KISSINGER'S SECRET EMPIRE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 54
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1975
• Content Type: MAGAZINE

Approved For Release 2001/IPt1~19FMe77-00432R00010036000t 7
INTERNAL USE ONLY
This publication contains clippings from the
domestic and foreign press for YOUR
BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use
of selected items would rarely be advisable.
NO. 11
GOVERNMENT AFFAIRS
EAST ASIA
PAGE
1
Destroy after backgrounder has served
its purpose or within 60 days,
Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
 Approved For Release 2001/08/08 :,CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
tf.' IlY ICJ Y>.1 a!:\t' .'?. aili: 1;1 a r~~ n
:a ?"b ai(:`J t~,"'-"' f'a17. IIa' iiyl~ '. ""I' ?', ~~c.; 1?: ';
V, a-: _
^sseciel "arrangements" with big corpora- `'
lions. All this is especially convenient for
Kissinger, who controls the official agen-
cies of the Intelligence Community as well
as the State Department. Kissinger's secret
practices have included wiretapping his
closest aides to insure their personal
!cyatty. and overthrowing "irresponsible"
governments, even if they happen to be
cemocratically elected. Kissinger resents
having to answer for his actions to anyone,
except-possibly--the president. This,
then. raises the fundamental question of
r oral-and probably legal-responsibility
on the part of presidents of the United States
and their National Security Advisers (this is
the post that Kissinger holds along with that In McCarthy's case, the CIA was especial-
W. Secretary of State) forthe resultant deaths ly interested in the private sources that fed
of men in foreign lands. him the information to c n t i witch-
Typic~Igplniwgd oir. E l e,2~}tli/616/08 :CIA T7eO9JeV QPd t ~ -Mke the
these actions, although t:izc:i ,ger needs ii
for the S25 billion a year it gives his intelli-
Bence network- But even this huge amount
cf money (about'S percon; ,f our overall.
national budget) is a. ull;- hidden under
innocent-sounding line itcrr.t. fn the federal
budget. It is another of Henry Kissinger';
many secrets. The $25 biilicn figure may
s=ound excessively high-most published
estimates have set it at around $10 billion
-but in calculating the real total one must
take into account the huge sums spent
4c.-ouch military appropriations for the In-
telligence Community's ever-growing
technological requirements. Billions are
s:e^ton satellite reconnaissance. (A recent
examp;e of the Intelligence Community's
expenditures is the nearly $600 million
spent. with Kissinger's specific approval, on
but:ding and operating a deep-sea salvage
ship designed to recover secretly a Soviet
submarine that sank in the Pacific in 1968.)
After the publication of disclosures last
December that the CIA had been heavily
involved in domestic spying activities, Presi-
tent Ford named a "blue-ribbon" panel
i:eaded by Vice President Nelson Rockefel-
er (until recently a presidential adviser on
eign intelligence) to investigate. just what
the agency had been doing at home. Under
a broader mandate, covering overseas intel-
;iyerce operations as well, special Senate
and House committees undertook parallel-
.- -depth investigations of theirown. Senator
F.-=_'^k Church of Idaho, chairman of the Sen-
a:& s Select Committee on intellic nce AC-
summed it all up in these words: "My
o is-riding concern is the.growth of Big
government in this country, and the
c-c.-ct threat that this represents to the
-eecom of the people." And later, when
1tii:,c circulated of possible CIA involve-
Tyr--_ assassination plots. Church added,
"in absence of war, no agency of the
a- rent can have a license to murder:
_'esldent can't be a 'Godfather. "
' -ere have been many disclosures in re-
.,_ . '-oaths about spying by the CIA and
FBI on American citizens suspected-
grotesque reasons-of ties
c' 'r:c;vements with Soviet, Cuban, North
K:-_=_r:. and many other intelligence ser-
vices. There have been endless well.-docu-
mented stories of wiretaps. illegal break-
ins, and the tens of thousands of political
files kept, Gestapo-like, on American citi-
zens by the CIA, the FBI, and the Army Coun-
terintelligence Corps.
The CIA has admitted keeping dossiers
on New York's Democratic Congresswoman
Bella Abzug and three other members of
Congress. It refused to name these other
congressmen, but Penthouse has learned
that they are Wisconsin's Senator Joseph
McCarthy and Oklahoma's Robert Kerr-
both now deceased-and Senator Hubert
H. Humphrey of Minnesota. According
to authoritative sources, in the early 1950s
the CIA engineered the burglarizing of
McCarthy's and Kerr's offices to gain ac-
cess to their files. The files were photo-.
graphed or, the spot and, presumably, are
 Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
dea of Joe McCarthy knowing something
at the CIA's chiefs didn't know.
Senator Kerr was in his time one of the
ost powerful and influential politicians in
he U.S. The CIA was hungry for secret po-
itical knowledge. Furtheimore. Kerr; a mil-
ienaire, was highly active in worldwide oil
.perations, particularly in the Middle East
if intelligence was as crucial to the CIA
enty, years ago as it is today.
The CIA reportedly began its dossier on
enator Humphrey just before he became
ce president in 1965. Penthouse sources
~vere unable to say either why the CIA kept a
ile on Humphrey or what it contained, ex-
ept that the agency evidently wanted to
ve as much confidential material as pos-
ible-on the man who held our second-high
st elective office.
The disclosure that the CIA, which is le-
ally only supposed to operate overseas,
as been spying on Americans and their
lected representatives is obviously dis--
uieting. However, the public testimony of
IA Director William E. Colby before Con-
ress raises more questions than it answers;
nd it serves to cast doubt on all his denials
f illegal CIA activity. -
Let's look at the record: On January 15.
975, Colby denied'that the CIA engaged in
embers of Congress. On February 20 he
estified that "over the past eight years, our
ounterintelligence program-holdings have
ress." On March 5, Mrs. Abzug made pub-
c conte.its of her CIA file, which went back
the 1950s-thus contradicting Colby's
laim that such surveillance went back only
ight years. Moreover, on March 5, Colby
stified that Mrs. Abzug was one of four group :vas infiltrated by government agents;
embers of Congress on whom files were it is aiso possible that the CIA's own opera-
ept as part of the agency's operations tion in Portugal was similarly infiltrated. The
gainst Vietnam war protesters. He also presumed reason for this CIA activity was
aid that one of the other congressmen was Kissir,ger's fear that the U.S. might lose its
o longer alive. air-naval bases in the Azores if left-leaning
Innumerable questions are raised by this Portuguesemilitary rulers remained in pow-
stimony. Three of the more obvious are: Sr. (The Azores, of course. are considered
ow many members of Congress have been - vital for refueling U.S. aircraft flying to Israel
pied upon by the CIA since it was estab-
shad in 1947? Colby testified that tiles
ere kept on four members of Congress
overthe past eightyears." But atleastthree
I the congressmen we know of (McCarthy,
err, and Abzug) have or had files, going
ack to' the 1950s. Secondly. are the four
eople we know of Vietnam war protesters?
nd thirdly, Colby said that one of the con-
ressmen was dead-but we know of two
ho are deceased. The questions can go on
nd on. Ron Ziegler clearly has to take a
ackseat to Colby as the master of the "in-
erved as president of the Malagasy Repub-
ic for for only six days, was killed on February
11 by members of the Mobile Police Group,
a special police unit; in a crisis that--ever,
from the CIA's viewpoint had gotten out of
hand. Ratsimandrava had replaced General
Gabriel Ramanantsoa as a result of a coup
carried out by the special police. However,
Ratsimandrava was apparently unaccept-
able to the Mobile Police Group, which is
known to have CIA ties. American interest in
Malagasy lay chiefly in the securing of mili-
tary facilities at the former French naval
base at Diego-Suarez to fit into the broader
scheme of new U.S. bases in the Indian
Ocean; most importantly at the entrance to
the oil-rich Persian Gulf. This was the sec-
ond known U.S.. attempt to obtain base
rights from a reluctant Malagasy govern-
ment. In January 1972 the American ambas-
sador to Malagasy, Anthony D. Marshall, a
career CIA officer elevated to ambassador
by Nixon in 1969, was asked to leave amidst
charges that he vias directing a plot against
the government However, the government
fell anyway four months later. Marshall.
whose CIA cover was never blown publicly.
is now ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago,
a strategic Caribbean nation. -
? In both 1974 and 1975 the CIA was also
deeply engaged in covert operations in Por-
tugal, where the world's oldest dictatorship
had just been thrown out of po.ver. There are
easons to believe that the CIA was in close
touch with the military group of General
~ntonio de Spinola. who led an abortive
coup against the provisional government on
March 11. The actual extent of direct CIA
involvement is still unclear, but it is known
that the coup failed because the oletters'
in the- event of a new Arab-Israeli war.) Al-
though there are experts who disagree with
Kissinger on the absolute need to retain
bases in the Azores, the administration felt
so strongly about the Portugal operation that
it gave the CIA the go-ahead to establish a
worxing relationship with General Spinola.
? Notwithstanding an earlier window-
dressing reduction in personnel, the Intelli-
gence Community has continued to expand
its g!obal operations, with emphasis on
technological intelligence both at home and
abroad. This accounts for its total yearly
perative" statement. . budget of some S25 billion. This money in-
Since Watergate, Americans have eludes immensely expensive research and
earned of the Nixon plan for a massive do- development of science-fiction intelligence
nestic intelligence apparatus-the nearest equipment. The funds are buried in the
hing we've ever had in the U.S. to a blue- Pentagon:s budget. For example, the Air
he above testimony.by Colby, the Intelfi- for `,c-:d,ide satellite reconnaissance.
ence Community has not reformed since ? Despite public disclosures, the Intel-
ore of what Penthouse has learned of the ^ e:r Secret tiles on Americans although not
a
s been proved to be a foreign intelli-
'Community's" more-recent activities: one.
c Despite the outcry over its intervention ;ence agent. (Ironically, the CIA announced
1;
i
h
"
t
as stopped destroying files
'~ that
C n Chile, the CIA was involved early in 1975 P''
i
i
f
gat
ons o
the Intelligence
n an attempt to overthrow the government of 1 - ?nvest
he Malagasy Republic (the Indian Ocean Ccr^.m iity are in progress.) These master
make an American police state a real possi
bility-should a new Nixon come along, or
even i` one doesn't. The Intelligence Corn-
r.unity. originally intended as an instrument
for gathering foreign intelligence, has
gown into such an immense and powerful
burea.:cracy that, in effect. it vi rtual ly const*-
:.;tes a federal police force-something we
have a rays rejected as anathema. And. of
course. we still have "national security"
,.vire:azs.
? The National Security Agency, the Pen--
:ago--inked electronic intelligenceorgani-
za::c- :'at covers the world with its 125,00
a^r'c c ees and a S11 billion annual budget.
S" Sc ec:ively monitors and transcribes
:ay uncounted thousands of interna-
:ic^a echone calls between the U.S. and.
_~-2. ccir.ts. Considering that over sixty
overseas calls-both incoming and
c.:::_ -2-will have been made this year.
- :i;jde of this eavesdropping opera-
:rcr .; staggering. It violates. needless to
sa; : e :vil rights of Americans using ir.
:e--a: ra_I telephone communications for
o? business matters (what spy in his
r:cni: -.C would use an open phone line to
discuss espionage or sabotage?). The NSA
falls back on the lame excuse that this prac-
tice is part of foreign intelligence protection
for the U.S. It goes without saying that all
international calls by foreign diplomats are
monitored for intelligence-collection pur-
poses. Transcripts of all monitored overseas
calls-and, in many cases of intercepted
radiograms and telegrams-are given to
the CIA and the FB1 and, when requested,
to Kissinger's National Security Council
The NSA has also quietly encouraged il-
legal break-ins by agents of other intelli-
gence agencies of the foreign embassies in
Washington to steal code books. Code-
breaking is one of the NSA's chief functions.
? An obscure "private airline" with strong
CIA ties, an outfit called Birdair (after its
"owner," William H. Bird),-suddenly in Sep-
tember 1974 became a major carrier of am-
munition and food from Thailand to Cambo-
dia aboard huge C-130 Air Force transports
provided under a Pentagon contract. Birdair
has a close relationship to the worldwide
network of CIA-owned "airlines," the most
notorious of which is Air America, Inc., op-
erating in Indochina.
When outraged Americans try to discover
exactly what this vast Intelligence Commu-'
nity is, what it does (and how and why), and
whether it protects their security, rights, and
liberties or threatens them, the official an-
swer-and the answer usually accepted in
the past by both a basically indifferent pub-
lic and the blindly trusting and unquestion-
ing congressional committees theoretically
in charge of CIA "oversight"-is that U.S.
Intelligence concerns itself with the collec-
tion overseas of information vital to the na-
tional security. This, of course, is only an.
elegant phrase for espionage-and it is part
of a tacit international "gentlemen's agree-
ment" that everybody spies on everybody
else: the CIA, the Soviet KGB, the British
MI-6, the French SDT, the Israeli Ha-Mosad,
the Cuban DGS, and so on.
But more recently. U.S. Intelligence has
admitted conducting-even if usually only
when caught red-handed at it-a number of
covert political and paramilitary operations
el. Richard RatsimandA} ro d P dR 'Ali r i ~ at 2Yi' pa ti~n~21 i4~ ~~ 1a
anctimoniously, the CIA
ays justify themselves
 Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
on the grounds that their destruction of. Vietcong sympathizers in South Vietnam. At
foreign governments, or attempts at it, is in the same time, police experts provided by
the best interests of the cause of democracy the Agency for International Development
in the affected countries. This was the ex- (supposedly the humanitarian supplier of
cuse for doing away with leftist regimes in economic development funds) were busy
Iran in 1953, in Guatemala in 1954, in the supervising President Nguyen Van Thieu's
Congo in 1960, and in Chile in 1973. It was ."tiger-cage prisons for political opponents
also the excuse for the abortive Bay of Pigs (the cages themselves were designed and
invasion of Cuba in 1961. And, among many built by the U.S. Navy in California under an
others, the Congo's Patrice Lumumba, AID contract). In Greece. ba ey-.leaders of_
Chile's Salvador Allende Gossens, and the now ousted "colonels' junta.- a singu-
Colonel Ratsimandrava of the Malagasy ;_ry bru'ai d:c_a-^rshio. were actually on
-___
Republic were killed in the process of de- = C=y~yilylri Boli,via, Ct- agents"
mocracy being subverted by the CIA. The r.?'3rr~vO :3C,' in :lushirR9-0u an i irg the
agency had also considered assassinating nap!ess C^e Guevara and his ill-advised
Cuba's Premier Fidel Castro and Haiti's rer~ocda cc,: panions. In snort; wher-
President Francois Duvalier-and it may ever;:-era is'aa '.natty-dictat6 liip in power,
well have had a hand in the 1961 murder of cu can de cef:ain of finding CIA represen-
the Dominican Republic's dictator, Rafael :_:Ives in cad with the local executioners
Trujillo. The CIA had no ideological prob- and priscr.-rnas,,ars, many of whom were
)ems with Duvalier and Trujillo, but they :rained in tre United States by the CIA and
.academies
were apparently "getting out of control." In ''er4i PC[;-!:'
connection with these murder plans, the CIA In the Uni:ed States all the crisscrossing
!developed a cozy relationship with the 'ltelligence operations are supposedly
Mafia. ccnduucted for the purpose of counterespio-
foreign politicians of lesser renown-to say
nothing of various American and foreign in-
telligence agents and quite innocent peo-
pie who just found themselves caught in the
midst of some CIA operation-lost either
their lives or their freedom in the last quar-
er-century as a consequence of our govern-
ment's meddling in the affairs of other na-
tions. And nobody knows just how many for-
eign politicians, military officials, labor and
student leaders, and the like were bought,
suborned. and corrupted by the CIA as it
insouciantly went about weaving networks
of secret agents.
When earlier this year congressional
committees began probing into the activi-
ties of the Intelligence Community, Presi-
dent Ford expressed private concern that if
carried too far the investigations could un-
earth political assassinations abroad autho-
rized by his predecessors. Subsequently
Ford said that he would personally look into
: assassination charges, and he added that
he "condemned" such operations. The un-
written law is that the president of the United
States must personally approve the order for
the political murder of an important foreign
figure by American agents. If an assassina-
tion "contract" is given a CIA-employed for-
eigner, however, the agency can act on its
own. While these would be "selective" as-
sassinations, the agency has been indirect-
ly responsible for thousands of deaths in
such foreign operations as the war waged
by its' "Clandestine Army" in Laos, 'the
Phoenix program in Vietnam (see below),
the 1954 Guatemala Civil War, the Bay of
Pigs, the secret air operations in the Congo
in the 1960s, and supporting the Indonesian
rebellion in 1965.
Additionally, the CIA has trained right-
wing Cambodian and Ugand-n guerrillas at
secret bases in Greece and Tibetan guerril-
las in the mountains of Colorado.
The question the CIA and other members
of the intelligence Community never an-
swered was why, in the light of their demo-
cratic protestations, they have always allied
themselves with the most repressive and
reactionary regimes in the world. In Viet-
nam, for example, the CIA pioneered the
infamous "Operation Phoenix," which was
nothing less than a wholesale program fo-
.. kilt; F u, a, lu u,a at at the inception of t
assassinating over 20.0009k0~VUJaeFWRe99er,2 4./fi8/" :itCk9, WPGT7tQ R oa t was General Cushm
Nobody knows exactly how many other rage-in o her words, to intercept foreign
spies and -oiittcal operatives.
(Oneshou!d.note in passing, however, the
)double s ..dard implicit in this whole con-
cept we consider it criminal for foreign
agents to oceratz covertly in the U.S., and
rightly so. b::t the CIA and its confreres think
nothing of subverting the governments of
oJercountries. Although there is no Ameri-
can law against it, such subversion clearly
violates international law. It is a form of ag-
--a_sion prohibited by the UN Charter
which the United States helped to draft.)
fn, any e` =_nk. wnat u,e iiitelligence'Co~Ti-
muniy has teen doing domestically-and
continues to do-far exceeds counteres-
pionage re c-s. And this is where the dan-
cer of a colice state comes in: In the
aid-:960s (no. Nixon wasn't the original
,:nett; al:r:c_gh he raised domestic snoop
`.rg to tine !eveii of an art), the Intelligence
n'ur.it ^c{ it upon itself to police any
form of dissent against the Establishment.
'Everything-from the antiwar movement to
civil rights campaigns-was suspect.
The late J. Edgar Hoover assembled im-
mense files on just about everybody in pub-
lic life, from congressmen (fourteen of them)
to actors and newspaper scribes. His FBI
wiretapped such civil rights leaders as Dr.
Martin Luther King. The paranoid notion be-
hind it all was that American dissenters
simply must be under sinister foreign influ-
ences; why else would they object to Ameri-
can policy? (But Attorney General Edward
Levi also testified in February that the FBI
had been repeatedly "misused" by past
presidents for political purposes.)
More recently, Army counterintelligence
agents, who legally have no business spy-
ing on civilians, built a computerized data
bark, reportedly containing around 100,000
names, at their Fort Holabird, Maryland,
headquarters. The Air Force's Office of Spe-
cial Investigations (OSI), which theoreti-
cally is responsible for the physical security
of installations, launched a program to iden-
tify and weed out Black Panthers from
among the ranks of airmen. Internal OSI
documents depicted perilous Blade Panther
conspiracies in the Air Force. Then the CIA,
whose charter clearly restricts it to intelli-
gence operations abroad, entered the do-
agents to penetrate peace groups and ra
cal movements. Not to be left behind by tt,
FBI and the Pentagon, the CIA put toget
its own secret lists. which include at le
the four congressmen. Because of its e
mous manpower, financial, and technolo
cal resources, the CIA proceeded secm
to train domestic police forces--most n
bly in Washington. New York, and Chi
go-in complex intelligence crafts so th
local cops could better anticipate, monitc
and control antiwar demonstrations
ether civil disturbances. The Washingt
police department has officially admitt
1940s and that they were "intensified"
1969-the year Nixon took office. Inasm
as the 1947 law that created the CIA spec
this friendly effort was a flagrant violation
the statute. Returning the favor, selec
police departments began providing C
agents with local police credentials to faci
fate their undercover work at home.
When the CIA's involvement in domes
political espionage was publicly disclo
late in 1974, the agency, in the midst of
gathering scandal, rather incredibly to
reasons to suspect that such radical grou
_
as the Black Panthers were trained in Aig
CIA kept insisting on this, even though
presidential commission which includ
agency representatives had concluded
far back as 1968 that there were no ti
between antiwar activists and other mi
tants and foreign intelligence services.
Another explanation offered the co
gressmen was that, because of Hoover's
rationality. the FBI dropped its counter
pionage functions-and the CIA simply h
to fill the vacuum. When. for example, to
eign agents were known to be traveling
the United States-their movements abro
were tracked by the agency's counterint
ligence staff--the CIA, according to this a
gument. had no choice but to assign its o
men to establish surveillance over th
upon their arrival here. This may well be tru
and quite reasonable in the CIA's eyes, b
the agency violates the law for presumab
valid reasons, there is simply no tel ling wh
the next "one-time exception" is going to b
The temptation to keep increasing domest
operations is just too great.
in fact, these temptations were clang
ously increased when Nixon, one of t
CIA's best friends from his vice-president
days, assumed office in 1969 and realiz
the extraordinary possibilities that the gro
ing domestic intelligence apparatus offer
him politically. Nixon was the chief Whi
House executive officer in the planning
the Bay of Pigs operation. He was one of t
few people outside the Intelligence Co
munity to receive what the CIA calls "
shit" briefings-that is, the whole unva
nished truth about covert operations-d
ing his tenure as vice president. and one
his first acts as president was to appoint h
old friend. Marine Corps General Robert
Cushman. Jr., as Deputy Director of Centr
Intelligence and Deputy CIA Director.
:his appointment. Nixon gained a priva
 Approved For Release 2001/08/08: CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
rrt.'~er tnan helms (conveniently out of town recent years. Under Eisenhower, foreign Loring international telephone and cabt-
?~at day) wf;3 received E. Howard Hunt, the Policy was controlled by Secretary of State communicatic . The NSA's authority?1o
W bite House "plumber." to arrange for CIA John Foster Dulles and his brother Allen W. this kind of domestic monitoring is at bps
logistics support for the planned break-ins. Dulles. the Director of-Central Intelligence. murky. Privately. officials say that the aged:
At tie Justice Department (where the In- Under Nixon, and now under Ford, Kissin- cy currently derives its authority from ti,-
-.3r-al Security Division performs an intelli- ger alone controls both these strands of for- 1968 wiretap law providing that nothing it
gents function alongside the FBI). Nixon eign policymaking. Since coherent policy it "shall limit the Constitutional power o
was represented by his close friend Attor- cannot be formulated without the input of the President to take such ,measures as
nzyGeneral Jchn Mitchell. Thiswas particu- intelligence, Kissinger acts both as the pro- deems necessary to. protect the natio
'arty crucial for Nixon's gradual takeover of ducer of intelligence and its principal can. against actual or potential or ether hostif
whole domestic intelligence apparatus sumer. This is one.of the main sources of his acts by foreign powers. to obtain fore irv
Luring the period before Hoover's death in extraordinary power. intelligence information deemed essentia
May 1972. Despite Hoover's strenuous ob- Kissinger is also the chairman of the top- to the security of the United States, or t
sections. Nixon succeeded in July 1970 in secret "Forty Committee" of the National protect nationsl security information again
setting up the Interagency Committee on Security Council, the five-man body in foreign activities." The question that results.
Intelligence-the members were the CIA. charge of major covert intelligence opera- however, is whether the president must o
the FBI. the National Security Agency, and tions abroad. In this context, Kissinger re- fain an across-the-board court order a
.ha Defense Intelligence Agency-to ex- ports only to the president (one likes to as- thorizing the massive surveillance repre-
and domestic intelligence activities. This surne that he does so in every case). Colby sented by the NSA's monitoring of private
concept emerged from a "For Eyes Only" is Kissinger's subordinate in the Forty Com- international communications, or whathe
memorandum drafted for Nixon by his aide, mit:ee (t to name is derived from the number separate court orders are needed in each
Tom Charles Huston, which proposed that of the NSC document that set up this group case. This is a point on which the Supreme
'present procedures should be changed to in 1969, replacing similar past committees Court must rule.
permit intensification of coverage of indi- with other numerical designations), which In the meantime, the NSA claims that it
::duals and groups in the United States .who further. strengthens Kissi,tiger's hold- over derives its authority from the president, and
rose a major threat to the internal security." U.S. Intelligence. lrraddition, Kissinger runs that---given the volume of overseas phone
Huston. admitting in his memo that much of: the NSC7ntelligenceCommitteeand.the_Net calls it monitors-it would simply be im-
Vdhat he was recommending was.unlawfut, Assessments-Group. practical to seek individual court orders.
bserved that "present restrictions on legal The members of the USIB are the CIA What we do not know, however, is whether
overage should be relaxed on selective (making- Colby both the chairman and a President Ford has moved for a blanket
argots of priority foreign intelligence and constituent member), the National Security court order, or whether he has authorized
internal security interest.... Covert cover- Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the NSA (as evidently his predecessor
age- is illegal and there are serious risks the State Department's small but excellent have done) to eavesdrop on international
involved. However, the advantages-to be Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), communications on the basis of his inherent
derived from its use outweigh the risks: This, the FBI, and,, most recently, the Treasury powers.
technique is particularly valuable in identi- Department.. The Treasury was added be= In any event, it appears that the NSA f
fying espionage agents and other contacts cause?of its participation in the antinarcotics doing its monitoring from the seven loca-
of foreign intelligence services." program (the CIA is also working on nar- tions in the United States where the Amer'r-
GivenNixon'sturn ofmind, itshould.come cotics.though, ironically, its agents often can Telephone and Telegraph Comps
as .. +t, a t ?ti. f , + with + ooerates international phone exchanges
.a surprise that ha enthusiastically en- collaborate With heroin ti. nigglers in ind&
dorsed Huston's reasoning and forced -the _ china) and because of the fact that it runs the -New York City; White Plains, N.Y., Spring
Intelligence Community to go along with it. expanded-Secret Service: The Atomic En- field, Mass.; Jacksonville, Fla.; Pittsburgh,
After all. Nixon had a "police"'mentality. ergy.Commission was a USIB member until Pa.; Oakland, Calif.; and Denver, Colo.
Few people may know it, but his first ambi- it was absorbed in early 1975:into the new AT&T officials insist that if the NSA is listen-
tion on graduating from law, school was -to Energy Research and-Development Admin- ing to its international traffic, it is being done
become an FBI agent--Nixon himself told. istration: The Foreign Intelligence Advisory without the company's official knowledge
this story to the FBI National Academy in Board (which until recently had Vice Pres- or cooperation. Technicians say, however,
May 1969 as he received from Hoover an' ident Rockefeller as a member) theoreti- that the NSA surreptitiously plugs its own
honorary membership., in the FBi.. He re- tally advises the- president, but it plays monitoring lines s into the seven AT&T ex-
called applying to the FBI in 1937 and,being' no effective role. In the Nixon-years. an infor- changes while the company conveniently
approved as an-agent But he never made it. mat Intelligence Evaluation Committee, de- looks the other way. "It's a case of seeing no
This was because; as Nixon put it,."the Con- signed for domestic intelligence, also met evil and hearing no evil," an expert said.
gress did not appropriate the necessary at the White House. Insofar as about 2 percent of all interna-
funds requested for the Bureau in the year The Intelligence Community is a formida- tional phone calls go annually through U.S.
1937." And, typically, he added: "I just want bfe. empire both in terms of money and per- exchanges (roughly 1.2 million classified as
to say in Mr. Hoover's presence and in Mr. sonnel. This-is how it breaks down: the NSA A gets the the extra bonus Asia)
Mitchell's presence,that will never happen (1) The National Security Agency. Estab- the N gra onus of f picking up
these conversations, too, without having to
again. lished in 1952 by the 'Joint Chiefs of Staff, it go through the trouble of secretly listening
is the biggest and richest and most secret of to them from overseas points. Typically, an
And now for a look at the Intelligence Com them all. Its annual budget of $11 billion "interconnect" call may be between London
munity as it exists today. Its "board of direc-- includes the special funds for research and c
tors" is the United States Intelligence Board and Peking, o and Tokyo.
overhead reconnaissance; and it employs Several years s ago, this reporter was
(USIB). USIB's chairman is the Director of 25,000 U.S. military and civilian personnel shown at the State Department the transcript
Central Intelligence, currently Colby--a at its headquarters at Fort George G. Meade of a monitored conversation between Haiti's
thin-tipped, cold-eyed CIA clandestine ser- in Maryland, and 100,000 more Americans president, Jean-Claude Duvalier, in Port-
vices career official. His greatest notoriety all over the world. In addition, the NSA em-' au-Prince.' and his mother, the widow of
derives from "Operation Phoenix," the Viet- ploys between 10,000 and 15,000 foreign Francois Duvalier, in Miami. Because Mme.
nam assassination program which he su- personnel abroad, mainly for the physical Duvalier was then acting as an adviser to
pervised from Saigon before being recalled protection of its facilities. The'NSA's present her young son. the U.S. government was
to the agency's headquarters at Langley, director is Lt. Gen. Lew Allen, Jr., who has interested in the conversation. The transcript
Virginia. just outside Washington. . ' worked both for the CIA and the Defense was a translation from the Cr?3!e dialect in
As USIB's chairman, Colby is directly re- Intelligence Agency. Obviously, the USIB which the Duva!iers spoke, but the official
sponsible to the National Security Council agencies cross-fertilize. who was reading it commented that "She
and, through it, to President Ford. In prac- 'The NSA's general operation is known as certainly sounds like a Jewish mother .. .
tice, however, Colbys real boss is Henry SIGINT (signal intelligence). It runs over- worrying about him and his safety." Thou-
Kissinger (in his separate incar,:ation as head satellite and SR-71 spy aircraft recon- sands of such conversations are picked up
Special Assistant to the President for Na- naissance, COMINT (communications intel- by the NSA every month.
tional Security Affairs and thus manager of ligence). and ELINT (electronic intelli- In almost every case, the calls are re-
the National Security Council). Kissinger- gence). It specializes in code-making and corded for immediate transcription--and
as we've noted-has virtually taken over the code-breaking, and in all forms of cryptog- translation and anal' sis. if required. If con-
workings of the Intel ligencA~i -fdr@I~aan2 V=08ldrr'h4R1D 7a~sWA3,2RvQQQ%@RPW i -Yn English or a foreign
4
 Approved For Release 2001108/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7
language, are in code, then NSA experts are there are several thousand foreign agents
summoned to break the code. In principle, controlled by CIA case officers. Abroad.
the monitoring is selective-it would prob- U.S. officials belonging to the agency work
ably be beyond anybody's capacity 'to out cf CIA stations attached to every Ameri-
transcribe sixty million conversations annu- can embassy and CIA bases in American
ally, but even so. these telephone transcrip- consulates. They have an official State De-
tions account for a large part of the hundred partment cover, but CIA stations operate
tons of paper the NSA uses up each day at their own communications and do not al-
its headquarters. The transcriptions are ways see eye to eye with the embassies.
stored in huge computers for instant re- Other CIA officials work overseas under
trieval. The computers-in the case of. "deep covers," and even local CIA stations
stored telephone conversations as well as of are often unaware of them. For operational
other monitored communications and radio purposes the world is divided into regional
broadcasts-can immediately identify "commands" that report to their respective
voices'through "voice prints." An NSA offi- geographic divisions at the headquarters.
cial can, for example, ask the computer to No major operation is possible withoutclear-
produce everything said in the voice of a ance from the home office.
particular person. Harry Howe Ransom, an Broadly speaking, the CIA is divided into
intelligence expert who teaches at Vander- two principal areas: intelligence-gathering
bilt University, has said, "I have developed and covert operations under the Directorate
a disturbing fear that NSA, like the CIA, may of Operations (DDO) and intelligence and
have been engaged in electronic surveil- evaluation under the Directorate of Intelli-
lance on American citizens." gence (Del). These two function separately
COMINT, which includes the eavesdrop- and indeed the whole CIA structure is based
ping on international telephone conversa- on compartmentalization. Even senior offi-
tions, is the NSA's largest single activity, cers know only what they are supposed to
andthisexplainswhytheNSArequiressuch know for their work-and no more. Only
an enormous budget and work force. Most Colby and a few top associates in the
NSA money goes for research and de- seventh-floor executive suite (also known as
velopment of its fantastically complex tech- the `Tower") at the.CiA's modernistic head-
nological intelligence-and, also, of quarters in Langley are familiar with all cp-
course, for its huge payroll. In overhead re- erations. Because of growing technological
connaissance, the NSA works closely with requirements, the CIA is investing more and
the Air Force's top-secret National Recon- more money and manpower in the tech-
naissance Office, which launches the nology of intelligence; it now has a separate
Samos satellites and the SR-71 planes and Office of Science and Technology.
has an annual budget around S1.5 billion The CIA's controversial domestic opera-
from separate Defense Department funds. tions come under the Directorate of Opera-
The CIA is its other partner in "spy-in-the- tions (usually known informally as Clandes-
sky" operations: it concentrates on planning tine Services). The agency's involvement in
d^.moStt^. S^ti^na is in the hails of fha
these rnissions and interpreting the over- ,?
head photography that is characterized by DDO's Foreign Resources Division (known
its incredibly high degree of resolution. A unti11972 as the Domestic Operations Divi-
Samos camera can spot a golf ball from sion), with offices in eight U.S. cities, and
100,000 feet or more. the elusive Counterintelligence Staff, Os-
SIGINT is designed to track the move- tensibly, the division's mission is the col lec-
ments of foreign warplanes, warships, and tion of intelligence from foreigners in the
troops everywhere in the world, as well as U.S. and counterespionage cooperation
monitoring just about everybody's military with the FBI. But even Colby has admitted
communications traffic right down to, say, that the Domestic Division had been doing
air chatter between pilots of Bulgarian MIG quite a bit more than just that (he confirmed,
jet fighters. Should an ELINT unit spot a in effect, the CIA's political spying at home).
hostile military move---the launching of nu- Then there, is the Domestic Collection Divi-
clear missiles or bombers-its CRITICflash sion with offices in thirty-six American
message would instantly roar over U.S. cities, which supposedly interviews citizens
communications facilities to alert the North who may possess information of intelli-
American defense network and prepare to gence value to the CIA. The Office of Train-
set a retaliatory strike in motion. - ing is in charge of training CIA personnel at
NSA surveillance is conducted from se- special schools, the most important of
cret installations in the U.S., the Aleutians, which, "The Farm," is in southern Virginia.
Iceland, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, the But the Office of Training had also been
Indian Himalayas, Ethiopia, Turkey, Moroc- working with local police departments and,
co, and a score of other locations. There are until recently, with the Law Enforcement As-
some 2,000 secret "intercept positions" sistance Administration. The LEAA is heavi-
around the world. They are supplemented ly staffed with ex-CIA personnel. The Office
by ELINT ships and planes-such as the of Security, with eight field offices in the;
Liberty. mistakenly sunk by the Israelis in U.S., conducts security investigations of
1967, the Pueblo, captured by the North prospective agency employees-and, ob-
Koreans in 1967, and the EC-1 21 plane shot viously, of others as well-and is responsi-
down off North Korea in 1969. NSA teams in We for the protection of intelligence sources
Vietnam and Cambodia helped to direct air and methods. The Recruitment Division has
strikes by everything from B-52 bombers to twelve domestic offices. Much of its work is
helicopter gunships, but by and large the done on campuses, but this division also
North' Vietnamese outsmarted NSA's elec- recruits businessmen, scier;ists, and who-
tronic devices along the trails. ever else is willing and capable of perform-
(2) The Central Intelligence Agency. In ex- ing full-time or part-time for "The Company,"
isten, a since 1947, the agency has become as the CIA is known among initiates. Tho
synonymous with American intelligence Cover and Commercial Staff directs the
operations in the eyes of Americans and CIA's corporate empire---the so-called pro-
foreigners alike. The CIA's annual budget is prietary activities-and arranges cover for
corporations would be a Who's Who c:
American business and industry. Americas
businessmen are instinctive ideological al
lies of the CIA-and there are reasons to
think that the agency often reciprocates wi
economic information that the corporations
could not otherwise obtain.
But the CIA is also into a varietyof esoter c
activities. It has an Operational Medicir
branch, in the Office of Medical Services,
that specializes in psychological conditio,-;r,
ing of officers entrusted with unusual mis-
sions. And among the agency's "propriety
ies" there are companies secretly and illy
gaily working on psychological profiles
American citizens. Interestingly, CIA stmt
psychologists have been shying away fr;
this particular kind of work.
(3) The Defense Intelligence Agency. '-
was created by the Pentagon in 1962 to ce---
tralize the intelligence work performed
the separate intelligence staffs of the three
armed services. In the last thirteen years, t
has grown to a force of 50,000 military intr.=
ligence specialists and support personne.
and an annual $3 billion budget. The DIA.
headed by Lt. Gen. Daniel 0. Graham--a
military intellectual, overhead reconnais-
sance expert, and CIA alumnus-is chiePv
interested in classical military intelli-
gence-both in gathering and evaluati..
The Defense Department's policies are
often based on DIA assessments of foreic
military capabilities and presumed intee-
tions. The DIA also has covert operators
around the world, in addition to the Defense,
Army, Air Force, and Navy attaches serving
at American embassies.
(4) The Federal Bureau of Investigation. Its
functions are overwhelmingly domestic (al-
tough it has represents ives abroad wha
serve in American embassies as "legal
attaches") and, broadly speaking, are di-
vided between fighting crime-with err
phasis on organized crime-and on court
terespionage. The FBI spends roughly S2
billion annually and there are some 6,00
agents currently serving under FBI Director
Clarence M. Kelley, formerly the police
chief of Kansas City. Counterespionage is
such an elusive concept and the preocc
pation with the infiltration of dissenting an
radical groups by foreign intelligence ses-
vices is so great that, in the end, the FBI has
become the principal arm of the governmer
in domestic political spying. ironica!iy. E__
Director Kelley put it, the detente w:tr.:r=
Soviet Union; China. and Eastern Europe--
countries has led to so many visits from
-,-=
Communist world that the FBI now was
more agents to keep track of the visitors.
working assumption in the FBI is that mc_:.
not all, visitors from Communist count-
are likely to be intelligence agents-an as-
sumption which smacks of a KGB-type :-
security and makes a mockery of Kiss:-_
ger's policy of detente.
(5) State Department Bureau of Into . -
gence and Research (INR). All it does
analyze foreign intelligence. Censider!".^c
that it employs less than 500 persons a-=-
spends only around S5 million annually. tra
INR does an amazingly good job of evalua-
tion-in fact, frequently superior to t'-.
CIA's. Its present director is William Hs
land, a specialist in Soviet affairs who has
served in the CIA and on Kissinger's Na-
tional Security Council staff.
(6) The Treasury Department. It has re-
cently formed its own National Security At.
estimated at $6 billion and its U.S. staff the agency's operatives in bona fide U.S. fairs Office and it advises the Intelligence
stands at some 8,000 7qAu- A[y07p2 fflgM 5rf?asingly important fina".
 .passport applications.
It may seem that the Intelligence Communi-
ty, and particularly the CIA, is "destabi-
lized" these days in the midst of all the in-
vestigations set off by disclosures of domes-
tic spying and such foreign crimes as the
Chilean intervention. In fact, CIA Director
Colby thinks that the efficacy of the agency
has already been seriously impaired and
that this poses a danger to national security.
But the CIA will be-and has been-only
what the rulers of this country want it to be. It
is a common error to think of either the CIA,
or the whole Intelligence Community as an
independent and irresponsible body-run-
In a hideaway office where his visi-
(ors can't be noted by the curious,
.Sen. Frank Church (D-Ida.) is hard at
work investigating his country's in-
#elligenee, services. It's not the mis-
es of the-past that most concern
.his-normally lighthearted and friend-
ly man. It's concern for the future. ,
trusts him and his investigation, and
he is determined that. there will be
no security breaches, which might
give Kissinger just cause to complain.
He also knows that the Ford admin-
istration will try to make the Rocke-
feller commission's investigation the
"A wise preacher once told me. to be future. V "The Congress," he says con.
jearefut now I selected an nemy. fidently, "will wait to hear from us."
ibnce you begin to spend time think Sitting in his hideaway office under
~n g about your enemy,' he told me, the portrait of predecessor William E:
'vou become like him."' Borah, Frank Church does not look
4aprened to the CIA. It became so
pbsessed with the power, the brilli-
ance, the deeds. and the deceptions
Of the Russian KGB that it became
the mirror image of the KGB. If the
KGB opposed a military regime, the
% CIA supported it; if the KGB set up
F Communist front, the CIA set up its
opposite; if the KGB supported a can-
didate, the CIA supported' that candi-
(date's opponent. Was the regime or
;the front or the candidate worth sup-
porting? That didn't matter. Opposing
the KGB was what mattered. ,
History suggests that there is a lot
,of sense to this analysis, and Frank
Church is a sensible man. He is quite
like a man who could be very much
~ted i n.spics and -bagmen, dirty
tricks and as a-.
tions.
It could.not. be learned low
often penetration inside the
three-mile limit was made,' nor
. could it be learned whether
YUCK penetration needed special
clearance. All the sources
agreed, however, that Holys
tone missions had repeatedly
violated the territorial waters
of the Soviet Union and other
?cations.
o one source said that the sub-'
marines were able to plug into
Soviet land communication
tables strewn across the ocean
bottom and thus were able to
'itercept high-level military
messages and other communi-
cations considered too impor-
ant'to be sent by radio or
other less secure means.
As outlined by the sources,
Holystone was authorized 1n
tie early nineteen-sixties, and
its reconnaissance operations
were placed by Secretary of
Defense Robert S. McNamara
under the direct control of the
Chief of Naval operations, the
'four-star admiral who heads
the Navy.
At various times during the
Vietnam war, officials in Wash-
'iiigton reportedly delegated re-
sponsibility for missions to the
Navy admiral in charge of Pa-
cific operations.
Pueblo Seizure
' Control over the program was
apparently tightened after
North Korea seized the United
States spy ship Pueblo in 1968,
sources said, and the schedule.
of Holystone missions now
have to he approved every,
month by the 40 Committee,
tie High-level intelligence re-
view panel headed by Secretary
of State Kissinger. _th
's zbmarines' of the Sturgeon, or
637 Class, and simply added
more electronic gear and a spe-
cial unit from the National Se-
curity Agency to turn the at-
tack submarine into a recon-
naissance vessel.
The National Security Aaen-
ac .., with headquarters at Fort
eade, Md., near Washington,
srves as, the major source for
intelligence and interception
cpmmunications. It also is in
charge of developing unbreak-'
'able codes for electronic trans-
nission and breaking the codes
of other nations. A highly se-'
t,ret- N.S.A. unit was aboard
the Pueblo when it was cap-
tured.
< Inside the Navy, the Holy-
tjne. patrols are considered a
source of pride; Pentagon offi-
cials recalled that the Mavy
guarded clearances for the
operation ? -'and that official
knowledge of it outside the
service was limited to a few
high-ranking civilians.
No Sign of Office
,The program still is under
the direct control of the naval
intelligence command and is
known as OPPO 099U inside
the Navy. There is no sign
ot.! that office in the published
Pntagon telephone directory,
nar is its chief operational offi-
cek, Capt. Jack B. Richard, list-
ed.-
Frhe sensitivity of the pro-
gram is dramatized by the fact
that the Navy has set up a
separate channel for recruiti g
the seamen for the Holystone'
missions, according to men in
voIved in the recruiting. .
, he recruiting, much of which
i?4 reportedly carried out at
c4erseas Navy bases, is consid-
ered so sensitive that the can-
didates are not permitted to
know exactly what they are
beifig asked to do. Special tests
are administered, including ex-
tensive psychiatric testing, be-
fore a seaman is judged quali-
fied, sources said.
As of a few years ago, an
intelligence summary of the
program was made available
every Thursday in the Chief
of Naval operations' briefing
theater on the fourth floor of
the Pentagon. One participant
recalled that the Holystone mis-
sions were discussed after the
regular intelligence briefing. for
high-ranking admirals and the
top Navy civilian officials.
The lights were dimmed and
slides were utilized to show
where the missions were on
station, the source said.
Photographs Shown
The participant recalled see-
ing close-up photographs of So-
viet submarines that had been
taken by a Holystone vessel.
At that meeting, which took
place in the early seventies,
the Navy officially briefed the
program as if the Soviet Union
had not detected any of its
Holystor t missions, the source
said. '
In numerous interviews,
howe', er, many Government of-
ficia ;'described that belief as
inco.tceivabie, particularly in
view of the known accidents.
involving Holystone vessels and
Soviet submarines.
One former Goverment offi-i
cial recalled that the Navy once
C,1AeR13 7i7 0i~4t3* 2R069m003
mendation that the Holystone
operation be publicly disclosed.
The argument was that the
Navy had nothing to lose be-
cause the program was well-
known to high officials in the
United States and Soviet Union,
and because some Government
lawyers said that it was at
least arguable that the opera-1
tion was in accord with inter-
national law and thus was le-
gal.
The Navv declined the sug-
gestion, the official said, in
what was interpreted to be
an admission that not all the
Holystone operations could
stand up to public scrutiny.;
Briefing Recalled
One former Government in-?
telligence official recalled a
Hollystone briefing in the mid-
sixties in which he and others
were shown photographs of the
underside of an E-Class Soviet
submarine that appeared to be
(taken inside Vladisvostok har-
bor, a main Soviet submarines
port.
"On that same mission," the;
official recalled, "the Holy-
stonel submarine scraped the
bottom of one of the E-Class'
submarines and knocked off
some of. its equipment."
He recalled that someone
asked during the briefing wheth-
er that had been the only
such incident, and was told
"No. It's happened at least two
other times."
On March 31, 1971, according
to a copy of ? C.I.A. mer.:orali-
dum made available to The
New York Times, another
Holystone collision involving a
Soviet submarine took place.
The, memo, sent on April
I to Richard C. Helms, then
the Director of Central Intel-
ligence, said that "the collision
is reported to have occurred
about 17 nautical miles off-
shore-beyond the 12-mile ter-
ritorial limit claimed by the
U.S.S.R. No Soviet reaction has
been noted."
Eighteen months earlier, a
Holystone submarine was
beached for about two hours
off the Soviet coast, a former
Government aide recalled. The
incident created concern inside
the National Security Council,
the aide said, because of the
possibility that a major interna-
tional incident would develop
if the ship was discovered.
Another former Government
official recalled being briefed
in the late sixties about the
collision of a Holystone vessel
with a North Vietnamese'
minesweeper in the Gulf of
Tonkin, The North Vietnamese
vessel, which apparently had
been provided to the Vietna-
I mese by the Soviet Union, sank
within minutes.
In January, 1974, Laurence
Stern reported in The Washing-
ton Post 'the existence of the
underwater intelligence oper-
.ation and its code name, but.
details about the missions, iia-J
eluding their extent and the'
difficulties they encountered.l
have never been previously dis-1
closed. The dispatch drew no
official reaction either from the
Soviet Union or the United
States.
a,Qri-1ource said that there
' o significant modification:
 'Approved For Release 2001/08/08 : CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7`
of the Holystone operations of-1
ter the Post article, which an
gered the Pentagon, although!
the Russians now seem to be
increasing their counter-detec-
tion efforts against the recon-
naissance missions.
Much of the Soviet effort`
and similar detection efforts!
by the, Chinese utilize radarl
in an attempt to track the
periscopes of the Holystone
jsubmarines, the source said.
On occasion, Holystone subma-
rines have been subjected to
intensive hunts by Soviet de-
stroyers and aircraft, thet
source added. ,
The combination of the vari-
ous misfortunes, the increased
Soviet and Chinese detection
efforts, and the apparent unwill-
ingness of the Navy or the
40 Committee to monitor the
operations closely have con-
vinced many former Govern-
ment officials that Holystone's
risks now outweigh the ac-
knowledged value of the intel-,
ligence collected.
"It provided useful stuff all
right," one former high-level
intelligence analyst said, "but
it was a risky kind of busi-
ness."
A former high-level C.I.A.
official suggested that Holy-
stone was symptomatic of many
of the current Pentagon intel-
ligence collection -and recon-
naissance programs. He specifi-
cally referred to a high-level;
briefing during which Navy in-
telligence officials showed
close .ip photographs of, an
abandoned Soviett nuclear-pow
j Bred -vessel, the apparent victim
of an on-board accident.
Kissinger Role Seen
Similarly, a former White
House official recalled that Mr.
Kissinger was known to be
a strong supporter and close
observer of the Holystone oper-
ations. Mr. Kissinger attended
briefings on the project, the
former aide said, in the early
days of the Nixon Administra-
tion. .
Despite the emphasis on pho-
tographs, most of those inter-
viewed agreed that photogra-
phy was the least significant
aspect of the Holystone mis-
sions.
Far more important, they
said, was the information ob-
tained through the N.S.A.'s
electronic means about Soviet
long and short range submarine-
launched ballistic missiles.
Since the Russians normally
test-fire many of their sea-
based .missiles inland to avoid
close United States observa-
tion, the Holystone missions
often penetrated close to the
Soviet shores to observe the
missile launchings.
The missions were able to
get what one official termed
a "voice autograph" of various
Soviet submarines. These were
described as detailed tape re-
cordings of the noises made
by submarine engines and other
equipment.
Such ' recordings were care-
fully maintained, the official
said, and jNaik- technicians`
have been 'able to perfect a
method for identifying specific
Soviet submarines, even those
tracked, at long range under
"We can follow boats through
their life `cycle," the expert
said, meaning that technicians :
are able to keep track of a
Soviet submarine from her
launching until she is decom-
missioned.
The Russians are believed
to be far behind in this kind:
of underwater intelligence, the
source said.
A number of sources de-
scribed the Holystone informa-
tion as being important to the
United' States-Soviet Strategic
Arms Limitations Talks that
led in 1972 to an interim five-
year accord. The accord, among
other things, placed certain lim-
its on the number of land-
based and submarine-launched.
offensive ballistic missiles both
sides could maintain.
"One of the reasons we can-
have a SALT. agreement is be-
cause we know. what the So-
viets are doing," one official
said, "and Holystone is an im-
portant part of what we know
about the Soviet submarine
{ force." -
This official, who was in4
volved in some aspects of thg
arms talks, described the. sub-
marine reconnaissance program
as "the kind - of intelligence
operation that has a high pay-
off and whose risks seem to
be minimal."
. But another official, who told
of other important intelligence
information that was obtained.
from- Holystone, said that the
project seemed to "very provoc-
ative" and was inadequately
supervised.
In this official's. view, the
most significant information
provided by Holystone was a
readout of the various comput-
er calculations and signals
that the Russians put into ef-
fect before firing their long
and short range submarine mis-
siles.
The reconnaissance boats
were also invaluable, he said,
in followirfg the flight and
eventual crash of the Soviet
missiles, providing constant in-
fgrmation on guidance and
electronic systems.
"What bothers me," the offi-
cial said, "is the fact that -the
Soviets know we're there. This l
isn't like overhead [satellite]'
intelligence. This is provoca-
.tive."
None of the issues raised
by the Holystone program is,
known to have been seriously
considered by any Congression-l
al committee. -
A member of the Senate Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence
acknowledged this week that"
the committee had yet to focus,
on such reconnaissance opera-
tions.
"I suppose we'll hit it '.at,
some point," the official said.'
`This committee will look into,
all allegations." ,
'WASHINGTON POST
21 May 1976
CIA Loses
ail
r By George Lardner Jr.
Washington Post Staff Writer
Postmaster General Benja-
min F. Bailar has issued or-
ders prohibiting the Central
intelligence Agency from ac-
cess to "any kind of mail in
the custody of the Postal Serv-
ice."
Ballar notified CIA Director
William E. Colby of the re-
strictions in a March 5 letter
prompted by the CIA's disclo-
sures earlier this year of unau-
thorited mail-intercepts over a
20-year period.
According to congressional
testimony by postal authori-
ties and other information
that has since come to light,
the CIA obtained approval to
conduct various "mail covers"
-which are limited td the rec-
?ordirig of information on out-
side wrappings and envelopes
-and then surreptitiously be-
gan opening selected mail
without the knowledge of
postal officials.
Thousands of first-class let-
ters between the United
States and the Soviet Union
and hundreds of incoming air-
mail letters from China were
intercepted by CIA agents be-
fore the CIA finally halted the
projects in February, 1973.
The practice, however, re-
mained a closely held secret
until Colby alluded to. it in
congressional testimony in
January and February.
Bailar, who became Post-
ccess t
ary, said in his letter to Colby
that the disclosures had givers
him "most serioucs concern."
"Consequently," Bailar
wrote, "I have instructed thei
Postal Inspection Service toy
make sure that. Central Intelli-1
Bence Agency. personnel are'
not permitted to have access,
to any'-kind of mail in the cus-
tody of the Postal Service,
whether by way of cooperative
conducted by postal officials
who handle the mail them-
selves and then supply, the re-}'quested information, such ast
the names and addresses oft
the senders, to the law en-i
agencies requesting
it. However, CIA agents them-
selves were permitted to proc-3
ess the Soviet and Chinese
mail.
dently designed to prevent
that from happening again, al-
though presumably postal offi-
cials might be willing to con-
duct mail covers on behalf of
the CIA.
Postal officials released they
correspondence, including Col-
by's March 13 reply, without
comment. `
In his reply, Colby said he
shared the Postmaster Gener-
al's concern over protecting
the integrity of the mail and
said the CIA had "no inten-
opening program. ' d
Bailar had asked for Colby's
assurance that "no such opera-
tions are presently active -or
planned, and that in the fu-
ture the Central Intelligence
Agency will refrain from any
undertaking that might draw
the integrity of the mailsiinto
question."
Washington Whispers
On the lecture circuit, it appears, de-
nouncing the Central Intelligence
Agency is far more profitable than
defending it. David Phillips made that
discovery after he resigned as CIA
chief of operations for Latin America
so he could speak out publicly in be-
half of the Agency. When he tried to
arrange a lecture tour, his agent told
him he could expect to earn $5,000 to
$10,000 a year if he defended the
CIA, between $50,000 and'$100,000
if he arracked it. -
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 Approved For Release'2001/08/08,: CIA-RDP77-00432R000.100360001-7
LOS ANGELES TIMES
18 May 1975
-?:. awful as `S"
/, . .. . . . . n, p
Jstce ' t.
Says
But,kdrninistratidn Stand on Warrantless Searches
-
Y-iRQNALD J. DSTB01 :
Times Staff Writer
--
WASHINGTON-The Ford r1d= per," Ruth said in his brief opposing
ministration has asserted that federal' Ehrlichman's appeal.
agents have the right to break into a Ehrlichman, G. Gordon Liddy; Ber-
citizen's home without 'a warrant to; nard L. Barker and Eugenio R. Mar-
search for items in foreign espionage, tinez were convicted last July of con-
'or intelligence cases. spiring to violate the civil rights of
Watergate special prosecutor Hen Dr. Lewis J. Fielding, a Beverly Hills
ry S. Ruth Jr., splitting with the Jus- psychiatrist, in a 1971 search of his
?tice Department on the issue, said in office for material on Daniel Ellsberg;
a legal brief that-such power would one of his patients. It was Ellsberg
conflict with 200 years of American who leaked the Pentagon Papers to
constitutional history. the, press.
The controversy over the extent of During the .Ehrlichman trial last
the Executive Branch's power in na- iily, U.S. Dist. Judge Gerhard A. Ge-,
tional security matters is reminiscent
of the debate that raged but was
never settled in the final, tumultuous
year of the Nixon administration.
? The dispute surfaced in a publicly
unnoticed, two-page letter that the
Justice Department filed with the
U.S. Court of Appeals here in the ap-
peal of former Nixon aide John_ D..
'Ehrlichman and three others of their
convictions in the Ellsberg break-in
case.
The letter, signed by John C. Keen-
ey, acting assistant attorney general
for the department's criminal divi
sion, was dated May 9. A legal:
source, familiar with its contents and .
import, called it to the attention of,
The Times.
A department spokesman said Sat--,
urday that. the position had been=
cleared by Atty. Gen. Edward H.'
Levi and Solicitor Gen. Robert H..
Bork, the department's chief advo-
cate before the Supreme Court. It
thus represents Administration poli-
cy.
Such searches without a judge'si
prior approval "must be very careful-,
ly controlled,", Keeney said. "There
must be solid reason to believe that
foreign espionage or intelligence is
involved." - ;
Before agents can conduct a war-
rantless search. the operation must
be personally authorized by the Pres
ident er the attorney general, Keen-
ey said.
"The intrusion into any zone of ex
petted privacy must be kept to the.
minimum," he said.
At the heart of the dispute is the
Constitution's' Fourth Amendment,
which protects citizens from "unrea
sonable searches and seizures." t
'The history of. the Fourth Amend ?-
ment and the 200 years of precedent:
interpreting and shaping the Fourth;
Aineiidinent do iiot'cast any doubt iii.
the principle that a warrant must be
obtained in all cases for the physical
search of a citizen's home or office
and the seizure of his confidential pa-
P1l. in his instruction to the jury, re-
D' as a defense in the search of Field
fig's office. . '
Concern for preventing leaks of na-?.
tonal security . material "would not'
-live justified a warrantless search of
. Fielding's office without his per-
iission," Gesell said.
:."'There ,s` no 'evidence that the,
:P .
:President authorized such a search,'
`tnd as a matter of law neither he nor
thy- official nor any agency such as,
Jie FBI or the CIA had the authority
p order it" Gesell said-
Normally an answer to the defen-
Sants' appeal would be left to the
pecial prosecutor's office. But the:
Justice Department letter by Keeney
was submitted because of Ruth's ar-'
gument that such, searches were "a
core violation of the Fourth Amend-
ment-a physical break-in by the,.
government to rummage through an,
individual's papers and effects."
Ruth's position "raises questions
which, in our view, are not presented
by this case," Keeney said.
. The break-in at Fielding's office
.was "plainly unlawful," Keeney said:.
"The-search was not controlled as we
have suggested it must be, there was
no proper authorization, there was'
no" delegation to a proper officer and
there was no sufficient predicate for
the choice of the particular premises
invaded." -
But the Justice Department likened
a physical search of a citizen's prop
erty without a warrant to wiretap-'
ping without. a warrant when. foreigtY
espionage or intelligence was in-
volved.
The Supreme Court and Congress-.
"have not resolved' the question of
.whether the government can wiretap
without a warrant in cases involving
'foreign espionage, or intelligence..
However, the high court, has 'ruled
,that the government cannot place
wiretaps without court sanction to
'obtain information involving "the
domestic aspects of national securi-
ty." -
"The department does not be-'
'lieve there is a constitutional differ-
ence between searches conducted by
wiretapping and those involving phy-
sical entries into private premises,"
Keeney wrote. . .
"It is and has long been the depart-
ment's view that warrantless
searches involving physical entries
into private premises are justified un-
der the proper circumstances when
related to foreign espionage or intel-
ligence."
Ruth disagreed. asserting that "in-
vasion of a person's home or office to
seize his papers always has been
treated as far more serious than tap-
ping into the wires of a public utility.:
or other eavesdropping." '
The special prosecutor conceded
.that attorneys general in the past
had permitted "a technical trespass"
-but only for the purpose of placing
an electronic. bug and not for a physi-
cal search. - . .
It was learned that Solicitor Gener-
al Bork had conferred with Ruth be-
fore the special prosecutor had filed
his brief, seeking to persuade him not
to press the issue.
Ruth, in an interview Saturday, re-
fused to say whether such a discus-_
lion had taken place and would say
only: "As in the past, I'll say that the
Justice Department has not inter-
fered in our operations or tried to'
prevent us from doing anything."
In his brief, Ruth cited the words of
the late Justice Felix Frankfurter in
a -1949 search-and-seizure case, and
said they were "as unquestionably
binding today as then in describing
what has historically been the cen-
tral evil against which the FourtB
Amendment protects."
Frankfurter had said: "The security
of one's privacy against arbitrary in-
trusion by the police-which is at
the-core of the Fourth Amendment
-is basic to a free society.
"The knock at the door, whether by
day or by night as a prelude to a
search, without authority of law but
solely on the authority of the police,
did not need the commentary of re-
cent history-to be condemned as in-
consistent with the conception of hu-
man rights enshrined in the history
and the basic constitutional doc-
uments of English-speaking peoples"
22
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Vlspued by Watergate
Special Prosecutor Ruth
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NEW YORK TIMES
25 May 1975
..-This I
Conventional wisdom to the con-.
'trary, the Clandestine-Service is not a'
glamorous, public-service refuge for
the scions of the East Coast, Ivy
League Establishment. A composite of
the average officer shows that he or
(more frequently now) she is probably
33 years of age, married and with per-
h two children He holds a raduate
s g
About (shh)
P
By David Atlee Phillips degree from a state university, speaks
at least one foreign language and has
BETHESDA, Md.-With all the
speculation these days about Central
Intelligence ? Agency dabblings in
derring-do, domestic spying, assassina-
tion, political subversion and God
knows what else, one could easily
visualize a C.I.A. payroll swollen by a-
zealous, ubiquitous cloak-and-dagger
corps impervious to good judgment
and outside influence.
In fact, the majority of the C.I.A's;
employes are assigned to the Wash-
ington, D. C. area and involved with
the preparation of intelligence esti-.
mates and reports, scientific and tech-
nical activities, and administration.
' The problem area has always been
with the members of the Clandestine
Service, the covert employes who wont
A road and who must hide their affili-,
ation if they are to function and, in-
deed, survive in. many overseas areas-
' Almost inevitably though, public,
questions about that shadowy world
and what it has been up to have been
raised, multiplied and . have festered.
The result is the review now being.
cptducted, essentially of the Clandes-.
-sine Service, by a Presidential commis-
sion and two Congressional committees,
t;m approach that should satisfy even
-oar harshest critics. For the record,,
t$s .certainly represents no problem,
fo'r` me so long as it. is responsibly'
bandied. - .
worked in at least two foreign coun-
tries. Abroad he often performs two
functions, his cover job and, when
that work day ends, his clandestine
work.. He claims no pay for overtime,
whether working in headquarters or in.
the field, and contributes 15 per cent
more time to the job than the ordinary
9 to 5 worker. Since his salary is about
$20,000 a year, the Government gets
an additional $4,500 of uncompensated
overtime from him ' annually. In his
cover role he is always ' ranked below
his peers, but he recognizes that he
must accomplish tasks other Govern-
ment components should not 'be asked
to do. He'is an intellectual marine.
Perhaps-soon the C.I.A. can fade
back into, the position of somewhat
less prominence and interest to the
news media, with which we have had
and undoubtedly will continue to have
.our unique problems. Responsible, fac-
tual -stories we can endure stoically,
even though we find painfully gratui-
tous the exposure of active operations
or agents. Egregious, sensationalist
ries we can also endure because the
ridiculous is patently short-lived. The
type that really bothers us is the
hybrid (fact-and-fallacy) story that re-
fuses to die or be straightened out, and
sinks into the public subconscious as
THE WASHINGTON POST Wednesday,'fay 21, l975
By .!Clay Harris
LONDON, May 20 -
When Britain's newest tour
of 't stately homes" b e g a n
,earlier this week, the house-
rfiolder at the only stop on
; he first day's tour wasn't
,.,at home to his guests.
', -So, the 60 or so partic-
ipants stood a curbside vigil
'across the street fromthe
'Belgravia home of Cord
Meyer Jr.,' chief of the U.S.
embassy's political liaison
.section and widely reputed
to be the Central intelli-
gence Agency's station chief
in Britain.
r If Meyer had answered
the door, he would have been
,presented with a mock his-
torical plaque like those
ithat adorn the houses of
,the famous. Iiis,was a blue
,growing campaign against'
the presence'of CIA agents
in Britain.
A group of Labor mem-
bers of Parliament is ex-
pected to call soon for the
expulsion of as many as 50'
U.S. embassy employees.
,Names, and in some cases
seven home addresses, of
embassy officials reputed to
be CIA agents have been
,printed in publications rang-
ing from London Times to
the leftish weekly, Time
Out.
The tours have been or-
ganized by the Concerned`,
.Americans Abroad, a grQyP
of American residents in
London which was originally
formed in 1968 to protest
tbbc Vie' n-am ' war. '
frisbee with the lettering: The group commissioned
"CIA - 1970-? the Father Xmas Union
The invitation to "see how under the d i. r e e t i o n of
,the underhand live" marked American Ed 13 e r in a n to
the introduction of trect present, the ,`Guided Toyr
theater as a tactic ,1pij-covedf Ft ReIeaA& 00 tI Bi08
e
o do 't
Americans in.-London Offer.
Toiivv of,'Sulle y
durable myth.
An example: The persistence of the
allegation that the C.I.A. encouraged
the Chilean plotters who toppled Pres-
ident Salvador Allende Gossens and
funded the strikes leading to the coup
is just plain frustrating, after all, of
C.I.A. Director William E. Colby's testi-
mony on the subject. This myth seems
to hang on Mr. Colby's purported use
of the term "destabilization" in Con-
gressional hearings to characterize our
Chilean operations. But, Mr. Colby did
not use any such word. ?I know. I was
there with him. I also know the other
allegations are not true because I was
chief of Latin-American operations at
the time Dr. Allende was deposed.
I certainly do not want to leave the
impression that the Clandestine Serv-
ice considers itself without error and
above criticism. We have made our
quota of mistakes, some of which have
been headlined for the world. Current
investigations may assess us culpable
of others related to loosely-defined
areas of our basic charter such as co-
vert action, or borderline cases involv-
ing domestic operations against for-
eign targets. Whatever the outcome,
our hope is that a new consensus will
emerge on ground rules for the Clan-
destine Service that will satisfy re-
sponsible critics and their concerns on
the one hand and the C.I.A.'s critical
responsibilities for the national se-
curity on the other.
David Atlee Phillips has retired early
from his position as the C.I.A.'s chief
of Latin-American operations to organ-
ize ex-intelligence officers from all'
services to explain intelligence in
American society. ?
Homes.". '
Each day this week, Ber-
man and a supporting cast'
from a London theater
group lead `the curious, to
the -home of an alleged CIA
operative. The tour is light-
hearted in tone, intended
humorously to focus public-
ity' on the, embassy person-
trel claimed to work for the
CIA.
The tour begins in Sloane'
Square, where on the first
day two black-clad members
of the company conspicu-,
ously hid behind their cloaks
as they perched oil a monu-,
ment to Chelsea's war dead.
Berman himself' was
dressed in a Santa Claus
suit.
Berman's jokes, in most
cases, were more music hall
than, revolutionary, 'and
much of his monologue
kept tip. the pretense of a
'guided tour: This was cal-.
culated? Berman revealed-
as. the police began to make
their inquiries, since bull-
horns may be used without
license if the occasion 'is
,
"commercial."
CHICAGO TRIBUNE
16 MAY 1975
William Colby,- diet of the ;CIA, -win 'vroltpb1y leave his
post at the end of the yew. The CIA"wants to get more of an
adxiinistrative-typs 'person to straigbtear out CIA problems.
Jane Fonda is reported to be furious about ex-husband
Roger Vadim's autobiography "Memoirs of the Devil." The
French filmmaker is said to treat Jane about as unkindly as
the CIA did.
CIA-RDP77-00432R000100360001-7-
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NEW YORK TIMES
30 May 1975
'61 MEMO 13 CITED
ot C1I1A-MAFIA TIE
Hoover Is Said to Have Told
Robert Kennedy of Link
to 2 Racket Figures
By NICHOLAS M. HORROCK
Special to The New York Times
-WASHINGTON, May 29-
Robert F. Kennedy knew as
early as May 1, 1961, that the
Central Intelligence Agency
was secretly dealing with the
Mafia, according to a Federal
Bureau of Investigation memo-
randum now in the hands of
the Rockefeller commission
and the Senate Select Commit-
tee on Intelligence.
The discovery of this new
memorandum increases the
mystery of whether senior
members of the administration
of President Kennedy, includ-
ing his brother the Attorney
General, ordered or approved
an alleged C.I.A. plot to kill
Cuban Premier Fidel Castro.
It is part of a growing pat-
tern of indications, mentioned
in press reports over the last
two weeks, that a plan to as-
sassinate Mr. Castro was dis-
cussed at the highest levels of
the Government in the early
nineteen sixties and that, with
or without approval, the intelli-
gence agency recruited two
men-with organized crime con-
nections to attempt one such
operation.
According to sources famil-
iar with the investigation. J.
Edgar Hoover, the- director of
the F.B.I., wrote a detailed se-
cret memorandum to Robert
Kennedy in May, 1961, assert-
ing that during an investigation
of two racket figures, Sam Gi-
ancana and John Roselli, agent'
had turned up an apparent
connection with the C.I.A.
:No Word on Assassination
The memorandum, one source
said, went on to note that
the F.B.I. requested and re-
ceived a full . C.I.A. briefing
about the agency's dealings
with Mr. Giancana and Mr.
Roselli. The memorandum, this
source .. said, never mentioned
the words "assassination" or
"eliminate," a eupheiism for
assassination often used in spy
circles. But the source said
Mr. Hoover characterized the
reported C.I.A. activities with
Mr. Giancana and Mr. Roselli
as "dirty business."
Tice memorandum is dated
almost a year before Robert
Kennedy was given a briefing
by the intelligence agency on
this same subject.
In that briefing, covered in
testimony before the Rockefel-
ler commission and in do-
cuments, according to reliable
sources,- the Attorney General:
appeared to learn of the C.I.A.'s
dealings with the Mafia for
the first time and admonished
the agency official bridi4loV
that the next time the C.I.A.
wanted to deal with organized
crime it should come to him
first.
As a result of this May,
1962; briefing, the Attorney Ge-
neral gave Mr. Hoover further
details on the C.I.A. operation
and Mr. Hoover wrote a me-
morandum that was kept in
F:B.I. files. and was known only
to select members of the top
echelon of bureau for many
years.
Concern on Blackmail
TBat memorandum, authori-
tative sources disclosed last
week, is also in the hands
of the rockefeller commission,
which is looking into intel-
ligence operations. It reported-
ly contained Mr. Hoover's con-
cern that Mr. Giancana could
"blackmail" the. Uetidn States
Government.
The Associated Press report-
ed last week what appears to
be another piece of this puzzle.
It, quoted authoritative sources
who said the Rockefeller com-
mission had obtained the mi-
nutes of 'a meeting on Aug.
10, 1962, attended by Secretary
of Defense Robert S. McNama-
ra, Secretary of State Dean
Rusk, John A. McCone. then
Director of Central Intelligence,
and McGeorge Bundy, President
Kennedy's adviser for national
security affairs. The meeting,.
the A.P. report said, included
a "discussion" of killing Mr.
Castro.
One source told the A.P. that
the matter was "immediately
dismissed," but the wire service
quoted two other sources who
said that a memo was written
two days later by Mr. McNama-
ra directing the C.I.A. to pre-
pare contingency plans for the
"elimination" of Mr. Castro.
Several highly placed sources
within the C.I.A. and other. in-
telligence circles of the early
nineteen-sixties have said that
after the Bay of Pigs invasion
failed in April, 1961, there was
a major effort to get rid of
Mr. Castro. For instance, News-
week magazine reported that
a source described this as an
"effort of the Kennedy Admi-
nistration."
Most intelligence sources of
the period appear to be anxious
to stress that no plan for either
an assassination, kidnapping or
coup d'etat would have been
brought to an operational level
without the authority of the
Administration, but the public
record is by no means clear.)
For instance, one source said)
that the top of the May, 1961,1
memorundum disclosed this
week, a note had been jotted
in what he said was Robrtl
Kennedy's handwriting iaying,l
"Have this followed up vigor-i
ously, and that the memoran-)
dum bore the handwritten ini
tials "RFK.".AL The hand-
written note had apparently
been retyped by someone : in
the same period as the memo
was written, the source said,;
,apparently to make the note
clear to readers. But there'' is
no evidence yet public that
it was "followed up vigorously"
or what action was taken
if
,
any. . "Any partial analysis of
A o esman a evi gene is dangerous and
d ?diaWt n 4 8N ti C4RirMi>~ 71 Q43 RO?0dw
WASHINGTON POST
23 V AY 1975
Warren Report Foe.
Heads - New Group1
By Richard M. Cohen
. Washington Post Staff Writer
dark Lane, an indefatigablet.ence with the Rockefeller
critic of the Warren Commis.i commission in which he had;:
Sion report, yesterday an-1
noimced the formation here oft Volunteered to appear as a
the Citizens Commission of Ii-, witness. to discuss the Ken-
quiry. an umbrella orgaitiza-;'nedy killing and the CIA. He
tion designed to coordinate! was told by Belin to first sub-`
the activitities of those who, mit a letter and responded by
believe that Lee Harvey Os-: addressing one to Rockefeller
Wald either did not kill Presi-i himself.
(lent John F. Kennedy, or was: In -announcing the forma-
not working alone. ; tion of his commission, Lane
Lane, the dir,ector of the r released the names of its exec-
newly formed, organization,. utive committee. It includes
said its purpose would be tojRichard Barnet and Marcus
generate "a nationwide organ-Raskin. both of the Institute
izing project to urge Congress ifOr Policy Studies here; Mor-
to investigate the assassina-iton Halperin. former deputy
.ion of President John F. Ken.; assistant secretary of defense:
nedy and the resultant cover., Linus Pauline. a Nobel Prize
up of the facts by the FBI and laureate in chemistry: John
the CIA." Marks. co-author of The CIA
The organization, Lane said, and the Cult of Intelligence":
would begin legal action for the Bernard Fensterwald Jr:. a
release of evidence still kept lawyer whose Committee to
secret by the government.He Investigate .assassinations was
said some of the most impor- merged with Lane's organiza-
tant evidence relating to Ken- Lion.: and. George O'Toole. a
nedy's murder was never seen f o r m e r computer specialist
by members of the commis- with the . CIA and the author
sign headed by late Chief Jus- of a4azine articles saying
the Os.vald's voice prints in-
tice Earl Warren and charged
by President Lyndon Johnson dicates hewas not lying when
to investigate the assassins- he told officials he did not kill
tion of Kennedy. Kennedy.
The Warren Commission' Despite. a free-swinging at-
was established by Johnson a. tack on the Warren Commis-
week. after the Nov. 22, 1963. sion and federal police and in-
assassination and turned in its;telligence agencies. Lane said;
report a year later. Since then, 'he himself did not know who;
its conclusion that Oswald was:=or who else-killed Ken
Kennedy's sole killer and not nedy.
part of a conspiracy has comet Lane's press conference was:
under attack from critics such; the latest indication of a re-,
as Lane. ( vival of interest in the Ken- I
At his press conference,!nedy assassination, as well ass
Lane took some swipes at the. the subsequent killings of
commission headed by Vice' Robert F. Kennedy- and Mar-;
President Rockefeller which is. tin Luther Kidg. Lane, whose,
investigating the CIA, and at-'one-man lecture tour attacking
tacked the commission's exec-'the Warren Commission criss-;
uaive director. David IV. Be1in, crossed the country in the;
who had been an assistant, early and mid-1960s. said yes-
counsel for the Warren Com terday that he has , recently.
mission. 'completed a national speaking:
Lane exhibited correspond-tour of 35 colleges.
i
on whether the committee had
any specific evidence.
This has been the committee's
general response. But the
spoke: man went on to point
out, ',,hat the panel felt that
"thr,-,e leaks are outrageous"
~anrf. that the question of whe-
ith-