LETTER TO MR. GEORGE R. BERDES, CONSULTANT FROM GEORGE L. CARY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77M00144R000300010017-3
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 21, 2001
• Sequence Number: 17
• Publication Date: December 2, 1975
• Content Type: LETTER

Approved For Release 2002/01/02 : CIA-RDP77M00144R000300010017-3
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASH ING-ON, D.C. 20505
OLC: 15-3038
Mr. George R. Berdes, Consultant
Subcommittee on International Security
and Scientific Affairs
House Committee on International Relations
Washington, D.C. 20515
Per your request, enclosed is background information on multi-
spectral scanning. Information concerning the status of research and
development of this system will follow separately.
Sincerely,
George L. Cary
Legislative Counsel
Enclosure:
"The Military Application of Remote
Sensing by Infrared, p. 104 g
Proceedings of the IEEE, 1 Jan. 1975
Distribution:
Original & Att. - Addressee
1-DDS&T WO/Att..
?wl-OLC Subject W/Att.
1-OLC Chrono WO/Att.
OLC: RC: crh (25 November 1975) (6605/9010)
_'
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Approved For Release 2002/01/02 CIA-RDP77M00144R000300010017-3
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R CiIAs:'D D. HUDSON, JR., SENIOR MEMBER, I7:I E, AND JACQUELINE W. HUDSON
Absfrncf-Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information
fro:n the environment by ttw use of a sensor Mat is not in physical
contact with the object a der study. The nlilitaxy se viccs are ex-
pe fenced prectiticners of this old, but newly glamorous, a:t. Their
accoml?lishniro:s in the in_:^sed, that re;,ion lying between viable licit
on the one h^r.d end niicror aver on the other, are to:b i:T]^SL`SIVe god
of increasing i:ipo;tance. Our purpose is to provide an overview
of these accon:plislunenis. We bq~in with a b!ief treatment of the
chmactooristics and peculiarities of the infrared portion of the spectrum
and of the sensors that Operate there, Early inilitzrv ceperiersee with
remote sensing by u:fcai:d is described and an apptiratiors i. rtn% is
dt:vl:,p'.d in o?:;;n to pr,r;~;;c hcr,r)cciive from r[?hirh V:~ can NEW the felt panorama of rmi!itary aprlications.
We arm di:-cun,rd. 'i hcse inci rde :logic systems Oi ea.dy waseing
of i:rte.'conti:lental bal[ustic niirs:'.e launc'r:es, methods for the detection
of atmospheric C(Siit:Ifnii ,an t5, such as puihoal gm, undor leers coudi-
tioils, ails for the l+ err :?arl delivery of weaponry (iriri udir:g
r+ _ 'e,::ai(i lase designator gi.:drmer tecl:[.iques), and nsorsymcnis for
n:o;re-,?sae;cule erns surveiitanc.e. Yflierever possi le, details of sensor
1. INTRODUCTION
P AN h 1 N a remote-sensing creature since his
~1+jo v y I-, r ni .l h ability of his eyes, ears, and nose
il- to sense conditions in his surrounding environment
often meant di fere.nce between life and death.' Remote
sensing IS simply On process of acquiring information from the
environment by the use of a sensor that is not in physical
contact with the o eject or phenomenon under study. When
viewed in this context, it is evident that remote sensing is
neither a new nor a particularly innovative discipline. It has,
however, taken on an ine.r.easit g importance because of the
need for the collection of irfon;r.:tion on a scat, hitherto
unatteinpted and the emerge. nee, of many needy engineered
sensors that ar(-, for the first time, capable of unattended,
long term, reliable operation.
The military service; have, of course, always had P strong
interest in remote seas , ,- %VIiiit did the enemy do ycaserd s- ?
What is he 1:01. tidal ',','hat will he (':O These
are q. estlons of charm uhog import::. ce end the answers an
neeG.cd day or nig i. rain or 5hinc, win or lose. remote sensing
can by done wit;, sciisnrs ,11':rating virtually anywhere hi the
electromagnetic spec.nirer, as well as with such nonelectrn-
Ir. giietic types an ato sti.c and Seismic. AN paper will be
lirnit`aCl to thna:: apri actions in which the remote cnsh-n, is
done in the infrared )ortion of the spectrum. The infrared
spans nearly 11 oct: v.c, extending from tie vi.-ible at a yr vos
l.nttii of 0.75 i.trri t i the micro- as; region at 1000 }.tut.
Eccau::c of al sorption ,y the t ,'; tiff's atlno;phcn, only a snail
portion of this range is usirbla for terrestrial applications.
NI-An INFRAPED
MIDDLE INF?CARl1
FAR INFRARED
FxTRIME
INFRARED
Solid bodies not at a temperature of absolute '',ero
energy and, for all practical temperatures, the hull or W
radiation lies in the infrared. For this r e)son is is
the heat region of the sr,: c runt. it is co 1 ert':e:7t to the infrared into the four parts shown in Fig. 1. '; f.cs_:
divisions are soniovihat arbitrary but they are si;it.usef;h U'.
cause the first three include spectral intervals it rrl:ic l ts[
earths atmosphere is relatively transparent, tl:: so
uintcsp.:eric windows. It is then ,v;irido, ., that vial h
by any infrared sensor that must look through t.), e:[,,.::
atmosphere. In the extreme infrared, which is nearly t
wide, the atmosphere is essero:,lly opaque. T::: .e-pA%t
generally used only for laboratory nppllicatierrs rrY.? cryogenic temperatures. Since the energy of a
for each type of photon detector beyond
v!.%-b. i sa en e_gy of the photon is insufficient to cause a change
Mg. _ c in; spectral interval over which typical infrared
detcc ozs ore normally used. Notice that the response of
ir.??-.::,?c:, fThi extends only a short way into the near infrared.
`nfrercd ilia Is normally li d to record the radiation (usually
sun`?_i^ht) that is reflected from objects rather than that which
is emi~t:d by them. There ens a number of thermal imaging
devices that work at longer wavelengths and snare are even
called cameras. These devices record objects by their own
radiatic,n and their imagery should not be confv:eck with that
produced by infrared film.
1? umeious terms have been used to describe the performance
of an infrared detector. Sr'i.sitivity spiings naturally to mind
but its use is not recancnended because, all too often,
sernittivity is u;cd indiserin in-Intl", to ni-SOn signlal-to oi'se
ratio o, simply signal. Inste;U it is customary to speak of the
d.;tectivity of a detector v:'hic.i is nova expre sed quantitatively
by a l)CInin;etei called D{ (i)I J!!ourle `il Dee star'). When two
detector :ire compared, the one il:;: can det_et the snidest
tectors can be operated without cooling, respond over large
portions of the spectrum, have lower values of D* than photon
detectors, and exhibit relatively long response times so that
they are not well suited for high informatior-rate systems.
Photon detectors, by comparison, generally require cooling for
operation beyond 3 pum, respond over relatively narrow por-
tions of the spectrum, have values of D" that are -I or 2
orders of magnitude higher than those of thermal detectors,
and exhibit very short response times so that they are well
suife' for use in high-information-rate systems.
G. Detector Cooler
The requirement for cooling photon detectors his brought
with it a requirement for convenient cooling devices featuring
extreme miniaturization, minimum power consumption, simple
maintenance, and high reliability. Such devices are a commer-
cial reality and the cooling requirement need not deter any
system designer from adopting a cooled detector for his
sensor design [3].
H, Signal Processor
The signal processing techriglaas employed are, for the moat
part, quite similar to those used with radar, sonar, and tele-
vision, l ietjuencles irivoli'" d CrC usually In the audio region
but w;;'?i sonic system they may go as high as a few
Signal leseis out of detectors may be as low as a f-w -,,icro-
voits so it is essential tilt good low-noise high-=An ci es itry
techniques be used. Preamplifiers have been designed for rI:Ii of lone; technical ie:ins of ve?ri=ica"ion of the other Party ? . ." 1..~ ?
wavelength infrared detectors operating I11 the F.. to 1?=-/err;i i-tr'.? "Station:"il ieehnica, I Bans of ve'ritti-t-ion avails
rt doll. The r c ort.d r
_ r 1 ,illr,lri t - ti to it:rill.:r tt t:.W all city U.S. ;ire the infrared .'CIISO;S of the I.VJ.,.
_r ' tjitih6: ts3 ..
.
powered portion of the flight had dishsated. In ,'ey 1971, 2. Each Party undert.Ises not to interfere with the. r.<
the cool sky background after the hr-a,, resulting from the each I'z;rty shall u-..nal onal technical meali.yof ..:.,fic
.zic - -
infrared radiation from ICIii..'s during miccuury,; fliglh
unusual a.,pect was that th_ test vehicle wou1J he cci
aboard the ICBM. It would be ejected after Lunch so ,..,.
would fly along with the ICBM and 11hake measurem nts o
infrared iiiia_ion throughout the ballistic portion of its
[291. Such measurements would be eseftu for the dc-h",
nlideoti::se detection, track:ng, or intercept system;.
The lJng-wavelength infrared sensors envisioned t:ter use;.el ?x:
midcourse system would he relatively immune to rr..`'. Ce+a ._
sunk hi, but they would have to contend with ti. it--,v
pro; he: i of possible sensor saturation if the earth entei?.d tha;
s rt`:ut''s field of viev1. The various measurement errs:~r-.A;:l.r
!.t.. _ . iacussed used look-up measurements made ;File
s d of outer space. 1 he i:npiicatic 'o'S ilt,'
ri'.COi ipa'hde with the 647
`thro:tous altitudes. Apparently tit ; u t
ttion of the feasibility of E I;Iitic ?.r ss
OW close to the cant on sr.,
ire Force announced plans for a b:.
ui..e;urar?eats were to be ~.__.. ._
fray i radiation near the e u r:z a .:._. } a .
fi. 'ers gliti7'inee
for the d. every of s variety ,f w,;apom-y.
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which is also about the maximum limit for accurate guriiiie trachiri vehicles (which represents an interesting
[511. Pilots in the heat of a dog lj_ CLt hail to make the difficult from the origin tl shoul der-fired con.,epr). 1-L! g.. ed'
estimation of target range before they could m ,tie a choice missiles were launched wifhi:i short periods of ti::: i;.:t
between firing a gun or launching a riissil?:. At long range, in a relati ely few lsi. ell aircraft mac : e do w n I, ;:n r
standoff situation, identification, friend, foe, or neutral (IFI'N) of the missiles scored drr ?::t r liej'i;Ja ii;t~_ -this ;-Jay
problems arose bec use pilots were ri:a.turally to Paunch that the v ancoc,, J ri b} C' ,r ail is to snu.111 to . ...1.1... .
a missile without a positive target identification. the ppuar- limn:11
;e in rill% t c ti:ousters with. jet a.:rci. t l5Y J.
ante of N for neutral in syni'.,olizes another new The Iteddye stuly has a fascinating s q 1i
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Fig. 7. Battlefield support missiles thought to use active infrared guidance [ 1, ply. 508-.5IO], [4I ], [42 ], [60].
official % iii dare to approve its firing over the heavily popu-
i_ateLt. la:-'t: opolitann area.
B. A?'i?!r.ln?frrtred Guidance for Pattlefeld Support Missiles
Combat troops have their own group of battlefield support
.t. ".'S0_'.",. Among these are relatively short range missiles that
rr ;: , i- nga nst tanks and other armor, fixed objectives,
rnd kw-fly bag aircraft. As shown in Fig. 7, many of these
i T n 4 ' i of inf aced techniques for niissih. tracking, com-
r_:,: : and beam riding, An early forerunner of a
17 c.;?s'oynd today used an oiIiica1 silt to acquire
target, after which the missile was fired
;':l t ; [ l ] . %' nil this missile entered the ficld?of
,11 6t ti, the operator, using a miniature job stick,
a'_._ An Ks signals that would direct the missile
. the iargnt. The Stfcling sigiials were, in torn, trans-
M& to '?.bc I.r:1 sle over a trailing wire or via a radio Colrl-
;rW 100% in affect, the operator became part of a servo
long. WG% a system has a number of human en ,Leering
associated with it :s vleli as the fact 1:41 ;a bad
,.~...t... Jl.~.%: ..d\,;1'3( cCla(iiilOrlS, or at it may
L_ tl: if of opo sihle to s..1. and follow the 'f.ite
)ci'es: ..ciution to this problem is to IItount a py;Ot.cCh`trc
foie cii the risr of so lit_s;ilO to inlpro.'c its visih. tl'.. ;iitc.e.
moo i?..1 )-t.Ci__de Tun ee1i; more ca irgy' in the 151.11011 ..' ,h n
thy On in the Vl;.i?.11,. the 1'iYt ..,.:p vies to add an .a I.,.. 1
or twit C!Ga1O LUt(131tiC:? l+' ecocir4 and t t Cl t i1l nnqnewd rob ile. Ito tera ir_a:,t still have cep -11
1 _'t1, Wt ion ope.r`_tor's 0311 f1'itCtlu'I i+ to imp I;f. I Ct
G,. F r..1 In'l is emu n y". ..Ileg are f;2'1, .3lC:T b r a
cope cs~oavr AN cc. cc no the ha; of light o, , . ifr,
is tr:?l.'?E'r v.'1_'l II.et of tl': 4-:dl:;:lt sdat. A iu-,I;,i t,.itne-
I ent is h No the flare In own Man Ave, a Uili;)i.L; 5, equal or
tt i.lpr?x I.. _~ _'eCter)atsc, l I i . c t can by n:cogni7>cd by tl, i>tfra-
ilcd tr ! 1 , ,[ 1 1 ] ,[ 4 2 [ [42 ] . I t:e I .. a.i; and
C,oi.. of reel, a S; tom 1. ,s i,-attn dl5ari''?e d 161V
?
War II. Such systems use a laser target designator to iliuruinate
it specific target while a sensor on the v.'eipon homes on the
reflected laser illumination. Apparently, most designators use
a neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laver that
emits in a very narrow infrared band at a wavelength of 1.05
Ion [62], [63]. At this wavelength the system can be cot:-
sid-red only partially covert 4 In addition to Ilns~ibll:
dete ti3ti by the eye, the infrared image converters in the night
driving viewers found on many military vehicles respond at
I.05 vnl as does the lvietascope [1, pp. 296-300, 495-502]
Of course, these methods of detection are far too cssl?al to I-a
considered adequate for warning purposes. It has been re-
ported that a microminiature infrared alarm has heart developed
that will alert the bearer when he has been illuminaied. !he
device is said to be small enough to be attached to a ;ol lier's
uniform. Estimates are that it will provide an aural warning as
well as indiction of the direction to the illuminator [63 1.
The addition of a receiver to the basic las: r designator alIovis
the determination of slant range to the target to be d',m.i
ri^iultaneously with the desigIs_ition function. Bscaus~e it is
t su.dly d:.,i{able to know slant ran e, the r)l ltis inc., .l ilSOt
tiesignato /I 'ngefinder, or illu1uiuator/t i , efilld Oder, his benuat
iiiCrC;,1Sin _i S) popular. Seine of the newer
des;^;l'?atC1 / 3T.:
f;.:l rcr t, Lvie prof,ra in wed to calculate ri n,i: on every fJt"
i' I ast,. designators w tiiing only 4 kg We Won
fur by ground troop An o tioi?al Ctijl t)n r, .,, __
adds a i`.r'?lfindin? cap=b>jIit ',lien desi,ced. The c?v:::e t.
c )f.),: d No it l anclies Ile an Mi6 We. A photo of thct
lieV1CC 1T, action irdic,?,i,,s ail effective rake-:,.i3 of s.'?verzi
l._1a neleri [63].
The use of an turbo ne deal ~, t.a r may the
re aiia i_clint fur a stablf,xeci molt. One of the Ia rr
- ` V "00 0 are awire that the lcspons of 1.1 h" "n "o cc.
.
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pulses per second. Each pulse has a duration of 10 its. 'i Ile. available as early as 1967 but th. y failed to cccit::. t 1:1;
beast width is only 0.6 inrad, i.e., at a distance of 1 km the interest [711. It was after the b `,rre'Oing halt of
diameter of the beam and, hence, of the illuin'nl:tell spat is when the prime focus was on the int;ardictiori of su ptl=y
only 60 C!il. It seems evident that u _o of site!. a narrow beam that pilots found the new ` :hart bombs'" were sU st'1'r
from an aircraft would be nearly impossible without a at hitting trucks and outer sm all
stabilized mounting.
To further enhance. the versatility of the laser designator it is
often packaged in conjunction with a low-light-level television
camera or a forward looking infrared (FLIR) imaging sensor
(',;hich will be discussed in a later se tion). In such arrangge-
ments the d'csit"lator and the sensor generally share the same
optics and stabilization. The operator can identify targets
seen on the sensor display, select the desired one, illuminate it
with the designator, and launch the laser-;uided weapon. One
such system, the Pave Knife, is said to be able to detect targets
and achieve acquisition at ranges of from 5 to I I kri [62]. In
the Pave Spot System, which is intended for use by a forward
air controller, it has been reported that an illuminator/range-
finder is combined with an image intensifier for the nighttime
acquisition of targets. The Nd:YAG illuminator weighs 12 kg
and its associated rangefinder can range co targets as far a-,;4y
as 20 kin [62]. The Long Knife system consists, of a pod-
mounted laser designator and a low-light-level television
camera, both of which share a stabilized mounting. With this
system, it is reported that ground targets can be designated at
standoff ranges of up to 4S kin, with Iwice the accuracy of the
earlier Pave Knife system that was used extensively ji er
Vietnam [66]. Excellent photographs have been published
showing a pod-mounted targeting and laser designation system
mounted on the wing stub of an attack helicopter. The pod is
said to contain a precision stabilized sight, a laser designator/
rang--find,-r, a laser spot tracker, a FIR, and a television
camera. The laser spot tracker is said to be able to detect and
track ground targets that have been designated for helicopter
attack by virtue of being illuminated by a forward air or ground
controller [671. It has also been reported that laser designators
can be used successfully from unmanned drones. In one such
demonstration, the drone was fitted with a special nose section
the at contained 3 windows. One window was for a daytime
television, caniera or a nighttime FLUR, one for the designator,
and one for a laser receiver [ 68 ] .
The desi -Ier of a laser seeker should be able to use much of
the technology that iater?dy erdsts for the luro;cr vsavclu-n-h
passive infrared seeker:; that were discussed earlier. Silicon
photodiodes are one po;.:s)ble cl:o:,:c for. a detector. Un-
fortunately, their quantln-; efficicr.c:es drop rather sharply at
about 1.0 em and t; eir performance at 1.06 pin leaves n-luch
to be desired. Coolinv (to about 150 II) increase; th?:ir
detectivity lout it is doubtful that the increase is '.north tire
of fort required to provide the coolie;.. P. Bauch bari'r choice
is the silicon or germanium avalaiic}i'. p''.otodiodc. Substantial
Current gain Can be a clli '.vBd in solid-star:` carrier I11u'.ti}'lication. Altho-igh excess .noise is
introduced by this Ir,ultiplicatiou t r-~ccza, significant im1'ol'e..
nlents in dctectivity result [6011 . ple-_t,t a )
pru`.)lims for a I t'(i ll tcer 5:;1 \ !st of S:!1 a
The idea of a guided bomb has been explored, tme vain; , t
many years, Centen'all [72) patented a peided aerial t:.
in 1921 (applied for in 1916) and others, iricll;.li 3 a r,o
from Sweden ['13], have tried to adapt infrared sensors to;
guidance of bombs 11, p. 466], 1 74] . None of
tempts met with much success. `I:ie performance tilt
guided boTilbs has been phenomenal. Of the first
that were dropped in Vieqn arm more than 70 pcr?:
reported to have struck their intended tar,>ets [62i.. capability for precision delivery made it pcsuible to c[c~
military targets, such as bridges, petroleum: tanks, at--` h ,
defended point targets, with "surgical neatness," and
significant reduction in inadvertent damage' to
activities. Kits, designed in 1966, were 'used' to c_
conventional iron bombs into the "smart" variety. C`,. -
involved mounting a i ser seeker orI the ba.n_"s
movable steering vanes on its body. The
verting a bomb was said to be about $3500 [7i ]
The basic concept of t'_4 ig cation and t1:Ida_':t
laser has opened a host of new
of bombs, missiles, and g un-.tired projec iles.
p:oitation of the concept has only beg do
reading about additional new developr:er.ts fo? :_.r
VIII. IMAGING Spa:cis
AND SaL__
Tactical military forces : re coristaratig f .ce::
1em of finding the enemy and keeping
The remote sensing systems we hard discns::e;, _.
relatively little use for such recornaissaacs :.v i
because they are non image forming.
the centroid of the energy emitted by target. This is all that is needed for de'ction ac's c-_..
it i.: rarely adequate for recov-:aition and iden iiic tier:
tasks require all iI aging s.n sor, I.e.. errs ti at
operator an indication of the gaornatrrcal and
Lion of the energy from tile targ t.
A. Aerial Photog: rat)h}' lt~itlr f tc-clc ar:c' lr'itifr fr.>;'rime`
Reconnaissance by means of a Ii1 phat.~ _ : i 1 .:
')' diced by tile inillt ar/ share late tiil':e of rk..c:.'._i: i'= `1::%
tlr',t icCOrdeel usage wOe its tetra itid2 vrl?el2 e Ijitl ..
urcl r General McCl; llall, usc.a the tcthare i l,._ir) r I,
as ail aerial photography ph.tfo rl. It?__?
tulle of 450 nl were used t) secs ttjt. d fl :s of ..
t,arri r., designed specdtrcrr'.y for 1e_ in _.c;afr
production by the end of 1915
World War 1. Tice story of aerial phnto ep' 3' has he a ,
else. wl:ere [ ! 1 ] , ['16] and our concern in tikes ti, i~:r
lircd1. t: rl to ,1 :? ~.-. -of infrared film in f -,l ' o \
glasscc. are a ailable. A very good a..ti:ilt.l.t o, f iflo to to de A pl ot_gtaphic film or plate cos, s if .? l' i ..
velopl a trhS,ivice ,,:;dyer for use with cIOS_ air sUL'1)eri in:,,ll.a C2 it, l':;Ora Coated or, a s'iitabletrai sp r-nt s'i'.go.t (fg
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1`,'tcO, J3 S ;d to ll. Cc t":,)nl, c alit t:'c' ':t .. They have a relatively short lifetime and
,r ui st he stoyd, a.t dry ice temperatures until used. It seems
0526y that felt:; photos raphic Tong wavelength cutoff will he
ex: r, d. heyor,d 1.35 pin. As shown in Fig. 3, atmospheric
....... ; ar 2hisoybs strongly between 1.3 and 1.5 pin. Beyond
i.5 twi the transmission is quite good until 1.8 Ion is reached.
! problem, however, arises because at these wavelengths
fufficient radiation floin the normal 300 K ambient
to fog the film and render it useless in a very
_:t time
t sensitive to a'.._ l=i'e-
pc 1C. ~`.%C 1 :+.'es as brightly cebot: (1 obj,;: cts ti?at eve a st ._
with their surroundings.
Beyond 0.7 pri, in the near infrared, tine, situ{tion i; epa to
i!irf tt because at those wavelengths cill s ophyl! has
ble absorption. As a result, these wavelengths are r.. -dsby
reflects! Una the surface of We leap. Wens, of t h e liens:-
pare y of the chlorophyll, any l grit tr r i Katie d is co We Doi'
son',, 1.ltle absorption and a s',;tnficzilt fraction is scotterc
1;:.. bit of the la:if. The r_sAt is that the reflect::ice o the
leaf is vey hig)i,fraud 40 to 60 pctoeut in ti!e. Lem t;?{!.'.r' i.
nnls, the t is the reason ton be extremely light to ,i11 i ,1:: ?rI":,;
of f {i . s on i iflereci phvto.i.
1 ) LI re c"t inee cu, r fur the leaves or (r? r lOLIS
lest Approved-,For Releasq,30021[X1102(;,?( I"Ar P_7MP.4.144 OP D>?~~ i i;:
Li 9 -..t5 '.-: !} . 4.IY, tae 111a ( ::. K: "I .J , , ,
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^-- ---- DYING DEC::i000S
FOLIAGE
HIGH-eMr?APFD
R rLECT!NG FAINT
o.<
0.6 0.7 0.E 0.5
WAVELENGTH, ,-
difference in reflectance that enables a pllotointerpreter to
differentiate between the two on an infrared photo. Here,
then, is a simple exampi of fnultispectral an::, r