook listed the following among
the functions of the ACRFC : (1) to pass upon joint delega-
tions, joint exhibitions, memorial meetings, demonstrations, the
exchange of materials and publications, and correspondence and
liaison activities designed to introduce the achievements of Chi-
nese culture to the peoples of other countries; (2) to introduce
the cultural achievements of other countries to the Chinese
people; and (3) to create closer relations with its counterparts
abroad (i. e., other societies for cultural relations with foreign
countries), with friendship associations, and with other organi-
zations.
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A survey of its activities discloses that the ACRFC was formed
to conduct the Chinese Communist cultural offensive, principally
in non-Communist nations. Relations with the Soviet orbit are
provided for by numerous diplomatic agreements on cultural
exchange and frequent government-to-government contact.
Officials of the ACRFC :
Chairman CH'U T'u-nan
Vice Chairmen
Secretary General
Deputy Secretary
General
TING Hsi-lin
YANG Han-sheng
CHAO I-min
CH'EN Chung-ching
WU Hua-chih.
D. Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs (PIFA)
The PIFA was established in December 1949. Its ostensible
function is to conduct academic research on important interna-
tional questions. According to its constitution, the PIFA can
make suggestions to the Government's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
It has been especially active in developing contacts with govern-
ment officials, particularly legislators, in non-Communist coun-
tries and in campaigning for recognition of the Peking govern-
ment, or closer ties if recognition has already been extended. In
the past 18 months the PIFA has been host to lawmakers from
Japan, Indonesia, India, France, Italy, Great Britain, Australia,
New Zealand, Brazil, Finland, and other countries. The PIFA,
unlike other front and mass organizations in China, appears to
be an exclusive club in which membership is limited to senior
officials in the Government's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
others who, because of previous training and experience, might
be useful in informal diplomacy with non.-Communist countries.
It is probable that only those above the rank of Division Director
in the Foreign Ministry are eligible for membership on the Board
of Directors of PIFA. The general membership seems, however,
to be more diversified. For example, it was announced by Radio
Peking on 23 August 1956 that CHENG Wen-hua, a recently
returned student who had studied international law in the United
States, had been assigned to the working staff of the PIFA.
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Officials of the PIFA:
Honorary Chairman CHOU En-lai
Chairman CHANG Hsi-jo
Vice Chairmen CHOU Keng-sheng
CH'EN Han-sheng
HO Wu-shuang
HU Yii-chih
CH'IEN Tuan-sheng
CH'IAO Kuan-hua
LI En-ch'iu
LO Lung-chi
Secretary General WU Mao-sun
Deputy Secretaries LIU Chin-chung
General TUAN Po-yu
HSIAO Hsiang-ch'ien
E. Chinese People's Parliamentary Group (CPPG)
In addition to participating actively in the functions of the
international Communist front organizations, Communist China
is attempting to gain admission to non-Communist international
organizations. In July 1955, at its second session, the National
People's Congress of China formed the CPPG. Its purpose is to
gain admission to the Interparliamentary Union (IPU), an asso-
ciation of legislative bodies the aim of which is to promote per-
sonal contacts between lawmakers throughout the world and
eventually in the United Nations. The CPPG announced that a
delegation from China, consisting of twenty-seven persons, would
attend the 44th Conference of the IPU, which was scheduled to
open 25 August 1955 in Helsinki. The 27 persons named to this
delegation included P'ENG Chen as chief, CH'ENG Ch'ien and
LIAO Ch'eng-chih as deputies, and LI I-mang as secretary.
Only two of the delegates, LI I-mang and WU Wen-tao, actually
made the trip. When the Conference announced its decision to
defer the question of seating Communist China, the CPPG pro-
tested vigorously. The question was raised at subsequent meet-
ings of the IPU's Executive Committee. At its meeting held in
Dbrovnik in April 1956, the Executive Committee announced that
it would not consider the question of admitting Communist China
until the United Nations has resolved this problem. Observers
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from Communist China were invited to attend the 45th Confer-
ence of the IPU in Bangkok in November 1956.
Officials of the CPPG :
Chairman P'ENG Chen
Vice Chairmen CH'ENG Ch'ien
TAN Kah-kee ((d"H'EN Chia-keng)
LI Chu-ch'en
LIN Feng
CHANG Po-chum
LIAO Ch'eng-chih
SAI Fu-ting (SAIFUDIN)
MA Yin-ch'u
Secretary General WU K'o-ch'ien
Deputy Secretaries CH'U Wu
General KUNG P'u-sheng
WU Mao-sun
F. China Committee for the Promotion of International Trade
(CCPI T )
The CCPIT was established in May 1952. It has two main
objectives: (1) to persuade businessmen in non-Communist coun-
tries that strategic embargoes on trade with the Soviet bloc and
China are detrimental to their own best interests; and (2) to
develop trade relations with non-Communist countries. It is
closely affiliated with the International Committee for Promo-
tion of Trade (ICPT), a world Communist front. The CCPIT has
also sent numerous trade delegations to Japan, South Asia, the
Near and Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Latin America; spon-
sored numerous exhibits at the various international fairs; and
concluded trade agreements with commercial groups in Great
Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Ceylon, Egypt, Burma, India, and
other non-Communist countries.
Officials of the CCPIT :
Chairman NAN Han-ch"en
Vice Chairmen CHU K'o-chen
LEI Jen-min
LI Chu-ch'en
CHI Ch'ao-ting
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Secretary General CHI Ch'ao-ting (concurrent)
Deputy Secretaries WEN Shih-chen
General CH'I Wei-li
HSIAO Fang-thou
SHU Hsu-tung (SHU Tzu-ch'ing)
YU K'o-ch'ien
Chief of the HSIEH Hsiao-nai
Liaison Department
Special Commissioner YANG Yi-chih
G. All China Association for Dissemination of Scientific and Tech-
nical Knowledge (ADSTK)
Headquarters are in Peking. ADSTK is affiliated closely with
the All China Federation of Scientific Societies and is usually
mentioned along with the latter. It is comparable to the Soviet
organization known as "Association for Popularizing Political
and Scientific Knowledge of the USSR." It produces exhibits and
motion pictures, gives lectures, and publishes materials on popu-
lar science. At a meeting of the association in February 1956
it was claimed that 31 branch associations had been formed at
regional or provincial level throughout the country and that
110 branch associations had been established by provincial gov-
ernments at the municipal and county level. It was also claimed
that 36,000 specialists, professors, engineers, medical doctors, and
other scientists and technicians had joined these associations.
During the previous five years the associations were said to
have sponsored over 48,000 scientific lectures and reports, pre-
sented over 3,100 scientific exhibits, and compiled over 2,300 cate-
gories of reading materials in popular science, of which 13 mil-
lion copies were distributed. The association sponsors two maga-
zines on popular science with a claimed circulation of 142,000
copies The February 1956 announcement said : "In order to
assist the people in establishing a materialist world outlook and
in overcoming superstitious ideas, the Association has conducted
publicity on the history and development of nature, the solar and
lunar eclipse, and other subjects."
Lectures are held on the Soviet Union and on Soviet accom-
plishments in science and technology. The All China Federation
of Trade Unions alone is said to have requested the association
to present 390,000 lectures to trade-union groups in 1956, and
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the People's Liberation Army was claimed to have asked that
each soldier and officer be given the opportunity to hear at least
one lecture per month. Similar requests were said to have been
made by the farmer cooperatives. The association is affiliated
with the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association. It also works closely
with the Academy of Sciences and includes many of the academy's
members within its own membership.
Officials of the ADSTK include :
Honorary Chairman WU Yu-chang
Chairman LIANG Hsi
Vice Chairmen CH'EN Feng-t'ung
CHU K'o-chen
MAO I-sheng (aka MAO, Eason)
TING Hsi-lin
LI (LEE) Ssu-kuang
Secretary General HSIA K'ang-nung
Deputy Secretaries YVAN Han-ch'ing
General SHEN Ch'i-i
P'ENG Ch'ing-chao
H. National Illiteracy Elimination Association (NIEA)
The NIEA is one of those special groups set up by Communist
China to achieve specific results and to engage in propaganda
activities in connection with the implementation of its objectives.
There are many of these groups. Another, for example, is the
"National Committee for the Admission of Students to Institu-
tions of Higher Learning." These are ad hoc groups in that
they exist only until their assigned tasks are uncompleted.
The aim of this association is to assist the government to
mobilize and organize all persons and forces available in China
in eliminating widespread illiteracy among masses of the Chinese
people. Anyone willing to assist in this task may join the asso-
ciation; membership of entire groups, such as the All China
Federation of Trade Unions, is encouraged. Subsidiary groups
are organized, down to the lowest level of villages, streets, and
roads.
CHEN I, member of the CCP Central. Committee, vice chair-
man of the State Council, and Mayor of Shanghai, is president
of the Association. Vice chairmen and executive committee mem-
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bers are drawn from persons engaged in education, propaganda,
minority groups, religious circles, youth organizations, and the
entire range of organizations controlling the masses. The sec-
retary general is LIN Han-ta, representative to the National
People's Congress from Shanghai and a member of the executive
committee of the China Association for Promoting Democracy,
one of the satellite political parties. The association was formally
established in March 1956 to eradicate illiteracy in China within
five to seven years. China New Democratic Youth League (now
Young Communist League) organs were urged to establish illit-
eracy-eradication teams. Some idea of the project can be gained
from the following summary of a news dispatch from Peking on
3 April 1956:
"Some 380,000 persons in Peking are now attending literacy
classes. They represent more than half the total number of
people in the capital who are unable to read and write. Among
them are practically all illiterate industrial workers, two-thirds
of the illiterate peasants in the Peking area, workers in the com-
mercial enterprises, and many handicraftsmen."
If this represents approximately half the illiterate in Peking,
the total illiterates would be 760,000 out of an approximate total
population of less than 2,000,000, or more than one-third of the
population of China's most advanced city.
In Kwangtung and Tsingtao more than four million illiterates
and semi-illiterates, representing one-third of Kwangtung's
illiterates and semi-illiterates, were said now to be in schools.
In Tsingtao city 154,000 illiterates and semi-illiterates, about 59
percent of the total illiterates and semi-illiterates in that city,
were to be given instruction.
In a speech of 9 May 1956, CH'IEN Chun-jui, prominent mem-
ber of various front organizations and vice-director of the Second
Staff Office of the State Council, claimed that, as of March 1956,
75 million peasants were attending literacy classes. He claimed
210,000 students graduated from college in Communist China
between 1949 and 1955. He called for effort to learn modern
sciences and technology, not only from Communist but from
capitalist countries as well.
Officers of the NIEA :
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Vice Chairmen CHANG Hsi-jo
HU Yao-pang
LIN Feng
MAO I-sheng (aka MAO, Eason)
TUNG Chun-ts'ai
WU Yu-chang
Secretary General LIN Han-ta
1. Sino-Soviet Friendship Association (SSFA)
The Sino-Soviet Friendship Association is in reality simply
a front organization with a mass membership in Communist
China and is not to be viewed in the light of the China friendship
associations in the free, non-Sino-Soviet bloc nations.
The Sino-Soviet Friendship Association was established in 1950
after MAO Tse-tung returned from Moscow. It is a mass front
organization claiming a membership of more than 50,000,000 (or
perhaps more, now that the All China Federation of Democratic
Youth, the CCP, the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and others
of the All China federations are reported to have joined the
SSFA en bloc). Branches are in every major city and scattered
throughout all the provinces of China. The SSFA is a major
instrument in the over-all Communist design to Sovietize Chinese
politics, economics, and thought and to tie the Chinese people
solidly into the international Communist movement. The SSFA
is the parent and sponsor of such friendship societies as the
Japan-Soviet Friendship Society, the Japan.-China Friendship
Association, and similar groups in Asian countries in which the
governments permit them to exist. Among the advantages of
these friendship associations are their informality of member-
ship, simplicity of implementation, adaptability to propaganda
use, and suitability for concealing their real objectives.
Among the activities and functions of the SSFA as indicated
from various reports are the following:
a. Convincing the Chinese people of the advantages of the
presence of Soviet advisers and praising their accomplishments
on behalf of China. One of the slogans is "Leaning to One Side"
(meaning closer relations with the Soviets).
b. Promoting and conducting annual celebrations of the sign-
ing of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual
Assistance, and of anniversaries of the October Revolution.
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c. Adopting and spreading Communist doctrines and giving
voice to both international Communist propaganda and that
intended for internal consumption in China.
d. Organizing and sending delegations to international meet-
ings, to the Soviet Union for study, and on cultural jaunts
throughout Asia and the iron curtain countries to foster and pro-
mote the concept of Communist solidarity.
e. Establishing and promoting Russian-language classes among
all groups in China.
f. Promoting annual Sino-Soviet Friendship Month activities.
g. Fostering anti-American, anti-imperialist, and "peace" lines
of propaganda as originated in Moscow.
Ostensible objectives are described in the definition of the Sino-
Soviet Friendship Association as given in the Guide to New China
for 1952, in which the SSFA is listed as one of the "people's organi-
zations," as follows: "The Sino-Soviet Friendship Association is a
social organization of the Chinese people. Its aims are to develop
and consolidate friendship and cooperation between the Chinese
and the Soviet peoples, to accelerate the interflow of knowledge
and experience between them, and to strengthen the close unity
between the two nations in their common struggle for lasting
world peace. The Association, established on 5 October 1949, in
Peking, has 1,260 branches, 44,778 sub-branches, and a member-
ship of 18 million."
Since its establishment, according to the 1952 Guide to New
China, it has "sponsored and conducted various activities for the
strengthening of friendship between China and the Soviet Union,
including lectures, exhibitions, films, slides, the publication of
pamphlets, and the exchange of cultural delegations. During
the past two years the Association and its branches have pub-
lished 74 periodicals and more than 500 pamphlets; it has sent
out 140 projection teams to present film shows to the people of
various places. The reports of 48 teams record a total of 7,466
cinema shows with an aggregate attendance of 12,097,000 people."
By means of propaganda and educational activities the Asso-
ciation seeks intensive indoctrination of the Chinese people with
knowledge of the social and governmental systems of the Soviet
Union, and its achievements in socialist reconstruction and pro-
duction, thus "helping the Chinese people to understand how
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the Soviet people live and work under the socialist system and
many other aspects of life in the Soviet Union."
The Association has on the other hand "made available to the
Soviet people information and material concerning the life and
the reconstruction work of the Chinese people. A constant flow
of books, pictorials, musical records, and films describing the new
life of the Chinese people is sent to the Soviet Union by the
Association."
A Peking Chinese Home Service Broadcast of 12 February 1953
stated, "Commemorating the third anniversary of the signing
of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual
Assistance, the Peking Chapter of the Sino-Soviet Friendship
Association and the Soviet VOKS in Peking held a meeting on
the evening of February 12 at which TENG 'Tai-yuan, Minister
of Railways of the Central People's Government, delivered a
report.
"Among those who attended were responsible personnel of the
Peking SSFA chapter and SSFA members in various Government
offices, people's organizations, factories, enterprises, and schools
in Peking, totaling more than 1,000 people. In addition, more
than 100 Soviet friends attended the meeting, :including the Soviet
VOKS delegates and personnel of the Soviet :Embassy in China."
Soviet Friendship Societies are described in Staff Study No. 3,
"The Soviet Propaganda Program," published by the Sub-Com-
mittee on Overseas Information Programs of the United States
of the U. S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. A partial quo-
tation follows: "Next to the members of the foreign Communist
parties, the most important supporting elements for Soviet propa-
ganda are the myriad Soviet Friendship Societies. Originally,
these were tiny groups virtually indistinguishable from the Com-
munist Parties themselves....
"The postwar pattern of the Friendship Societies in the West
is still to serve primarily as instruments for reaching an audience
normally unreceptive to outright Communist propaganda and
which might be reached by appeals to peace, humanism, and
cultural understanding. To this end, most of their publicized
leaders are whatever clergymen, professors, philanthropists, and
other non-Communists that can be persuaded to participate.
Louis Nemzer, who has written authoritatively on the subject,
states that even if the cold war pressures make membership fall
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off more sharply than has so far been the case, these societies will
be retained as a weapon which proved its worth in rallying for-
eign masses to support of the U.S.S.R. in a crucial situation and
may be able to do so again. Within the Soviet orbit itself the
Friendship Societies have become an important device for cement-
ing the satellites to the Soviet Union."
Officials of the SSFA include :
Chairman LIN Po-chii
Vice Chairmen CH'ENG Ch'ien
HUANG Yen-pei
KUO Mo-jo
LI Ssu-kuang (J. S. LEE)
LI Te-ch'iian
LI Chu-ch'en
LI Chi-shen
LIAO Ch'eng-chih
LIN Piao
LIU Ning-i
MA Hsu-lun
MA Yin-ch'u
Saifudin
SHAG Li-tzu
SHEN Chun-ju
SOONG Ching-ling (f)
Ulanfu
WU Yii-chang
Secretary General CH'IEN Chun-jui
Deputy Secretaries KO Pao-ch'uan
General YEN Pao-hang
Election of 80 members of the executive board was announced
in. December 1954. Members include important members in the
CCP, satellite parties, mass organizations, national minority
groups, overseas Chinese affairs, and leaders in Communist fronts
both within China and in international Communist fronts.
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APPENDIX A
ABBREVIATIONS FOR ORGANIZATION TITLES
USED IN THIS COMPILATION
ACAMS All China Association of Medical Societies
ACDWF All China Democratic Women's Federation
ACFC All China Federation of Cooperatives
ACFDY All China Federation of Democratic Youth
ACFICA All China Federation of Industry and Commerce
Associations
ACFJ All China Federation of Journalists (All China Jour-
nalists' Association)
ACFLAC All China Federation of Literature and Art Circles
ACFS All China Federation of Students
ACFSS All China Federation of Scientific! Societies
ACRFC Chinese People's Association for Cultural Relations
with Foreign Countries
ACSF All China Sports Federation
ACUC All China Union of Commerce
ADSTK All China Association for Dissemination of Scientific
and Technical Knowledge
APPLC Asian Pacific Peace Liaison Committee
ASC Asian Solidarity Committee
CAPD China Association for Promoting Democracy
CBA China Buddhist Association
CBFA China-Burma Friendship Association
CCP Chinese Communist Party
CCPIT China Committee for Promotion of International
Trade
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CDL China Democratic League
CDNCA China Democratic National Construction Association
CIFA China-India Friendship Association
CINFA China-Indonesia Friendship Association
CISA China Islamic Association
CJFA China-Japan Friendship Association
CKT Chih Kung Tang
CNDYL China New Democratic Youth League (now known
as Chinese Young Communist League)
COCA Commission of Overseas Chinese Affairs
CPC China Peace Committee
CPG Chinese People's Government
CPPCC Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
CPPG Chinese People's Parliamentary Group
CPWDP China Peasants and Workers Democratic Party
CRC Christian Religious -Circles
CSS Chiu San Society
FA Friendship Association
FISE World Federation of Teachers Unions
IADL International Association of Democratic Lawyers
ICPT International Committee for Promotion of Trade
IOJ International Organization of Journalists
IUS International Union of Students
KMT Kuomintang
KMTRC Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee
NCNA New China News Agency
NIEA National Illiteracy Elimination Association
NPC National People's Congress
OIR International Broadcasting Organization
PIFA Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs
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PLA People's Liberation Army
PRMC People's Revolutionary Military Committee
PSLA Political Science and Law Association of China
SSFA Sino-Soviet Friendship Association
TDSGL Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League
UFD United Front Department of CCP
WCD World Congress of Doctors
WFSW World Federation of Scientific Workers
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WIDF Women's International Democratic Federation
WPC World Peace Committee (Council)
YCL Chinese Young Communist League
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APPENDIX B
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CHINESE NAMED IN THIS
COMPILATION
A Wang-chia-ts'o (Awongjaotso) - CBA.
AI Ssu-ch'i - ACRFC board of directors; CPC National Commit-
tee; member CPPCC.
Ali-chang (Mohammed Ali Chang) (CHANG Yu-tseng) (CHANG
Yu-then) - CISA.
BURHAN (BURHAN Shahidi) (PAO-Erh-han) (Burhan Al-Din
Shahidi) - Moslem, WPC, CPC, PSLA, ASC, CPPCC, chair-
man of CISA, Indonesia FA, Egypt FA; member cultural and
religious groups visiting non-Communist countries; PIFA
board of directors; member Nationalities Committee of NPC;
educated in Berlin; ACRFC Standing Committee.
CHANG Chi-lung - ACFC.
CHANG Chieh - CISA, Pakistan FA.
CHANG Chih-chung - KMTRC; NPC Standing Committee;
CPPCC Standing Committee; National Defense Council.
CHANG Chih-hsiang - Vice Minister of Culture; on parliamen-
tary delegations to non-Communist countries.
CHANG Chih-jang - PSLA, IADL, PIFA, member ASC, CPC
National Committee, member CPPCC; Vice Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court.
CHANG Ch'in-ch'iu (f) (Mme. CH'EN Ch'ang-hao) - ACDWF
Executive Committee, CPC National Committee; SSFA Exec-
utive board; delegate WIDF Congress 1948.
CHANG Ch'ing-ch'un - ACUC; vice minister of Commerce.
CHANG Ch'ing-sung - ACAMS.
CHANG Han-fu (HSIEH Chi-tai) - ACFJ, PIFA executive coun-
cil; board of directors Bank of China; Vice Minister of For-
eign Affairs; delegate Asian-African Conference, Bandung,
1955.
CHANG Hsi - Union of Chinese Writers.
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CHANG Hsi-jo (Shirow Y. CHANG) - ACRFC board of directors,
Indonesia FA, NIEA, chairman of PIFA; member Parliamen-
tary and other groups visiting non-Communist countries;
CPPCC Standing Committee; CPC National Committee; Pe-
king SSFA; delegate APPLC Conference October 1952; Min-
ister of Education; delegate to WPC Prague April 1949.
CHANG Hsiu-chu - ACFTU.
CHANG Nai-ch'i - CDNCA; member CCPIT Central Committee;
vice chairman ACFICA; CPPCC Standing Committee; board
of directors Bank of China; CPC Standing Committee; SSFA;
Minister of Food; NPC Standing Committee.
CHANG Po-chiin - WPC since 1950, CDL, chairman CPWDP, vice
chairman CPPCC, CPPG, CPC Standing Committee, SSFA,
Minister of Communications; head of Regional Work Com-
mittee of CPPCC.
CHANG Shu-yi (f) - Deputy Secretary General, National Com-
mittee for Defense of Children (ACDWF).
CHANG Wei-chen - ACFTU secretariat; member WFTU general
council; veteran labor organizer since 1925.
CHANG Wei-i - CPPCC.
CHANG Wen-hao - ACFS.
CHANG Yu-chen - (See CHANG Yu-tseng).
CHANG Yu-tseng (Mohammed Ali) (Ali Chang) (CHANG Yu-
chen) - CISA.
CHANG Yun-ch'uan - CDL, CPWDP Central Committee.
CHANG Yun (f) - Vice chairman and member of secretariat
of ACDWF; CPPG Executive Committee; CPPCC National
Committee; member NIEA; headed women's good will mission
to France December 1954.
CHAO Cheng-chih - ACUC.
CHAO Feng - ACRFC board of directors; ASC; Malaya FA; mem-
ber cultural group visiting non-Communist countries.
CHAO Fu-san - CRC; ACRFC board of directors; deputy secre-
tary of Peking YMCA.
CHAO Hsu-ping - CPPCC.
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CHAO I-min - Vice chairman ACRFC, ACAMS, WPC, CCP Prop-
aganda Department, member ASC, CPPCC National Commit-
tee, visited Argentina August 1954 and Chile in July 1954.
Member of cultural delegation to non-Communist countries.
CHAO Kuo-ch'iang - WFTU, ACFTU Central Committee, mem-
ber Trade Unions group visiting non-Communist countries.
CHAO Po-chu - (See CHAO P'u-ch'u).
CHAO P'u-ch'u (CHAO Po-chu) - ACRFC board of directors,
CPC, CBA, WPC.
CHAO Tz'u-chen (CHAO Tsu-chen) - CRC; dean of Theological
Department, Yenching University.
CH'E Hsiang-shen (CH'E Hsiang-ch'en) - CAPD, CDL Central
Committee, member Liaoning CPPCC, SSFA executive board.
CH'EN Chen-lei - ACFS.
CH'EN Ch'i-yu - CKT, member ASC, SSFA executive committee,
CPPG Executive Committee, CPPCC Standing Committee.
CH'EN Ch'i-yuan - FROCA, Chief Social Welfare Section,
CPPCC; represented Overseas Chinese on NPC 1954; Vice
Minister of Interior; CPC National Committee; KMTRC
Standing Committee.
CH'EN Chia-keng (see TAN Kah-kee) - FROCA, CPPCC, CPPG.
CH'EN Chien-chen - CRC.
CH'EN Ching-yii - Member ASC, ACFICA, CDNCA Central Com-
mittee, CPPCC National Committee, Wuhan CPC and SSFA,
one of founders of CISA.
CH'EN Chung-ching (CH'EN Chiao) - Secretary general of
ACRFC, Burma FA; connected with Ministry of Foreign Af-
fairs; acting director of Liaison Bureau for Cultural Rela-
tions with Foreign Countries under State Council.
CH'EN Chung-kuei - CRC.
CH'EN Feng-ping - CCPIT.
CH'EN Han-sheng - ACRFC board of directors, Indonesia FA,
WPC, ASC, PIFA; member CCPIT Central Committee; dep-
uty director International Relations Institute of Academy of
Sciences.
CH'EN Hui - CAPD.
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CH'EN I - ACRFC board of directors, NIEA, SSFA executive
board, CPPCC Standing Committee, vice chairman of Na-
tional Defense Council, Vice Premier, member CCP Central
Committee.
CH'EN K'ang-pai - ACRFC board of directors, ACFSS.
CH'EN Lien (f) - Vice Chairman, Young Pioneers.
CH'EN Pai-ch'en - Union of Chinese Writers.
CH'EN Shao-hsien - CPC, KMTRC Central Committee, CPPG
Executive Committee, NPC Standing Committee.
CH'EN Shao-min (f) - WFTU, ACFTU, CCP Central Committee,
CPPCC Standing Committee, ACDWF Executive Committee.
CH'EN Shu-t'ung - WPC, vice chairman CPC, Japan FA, SSFA,
vice chairman CPPCC, chairman ACFICA, CPPG, member
PIFA board of directors, NPC National Committee.
CH'EN Ti-chang - CPC; member executive committee PSLA.
CH'EN Tse - Deputy Secretary General, KMTRC.
CH'EN Tsung-kuei (Robin T. S. CHEN) - CRC; vice chairman
of "Patriotic Movement of Chinese Christians"; vice chairman
of National Committee of Protestant Churches in China.
CH'EN Wen-kuei - ACAMS.
("'WEN Yii - WFTU, ACRFC board of directors, ACFTU Central
Committee, CPPCC National Committee, Minister of Coal
Industry.
CHENG Chen-to (Hsi-ti) - ACRFC board of directors, Burma
FA, CPC, WPC delegate (1949), ACFLAC, ASC, CPPCC,
headed cultural delegation to Burma in February 1955;
headed good will mission to Indonesia June 1955; Vice Minis-
ter of Culture.
CHENG Ch'ien - KMTRC, Central Committee CPPG, SSFA.
CHENG Fang-wu - Japan FA, CPC, WPC, member of peace
groups visiting non-Communist countries.
CHENG, Rev. Marcus - CRC.
CHENG Shen-yu - ASC, CPC, WPC.
CHENG T'ien-pao - CKT, member executive committee FROCA,
CPPCC Standing Committee; represents Canton in NPC.
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CH'ENG Tzu-hua - All China Federation of Cooperatives; mem-
ber NPC Standing Committee; member CCP Central Com-
mittee.
CHENG Wen-hua - PIFA.
CHENG Yu - ACFTU Secretariat; works in Policy and Interna-
tional Labor Departments of ACFTU; travelled to Switzerland
and Communist countries.
CHI Ch'ao-ting - Secretary general of CCPIT, ICPT, ACRFC
board of directors; member of trade, peace and cultural groups
visiting Communist and non-Communist countries; member
PIFA board of directors; SSFA executive board; member Bank
of China board of directors; member executive committee
ACFICA.
CHI Fang - CPWDP; CPPCC National Committee; CDL Central
Committee.
CHI Su-hua - ACAMS.
CH'I Wei-li - CCPIT; director Shanghai office Ministry of For-
eign Trade; headed trade delegation to Tunis, France, Inter-
national Fair, October 1956.
CHIANG Ch'ang-ch'uan - CRC.
CHIANG Nan-hsiang - President of Tsinghua University; mem-
ber delegation to Inter-Parliamentary Union meeting, Fin-
land, August 1955; CPPG Executive Committee; YCL Stand-
ing Committee; CPC member; CPPCC Standing Committee.
CH'IAO Kuan-hua (CH'IAO Mu) - PIFA, INFDY; assistant to
Minister of Foreign Affairs; advisor at Bandung and Geneva
Conferences; member CPPCC; CPC National Committee;
headed former International News Bureau, News Adminis-
tration.
CH'IEN Chun-jui - WPC, WFDY, CPC, ACRFC board of direc-
tors, ACFDY Central Committee, SSFA executive board and
secretary general; member PIFA board of directors; mem-
ber NIEA; CPPCC National Committee; `Vice Minister of Cul-
ture; deputy chief, Second Staff Office of State Council.
CH'IEN Li-jen - WFDY, IUS, ACFDY, ACFS.
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CH'IEN San-ch'iang - WFDY, ACFDY, WFSW, ACFSS, Burma
FA; member WPC 1953-1955; CPPCC Standing Committee;
member Scientific Planning Committee of State Council;
CPC member; attended many peace and youth front interna-
tional conferences.
CH'IEN Ta-wei - IUS, ACFDY Central Committee, WFDY, ACFS,
member of Students delegation to non-Communist countries.
CH'IEN Tuan-sheng - WPC, ACRFC board of directors, Pakistan
FA, PSLA, IADL, PIFA; professor of constitutional law;
headed scientific delegation to Pakistan 1955; CDL Standing
Committee; CPPCC Standing Committee; CPC National
Committee.
CH'IEN Wei-ch'ang - Burma FA, ACRFC board of directors;
ACFDY; vice president of Tsinghua University.
CHIN Chih-fu - WFTU, ACFTU Executive Committee; member
of trade union delegation visiting non-Communist countries;
chairman China Coal Miners Union.
CHIN Chung-hua (aka CHIN Hsiao-yu, C. K. King, Benjamin
King) - ACFJ, IOJ, ASC; delegate to WPC May 1954; CPC;
member WPC 1953-1955.
CHIN Hsiao-yu - See CHIN Chung-hua.
CHOU Cheng - FROCA.
CHOU Chien-jen - CAPD; CPPCC Standing Committee; NPC
Standing Committee; CPC National Committee; CDL Central
Committee; SSFA; former editor; Nepal FA; Vice Minister
of Higher Education.
CHOU Ch'ing-wen - CDL.
CFIOU En-lai - CPPCC, PIFA, CCP Secretariat, Premier, Minis-
ter of Foreign Affairs.
CHOU Jung-hsin - ACFSS; member CCPIT Central Committee;
chairman Association of Chinese Architects.
CHOU Keng-sheng - Thailand FA, PIFA, member of parliamen-
tary groups visiting non-Communist countries.
CHOU P'ei-yiian - WFSW, CSS Central Committee, chairman
Society of Physicists; attended peace and APPLC confer-
ences; head of organization department of ACFSS; vice presi-
dent of Peking University.
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CHOU Shih-kuan - CPPCC Regional Work Committee.
CHOU Shu-chia - CBA, Nepal FA.
CHOU Yang (CHOW Yang) - ACRFC board. of directors, CPC,
SSFA, ACFLAC; vice chairman Union of Chinese Writers;
deputy head CCP Propaganda Department.
CHU Cheng - WCD, ACAMS, member of medical group visiting
non-Communist countries.
CHU Ch'i-wen - IADL, India FA, PSLA; deputy chief 1st Staff
Office of State Council; headed delegation to IADL meeting
in Leipzig, June 1954.
CHU Hsizeh-fan - WFTU; vice chairman AC:FTU; KMTRC Cen-
tral Committee; SSFA executive board; CPPCC Standing
Committee; CPC National Committee; Minister of Posts and
Telecommunications.
CHU K'o-chen (aka CHU Co-ching, OU Fang) - ACRFC board
of directors, ICPT, ACFSS, ADSTK; member Scientific Plan-
ning Committee of State Council; on CPPCC and NPC Stand-
ing Committees; CPC National Committee; vice president
Academy of Sciences.
CHU Liang (CHU Ling) - WFDY, ACFDY; attended WFDY
meetings 1954; member youth delegation to Belgium 1955.
CHU Tsan - CBA.
CH'U T'u-nan - Chairman ACRFC, WPC, ASC, Indonesia FA,
Pakistan FA; CDL Central Committee; member of cultural
groups visiting non-Communist countries; CPPCC Standing
Committee; NIEA; CPC.
CH'U Wu - KMTRC; NPC Standing Committee; deputy head
Counsellors Office, State Council; studied at military acad-
emy in USSR.
CHUANG Hsi-ch'uan - Malaya FA, FROCA; represents Overseas
Chinese in NPC; vice chairman COCA; formerly in business
in Singapore and the Philippines.
CHUANG Ming-li - Malaya FA, FROCA.
CHUNG Huai-mo - CRC.
CHUNG Hui-Ian - ACAMS; active in ADSTK; attended Interna-
tional Medical Conference, Vienna, Mary 1953.
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FAN Ch'ang-chiang (Hsi-wen) - Standing committee ACRFC;
WPC; ACFDY Central Committee; ACFTU Central Commit-
tee; SSFA, CPC; CPPCC National Committee; deputy secre-
tary general Scientific Planning Committee of State Council;
deputy chief 2nd Staff Office, State Council; long associated
with NCNA.
FANG Fang - FROCA; CPPCC National Committee; vice chair-
man of COCA; represents Kwangtung in NPC; long associa-
tion with CCP in Fukien and Kwangtung.
FANG Kuang-yu (f) - ACFS.
FANG Shih-shan - ACAMS.
FENG Hsiieh-feng - Union of Chinese Writers.
FENG Yin-fu - ACFS.
FU I-ch'eng - ACAMS.
FU Lien-chang (Nelson FU) - ACRFC board of directors,
ACAMS chairman, member of medical group visiting non-
Communist countries, Vice Minister of Public Health, CPPCC,
ASC member.
Gelathang (Ko-la-tseng) - CBA.
Gesho Shirob Galtso (see Hsi-jao-chia-ts'o).
HO Ch'eng - ACAMS.
HO Ch'eng-hsiang - CRC, ACRFC board of directors, director of
Bureau of Religious Affairs of State Council; deputy director
1st Office of UFD.
HO Hsiang-ning (Mme. LIAO Chung-K'ai) (f) -WIDF, ACDWF,
CPPCC, KMTRC, SSFA executive board; Chairman of COCA;
vice chairman CPPCC; deputy to NPC; ACFLAC National
Committee.
HO Kuei-yen - CPPCC Regional Work Committee.
HO Liu-hua - See LIAO Ch'eng-chih.
HOU Te-pang (aka Chih-pen) - ACRFC board of directors;
ACFSS; headed cultural delegations to India 1954, Pakistan
in 1955, and to Italy in 1956; CPC National Committee;
ACFICA Executive Committee, ASC, WPC, member of Trade
and Cultural Groups visiting non-Communist countries;
CPPG Executive Committee; CPPCC Standing Committee.
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Hsi-jao-chia-ts'o (aka Shirob Galtso) - Chairman CBA; India
FA; member ASC; Tibetan lama; member CPC; led Buddhist
delegation to Burma, April 1955.
HSI Ping (see HSING Hsi-p'ing).
HSIA Yen (aka SHEN Tuan-hsien or SHEN Jui-hsien) - ACRFC
board of directors, India FA; national committee of CPC;
standing committee of ACFLAC; Vice Minister of Culture;
member PIFA board of directors; member CPPCC; member
good will mission to India late 1953; active in SSFA.
HSIANG Shu-shiang - CPPCC, CDNCA Executive Committee.
HSIAO Fang-thou - CCPIT.
HSIAO Hsiang-ch'ien - PIFA; deputy head of Economic Re-
search Department of CCPIT.
HSIAO Hua - SSFA executive board, YCL, vice chairman ACSF;
colonel general in PLA; director, General Political Depart-
ment of PLA.
HSIAO Hua-ch'ing - ACFDY, CDL Central Committee
HSIEH Chiieh-tsai - Vice chairman PSLA; Minister of Interior;
member CPPCC.
HSIEH Hsiao-nai - Head of Liaison Department of CCPIT.
HSIEH Hsiieh-hung (HSIEH Fei-ying) (f) -TDSGL; ACFDY
Central Committee; CPC National Committee; SSFA execu-
tive board.
HSIEH Pang-ting (f) - IUS, secretary general of ACFS, ACFDY
Central Committee, YCL; CPC National Committee; dele-
gate to WFDY Congress Vienna 1955; headed delegation to
international geography seminar in New Delhi 1956; IUS
Conference, Moscow 1954; World Peace Congress Vienna 1952.
HSIEH Ping-hsin (aka HSIEH Wan-ying) (f) -Japan FA,
WIDF, ASC, CPC, ACRFC board of directors, CAPD, WPC,
member of Women's Peace and cultural groups visiting non-
Communist countries.
HSIEH Wan-ying (f) - See HSIEH Ping-hsin.
HSIN Chih-ch'ao - CDL Central Committee, deputy secretary
general of CPPCC, member NPC National Committee, deputy
secretary general of 1954 NPC.
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HSING Hsi-p'ing (HSU Ping) (HSI Ping) - Deputy Director
UFD; secretary general of CPPCC; member Standing Com-
mittee CPC; member executive committee CPPG.
HSIUNG K'o-wu (Chin-fan) - KMTRC; member standing com-
mittee NPC; CPPG; military man.
HStt Chih-chen - ACFTU.
HSU Huang - ACFJ.
HSU Kuang-p'ing (f) (Widow of LU Hsun) - WIDF, ACRFC
board of directors, ACDWF, CPPCC, NPC, CAPD, CDL Cen-
tral Committee, WPC, ACFLAC, member of peace groups vis-
iting non-Communist countries.
HSU Mai-chin - OIR, ACFJ, deputy chief Broadcasting Admin-
istration Bureau; CPPCC National Committee.
HSU Ping (See HSING Hsi-p'ing).
HSt7 Po-hsin - CDL Central Committee; CAPD board of direc-
tors; CPPCC.
HSU Te-heng - Chairman of CSS; member of ASC; CPPG; mem-
ber of standing committee of NPC and CPPCC; PSLA board
of directors; WPC delegate 1954; on executive board of SSFA;
member of central committee of CDL.
HSU Ti-hsin - Deputy director UFD; CDNCA Executive Com-
mittee; vice chairman of ACFICA; member CCPIT Central
Committee; CPPCC National Committee; director of 8th
Staff Office of State Council; represents Shantung in NPC;
director of Industry and Commerce Administration Central
Control Bureau of State Council.
HSU Tzu-ch'ing - See SHU Tzu-ch'ing.
HU Ch'i-li - IUS, ACFS, member of youth groups visiting non-
Communist countries.
HU Ch'iao-mu - ACFJ; executive board of SSFA; CPC National
Committee; deputy chief CCP Propaganda Department;
standing committee NPC; national committee of CPPCC.
HU Chiieh-wen - Vice chairman CDNCA; member ACFICA;
standing committee NPC; national committee CPPCC.
HU Pa - See HU Pa-meng.
HU Pa-meng (HU Pa) - CBA; member of religious groups visit-
ing non-Communist countries.
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HU Tzu-ang - Standing committee CNI)CA, vice chairman
ACFICA, member ASC, national committee CPPCC; former
vice mayor of Chungking.
HU Yao-pang - Vice chairman WFDY; ASC; ACFTU Central
Committee; ACFDY Central Committee; NIEA; member
CPPG; CPPCC and NPC.
HU Yu-chih - ACRFC board of directors; vice chairman of In-
donesia FA; WPC; India FA; vice chairman of PIFA; CPC;
NIEA; SSFA; ACFLAC; secretary general of CDL; ACFJ;
NPC; CPPCC; NCNA board of directors; head of All China
Esperanto League; was director of former Publications Ad-
ministration of CPG.
HUA Lo-keng - ACRFC board of directors, WFSW, ACFSS,
WPC, ASC.
HUANG Ch'ang-shui - CDNCA Executive Committee; ACUC;
ACFICA; vice chairman Canton FROCA; former resident of
Philippines; Burma FA; member ASC;; CPPCC; represented
Overseas Chinese at NPC 1954; vice mayor of Canton; mem-
ber board of directors Overseas Chinese Investment Company.
HUANG Chieh - FROCA.
HUANG Chieh-jan - CDNCA Executive Committee, ACFICA Ex-
ecutive Committee.
HUANG Ch'i-hsiang - CDL Central Committee; secretary gen-
eral of CPWDP and member of Central Committee; PSLA;
member PIFA board of directors; CPC National Committee;
long military career; member National Defense Council;
CPPCC; vice chairman ACFS; member of CPPG and ASC.
HUANG Chung - ACSF.
HUANG Sheng-pai - ACAMS.
HUANG Shu-tse - ACAMS.
HUANG Ting-ch'en-Member of medical delegation to non-Com-
munist country; one of founders of CKT; represented Over-
seas Chinese at CPPCC 1949; on national committees of NPC
and CPPCC; leader in ADSTK, ACAMS.
HUANG Yen-pei (aka Jen-chih) - CPPCC; CDL Central Com-
mittee; CDNCA; SSFA; NPC; vice chairman SSFA; CPC Na-
tional Committee; CPPG Executive Committee; Minister of
Light Industry 1949-1954.
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I Li-jung - CPPCC; ACFTU Central Committee; delegate to
WPC, Warsaw, 1950; deputy secretary general and on na-
tional committee of CPPCC; also member CPPCC Regional
Work Committee.
I Mei-hou (aka HUI Mui Kow) - Thailand FA; overseas dele-
gate to CPPCC and NPC; FROCA; represents Overseas Chi-
nese on ACFICA Executive Committee.
I Min Makhdum (I-ming MA-ho-su-mu) (Imin Mahosumu)
(Iminov) (Shiekh Imin Mahosumu) - Pakistan FA, CISA,
vice chairman Sinkiang-Uighur Region, delegate to NPC 1954.
Jamal-al-din LI Shu (Jalmuddin LI Shu) - CISA, member of
religious groups visiting non-Communist countries.
JUNG I-jen - Vice chairman ACFICA; CDNCA Executive Com-
mittee; ACSF; member ASC; delegate to WPC, Stockholm
1956; CPPG Executive Committee; CPPCC National Commit-
tee; member board of directors Bank of China; vice Mayor
of Shanghai.
JUNG Kao-t'ang - ACRFC board of directors; YCL; ACSF;
member International Olympic Committee; headed delega-
tion to Helsinki Olympic Games 1952; deputy leader delega-
tion to World Festival of Youth and Students, Berlin, 1951.
K'ANG Cho - Union of Chinese Writers.
K'ANG K'o-ch'ing (Mme. CHU Teh) (f) - WPC; head of ACDWF
Children's Department; SSFA; CPPCC Central Committee;
secretary general of China National Committee for Defense
of Children (ACDWF).
KAO Ch'ung-min - CDL; PSLA board of directors; ASC; mem-
ber CPPG; standing committees of NPC and CPPCC; active
in CPC and SSFA.
KAO Ming-hsien - FROCA.
KAO Sheng-jen - CRC; secretary of Peking YMCA.
K'O Chung-p'ing - Union of Chinese Writers.
Ko-la-tseng (Gelathang) - CBA.
KO Pao-ch'uan - SSFA; Union of Chinese Writers; counsellor of
embassy, Moscow, 1949-1954; former advisor to TASS in
Shanghai.
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KO Tun-chien - IUS, ACFS.
KUAN Jo-luan (f) - ACFS.
KUAN Shih-hsiung - ACFDY; president YCL Peking branch.
KUAN Wen-shen - Malaya FA; vice chairman CKT; member
COCA; CPPCC; represented Overseas Chinese at NPC 1954;
on executive committee Canton Returned Overseas Chinese
Association; prior to 1949 was active in CKT and CDL in
Malaya.
KUAN Wu - CPPCC.
KUNG Nai-ch'uan - ACAMS.
KUNG P'eng (f) (Mme. CH'IAO Kuan-hua) - WPC; IOJ;
ACFDY; PIFA; WFDY; accompanied CHOU En-lai on visit
to Southeast Asia, November-December 1956.
KUNG P'u-sheng (f) (Mme. CHANG Han-fu) - WIDF; WPC;
ACDWF; member of women's groups visiting non-Communist
countries; India FA; department head in Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Kung-te-lin Chin-mei-chih-tsun - CBA.
KUNG T'ien-min - Member Central Committee CDNCA; ACFICA;
CPPCC National Committee.
KUO Mo-jo - CPPCC; chairman of CPC; ACFLAC; WPC; ASC;
ACRFC board of directors; Japan FA; CPC; SSFA; ACFSS;
APPLC; member of cultural and other groups visiting non-
Communist countries.
KUO Tse-ch'en (KUO Tse-shen) - CDL Central Committee; del-
egate to WPC Vienna 1953; CPWDP Central Committee; dep-
uty secretary general of CPPCC; WPC; SSFA; CPC National
Committee; member CPPCC Regional Work Committee.
LAI Jo-yii - Chairman of ACFTU; standing committee NPC;
CPPCC National Committee; member of CPPG and NIEA;
has traveled extensively outside Communist China.
LAO She (aka SHU She-yu, SHU Ch'ing-ch'un and LAU Shaw) -
India FA; ACRFC board of directors; ACFLAC; Union of Chi-
nese Writers; Peking SSFA leader; member APPLC.
LEE Ssu-kuang (LEE Jonquei) - See LI Ssu-kuang.
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LEI Chieh-ch'iung (f) - CAPD board of directors; WIDF; mem-
ber of good will mission to France 1954; attended World Con-
gress of Women in Denmark 1953; executive committee of
ACDWF; PSLA board of directors; CPC National Committee.
LEI Jen-min - PIFA; ACFICA; ICPT; Vice Minister of Foreign
Trade; vice chairman of CCPIT Central Committee; member
trade delegation to Japan 1955.
LI Chen - CPPCC.
LI Chi-shen - CPPCC; chairman KMTRC; vice chairman SSFA;
NPC Standing Committee; CPPG Executive Committee.
LI Chieh-po - See LI Hsieh-po.
LI Chu ch'en - Vice chairman CDNCA; CPPG; vice chairman
CCPIT; SSFA; ACFICA; CPPCC National Committee; mem-
ber ASC; CPC National Committee; delegate to WPC Vienna
1952; member peace delegation to Stockholm June 1954;
headed trade mission to Japan 1955; member trade delega-
tion to Australia, Central and South America 1956.
LI CHU Po-shan - CPPCC.
LI Ch'un-ch'ing (LI Shun-ch'ing) - Executive committee CPPG;
vice chairman TDSGL; standing committee CPPCC; mem-
ber ACFJ; PIFA board of directors; on delegation to IPU
Helsinki 1955; delegate to WPC Berlin 1955; journalist.
LI Chun-wu (LI Chan-wu) - CRC; ACRFC board of directors;
coadjutor for State Bureau of Religious Affairs.
LI Fei-kan - See PA Chin.
LI Hsiang-fu - CDL Central Committee, ACFDY.
LI Hsieh-po (LI Chieh-po) (LI Chi-p'o) - ACRFC board of direc-
tors; ACFTU secretariat; WFTU; former head of Chinese
Railway Workers' Union; head of trade union delegation to
India 1954; attended several ECAFE sessions as WFTU ob-
server; member of NPC; attended Asian Conference in New
Delhi, April 1955; traveled widely in Communist countries.
LI I - CSS.
LI I-mang - CPPG; ACRFC board of directors; WPC secretariat;
CPPG; member ASC; delegate to IPU conference Helsinki
1955; delegate to American Continental Congress of Culture
in Santiago, Chile, 1953; member cultural delegation to India
and Burma 1951.
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LI P'ing-ch'uan - IOJ; ACFJ; assistant to director of Interna-
tional Department of NCNA.
LI Po-ch'iu -CDL Central Committee; CPWDP.
LI Shih-chiin - WPC; KMTRC Central Committee.
LI Shu (see Jamal-al-din LI Shu).
LI Shun-ch'ing (LI Chun-ch'ing) - TDSGL; CPPG.
LI Ssu-kuang (Lee Jonquei) - Chairman ACFSS; vice chairman
of CPPCC and SSFA; ADSTK; CPPG Executive Committee;
CPC Standing Committee; Minister of Geology; vice chair-
man WFSW; vice chairman of Scientific Planning Committee
of State Council.
LI Te-ch'iian (f) (Mme. FENG Yu-hsiang) - WIDF; ACDWF;
WPC; Minister of Public Health; CPC National Committee;
ASC; ACRFC board of directors; Japan FA; Italy FA; CPPCC
Central Committee; KMTRC Central Committee; SSFA;
member of cultural, friendship, peace women's and Red Cross
groups visiting non-Communist countries 1950-1956; mem-
ber Scientific Planning Committee of State Council.
LI T'ieh-min - Malaya FA; vice chairman FROCA; vice chair-
man COCA; long connected with CDL in Malaya; CPPCC
National Committee; closely associated with TAN Kah-Kee.
LI Tsai-wen - ACFTU; WPC; delegate to WPC Vienna 1952.
LI Tsung-en - CPPCC.
LI Wei-han - Director of UFD; vice chairman CPPCC; secretary
general of 1954 NPC; CPPC Executive Committee; member
committees for drafting Constitution and election law.
LI Wei-hsin - ACUC; Vice Minister of Commerce.
LI Ying-chi - Member of trade group visiting non-Communist
countries.
LIANG Hsi - WFSW; ACFSS; ASC; SSFA; CSS; chairman
ADSTK; CPPCC; Minister of Forestry; member Scientific
Planning Committee of State Council.
LIANG Yao - ACFC.
LIAO Ch'eng-chih (aka HO Liu-hua) - WFDY; ACFDY; ACRFC
board of directors; WPC; vice chairman of CPC; ASC; SSFA;
UFD; CPPG; Indonesia FA; Japan FA; Pakistan FA; APPLC;
member PIFA board of directors; member CCP Central Com-
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mittee; Standing Committee NPC; member of many dele-
gations to Communist and non-Communist countries.
LIN Feng - CPPG; NIEA; NPC Standing Committee; director
2nd Staff Office of State Council; member CCP Central Com-
mittee.
LIN Han-ta - WPC; secretary general NIEA; CAPD board of
directors; delegate to WPC Helsinki 1955; Vice Minister of
Education; delegate from Shanghai to NPC; CPC National
Committee.
LIN Peng - CPPG.
LIN Piao - SSFA; member CCP Politburo; vice premier; vice
chairman National Defense Council; member State Plan-
ning Commission.
LIN Po-chii. - SSFA; member CCP Politburo; vice chairman NPC
Standing Committee; CPPCC National Committee.
LIN Ssu-ching - CPPCC.
LIU Ch'ang-sheng - WPC; secretary of WFTU; ACFTU; member
of peace and trade union groups visiting non-Communist
countries; CPC National Committee; CPPCC; NPC.
LIU Chin-chung - PIFA.
LIU Ch'ing-yang (f) - ACDWF executive committee; CDL Cen-
tral Committee; member of women's groups visiting non-
Communist countries; attended WPC Helsinki, June 1955;
SSFA executive board; CPPCC National Committee.
LIU Ch'un - Nepal FA; CPWDP Central Committee; CPPCC
member; vice chairman Nationalities Affairs Commission of
CPG.
LIU Hsi-yiian - ACFDY; CNDYL secretariat; CPPCC.
LIU Jui-lung - Member agricultural delegation to Burma 1955;
Vice Minister of Agriculture; active in land reform.
LIU K'o-p'ing - Pakistan FA; ASC; CISA; deputy director UFD;
chairman of the Association on Moslem Culture; vice chair-
man Nationalities Affairs Commission; NPC Standing Com-
mittee.
LIU Kuan-i - ACRFC board of directors; CPC; WPC; ASC; dele-
gate NPC 1954; delegate to WPC in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954,
1955, and 1956.
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LIU Meng-shun - CPPCC.
LIU Ning-i - WPC Executive Committee; CPC; WFTU vice pres-
ident since 1951; ACFTU; member CCPIT Central Committee;
ICPT; ASC; secretary general of APPLC; ACRFC board of
directors; Japan FA; ACSF; vice chairman of SSFA; member
of trade union and peace groups visiting non-Communist
countries; attended meeting Britain-China FA November
1950; attended most of conferences of WFTU since 1946
and of WPC since 1949.
LIU Pai-yii - Union of Chinese Writers; ACRFC board of direc-
tors; India FA.
LIU Shao-pao - CRC.
LIU Ssu-mu - ACFSS; deputy director, International Relations
Institute of Academy of Sciences.
LIU Tao-sheng - ACFDY; WFTU; YCL Standing Committee;
delegate to NPC 1954.
LIU Tsun-ch'i - ACFJ.
LIU Tzu-chiu - ACFTU; member CCPIT Central Committee;
headed trade union delegation to Burma in February 1955;
CPC National Committee; delegate to NPC 1954; CPPCC
member.
LIU Wang Li-ming - President, Women's Temperance Union of
China; attended 1956 conference of World Association of
School Women.
LO Ch'iung (f) - ACDWF secretariat; delegate to NPC 1954;
CPPCC member; member delegation to WPC, Vienna, Decem-
ber 1953; WIDF.
LOI - YCL.
LO Li-shih - FROCA.
LO Lung-chi - WPC; vice president PIFA; CDL; CPPCC Inter-
national Affairs Section; SSFA; NPC Standing Committee;
CPC National Committee; Minister of Timber Industry.
LO Shu-chang (f) - CDNCA; CPPCC; Vice Minister of Labor;
delegate to NPC 1954; ACFICA Executive Committee;
ACDWF Executive Committee; CPC National Committee;
members of women's delegation to India, December 1956.
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LU Han - CPPCC; KMTRC Central Committee; CPPCC Stand-
ing Committee; National Defense Council.
LU P'ing - CPPCC; YCL Central Committee; Vice Minister
of Railways; member SSFA; ACFDY leader.
LU Ts'ui (Mme. JAO Shu-shih) (f) - WIDF; head of Interna-
tional Liaison Department of ACDWF; WPC; CPPCC Na-
tional Committee; CPC National Committee; SSFA Interna-
tional Liaison Department; WFDY; active in international
youth, women's, and peace front organizations since 1947.
Due to purge of JAO Shu-shih her present status in these
positions is in doubt.
MA Chen-wu - CISA.
MA Ha Wai-yung - Egypt FA; CISA.
MA Han-ping - ACRFC board of directors; CISA.
MA Hsu-lun - CDL; CAPD; SSFA; ACSF; CPPG Executive Com-
mittee; CPPCC Standing Committee; CPC National Com-
mittee.
MA Ming-chi - CISA.
MA Yin-ch'u - WPC; CPPG; vice chairman SSFA; economist;
president Peiping University; member CCPIT Central Com-
mittee; member ACRFC board of directors; CPPCC; NPC
Standing Committee; member of board of directors of Bank
of China; CPC National Committee; member Academy of
Sciences.
MA Yueh-han - ACSF.
MA Yii-huai (aka Yusuf MA Yii-huai) - Indonesia FA; CISA;
ACRFC Standing Committee.
MAO Ch'i-hua - ACFTU secretary general; Vice Minister of
Labor.
MAO I-sheng (aka MAO, Eason, and Thomson E. MAO) -
Italy FA; ACFSS; ADSTK; CPPCC; director of Railway Re-
search Institute of China National Railways; member Acad-
emy of Sciences; NIEA; member of cultural groups visiting
non-Communist countries; former secretary of Shanghai
Municipal Government.
MAO Tun (aka SHEN Yen-ping) - ACRFC board of directors;
WPC; ASC; ACFLAC; Union of Chinese Writers.
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MEI I - ACRFC board of directors; ACFLAC; ACFJ vice presi-
dent; reported president International Broadcasting Organi-
zation (OIR) 1953; chief Broadcasting Administration Bu-
reau of State Council.
MEI Kung-pin (MEI Tien-lung) - ASC; ACFDY Central Com-
mittee; KMTRC; CPPCC.
MEI Lan-fang - ACRFC board of directors; ACFLAC; member
of cultural groups visiting non-Communist countries.
MENG Yun-ch'ien - ASC; vice chairman ACFICA; WPC; ACFC;
member CCPIT Central Committee; SSI! A executive board;
director of International Relations Institute of Academy of
Sciences.
MIN Kang-hou - IADL; PSLA; CDL Central Committee; Vice
Minister of Justice.
NAN Han-ch'en - ICPT; ACFICA; CDNCA; chairman CCPIT;
member ASC; member IPU delegation 1955; NPC Standing
Committee; chairman board of directors of Bank of China;
member parliamentary groups to Finland August 1955.
NENG Hai - ASC; CBA.
NI Fei-chun (f) - WIDF; ACRFC board of directors; ASC; Burma
F.A.
Nur Mohammed (see TA P'u-sheng).
OU T'ang-liang (f) - WFDY; ACFDY; ACRFC board of directors;
SSFA executive board; YCL Standing; Committee; CPC
National Committee; delegate to NPC 1954.
OU Yang Yu-ch'ien - ACRFC board of directors; ACFLAC; mem-
ber of cultural groups visiting non-Communist countries;
vice chairman Union of Chinese Writers; CPPCC member;
SSFA; president of Central Theatrical Institute of China.
PA Chin (aka PAI Chien and LI Fei-kan) - ASC; Union of Chi-
nese Writers; USSR-trained anarchist; vice chairman Shang-
hai Peace Committee; ACFLAC National Committee; WPC
delegate 1950.
PAI Hsi-ch'ing - See PAI Shi-ch'ing.
PAI Lang (f) - WIDF; ACDWF Executive Committee; ASC; dep-
uty to NPC; ACFLAC National Committee; Union of Chinese
Writers Executive Committee; delegate to Asian Writers Con-
ference, New Delhi, December 1956.
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PAI Shi-ch'ing (PAI Hsi-ch'ing) (PAI Ch'i-ch'ing) - WCD;
ACRFC Standing Committee; ACAMS; probably identical
with vice chief of Peking Institute of Health.
PAI Shou-i - ACRFC board of directors; Indonesia FA.
P'AN Kuang-tan (aka Quentin PAN) - CPPCC; CDL Central
Committee.
PAO Erh-han (see BURHAN) .
P'ENG Chen - CPPCC; CPC; chairman of CPPG; member of
parliamentary groups visiting non-Communist countries;
mayor Peking; APPLC; member CCP Politburo; SSFA; holds
many government and CCP positions.
P'ENG Tse-min - Malaya FA; CPWDP; CDL Central Committee;
FROCA. (Deceased October 1956.)
SA K'ung-liao (SAI Kung-liao) - ACRFC board of directors;
CDL Central Committee; ACFDY Executive Committee;
member board of directors NCNA; vice chairman Nationalities
Affairs Commission.
SAIFUDIN (SAI Fu-ting) - ASC; SSFA; CPPG; ACRFC board
of directors; vice chairman Standing Committee NPC;
national committee CPC; India FA.
SHA Ch'ien-li - CDL Central Committee; ACFICA; CPPCC; Min-
ister of Light Industry; CDNCA Central Committee; board
of directors Bank of China; national committee CPC.
SHAO Ch'uan-lin - Union of Chinese Writers.
SHAO Li-tzu (SHAO Feng-shou, SHAO Men-t'ai) - WPC, SSFA,
KMTRC Central Committee; PIFA board of directors; CPPCC
Standing Committee; member COCA; national committee
CPC.
SHAO Tsung-han - ACRFC board of directors; CDL Central
Committee; ACFJ.
SHEN Chun-ju (SHEN Heng-shan) - Vice chairman IADL;
PSLA; SSFA; CDL Central Committee; vice chairman
CPPCC; CPPG Executive Committee; vice chairman NPC;
national committee CPC.
SHEN K'o-fei - ACAMS.
SHEN Po-shun - CPPCC.
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SHEN Tuan-hsien (see HSIA Yen).
SHEN Tzu-chiu (f) -Member of secretariat of ACDWF; wife of
HU Yu-chih; CDL Central Committee; national committee
CPPCC; national committee CPC; board of directors NCNA;
former leader in Malaya CDL.
SHEN Yen-ping (MAO Tun) - SSFA; chairman Union of Chi-
nese Writers; vice chairman ACFLAC; ACRFC board of direc-
tors; CPPG Executive Committee; headed 1951-1952-1953-
1954 and 1955 delegations to WPC; ASC member; standing
committee CPPCC; WPC executive board; vice chairman
CPC; Minister of Culture.
SHENG P'ei-hua - CDNCA; vice chairman. ACFICA; member
CCPIT Central Committee; CPPCC Standing Committee;
board of Supervisors Bank of China; SSFA and CPC leader
in Shanghai; vice mayor of Shanghai.
Shiekh Nur Mohammed (See TA P'u-sheng).
SHIH Chung-pen (aka SHIH Chiang-pen) -- ACFS; IUS; dele-
gate to Student Conference, Bandung, May 1956.
SHIH Fu-liang (SHIH Ts'un-t'ung) - Vice chairman CDNCA;
executive committee ACFICA; standing committee CPPCC;
national committee CPC; SSFA.
SHIH Ju-chang (f) - ASC; ACFDY Central Committee.
SHIH Liang (f) - Standing committee CDL; ACDWF; member
women's delegation to India, December 1956; Minister of Jus-
tice; CPPCC Standing Committee; CPC. Executive Commit-
tee; SSFA Executive Committee; PSLA board of directors;
delegate WPC 1952; Minister of Justice; alternate member
WIDF Executive Committee 1948; member women's delega-
tion to India, December 1956.
Shirob Galtso (Hsi-jao-Chia-ts'o) - CBA; India FA.
SHU Ch'ing-ch'un (see LAO She).
SHU Hsu-ch'ing - See SHU Tzu-ch'ing.
SHU Hsu-tung - See SHU Tzu-ch'ing.
SHU She-yii (see LAO She).
SHU Tzu-ch'ing (SHU Hsu-tung, SHU Hsu-ch'ing, HSU Tzu-
ch'ing) - CCPIT; vice director, Bureau of Export, Ministry
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of Foreign Trade; India FA; represented overseas Chinese
in India on NPC 1954; ICTP delegate.
SOONG Ching-ling (Mme. SUN Yat-sen) - WPC; APPLC; CPC;
WIDF; CPPG Executive Committee; ACDWF; vice chairman
SSFA; Pakistan FA; member of cultural and other groups
visiting non-Communist countries; NPC Standing Com-
mittee.
SU Ching-kuang - ACAMS; CPPCC National Committee; ACFSS
Standing Committee; Vice Minister of Health; was a delegate
to World Congress of Physicians, Vienna 1953.
SUN Ch'eng-pei - CSS.
SUN Ch'i-meng - CDNCA secretary general; vice chairman study
committee of CPPCC; deputy chief 8th Staff Office of State
Council; deputy secretary general NPC; ACFICA Standing
Committee; CPC National Committee; former Vice Minister
of Personnel of CPG.
SUN Fu-ling - ACFDY; deputy secretary general of Peking
branch of CPC; signed cultural/economic exchange agree-
ment with Japanese delegation 11 January 1957.
SUN Hsiao-ts'un - CDNCA Executive Committee; ACRFC board
of directors; member ASC; board of directors Bank of China;
member CPPCC; connected with SSFA and CDNCA in
Peking.
SUN Shou-chu - ACFS.
SUNG Hsi-heng - ACFS.
TA P'u-sheng (aka Shiekh Nur Mohammed) - Egypt FA; Indo-
nesia FA; CISA; CPPCC; member of religious groups visit-
ing non-Communist countries.
TAI Hsiao-tung - All China Federation of Cooperatives.
TAN Chun-mei - CPPCC.
TAN Kah-kee (CH'EN Chia-keng) - Malaya FA; FROCA; vice
chairman CPPG; NPC Standing Committee; CPPCC vice
chairman; board of governors Bank of China; member COCA;
member CPC; SSFA; formerly active among Overseas Chi-
nese in Singapore.
T'ANG Ming-chao - WPC; ACRFC board of directors; ASC.
96
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NOFORN / CONTINUED CONTROL
TENG Ch'en-hsi - All China Federation of Cooperatives; CCPIT
trade arbitration committee; member delegation ACFC to
Scandinavia, May 1956.
TENG Pao-shan - KMTRC Central Committee; member National
Defense Council; chairman Kausu CPC and SSFA; member
CPPCC.
TENG T'o - ACRFC board of directors; IOJ; ACFLAC; editor
People's Daily; president of ACFJ; Vice Minister of Light In-
dustry; member State Planning Commission; SSFA execu-
tive board; Burma FA.
TENG Ying-ch'ao (f) (Mme. CHOU En-lai) - WIDF; ACDWF;
SSFA Executive Committee; CPC National Committee;
APPLC delegate 1952; delegate to WPC, Warsaw 1950; mem-
ber CCP Central Committee.
TENG Yu-chih - Secretary General, Chinese YMCA National
Committee.
T'IEN Han - ACRFC board of directors; standing committee of
ACFLAC; on executive committee of Uniion of Chinese Writ-
ers; chairman of Union of Chinese Dramatists.
T'IEN Te-min - ACRFC board of directors; IUS; WFDY; ACFDY
Central Committee; ACFS; delegate to various student con-
ferences; YCL Central Committee.
TING Hsi-lin (TING Hsieh-lin) - ACRFC; chairman India FA;
ASC; ADSTK; SSFA executive board; CPPCC National Com-
mittee; physicist; Vice Minister of Culture; headed cultural
delegation to India and Burma 1951.
TING Kuei-tang (Bishop K. H. TING, TING Kuang-hsun) -
CRC; headed delegation to Lambeth Convocation, London,
July 1956.
TING Ling (f) (CHIANG Ping-chih) - WPC; WIDF; ACDWF;
ACRFC board of directors; member ASC; SSFA executive
board; vice chairman Union of Chinese Writers; member
CPPCC; ACFLAC Standing Committee; delegate to WPC
Paris 1949 and to WIDF Moscow 1949.
TING Ts'an - ACFSS.
TING Ts'ung - ACFDY.
TING Yu-chang - CRC.
97
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Yo-hu-ti-ai-li - ACFS.
T'AI Ch'ang (Mme. LI Fu-ch'un) (f) - Chairman ACDWF;
CPC National Committee; ACFTU Executive Committee;
SSFA executive board; CPPCC National Committee; vice
chairman WIDF.
TS'AI T'ing-k'ai-WPC; KMTRC; SSFA executive board; CPPCC
Standing Committee; member National Defense Council;
CPC National Committee; member COCA; former chairman
CAPD; attended WPC conferences since 1950.
TS'AO Kuan-ch'un - ACDWF.
TS'AO Meng-chun (f) (Mme. WANG K'un-lun) - ACDWF;
ACRFC board of directors; WIDF; ASC; member of many
women's groups visiting non-Communist countries; SSFA
executive board; CPPCC National Committee; national com-
mittee CPC.
TS'AO Yii (aka WU Chia-pao and WAN Chia-pao) - ACRFC
board of directors; Union of Chinese Writers; WPC; member
of peace groups visiting non-Communist countries; member
CPC; ACFLAC National Committee; China-Burma FA.
TSENG Chao-lun (TSENG Chao-ssu, Chiu-sam Tsang) - CDL
Central Committee; ACFSS; represents educational circles
in CPPCC; member NPC budget committee; Vice Minister of
Higher Education; SSFA executive board; director general
office CPC; chemical engineer; member of Academy of
Sciences.
TSENG Hsien-chih (f) - ACDWF.
TSENG Shan - ACFC; national committee CPPCC; deputy head
5th Staff Office of State Council; former Minister of Com-
merce; member CCP Central Committee; SSFA.
TSOU Te-hsin (f) - WIDF; ACDWF; member of women's groups
visiting non-Communist countries.
TS'UI Hsien-hsiang (Dr. H. H. TSUI) - CRC.
TS'UI Yiieh-li - Member national committee and deputy secre-
tary general CPC; delegate to WPC Berlin 1951; UFD Peking;
secretary general Peking CPPCC.
T'U Ch'ang-wang - ACRFC board of directors; WFSW; ACFSS;
CSS; director of Central Bureau of Meteorology; secretary
of Academy of Sciences; active in SSFA and ADSTK.
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NOFORN / CONTINUED CONTROL
TU Chung-hai - CPPCC.
TU Yu-thing - General secretary of national committee of YMCA
of China.
TUNG Chun-ts'ai - NIEA; Vice Minister of Education; headed
cultural delegation to Eastern Europe 1952.
TUNG Hsin - ACFTU; YCL Central Committee; ACFDY Na-
tional Committee; member CPPCC; member trade union
delegations to Italy, February 1956 and to Japan in Novem-
ber 1956.
TUNG Hsueh-lung - ACFS.
TUNG Pi-wu - Chairman PSLA; CCP Politburo; vice chairman
CPPCC; SSFA executive board; president of the Supreme
Court.
TUNG Shou-i - ACSF; representative to Melbourne Olympic
Games 1956.
TUNG Yiieh-ch'ien - ACRFC board of directors; Burma FA;
director Department of International Organizations and
Conferences, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; PIFA board of
directors; delegate to WPC Vienna 1952.
ULAN (f) - See WU Lan.
ULANFU (aka WU Lan-fu and YUN Tse) ?- Nepal FA; SSFA;
Vice Premier; member national Defense Council; member
WPC; CPC National Committee; CPPCC Standing Commit-
tee.
WAN Chia-pao - See TS'AO Yii.
WANG Chih-hsiang - Deputy Secretary General CSS.
WANG Ch'uan-pin - WFDY; ACFDY.
WANG Hsin-yi an - Member delegation to Leipzig International
Fair, February 1955; CPPCC National Committee; CDNCA
Standing Committee; SSFA executive 'board; Vice Minister
of Light Industry.
WANG K'un-lun - ACFDY Central Committee; PSLA; KMTRC
Central Committee; Vice Mayor of Peking; SSFA executive
board; NPC Standing Committee; CPPCC Study Committee;
CPC National Committee.
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NOFORN / CONTINUED CONTROL
WANG Shao-ao (WANG Shao-lan) - CAPD; CPPCC Study Com-
mittee; board of directors Bank of China; SSFA executive
board; member Bank of China board of directors.
WANG Yen-chih - CPPCC.
WANG Yuan-hsing - FROCA; represents overseas Chinese on
ACFICA Executive Committee.
WANG Yiin-sheng - IOJ; ACRFC board of directors; ACFLAC;
WPC; ACFJ; member of peace groups visiting Japan August
1956.
WEI Ch'iieh - ACSF; deputy to NPC; CPC National Committee;
member CPPCC; Vice Minister of Education.
WEI Hsi - ACAMS; bacteriologist; ACFSS National Committee.
WEN Shih-chen - CCPIT.
WU Ch'ao-jen - ACAMS.
WU Chia-pao - See TS'AO Yii.
WU Chih-li - ACAMS.
WU Chueh-nung - Deputy secretary general CPPCC; vice chief
of ADSTK delegation to USSR 1954; ACFSS National Com-
mittee; delegate to WPC Vienna 1951; CDNCA Standing Com-
mittee.
WU Han - India FA, ACFDY, CDL Central Committee, member
of various cultural groups visiting non-Communist countries;
CPPCC.
WU Hsiu-ch'iian - Vice chairman ASC; member NIEA; PIFA
board of directors; Ambassador to Yugoslavia.
WU Hsiieh-ch'ien (WU Hsiieh-chieh) - WFDY; ACRFC board
of directors; YCL Central Committee and director of YCL
International Liaison Department; ACFDY National Com-
mittee; member ACSF; member of youth group visiting Bel-
gium and France in 1955-1956.
WU Hua-chih - ACRFC; secretary general of India FA.
WU Hung-pin - ASC; CDL Central Committee.
WU I-fang - CRC; NPC delegate; in charge of general education
for Kiangei Province; vice chairman of national committee of
Protestant Churches in China.
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NOFORN / CONTINUED CONTROL
WU K'o-chien - CPPG; deputy secretary general of NPC.
WU Lan (Ulan) (f) - WIDF; ACDWF Executive Committee;
WPC delegate; a Mongol.
WU Lan-fu (see ULANFU).
WU Leng-hsi - ACFJ; ACRFC board of directors; ACFLAC; PIFA
board of directors; director NCNA; delegate WCP Vienna
1952.
WU Liang-yung - CPPCC.
WU Mao-sun (Mason WOO, WU Mao-sung) - WPC; ACRFC
board of directors; secretary general of PIFA; KMTRC;
CPPG; deputy secretary general CPC; national committee
ACFDY; China-India FA.
WU Te-feng - Vice chairman PSLA; IADL; deputy chief 1st Staff
Office of State Council.
WU Wen-t'ao - ACRFC board of directors; IOJ; ASC; ACFJ;
Union of Chinese Writers.
WU Yao-tsung (Y. T. WU) WPC; ASC; ACRFC board of direc-
tors; ACFDY; ACFSS; chairman of National Committee of
Protestant Churches in China; CPC National Committee;
CRC; standing committee of CPPCC; member of peace and
religious groups visiting non-Communist countries; SSFA
executive board; NPC Standing Committee; delegate to World
Peace Congresses since 1950.
WU Yu-chang - SSFA; ACFSS; NIEA; president Chinese People's
University; member CCP Central Committee; NPC Standing
Committee; ACFTU Executive Committee; ADSTK; member
of CPC; member Academy of Sciences.
WU Yu-hsiln (WU Ho-shiung) - ACFSS; CPPCC National Com-
mittee; CPC National Committee; SSFA Shanghai branch;
vice chairman Academy of Sciences; physicist; leader in Red
Cross Society of China.
YANG Ching-jen (see YANG Tsing-jen).
YANG Han-sheng (OU-YANG Chi-hsiu, Hua Han) - ACRFC;
ACFLAC secretary general; Indonesia FA; member ASC;
executive committee of Union of Chinese Writers; NCNA
board of directors; member CPPCC; CPC National Commit-
tee; chairman All China Association of Cinema Workers.
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YANG Hsi-wen - CPPCC.
YANG Ibrahim - See YUSSUF MA Hwai.
YANG Kang (f) - ACFJ; ACFDW.
YANG Tsing-jen (Ibrahim YANG) (YANG Ching-jen) - Vice
chairman CISA; Pakistan FA; member CPPCC; Moslem.
YANG Yi-chih - CCPIT.
YAO I-lin - ACFC; Vice Minister of Commerce; CDNCA Central
Committee.
YAO K'o-fang - WCD; ACAMS; member of medical group visit-
ing England April 1956.
YEH Tu-i - Central Committee CDL; deputy secretary general
of CPPCC.
YEN Ching-ching - Vice chairman of ACAMS; member of medi-
cal group visiting England April 1956.
YEN Chi-tz'u - CSS Central Committee; ACFSS; head of staff
office of Academy of Sciences; physicist; attended WPC 1950.
YEN Hsi-chin (YEN Hsi-shun) - Deputy secretary general of
CKT; CPPCC National Committee; member CPC National
Committee.
YEN Ku-hsing - All China Federation of Cooperatives.
YEN Pao-hang - Deputy secretary general SSFA; chairman
Treaty Committee of Ministry of Foreign Affairs; CPPCC
National Committee; CPC National Committee.
YEN Tzu-chun - FROCA.
YEN Wen-ching - India FA; member Union of Chinese Writers.
Ytt Hsin-ch'ing - KMTRC Central Committee; ACRFC board of
directors; deputy secretary general NPC; CPC National Com-
mittee; member CPPCC National Committee.
Ytr Huan-ch'eng - CDNCA.
YV I-fu - Deputy chief CPPCC Study Committee; vice director
United Front Department of CCP; has held many CCP posts;
represents Harbin as delegate to NPC; active in SSFA and
CPC.
YU K'o-ch'ien - CCPIT; member of trade group to Paris in May
1956 and to the Netherlands July 1956.
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YU She-te - ACFC.
YU Yang-tsu - FROCA.
YUAN Han-ch'ing - CSS Central Committee; secretary general
of ADSTK; CPPCC; chemist; member of Academy of Sciences;
ACFDY National Committee; member ACFSS; active in
SSFA; member Nationalities Affairs Commission of CPG;
editor-in-chief of Commercial Press, Shanghai.
YUAN Yung-hsi - ACFS.
YUN Tse (see ULANFU).
YUSSUF MA Hwai (Ibrahim YANG, MA Yi -huai) - Indonesia
FA; Egypt FA; CISA; member of religious groups visiting
various non-Communist countries; president China Institute
of Islamic Theology.
Yusuf MA Yu-huai (see YUSSUF MA Hwai).
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