EXCERPTS FROM WHITE HOUSE ANALYSIS AND EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE CLAIMS FOR TAPES

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• Document Page Count: 41
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 7, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 27, 1973
• Content Type: NSPR

25X1A
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CONFIDENTIAL
INTERNAL USE ONLY
This publication contains clippings from the
domestic and foreign press for YOUR
BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Further use
of selected items would rarely be advisable.
No. 50
3 DECEMBER 1973
GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS
1
GENERAL
21
NEAR EAST
26
Destroy after backgrounder
has served its purpose or
within 60 days.
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NEW YORK TIMES
27 November 1973
Excerpts From, Whit Housenalysis
?
an
,
--
t,
Executive Privilege Claims for Tapes
1, SPecil to The NM York Tunes dent. There idnothing in this.' thereafter to White HI House(
'WASNGTON, Nov. 26? conversation ? "concerning' counsel, J. Fred Buzhardt. as
Following are excerpts front ,possible criminal conduct or having occurred on a portion
the White House analysis and discussions of possible crim.: of the tape recording subse-
claims of executive privilege _inal conduct" as to, testimony 'quent to that of the meeting,
, fetre subpoenaed tape recordet, Concerning which the Presie between the President and
' inks; submitted today to Unit- dent announced he would not John Ehrlichman, which at
' ed States District Judge John,. 'invoke executiVe privilege on' that time and until November'
'J. Siricas ? , ? --," May 22, 1973. . 14, 1973, was believed to be
1
PART I ? - Haldeman4sibton ,, ,.
- ' ,; The only part of that recotd-?
mg r subpoenaed. The incident effein 1' (A) of the Subpoena; :-. Conversation betWeert the
..;
rates to meeting of June 20,, : President and his assistant,- was therefore believed to be
1972, in the President's Exec-'' .11. R. Haldeman, from '11:26. 'inconsequential.
eutiVee Office Building ("EOB")), AIM. to 12:45 P.'M. in the' i The delay in discovering
(;)(,0ee involving Richard Nix-e . President's "EOB" office. ' :that the incident affected a,
,ok, John Ehrlithman and H. .' ' This conVetsation. Was* rel, portion of the tape contain-
Haldeman from 10:30 A.M.'; ' corded on tape by the sound-, :ing a subpoenaed converse:.
,td-noon (time, approximate). ' '?'actuated recording systerri, tion was du to the ambiguity.
L '-he President's daily diary, described in, testimony in the of the language of the, sub-
lag ibr June 20, 1972 (Exhibitl , evidentiary hearing held byl 'poena. The applicable portion
! 11), shoWs that thelPresident. this court. and the tape re-' of the subpoena, dated? July
rriet.,alone with his assistant Ording is being submitted as 23, 1973, is: :
`Jelin* D. Ehrlichman, from.. Item I.B.I. covered by the, ' "1. All tapes '4n1 other eiec.;:
25
IL !tronic anchor mechanical ree
10 to ?11:30 A.M. in hid' subpoena..
"EbB" office. Subsequently, , This conversaticn relates ,cordings or reproductions,
'f: ; , the President's Exec..
*:'
'
? .
I the President met with his as- primarily, to.. Scheduling and' and any memoranda, papers,
siStant, H. R. Haldeman from (travel. Foe a pertion of, O transcripts' and' other writ-
da':
? 1P26 A.M. to 12:45- P.M. int ','recording, In lieu of any'audi-e ings, relating to: .
InA "EOB" office.
'tile conversation, there is " "(A) Meeting of June 20,
conversation between the constant hum.' (See "B.1.: (c) 1972: in
ei.'
P4es1dent and John D. Ehrlich- below.). At one point during.' .utive Office Building MOO
-i
men, from 10:25 to 11:2 0A.m. the meeting the President
:0e involvingRichard Nix
'ireethe President's "EMI" of- 'spoke on the telephone to his on, John Ehrlichman and'flee. daughter, Julie: None of the, H. R. Haldeman from .10:30 i
' 1.?'his conversation relates recorded conversation relates' 'A.m.' to noon (time approxi''
:1
pr marilY to the higher edu, , to Watergate.t .; m
,ater .
cation bill then under con- ? , There is a :lapsed playing e In the remainder of the
sideration by the Congress. -time on the tape of approxi-
subpoena applicable to tape',
Other subjects discussed in-' mately 3 minutes and 10 sec- recordings, each separate?
tie
chide school busing, the Su- 'onds, during which the Presi-
meeting is subpoenaed as
.pteme Court decision (U: S. dent reqtAsts contomme and` separate item. Accordingly,,
Iv. Item (a) of the subpoena was'.
initially S. District Court) on speaks to the steward about' initially assumed to be' aPel
national security wiretap- minor administrative matters
e plicable to only one meeting. I
pitig, press conferences and The tape records various - An examination of they formats, legislative ac- noises' of movement; * The President's daily log revealed;
tion on proposals for welfare ? playing of the tape recordin
i
, reform and the Stockholm from the point where H. R. that there was rip meetingwith the President on the.
cOnference on environment. Haldeman enters the office'to
During the conversation, the t :his departure is approximate,: morning 'of June 20, 1972, ini
*Ptesident conversed on -the ly 54 minutes 'and 49 sec- whieh both Mr.- Ehrlichman:
telephone with a .edeputy as-'. ends. The playing time of the and Mr. Haldeman partici- i
'siStant, Edward L. Morgan,. tape ? preceding significant 'sated. ' ,
.
about the higher 'education: portions of the conversation - ' Mr.' Ehrlichman, however,
'
? are as follows: ? : - - , met with the President from'
'legislation. ;
,There is no discussion or
EVENT?Playing time front, meeting most nearly coincided
'10:25 A.M. to 11:20 A.M. This ".
' p
, cdthment which relates, either': '
di beginning of recording fthis
fectly or indirectly, to the Meeting most nearly coincided?.!
conversation. ?
-incident at the Democratic , :With the time specified in, the ;
National Committee offices at : ? ' Start of `Iturii" signal: 3, fsidepoenas. ' ? ' ' .
inutes 40 seconds. m -
Watergate Which occurred aEnd of "hum" signal:. 2ie ' testimony by 2 Aides
.
' fek.days prior te the con-, '
eversation. e `; In addition, the public testi- :
' minutes 55 seconds. ?
Telephone conversation: 47 mony given by Messrs. naidee';
1 The conversation recorded: .
lonethis tape consists of ad-* man and Ehrlichman indicated:
'minutes 0 seconds. ? '
!vite .to the President by his. 'that it was Mr. Ehrlichman's'
'',' It is believed that the hunie
'then senior assistant for do- which occurs approximately 'conversation .in ,-which the::
mestic affairs on Official poi; .3 minutes and 40 seconds'. Special prosecutor would haye'
.,
icY decisions then pending :from the beginning of. this, ,'an interest.
before the President, and the conversation between. Presi ,
e . ,White House counsel is net*
'conveyance to the President dent Nixon and H. R. Halde-1 ',aware of any testimony givert
' beeihis assistant of the. advice maneand which continues fort ;by Mr. Haldeman relating to
of 4 other. identified person. approximately' '18 minutes' a meeting with the,President,
within the Administration on and 15 seconds, was caused ' on June 20, 1972. .
the same matters. Nothing in -by the depression of a record ?
' Mr.' Ehrlichman,' however,
the .conversation relates to button during the process of Was examined in some detail'
Watergate on anything eon- 'reviewing the tape, possibly, ' nby the Senate Select Commit-
.
fleeted therewith. while the recorder was in thei -tee on his meeting with the
' The President believes that. 'proximity of an electric type- President on June 20. On July*
, the conversation is subject in writer, 'and a high intensity'
,
24 1973, Mr. Ehrlichman tese
; its entirety to a claim of ex-' 1 ., tified, in answer to questions
amp
'gate at this meeting with the
President, but rather, met
with the President because he
"needed some decisions and
some marching orders" on
particular legislative sub-
'subsequently, on July 300
1973, Mr. Ehrlichman,
fled:
told Senator Baker, I.
believe, the other leas, that,
eWatergate was not idis-
cussed at the meeting and.
since then I have rechecked
...what sketchy notes I have
and find I was in error
.on that. I am sure there
must have been some dis-
cussion of 'the Watergate
. with the President on that f
occasion on the 20th." .
'Memorandum of Prosecutor
It was not until the eve-
ning of Wednesday; Novem-
ber' 14, 1973, when copies Of
the 'tubpoenaed tapes' were
provided 'for,. White House,
counsel's use in preparing,
.the index and arialYsis .re-)
tluired under the court's' di-.
rection, ?that all 'materials re-
motely relating to the sub-,
poenaed conversations were
reviewed to to assist in prepar,,f,
ing the analysis. Among the
materials 'then reviewed was.
the opinion ? of the United
States Court, of ? Appeals for.
the District of Columbia,,
Nixon v.:Sirica, decided Oc-'
Ober' 12, 1973( 'Appendix Ile;
beginning at page 48 of the:
opinion - is a memorandurni
filed by the special' prosecue
?tor'with this court on August'
*-13e 1973: The, first numbered,
:item of that memorandum id
as follows:
"1. Meeting of Ante 2b?
1972. Respondent met with:
,John D. .Ehrlichman. and
H. R. Haldeman in his old,
Executive Office Building
office. on June 20, 1972,'
from 10:30 A.M. until ? ap-
proximately. 12:45 P.M.
'"There is every reason . to'
,infer that the meeting in-'
"eluded, discussion of the'
Watergate incident. The*
.break-in had occurred on;
'June , 17?just, three days'
learlier,' Dean did not .re-
turn to Washington until!
June ,.18. Halde-
man. and' LaRue had also;
been out of town and did,
,not return until late on':
June 19.
.
? "Early on the morning
:Of June 20, Haldeman,;
.Ehrlichman, Mitchell, Dean:
'and Attorney General;
Kleindienst met in, the;
'White House. This ,was
-their first opportunity for,
full discussion of how tei,
?handle the Watergate, in.;
ecUtive privilege in order to The incident was detected by Senator Baker, that he ident, and Ehrlichman has.
? protect the confidentiality ?and reported when ,made ?had ,no recollection or notes testified that Watergate.
`. of Advice' given ,tp,the Pres 'the President, , and shortly, ,Of having ;discussed Water- was indeed the primary} ?
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?;subjett- bf the meeting
From there, Ehrnehmen,
;and then Haldeman went'
Ito see !the President. The,
inference that they
I
ported ;on Watergate, and.,
may :well have received
Instructions, is almost ir-
resistible. The inference is
confirmed by Ehrlichman's
public testimony/that' the
discussion with respondent
included both Watergate
' and Government wiretap-
ping. The contemporary'
evidence; of that meeting
should show the extent or,
the knowledge of the did-
gal ? activity by the par-
. ticipants or any effort to
conceal the truth from the ?
. respondent."
'? Only the: most careful
reading of even this memo-'.
randum discloses that the,
special prosecutor seeks a
recording of more than one
' meeting on June 20, 1972.
'Only, two indicators are pre-'
sent. First, the ending time
Of the. '"meeting" in the'
memorandum is 12:45 P.M.;
rather than ' the approxima-;
tion of "noon" as specified
in the subpoena. Second, the
.word "then" in the sentence,
"From there, Ehrlichman and
then Haldeman went to: see
the President" indicated the,:
special prosecutor sought'
recordings of two sequential
;meetings. ?
Inquiry,to Buzhardt
?
'? White House spetial coun-
sel J. Fred Buzhardt received'
an inquiry pn September 23,
1973, as to the conversation?'
'covered by the first item of.-;
?the subpoena, to which hel
;replied that the conversation,
at the meeting with Ehrlich-;
man was what was involved,'.
.and that the special .prose-
cutor must have been mis-
taken' in assuming that
Halderman also was in the
meeting. This response was
relayed to the President and,
to?Mr. Steve Bull. '
, The conversation, on the
'tape recording of the meeting
between H. R: Halderman,
.and the President consists of;
'advice to the President by a,
'senior .
.o adviser on official de-',
:cisions then pending before'
the President. None of the,,
'Conversation recorded relates;
;to Watergate. ? -
t , The President believes that
the conversation is subject in
entirety to a Claim 'of
executive privilege in order,
to protect the confidentiality'.
of advice given to the Pres-,
Ident. There is nothing in.
this 'conversation "concern-
ing possible criminal conduct'
or discussitms of possible
criminal conduct" as to testi-'
mony concerning , which the
President announced he
would not invoke executive
,privilege on May 22, 1973:
A file search has discloaed
handwritten notes of H. R.
,Haldeman, which from the,,
identifying marks and the'
;content indicate the notes,
were' made by. H. Halde-.,
man during the meeting with-
the President on June 20,
3972, between -11:26 A.M.
'and 12:45' P.M. 'The noteal
ere on two pages of paperi
from ?yellow legal pad.'1
These notes are: being sub-1
initted. The notes reflect thaet,
'the President gave instruc-
.
tions to ? Mr. Haldeman 64
take certain actions of a pub--.;
file relations character .whicif!
'related to. the Watergate
'cident. . ? ? ? ?
PART II,
Mitchell Phone
q..
Conversation
Item 1 (b) Of the?subpoenal
'relates to "telephone, cOnver71
,sation of June 29, 1972, bd-I.
tween? Richard Nikon and;
'3ohn N. Mitchell from 6:08 to
6:12 P.M." ? ;
-..; The Only" material relatirigi
tti this conversation is a dic-;
'Wing belt of his recollections"
;
"dictated by the President .ag:
; a part of his . personal' 'diary;
[on June 20, '1972, at 830:
P.M., in which the, President,
;referred to his telephone con-'1
versation With John N. Mitch-
Aell. That portion of the ? die-'
,tating belt to and 'including
the reference to the telephone.
tconversation with John Mi
1Mitchell is being submitted..
That portion of the dictatt'
Ping belt on which ..the
:dent dictated recollections of;
;the conversation with John
, N.. Mitchell, does contain re-
ferences 'to .Watergate.
I/ he President's comment's'
,
relating to the Mitchell
versation begin at 2 minutes-1
seconds playing. time from,;
the beginning of the dictating.
'belt and end At 2 minutes 45.i
seconds 'playing time from',
the beginning of the' dicta-
tion. ? ' .
PART III ,
: June 30 Meeting .
Rept 1(c) of the subpoena:
'A related to a "meeting of June,
.30, 1972, in the President'si
office, involving;
.Messrs. Nixon, Haldeman and
, Mitchell from 12:55 to 2:10,i
P.M. ?
f. This- conversation, record-,
'ed on tape, ,occurred at' a,
'luncheon in the President's
'"E0B" office, , attended bY
President Nixon, John NI;
'Mitchell and H. R. Haldeman,.
on June 30, 1972, immediate-
ly prior to the announcement
of the resignation of John
N. Mitchell as. chairman.. of
the Cominittee to Re-elect
the President 'and the . ap-
!Pointment of Clark MacdreV,
or as his succesor.
primarily 'tq the reasons
the timing of, and the. pro,-';
,cedures for, Mitchell's an-',
,nouncementof his resigna?,;!1
tion; and the choice and an-"L
nouncement of his successor.
There are a few' passing and:
collateral references to Wa-:
tergate whin 'are not sub;
.stantive. There is an incom-
ing telephone' call just
to the conversation. At the..
end of the conversation, the,',
President indicates his inten7'i
tion to take a short nap. ? ,
The playing time for the;
;tape recording , of this. ';con
versation, is approximately.
. 1 hour 9 minutes and 44 sec'
T. ends.: ?
, .
; The Coriversatitni retorded.
,consists of advice to the*,
;President by his senior staff;
assistant and his former At-
Jorney General relating to
'matters which had a direct'
? bearing ? on the ? President's.
? ability .to operate his, office'
iand conduct his Official
ness at. that time.. The. con-
versation includes discus-,
, Mons of.highly personal mat.':
ters. . '
The President belieVes that,
the ''conversation is, subjecQ
;in its, .entirety to a Valid];
claim of executive privilege.;
;in order' to protect the con-,:
,lidentiality of the matters
',discussed. There is nothing,
'in this conversation "con-A
:cerning possible criminal
conduct" as to testimonY,
''concerning' which the Presi-
dent Announced he Would
not" invoke executive privi4'
lege on May 22, 1973. .
.. PART ?Ilr "?,
P.
Item '1 (d) of the subpoena'
relates to a 'meeting of-Sep-
tember 15, 1972, in the Presi-:
dent's -Oval Office involving;
'Mr. Nixon, Mr. Haldeman andl
John W. Dean 3d from 5:27"
.to 6".17 P.M." . . . ? .A
This 'conversation was: re''
drded on tape., John
Dean 3d, then counsel to the.
President, entered the PresW
dent's Oval Office at approxi--
'
.mately 5:27 P.M. On Septem-
ber lg, 1972, during a meet.:
then in" progress between-,
;the President and his assist'
Ant, H.R. Haldeman. He re-:
Attained in the Oval Officer;
.-as did the ,President and 'Mr,"
Until approxi-
:mately 6:17 P.M.,- 'at .Which
'time; the President 'left" byl
lautomobile for the. Washing
?...ton' Navy, Yard. ? .? ?
k Earlier ,in the day, the'
:grand .jury had yetnined
idictments on seven persona;
2
in connection with the entry
into the Democratic National
. Committee offices at ,thd
.,Watergate apartments. ;
For the first approximately
1..'33 minutes and 9 seconds:
;after bean entered the Oval.;
[Office, the conversation
[volves subjects directly or;
Indirectly related to the
tergate matter. Included are,
, -discussions of the- .indict-
ments, the time of the pend-,'
ing trials, the civil cases con-'
,nected with the incident and',
'potential Congressional corn-,'
.mittedinquiries into the mat-i,
,ter,- as well. as ,press cover-.;
age: of the matter: After the ;
,first approximately 33
ides and 9 seconds of the
conversation, the . converse-
tion turns to other subjects'
Within the President's official ;
'cognizance not directly or
indirectly related to the Wad!
'tergate matter,
, The playing time for the.
?tape recording of this 'con,-;
,versation is approximately.
:48 minutes 44 seconds. The'
:only significant event is the
'.;end of discussion of Water-I
gate related matters approxi-'
'mately 33minutes and 9
;seconds 'playing time from!.
the beginning Of the reCord-'
? r,
The President believes that,
the conversation recorded,
'following the first 33 minutes,'
;9 seconds of playing time is;.,
subject to a claim of execu-:'
give privilege in order to pro-.)
text the confidentiality of the,
'advice 'and counsel provided
to the President. ? ? '
'' PART V' ? ?
Mardi 13 Meeting
.Item i(e). of the subpoena;
relates, to a "meeting. of,:
March '13,- 1973,? in .the Presi-,
dent's Oval Office 'involving'
Messrs. Nixon, Dean' and Hal--;
deman from 12:42 ? to 2:00!
,
P.M."
ARMED FORCES JOURNAL
October 1973
McCord Silenced ?
;IN AUGUST, AFJ published the
first of what was planned 'to be .
three articles by James W: McCord
detailing the Nation's intelligence
agencies and their conduct Of the
Watergate affair. The first article,
which was quoted in the inter-
national press as well as U.S. news
, services. and the Select Senate Com-
mittee on Watergate, was probably
the last. On 5 September, Judge
John Sirica issued an 'order banning
all public comments by McCord,
who at the time was on a college
lecture circuit. McCord has
informed AFJ that he has inter-
preted this to mean no written arti-
cles as well and has asked that we
withhold publication of the second
article which he' had already sub-
mitted to API. With' reluctance,
AFJ has acceded to McCord's wish.
-
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NEW YORK TIMES
27 November 1973
MISSMOODS SAYS
SHOUSED 'GAP'
MAPE BY ERROR,
[ President's Secretary Tells;
t Court of Her Erasure in,
Subpoenaed Recording
,NIXON HALDEIVIAN TALK
,
Sirica Gets Transcriptions:
for Protective' Custody
Pending Examination
By LESLEY OELSNER '
Special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, Nov. 26? '
1President Nixoh's personal sec-
retary testified today that
through some "terrible mis-,
,take" she had pressed the
.wrong button on her tape
? recorder and thus', caused an
1.8-minute "gap" in one of the
.subpoenaed Watergate tape,
,recordings.
She said that she had told
the President of the error min-
*utes after it occurred last,
Oct. 1 ? and that he had as-,
sured her it did not matter. ,
"He said, 'There's no prob-
lem because that's not one of,
the subpoenaed tapes,'" the'
secretary, Rose, Mary Woods;'
testified in Federal Court here.
Mr. Nixon did remark that
"it was too bad," Miss Woods
recounted. But he told her that
,he understood, she testified,'
and said to her, "Don't worry
'about it."
? , Talk With Haldeman
? I ?
? The conversation whose 'tape
!recording has . an 18-Minute
erasure?or "gap," as Miss
?
Woods insisted on describing it,
?was a discussion between Mr.,
,Nixon and H. R. Haldeman, one`,
of his former key aides, on June
20, 1972, three days after the.
break-in at Democratic head-,
quarters in? the Watergate'
building.
7, The White House did not dis-
close. the I8-minute gap oil the
tape aintil list Wednesday. It
, has. Maintained that it did ,not
knew that the conversation in
cniestiori .was covered by the
subpoena until Nov.;14; a week
earlier;
According to the White ,Hotise,'
there was an "ambiguity" in
'the, subpoena issued by the
Ispoial: Watergate' prosecution
for the President's Watergate-
!related tape recordings. As 'a
!result, the White House: eon-
tends, the Presidential counsel;
!first believed that the special
'prosecution wanted only the-
recording of an earlier June 20 '
Presidential conversation?one:
with John D. Ehrlichman, also,
forther Nixon aide.
? Tapes Given to Judge'
k The White House today turned
over the disputed tape. record-
ings and other materials to 'J
Chief Judge John? J. Sirica
the Federal, District Court here,
who asked last, week, in the".3
wake of the disclosure of the
i.18-minute gap, that they be
glivetIst?dY
to the court for protecel
t'
v pending examine-,
tion by technical experts. '
With the material, the White'
?fHouse turned.over as well a 22-
page "index and analysis" of
What it was providing the
court. And according to' the
document, the June 20 conver-
-satiort between Mr. Nixon and
Mr. ',Haldeman included a
,cussion 'of. Watergate-related
public relation's measures. e
The White Muse was giving
Judge Sirica Mr. Haldeman'S
.'handwritten 'notes" of the
meeting, the document said,
and the notes "reflect that the
President gave ' instrucions to
Mr. Haldeman to take certain
actions of a public relations
character which related to the
Watergate incident."
The United States Court of
Appeals here, which ruled in
October that the President must
comply with the subpoena, had
left open the possibility that
Mr.. Nixon could still make
"particularized" claims of exe-
cutive privilege regarding cer-
tain portions of the material
covered, by the subpoena.
In its index and analysis to-
day, prepared in accordance
with ,the curt of appeals' in-
structions, -the President main-
tained that various conversa-
tions covered by the subpoena
involved non-Watergate mat-
ters and thus were privileged.
In discussing one of the dis-
puted conversations, moreover,
the White House said in the
document that the talk should
not be disclosed even though
it involved Watergate. This was
a conversation on June 30,
1972, by Mr. Nixon, Mr. Halde-
man and John N. Mitchell
shortly before the announce-
ment that Mr. Mitchell was re-
signing as chairman of the
Committee for the Re-election
of the President.
"There are a few passing and
collateral references to Water-
gate which are not substan-
tive," the document asserted. ,
Judge Sirica must now rule
On?whether or not to accept the
President's assertions of priv-
ilege.
Miss Woods testified today
that Alexander M. Haig,' the
President's chief of staff, had
told her on Sept. 29 that she
need transcribe only the pot,
tion of the lune 20 tape cover-
ing the President's discussion
with Mr e Ehrlichman, / :
The document presented by
the White House, for its part,
'repeats the White House con-
'tention that it was believed
"until Nov. 14" that the second
portion of the tape was not
under subpoena. The document
also supports Miss Woods's
statement that she reported her
mistake immediately, saying,
"The incident was detected and
reported when made to the
President, and shortly there-
after to the White House coun-
tel, J. Fred Buzhardt."
At ?a briefing today, however,
Gerald. L. Warren, deputy
White House press secretary,
contradicted ?these , statements.
..Mr. Warren said that the Presi-
dent was told "shortly before
'leaving" on his recent Southern
,tri p that there was a problem,
jwith the June 20 tape. When
Nixon returned here, Mr:
Warren said, he inquired about
'ithe problem and was told that
;there was an I8-minute gap.
? Mies Woods has been Mr:
Nixon's secretary for 22,years,
working for him and, when
need be, fiercely defending
him. Today, her face and voice
seeming sometimes tense and
at other times appearing to be
Annoyed, she gave an account
'that observers Considered as
favorable to the President as
the situation allowed. , ?
Transcribed Tapes
? She said that she was with
the President at Camp David
the last weekend of Septem-
'ber, and that her tisk was the
.transcription of the tapes for
his future reading. He listened
to the June 20 tape for just
a few minutes that weekend,
she said, "pushing buttons
back and forth." His comment,
she said, was, "I don't see how
you're getting any of this, it's
so bad.
She spent the weekend work-
ing on the Ehrlichinan portion
of the lune 20 tape, she said,
and went back to the White
House Oct. I with the task in-
complete. ./
She was in. her office listen-
ing to the tape and, waiting to
hear some indication that Mr,
Ehrlichman- had left the room,
she heard the beginning of the
Haldeman-Nixon ,,,conversation,
she related.
Then she said, her telephone
rang. She reached to answer it,
and, "through some error, in
some way,". she "pushed .the
record button down."
Miss Woods's testimony
about what followed was some-,
what confused. She said first'
that she did not khow whether,
(
:3
Ishe' had also had' her foot 'on
the foot pedal or whether the
record button had instead
stuck; later she said she "must
have" kept 'her foot on the
pedal:
five minutes,". then than*
that to "five and a half or silt
her conversation lasted "four oV
She also said that she thought!
minutes." ; ?
The machine she was using,
introduced in court today, was
a model called the Universal
5000 produced by Urer. ,
The "record" button is neit
In the "stop" button.
? John Madaris, Chief engineer
for the U.S. Recording Com-
pany in Washington, which is
the distributor of Uher tare re-
corders, said it was "definite.
fly" possible for Miss. Woods to
have erased the tape.
"She coula have rewound the
machine at a vary high speed
;while the "record" button was
down," Mr. Madaris saida "It
'would only have taken a min-
.ute and a hai, to erase 18 min-
utes of tape."
A foot pedal presented in
court this morning as the one
used by Miss Woods was not
the Uher model, which would
have had to be pressed-for '18
minutes for an erasure.
"It wouldn't make much
sense" to use a different foot
pedal with the singular ability
to play the tape forward, Mr.,
Madaris said. "One of the main:
attractions of the Uher 5000 is
its versatility for transcribing..
It, seems ridiculous Tot to use.
the pedal that can go forward
and backward," he said.'
Judge Sirica was plainly' elk.:
turbed by Miss Wood's testi-,
mony, and drew from .her the ,
concession that when she testi-
fied before him on Nov. 8, she'
had made no mention of the
18-minute erasure.
He also asked Mrs. Vollner
'of the Watergate prosecution to
read from the Nov. 8 transcript
what Miss Woods had said
about "precautions" she had
taken regarding the tapes.
"Everyone said to. me," be
careful, Miss Woods testified,
"I don't think I'm so stupid
that they had to ,go over and
?oVer it. I used every possible
precaution.", ' ?
I "What precaution?". Mrs:
V011ner asked then, . .
"I used my head, the ,only
one I had to 'use," came the
,answer.,
. Miss Woods IS, to tegify
lagaih tomorrow.; .,
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NEW YORK TIMES
29 November 1973
Anti-Erasure Safeguards
[Of'Tap'ebeviCe Detailed,
?
? By VICTOR K. McEtHENY
Special lo The New York Times
25 years experience as a secre:4
tary, appears to have overtid-+
den a standard protection Used'
by secretaries Who 'are accitS4
totned to dekessing a ? foot-t,
treale so that both hands are,
free for ? typing a tape tranl;
script. k ? '
,
; WASHINGTON, Nov.
!The' tape recorder that Presi-
dent Nixon's personal secre.;
tary, Roe Mary Woods, haS
testified he used to transcribe
a conversation ' of June , 20,
1972, between the President
and his former chief of staff,
H. R. Haldeman, has b,uilt-in
protections against inadvertent
eratures.
An independent examination
and test with such a macpine
today showed that to cause
an , erasure, two simultaneOtit
mistakes must be made, wheth-
er the machine is operated by
hand or by using a foot treadle.
Experiments In using the ma-
chine, however, show that the
small, transformer - equipped,
high-intensity lights that Miss
Woods uses on he White House
desk and typing table are ca-
pable of generating the kind of
sustained hum that was heard
during the' 18-minute gap yes-
terday when a copy of the tape
Was played in Chief Judge John
J. Sirica's courtroom.
Miss Woods testified today,
that she never used the Uher::
Universal 5000 tape recorder
before Oct. 1, the day that
Stephen.. Bull, a White House.
aid, brought her the high fidel-:
ity equipment, and the day that;
;she Isaid at. least four to five
'minutes worth of the gap was,;
created. (
She repeated her contention'
that she used the unfamiliar
equipment, frequently inter-
rupted by telephone calls on
iseveral lines, In a state of fa-
tigue induced by 29 hours of
weekend work at Camp David'
in Maryland, in transcribing a,
'nearly inaudible tape that
in-
cluded a conversation on June,
.20,, 1972: between the Presi-
dent and his former White
'House chief of staff,,H2R. Hal-
deman. ?
A section of the recording
*as obliterated, Miss Woods
testified, when, at the start of
a telephone call, she inadvert-
ently depressed the light gray
"recording" key on the Uher's
control keyboard, while keep-
ing her foot down on the Fideli-
tape FP-I0 treadle she was us-
ing' to advance and rewind the
tape for transcription.,
An independent test ? today
showed that when the Uher is
oparated as Miss Woods said,'
an erasure occurs.
By aiming her finger at the!
dark gray. "stop" key and hits"
ting the adjacent "recording"'
key instead, Miss 'Woods, with
'? 'Two-Button Treadle ' ?
?
In other words, during tran-
scription using a foot treadlei+
secretary need not touch . the
control keyboard at all. To step
the advance of the tape, all the
settetary must do is remove het
foot from the treadle. . ?' ? -I
There is a similar "fail-safe'4
feature for most tape, recOrdn
ers when they are operated:
by hand., Both a ,tape-advant=!
ing .and recording button usu-
ally must be depressed. On the
Uher; these keys are far enough
apart to Mar:tally require Us-
ing one finger of each hand.
? For most tape recorders, 'the
foot-treadle for transcribing
dries not involve recording' at
all, ?but' merely advancing and
rewinding the tape.' The treadle
supplied by Uher has two but-
tons, one for each operation.
The Fidelitape has a large plate
for advancing, and a project-,
Ing, perpendicular rewind bat'
just to the right.,
? The treadle used by Miss
Woods takes' only Slight pres-,
sure to, operate. It is also easy'
to release. During a courtroom
demonstration Yesterday, after
a simulated telephone call in-
terruption, Miss Woods took
'her foot off the treadle 'quickly;
'indicating this 'may be a nat-
ural reaction.
n' Pbotographs r showing Miss
Woods' seated at her White
House desk and typint table,
which were exchiited in 'court
today, indicate \ that -Miss
Woods had to stretch as she
answered a telephone call 'on
a, call-director ' at the upper
left-hand corner. of her desk.
:The indication Was that ?some
contortion was needed to keep'
the toe of a shoe on the tradle.
Because Miss 'Woods recalls
pnly a four4o-five-minute in-
terval of inadvertent erasing
.on Oct. 1, and because 'of .a
slight change in the tone of
.the hum about five minutes
into the "gap," there has been
speculation that there may
have ? been two intervals of
erasing. Little information
about this 'emerged during to-
day's testimony.
- An. independent test today
showed that both tones could
have been caused by a high-
itensity lamp that Miss Woods
kept on ,her typing table. The
lamp, called a Tensor 6500,
contains a transformer that
ernataa, an aleotrenie Interter-
'ence that can produce a hum
la tape.
' Miss' Wopds testified ? today,
'that tapeslubpoenaed for Wat-
.ergate investigation were in her
ti.istody from late September to
? NEW YORK TIMES \
29 November 1973
-
IIIXON'S AIDE SAYS!
ADDITIONAL TAPES1
BLANK SPOTS
?
But Buzhardt Declares the
Gaps of: Several Minutes
Are lot Surprising' '
PROSECUTOR SKEPTICAL?
' -?
?
!Spokesnian for White House4
Insists That? Subpoenaed
Talks Remain Intact
. ,
f? ?
By LESLEY ?ELSNER '
' Special ton, New York Times ? ? ?
WASHINGTON, Nov. 28
lOne of 'President Nixon's attor.i
"neyS testified in Federal Dis-?
Arict , Court here today that
I,there were a "number" of,
!?blank sections lasting several.
minutes . each on subpoenaed:
White House' tape'ecordirigs.
? The attorney,. J. .Fred Buz4
4iardt .Jr.; termed this.. discItt-fl
!sure unimportant, telling ? re-;
porters at the midafternoon'
+recess, "Don't get excited," and'
testifying later that the exist-;
';ence of the "spots" was ?"not
-particularly surprising.", '
?Leonard Garment, the White
r -
Mouse counsel; also de-emplia-
4'size_cithe disclosure, telling
thief Judge John J. Sided, who
was presiding over the heanng,
rinicf-Novinber, !Wildn'the' tines]
tWere, duplicated. it . Ws not9
!dear ? frOm today's testiinony,1
,whether , the entire 18-minutel
;gap was created during this'
There has been speculation ;
this week that Miss Woods.'
ftnighthave caused the entire 18
,minute gap .by inadvetently3
operating the rewind baron the
I'idelitape treadle while the ,
"recording" key Was depressed;
on the Uher machine. Presum-
,ably,, she would ave done this::
,by shifting, her, foot on, ? the,
treadle. ?
In one test with the maChirte..Y'..
it was shown that 18 IninitteS"
worth of tape recording at thejt
Tate of:' one and Seven-eights'.
.inches per second would have''
been erased by this method' in
;only 20 seconds. . ? ;???
Other experiments With the
machine showed that 'this ?f
Method' of erasure Produced-.1
variable,. high-pitchedl'whistele ;
Unlike the one heard yester:-.,
day in 'halm ? SIrlea'a eenirt.'
too, This variable whistle,was '
developed whether' or' not ?? \
transformer-equipped lamp near-
the recorder was' produing ;
ithe 'recorder was produing I
electro-magnetic 'interference. ?
lthat the. existence Of the bledit
seCtions was a: "collateral"
patter and that its significance
:Would have to be determined
i)v technical ? experts.
Tonight the, White House
press Office ,also 'attempted to
ake clear that the "spates"
;?described by Mr. Buzhardt were
simply blank spaces rather than
;"gaps" in which parts of con.
Iversations had been pbliterated,
'Conversations Are Intact'
?."0n, the seven' t subpoenaed'
'.conversations," Gerald L. War.:
4en, the deputy Spokesman said;
the exception of the 18-,
lininute gap [which has been!
:).itider inquiry In ! court this,
Week] "those seven subpoenae;
..,ienversations are Ihtact."
But Richard Ben-Veniste, the!
'member of the special Water-4
gate prosecution force who was'
4tiestioning Mr: Buzhardt; noted!
'that he disagreed with Mr. Buz.!
hardt let least about technical
'details of just what the blank
spots showed.' !,.
1, :In response to Mr. Garment's
Objection that the testimony
, the blank seCtions ? Was
'collateral" to 'the . issue at
hand; involying an 18-mitiute
lapse, on one key tape, Mr. Ben.
Yeniste spoke in.kclearly skep
peal tone: "Apparently it's k
coincidence' that Mr. Buzhard0
'first learned + of the existence
the blank spots the same day;
that he says he 'first learned!
Putt the particular lapse under;
:discUssion lasted a full 18 miti!!`!
ttes Mr Ben-Veniste said. '
!'t ?
Expert Questioned ,
'1, After he finished testifying,
'Mr. Buzhardt made* another un-
ixpected ;disclosure. He said he
"had been told that there was a
Tremote" possibility that the
!Material originally recorded on
he 18-miniite segment that had
ibeen obliterated could in, some
'!way be. "brought ,otit.." ?
In his testimony' earlier, he
ad said that on Nov. 14 when
'he discovered the full extent
lir the 18-Minute "gap," he
,asked ,'a .technical expert
i.Whethet the Obliterated section
ould be, restored. He went to
It White House technical ?ex-.
.Howard. Rosenblum . or.
IN.S.A." [presumably the Na-
tional Security Agency], and
asked, "if there was an erasure,
was there a process" whereby,
the ?missing sound could be
?"brought out."
. Mr. Ben-Veniste, who was
'pursuing a different point, did
'not ask whether Mr. Rosen-
blum htad answered affirma-
tively.' ,
After court,' however, Mr.
Buzhardt was asked how Mr.
Rosenblum had answered. ?
t'Vety uuntlhelY." he new,
But when he was asked if
"It was possible, he replied,
.!'It was remote."
t. The., original_ recording are
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In" Judge Sirica's custody And
are being guarded by United
States marshals pending exam-
ination by technical experts to
determine whether they have
been tampered with.
It was unclar whether the
experts would try the process
that Mr. Rosenblum described
to Mr. Buzhardt. '
Attempt Is Indicated
It was also unclear whether;
the White House had tried to
restore the lost sections, ? al-,
though 1 Mr. Buzhardt, in hig
-testimony, indicated that the
? White House might at least
have taken a tentatiVe first
step.
Just after his 'remark about
questioning Mr. Rosenblum; he
noted that he had tried t.6
"duplicate the sound" of the
18-minute. lapse, a buzzirrg
noise, and this, possibly, was
the first step recommended by
Mr. Rosenblum. The purpose
of duplicating the sound, Mr.
Buzhardt indicated, Was to try
to determine what could have
caused the lapse.
in the afternoon session, Mr.
Ben-Veniste elicited a number
of statements that add further
to the confusion that has arisen
since Judges Sirica began his
inquiry into whether the Presi-
dent was adequately complying
with the Watergate prose-
cution's subpoena of tape re-
cordings and other materials
bearing on nine specific Water.
gate-related conversations.
Mr. Buzhardt said under
questioning, for instance. that
he received last Aug. 13' the
Samedocument that, he insisted,
led him to conclude on Nov.
14, for the first time, that the
prosecution subpoena covered
the tape in which the 18-minute
lapse occurs.
3 Days After Break-In
That conversation 'was be-
tween the President and H. R.
Haldeman, then his chief of
staff, in the Executive Office
Building on June 20, 1972. In
the conversation, the President,
among other things, ordered
"public relations" actions to be
taken regarding the break-in
three days earlier at Democratic
headquarters in the Watergate
complex here.
A document submitted by the
White House to the court on
Monday indicates that the 18-
minute lapse obliteration ,the
discussion of the public relai
bons action.
. Mr. Nixon had talked with:
Mr. Haldemann beginning about
.11:30 A.M., after talking earlier*
to another aide, John D. Erlich--
man. The prosecution subpoena'
called for materials regarding
'the meeting on June 20 involv-
ing Mr. Nixon, Mr. Ehrlich-
mann and Mr. Haldeman from
"10:30 A.M{ to noon (time:
approximate)."
'Close Reading' Needed .;
. The White House said it MAI
[felt that the subpoena covered
only the conversation between
iMr. Nixon and Mr. Ehrlichman.
Not until Nov. 14, the Whiten
House has said, did it realize,
that .the Haldeman-Nixon cont,
irsation'WaS covered 'AST-veil)
1 Today, Mr. Buzhardt testi-1,
fied that a' "close reading" ofi
a prosecution memorandum de-,t
scribing the nine conversations'f
specified in the subpoena hadi
led him to ' realize that thei
Haldeman , conversation was;
,t overed. '.. .
? The memorandum states that
Mr: Nixon "Met- with John D.
Ehrlichman and H.. R. Halde-
man in hit Old Executive Office
Building on June 20, 1972,',
from 10:30 A.M. until approxi-,
:mately 12:45 P.M." ? It also;
states that "Ehrlichman and;
then' Haldeman went tO? see the;
President." ,,
? i? Judge Sirica asked if a "closes
,reading" '*as really needed:!
Mr. Buzhardt ,replied that it,I,
Was because, as he saw it,;
there were really two meetings'
that day and -the , subpoena re-i
ferred to "meeting."
, Attached to Opinion !
? Mr. Ben-Veniste pointed out!
that the United ,States Court
of Appeals for 'the District of
Columbia Circuit attached the
memorandum to its opinion last'
Oct. 12 when it ruled that Mr.
'Nixon must comply with the
subpoena. ?
; "And of course you studied
that opinion?". the presocutor
'asked.
; "I read it, yes," the lawyer
replied.
i ? Beyond that, however,- as Mr.
Buzhardt conceded, 'when
'pressed, the prosecution gave
that memorandum to the -White
House last Aug. 13. .
' Mr., Btizhardt's testimony
about?the blank spots on vari-
ous, unspecified tapes came
after testimony about the proc-
ess by which the White House
made copies of the subpoenaed
tape recording some two weeks
ago, with representatives of
both the prosecution and the
White House counsel ? present.
Question,, Is Posed '
5 It came in response to ? a
:question by Mr. Ben Venistei
which, according to the noteS
of the official court ,reporter,
went as follows:
"In the process of copying
the tapes it is a fact, is it not,
Mr. Buzhardt, that the tech.-
nician involved, using an, instru-
,ment, was able to determine
merely by viewing' the instru-
ment while, copying that tape
that there were substantial gaps
on the tape which would have
been inconsistent wtih the 'testi-
mony about how the machinery
operated, because it was voice-
actuated machinery, and there
should be no reason for silence
on the tape?" .
.
'"I 'didn't attend ''the : copying,
Mr. Ben-veniste," the witness
replied. "I don't know. I was
advised subsequently that there
were spots on the?you' could
tell from the oscilloscope that
, there. were spots where there
Were apparently no. conversa-
tions on the tape."
An oscilloscope Is an elec-
tronic device that presents a
visual. image of changes In a
;varying current, such, as those
'taused by ,sound.: . ?. . ? ',- '..
?.i.* At that point Judge Stria
tidied it POW, .. ?
r 1.
NEW YORK TIMES
26 November 1973
The Tapes" Dvalue.d
Disclosure that another eighteen-minute segment' of,
the subpoenaed White House tapes has belatedly been.,
found to be inoperative raises new questions about their
, usefulness as testimony.
Discovery of this "phenomenon," as White ?House'
; counsel J. Fred Buzhardt Jr. termed it, followed. earlier
revelations that the first telephone conversation between'
Mr.' Nixon and former Attorney General John Mitchelll
;af teethe Watergate break-in had not,been recorded and'
that the tape had run out on a Crucial meeting between,
Mr. Nixon and John Dean.
The unaCcountably blank eighteen minutes eliminate.
: the record of part of a conversation between Mr. Nixon.
and ,H. R. Haldeman on June 20th, three days after the,
break-in and shortly after the President's first post-'
Watergate meeting with Jeim r%chman, 'Richard G.:;
Kleindienst and Messrs. Haldeman, Mitchell and Dean:i
, According to Mr. Ehrlichman's testimonY, Watergate and
,wiretaps were primary subjects of the tte An that pro-
ceded the eighteen-minute blank in the Nixon-liakkrnani
cenversation. The unrecorded Nixon-Mitchell telephone,
'conversation took place on the eVening of the satrie:day,
These missing links, along with the non-existent Nixon-;
, Dean tape of April 15, 1973, have sharply devalued, the:
tapes as evidence of the innocence or guilt of. a .large
number of prominent persons, including the President
himself. In addition, , there are the following puzzling;
,phenomena:
Miss Rose .Mary Woods, Mr. Nixon's, personal secre-
tary, has testified that a number of, key tapes are rem,
dered barely comprehensible by odd background noises,4.
even though Mr. Haldeman had 'earlier' considered the'
-recordings quite. adequate. ; . ?
Former White House' aide :AlexanderButterfield has.
a
? described the recordings as highly sophisticated, whereas'i
Mr. 'Nixon .portrayed it as an/ inexpensive,- makeshift.
Male Sony" setup.;
No adequate' explanation has' been given for.the'lerigthY:
!delays in turning the tapes over to the court'.
i finally, and mOst.disconcerting,,there.,is the: fact that,
; an undisclosed number of vaguely,' dentified tapes has.
tI been checked out for' unspecified periods of time in' the'
absence of any discernible concern 'for Security.' Mr,'
!Haldernan's testimony, for example, shoWs that some
:of the ,tapes had been in his, possession both before and.
after he left White. HOuse.employ. ,
Under. such circumstances; it is :not :surprising. that!
'!'Chief District Court Judge John J.. Sirica, in ordering the,
'Jlapes to be turned over to' custody on Monday, ?said:
''of the latest revelation:'.. "This. is just another ?instance,
'convinces. the court that it has to take some steps,:
, not because the court doesn't trust the White House or
the President [hut because] the Court is interested in see-,
i'Ing that nothing else happens.".', . ? , . ? ? ? ??
?
What has already happened cannot be .divorced from
t:Mr. Nixon's .highly publicized "operationytandor.".The'l
`'--President's counsel has conceded that Mr. Nixon, even.;
;as he assured the 'Republican governors that there would;
be no further "bombshells," already kneiv, about ? the,!
flank' tape. Nor has Mr. Nixon taken. the IOng;.prothised.1
Initiative of "full disclosure," even ;lifter:Judge sir*
eStatedithat the court had no objections '
? . .
. ,
Devaluation? of the tapes' integrity; along :with .the
t;tnisrepreSeritations contained Ili thh, Prea 1lflOio, pu..i
"
relationa oftailve, tiil further erodes White House
ieredibility. ? '
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WASHINGTON STAR
30 November 1973
r I By Oswald Johnston
Star-News Staff Writer
The Central Intelligence Agency has some'
three dozen. American journalists working,
abroad on its payroll as undercover inform,'
ants, some of them as full-time agents, the,
Star-News has learned. - A
After CIA director William E. Colby ordered:
:a review of the practice two months ago, agen-
cy officials found the names of some 40 full-
time reporters, free-lance journalists and cor-
respondents for trade publications in their files,
as regular undercover contacts who supplied!,
information to agents in the field and who arei
regularly paid for their services. ?
The use of foreign correspondents by the CIA'
has been quietly suspected ? and feared ? for;
'years by legitimate reporters whoP have,
,worked overseas. But the suspicion has never;
been verifiable until now. The facts were made
known by an authoritative source. - 3
The continuing extent of the practice and its?
'wide scope, which is believed to have been
'scaled down since the Cold War tensions of the.
1950s, was apparently a surprise even to Colby,
who last month ordered a significant cutback'
in the CIA relationship with journalists con-
nected with major news organizations.
NO LONGER to remain on the agency payl
roll is the one category of journalist-agents;
.whose continued existence could most serious-
ly compromise the integrity' of the American'
press in general and possibly cripple its ability
to function overseas.
To be phased out is a small group of no more ,
than five full-time staff correspondents with
?general-circulation news organizations who
function as undercover contacts for the CIA
and are paid for their services on a a.egular
contractual basis.
It is understood that three of these agents
have maintained their CIA contacts without ,
the knowledge of the news organizations in-
:volved, but that the CIA sideline of the other
two is known to their civilian employers.
- Sources refused to identi- an independent press is a'
ly any of the reporters in- subject fraught with contro-
volved, but it is understood ?versy.
Nevertheless, he has ap-
proved explicitly the contin-
ued maintenance of more
than-30 other CIA agents
abroad who are not strictly
newsmen but who rely on
some kind of journalistic',
"cover' 'for their intelli-'
gence operations.
ttng thOoe to be main;
elettl? is by far the 'MOO
category of journalist-*
agents: A group consisting
of about 25 operatives scat-,
that none of the five agents
who are being cut off were
regular staff correspond-
ents of major American
daily newspapers with
, regular overseas bureaus.
COLBY IS understood to'
have ordered the termina-
tion of this handful of
JourntilioNigonto in' the All#
realization that CIA em-
:ployment of reporters in a
=don which prides itself on
tered across the globe who
appear to the world as free-
lance magazine writers,
"'stringers" for news-
papers, news-magazines
and news services, and
itinerant authors. (A string-
er is a journalist, usually
self-employed, who offers
dispatches on a piece-
;work basis to news
organizations which do not
.have regular staff members,
in the stringer's city.)
Agents in this category?
are not regularly identified;
with any single publication,'
and most of them are full-
;time informants who frank?
ly use their writing or re-,
'porting as cover for their
'presence in a foreign city.;
Most of them are American
;citizens.
'
MOST ARE paid directly:
. and regularly for services '
rendered, but a few of these
semi-independent free-1
lance writers occasionally
draw on CIA funds to pay
put-of-pocket expenses for
trips in which the agency
,had an interest or for enter-
taining a useful contact.
A second group of over-1
teas correspondents whom
Colby intends to keep on the
payroll consists of eight'
writers for small, limited-'
circulation specialty publi-;
cations, such as certain.
types of trade journals or'
commercial newsletters. It
is understood that most in
this group operate as paid
:CIA informants with the
:approval of their employ-
? ers.
s. Colby also intends to keep
up:the quiet, informal rela-
Itionship the agency has
:built up, over the years with'
'many reporters working at
home and abroad and edi-
tors who for their part
maintain regular contact
with CIA officials in the
routine performance of
their journalistic duties.
' No money changes hands
under these relationships,
either as occasional pap.'
ment or as reimbursement
for expenses. In !general,
the relationship is limited to
,occasional lunches, inter-
4,10ws of teltitillefib tibbiotire
*Wens &whip which Infers,
mation would be exchanged
or verified. Each side'
understands that the other,
6
is pursuing only his dwfil
tasks.
.
IN SUCH a relationship,
the reporter would be free.
to use the information he
gained in a news story, and
,occasionally the CIA agent
!might Make use?of what he,
.has learned from the re-.
porter. Very likely, the CIA'
.official would report the
gist of his conversations'
with the reporter to his mi.
'periors, orally or in a writ-.
tten memo..
In this group, sources,
,indicated, the CIA includes.'
, a Star-News reporter whosei
:name apparently found its'
way into agency files as a:
iresult of contacts of this;
,professional type during as-";
signment overseas for thel
.Star-News.
.` (Star-News editors bave
discussed this matter with?
the reporter and other,
sources and have found no
*evidence to suggest that.
either the reporter or this,
!newspaper has been com-
promised.)
. ,
Veteran intelligence
,operatives are understood
to look with mixed feelings
on Colby's decision to break
off CIA contacts with legiti-,
mate full-time correspond-a
ents.
On the one hand,.t
%journalists operate under*
'conditions that, in the eyes,
of a professional cpy, pro-i
Pvide a natural - 'cover,",,
combined with unusually
good access to people and
places abroad that would be
unavailable to persons in,
other professions.
THE USE of journalist-
agents is known to be
widespread in Communist-,
'bloc countries where the
press is government-con-''
.trolled, and during the
,1950's the Tass correspond-
ent who was also a Soviet
agent was almost proverbi-
al.
At the same time, agency,
officials are known to
recognize that CIA penetra-
tion of the American press,,
If discovered or even sus-
pected to exist on a wide,
scale, Would further dam-
Atte the CIA's chaity puhilo
*age at home and could.
'seriously compromise the,
reputation of the American,
?
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press..
. For both of these reasons,'
sources were extremely,
reluctant to give any details
of the operations in which
journalist-agents were in-
volved or to discuss their
assignments in any but the
mot general way. Sources.
who verified the existence
of the practice refused to
reveal how much the agents,
were q)aid or where they'
have been deployed.
Colby himself is thought '
to be tolely responsible for
the deCision to cut off the
,CIA relationship with full-
time staff correspondents
for general news-gathering
organizations.
DURING his Senate con-
firmation hearings last
summer, Colby promised in
the aftermath of the.
Watergate-related disclo-'
sures o domestie politica2
espionage that he would
.take pains to operate "an
'American intelligence men-
- that is, one with
operations compatible with
,a democratic society.
Colby's cutback on CIA
'use of the press is under,
'stood to have been gov-
erned by that promise.
Nevertheless, Colby has,
privately justified past use
.of the news media as agen-
cy cover by stressing that
newsmen operatives were
? not as a rule used as vehi-
des for planting propagan-
da.
As a matter of standard
operating procedure.'
sources insist, an agent op-'
crating under cover as a
freelance writer or as a
staff Correspondent for a
newspaper or news agency
almost never had his news
stories or articles "criti-,
oiled" by his case officer.
While propaganda admit-,
tedly has been an important
part al eelandestine
operatio:as abroad, that,
function has been kept
!separatt. r m the. ieutini
'running of agents, even'
though both assignments
belonged to the agency's
Clandestine Services, under
,the Operations directorate.
ACCORDINGLY, the
extensive network of
dummy foundations through.
;which the CIA was revealed
in 1967 to have funneledt
!cash to such publications as
,Encounter magazine or
such organizations as the
'American Newspaper Guild
was not related to the use of
newsmen or writers as
intelligence operatives in.
the field.
If anything, the use of
. newsmen in this way seems
. to have been carried out at"
the. discretion of station
chiefs abroad, with little or:
no central oversight.
Until late last summer.
'neither Colby himself nor i
the top officials in the ,
.Operations directorate had:
:any precise information
,ho.v many clandestine .
agents were currently op-
erating under journalistic'
cover.
?
During September, in the:
aftermath of revelatiol.
.that the Nixon administra
tion used journalists as paid.
. political spies during th'4'
!1968 and 1972 presidential
campaigns, and in response,:
tto queries from the press,
'Colby ordered an in-house.;,
investigation within the
'Clandestine Services to find:
out exactly what the situa1.
'tion was.-
A final reason for prcsa
:curiosity on this point;
. which in turn spurred Colby
'
to order the Operations
directorate to search itsi
:files, was tt 'published;
:disclosure that Seymour K.'
Freidin, a code-named,
,"Chapman's friend" of tli&
1972 Nixon campaign, regn-
larly passed information to
the. CIA when working as a
.syndicated columnist in Eu-
rope during the '
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? WASHINGTON STAR-NEWS
Washington, D. C., Thursday, November29, 19.73
By Dan Thomasson
Scripps-Hosvard News SC:ViCO
The mysterious "national security" matter that
,President Nixon has said he hopes to keep secret in-1
volves a covert operation by the White House "plumbH
ers" to stop a threatened leak of highly sensitive infor-'
illation gathered about the Soviet Union.
And some who know about the matter believe disclo-`
,sure of its details ultimately would endanger the life of
a U.S. intelligence source close to the highest Russian'
?1
official circles.
1. "I HAVE NO DOUBT that it is highly likely a life;
;would be snuffed out," said one source aware of thei
operation. "It would, in the words of the CIA, put an!
individual in 'extreme prejudice'."
... Former Atty. Gen. Elliot L. Richardson gave a hint.
Of this in May during confirmation hearings before the!
Senate Judiciary Committee. Explaining why he had,
omitted certain passages from notes he had taken on a;
meeting with Egil Krogh, former White House aide and:
"plumbers" chief, Richardson said:
'They (CIA) informed me that the words left out
there are still subject to classification, because their'
disclosure would prejudice an intelligence source."'.
Richardson
Richardson said further:
"THE OMISSION . . . does refer to a genuine tia:;1
tional security item."
Government officials aware of the various facets of*,
the cvvert operation also agree that threat of disclo-
sure that the United States. possessed such sensitive ?
information on the Soviet Union ? and not the leak of ?
the Pentagon papers or the U.S. position on the strate-
gic arms limitation talks ? was the real reason for
formation by the White House in June 1971 of the now ?
defunct "plumbers," two of those members later par-:
ticipated in the Watergate break-in. 0
Although most of those informed on the matter con-
tend its disclosure would help the President's case in
the Watergate affair, Nixon has steadfastly refused to
:do so.
THESE OFFICIALS say it would legitimize the for-I
mation of the "plumbers" which apparently came
'about because of a ban on the CIA's becoming involved
in domestic intelligence activities and the refusal of,
the late FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover, to cooperate'
with the White House.
Nixon referred to the undisclosed national security',
problem 10 days ago in an appearance before the Asso-;
:ciated Press managing editors in Orlando, Fla.
He said there is a matter "so sensitive" that the
leaders of the special Senate Watergate committee,had;
, decided "they should not delve further into it."
? "I don't mean by that that we're going to throw the.
cloak of national security over something because.
we're guilty of something," Nixon said. "I'm simply
saying that where the national security would be dis-
served by having an investigation, the President has ?
responsibility to protect it, and I'in?going to do so."
EVEN SUCH Nixon adversaries as ousted special
Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox and Senate Wa-
tergate Committee Chairman Sam J. Ervin Jr., D-
N.X., consider the matter an authentic national securi-
ty problem.
Ervin refused to permit the committee to probe more:
'deeply into the operation despite contention? by Sem
Howard H. Baker Jr., R-Tenn., committee vice chair-
man, that it was a vital "missing link" to the overall
8
Watergate investigation. -
Cox decided not to seek federal indictments against '
,Krogh and his co-commander of the plumbers, David
;Young, for the burglary of the office of Dr. Daniel Ells-
berg's psychiatrist because to do so might expose the
;"national Security" matter. Although Cox could see no
'direct link to the break-in and the classified operation, '
he feared that defendants would use it as part of their
defense.
The new special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, howev-
er, apparently is moving ahead against Krogh, Young,
and former presidential adviser John D. Ehrlichmani
? IN T'HE Ellsberg matter. Sources close to the situation
'say Jaworski believes he must prosecute and then
cross. the national security bridge when he comes to it.
THERE HAVE BEEN reports of "eavesdropping" in"
the Kremlin. And the CIA is reported to have been in-
volved in the bugging of the Soviet Communist party;
!leader, Leonid I. Brezhnev.
Information about the Brezhnev affair, sources say,,.
iis contained in a 22-page report on CIA activities that
;has been put together for a member of the Watergate
:committee.
But those aware of the "plumbers" operation say it '
did not relate directly to this but to "an individual"
who? the CIA had tipped the White House ? would be
in danger of elimination unless something was done to,
;stop the threatened leak of some of the information he
,was passing. 4
; At least one government official informed about the
operation contended that not just one but possibly
i "number of persons" could be harmed by disclosure of ??
the secret operation.
1 "There are pbople here whose families and friends,.
t
still are in eastern European countries and under Rus-
sian control," he said, without explaining.
THE FIRST public indication of the national security
Foperation came last summer when Ehrlichman, in
; -
going over several known acivities of the "plumbers,"'
:said there was another matter too sensitive to discuss.
A piece of that information previously had come to
the special Senate Watergate committee's Republican
investigators through an undisclosed source. When
Baker pressed to know more, White House attorneys
, briefed Ervin, Baker and their chief counsels, Samuel
Dash and Fred D. Thompson.
Since then Baker and others, including acting White
House counsel Leonard Garment, have urged Nixon to
make it public.
4- While some officials believe Nixon has refused be-
cause of the ultimate threat to the intelligence source,
!others believe disclosure could bring about eventual
revelation of other activities of the plumbers along
(lines of the Ellsberg break-in. .
Another of those informed on the matter who ha's-
;been.highly critical of Nixon stated: "The only
motivated."
that makes me sympathize at all with the President's
plight is the fact that, in this at least, he is sincerel,'
;
BAKER said yesterday before leaving for Pueriti1
:Rico, that if the national security matter were shownl
to be related to the Watergate investigation, "then I've'
got a problem." ?
..r1
7i
Baker also said he told the commifte that he .bei:
Heves the possible inVolverneht of ttio qA4oplies Mt*
tig Nelda" into the breoh4ri Itself deemed more levee'
He refused to elaborate on what evidence he had, Nit
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? said there was "a little more" thttwhat was'eontainert
ing," Baker said of the Watergate investigation in gen-
eral. "I'm not sure we can put it together," because of
this major "missing piece. '
,.: COLUMNIST Jack Anderson wrote Tuesday that an ,
l'investigation of the White House plumbers, who have
? been charged in connection with the break-in at the of-
fice of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, "might reveal that the.
Fentral Intelligence Agency eavesdrops on Kremlin
WASHINGTON STAR
20 November 1973
'leaders."
In an interview with Richardson Tuesday night, ABC
talk show, host Dick Cavett asked whether the matter
referred to was whether the CIA had bugged the Krem-
lin. Richardson did not respond directly.
? Asked about the possible taigging of the Kremlin, a
.? press spokesman at the Sciviet Embassy said, "We
i
'don't have any comment on that . . . Watergate s the
internal business of the American people and we
frain from comment." ' >.
, By Barry Kalb
Star-News Staff Write,'
A genuine national securi-
ty, matter raised by the
White House last summer ic
so sensitive it might bar
future prosecutions involv-
ing the secret "plumbers"
operations, former Atty.
Gen. Elliot L. Richardson
believes. ..
' Richardson told a re-
porter yesterday that infor-
mation from special White
House counsel J. Fred
Buzhardt was so persuasive
that he and former Water-
gate special prosecutor
Archibald Cox had been
prepared for the possibility
that they might have to
drop indictments in the
case.
One informed source par-
tially confirming Richard-
:son's statement, said he'
was confident that Cox
"would not have brought
any indictments which he
? thought would fall." He
indicated that Cox had tak-
en the matter seriously.
In apparent corroboration
of this, it was learned yes.'
terday that federal indict-
ments \ in' connection with
the plumbers' 1971 burglary
of Daniel Ellsberg's psychi-
atrist's office have been
held up while the Watergate
special prosecutor's office
studies possible conse-
quences to the allegedly
sensitive matter.
THE PLUMBERS were a
specialyhite House investi-
gations unit so nicknamed
because they were assigned
to plug news "leaks."
' Richardson said the secu-,
rity problem persists for
*Cox's _successor, ,Leon A.
Jaworski. "Jaworski, if he
ever indicts, might have to
'(drop the indictments) ?
'It's that genuine," he said.
While nobody contacted
Would reveal the nature of
this matter, a lawyer for
,one potential defendant said
Ellsberg was thought to.
have had access to informa-
tion about it during his ten-:
ure on the National Security
Council, and later at the.
Rand Corp.
The White House knew at,
the time of the burglary,:
that Ellsberg had given
secret Pentagon papers
about the Vietnam was to
the press, and the White
House also had information
that Ellsberg had given the
documents to the Sovieti
Embassy here, the lawyer
said.,
He said the investigation,
:of Ellsberg, which Presi-'
dent Nixon has admitted':
ordering personally, was,
;aimed partially at deter-,'
mining whether Ellsbergi
. had given information on.
the sensitive matter to the
'press, the Soviets, or any-
body else. ?
;
IF MS client is indicted,
this lawyer said, "I would
Immediately subpoena cer-,
tam n documents" which he.
said would show why the,4
Ellsberg operation was au-
thorized and what its full'
extent was. '
Rather than allow,
infor-
mation about the allegedly!,
sensitive matter to be intro-if
duced at trial, he predicted,
the White House would re-
fuse on national security
grounds to give up the docu-
ments, and Jaworski would,
be forced to dop the indict-
ments. ,
President Nixon said at
his Saturday night press
conference that the chair;
man and Vice chairman of
the special Senate Water-)
gate committee ? Sens.:
Sam J. Ervin Jr., D-N.C.,;
and Howard H. Baker Jr.,'
R-Tenn. ? were aware of a
highly sensitive national,
security Matter in connec-
tion with the plumbers and
had agreed not to pursue
matter about which Rich-
ardson had been informed.
A spokesman for 'Jawor-
ski, reached yesterday for
comment on Richardson'
discloevre, replied that
"Mr. Jaworski has received
a briefing from the White
House staff on some prob-,!
'erns they see on the ques-
tion of national security."
The spokesman said he,
assumed the allegedly sen-
sitive matter was discussed,'
but he said that Jaworski,:
like Cox, has not discussed,
details with anyone on his
staff. Richardson said that '
he had told Only one mem-
ber, of his Justice Depart-
ment staff about the matter.
COX REACHED at hiS:
home in Brooksville, Me.i;
refused to discuss the situa=
tion. He said, "I just decid-;
ed to make it a general rule
that I won't say anything"i
about investigations fore
merly under his direction.
Richardson said a press
report last Friday saying he:
and Cox had been pressured
by..Buzhardt not to indict
certain former White House
aides was inaccurate. The
aides mentioned in the re-
port were John D. Ehrlich-,
man, Charles W. Colson'and;
Egil (Bud) Krogh Jr.
"It's not fair to Mr. Btiz-;
hardt to Say that he put'
pressure ,on me," Richard-
son said.
? "Buzhardt had brought to,
my attention a very signifi:
pant national security as-,
pect of the situation . . . a:
problem that could arise if
'asserted by a defendant,".
he continued. "It was not a
situation peculiar to any'
particular defendant. ,He
did not mention any particu-,
lar'names."
A Member of Cox's for-
mer staff agreed with Rich-
ardson, saying Buzhardt
had not pressured Cox not
ito indict specific individu-
plumbers, ail fttt," Riche!
furdson said. r,
HE EXPLAINED :.hat
:anyone indicted in comae,'
lion with an Mega! opera-
Lion, such as he Ellsberg
burglary, could attempt to
disclose the allegedly ceesie
tive matter "te establish the
everall' legitimacy of what;
they did."
? 14e said the prosecutors at
this point would have to
:consider the possibility that
;"the national interest at
stake (in the operation).
.creates an, overriding dee
lease . . . to an otherwise'
Illegal act."
? "It would be a very tough'
'call, especially in the pres
*ern circumstances," Riche
ardson said.
Krogh, head of the,
!plumbers; _former team
members David Young and
IG Gordon Liddy; and Ehr-'
Iichman, to whom Krogh:
reported, have already been'
indicted on state charges byi
California grand jury...i
I They are charged with the:
(September 197.1 burglary of
the office of Dr. Lewis;
Fielding, then' Ellsberg'd
.psychiatrist.
Krogh, Liddy and Ehr-/
lichman apparently risk;
being indicted by a Jawor-
ski grand jury on federal:
'charges arising from the:
same incident. So do two of,
the original Watergate dee
fendants, Bernard L. Bar-
ker and 'Eugenio R. Marti-
nez; a friend of theirs, Fee
lipe DeDiego; and Colson.
In September, attorneysl
1 for Colson, Barker and; ?
,Martinez said publicly that
indictments were imminent
and that they expected their
!clients to be indicted. Bute
those indictments have been
held up without explana-;
Hon.
ACCORDING to informed
.sources, assistant special.
AIL prosecuter ivierd.
It could not be determined ? But If no names were' 'till' head of the Plumh?r??
whethet wit, wall the ante Inentioned, uninvolved the) sInvestigation, has been told.
I d sensi
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WASHINGTON POST k
17 November 1973
Afire matter?although he'
has not been given details?
and has been told it poses a
'potential threat to any in-i
'dictments from his
task?
force. f. ,
'
He his therefore deferred'
the indictments while he
studies how the issue might
be raised, what his probable'
respobse would be, and
what legal alternatives
?would be available to pro-
tect his indictments.
Questions about what
constitutes a legitimate na-
tional sepurity matter, and
how far the government can
,justify iStherwise illegal
acts-by claiming national
'security, have been hanging
over the Watergate cases,
since the President first.
raised the issue last May.
In addition to his Califor-.
:nia indictment, Krogh has
been indicted by Merrill's
task force for allegedly/
;lying to the Watergate.,
grand jury last year con-,
:cerning thelravels of Libby
and former plumbers mem-
ber E. Howard Hunt Jr.
Krogh's attorney has
argued that be lied because;
.he was under strict instruc-,
tions from Nixon to main-;1
'tam n secrecy about the
plumbers' activities. But`
U.S. District Judge GerharM
A. Gesell rejected this' de-
fense last week.
THIS RULING seemed to:,
leave Krogh with little or no
firm defense to the charge
.and raised the possibility
that he might therefore seek
a deal with the prosecution
and, in return for full coop-;
eration in the plumbers in-
vestigation, might be al4
lowed to plead guilty to a,
less serious offense than
lying to the grand jury..
Krogh,
Krogh, it is understood,
might be able to corrobo-,1
rate testimony by former)
White House counsel John
W. Dean III, who told the!
Special Senate Watergate
committee in June that
Krogh had said his orders,
for the burglary came'
"right out of the Oval Of-
fice." ?
The President has hotly;
denied that he knew of the ,
burglary in'advance, and'
has repeatedly labeled it
,"illegal."
f A source close to the situ-
ation called it ironic that:
the White House, by citing,.
"national security" often in
discussing Watergaie, has
created doubt about all such,
claims.
? "Here turns out to be a -
situation that clearly did!
Involve, and does involve, a
-matter of national securi-
ty," this source said. "But
the lik
belle' that it will be
v
gone
.ed at this point has
to hen."
NEW YORK TIMES
.26 November 1973
ol y, Helms Deny TE HOUSE UNIT
'Forekhowledoe
atergate Entry
? i
4'
' 33y Laurence-Stern f,
i., Washington-Post Staff Writer
i ,The current and fornier di-,,
!rectors ,of the Central Intelli7
, Once Agency., denied to Sena-
'fin'fal reluetiOners that they
'
had any 'advance knowledge of'
lettietWatergate burglary.
i valte. issue waa opened ? up
;during a Senate Armed Setv-
Pes Committee closed hearing
Testerclay to hear testimony,
-by free-lance writer Andrew
tt7George, and by CIA three-
;tai-'William E. Colby. ? ,
.13ut 'Colby. did acknowledge
;tli.at:. one' of the , convicted
i'1.4tergate conspirators, Euge-
'pip Martinez, :alerted .the CIA
to E. Howard Hunt's presence ?
,111?, Miami late in 1971 'and
'gain in: March, 1972.
.,At the time' Martinez was
,working for Hunt's burglary
:igitpi, which had-already bur;
!glarized the- office -of Daniel
'Ellsberg's psychiatrist, ? and
'Martinez 'was , also employed
',ea a .,contract employee of the
. CIA. ' . ? ? ? . ' - ' .
a ,,Colby's allusion to -the Mar-
tinez incident Was made 'in' a
..written response to a series of
questions by Sen. Howard
: Ifaker - .(R-Tenn.), vice ;chair,
-man of- the Senate 'Watergate
committee.-
-?, According to Colby's ac-
count, Martinez advised a CIA
,Miami field representative of
Hunt's whereabouts and the
,rop.ort was passed on to CIA
headquarters. -, . .
CIA headquarters, said Colby,
told the' Miami supervisor that
"he should not concern himself
With the, travel ' of M. -Hunt
Who was -an employee of the
White House undoubtedly on
domestic , White l'Imise busi-
ness of no interest to CIA," ac.
fording to Colby's latest- state-
,*ient. -'s' 0 . .
p This incident 'occurred- se,
'
eral months after the +CIA erminated technical -assist;
ince 'to' Hunt' including the
'supply of spy -paraphernalia,
ilthidit was used in 'the Ells.,
perg burglary. CIA officials
said they, Cut off Hunt in 'Au-
fuft, 1971, because they came
o ',the' conclusion that, the re-
'Otihts ,, were , linprpper?even
Arh,Sigh they: were inade Under
tr,Bite House ausplees: " ?
"'. X:Itne of the allegations made
tgiSt. George, in att article in
, tre . current liarper's:??maga
Vlitie.,As .that Martinez tvas se';'
etly reporting to, the' CIA on
e actiVities..-cr .. the.. White,
-Ilouse bbrglary teeni under.
Ilunt'i stipervisin;t: .,
., .
,r.. 44 g/ S ?.ik : l
A
RICHARD HELMS ,
. . former CIA, director
?
This was denied by Colby
and by Helms, in a Separate
Written statement.
Helms also denied a claiml
bY St. George that he had a
conversation with a CIA watch,
officer the morning after the
Watergate break-in acknowl-,
edging that he was tipped off
to the operation. ,
? The St. George ' article
claimed the watch , officer
called Helms on the morning'
of June 17, 1972, and told him
of the arrest 'of "the White
House crew." It 'quotes Helms
as responding, "oh, well, they
finally did it."
Helms' statement, released
-Yesterday by-Sen. Stuart Sym-
ington (D-Mo.), said: "I am
prepared to swear that ho
such converSation ever took
plate." , ? '
St. George invoked the First
Amendment 'in refusing to
identify his source for the re-
port during yesterdays execu-
tive session, according to Sym-
ington. ? ? "
The free-lance 'writer,'a self-
described adventurer with. a
heavy Hungarian accent, said
he would consult with officials
of,- Harper's before returning
td testify before the Senate
committee next Wednesday.,
St.? George was interviewed
at length earlier this Week by
Baker ,and Senate. Watergate
committee minority counsel
Fred D. Thompson,
Baker has 'displayed a per-
sistent interest in?the question
of -possible CIA . involvement
In Watergate. Symington, on
the' -other hand, 'has been
staunch defender-of Helms foe,
having iiIthstood White House'
pressures to Involved CIA in
the Watergate cover-Up.
,
10
3AKESONNEWLIF
-
? .c.,.4
tffice of Communications
li, Had Seemed About to BO,
;?. 0
1: ,a Watergate Casualty
By JOHN HERDERS
.1 Special to The New York Times
i WASHINGTON, Nov. 25?,
For several months this year
it appeared that the white
'House Office of Communica-
,tions, the touch and ready
operation that Charles W. Col-
son used last- year to promote
Richard Nixon's Presidency,
was about to become a casualty,
of the Watergate scandals.
; Critics of the Administration;
had charged that the office"
was too much of a propaganda
operation for democratic Gov-
ernment, and some of the Presi-
dent's advisers thought that
it should be abolished to show
that a new order of staff oper-
ations had been established in
the wake of the Watergate dis-
closures.
Now, however, the office
has taken on new life and has
a prominent role in the defense
of President Nixon against de-
mands that he resign, although
,it does not command the au-
"thority that it did befort the
,White House was weake?ied
by Watergate.
, Among other things, the ot-
fice is directing a surrogate
program, similar to that used
last year when Mr. Nixon was
running for re-electioni under
which various officials in the
Administration are publicly
speaking out in defense of the
President.
'
'Director Gets Limousine
Around the White House,
where there is acute sensitivity
'to status symbols,, the view
that the office has been sal-
vaged is bolstered by the fact
that the acting director, Ken W.
Clawson, was recently assigned
a limousine under Glass A priv-
ileges.
' . Continuance of the office fol-
lowing the shake-up of the
White House staff that began
in the spring is seen by some
? observers as one of a number
of signs that little has changed
in the way the Nixon White
tHciuse is run since the depar-
ture of the President's two
'chief aides, H. R. Haldeman and
John D. Ehrlichm, .
The office, which operates
separately from the White
House press office, is unique to
the Nixon Presidency. It was
,established by Herbert G. Klein,
who had the title of Director of
Communications for the Est cu-
tkve Branch, when Mr. Nixon
became President.
..,.liowever, Mr. Colson, a par-
eticbarly ageressiVo ?resit:101'10Si
assistant, took dyer. tlie) officio
Mr. Rinin with the
title but little authority and
tied it last year as an instru-
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mat for 1'e-election of "The
'Ptesidents One of the effort!'
seta, s the eurrogate program, un-
whith Cabinet member))
tilld other officiels were sent
atound the country making
speeches for Mr. Nixon, who
did 'Me campaigning on his
(tn.
,Mr. Colson left the Adminiss
tfation early this year and Mr,
ein resigned In August, leav
4ftfgMr. Clawson, who had the
title of deputy director, in
fellarge. He operates with
itaff of 10 out of a suite of of,
libel overlooking the white
.,House in the Executive Office
The 37-year-old Mr, Clawson,
di former reporter for The
Ilfeshington Poet, is a chubby
Man with owlish eyes and a
'reispy voice. He is an un-
'abashed partisan who believes
:14 the hard sell and the bare-
riOtucidee attack. A few daye
, when he was filling in
'ring an emergency at the
Fhita elouse press office, he
iked into a group of report-
s and sang out:
,"Does anyone want a piece
of Chuck Conners?'
was his wny of asking
anyone wanted to interview
He actor, who was there to set
e President before visiting
ssia and the Soviet leader
id I. Brezhnev, who had
Wen di liking to Mtn list auras
ter in San Clemente, Calif.
When someone remarked
Atiet he had never heard "such
blatant public relations ealea
etch," Mr. Clawson said he
kild not care, that several tele-
:vision and radio interviews had
sfesuited from it.
In this fashion, Mr. Clawson
.i hat spring was running a cam-
:paign to hold the line against
ccaigressional moves to end
;President Nixon's impoendment
cif appropriated funds, deploy-
ing high officials throughout
the executive branch as speak-
ers and Coordinating publicity
among Government public rela-
tions agents in the departmente
'and agencies.
This effort faded after the
? Watergate disclosures, Now Mr.
Clawson is conducting a similer
If less authoritative effort in
defense of the President. In ad-
dition to scheduling Administra-
tion speakers on television arid
radio programs, Mr. Clawson's
,office is mailing out Informa-
lien and stigeested lines of at-
tack and counterattack to
,department and agency heads.
Some Cabinet members, tsk-
h
ty threw the materiel awaY
iti advantage of lessened
W ite House control, have said.
t
'and put What they wanted in
epeechee. But some of it made*
the public in one forth or ed.;
BALTIMORE SUN
29 November 1973
Hunt is reported
staying at Holabirci
? Washington (Special)?E,
Howard Hunt, Jr., who Novem-
ber 9 was sentenced to a mini-
? mum of two years in Jail for
his participation in the Water-
gate burglary, has spent some
gime since sentencing at Fort
(Holabird, Baltimore.
It could not be determined
Immediately here if the time
he has spent at Holabird,
which Is nbt a formally desig-
nated detention center, counts
toward his sentence. Hunt was
ittaying at a special "site"
there yesterday.
Treatment of Hunt since his
gentencing appeared different
,from treatment or the five
other men sentenced with him.
'According to Larry Taylor, an
:Information official at the Bu-
reau of Prisons in the federal
'Justice Department, four of
,thent?Bernard L. Barker,
itrank A; Sturgis, Eugenio R.
*artists and Vireo R GOile
*gr. ordertd to *be re-
manded to detention centers
two weeks ago.
The fifth man, James W.
McCord, Jr:, was given 15
days to get his affairs in order
before starting to serve hig
time.
Mr. Taylor said, however,
that orders to remand Hunt to
a minimum dentention center
in Allenwood, Pa. were signed
only yesterday. The delay, he
said, was because Hunt had
been needed in Washington for.
questioning in other aspects of
the Watergate prosecution.
i
Mr. Taylor would not con'
firm that Hunt had been in
Holabird. He said, however,
that Hunt had been in the
custody of United States mar-
shals in the Baltmore-Washing-
ton area since sentencing.
Officials at the Marshals' of-
fice here promised a statement
on the matter in response tb
*dee from the press, but
late eaterday had not ddliu
ered
WASHINGTON YOST
22 Novembtit. 1973
Helms Faces New Qua:
? ? ?
By Watergate .Probers'''',
By Laurence Stern
Washington Peat Staff Writer
Fainter Central Intelli- glary team and the Nixon'
igeneo Agency Director Rich- re-election committee within
ard Mi Helms is returning to a week after the breeloir,
;Wasliiegton soon from his
post In ,Iran for another.
:round' of testimony on the
ligenee's role in the Water-
gate sandal.
' return visit has
'"no Connection" with State
Department business. ac-
cording to State Department
'officials. But the Wetergate
Sopecial prosecutor's office is
-undeestood to want to inter-
.view the former CIA diree-
tor about seeming discre-
pancies in various- Appear-
esnciee when, he gave testi-
'many;
ere e interest of the 'epeeist'
?Prosecutor's office is under-
;,11tond to focus on a June 28,
1072, memorandum from
-Helms to his deputy, Gen.
,Vernon Walters, asking that
,-the FRI be requested to con-
:fine Its Watergate inquiries
in Mexico to "personalitiet
already arrested or directly
:undee suspicion."
e The Helms memorandum
:also requested that the FBI.
,"desist from expanding this
!Investigation into other
area which may welt even-
;Nally, run afoul of our op-
.erations,"
Previous testimony by
slelelms, Walters and other
, CIA: officials was that the
.Agenty never sought to limit bassador to Iran, is still un-
FBI Inquiries into the certain, unproven and utiss
Watergate scandal's Wel- upported, except perhaps by.
can cennection. This facet Of inurces whieh . Mr. St,
the cnsoseatabliehed a link George will not identithft!
betweentthe Watergate' bur- ? Symington eta
Sen. Ilosvard Baiter (R.
Tenn.), vice chairman of the
.Senate Watergate commit.
tee, said yesterday he has no ,
intention of interviewing'
Helms at this time. Baker
did acknowledge, however,' ,
that he is looking lute Pub-
lished allegations that the
CIA Inftetreted the While
House "pitenherg" team and
the eVateriente ennepirsitors.
Such aliessa lone 'have
been recently ;merle by fora,
mer CIA offietel e-Tilese '
Copeland In the riationat !
Review and free-lance
writer Andrew St. George ,
In Harper'e mem:inc.
St. George was quo/ kited
in executive session by the,
Senate Armed Servicee.
Committee yesterday for the:
second time In a week, Af-
terward, acting chairman
Stuart Symington (D.Mo,);
said that the writer refused
to divulge the source for;
allegations' In his Harked,
article that the CIA had I&
filtrated the Watergate bur-
glary team,
"Tho Authenticity of
quotes In the article relating
to the former Central Intel-
ligende Agency director, Mr.,
Richard M. Helms, now an1-+
NEW YORK TIMES
27 November 1073
44% IN POLL BELIEVE'
NIXON VIOLATED LAW
WASHINGTON, Nov. 26
(UPI) -- A Harris poll' released-
Joday indicated that 44 per
? cent of American believe that,.
: when the Watergate investiga-
tion is completed, President
,! Nixon *ill be found to have
:.violated the law.
The poll also showed that 46
per tent of 1,454) persons quees
!toned Nov. 12-15 did not.
elieve that Mr. Nixon was ti mad
of high integrity.
c The polling ' organizatiOrti,
? heeded by Louie HarrisSett
'11utt When ft asked A 46111/tel
Section Of Aniefieniiii?Yik
Months ago whether they be-
lieved Mr. Nixon was "a men
of high integrity," 76 per cent
said he was and Only13 pet
' cent said ,he was not. The ne*
poll showed 46 per cent eat
r he was not of high integrity
while 39 per cent said he was,
in answer to a questletV
whether Mr. Nixon would Wits
mately he found to have broke,
en the law, 44 per cent be..,
?ileved he would be, 34 per edit
said he would not be and 22
per cent were not sure.
In response to a third ques.,'
Son, 63 per cent 'of those'
:polled said that Mr. Nixon did,
not inspire confidence while 29,
per cent said that he did. '
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77'77117/11;1717r7)Fil'iv',Ilinitif?'r:IV,11,1?
.110, ?).df II'
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WASKINGTOrt STAR
28 November 1973
Watergate Jury Hears
by Oswald Johnston
Sikw.Nows Staff Writer
4. Fortier CIA director
kichard M. Helms has tetti-
fled for a second time be-
fore the Watergate grand
Jury about possible CIA
involvement in the break-in
at Democratic National
Headquarters and the sub-
sequent coverup.
4 Helms, now ambassador
in Iran, was recalled trout
, his diplomatic post for testi-,
)ttiony and appeared for
about an hour yesterday
'before the grand jury, ac-
'Cording to sources close to;
the Investigation.
Watergate special prose-
'etttor Leon Jaworski's of-?
Ike refused any comment
Oh the Helms interrogation.
But it understood staff in-
?Oestigators, following the
lead of Archibald Cox,
'wanted to examine further
a memorandum written by
Helms 11 days after the
June 17, 1972, Watergate
break-in in which he asked,
that F8B1 agents "confine'
themselves to the personalial
ties already arrested or di-,
reedy under investigation.'
THE JUNE 28, 1972.
NEW YORK TIMES
23 November 1973
memo surfaced earlier this
month and stirred reports of
renewed interest at the
prosecutor's office id
Helm's original testimony.
In some eyes, the memo
ran directly counter to,
sworn testimony by Helms'
and other CIA officials that"
the agency had no connec-
tion whatsoever with E.
Howard Hunt and the other.
onetime intelligence opera-.
tives who carried out the
rliune 17 break-in. '
This apparent discrepan-
'cy was further underlined
pearlier this month by an ar-
ticle in Harper's Magazine,
It contended that Eugenio
Martinez, one of the five
conspirators apprehended
Inside the Democratic head-
quarters and admittedly a
paid CIA informant at the
time of the break-in, had.
kept CIA higher-ups fully
Informed of the doings of
Hunt and his colleagues. '
?
THE THESIS has been
sharply disputed by all con-
gressional investigators
who have looked into the
matter. The Senate Armed
Services Committee held
two hearings earlier in the
month in an unsuccessful
'effort to press the author to
authenticate his claims.
Rep. Lucien Nedzi,
Mich., whose CIA oversight
subcommittee of the House
Armed Services Committee,
has probaly carried out
the most painstaking study
'of the relationship of CIA to
Watergate, has firmly con-
,cluded that the agency was'
, not involved and that the
potentially damaging memo
is really innocent.
William E. Colby, the
present CIA director, earli-
er this month prepared at
the invitation of Senate
Armed Services Committee
acting chairman Stuart
Symington, D-Mo., a second
memo to explain what
Helms had in mind.
In it, Colby explained that
the original Helms memo,
addressed to deputy CIA
director Gen. Vernon A.
Walters, was aimed at pro-
tecting two undercover
agents in Mexico from expo-
sure by an FBI investiga-
tion of what later turned out
to be a Republican Finance
Committee money chaid
through a Mexico Cll.
bank.
"HE WANTED to dii
Ukraine Holds Nixon Above Criticism
By CHRISTOPHER?I. WREN
Plpeelat to The New York Time
ZAPOROZHE, U.S.S.R., Nov.
15?President Nixon remains iii
untarnished symbol of recon-
ciliation out here in the Soviet
hinterland. The Watergate af-
fair means little or nothing to
, ordinary citizens of this sprawl-
Mg industrial center of almost
, 700,000 people in the southern
Ukraine.
"Yes, it was reported," a
; young engineer 'said, "but I
really don't think I know
about it."
; His response reflected the
'cautious treatment that the
'Scandal has received in the
, local Soviet press. The national
:newspapers such as Pravda and
lzvestia have been giving Wa-
tergate increasingly more atten-
'Con, though their repos gen-
erally run only a few para-
' graphs.
Passed Up Story
But in Zaporozhe. the local
press has sidestepped the mat-
ter, When Pravda reported that
Mr. Nixon was willing to sur-
render documents related to
Watergate, the local Ukrainian.
language paper, Zaporizhska
Pravda, passed up the story for
iProsale articles front Cairo,
Meow. Hanoi. and London.
SOVIET
Kly UNION
uKtioinN?:;?.? f?1%0??
The New Yore lime/Nee. 23, 1973 .
"We have told our readers
what they need to know about
Watergate," said a Journalist
from Kiev, "but It Is, of course,
your Internal affair."
The hesitancy to bring up the
Matter suggests a wish by th
local press not to confuse Its
readers by undermining their
faith in an American President
with whom the Kremlin has
made SOnte accommodation.
. "You must understand that
',man, but the Symbol ot
Mitten for, us means not die
ere of understanding
the United States and the SO:
viet Union," explained a trans-
lator, who said she had folb
lowed the Watergate affair.,
"When 1 first heard about It, I
thought it must be a trick," she
said, expressing a not untontb
mon skepticism.
In Zaporozhe, Mr. Nixon hag
retained the stature he won
when he visited the Soviet
Union in May, 1972. Same of
the city's residents recall the
he stepped In the Ukrainian
capital, Kiev.
"Are there people In the
United States who don't HIS
ylitit President?' another woo.
?, . rr.".
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12
Helms.
?
Again'
courage a fishing expedition
Into CIA operations," Coll*
said.
Nedzi has fully accepted
this interpretation, both in a
Special subcommittee re.*
port on the CIA-Watergate'
connection prepared last
month and in private con-
'versa tion thereafter. He
repeated his conviction id
an interview yesterday.
State Department ?Me
cials confirmed yesterdait
that Helms returned from
? Tehran over the weekend.
Informed sources reported,
that he conferred with Col.,
by Monday, and he was
reported to have met with
Nedzi yesterday afternoon. ,
When questioned, Nedzi
reiterated that the contro-i
versial memo could hurt '
Helms only through misin-
terpretation. "Our record Is ,
complete," he said, adding
that he and his subcommit-
tee had gone through "pileC
of memoranda" from dant- ?
'lied CIA files relating to the
Watergate crew, including ,
Martinez, without finding a
shred of evidence of any,,
InVelvement.
dri asked. "Why is that?'
? The decidedly Ukrainian pace
Of Zaporozhe is interrupted by
Such stray wisps of Americana
is an amplifier in a hotel blar-
ing out "Chattanooga Choo.
Choc)."
But the citizens of this city,
Preoccupied with their Own
seem otherwise un-
touched by .what is happening
In America.
Any discussion about the
United States Inexorably pro-
eeeds to a plea for co-exist-
ence. "We all Just want to
live," said, one matt. "I want
to and you want to, to why
don't we
*
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'By'Lawrence Meyer
Washington Post SOU Writer
Following a decision b
ft*" Senate select Watergat
committee yesterday to su
pdtid hearings on campaig
finfancing indefinitely, it
WASHINGTON POST
28 NOV 1973
i .14y? En Water
learitt
s-
ranking Republican mem
her, Sen. Howard H. Bake
, Jr. (R-Tenn.), said it is possi-
s ble' the hearings may never
resume.
The committee, acting on
a recommendation from its
staff, voted 5 to 1 to suspend
the hearings subject to a
call from the 'cliairmao, Sen.
Sam J. Ervin Jr. (D-N.C.).
The lone dissenting vote
? was cast by Sen. Lowell P.
Weicker Jr. (R-Conn,) who
; reportedly criticized the
, staff and his fellow senators
; for failing to work hard
; enough in the last several
months.
' Following the committee
meeting, Ervin- and Baker
etold reporters they were sus-
pending the hearings to give,
?
the staff more time to con-
duct its investigation. Baker
; said it was important that -
the staff have "hard facts"
; and "hard proof" before tes-
timons in two areas of cam-
--
paign financing is presented
?
publicly.
Baker, vice chairman of
aire recluse Howard the additional tapes would
Hughes made in two $50,000 be sought because, "We
- installments in 1969 and
r 1970 to Charles G. (Bebe)
Rebozo, President Nixon's
close friend. The committee
has received conflicting ver-
sions about the purpose of
the contribution.
Rebozo has reportedly
told the committee staff
that he kept the money in a
. safe deposit box for three
? years before returning it to
Hughes earlier this year
through Hughes lawyer
Chester C. Davis.
In addition to these two
areas, Baker reportedly told
the. committee during its
morning meeting that he in- ;
tends to have .the staff of
the committee's Republican
members devote time to in-.
vestigating whether the CIA
was inoolved in the Water-.
gate break-in and whether -
Democratic Party officials
had "prior knowledge" of ?
the break-in.
The delay in the hearings
was seen by persons close
to the committee as
strengthening Baker's ability
to block resumption of the
hearings and thus prevent
testimony that could further Yesterday three Hughes
employees, Hughes lawyer ;
; the committee, said that the
; hearings can resume only
; when the staff says it is
; ready to proceed, probably
I some time in January. raker
I said he "fully expects" the
stair to come back. to the
, committee and say, " 'Look;
here are the witnesses and
! here is the proof.'"
Asked by a reporter if the
; question is when will the
? hearings resume, or will
they resume at all? Baker
replied, "It's a question of
when we resume. bet I don't
exclude the possibility that
we might not." ?
The committee still has
two subjects or potentially
great intere.st to take up in
public session. One Subject
is the 5427,500 in contrib. ?
utions by Milk producers to
the 1972 Nixon ? re-election
campaign. The contributions
coineided with an adminis-
tration decision to raise gov-
ernment milk price sup'.
ports.
The second area concerns
, a al00,000 cash contribution
from an emissary. of billion-
.
think that information is
relevant to our investigation
also.
? Baker and Ervin said the ,
committee's staff also was
authorized to prepare a list
of other tapes and White
House documents it believes
are relevant to its investiga-
tion so the committee can
prepare subpoenas. Refer-
ring to documents already
requested by the Committee
from the White House, Er- ;
yin said that if negotiations'
to produce them fall, the
committee will subpoena',
them also.
Baker said thine actions
represented a "broadening !
of the inquiry" AS a result of !
new information gathered
by the staff.
Ervin said the committee I,
also was preparing to cite
several Hughes employees
for contempt of Congress If '
they fail to respond to sub
poenas issued to have them
testify in executive session
before the committee. The
employees have balked at
giving testimony except in,
public session.
? Davis filed suit In the U.S.
' District Court here asking
the, court to rule that they
? ;
;may not be required to tes-
tify except in public session.
.! The suit, filed by Davis as
' lawyer for himself and the
; others, ;charges that the
I staff has interviewed the
; Hughes employees Miring
? the last two months. Follow-
tog -these intervicw4, the
; stilt says, "distorted and
! speculative accounts of the
information obtained" from
those interviewed appeared
In the press and other me-
dia.
Davis said that he notified
. the committee "that he and
his clients stood ready and
willing to testify" before the
committee "but that any ?
such testimony should be
taken at a public hearing as
required by law."
According to participants
In yesterday's meeting,
Weicker was shollAy criti- ?
cal of the senators and staff. ?
One source said Weicker
said that it appeared to the
public that the committee '
was dragging. This source
quoted Weicker as saying,,
"I'm getting tired of looking.
like we're sitting around
here on our asses.'"
damage President Nixon on
Davis and an employee of
the one hand or demand ;--- -
?
that the hearings proceed if ;
the minority staff can pro-
duce testimony about the '
CIA. or Democratic officials.
Although these sources
said Baker had said noth-
ing to indicate that he want-
ed the hearings stopped, ?
they indicated that it was
not unreasonable for him to
make the effort.
At the same time, Ervin
announced that the commit-
tee had given the staff au-
thorization to seek addition-
al tape recordings of pre'si-
dential conversations, from
the White House. Ervin said
the committee would seek
all nine tapes being sought
by the special Watergate
?prosecutor rather than sim-
ply the five tapes the coni-
mit tee originally ?subpoenaed
from Mr. Nixon. Ervin said
13
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?
f;
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NEW YORK TINES
26 November 1973
SPY SAID TO LINK
CHAPIN \AR
t,
'Sourcis Say Segretti Told
;Proncutors Nixon Aide
Hatf Acted as Liaison
'
1- By JOHN M. CREWDSON
Special to ma Nfla York Times
WASHINGTON, Nov. 25.?r
Donald H. Segretti has told
Watergate prosecutors that it
was Dwight L. Chapin, while
President Nixon's appointments
secretary, who first alerted him
ejarlys in 1972 to expect a tele-
phone call from E. Howard
Hunt Jr., according to sources
close ,to the case.
? The disclosure appears to
clontradict a statement by Mr.
Chapin, issued through the
White House after 'Segretti's
role as a political saboteur be-
came known, in which he de-
clared that "I do not know,
have never met, seen or talked
to E. Howard Hunt."
? Using the alias "Edward
Warren," Hunt did call Segretti
in February, 1972, and from
then until the Watergate break-
in in June of that year sug-
gested, during subsequent calls
and visits, various covert ac-
tivities that the 32-year-old
lawyer might pursue.
During the time that he was
In touch with S? gretti, Hunt,
a part-time W'..te House con-
sultant, war also engaged in
planning a. / implementing the
Nixon re-i-ction organization's
illegal intelligence-gathering
sche,. that included bugging
the Jemocrats' Watergate of-
.s. Hunt pleaded guilty to his
,? le in the bugging in January.
Strachan Was Liaison
It has been disclosed pre-
viously that Gordon C.
Strachan, while an aide to the
former White House chief of
staff, H. R. Haldeman, acted as
liaison between Segretti and G.
Gordon Liddy, the Nixon cam-
paign official alsb convicted for
his part in the Watergate bug-
ging.
But Segretti's assertion to
the prosecutors that Mr. Chapin
played the same role with re-
spect to Hunt is believed to be;
the first indication that the'
former White House appoint-,
ments secretary had any knowl-
edge of or connection with'
others involved in the Water-
gate operation itself.
' Segretti eventually pleaded
guilty to three misdemeanor
charges arising from his activi-
ties as a Republican undercover
agent during the 1972 primary
elections, and is serving a six-
month sentence at the mini-
Mum-security Federal correc-
tional facility at Lompoc, Calif.
Mr. Chapin, who was re-
? pprtedly forced to resign from
the White House staff in Feb-
Jeary after his role in hiring
the campaign spy betatner.
known, is a marketing execu-
tive with United Air Lines in
Chicago.
' Mr. Chapin, also 32, is one of
the few Watergate figures who
have refused to appear before
the Senate committee inves-
tigating the scandal. The panel
decided in September not to
subpoena Mr. Chapin after he
said he would invoke the Fifth
Amendment in response to all
questions.
? During a secret grand jury
appearance in April, however,
Mr. Chapin reportedly testified
that he had hired Segretti, a
college classmate, to follow the
major Democratic Presidential
contenders and report to him
on their movements.
?? But he told the Federal Duj
reau of Investigation in a series
of interviews early in 1973 that
he had never seen or possessed
any of the materials distributed
by Segretti, and that his friend
had acted largely on his own
initiative and without any spe-
cific instructions from him.
Mr. Chapin further told the
inquiring agents that he was
entirely unaware that Segretti
had had false publications
about certain candidates
printed.
The 'Sex Letter'
:But in his testtmony before
the Senate Watergate coins
mittee, Segretti said under
oath that he had received close
and specific directions from
Mr. Chapin in several instances,
and that he had, in fact, sent
him copies of some of the
bogus publications he was
having circulated.
Among these, Segretti said,
were the scurrilous letter ac-
cusing two Democratic Presi-
dential candidates of sexual
improprieties and another false
document declaring that a third
Democratic candidate had been
hospitalized for mental illness.
? Segretti recalled Mr. Chapin's
telling him that the so-called
"sex letter," which cost $20 to
print, had brought thousands
of dollars of free.publicity. He
said that Mr. Chapin had
"laughed for a period of time"
upon learning of Segretti's
false accusations about the
mental health of Representative
Shirley Chisholm, the Brooklyn
Democrat.
Two of the charges to which
Segretti pleaded guilty in
September involved the letter
accusing Democratic Senators
Hubert H. Humphrey of Min-
nesota and Henry M. Jackson
of Washington of sexual mis-
conduct. '
Segretti began serving his
six-month sentence two weeks
ago, and will be released in
March with time off for good
behavior.
, The daily routine at Lompoc,
about 200 miles north of Seg-
retti's Los Angeles .home, is
relatively lax in comparison
with that at other Federal pri-
sons. The inmates live in bar-
racks rather than cells, and are
allowed such liberties as sleep-
ing through breakfast if they
choose.
?
LONDON TIMES
9 November 1973_ ,
. ?
Swedish intelligence
'worked with CIA'
Roger Choate
. Stockholm, Nov 8
Sweden's Democratic Govern-
ment today faced rising
demands from both Parliament
.and the country to lift the veil
of secrecy shrouding the activi-
ties of the Swedish secret ser-
vice.
Opposition leaders told Mr
Olof Palme, the Prime Minister,
that there must be a rapid and
open investigation of what some
.newspapers have called "the
'Swedish Watergate ". The
affair has resulted in the deten-
tion of two magazine editors and
also dominated the autumn par-
liamentary debate, which
opened yesterday.
, The political storm was
started by a left-wing magazine,
which published in a series of
articles details of the alleged
activities of the Swedish secret
service known as the Informa-,
,tion Bureau. The latest article
'alleged that Swedish intelli-
genceofficers had worked with
Israeli agents, spied on Arab
?embassies and had broken into
Ithe Egyptian chancellery. .
The magazine claimed that
the secret service had worked
closely on several occasions
tvith the American Central In-
telligence Ageney, and through
',it had transmitted to Washing-
ton information about condi-
tions in North Vietnam while
the war was on.
' Mr Gunnar Helen. the Liberal
Party leader, said yesterday
that he wanted an investigation
into another allegation made by
the magazine that the secret ser-
vice had cooperated with, and
turned over secret information
? to, certain officials ?within the
'kuling Social Democratic Party
and its youth organizations. Mr '
Palme denied that there was any
substance to the accusation.
? Mr Helen also asked for a
parliamentary investigation of
the Government's handling of
what the Swedes call "the secret
service affair ". This concerns
the arrest last month of two of
the editors of the magazine
Folket I Bile!, known as FIB/
? Kulturfront.
On October 22, the two editors,
Mr Peter Bratt and Mr Jan
Guillou, and three other persons,
were arrested and security police
raided the Stockholm office of
the magazine
Mr Carl Axel Robert, the
chief prosecutor, said the men
were arrested on suspicion' of
spying. Almost three wq,cics
later, the editors were still boltig
held by police without being
charged. He said, however, *hilt
he would formally press charges
of espionage, perhaps tomorrow.
At the time of the arrests*Ir
? Robert claimed that electronic
eavesdropping equipment tad
been used by journalists in
operations which might threiten
the country's national security.
Police said they found material
in the raid on FIB/Kulturfront
which allegedly compromised
the secret service.
The magazine's allegations
shocked many ordinary SweOes,,
?who id not know until last
spring, when FIB/Kulturfront
published its first article, that
their country had a secret
service. Its existence was
? apparently known only by a
select committee in Parliament
which was said to have received
,reports on its work, from the
Defence Minister,
? Mr Palme, in a remarkable
interview' last weekend with
the influential ? newspaper
Dagens Nyheter; broke his
silence as ?. pressure grew
thro'ughout the country and
within his own party that ho
should make a statement.
' He said that the September
24 ispue of the magazine
demonstrated that " criminal
activity had taken place ". The
journalists, under the protec-
tive mantle of "freedom of the
press ", had made use of such?
methods as electronic eaves-
dropping, shadowing and false
identification cards.
The newspaper noted that the
Prime Minister refused to per,
mit publication of his answers
to a series of questions about
the Swedish intelligence ser,
vice's alleged cooperation with
the CIA. Mr Palme was, how-
ever, quoted as saying that4
"our intelligence service would
never favour one or other power
.block without having sole dis-
position of ? Swedish security.4
agenhtes." .
prim
T
e Minister denied
that the intelligence agency
maintained an "Ideologic
black-book" of suspect Swedislf,1
citizens. fie said it. had a list!
of about 5,000 names which did
not have any sort of ideological,.
connotation.
.14
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NEW YORK TIMES
22 NOV 1973
'Critics Still Doubt
Slayer Was Alone
By MARTIN WALDRON
Special lone New York Tirnee
FREDERICK, Md., Nov. 21?
The day begins at 5 A.M. for
Harold ,Weisberg, former agent
of the Office of Strategic Sem
ices and occasional investigator
for the Senate who for the last
few years has been' on a per-
sonal crUsade to find out the
truth abut the Kennedy assas-
sination. ?
Shortly' after Mr. Weisberg
? begins stirring in the chill Mary-
land dawn, Penn Jones Jr., a
short, stubby newspaper editor
:1,500 miles away in Midlothian,
Tex., drives out to his farm to
check on his cows, then on to
-the office of the N.veckly Mid-
lothian Mirror. Mr, Jones has
the same hobby.
Together, they are the un-;
, official leaders of an energetic!;
group of Americans who dolt
not believe the Warren Corn-
mission report that Lee Harvey
Oswald 'acted alone when he,
shot and killed President Ken-.
, nedy and who are still.
conducting private investiga-;
tions into that assassination. .
Some of the doubt that hasi
arisen over the Warren Corn-
mission finding that Oswald1,1
was the lone assassin has;
grown out of a decision not to
release some of the testimony ,
taken in secret. Medical re-
ports were- also .kept sealed
until last year, when an out-
sider for the first time was .
allowed to examine some of
them.
The dozen or more experi-
enced trial lawyers hired by
the commission to compile and
analyze evidence agreed unani-
mously that Oswald was the
lone gunman, although there
was wide disagreement among
the lawyers about many de-
tails.
The three military doctorsi
who performed the autopsy onl
President Kennedy's body havel
never expressed doubt that Mr.:!
Kennedy was killed by a bullet, .
that struck him in the back of '
: the head. Almost all of the
'
critics have argued that the
fatal shot came either from the
i
' side or from the front.
And just this week, a former i
-Commission staff lawyer, David
? Belin, published a hook, "You
Are the Jury," defending the
, commission's finding that Os-
wald was the lone assassin and '
attempting to rebut the coin-
mission's critics. .
But even after 10 years, Mr.
Jones can be reduced to. out-
rage bordering on incoherence'
by a discussion of the official
investigation. "There are delib-
erate errors In the volumes"
of commission testimony, Mr.,
:Jones said the other day.
. Mr. Jones, who is a retired i
'general in the Texas National
Guard and who has won nee'
Hone, honors for courage in
Journalism, estimates that 1001
to 200 people are still working
full-time investigating Mr. Ken-
nedy's murder.
Mr. Jones is the developer of
a theory that there is a con-
spiracy in the United States to
murder everyone who has any
pertinent knowledge .about the
Kennedy assassination. Thus far
he has compiled a list of 72
suspicious deaths and says there
may be more than 100.
Mr, Jones tends to agree In
principle with New Orleans Dis-
trict Attorney Jim Garrison that
! President Kennedy was killed
by the Federal Government
with the connivance of the Fed-
eral Bureau ef Investigation and
the Central Intelligence Agency
and at least the tacirepproral'
of the late President Johnson.
Mr. Weisberg, who has pub-,
lished four well-received and*
carefully researched books
about the assassination, says
that the circumstances of Mr.
Kennedy's murder cry out con-
spiracy. He says he views the
'Warren Commission investiga-
tion as a "whitewash," the name
lie gave to three of his books.
Most of the doubt about the
Warren Commissions finding
has been based 'on conflicting
!statements by witnesses. But
; these views have been backed
'In recent years by scientific in.
Dr. Cyril H. Wecht, coroner
of Allegheny County, Pa., (Pitts-
burgh) said last year after
;studying autopsy material that
:had been kept secret for almost
leight years: "From a hard phys-
ical evidentiary standpoint, :
there was more than one person
shooting." The . single-bullet 1
theory is absolute nonsense."
The Warren Commission con-
eluded that one bullet pierced .
President Kennedy's neck, went
through the chest of then Texas
!Governor John B. 'Connally Jr.,
arid then on through Mr. Con-.
nally's wrist into his leg.
"Once that theory is de-
stroyed, we must conclude that
more than one person fired,"
said Dr. Wecht, who is past
president .of the American aca-
demy of Forensic Sciences.
, A theory that President Ken-
nedy's assassination was ar-
ranged by munitions makers .
has been made into a movie,
? Executive Action."
The movie is based on t t
novel by Mark Lane, a New
York City lawyer who was one
of the early critics of the Ware
ren Commission and who pub-
lished a book, "Rush to Judge-
ment," which was critical of
thecommission's investigation.
Among the majority of .
Americans either convinced or
open to the idea that others
besides Oswald were Involved
n the assassination-64 per
tent In t 08111.10 poll released
WASHINGTON POST
25 November 1973 .
aktum Airs
lot The9ry
In Killings
13y John Hanrahan
Washitastoh Poet Matt Writer
A myriad of conspiracy the-
ries, including. .one. attempt-
Ing to link the'assassination of
:tresident Joh!, F. Kennedy te
;Some of the,.. figures, involved
the Watergate affair, ;were
;raised yesterday on the
:61uding .day of a two-day con-
rence here on political asaas-
liinations of the last decade.
Various theorists at the con-
26rence at Georgetown Uni-
11.$rsitty's Gaston ,Hall attrit
akted President Kennedy's na-
iillssinatIon to organized,
4-ime, the CIA, anti-Castrb
pubans, big businessmen, the
date President Lyndon B.
r
eIbhnson, Soldiers of fortune or
Ambinations of these ele.
aln most instances, the theo-
,Wes were old ones brought up
itp idate. While some theorists
!elKonerated Lee Harvey Os-
iwald of the assassination of
,)
*President ? Kennedy, others
aid Oswald may have been a
;minor figure in 'a large ' con-
4.1.eiracy.
!-. What was .different 'about
die discussions from those of
4r,lier years was the apparent
Iwidespread feeling that the
Watergate affair and cover-up
had links to 'President Kenne-
:OS aSsassination in Dallas 10
years ago last Thursday. .
;Although the conferente
'aPiansor, the private,: Washing-
lop-based Committee to Inves-
tigate Assassinations (CTIA),
had not listed Watergate on
"ite program, the issue was
bepught up yesterday after-
nrion by Chicago-based gadfly
in January, 1967?was Presi-
dent Johnson.
Leo Janos, a Time magazine
writer and a forrner Johnson
aide, said that President John-
son had told him a short time
before his death that he had
never believed Oswald acted
alone.
Writing in . The Atlantic
Monthly, Mr. Janos said that
President Johnson had told him
that "a year or so before Ken-
nedy's death, a C.I.A.-backed.
assassination telfirtad been
picked up in Havana, Johnson
speculated that Dallas had been
a retaliation for this thwarted
'attempt" to kill Cuban Premier
!del Castro.
. CIA-RDP77=00432R0"001
Approved For Release 2001/98/0
Olierman Skolnick, Who was in
the audience. A sizable por-
tion of the audience of about
20p persons appeared to .4.up-
. Port Skolnick's successful ':tif-
fdtt to put Watergate on tlie
agenda. ' .
Skolnick, the chief prop
? tient of the theory that Aber&
'was deliberate sabotage in the
plane crash that last Deeern.;
her killed Dorothy 'Hunt, wife
of Watergate conspirator E.
Howard Hunt
the conferenee
what he 1110e-ed. were nos,s'
links between the CIA and t 2
CTIA,
ouestioned why the een-
. ?fOrenr.: was heitui held on a
CIA ,:;:vropus.". a reference to
0'A-sponsored rescarch that
has teen r y-r:ed oti;. at
Georgetow: ,4'4i suggested
that at k's wc prominent
'CTIA inexners havr ridden
DiA des.
;One of the panelists, Dr.
RiChard Popkin, professor of
philosophy at Washington Unl-
.versity .12 S. Louis, eai.e teat
.many other countries ar..vc
;had political assassination con-
spiracies, yet American offi-
, dais here would have the na-
'Win believe that the assassi-
nations of the ? last decade;
? ,shave been, carried out by
Icfne nut." Popkin said the:
Watergate affair, with its
"Conspiracy to reelect the:
President," should convince:
Arnericans once and for all,
that conspiracies do exist and,
that President Kennedy was
'the victim, of one.
Although none of the panel-
ists dealt specifically in their
prepared remarks with links
between Watergate and Presk
dent Kennedy's murder, vari-
ous members of the audience
Contended that there may ex-
1st evidence to show that per-',
inns arrested in the break-in
at Democratic Headquarters'
.iri>the Watergate also were in;
;Dallas on the day of Mr. Ken-
nedy's assassination.
:? Ramparts magazine and
'many underground and smaller;
:Circulation publications have
suggested. in recent months
'that there may be direct i
links between the Dallas shoot-
ing and the Watergate affair.
but, as some members . of the.
.audience said yesterday, the
major news media have ig-
reired this possible connection.
'Peter Dale Scott,. author and
professor at the University of
ettlifornia at Berkeley, said
'there were "lessons of Water-
gate" that should be applied
to,examining what he said was
th "cover,up" of the facts
about the Kennedy assassina;
!the Watergate affair also
showed, he said, that the per-
sorts Involved in the , cover-up
flIfl hot necessarily have
ben Involved hi- the orlillottl?
crInte: He said he suspects
this was the case in the inves-
,tigation of Mr. Kennedy's
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In a morning panel discus-
sion, authors of various books
and articles' on political assas-
'sinations expressed frustrat-
ion over notibeing able to in-
terest majo - news media in
newly disc ered evidence or
theories rthting to the polit-
ical mur rs and attempted
WASUINGTON STAR
23 NOV 1973.
1 Zrzzits
miirders.
Although some panelists
said the' felt there was a new
willingness by the.news media
tovdo more investigative re-
porting as -a .1*Nlt of the
Watergate affal?4,', others said
there was still askong reluc-
tance in the media to ?re-open
inestigations of assassina-
t1lL
13y Mike Winship
Special to the Star.hlews
'Their investigators work oui of a
? crowded office in a 16th Street apart-
ment building. Taped to the door is a
piece of scrap paper with the scrawled
. letters "CTIA"?the office's only identi-
fication.
, Inside, the small rooms are packed
with books, papers and filing cabinets.
An oscilloscope and several radios sit
, near a window, and the walls of one cu-
. bide are covered 'with maps of Texas
? and England.
The initial undercover look of the of-
fice disappears with the appearance of
Bob Smith, director of research of the
? Committee to Investigate Assassina-
tions.
! "Are you looking for Bud?" he asks,
and picks up a light coat. "He's over at
his office. Let's go."
; Wait a minute?are those maps being
used to track down the escape routes of
professional assassins? Oh, no, Smith
; shakes his head and gives a pained look.
"Our secretary, Andrea, just joined
IcriPle A. She puts them uP for decora-
tion."
THE COMMITTEE to Investigate
Assassinations, organized in 1965, be-
' heves that the official explanation for
the murders of the Kennedys, Martin
Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, American
? Nazi leader George Lincoln Rockwell,
and the shooting of George Wallace
: have been woefully inadec)tiate. ?
i. Privately funded, the committee has '
; two full-time, unpaid staff members in
I the network of "doctors, lawyers, writ,
iers, architects, housewives, Indians,
; paranoids and ha.rdheads" around the
country who have become amateur
sleuths attempting to uncover whzit they
think may be the true stories behind the
shootings.
The amount of research material in
existence is staggering. By Smith's esti-
mate, the National Archives has ten
times more documentary evidence
! about the murder of John Kennedy than
is contained in the, entire 26 volumes of
the Warren Commission Report.
As chief counsel to the Senate; sub-
committee on administrative practiee
and .procedure from 1964-1963, Fenster-
.
u;ald wanted to see a separate Senate
investigation' into the Kennedy assassi-
nation.
The chairman of the committee, at
that time, Sen. Edward Long, was una-
ble to act on the suggestion because of
re-election troubles in Missouri (he was
defeated in the 1968 Democratic pri-
mary by Thomas Eagleton) and a Life 1
magazine article that accused him of
secret dealings with the Teamsters Un-
ion. .
Fensterwald went into private praci'l
tice and proceeded to organize CTIA's'
? team of investigators:"
.The CTIN efforts soon expanded into
other cases besides the first Kennedy
assassination?Martin Luther King Jr.,
Malcolm X, Rockwell, and Robert Ken,
nedy.-
Events forced expansion of their in-
vestigations: "We couldn't help but
worry about the Wallace shooting, too."
? CTIA is especially interated in how
Wallace's would-be assassin, Arthur
Bremer, was able to afford his travel
around the country in pursuit of his vic-
tim. . ?
CTIA has accumulated a massive sys-
tem of files of material collected from
around the world. Most of the docu-
ments, articles, and copies of declassi-
fied material will be turned over to.
Georgetown University's library for
safe-keeping.
. But the committee sees its function as
much more than a depository for infor-
mation. "We're sort of the leading edge
of the 'Let's solve the murder move-
ment," Fensterwald said.
? They have filed several lawsuits to
release information still withheld in the
various cases, and they lobby on the Hill
for legislation to declassify restricted
material and reopen official investiga-
tion.
Also on hand is a list of more than
25,000 names of people who have been,
involved in the various investigations to
date. ?
, ?
"You'd be surprised how Many names.
keep cropping up," Fensterwald com-
mented. "Not necessarily with any
criminal connection?but when Frank .
Sturgis' name came, up in the Watergate
case, we knew who he was."
16
STURGIS, one of the five men arrest-
ed in the Watergate offices of the Demo-,
cratiC National Committee, lived in
Miami at the time of the John Kennedy ?
assassination under the name of Frank
Fiorini. He ran a group called "The In-
ternational Anti-Communist Brigade,"
land one of its members, according to
iFensterwald, later claimed that Lee
1Harvey Oswald had attempted to infil-,
ttrate the group. But, added Fenster-
wald,!i the FBI "had no record of Os-
lwald's being in Miami."
A subpoena to appear before the Seine
Watergate Committee is taped to Fen-'
sterwald's bookcase. He is serving as a
defense counsel to James McCord, an-,
:other of the Watergate Five. ?
Does McCord see any conflict of inter-'
'est with private investigation that might
draw even a tenuous link between 1Va-
tergate and misdeeds of the past?
"Jim McCord was well aware of my
hobby before I became his lawyer,"
Fensterwald stated. "He has never
helped or hindered us. The only thing I
; have against Jim is that he's such a
istraight Methodist."
? "Even before NVatergate, I refused tc
write off anything as preposterous," he
added. "But before that happened, we
? have had a theory in this country that
goes back well over 100-years, and it has
to do with our national ego. You can
have a political conspiracy in France.
. Guatemala, Russia or anywhere ? po-
litical murders are often committed by
a political group for political reasons ?
but in this nation we have been so pure,
so democratic and unviolcnt that only a
nut could Perform an act like that."
It's that attitude that has kept the ail
. cial investigations of assassinations
;from being complete, Fensterwald be
lieves. ,
. ,
; "In all of these case, the sloppy wor14
; that's been done, whether accidentally
' or on purpose, would never .suffice ir
i the average murder case," he claims.
; "If John Kennedy had been John Doe,
.a coroner's jury would have demandec
considerably better proof than the War-
ren Commission got."
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I Ai Q;:3 7,1
? Li
t-7:N
(
71?1 n>/
J
WASHINGTON STAR
24 NOV 1973
it

-eaey
a nation: decides to alienate
,i3y John Mathews itself from its history, what er question is who pulled
Star?News Staff Writer . we have got is a condition of the trigger on Arthur Bre-.
mer," Van Doren said. -
' The? experts and buffs du- apathy . . . known as those The chief witness against
? tifullx extend their hands to years before totalitarian-..Brether, he added, was his
. an aide at the registration ism," he said. own diary, which appears to
i desk Who brands them with Lawyers now represent- be more a fabricated work
: an inked tamp reading: ing Sirhan and Ray both than an actual record of his
"Committee to Investigate . maintained that .:carlier activities. Van Doren Mai.
' . Assassinations." ' courtroom defenses were cated that Bremer was
Then, they.move to seats inadequate and that ballis- probably manipulated bn
, in 'cavernous Gaston Hall at tics evidence indicated they others. He questioned why
? Georgetown University to were not the killers of Rob. the Watergate investiga-
. hear the lawyers, research- ert Kennedy and Martin tions have not disclosed any
; ers and writers dispute the K? Luther
mg. evidence of "dirty tricks"
? offielai nersions of the !till- -
Robert Hanson contended against Wallace, who ap-
: ings of John F. Kennedy,' '
, Robert F. Kennedy, Martin that Sirhan was phySically peared to be the !ending
not in a position to shoot candidate for the Demo-
Luther King Jr? George
'Lincoln Rockwell and the Kennedy, although he did cratic presidential nomina-
sheet bystanders. Someone tion at the time of. the
. attempt on the life of Gov.
George C. Wallace. else killed Kennedy, he .shooting. .
?.
- Yesterday, the proceed.- said. . .? . ..
, VAN DOREN provided
?
ings at the Conference on a one of the few moments of
Decade of. Assassinations' JAMES usArt, Who new comic relief at the confer-
were. low-key. Lawyers ? cnce when he said Bremer
represents Ray, the convict-.
ed killer of Dr. King, said'
spoke" of new attempts to. had a "spook mentality,"
' reopen the cases of Sirhan he was "framed" and that then added, "I apologize to
Sirhan and James Earl unknown conspirators re- any spooks who may be
Ray. A forensic pathologist sponsible for the actual here." . .
and medical examiner dis- slaying are still at large., Much of the talk at the
puled the autopsy report On
The 6th t,1.S. Court of Ap- opening session dealt with
?
? John Kennedy.. And, a for- peals is expected to rule disputing the "single-bullet
mer CIA agent described. 011 on whether Ray is enti- theory" of the assassination
how the Paychological. tied to a new hearing, on of President Kennedy: the
Stress Evaluator can give evidence which was not in-, ? official Warren Report vet--
. some indication whether a troduced previously, Lcsar sion that the same bullet
. recorded voice is telling the added. struck both' Kennedy and
. truth. The convicted killer of then Texas Gov. John Con-
'George Lincoln Rockwell, ? nally. Dr. Cyril II. Wecht,
?
TODAY, the final sessions. the American Nazi Party the coroner of Pittsburgh
; of the conference should leader, was defended by a and Allegheny County, Pa.,
perk up as the talk goes non-lawyer, Meredith Rode, said the scientific evidence
beyond disputing the. find- . an art professor at Federal supports the critics who
. ings of the Warren Commis- City College here. Former dispute the theory. .
sion and past trials and Nazi John Patler, who was ? In August 1972, Wecht
delves into the scores of
sentenced to 20 years for was allowed 'to view medi-..
.
conspiracy theories for the the Aug. 25, 1967 killing by c.al evidence at the National
. political assassinations of :Arlington Circuit Court, ?Archives, but did not see
the last decade. should be given a new trial, the preserved brain of 'Ken-
In a keynote talk, author .Rode said, because of nu- nedy, microscopic slides of
. Norman Mailer gave a phil- memos contradictions in tissue removed from bullet
' osophical rationale for hold- the evidence. ? wounds and sonic photos.
ing the conference deliber- Rode, who taught a class Wecht said he does not
aid}, timed to coincide with in which Patter was en know whether- the Kennedy
the 10th anniversary of the rolled while free on bail and ? family has withheld the evi-
Dallas assassination of became convinced of his idence but thinks it is in the
President .Kennedy. . innocence, said his case at- Archives. . . ..
The bullet recovered at
. Assassinations . have tracts virtually no interest.
"made? history b Ronald Van Doren, a ? Parkland Hospital in Dallas
sive," Mailer said, 1
teadin?.journalist? acknowledged . and purported to have
people to either spend years That the .9vidence was "fair- passed through both Kenne-
disputing the official ac-
:
ly cleac that Arthur Bre-
dy and Connally could not
counts or to blot from their mer had shot GoV. Wallace have hit 'both victims since
minds the possibility that. at a Laurel shopping center it " '''-is virtually intact, Wecht
r
they could be wrong. "When. - -
lay 15, 1972. "The larg-
said. The -bullet wa fired
- with the rifle Lee Harvey
Oswald allegedly used, but
? :.Wecht said he considers it a
"plant." He would not spec-
ulate on its origin.
AS HE has in the past?
Wecht screed}, ethieized
the offidal autopsy -
performed by isiOary doe-
tor t Bethesee Navel
Hoseital The .e0Latee pe-
tho;ogists "aid their
.superior officer; told ,e.Ta
to do," he said, incieding
failing to track the path of
the other bullets thseugli
Kennedy's brain..
Conference apensers,
io-
eluding Bernard Fenster-
waid Jr., the lawyer for
Watergate conspirator
Jamea ?McCord (Fen-
sterwald heads the cam-
mittee To investigate Assets:
sinations) dissociated them-
selves from a demonstration
at the Archives to demand
release of all evidence, in- ?
eluding the late President's
brain.
? "The demonstration has
nothing to do with us; WI
stick to scientific and legal .
ei/idence," FensterWalct
said. Only a handful gath-
ered to demonstrate. They
left after the announced
speakers did not appear
101
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WASIINGTOI STA1-
2 5 NOV 1973
? By John Mathews
Star?News Staff Writer
The Conference on a Dec-
ade of Assass'inations closed
yesterday with participants
trading charges of conspira-
cies to disrupt the proceed-
ings or to limit the scope of
the discussion.
? About 400 dissidents
among the 200. participants
demanded and got a final
session to discuss the prissi-
bility of links between Wa-
tergate conspirators and
the assassination of Presi-
dent ? John F. Kennedy a
decade ago in Dallas.
"Our host, Mr. 'Fenster-
wald, should be knowledge-
able about that since he rep-
resented James McCord,
the Watergate spy some of
us believe was at Dealey
Plaza (in Dallas)," said
Sherman Skolnick, a
spokesman for the dissent-
ers: ?
Bernard Fensterwald Jr.,
the local lawyer who orga-
nized and supports the
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
16 NOVEMBER 1973 .
singer-style
By Charlotte Saikow ski
Staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Moniti r
Washi ilton
Diplomat , extraordinaire 14,3m7.
'Kissinger has a new directive ol for
'American envoys abroad. It s% Is in;
, effect:
sr Give me fewer dry facts rid;
more analysis.
? Keep it short.
? Include any dissenting views
Amid the swirl of high-level di!, Q-4
macy, the Secretary of State has ; ad
little time to run the State Del rt.
meat. But he has made clear he wan r
to rejuvenate the bureaucracy an : ,
when time permits, will devote s(,)"
energy to the mundane problems )f'
administration. More persw; el
changes are expected soon, also.
Meanwhile, bits and pieces of Is
thinking are beginning to surface. : . a
recent cable to U.S. embassies ab-
he comments on the "sheer r.thr of
Information" which floWs 'rit the
department as contrasted mil I the
"paucity of good analyi al 1. tate:
rial." -
For reporting to be us [ii, he ;ays,
"I require not only hi : mation on
I what is happening, bt : your most
thoughtful and ce.reiu" malyses of
why Itis happening, tt. means fol'
'U.S. policy and the dire / arts in which
yen see events giaille
The Secretary ale dvises his
mission chiefs to cut ( n marginal-,
Committee to Investigate
Assassinations that spon-
sored the two-day confer-
ence, said the group led by
Skolnick "are the type who
should normally be called
Know-Nothings.
"It's discouraging that
serious efforts like these
have to be disrupted," he
said. "I don't have any
proof, but. .. federal agen-
cies could be interested id
disrupting this conference.
They have fought us in the
past in every way I can
imagine."
ANOTHER dissident, A.
J. Weberman, a well-known
figure in the underground
press, said that "left-wing
assassinologists have been
excluded from the confer-
ence." He added that the
sessions at Georgetown
University "could be a' CIA
ft to keep an eye on AV
peolne.are learning about
the assassinations.". ?
Fensterwald countered
that all points of,views were
represented among confer-
ence speakers. "Most of us
on the committee are liberal
Democrats, and if anything,
we have been accused of
being too far to the left."
Skolnick, who led the dis-
sidents at the assassination
conference, heads his own
Committee to Clean Up the'
Courts in Chicago. Recent-
ly, he has conducted an in-
vestigation of the plane
crash last Dec. 8 in Chicago
in which the wife of E.
Howard Hunt, another Wa-
tergate conspirator, was
killed. Skolnick charges the
flight was sabotaged and
that the media and the gov-
ernment have conspired to
cover up the facts of the
crash. ?
Despite the dissent at the
final day of the conference,
discussions continued with
virtually no new facts dis-
closed, but with much re.:
view of well-aired conspira-
cy theories.
DONALD FREED, co?-?
author of "Executive
tion," the new film on the
assassination of President
-Kennedy, urged .assassina- ?
'tion !miffs to "strike a bal-
ance between paranoia and'
naivety."
Along with mark Lane, ?
the other author of "Execu-
tive Action," Freed said he
rejected the comment of the .
producers that the films,
was "pure entertainment."
Peter: Noyes, a Los Ange-
les television news producer
who has written a new book,
"Legacy of Doubt," alleg-
ing that a Kafia figure was'
.connected to the assassina-
tion of President Kennedy,
said, "Until we have the
power of subpoena and a
congressional investigating
committee takes action, we
Will accomplish nothing."?
diplomacy-reit s
interest items and to make reports'
'"cogent and concise." In his words,
"Verbosity too often seems to substi-
tute for careful thought."
! Lastly, Dr. Kissinger urges. foreign-
service officers who disagree with
judgments and policies of superiors to'
make their views available to him.'
But, indicating he wants discipline in
the ranks, he warns this must be done
through "controlled channels" and
not in the press. ?
! Those who work with Dr. Kissinger'
say he does not enjoy spending long
hours on such matters as what bureau
should do what. But he apparently is
determined to infuse a new spirit at
the department.
Policymaking broadened
Although he continues to wear a;
,White House hat as special assistant'
'to the President, say aides, he really,
has moved over to State. More of
cials have been brought into policy-
lnaking, and some members of his
National Security Council staff are
:said to be at a loss to know what their
role is now.
His operating style remains the
same'. He works incredibly long helve
, and has so many balls In the air Oat
there is a frantic quality to Ma
activities that leaves some Subo
nates confounded and others sth
,
Tho tigheot secrecy eurreurt:ta dud,'
cate ,negotiationsi and lines e:
ess of what, more
of why
munication to. division heads have yet ? ?
,to be fully worked out. Some high:
.officials have been irked because they',
,were not clued in on communications
'relating to the Middle East crisis.
Mindful of sensitivities on Capitol ;
'Hill however, the globe-trotting Sec- !
retary has found time to keep the
Congress informed of broad Mideast
and other developments, as he prom-
ised to do when first nominated.
Sen. J. W. Fulbright (D) of kansas, chairman of the Senate For-'
f,
.1 eign Relations Committee, says Dr.1
taissinger's effort on this score has ,
.gone far beyond that of any other
secretary of state in his experience.,
? During his travels the committee'r,
, has been recieving messages Via a&
undersecretary, says Mr. Fulbright,
and Dr. Kissinger has asked to meet',
,With the committee next week.
! Meanwhile, the atmosphere on the ?
seventh floor of the State Department ?
is described by some as "turned on."
Clerical secretaries who went in
reluctantly now are swept up in the
,glamour of it all.
His energy is becoming legendary.
t, "I worked with hint on a iiiiteen
twilit 4 a.m.," ritiallfi ee ?fticlal "At
;t 'Mite i web Oa mentally but ho was ,
.4foing like a house afire, pouring in
new ideas ant suggestions." k
. Reaction to. Or., Kissinger's mest?
18'?
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'sage on reporting from the field
seems favorable. Younger foreign-
service afters especially, who have
been frustrated by the lack of in;
tellectual stimulation at lower levels;
, applaud the new guidelines. One FSO
- NEW YORK TIMES
28 November 1973
Servi6e-Ex-p-e-cts to'. Lose Sisco]
?
By
BERNARD GWERTZMAN and South Asian Affairs, hadi of State'George W. Ball, N1:chi3.-
speciii to The New
or Timei Made up his mind to accept the] llas :deB. Katzenbach and tohn
WASHINGTONcollege post some time ago be- N. 'Irwin 2d, for whom l he
, Nov. 27? fore the current Middle ..East worked.
Mr. Kissinger, when he .0-
placed William P. Rogers --as
;Secretary of State, ordered
'delay on most high-level an-
cpointments so that he could
ihave a 'chance to review them
and make his own recommen-
Idations. "
During his confirmation hear-
ings, he told the Senate Foreign
'Relations Committee that hel
expected to fill all vacant s9t.S
by the middle of November, but.1
about ao key j.obs are ee;1?!
Aitee to Mr. Kissinger eaid
net the delay had beenicaused
In part by the Seeretary's in-
ttolvement es'Ae the Middle.
Stoessel Appointment ?Seen.
Sift.? To /tie franeition
The most significant ambae-
,, ? ,
Sisco htLe agreed to
sadorial appointment expected main .in his post as lone as
netessary' to. maintain con-
tinuity. in ?...he East
diplomacy. He has also tol.11 ?
friends 'that he had , no per
sonal ?prohlems, in working
With Mr, ' Kissinger or any. po-'
ilticaU dissatisfaction with the,
Nixon Administration.
On Mr. Kissinger's recenti
trip' to the Middle East, Mr.1
Sisco played a Major role in
persuading the Israeli Govern-
thent to accept the six-point
cease fire agreement worked
.but by Mr. 'Kissinger in Cairo.
? . The - assignment of Mr.
e'Stoessel to Moscow would end
a major and embarrassing va-
Taney, but is not expected to'
end , Mr. Kissinger's' preference
for 'dealing with the Soviet
leaders through the Soviet Am-
bassador, Anatoly F. Dobrynin.
A high department official
twho recently resigned is Ray
S. Cline, Assistant Secretary
or Intelligence/ and Research,
,Who joined the Georgetown ?
..Oniversify center for, Stra.
tegic' and International. Studies.
adds, however, that if the Secretary ;Joseph J. Sisco, the State De- 'crisis.
wants, more "think pieces" am: prtment's top official on Mid) The source declined to?name
bassaciors must be kept Informed ;east affairs, is expected to the college pending a former
, about high-level communications af- t
? leave the Government soon to. , announcement in the next few
? t
.accept a ,college kpresideney,, al ,' weeks.
fecting their countries. well-placed Administration, offi-. e Mr. Sisco's ekpected depar-
? Some veteran diplomats, with just a ,cial said today. , ? ;ture iS one of the more signifi-
trace of cynicism, say there is nothing le ..The word of the departure ; can State Department changes
new in the idea, that ? a call for ztiMri. Sisco, who 'has been, ' expected in the wake of Mr.
, focusing on the "why" rather than the sivevediddnlievoElvaesdt din, the intenf-, 'Kissinger's taking over as See-
!"what" goes out from Foggy Bottom. the last two months') diplomacy of
retery of State in late Septem-
,',:beAr. ,
lever's; 10 3ieara. .- . as a surprise since it bad been department official said
But, it ii condeded, "it's still a good , a a long list of Mr. Kissin-
Assumed by many officials -that ste t, l . -
.. he would remain ' workine for ger's choices to fill vacant am-
bassadorships and Siete De-
partment posts had recently
been sent to the White House
for final approval and, are.
tiouncement, ?
'idea."
. WASHINGTON POST
214 November 1973
o
At State
0
,-? ? Secretary of State Kissinger
'either in his present job or in
new, one. , ? 1
i But it ,was understood' that
'Mr. Sisco; the Assistant Secre-
'tary. of State for NeareEasterni
and French. He served two
previous tours in Moscow, as a
politicaloofficer from 1947 to
1949 and Counselor from 1963
to-1965.
? He also gained experience
in the Communist world as
U.S. ambassador to Warsaw
from 1968 to 1972, when he re-
turned to the State Depart-
ment to his present job. .
? Stoessel's appointinent re-
quires confirmation by the
Senate.
It was not known who will
replace Stoessel, but it was
understood that his replace-
ment will come 'from within
:the, ranks of the Foreign Serv-
ice. .
? - By Richard Reston
Loi Angeles Times
; President Nixon will ap-
prove a diplomatic package
next week covering a major
shake-up at the top of the
State Depaqment and
. changes within U.S. ambas-
sadorial ranks.
t Mr. Nixon's d'ecision to
move ahead will give Secre-
tary of State Henry' A. Kis-
singer the new team he wants
to strengthen his leadership in
the foreign policy field. The
diplomatic appointments also
Will fill , several long-standing
vacancies in key American
embassy posts overseas, partic-
ularly in Moscow.
It was understood that the
State Department's top Middle
East Expert, Joseph J. Sisco,
will be 'named under secretary
of state for political affairs,
traditionally the third-ranking
slot in the department. Sisco,
now assistant secretary for
Near Eastern and South Asian
affairs, will replace William J.
Pierter.
'Ambassador William B. Buf-
fum is returning from his post
in Beirut to take over the
Sisco job; informed sources
said.
The new U.S. ambassador to
Moscow will be Walter J.
Stoessel .Jr., assistant secre-
tary Or European affairs. His
appointment will end a va-
cancy there that dates back to
Tannery.
The last American ambassa-
dor in at wow was Jacob D.
Beam, who retired from the
Foreign Service. early this
year.
Stoessel, 53, speaks Russian
One unconfirmed report in-
dicated ,that Porter might be'
named U.S. negotiator in up-
coming peace talks between
the Arabs and the Israelis. t
Other Major appointments
In the package before the
President .include Helmut Son-
nenfeldt for 2 top job at the',
State :Department. In recent
years .Sonnenfeldt has been'
_KisSinger's top Soviet expert;
on ? the National Security.
Connell.
There also were reports that,
William J. Casey, under secreel
tary of state for economic af-
fairs, is leaving the depart-.
ment. It could not be deter-,
mined whether this move is
part of the package Mr. Nixon
will approve.
Informed sources said that
the President will name a
number of other ambassadors
to key oVerseas posts, The pos-
itions include ambaseadors for
Japan, Argentina, Mexico,
Chile, Columbia, Venezuela,
Panama and Costa Rica.
The President is also ex,
pected to name a new ambas-
sador to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization to replace
Donald Rumsfeld, who appar-
ently is returning homo from'
Brussels;
It was understood that Wil-
liam Jordan, now on the Na-
tional Securi: Council, Will
get one of the Latin American
to be made known in coming
days is that of Waiter J. Stoes-
sel Jr., the Assistant Secretary
for European Adirs, as the
new. envoy to , the Soviet Un-
ion. ? ?
Mr. Stoessel, who is 53 years
old, has had extensive expe-
rience in the Soviet Union, and
sneaks Russian. His name has
been, long 'entered, to be that
likely- to be put forward to fill
the vacancy existing 'since
cJacob D. Bean retired in Jahn-
ary:
Authoritative sources said
that Mr. StoeSsel's replacement
as the department's top offitial
on European affairs would be
Afthur A. Hartman, Who is the
No. 2 man in \the American mis-
sion in Brussels that deals with
the Common Market countries.
Mr. Hartman, who is 47, is
relatively young to ,hold the
Assistant Secretaryshin, but he
has been strongly recommend-
ed by former Mader Secretaries
1.9
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?e:
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? WASHINGTON POST
12 November 1973
ossifying 1
?
- 4. ?
,. Liiiiit Asked..
. ? . . . . .
, .
,. By Ripons
! .,,,,:i..?
4 ..:yainini that government
;Seek:icy is increasingly being
!US' e7,C1:"Iiir the White House to
*Stifle fibblie debate over for,
1 eigryptilley, the Ripon Society'
iestercfay urged Congress to
. ... .
limit-the number of presiden-
tial 'aides authorized to clas-
rsify.idoeuments and to provide
;penalties for overelassifying
rocuments.
? ,A. National Security Infor
.mation Act proposed by the so
iciety, a liberal Republican poi,
cy and research group, would
'restOte a, balance between'
he need for official secrecy to
fensure national security and
ittic need for official openness
gto,:ensure . adequate debate,",
according to a paper the or4
igaliization issued yesterday. :
;. '-"Although gOvernmental se-
rdciS"'-is important for the na-
ttonal:security, today its more
ks4cnificant role is as a tactical,
'political weapon, employed by.
4the executive brb-nch to pre-,
rent -.legitimate, democratic
;challenges to its ,nternational
Tolicies," the tor ?_!ty charged:
v .The society .recommended
legislation: 0- i ? would guaran-
ee thellor, , . Armed Services
.,ancl? 1'6m...A Affairs commit
licSfair' the k Senate Armed
iServie.i.. and , Foreign Rela:
ittioiIic : onUtees "access to all
:toP;'S it informationwith-,
out-a ., access controla im-
tpOsei. ? : by ??the executive
?orrab ', ' ? Those committees;
tn ..ot the White House,
control the release .cif
,- 13-secret Information to other
? oembers of Congress,' Ripon
?uggeSted.
. Although it was not singled
:out as justification of the sod-.
eiy'S 13-point proposal - for
"presidential restraint," the
White House decision to con-
duct secret bombing missions
In Cambodia .in 1969 and 197.Q
. and disguise them as attacks
In, South Vietnam' was the
:most dramatic recent example
:Of , congressional oversight
committees being durived of
:accurate classified informa-
tion.
'Disclosure of the bombing
:last July angered members of
, the Senate Armed, Services
Committee, who?with the ex-
ception of Barry Goldwater
(R-Ariz.)?said they had not
been informed of the decision. '
: The Ripon Society also pro-
posed that Congress fix the'
length of time a document
!should be classified at each ,
:clearance level, and that if the
. White House wanted to extend4
the period "it should be forced!
to ' accept .the ..burden ,,;ofai
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POST*GAZETTE, Pittsburgh
17 November 1973
'CIA: 'When to Say Weber'
4
911HE CENTRAL Intelligence Agency
-11- has come in for some heavy criti-
cism over the last few decades. Almost
nobody likes the 'idea of a secret po-
lice or counter-revolutionary ? corps
plotting ?or aiding in coup d'etats
? abroad and burglaries at home and us-
ing techniques more appropriate to
the underworld of organized ? crime
than to. an arm of the U.S. govern-
ment.
? Yet, from the tragicomic Bay of
Figs to the overthrow of Diem to the
secret subsidization of labor, student
and other groups and of certain pub-
lications, the CIA has by all reports
been up to its spook's spyglass in dir-
ty tricksterism in the name of Amer-
ica's national interest.
,It is in the wake of Watergate-re-
lated testimony, however, that a move
is being initiated to draw more clear-
ly at least some of the CIA's param-
eters. Rep. Lucian Nedzi, chairman of
the House subcommittee on intelli-
gence operations, is working out legis-
lation to plug charter loopholes which,
by someone's interpretation, permit-
ted the agency to prepare a psychiat-
ric profile of Daniel Ellsberg and to
lend to the White House "plumbers"
? material used in the Ellsberg bur-
glary. ?
According to its charter, the CIA
Is supposed to keep its surreptitious
nose out of domestic "law enforce-
ment" matters ? the domain of oth-
er ,hgencies such as the FBI and the
Secret Service.
For our part, we welcome any care-
fully thought-out legislation which
attempts further to insure against the
CIA's becoming a government unto it-
self, answerable to only a handful of
appointed, mostly obscure officials
and appearing at times to carry out a,
foreign policy antithetical to the
State Department's official policy and
"proof."
The society also urged Pres-
ident Nixon to withdraw -his
proposal to make leaking clan-,
sified information a crime, re-
rdless of whether or not the
Information was properly clas-
sified.
By withdrawing the bill, the
President could demonstrate
his own willingness to "turn
away from the obsessions of
the past and turn to the great
challenges of the 'Inure," Rip-
on said, quoting Mr. Nixon's
. televised Watergate statement
last month.
?
?
at other tjimes to meddle in domestic,
policy.
We caution; however, that anyr
remedial legislation should be firmly,
predicated on two basic observations:
(1) the CIA, as a division of the execu-
tive branch, was, is and will be,? no ?
matter what proscriptive legislation
says of. it ? subject to proper use or
gross abuse by the chief executive, orl.
whose integrity and wisdom much dei
pends and (2) so long as this y,)lane -
is planted with separate nation 3 COmL.
peting with each other for natural re-
sources; wealth 'and power, tt e bad
practices among them will tend to
drive out the good.
Not .for one moment should even
the most beneficent and generouS in-
ternalist believe. that the dirty trick-
sterism ? the prying, spying, politi-
cal influencing and sabatoging ? as-
sociated with the CIA is unique to it ?
or to .this nation. ?
. Nothing in the history of humans
or in the study of their behavior sug-
gests that other nations will forbear
doing unto us, when it suits their in-
terests; as we would do unto them,
when it suits our own; unless, that is, ?
they be prevented by our being fore-
warned.
From America's legitimate nation- .
al interests, spying On other nations
is not only acceptable but necessary.
The questions are: (1) When, if ever,
is plotting the overthrow' of another
nation's government a legitimate
function for the CIA or any' other
U.S. agency? (2) When, if ever, is the ?
spying on citizens and non-citizens
within the U.S. by the CIA acceptable?
(3) When, if ever, is tile breaking of
the law and the blatant violation of
personal liberties by the CIA 'permis-
sible in the name of national security.
If the first two questions do not
admit to simple, sweeping answers, -
the last one does.' It is "never." .
20
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WASHINGTON STAR
8 November 1973
By Elizabeth Duff
Knight News Service
When the United States
made a whole-hearted effort,
to convince the Turks to
stop growing poppies
1971, the idea was that in 10 '
years. America's heroin
supply would be dried up:
But the strategy has
brought its own unlooked-
for result:A growing hospi-
tal crisis across the country
as the supply of pain-killing
drugs dwindles to hortage
levels.
The U.S. government's
campaign to put an end to '
the growing of the opium- ,
bearing poppy plant in Tur-
key is a great success --
suuch a success that the
'country now faces a grow-
ing shortage not just of her-
'olin but also of morphine
and codeine for legitimate
use.
The three U.S. drug corn-'
panies licensed to import
,opium say the government's
anti-poppy, anti-heroin pact
with Turkey is mainly to,
blame for the nation's di.'
sappeearing supply of mor-
phine and codeine. The gov-
ernment says a drought in
India, which was supposed
to have supplied olaium for 1 ? ?
medical uses, is to blame.
Meantime, the nation's
supplies of codeine and
morphine ? both opium;
derivatives ? continue to'
, dry up.
IN 1967; the ahree drug,
firms ?L- Merck and Co.,,'
, Mellinckrodt and S. B. Pen-
ick ? had on hand about
50,000 kilograms of opium'
and its derivatives ? a two-
year supply. By last year,.
'that stock had dwindled to,
25,000 kilograms, and today ,
is down to a few thousand.
"There's just no treasure;
trove of this tuff lying!
around anywhere any-,
more," says one pharmacol-
ogist.
So far as is known, no one.
in acute pain has yet been
refused morphine by a hos-d
,pital, but it could begin to
happen inn a few months,
druggists ave. Demand by,
,the Medical profession for
opium derivatives has risen
about 20 percent over the'
past year.
"It could become very'
, serious If mothing isn't,
done, says American Medi-
'
cal Association scientific
,writer Pram* Chappell. It
WASHINGTON STAR-NEWS .
Washinsion, a C., Thursday, November 15, 1973
ar:
depends, he says on how
'severe the cold and flu sea-
'son becomed. Codeine is
used mainyly in cold Medi-.
cations.
But the roadblocks to op-
him imports involve factors/
from delicate International
relations to Watergate. 1
Some nations stopped
growing their own. The So-,
,viet Union, for example,,,
'Imported 200 tons last year,
,for the first time.
Pressure continues to rise,
,on India, the only legal
!worldwide supplier since',
the United States began.
paying Turkey to stop grow-,
ing opium in 1971.
But India this year suf-
,fered a massive drought
which killed more than 20
; percent of its crop.
Once seen a solution, syn-:
.thetIc substitutes for opium;
'derived painkillers devel-
oped in the early 1970s
:haven't been nearly as p0-
,tent as the original prod-
ucts, 'says Dr. Joseph.
:Cochin of Boston Universie
ty. '
; The import situation foil
,next year also looks bleak.
Of the 385 tons the industry'
ineeds, it will, probably get
0
near Marseilles. In Mexico,'
,'The United States is being
one step in the. process is
:flooded with "brown" hero-:
skipped, leaving the heroin'
'in from Mexico ? at least, with a brownish color.'
partially as a result of a .Thus, the drug's origin bei
'successful crackdown on
comes simpler to deter-)
sources of "white' heroin'
'from France and Turkey,
Within the last year, a
_the head of the Drug En-? combination df law enforce-I
forcement Administration merit, diplomacy and treat-,
said today.
ment has caused a signifili
John R. Bartels Jr., ad; cant reduction in heroin,!
ministrator of the newly'
abuse in big East Coast cite
formed agency, said in an, ?les, Bartels said. -
Interview that the Mexican The United' States pr-
heroin ? previously un-
Waded Turkey to restrict
'known on the East Coast ?
the production of opium''
has recently been detected poppies that supply the raw
.throughout the eastern:
material for heroin and, at,.
states.
The two types of heroin l? *the same time, worked with'
the French to shut down the
tire distinguished by a dif-?
forma In tho way thoy ore; ,M"gdill" 1?6'?,
An intensive, treatment
, produced, Bartels said. 'effort helped reduce the.
d WHITE HEROIN comes; demand for heroin while,
from Turkey and is proc-
:narcotics agents sought to
..this'ACountry.
That victory, however
may be short-lived, Bartels,
said, because of the influx
from Mexico.
I BARTELS SAID there is
no way of knowing how'
much heroin is moving
through the underworld at:
'any one time.' But the kinds
either seized or purchased'
'by
'by agents indicate where it
is coming from.
As recently as a year ago,
'none of the heroin picked up
by agents along .the East
t
Coast had the brownish tint'
of Mexican heroin. Of all of
:the heroin obtained by the,
,agents throughout the coun-i
itry, 71,7 oorooni woo WNW
and only 28.3 percent
brown.
about 190, officials esti-
mate.
The 1971 deal cutting off:
all Turkish opium exports
':might have been acceptable
"o drug Orme, had the gov-'
eminent not then talked,
lIndia into producing less as
well.'
The crisis appexed hde
waning early this year'
when Sen. Stuart Symington
.D-Mo., introduced a rnesi-
sure ordering the General:
.Services Adminie;ration to
:sell opium from U.S. war'
stockpiles.
The Senate' quickly;
passed the bill end sent it to
the House Armed Serviced,
Committee, which held'
hearings this fall. Before7
,reporting the bill out, they,
requested more information',
from the National Security`,
;Council.
Then came the latest Wa-1
.tergate ?revelations. The
opium bill, like so many.
'others, is lying dormant.
Help may come from an:
'unexpected corner. Since'
Turkey stopped production:
nine months ago, the Turks
have held new elections,
and the party that won ?:
promised to put Turkey
t,back in the poppy business,
1 S
By the middle of this
Ayeat, ?brown herdin; wasi
being found nationwide. Of,
all the heroin picked up,
54.9 percent was brown and
only 45.1 was white.'
THE SHIFT from white to
brown heroin has been even
.more dramatic over a
.slightly longer time period.
, In fiscal 1972, 92 percent of
-the heroin picked up was
white and only 8 percent
,brown. In fiscal 1973, the
average was 62.9 percent
white and 37.1 percent
brown. By the end of fiscal
1973, more brown than
:White was being picked up.
Bartels said U.S. officials
:are working with Mexican
,officials in an effort to con-
trol The flow of brown hora.
in, but the long border between the two countries
,complicates the task.
d , ,-- ORR KELLY. /
up the,itraffo.
essed in small laboratorieS rea
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?), WASHINGTON STAR-NEWS
Washington, D. C., Wednesday, November 28, 1973
?
Dopald Kirk
Knight News Service
TOKYI? ? The Japanese
have their own special cure
for the problem of drug ad-
diction. It is called punish-
ment.
"The experience of pain
and suffering is the best
medicine," says Sidra Oni-
take, chief narcotics officer
for the Ministry of Health
and Welfare. 'It is very
rare after such an experi-
ence for a patient to be
cured and leave the hospital
and then become addicted
again."
Japanese hospitals le
ly can administer me
done to lessen the paii
withdrawal, but doctors
narcotics officials alike
fer an addict to sweat it
in a special "protect
'room." The tough policy
withdrawal epitomizes
attitude of Japanese 1
and society toward drug
in general ?.and may
far toward explaining w
Japan, alone among ind
trialized, non-Commun
societies, does not suff
from a severe drug pro
lem.
gal-
tha-
1 of
and
pre-
out
ion In two years, Onitake
on reports, "we succeeded in
the digging up the roots of the
a w crime in this way." Since
commit the same crime
again and again."
It was not always that
way in Japan. In 1960, as ?
narcotics officers report,
almost with pride, the coun-
try had a minimum of 40,000
addicts ? and possibly as
many as 200,000. Then, in
1963, the country adopted a
tough law that provided for
sentences up to life for sell-
ing heroin.
"WE ALSO reinforced
inspection at ports with the
aid of police and customs
offices," says Onitake.
"Since most narcotics
crimes were related to or-
ganizations of gangsters,
we decided to' sweep them
out. by indicting and disor-
ganizing them.'
use 1970, he claims, there has
,go been not a single case of
nY heroin addiction ? even
us- though Japan has nine hos-
ist pitals specializing in all
er problems relating to de-
b- pendence on drugs and alco-
hol.
"THE TP.EATMENT y
give to of:diets in the Unite
State is much too mild,
Onitake, peerin
t!.,?ough gold-rimmed glas
es from behind a desk pile
high with books on dru
problems. I do understan
you Americans emphasiz
'individualism' and 'respec
for human rights,' but for ?
total social betterment, our
drastic treatment works
much, better."
ou While justitiably proud
their record of stamping o
the use of heroin, Japane
officials admit they are no
s- slightly stymied by the r
emergence of a postwa
problem in the form of th
3 use of stimulants ? "up
e pers," in the American ver
t nacular.
The use of stimulant
began a rapid rise in 1970,'
says Toshi Kayano, senior
superintendent of the crimi-
nal investigation bureau of
the national police agency.
"Since then the total arrest-
ed has doubled every year,
up to 4,709 in 1972."
keep them alert and an?xipus,'
to fight. , 4
It was partly under 'th?
influence of philopon that '
Japanese soldiers were able
to keep fighting fanatically:
to the death against seen-,
ingly overwhelming odd,..
Soldiers shouting "banzai"
as they charged American
foxholes had absorbdil
heavy doses of the drug-1j1
the form of pills or injeC-'
tions, before the attack.-"::4
"After the war there were
between 200,000 and 1 mil--
lion latent philopon id-,
dicts," says Kayano, "Nit
by 1958 the number fiad
decreased to only 271 as.;a!
result of our tough car15-1
paign against them. The
problem appeared to hew
been solved.
,
Narcotics officers attrib;
ute the new popularity,-4of!
stimulants to the efforts'bf
underworld organizatidiis
previously engaged in the
heroin traffic.
"IT IS DIFFICULT ,to
manufacture philopon here
because the police invest;
gate closely, and you .cart
even detect the odor of
? philopon factory," says
of Kayano, "but they smuggle.
ut? a lot of it from Korea." ?
se
..
w Kayano estimates that
e7 two-thirds of the philopcnr
y imports arrive here from
e Korea
Onitake is even more crit-
ical of what he regards as
the relatively light penalties
given those convicted of
possession or sale of narcot-
ics in the United States.
? "Here in Japan everyone
knows through education
and our anti-drug campaign
that narcotics is a crime
that finally will destroy life
and, in the long run, your
country," says Onitake.
"Once indicted here, a
criminal will not be re-
leased until completing his
sentence. Otherwise he will
THE WASITING'PON POST
Thursday; Nov. 22,1973 rG-7
Po f ExpOrt
0 0
Is Rising'
In
' L) ?
,By Frank Eidge? ..'
? titaltcl Prees'Internet.lon .44 '
ivirAmr 4- Jamaica: is
:try-
: lug to shut off its third
larg-
est export industry and US
officials are helping, '
In the' page two yearstlie ,
Island nation has supplanted
..Mexico as the thief supplier
. of marijuana, exporting f,to
? ,the ...United States ary: esti-
mated one million poundslif
.4he?narcotic weed per year.74 ,
. "It's Jamaica's third larg-
est export, ranking behind ,
bauxite, and bananas," said
'Luther Cooke, intelligence '
Supervisor for the federal
'drug enforcement ? 'ageney's
'southeastern region. .
? Cooke's figures, on siiutb,
?eastern district seizures of
marijuana coming out of.Ja-
maica show the growth?!er
the ? trade-4,000 pound's
'seized in 1970, 8,200 ponilds,
:in 1914 and 28,000 pounds:/in ,
, ? ? ?? ? ???? ??r?
? So far this year, U.S..ati-
,therities have grabbed moro -?
than 58,000 pounds of mari-
juana imports from Jamaica.
And that .doesrlit count the
? small lots picked up
i?pb-
lice arrests or truck ???ship.
? ments seized up north,'Such
as some sizable hauls made
by polite on the .New .Terse,
?'Turnpike. ? ? t? T
More. ' significant, '? said
Cooke, was ?the ? formation
last May by the Jamaican
? ,government of a special nar-
cotics squad.
,
"It was the ?first time'
they have devoted a unit to
'just narcotics," Cooke said
' he Jamaicans handpicked
men for the squad andl
an they were really hand-
ked. Good men."
t paid off. In four short
nths, the Jamaican 'Squad
ckcd off at least 120,000
pounds of marijuana,'..'and
for the first time Jamaicans '
arrested Jamaican nationals
:for dealing in narcotics.'
. Climate, terrain, and loca-
tion has made the C
rfh
'T
i taped 10
- inside the clothing of air- me
- plane passengers.
, -..,:, plc
I

1 ""?,:i
Kayano blames the philoi, m0
s pon traffic in k
, relatively light penaltie,s,
which were levied on thosq,
? convicted of manufacturing?.
possession, and selling. Tim
maximum penalty was ?14
years ? and usual sen-k,
tences were much less. ,.--1.4 beat
' 71 prod
-
, tf.7,
"As of Nov. 15, a new laW,
Tillihee
alty almost as severe as all
g
is in effect making the pe o
that for heroin," says Kay, mid
ano. "Gangsters were in+, the
volved in the trade in stimu? ..bnieltr
lents up to now because the bills,
penalties were much lighter,'
. '
than these for hard drugs.; majkae
Now we hope the law will trace.
discourage them th
, just as e
I' 4-4 pitiolVadhh:
1963 law cut back the heroin '
KAYANO feats that the
problem may eventually
mushroom to the propor-
tions reached after World
War II. !Ironically the war
was primarily responsible
for the introduction of stim-
ulants, notably a concoction
known as philopon. It was
mass-produced legally and
distributed to soldiers to
nation the leading
ucer and supplier of the
al marijuana' .mar4e.t.
leafy weed growo%*10.
ver the warm and .hy-
island, particularlY..in
mountains?Jamaica 'is -
y -alIi mountains and
?? ? ; ?
malca's ?? ?reindtene-s's
s smugglers " hard
? ??.?
en Cultivated; mart-
grows profusely and
cos two crops 4 years1
generally a comm,.
. ? ?? ?ir"It
.22
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nity project with 15 to 20"
families?most of ?the resi-
dents of a typical mountain
: village ? ? e participating,"
Cooke nid. 'The head of
? the village, sort of a tribal
chieftain, , oversees;' ? jke
growini harvesting, drying
and pac -ing for shipment.,"i
e ? He ? side! the marijuanaeis:
? cultivated ? generally" on
on
small, reom:size clearings:0
groundetin the weeds or on'
ethe sides of mouritairiS
. which makes their detection'
difficult,
.? "Many, of these villager:S.
:are So far up in the mon'.
thins, it takes two or three,
'days to reach, them on fop.ti
, packing your. supplies on.
. mutes," Cooke said.
The mountain farmer gete:
from $3 to $5 a .pound for
his "'grass." The smuggler,
? pays from $5 to $15 per,
pound at the Jamaican awl
and collects from $150 to:,
$200 a pound from his buyer
inside the United States.
"A couple of guys with
30-foot boat can ?haul a cone.
f eealed cargo of 1,000 pounds
of Marijuana and net a
' 000 ' profit at the
? Cooke said. ?
A pound of marijuana can
? be turned into 500 to .1,000;
cigarettes with each "joint".;
or "reefer" selling for 75,
? cents to $1.50 on the. street.
Such profits are the reae
son why people will risk a",
20-year prison sentence,'
such as six Florida men re-.:
ceived in federal court at.
Gainesville, Fla., last week.';
A seventh man convicted ree
ceived a 10-year term.
The seven were found'
guilty in the largest mari-
juana haul recorded to date-
? by U.S. authorities. Agents:
. seized 9.5 tons of grass:
; aboard a barge which ran
aground off the _small north.
. Florida Gulf Coast town of
Steinhatchee last March 6.
'. The previous record sei-
zure was seven tons of pot
at a Tampa dock in Septem-
ber. . ? ?
Although criminals have ?
-.organized money and equip- ,
..ment to smuggle marijuana
efrbm Jamaica; Cooke said be
doubts that the big national
' crime syndicates, are deeply,
involved in the' activity:'
? With the formation ''ofeJie:
? mica's . special police 'nar-
'cotics squad, the thisineSs
? has become' much more
; risky.
Last July 16,, the'. Sented
seized 84,000 pounds oferfarie
Juana in a :Janralcanesevaree'
house.and arrested 12 Jainal:.1:
cans. ? .- ? ? ? ,
"Ite represented the ha
output of one comminute,
'.for an entire year," Coieke
' said, ."and with the arrests,
'Including a couple 'of promi-
. nent businessmen, dealt a
significant bloat to the
trade,"
,.' ?
WASHINGTON POST
22 November 1973 .
Gets No Kic
rom Cali Cocaine
By Stephen ' Klaidman
BOGOTA?An American,
*as picked Up by Colombian
authorities this month ite,
the steamy proyincial capi-
tal of Cali, allegedly with:
:six pounds of 99 per cent;
pure cocaine in his posses-3
, sion.
His future is now un-;
certain, but the ? future of s
'his cocaine is' not. It
. be destroyed and become;
part of the still-sketchy stae,
tistical record being com-
piled on the cocaine traffic
through Colombia, virtual-;1
;ly the only trans-shipment,,!
:point to the 'United States!
from the coca-growing areas ;
;of Bolivia, ,Ecuadier and
Peru.
The leaf of the coca bushei
almost a weed on the east- %,
ern slopes of the Andes, is;
no kin to the cocoa bean.
I, The traffic involves thou.::
sands of persons, millions
',of dollars; arid according to:
k U.S. officials who keep al
t close watch on the narcotics.;
tt, trade, tit rivals heroin ifi!
i volume, with 700 to 1,500'
pounds a month being shipe
ped into the United States.1
In some ways it is harder;
to control than the morei
?' widely publicized heroin traf-
; fie. Turning Poppies into
( heroin is a fairly complex'
process irivelving
- sophisticated chemical'
know-how, but refining co-
, caine requires little more ?
than a bunch of bottles in? s
`a kitchen.,
\ In part because of its pricei
and quality, cocaine appears
to have become something of'
a status drug. Its growingi
use among the affluent mayi
e also have to do with the fact 1
? that cocaine users do not be-
;come physically addicted to
'the staff, unlike heroin us-
ers.
Cocaine is not a narcotic,i
and the whole unwieldy in-1
Aection paraphernalia of the.f
; heroin addict is unnecessary;
, "Coke" is just sniffed up the',
enostrils for an instant high.
. It acts as an extremely Owe
,erful stimulant to the ceme
tral nervous system,
whiI-
;heroin is a depressant. But
high cocaine dosages can be,
.lethal; it often induces un-
controllable, paranoid behav-
ior and its long-term effects'
Washington Post Stott Writer
?
;the proliferating number of
dealers.
?? Cost is another factor that
tmakes cocaine traffioking
,,easier for the freelancer.,
;The paste made from coca
leaves, which is to cocaine
what morphine base is to:
heroin, is relatively inexe
'pensive, so a small-time up-'
?erator with a few thousand'
Idellars can set himself up
In business. This is not the
ease with heroin.
Another advantage for the
?small cocaine dealer is the'
:availability ? of carriers in.')
:Colombia, a poor country
,!where most workers earn1
"less than $100 a month. Most,
'Colombians can make more'
as dishwashers in New York
or Miami than they can at
, home at whatever...they do,'
so
so they try to get to the 4
'United States.
Hundreds apply daily for?
,
tourist visas at the embassy
' In Bogota ' and at the con-
sulates in Cali and Medel-
',Iin. They hope to reach the
, States as legal tourists and
? then disappear into the '
Latin barrios of the big ?
'cities and find works
? The U.S. consular officials
!sceeen them carefully, how-
:ever, and they are required
to produce financial records
'to show that they can af-
ford a vacation ? up north. i
But false records can be had
for a price. The price, free::
'quently, is to deliver a few
'pounds of cocaine to a con-
'tact in New York or Miami.
'The number of cocaine ar-
rests is relatively -small, but
;most are made in those two
cities. 4
The professionals do not
'generally rely on such ama- 3
:.teur carriers. Usually, they
'fly their own planes, pick-
ring up the cocaine in the
vast and trackless plains of
? eastern Colombia, where t
any flat ground can serve
, as an airfield.
?
, -Although ea Is virtually
:impossible to spot planes
that land in this area and i
then take off almost im-
mediately, the method has
not proved to be quite fool-
proof.
Earlier this year another
'American flew an old World
War II B-26 into the plains
'and allegedly picked up a
2,500epound to 3,000-pound
load not of cocaine, but of a
Mine-grown Colombian prod-
.uct that is almost as Well
known in some circles as
4116 country's bights)" rated
"etiffeeeeetearietiano,
t. But he met,,, with, a
are unknown. ? ? ,
s Because the process Is'
,simple, the business has ate
'traded large numbers of
.free-lance operators?as ope
posed to the ? heroin trade,i
which is dominated by or-.
eganized crime--thus making' .
to kVp track of,
lightmisfortune. His plane'
got stuck ? in the mud and ,
was. unable to take off. Ar-;
:rested, and arraigned, he is,
:awaiting trial in Bogota. e
, ';Another arrest was made
this spring on, Colombia'S.,
),Caribbean resort island, San
, Andres. Three ? Americans ?
;:who had flown to San An--;
dres from the West Coast ,
; of ? the, United States were
picked up with their small...
;plane and 20 pounds el' co-
; caine. They were set free ?
however, for lack of evi- ,
i,dence.
U.S. officials arc work- i
lag closely with the Colome.
Miens to choke off the sup.
ply, before it gets to the ,
:United States, and they ;
; claim some success. But the'
problems are substantial,.,
; as the San Andres case
th-
dleates. ? ?
Colombian ? police and''
s judges get very low pay and, --.
.according to both Colorn-e
bian and American officials
s.many of the judges especial- :
ly are open to bribes. Sell.:
eeral judges have been dis- ,
missed, and the head of'
t Colombia's counterpart of
;?the FBI in the southern city
.e of Leticia was arrested for
; trafficking. .
But on the whole, Amerl-
'cans here advising on hole', ?
to stem the flow of cocaine':
:give the Latins high marks. ?
Six U.S. advisers, including a
t narcotics coordinator who is:
a foreign service officer,
'hare arrived here since
?April 1972 and have helped ,
; the Colombians form police
and customs. units to corn-",
:bat cocaine dealers.
s ? Although customs collec-
? tion in Colombia has gen-.'
, daily tended to be lax, U.S.
'officials contend that Co
' lombian customs officials
:have taken a high interest
narcotics, as has Presi-
,? dent Misael Pastrana Bor-
rero, who has ?established a ?,
National Drug-Coordinating ?
; Council.
; Despite the cooperation :
; from the Colombian govern-
:ment,. the problem is still e
massive and Seemingly ines
.s?-tractable. It iseextremely
ficult to make a. conspiracy
, case in Colombia, so that ?
? even if one person is caught
it is 'almost impossible to ??
breek up the ring. Some.;
times, however, the ,Colom-
, bians provide information;:
'?tliet leads to an arrest
the United States, where efe.
?
Jed:lye criminal action is'
easier.
? Colombia has considerable.
,geographical and logisticall,
..advantages for smuggling co-
caine, to the 'United States.,
To, start with, it is near1
some of the world's lead-1 ?
ing sources of the taw Meal
'terlal.
, ticuador, Bolivia anal
'the supplier coun-;
tries, Indians have tradition-S
.allee ?chewed the plentifuli
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'CiSii-leavcs?breaking thethl
'down chemically with lime;
,juice?to ;relieve cold andl
fatigue, Vasically as a sup-
iplement to an inadequate')
;diet.
Peruvian Indians use thel
word "eocada" to measure
time and distance: It is the;
length of a high?about 40;
,minutes?or the distance an,
'Indian can walk while high
couple of miles.
Colombia is not only near1
the source, it has a vast!
`cOastline that is impossible,.
to patrol iadequately. There,
? are many, sea ports, some
very isolated; numerous;
;major airports, and a land,
;connection with Panama. ;
i The drug generally corneal
Into Colombia in paste form.;
;Here it is refined into al
,powder?of far more than;
90 per cent pure?and either.
broken up into small lets;
and sent out with individual,
carriers, by air or sen, or.
'flown out in bulk by pd.'
jvate. plane. Sometimes the
lane has brought a load of)
;smuggled cigarettes to Cot+
,lombia.
When it arrives at it
.U.S: destinatinn, the cocaine4,
Is cut to bet,;'een 20 per centi
;and 60 pr.. cent pure and,
Sold on -ie street for $10':
,to "$12 bag. Heroin, Whiehl
;is cif: to about 2 per centA
rzris 'ef "cl for $6 to $8 a bag. 4
NEW YORK TIMES
28 November 1973
12 Charged in Conspiracy
: To Smuggle Drugs Into U.S.
, BALTIMORE, Nov. 27 (UPI)
?The United States Organized
Crime Strike Force said yester-
day that it had smashed a ma-.
jor Maryland-based' narcotics
smuggling operation that was
bringing cocaine into the Unit-
ed States from South America
? and seling it in Maryland and
Washington, D.C.
A Justice Department lawyer,
William Pope, said that 12 per-
sons had been charged with
? conspiracy to smuggle more
than $1.5-million worth of co-
caine.
' Six were arrested and six
were still being sought, he said.
Three of those- sought are in
South America, he said, and
? the other nine charged are
? from Maryland.
? They were indicted Nov. 8
but it was not announced until
after their arrests.
I.
NEW YORK TIMES
10 November 1973
?
:Plot. to Smuggle Cocain7e!
Through Mexico Chakkeel
.,ri ?
Of len . n ? ? v; ? ?ee
? ?? .
1;iliettn. ent 'Here Accuses 6,i .
Including
. ,?? , ?
Canadians and . One New, Yorker-t---
';'i'.??? Drug Delivery to Hotel Alleged.
.10 ,
Ohl ten .
nottA
at911X5 By MORRIS KAPLAN
Yaz13'1VOiltreal's reputed top leader
'of ;organized crime, two other
.Canadians, two Mexicans and
a New Yorker were indicted by
.a Federal grand jury in Brook-
lyn yesterday on charges that
? they had conspired to import
? .and distribute cocaine into the
-United States.
'? The two-count indictment,
;covering purported smuggling
:operations between Dec. 1,
19711, and April 30, 1971, al-
:leged that nearly 20 pounds of
;
cocaine had been delivered by
? a'io-conspirator to one of the
'defendants at the Riverside
, Plaid' Hotel here.
O -.The 'regional director of the
;Ding; Enforcement Administra-
Celli John W. Fallon, estimated
,the street-sale value of the
?narcotic at more than Si-Mil-
? lipX: However, he indicated that
thistransaction was a rela-
AiVelk minor one. He said the
ring was responsible for "a sig-
'Mean amount' of' both cocaine
and; heroin stnuggled into this
? country over the last 12 years.
;,'Businessman Arrested
' The man accused as ringlead-
er, ,identified as Frank Cotroni,
? 42 years old, of Montreal, and
described as a businessman,
was; arregted Thursday night
after he and his brother, Vic-
tor, left a restaurant. The Royal
Canadian Mounted Police ap-
prehended him at the request
of the United State.s Govern-
ment; which will seek to extra-
dite :him. -
The police also took into
custody Guido Orsini, 37, of
Montreal, a theatrical agent.
The l'other 'Canadian, Frank
Dasti, 59, also of oMntreal, was
sentenced in Federal' District
Court in Newark three weeks
ago,jo 20 years in prison and
fined420,000 as the supplier in
American-Canadian heroin
smuggling ring.
The New Yorker, who alleg-
edly received the drugs here,
wag identified as Paul Oddo,
54,- of 2607 Jerome Avenue, the
Bronx, a construction worker.
A.Federal -Court jury convicted
,14a3yere last year of possessing
22 pounds of heroin. He is seri-
ing a Seven-year sentence, in
the Atlanta Penitentiary.
The Mexican suspects, bath
from Mexico City, are Jorge
Asaf Bala, 63, a businessman;
and Claudio Mertinez, 42,
owner, of a typewriter sales
and repair shop. AStif is serv-
ing a prisOn,sentence,ortp. drng
charge. ,
Route of Cocaine, Oiven,
? Cocaine, orginating in the
mountains; of . South America,
was brought into-Mexico and
then smuggled across -,the 'bor-
der into Dallas, -according ;to
Thomas P. Piiccio,r. an ; aSsiSt-
ant United States"' Attorney
who. is .prosecuting .tht .4se:
Shipments ,then went: by plane
to Kennedy ,International Air-
port:. ? ?
But-the deals were consult-
mated by the Cotroni organiza-
tion, authorities said. Asaf sup-
plied the. drugs and Mr.
Martinez usually delivered
them, they 'charged. In addition,
Dasti delivered a package,' to
Mr. Orsini in. Montreal, accord-
ing to' the indletraent.
The 20 pounds listed in the
Charges were said to have been
delivered,to Oddo by Giuseppe
Catania;who was mined as co-
conspirator but not a defend-
ant. Mr. Catania, an Italian
haberdasher from Mexico City,
was indicted last Aug. ;21 as
the pivotal figure in ,the flew
of $132-million wrth of 'heroin
from '..France to the United
States stitt,Canada. ? 0?
?Mr, Fallon called .the 'Con-
trod arreSt the' most 'important
since that of Lucien Rivard in
July 1965; Rivard,, a Canadian'
citizen, and castermind :of ? a
narcotics ring, Was the central
figure in a scandal that involved
Canadian' GOvernment ? merit-
hers in an attempt to brige an
attorney representeing the
United States 'in0 extradition
proceedings.,
Conviction of the charges
contained in yesterday's in-
dictment carries a sentence of
5 to 20 ytara .in prison on. each
count and fines of $20,000.
24
NEW YORK TIMES
26 November 1973
MAY-AS
DEFENSE TREAT',
!Security Peet' Seen as' Her
Pride for the ,Renewal of,.
';LLS. Rights .to Bases
?.I. ..?
' By JOHN * FINNEY
'? WASHINGTON, Nov. 25
The Spanish Government is ex-
i)ected by Defense Department:
Offielais to demand a ,security)
!treaty with the United State4
, as the price for renewin
American Military base righ
,in Spain.
4.ust how the Administration
;Would respond to such a de-
;rnand, which would in effect
formally, commit the United
States to the defense of Spain,
has not been determined, ac-
:cording to Pentagon officials.
Some officials, particularly in
tithe Pentagon, would he in-
!dined to accept on the ground
that a treaty would only for-
nialize an unwritten commit-
tient the United Staes already
;has to go to the defense of
'Spain under the existing base-
rights agreement.
Other officials, in the State
;and Defense Departments ob-
ject that acceptance would
cloorn future base rights in
Spain since the Senate is ?tin-
(likely to !approve a mutual
security treaty with Spain:
t The United States has had
base rights in Spain since 19(33,
;through executive agreements
'between: the two Governments
!rather than by treaty. The Air,
; Force. has baseat Torrejdn and
; Saragossa 'plus a standby base
Moran; the Navy operates a
;base at Rota to support Polaris
;missile submarines as well as
,some operations of the Sixth
:Fleet in the Mediterranean.
Originally the air bases ; in
;Spain were of direct strategic
importance'lin supporting the
operations ; of 13-47 bombers.
But with the advent of inter-
; continental missiles and bomb-
'ers, their strategic importance
'has declined. They are now
.Used largely for training and
support of air tinits in Italy,
Greece and Turkey.
-. Bettina) it took nearly two
? years to negotiate the present
!five-year agreement, which ex-
' pires In 1975, preliminary
Inegotiations on a new one are
;expected to begin -.within the
. next few.? months. ;
t
;, Behind Spain's Wish
Overtures alreadY mule. by
? Madrid Suggest to Defense De-
partment officials that the only
!major ? demand will be for a.
fniutual security treaty. Should
tthat be met, officials do not
think that Spain would insist
! on the various forms of mili-
ilary and economic assistance
;that has been her past price
for granting base rights:
They believe Spain's wish
; for a treaty springs largely
frorn her aspiration for a posi-
tion of equality' with-other
;European nations that are
Oinked with the United States
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!through the North Atlantie
:Treaty Organization. Blocked
over the Wears from admission
to NATO; by Britain and the
:8cluidanaVian states, Spain'
could ; achieve somewhat the
same statiis through 'a bilateral
'treaty with the United States.
In addition, Spanish officials
were, reportedly arguing that
the potential Soviet-American
confrontation in the Mediter-
ranean has enhanced the value
of the Aeterican bases while
increasing : the chances that
'Spain could become inVolVed
'in a crisik without any present
,assurance; the United StateS
would conic to her defense. .
Beeause of difficulties tfv.
!tOtintered in using the baSes
BALTIMORE SUN
16 November 1973
diking the Arab-Isfaell war laSt
.month, there is a question in
:some quarters whether their
,value in support of United:
States operations in'the Medi.
terrancan is net declining ,still
further. ' .A7
Without any specific notice
? to the Spanish Government, the
%air bases were used for a few
days by Air Force . tanker
planes to refuel F-4 Phantona
.jeta being flown nonstop from
,the United States to Israel.'
Secret Understandin? g
When this became known,
Spain announced she would notl
permit the United,' 'States' to
utilize the bases In local
' conflict such as the. , 'Arabi
Israeli.war," The stateniente
lar L.S.,Eur
? By GILBERT A. LEWTIIVVAITE
Perla Bureau of The Sun
Paris?The Western Euro-
'pean Union is to be asked next
week to endorse the establish-
ment of permanent institu-
tional machinery for consulta-
tions between Europe and
America.
The move is aimed at fore-
stalling possible "disastrous"
effects of current differences
between the two powers.
Central to these is the possi-
bility of America using the
presence of its troops in Eu-
rope to wring concessions out
of the European nations in
trade and monetary negotia-
tions.
A report from the European
union's general affairs commit-
tee, to be presented to the full
assembly here next week, says
of the establishment of perma-
nent contact, "At the present
juncture. when the very founda-
tions of international order and
peace are in question, such a
step seems more essential than
ever." .
The report repeats previous
European insistence on linking
trade and monetary talks, but
balks at American policy, as
;outlined by Henry A. Kissin-
ger, the Secretary of State, of
bringing the United States
military presence \ into the
equation.
, "It 'would be disastrous if
this interdependence (of U.S.-
European relations] were to
lead to. global bargaining be
tween the United .StateS, and
Pliasized (hat the- baia '665
only be used .to meet a threat
'against the security of the West
condition set forth in the
'1970 executive agreement.
The concern- of the Spanish
Government was that her ex.
tensivo interests in North Africa
might be endangered.
? The United States raised no
:strenuous objections, in part
because of a,secret understand-
ing accompanying the 1970
agteement that the bases could
mot be used for ,operations in.
yolving anArab-Israeli conflict;
; As a result,?the.United States
'was forced to rely on the Lajes
air base in the:Azores .as a rm,
'fueling point. Pentagon offi-
cials acknowledge that without
'the' Permission of ' the "Polio-
`guese' Government to use the
'base the airlift to Israel .wotild
?probably have been impossilile.
,
This fact is not .expected4o
-bet ignored by Portugal whenNt
coines to renewing the present
'Azores base agreement, whikh
'expires in February.,
In the negotiations so far,
'according to Pentagon officials,
:Pertugal has not specified what
'it :expects -in return for the
:use of the Azores base during
Abe Israeli resupply effort.
; However;: they, expect that .s4te
wlil ask a high price in nfilit
:and ecenomic aid rather thitn
;demand. United States' diplo-
matic ?Supnort on the' issue Tof
,Perttiguese territories in Afrla
p e contact sought
Europe in which security mat-
ters could, be at stake because
of trade or even monetary
problems," the report says.
Another report to be pre-
sented to the Western Euro-
pean Union assembly, dealing
specifically with U.S.-European
Security Itelations, chides
President Nixon for failing to
consult with the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization council
when U.S. forces were placed
on' alert during the Mideast
crisis October. ;
It says there was "wide-
spread, if private, condemna-
tion" in Europe of the Presi-
dent's move, which was "inter-
preted mostly as ,a response
to domestic pressures on the
President." ?,
? The second report also says
that American rebukes to Eu-
rope for lack of co-operation
during the crisis have made
"relations more difficult."
"For Europe it is not only
the East that is a source of
anxiety. Superpower bilateral-
ism, as demonstrated this au-
tumn in the Middle East, could
impose a great strain upon
European-American relations."
it says.
The report, from the Com-
mittee on Defense Questions
and Armaments, goes ? on:
"The policies of the United
States are increasingly, becom-
ing a cause for concern to her
allies in Europe. The United
States seems less and less
awailable in the process of
leadership, ' and Itis now k the
,
turn of Europe to worry about
the steadfastness of her Ameri-
can ally.
"Europeans 'are posing the
question: 'Is the United States
too strong to heed alliances?"
"Weaker administration"
In blunt terms, the defense
committee report gives 'this as-
sessment of the current situ-
ation in America: "The Wat-
ergate affair must weaken the
capacity of the American ad-
ministration to conduct its for-
eign policy 'free from protec-
tionist pressures . . The res-
ignation of Spiro Agnew and
the reality of a President-at-
bay have combined to deepen
a mood which could imperil
Europe.
"Many Americans believe
that Europe is either' too mean
or too lazy to defend herself,
and ? that American forces
ought not to be overseas 25
years after the end of the
War."
Turning specifically to possi-
ble U.S. troop withdrawals
from Europe, it says: "Con-
gressional pressures for with-
drawal press acutely upon the
Europe neurosis: The fear of
abandonment by the ? United
States."
Europe, It says, lacks the
political will to develop its own
nuclear deterrent on a scale to
give it real defense independ-
ence. The report suggests that
a European nuclear conmit-
tee, based, on Anglo-French
co-operation, might be set up,
possibly with U.S. technologi-
cal help.
But it says: "Any precipitate.
American disengagement As'
more 'likely to discourage,
rather than encourage the Eu-'
ropean will to self-defense.
"The choice may rest be-
tween rearmament and ac-
quiescence. But, ,on the other
hand, a European failure of
will may oblige us to rely upon
the size of the United States
investment ,in Europe' to
sharpen American interest in
maintaining a global balance
of power." 4
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WASHINGTON POST
18 1\161/ember 1973
CU ad Reports':
?
()sable War
13y Michael Getter :.? i ? the intelligenee given to US b7,
A Central Intelligenc ; that there was? no possibility,
t
Agency report late in Sepl ,ofthe outbreak of ?a war." ..
:tember warned the White, Sourees say , there is no?
House of a strong possibilityi 'question that ?in the period be7
' that. war might soon break., ?tween the end Of September'
aut in the Middle East, ael ?after the Israelis had chal-
icording to reliable sources..; .lenged the CIA Warning?and
1 :just a day or so before the.
r, The CIA evaluation, based
mostly on ' unusually largel war actually started, the AMA
-
Egyptian .maneuvers n e a r?;. ,ed: States had accepted the IV,:
;the Suez Canal, did not go, :melt view that :"they ?ItheW
i ? .
kso, far as to predict flatly-1
ithat an invasion was certain. :best" and there was no ??cause
'for alarm. , '. . ?.
Washington Post Staff Writer faeign couhtries suggested::
??, ?
it 13tit the signs were viewed; ; '.But Kissinger's assertion'
as sufficiently ominous to be; ,that the intelligence available;
Immediately passed along at! suggested ."no possibility ', of
'Very high 1 e v e I. to the the outbreak of a War', is re-,
'Israelis. , ! ?garded by a number of sen-
,lo officials both in and out of:
Tel Aviv. however, report-
edly disputed the American :
4 the intelligence ? field as ad,
J; .
;interpretation of Egyptian oVerstatement at 'the very.'least. ' ;' ? , ?
activity. Given the high es) , -.
i? ' 4 4,Aside from the CIA report,
;teem in which Israeli intel-,
, sburces here' ' suggest that
iligence is held ?in Washing-
other parts of the intelligence
.ton and the closeness of the s ,cbmmunity such as the State'
'Israelis to the would-be wail
4 ? Department, while not making
;zone, the Israeli assessment1 . k.
%Aright predictions of war-
was quickly Accepted here. ; fie, were certainly ?exprest,
? As late as Oct.. 4, just two. ii$wariness.
;days before the war began,, t', he most difficult; and some?
the joint U.S. Intelligence; say impossible, part of inte111-`
'Board, made up of represen- gence work, however, is 'the
;Olives from several intelli-i
, cOfference .between ? gathering
. gence agencies ? includingi ftectS ? and estimating inten;
CrA---:took a common position tiOns. It is this difference that.
thst hostilities were unlikely, Kissinger sought to emphasize.
? aCcording to informants here, at an earlier Ott. 12 press eon?,
?
The readiness to accept the ference when' he was? lues,l;
Israeli view, the failure to heed tioned about the ? apparent irt;
some Unusual' danger? signals telligence failure in not 'pre"
, and the general surprise of . dieting the attack. . ? .. , '.',
'the Arab attack has caused ' Kissinger said theti? that?
considerable post-war concern. 'both U.S. and Israeli intern:"
. both within the administration ? gence had been aware of the,
*ar(cl the intelligence commit- pre-war build-up of forces in'
tiny. . , ?
Within the Pentagon's
DIfense Intelligente Agency,
,it 'has been learned that the
? thtee top men?an Army co-
lonel, Navy captain and senior
official?who headed
the Middle East intelligence
lie,anch were transferred Out
ofothose jobs in the aftermath
of:the fighting.
11t the same .time, however,
the 'existence of the earlier
CIA warning, roughly one to
two weeks before the fighting
started, seems to suggest that
the Intelligence community
was not totally as flat-footed
' at-Secretary of State Henry A.
' IOsinger indicated at his Oct.
:press conference. ?
?
At that time, Kissinger said,
under questioning that
thn intolligenee at our dia. Itieptember maneuvers this
,,pal (beforek Oct. ,6),,,arid
Egypt and Syria. He bxplained
that Egyptian army maneu-
vers on the west side of the
Suez Canal had been carried'
out during September in each,
of the last 10 years. He Indi-
cated that three times during,
the week preceding the war,
assessments had been asked
from U.S. and Israeli intelli-
gence agencies and that each
time they 'concluded that
"hostilities were unlikely to
the point of there being no
elf See of it." t
Yet the earlier CIA report,,
which informants say was con-
tained in the more highly clas-
sified version of agency re-
ports that come to the atten-
tion ,of only certain officials,
reportedly Warned that, the
,26
WASHINGTON FOST
29 November 1973
Officials at Odds
On AK Meeting
. .
By Laurence Stern
-- .
Washington Post Staff Writer
,. ?
! - In popular mythology, ' the Nationali
'Security Council IS the nation's Ultimate
0..crisis forum.
i ? .
' It was in' this spirit, perhaps, thatl
'Secretary of State Henry. Kissinger and
Defense Secretary James it Sehlesingerl
;referred to a National Security Council,
'meeting on the night of Oct. 24 when!
'American military forces were placed on;
World-wide alert. t i
;? Now the White House acknowledges,
that there was no meeting of the National:
,Security Council on that night of putative,
International peril when the word was;
:flashed to U.S. air, ground and sea forces
;to go into a high state of readiness.
;- "That meeting is not in our formal'
:listing of National Security Council'
meetings," said NSC staff Secretary,1
;Jeanne W. Davis. This was corroberated,
:by the White House press office. .
1
i Yet Kissinger, in his Oct. 25 press con?;-
,ference, said the . President called ? "a'
'special meeting of the National Securityi
Council" at 3 a.m. that same day to order,
,the precautionary alert.
? Kissinger added that "all the members,
of the National Security. Council were,
'unanimous in their recommendations as ;
:the result of a deliberation in which the
)President did not himself participate, and'.:
Iin 'which he joined only after they ha&
.formed their judgment . . ." ?
''- Defense Secretary - Schlesinger, 'the;
"same' day, said it was he who initiated,
i -
;the alert after a meeting of the "abbrevi:
ltd. National Security Council,", though'
added that "the President was in com-;
IPlete command 'at all times during the
course 'of the evening." ,
i Kissinger said the NSC meeting tooki
iplace at 3 a.m. on the 25th. Schlesinger
;timed it at 11 p.m. on the 24th. The Presi-.1
;dent said it was he who ordered the pre-
'cautionary alert shortly after midnight'l
On the 25th after "we obtained informa-
tion which led us to believe that the,
;Soviet Union was planning to send a veryi
'Substantial forte into the Mideast, a mili-
tary force."' . . ,
!,' White House records list only two i
meetings of the National Security .Coun-
, -
'year were different and more
bminous than the past.
informants say there were
'many more troops 'involved
than in the past, more ammu-'
nition being used and stock-
piled, a much greater logistics
build-up ana, perhaps most im-
portantly, more field comm.
nications being hooked up and
operated?something which
occasionally can be listened in
on by electronic sensors.
The ?transfer of Mobilo
within the Defense Intellio
genet) Agency, according to
one source, came about ? be,
cause of Some strong obje62:1
;firms voiced by these offielali
[before the war started to the
rvalidity of these danger sig-
At his Oct. 12 press confer-
ence, Kissinger alluded to the
"gravest danger of intelli-
gence assessments". . .the
tendency to "fit the facts into
existing preconceptions and to
make them consistent with
What Is anticipated,"
By and' Lintel the prevailing
view sine tile 1151' War had
been that the Arab armies
would never risk another hu-
miliating defeat at the hands of
,Israel.
? . ?? .
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ell during 1973. One was on March 8 and,
one on April 12. White House spokesmen
would not divulge the topic of either'
meeting.
The meeting that occurred the night nti
Oct. 24 or: the early morning hours of Oct.
'25?depeqding on whose version is ac-:
curate?ineluded only two of the four'
istatutoteetmembers of the council, Secree
tary of ;State Kissinger and Secretary of:
:Defensel, Schlesinger. The other two mem-1
hers are the President and the Vice Presi-:
dent. Mr. Nixon was, by all
current ti;counts, upstairs in
the Whi House while his
cabinet aides were meeting
in the basement Situation
Room.
here was no ready ex.'
planation of why two Cable
net officers, both famous
for their Washington bureau-
cratic street wisdom and for
.their precision of public ut:i
teranee, should be in dis-
agreement with the White
Ilemse and NSC over wheth-
er the meeting in which they,
both participated was or
- was not an NSC meeting.' ;
In practice formal NSC
meetings have become
among the rarest of Wash-
ington phenomena. The two
meetings this year coinpars
ed with three meetings in
'19'72 when the administra-
tion was engaged in the
.complex exercises of detente
summitry and extrication
from ietnam.
"The formal NSC meeting
is a cosmetic, a fiction," in
;the view of a former high-
ranking staff member. "As
a forum it has become un-
wieldy. There are people
there the President may not
want to .be there. Papers
have to be written that
bureaucrats receive and
circulate,"
"It hadn't been used in
the original textbook sense
since the Eisenhower years."
Nevertheless Presidents
and their press spokesmen
have persistently fostered
the notion that in moments
of national gravity the NSC,
In its collective wisdom, has
? provided benediction to the
policies finally adopted.
After the Tet offensive in
Vietnam in January 1968,
for example, President
Johnson called an NSC
meeting and invited news
photographers in to record
the high seriousness of the
occasion. It was not until
days and weeks later that,
the policy resp'onses to the,
Tet attack were decided.
More recently, in the con-
troversy over falsified U.S.
bombing reports in Cambo-
dia, former Secretary of De-
fense Melvin R. Laird said
the orders for falsification
of the reports came from
the National Security Coun-
cil early in 1968. One former
USC staffer, whose business`
It was to know the NSC
agenda during that period,
NEW YORK TIME
25 November 1973
Anatomy, of the October Alert
Action Was ownstairs;
President Was Uristairs
--?WASHINGTON?It is the night of
,Oct. 24, 1973. President Richard M.
.Nixon is fading what he described twill;
!days later' as "the mint difficult crisis
we have had since'the?Cuban' cohfren-
tation of 1962. ?
; .He is facing it,. according to his
'aides, in the 'seclusion of his upstairs
living quarters in the White House.
:That is where he stayed thtoughOut.
. the crisis, but that is all that is known,
'perhaps all that will ever be. known,'
'about his activities during. the hours,
when American forces were placed 'on,
an alert, ready to counter e.ny Russian,
movement of troops into ,the Suez
Canal war zone, . , ? .
In his press conference of Oct. 26,
the President gave the clearimpression
that he had been in active charge of '
the American action. He said: "When
;I received ?that information I ordered
shortly after midnight on Thursday
morning, an alert fOr all American
forces around the, world, . I? also ?
proceeded on the diplomatic faint. In
a message to Mr. Brezhniv, an-Urgent
;message . . ." ?
But on Oct.. 24, while the President:
,remained upstairs, the nian who con?
ceived the alert, Secretary of State.
Henry A. Kissinger, 'and the Man who,
called it at. 11:30 P.M., Secretary of
Defense James R. Schlesinger, were
two flights below in the basement
Situation Room of the White House,
'running the crisis by their own
:flourescent lights add telephoning Mr.:
Nixon periodically to obtain his an-,
!'proval for their actions: ? .
And it is IOW certain that bOth the`
1 timing and. exact nature of the ;alert:
were acted upon Without the Presi-.
!dent's specific' prior approval:. Mr.;
1Kissinger and. Mr. Schlesinger acted
alone after' getting 'the President's,
earlier, general approval over. the
phone for an American policy that
; eluded both a firth political response'
and a military. signal. And Mr.
Kis-
'of bombing policY in Cambo;
dia being on the Council
agenda.
Below the level of the full:
Council, the intensity cif at-
tivity picks up. The NSC
staff is a study in perpetual'
motion. Since the arrival of
Kissinger as National Secu-',
rity Adviser to the Fresh-,
dent, its members have
worked the longest hours in;
towrf.---
Under Kissinger , the,
Council staff divides and
subdivides into various;
working groups dealing with
the myriad issues?from the'
possibility of a government
toppling in Latin America to%
, the hardness of Soviet Mls-
i
tile sites?which term the
'President's percept The of
said he had no recollection national security, ,
Apprcked For Release 20048/07
singer now admits he was amazed;
when the alert, instead of. remaining a
quiet but clear signal to the Soviet
.,Union, showed up' the -next morning
headlines and telecasts all over the
United States.
? What really ? happened that night
when' the line between;
Washington and Moscow'' remained,1
'cOld ;and Soviet and American diplo-
mats Scurried ;through the autumn
,darkness;?; ? '!
In . the IMInCdiate 'ait'ertnatie
Soviet' !officials. aid' Mr. Kissinger
briefly considered 'Making pOblic the
entire strange exchange that led to
the alert, including' the note from',
/Leonid.Brezhnev to Washington which
which was later, described as "brutal,",,
,"tough," or leaving "very little' to the
irpagination." . '
? 'At a news' conference' 12 hours after,'
the alert was Ordered; Mr. Kissinger
Was asked to detail the information
that had made the alert necessary.
Some' reporters raised the possibility'
that the alert was designed chiefly to
serve domestic political purposes by'
'diverting attention from Mr.' Nixon's;
-Watergate problems. Seemingly mere'
in . sorrow than in anger that such,
:doubts should, be raised, Mr. Kissinger.
,admitted that; they were "a symptom,.
,of.'what is happening to. our country"'
and pledged he would provide the:full
.account?saying it would convince any)
. skeptic?as soon as. the emergency. had,,
:passed. ? ? : .; ? ?
? Cast week, with the United States',
and the 'Soviet Union once again'
'cooperating, MreKissinger. Said he "re-1!
Igretted" his earlier promise. To 'make
'the inforination. public now, he said,:
'might upset the rediscovered mood of ;
'cooperation. Intended or not, the net
effect of the two press 'conference;
statements was- that. the Administrae!
'tion's Most respected-figure 'had stilled'
critics during the emergency with his':!
?promise of full disclosure, then with4
',drawn 'the promise, when the public's:,
yconceni with the crisis had passed. So
there will be no. ?Mael account for;
;some' time?perhaps not for. years.
?
! Although he would not provide the'
diplomatic and intelligence information
:that led to the .alert, Mr. Kissinger:
was willing to talk about.some aspects)
!of. the war of nerves with Moscow.'
On. the basis- of talks with: him and',
other American,,Sovietend Israeli offi-
cials it is possible, however, to make,i
a" preliminary reconstruction of whit ,1
ow appears to have been less a ?fulll
,,blown crisis than a firm test of ,super;
"-power wills and* tactics.
'The test began with the situation in
the Middle .East later three weeks' of
'war, With Egyptian forces in whatihad
been the IsraelWield Sinai and Israeli,
forces in whet had been 40Ptittfrheid
,Igypt,' West of .the 'Suet Capita.
A Mar fIrti had been accopted b,yi
both Patticl 00,42-and then breaohegt;;
: CIA-IRIP77-00432R000100290001-5 ?
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mainly by the Israelis, who coniplete
encirclement of the Egyptian?III,:Corps
.on. the Suez east bank: The growing
?desperation of the Egyptians' and .theirl
,Soviet patrons prompted a radioed plea
at 3 P.M.* E.D.T.. Oct. 24 by PreSide4
Anwar .el-Sadat for a joint AnteriCand4
Soviet task force to enter .the region
and enforce the cease-fire of Oct: 22.
Some American officials were sure theit
Russians solicited. 'this plea as a. war
to establish a sizable Soviet' ForCe ir4 ?
,the. disputed Canal
' t But all was calm in Wasiiingten;.1
&? ?
tn:Ch though Soviet air and ?
.for*,i'including? seven landing. ships,
'were, !'inilling about" 'the Medi7j.
'terrinpan, and --seven 'Soviet airborne;
'division ? with 40,000? froons. were O&
the. alert '? .; ' ?
But :there ? had been *Soviet airborne'
,troop' 'alerts 'before' 'and one 'Mere:
'Soviet landing. craft 'in :the " eastern'.
'Mediterranean 'earlier. As', late: as
P.M., Mr.. Kissinger..and. Soviet Ant47.
zbassailar .Anatoly' Dobrynin were :har4'
tmoniousty.discusSing the details of intil
Pleinenting 'the :cease-fire. : ?
r
About 8.?P.M., Ambassador Dobrynin,
xeturned:to.theState?Departinent with
note froth. Mr. Brezhnev ;Me.;
Nixon, :taking -Up President Saildt's.piedi
.for a. jOint American-Soviet expediI1
tionary force. 'The 'note -urged. Ameri'%
can participation; ? nothing . more. Mr.1;
'Kissinger :cenferrediwith :the Pre.siden0
by, phone. ?and quickly handed' the!
:Russian env:" a Teply'with a:firinito;;.t
that It ? could be disastfous:t
tivr:' eboth superpowers in a tense')
.;sitv/ion: on the ground.
.? tild at the ? 'United 'Nations, the;
? ,oviet delegate in, the: Security CounA
c11,. Yakov ? Malik, was' 'accusing .the',
:United States of breaking .the cease-t1
jire.bargain by. allowing Israel to gairil
;more Egyptian territory.. He demandectf,
IOU the United States accede to the;
ISadat. request for a joint expeditionary
.'force. The American-delegate; John A.
'scan, informed Mr. Kissinger of this
development..: , .
... About .10:40. P.M.; , Ambassadouti
iDobrynin.:, returned with. a ,.,.second,i
;Brezhnev note to the President. Afterl
Castigating thelsraelis, it said,,aceord-4
!fig 'to two officials 'WhO 'read it: "We
strongly, drge ,that *ea..;
To' en friite: tliF tege-fire'aiid;'iryoui
do not, we may be obliged to conSider:
acting alone.':' . ?
The threat?of a unilateral' IrisertioW
of Sbviet forces into the: battle'ione
'was ? more implicit than explicit.. But;
lIt's effect was electrifying. - . '?? ...i
i The United 'States could have lake
kthe suggestion of unilateral action in,
stride, Mr. Kissinger said later, yeti'
Juxtaposed' with the rising demands':
of Mr. Malik at the United Nations,:
NVith, the alert of Soviet airborne force.?4
land the movement. of: Soviet landing'
'craft; it signified the possibility' of al
ireally serions Russian military htove:1
. :
Mr. Kissinger phoned Mr. Nixon)
again, :recommending .a firm political,
response, backed up ': by a militaryi
signal. The'p the
'principle,
agreed to e:
principle, bile left Mr: Kissinger ' to!
decide :what 'fOrm the responses wotild';
take. Mr. Kissinger then Convened al
,formal ' session of the seldom-used'
'National Security Council. M consti-
tuted,' the N.S.C. has. six members,, including the President. but Mr. Nixon
was upstairs. Mr. Kissinger Wa.therej
:i'in his dual capacity as Mr. Nixon's.
;adviser on national security affairs and
ttas Secretary of State. Mr. Schlesinger
.was there as Defense Secretary. And'
that was it. There was no Vice Presi-
dent and no-Director of the Office of
?Emergency Preparedness; the office
has been vacant for 13 months. "OffiQ;I
i;cially the meeting consisted of Kis,
;Singer, Kissinger and Schlesinger,'! al
Council aide commented. L4
Belatedly called in for the 11
sesSlon :was William Colby, director:
i!of the Central Intelligence, Agency.:
:Also present, as the military adviser,
as Adm. Thomas Moorer, Chairman:'
of the Joint Chiefs' Of Staff. : '
The two 'principal :participants, .Mr:;
t:Kissinger and Mr. Schlesinger, swiftly,
bt agreed on the modified alert ' call:
. ,...:
I known as the Defense Condition 3, the
'middle on a scale of five alert Stages.;
After transmitting the alert to' thel:
rtervice chiefs at 11:30 P.M.; :Mr.:
Achlesinger and Admiral MoOrer ,dis-'+,
cussed the :situation for ' another tWer'
hours. . Then they drove acroa?::thel
POtorriae to put the'finishing' toutheai
on the alert. They, finished' about 2:30.
4.*.Aro.,ivtzli:.110me to bed "--:
..A. i;.4,,,,,
28
Iiifoiined7 ?
Israel's Ambassador Simcha DInitz 14
.the deyelopments.:This had the effect
toLletting Tel Aviv know that, while
ika,
the United States was acting to prevent'
'.. Soviet landing, it would :welcome:
in Israeli action to easeteriSiops along;
. ..
tthe Suez.
, ? Retrospectively, it is I Safe to con- ,
elude the :Soviet .threat and the Anted.'"
Can alert caused the Israeli leadership
to cease ;using the plight of the Egyp-
tian' III .Corps ,to extract new -concea-:
ions from Cairo and toailow:the Uhly;
Cd Nations *units to enter Suez- Oct.. 21.."I
ti Mr.:Kissinger also drafted' a note toi,
Mr. ?Brezhnev for .the President,: firmlyi
'stating. the, United., States .would , not'
tolerate a Ione:Soviet military niove in
the Middle East - a.nd urging Soviet
!cooperation in 'support of a United,:
iNations 'resolution establishing. a .new,
. :peacekeeping force for the?battle zone:i
' -About 3 .A.M. he went upstairs to;
;?Mr..Nixon andobtained. the President's:
'ratification of ?all...these actions: 'Then'
'both turned in. .. ? ' .. ? .-",:i.
1.? Mr. Kissinger concluded that by pus'
Itime the .Sovict Union would haVe,,
tmonitored the signals putting' AmerP,';.
;
?on forces ? on' alert. The stiff:tote iii'
1yrr: Beezhnev was-dispatched about '4
, .'Abeut 7 A.M. Mr. Kissinget-, woke up;
. to, watch the television news and
:he was, he later recounted; astonishedz
to learn that the alert call. "he bad;
toped to keep confined to the world .ofI
diplomacy was being broadcast to the;
American people. ' . .. . . ? ....i
, From all this, It, seems clear there::
.
was aii actual crisis, but a potential!
'crisis. That is'why the Presidentstayedt,
;upstairs. and that is why the hot line:4'
. was not 'used: Only after the news of",
:the alert was.broadcast, did Mr. Nixon
decide . to ,dramatize it as a .crucial;',
personal face-off against the Russians;:
,in any. case, a little more than 12;
hours .after ' the. second Brezhnev nota".;
:was delivered; the Soviet Union al4
lered :its stance in. the 'United Nations')
:and tea support, to the American resol
Iution 'authorizing',a United. Nation
;Peacekeeping. force .for the.. disputed-1
Suez region. prom then on the - situa-,;
',.tion. improved; ? ?',. --DAVID 'BINDER4
.1.? ?? : ? .-:,'.... ..:.....;.).-' ; -
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? 0, ?
THE ECONOMIST NOVEMBER 24, 1973
rabian nightmare for the
conomy.
Washington. DC
e oil shortage has thrown the econo-
*c forecasts for the United States in
1974 into complete confusion. A supply-
*nduced recession, the first ever, is now a
istinct possibility, though the fore-
asts at this stage?based on incomplete
knowledge of how the supply of oil pro-
ducts will be divided among the ultimate
users?are tentative. At one end of the
spectrum\ is the possibility of scarcely
any damage at all to the basic economy.
If by voluntary or compulsory means
there can be brought about a 15 per cent
reduction in consumption by private
cars, home heating (through lower tem-
peratures) and commercial establish-
ments such as shops, there will be enough
oil, despite the Arab embargo, to supply
industry and electricity-generating
plants. This is the official estimate made
by Mr Herbert Stein, chairman of the
President's Council of Economic Advis-
ers, and there seems nO reason to dispute it.
However, achieving that 15 per cent
reduction is another Matter. No one
knows how much will be accomplished
by such devices as a nationwide speed
limit of 50 miles an hour, permanent
summer time, and by appeals for more
car pooling by commuters and presiden-
tial requests to keep homes six degrees
cooler this winter. If Americans want to
be co-operative?and there are some,
such as the Washington Post columnist,
Mr William Raspberry, who apparently
believe the whole "crisis" is a fake some-
how dreamed up by the oil companies?
they could accomplish a great deal. But
the likelihood is, despite much agonising
in the government, and publicly expressed
reluctance by the President, that at least
petrol will have to be rationed to con-
sumers to accomplish the purpose. Such
men as Mr Stein and Mr George Shultz,
the Secretary of the Treasury, would
much prefer a steep new petrol tax to the
"nightmare" of rationing, but this route
stems to be effectively blocked by hos-
tility in Congress.
By contrast, Congress seems quite
willing to grant the President the power
to ration, as he has asked, on a "stand-
by" basis. The Senate passed a bill to
that effect on Monday, and the House of
Representatives will return to considera-
tion of the subject next week after its
Thanksgiving recess. Petrol would be
rationed not so much because of any
grave shortage of petrol itself, but to help
shift the "mix" of refinery output toward
middle distillates and residual oil needed
for electricity, transport and industry.
Much less likely, but still possible, is
rationing of heating oil to consumers..
The problem is one of bewildering
complexity, but an example of what
could happen is supplied by the steel
industry, which says that if it is limited
to last year's supply of fuel, it will have to
reduce its current booming production
by some 10 per cent and lay off 60,000
workers, The petrochemical industry;
which tom oil Its a haalo rem:Wank, Flaya
that a shortage of the wide array of
plastics and chemicals it produces could
result indirectly in a loss of 1.6m jobs,
although this is undoubtedly a self-
serving estimate. In a first decision on
priorities, the government decreed last
week that farmers, local bus companies
and energy producers such as coal com-
panies could have all the oil products
they needed for the next 60 days. More
of this kind of thing is likely.
At this early stage, what seems most
probable in the coming winter and spring
is a series of spot oil shortages for both
consumers and industry and temporary
interruptions of industrial production.
How much these would affect total out-
put and employment is anyone's guess.
The most dire forecast has come from
the National Petroleum Council, which
estimates that the unemployment rate
could be pushed as high as 7.7 per cent
(it is now 4.5 per cent of the labour
force). This is disputed not only by Mr
Stein but by such outside economists as
Mr Otto Eckstein, a member of Presi-
dent Johnson's Council of Economic
Advisers. Like others, Mr Eckstein is in
process of shaving off 1 to 2 per cent of
"real" (after allowance for price changes)
gross national product from his forecast
for 1974, which would leave the economy
with miniscule growth, but still growth, .
and with only a modest increase in un-
employment. The truth of the matter is,
that no estimates can be much good at
this point. ?
Before the sudden oil emergency
created by the Arabs?who supply
directly or indirectly at least 10 per cent
of the country's oil consumption?the
forecasts were tending to cluster around
what is known as a "growth recession",
meaning a sharply reduced rate of growth.
in 1974 but not an actual decline in out-,
put which would qualify as a recession.
The forecasts were based as usual on!
assessment of the sectors of demand.;
Strength in business investment in plant!
and equipment and in stocks, together.
with some ? increases in government
spending and booming exports, were
pected to .offset the drop in housint
construction and probably sluggish con-
sumer spending, particularly on motor,
cars.
Actually, a significant slowdown in:
growth has already taken place, with real:
girp in the second and third quarters
rising at a rate of only 3 per cent com-
pared with an unsustainable 8 per cent in
late 1972 and early this year. Housq-
building, badly afflicted once again by,it.
shortage of mortgage money and higit
interest rates, has plummeted. At th0
beginning of the year new houses wer,.
being started at an annual sate of 2.5t4
this fell to 1.6m in October?a steeper`
decline than expected.
Even without a dire oil shortage for
electric power and industry, the spot
shortages and resulting bottleneeks in the
supply of various produres- ?some of
which are already in short-supply as a
result of the recent boom and of insuffi-
cient productive capacity?could tip the
scales from a growth recession to actual
recession, as the forecast of the Wharton
School of the University of Pennsylvania
now tentatively expects. It would be a
weird, indeed unprecedented, combina-
tion of weak demand in some parts of the
economy supplemented by insufficient
supply in others.
Not too much should be made, how-
ever, of the semantic distinctions about
"recession". To the vast majority of
Americans it will not make much differ-
ence if the gnp next year grows by 1 per
cent or declines by 1 per cent,-though the
history books would have to record the
latter result as a recession. Far more
. important will be the psychological .
effect on Americans of such things as
knowledge of the country's. dependence
on imported oil for a third of its total
supply, the awakening to how much
energy they waste and the unaccustomed
fact of outright shortages. How all this ?
will alter national attitudes remains to
be seen, but things will never be quite the
same again.
Where the oil goes
0 2 4
' Cohsumption of major products, thousand trillion BTUs 1972
14 16
,
MUMWM11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111' 7,MM
1:::W/eiiieFAO" HOUSEHOLD a COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
ea;c7,t111=114111,s.
Total domestic demand
USE AS RAW MATERIAL 32,812 trillion BTUs
Approved For Release 2001/08/07 ? CIA-AD1377404320001002uuuu1-5
29
18
TRANSPORT
Liquefied gases
Jet fuels
kit ffil
pionata fuel
Residual fuel
Still gas
WASHINGTON POST
3 0 OCT 1973
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ii Fir
- By Dan Morgan
. ..WashInston Post matt W,riter
Major American oil c-ompa-
nies, -faced with unprece-
dented Arab embargoes, are
seeking government backing
for a common overseas oil pol-
icy which might require broad
exemptions from anti-trust
laws.
The effort to draft a joint
policy which the government
could actept ? Is in the initial
stages. Oil company execu-
tives say that the policy will
depend heavily on what hap-
pens in the immediate future
between the United States and
the oil-producing countries of
North Africa and the Middle
East.
Details of what the major
oil firms want In terms of
Government cooperation and
support are still unclear. How-
ever, executives, who attended
a meeting at the State Depart-
ment Friday with Secretary of
:State : Henry Kissinger. said
that current anti-trust laws
now make it difficult for the
companies to adopt a common
',-
front in dealings with the Al
abs
Several years ago the major :
,companies asked for and re-
lceived a business letter from
the?Justice Department assur-
ing them that their joint nego-
.tiations with the oil producing
?countries on prices would not
violate anti-trust. legislation.
? However, sources in the oil
industry say that the waiver
apparently - does not cover
such joint, steps as boycotts of
oil from a particular country,
joint marketing arrangements,
or any other steps that could
be construed. as 'preventing
competitors from making their
:own deals with producing na-
tions. ?
One. oil conipany executive
said that when the present cri-
sis ends in ?the Middle East,
the oil 'companies must "find a
mechanism" in which they can..
"got together and work out a
policy." He said anti-trust laws
now make this difficult.
State Department officials
stressed yesterday that no
agreements had been reached
between oil company repre-
sentatives and the govern-
ment. They described the post-
tion of both. sides as "an in-
terim posture."
Secretary of State Kissinger
is reported to feel that, at this
time, the oil companies shoUld
THE ECONOMIST NOVEMBER 17, 1973
Oil in the
alliance
Washington, DC
However short it may be of the real
thing, the Upited States is now trying
to pour diplomatic oil on the troubled
waters of ' the Nato alliance. During
the Middle East war the United States
and its European allies parted company
over two main aspects of American
policy. Only Portugal gave the United
States full overflying and landing rights
for American aircraft carrying military
supplies to Israel. Portugal is now repor-
ted to be pressing for something in return
?a higher rent for the use of the Azores
base and also, rather more embarras-
singly, support for its African policies.
West Germany objected publicly and
vociferously when American supplies
were loaded on Israeli ships in the north
German port of Bremerhaven. The other
European complaint was that America's
allies were not consulted on, let alone
timely informed of, the decision to
put all American forces on alert on
October 25th as a warning to the Rus-
sians not to overplay their hand in the
Middle East. Mr James Schlesinger,
the Secretary of Defence, and the German
defence minister have now agreed that the
United States is free to use German-based,
equipment as it wishes, provided it does
not' repeat the indiscretion of using
Israeli ships.
Both governments now admit that
they over-reacted. Certainly the Nixon
Administration admits that public state,
k Unite
stay in the background and ?
leave the administration to try
to stabilize the situation In the
Middle East.
Oil company officials say
that the United States will be
at least partially dependent on
supplies from the Middle East
until tile early 1980s. They
also feel that even with a set-
tlement of the Middle East
problem, powerful ? political
'forces, favoring production re-
striction will continue to ex-
1st in that part of the world.
.. ..
1 Some of the immediate do- ,
. mestic American oil losses,
' from Arab production . cuts
and embargoes can be offset'
1 : by diverting shipments from
! Indonesia, Nigeria and Irazi
which are earmarked for other
' destinations, officials said yes-
terday.
European countries, except
for the Netherlands, are ex-
empt from the embargoes of
such major arab" producers as
Saudi Arabia. However, Amer-
ican firms control most of the
Saudi installations, and also
transport the oil in Ametican:
chartered vessels. This means
that sonic measure of coopera-
ments from the President, Mr Schlesinger
and the State Department?all publicly
excoriating- the weak-kneed showing of
the Europeans in the face of Arab
threats to cut off oil shipments?were
unnecessary, at the least. The unfavour-
able comparison of the good job that
the Kennedy administration did in
keeping its European allies informed
over Cuba in 1962 with the Nixon
Administration's handling of the October
25th alert has not 'been missed either.
It was noticeable that when the Euro-
pean community issued its joint statement
on the Middle East on November 6th,
which took a general anti-Israeli stand,
there was no official American reaction.,
Privately, of course, the Administration'
regarded it as. another instance of how
hopelessly the Europeans are the cap-
tives of their needs for oil.
: These needs mean that however
much tact and diplomacy the United
States uses on its European allies, the
latter will" always perceive the Middle
East situation differently. American
arguments that Russian involvement
transforms the Middle East from a
problem outside Nato's geographic
purview into a general strategic issue ,
on which Nato must take a joint stand,
will fall on deaf ears. Perhaps the.
United States and its European allies
can come to an agreement to disagree
on the Middle East. The danger is that
the present note of acrimony will spill
over into other areas. Since .October
30th Nato representatives have' been
sitting down with the representatives of
the Warsaw !met in Vienna to negotiate.
mutual troop reductions. In the eir.
?' ? .
,-... ,
I tion by American companiels
! required' for the embargojl.to
, work. Oil executives say thin,
hope .to comply with the et,
, bargo by shipping more Ar4,1)
'oil to Europe and more
Itheir oil Irdm countries whIclg
'are not participating in theJ
embargo to the' U.S. market.. I
i' Yesterday, U.S. -Inteligence
sourcet said the Indonesian
!
government might offer, the
U.S. increased access to its
'rich oil reserves in return for
mere financial assistance.
. Any steps requiring addi-
tional waivers /of anti-trust
laws would meet with contro-
versy on Capitol Hill, where
Senate investigators already
are looking into the operations
of numerous multi-national
corporations. -.--' -
"The major oil companies
have had tax credits and for. ,
eign depletion. allowances and
anti-trust exemptions and -
what we have Is higher oil
prices and shortages," said
one Capitol Hill source famil-
i'iar with the industry. "No'
they want a second bite at the,
.81)Ple.",,,...?,..........,....:-.......:.,- ......!?
cumstances it was confusing, to say '
the least, when Mr Schlesinger uttered'.
a thinly veiled threat of a unilateral
reduction in American troops in Europe.,
He has since retracted. Mr Schlesinger,1
even before the Middle East war, was
extolling the idea of airlift capacity as,
making the withdrawal of more American
troops from Europe practicable. The
success of the American airlift to Israel
may have strengthened his view. It is,
however, too early to determine whether
the Americans are trying to force the
pace.
Then there is the problem of the
new Atlantic charter that this "Year'
' of Europe" was to have produced.
The grand design which Mr Henry
, Kissinger outlined in April was that a
general declaration of principles between
the United States, Europe and ultimately,:
,Japan, encompassing both economics
and defence, would be signed when
President Nixon made his planned-t
autumn trip to Europe. Since them;
Watergate has intervened to preoccupy
the President and put his future in
doubt. And the Europeans, scared that
the United States might somehow use
its maintenance of troops in Europe to
secure economic concessions, succeeded
in September in getting the contemplated ,
charter divided into one concerned with
economics with the European com-
munity, and one concerned with defence
with Nato,
Even without the recent disagreement,
over the Middle East among Nato
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allies, 'progress on the two charters
has been slow. The discussion of the
'declaration on security ,centres at the
mom* on a draft produced by the
? French early in October. As France
'does not participate in the military
' side of Nato; that draft not surprisingly'
? contaippittle on the questions of mutual
troop ctits and financial burden sharing.
The laqer is of great importance to the
United Atates, and the Nixon Adminis-
tration ',wants both of these items to.
s figure prominently in the final declaration.
'Preparations for the declaration, on,
'? NEW YORK TIMES
29 November 1973
After
.77, '
iItrom Alppur,
?
? :By William $afire ?
. BRUSSELS, Nov. 28?What's the
tate .of the Atlantic alliance, now that*I
the reality ot a Mideast war has called,
lin the rhetorical bluffs?
In American eyes, some of our allies
'-whom American troops in Europe,
still 300,000 strong, have been helping
'le protect for these past 23 years?
out on us when the chips were
:'down, cravenly caving in-to Arab oil
? $
pressure and obstructing , our efforts 1
. to resupply Israel at the crucial mo--?
. pent; on top of that, our NATO part-
hers had the gall to complain when
`.'We IAA our own troops on alert to,'.
? ceunter a Soviet threat to send their::
troops into the Mideast.
Tri European eyes, the superpower...,
'crazed Americans ? who have kept
their troops in Europe to protect their ,1
own national interests, including -$28 ;
, billion of investments which return :
abillion to U.S: investors every year
?put their troops on a war alert with-
out even notifying, much less consult-
ing the countries in which those troops
1.? *ere stationed; on top of that, the new.
:American Secretary of State added in-.
suit
suit to injury by berating allies that
have suffered far more than Americans
.?
In war, and who are directly threatened.;
(with the strangulation of their indus-5
tries.
?-Some of the ambassadOrs in the
suitably temporary NATO headquarters
r?.here in Brussels suspect the American 1
pique to be an attempt to "hot up the:
situation so as to resolve it more
quickly," a standard Kissinger ploy
last exhibited in the Mideast; they
4 Vt6W the current barrage of criticism:,
economic and other 'matters- are faring'
little better. Mr Walter Stoessel,
Assistant Secretary for European
Affairs, and Mr Helmut Sonnenfeldt,
still a close associate of Mr Kissinger
at the National Security Council, joined.
' European representatives in Copenhagen,
on Wednesday to continue talks. But,
..recent leaks of the various draft pro-'
posals show that the United States and,
?Europe are still some way- from agree-
tment.
, Lastly, there is the curious problem
'of , how to weave Japan Ant? an
? rthcm 'the lngertlehnique of
bringing grumbling to a head. ,
On that theory; Europeans -expect.;
,*Kissinger and.Schlesinger of State and,
t Defense?Mr. Outside and Mr..IriSide?!..;
ESSAY
to. arrive at meetings here in two weeks
with' a kid glove slipped over the
?mailed list, protesting; "You've got us 4
1 all wrong.' Our mild irritation. was only,"
?.^
,With a couple ,of *Countries, not ?the
whole NATO alliance, and even that
was exaggerated' in the ,press. As for
the alert, you were right 'to be upset,
t and we'll see to it,that you are .proP-
1erly notified in the future. Now about
k;astatement of. principles. . ..." .
Anticipatinglhe play, hovv will the
:Etiropeans react? 'They* will play along,
?,labbriously helping to write a redefini,
? ;Con of the alliance, papering over
? sic differences in a way that wilt anti
fbegin to peel until the President an4
l'nounces his next trip to Moscow.
$ But what makes a `"European" out.
?
',-of a Frenchman, or Englishman or Ger-'
man is fear of domination by non-i
h
'Europeans. Fear of the Soviets created4
i.NATO; this unifying' fear has been
placed by. fear Of the loss of Arab .oil
!and* a nagging worry about Soviet-',;American collusion at Europe's expense..
r Those ? newer European fears were:'
,eXposed at the time of the Mideast",
'war,'and fact that has been exposed,
lniust be dealt with differently from a ;
'fact that has long been tacitly under-
;stood. That is..why, after the Yom Kip-y
,pur war, NATO's alliance can never:
be the same: With the glue gone, aM
'that was left was the habit, and now;
;even the habit is gone.
What is to replace it? It. makes no.
'sense to denounce the nations of Eip;i
?'rope as 6owardS for their fear of the;
,Arabs now, when we embraced theq
as herpes for their fear of the Soviets'.!hot so long ago.
It makes not miich More sense to
Oetend this has .been it lovers' quart.
,rel, 'reissuing Presidential .statementai
iot, last May ?;like "The United , States'il
?
I
-"4
Atlantic charter. The --ijnited States
remains determined to do this, even V
it means ? a third declaration a
principles. Among other things, the
Nixon Administration is mindful of thi,
fact that/ Japan, faced with an evett
greater oil problem than Europ0
managed, to avoid publicly siding with,
the Arabs. The real point of Mr Kis
"singer's suggested Atlantic charter
was to show that the United States.,,
could strike agreements with its friend:
as smoothly And as quickly as with itti
enemies; that point has yet to be proved.?'
? IT
not subordiostQ. the secnrity of
;the alliarice to SoViet-American
AIM'S."
More sense would be fl,aae by
troducing the fear of substantial U.S.,
;troop withdrawals.. Now that the So-
viets are beginning--for the first time).
in 'years?to exert pressure on West;
?turopean governments through local,
Communist parties, American
ence would be more effective if our
;presence Wpm not; taken for granted.:
Most sense of all would be to recog-
nize that the Nixon-Kissinger approach'
:to *conducting world affairs?the bold
;.stroke,.the secret negotiation, the stun,
'ining, surprise?has served its useful;
i.purpose; the time is coming f'or the
trailblazing to be followed by trudging:
if the world Were a great poolroorn,1
illithard Nixon; the hustler for peace,i
,.would be putting all the billiard, balls'
:in 'a triangle, taking the woden frame.
'away,, placing his, cueball named Kis-
singer in perfect position and then'
$ breaking the Monolithic status quo;
iwith a sharp, crack?leaving it to a.,
;methodical successor to put the dis-
persed power in the pockets.
The trouble' with NATO is like the;
:trouble with the U.S: Congress: It can-,
'nbt be dealt with decisively, the way a
;leadership of China can. A committee'
;:of democratic governments, each made':
;up of coalitions or bare majorities, is,
a frustrating, unnerving, self-centerecU
? group to deal with; and the great, bold'
strokes must be replaced by small,
',stroking, tickling and prodding.
Is the Western. Alliance worth the',
Infinite patience required to maintain'
i: the light of the way the Euro-,
pean members flunked the solidarityi
test last month? ?
The answer 'is, yes.. Pandering to;
'greed, suffering foolishness; and swal-
lowing ingratitude is part of the price:
?Americans must' pay in order to lead!
k?and occasionally to manipulate-_the:
? 'motely agglomeration of mainly freei
people who make up the Atlantic Al,
. '
?
?
?

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ME ECONOMIST NOVEMBEFi 24, 1973
?
Paying for f
Oil prices are going to go through the roof; The world, which has tried to turn a
blind eye to this so far, had better start some hard thinking
The future price of oil is becoming at least as big a
problem as supply. It is going to rise substantially; there is.
not \much disagreement about that. There is disagreement
only about how quickly the' rises will come.', .t is now
generally recognised that a sellers' market will exist well
into the 1980s. Alternative sources of energy,. including
possible large new discoveries of oil outside the territories
of t1?1 Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries;
might then begin to provide some 'competition, but until
they do it is difficult to see any economic cotinter-measure
that could prevent Opec from pushing up prices to what
it will.
Those oilmen who feel that the rises will come at a
gentler rate go on some political calculations. They point
out that, as always in these situations, the most important
country is Saudi Arabia since it alone, has *large proven
reserves that would allow it to put up production dramati-:
cally in short order. King Faisal, despite?the leadihg part
he has taken in the present Arab oil embargoes, is judged
to be a generally conservative man who is fundamentally
friendly to the west, particularly America. It is argued that
once the Israeli-Arab. war is settled he would be reluctant,
to create the international monetary and'economic chaos
that might follow from large, sudden jumps in the price'
of oil.
But most oilmen see the current running the other way,'
even politically. Saudi Arabia will be subjected to pressure
on prices not only from radical Arab countries like Iraq
and Libya but also from other Opec members, such as
Iran, eager to increase their revenues as much as possible.
Iran, among others, will probably push for a rise in the
posted price when Opec meets in Vienna on December 17th.
In the present mood, with the embargoes still in force, even
the Saudis might not. fight too hard against an increase,
which would come on top of the 70 per cent on the posted
price that Opec decreed in October.
Opec members may not be the only parties wanting
higher prices. There are also many Americans who think
that the Opec countries should be granted substantial
increases. The most forthright spokesman among them
has been Mr James E. Akins, formerly President Nixon's
energy adviser and now the American ambassador to
Saudi Arabia. Long before the Israeli-Arab war began,
Mr Akins was predicting a price of $10 per barrel by 1980.
This is a long way up from even the present prices. For a
barrel of a typical Arabian crude oil the posted price on the
Persian Gulf is now $5.11. The market price is $3.65.
Because of the telescoping of events lately there are some
oilmen who maintain that $10 per barrel, either in terms
of the market or the posted price, may be with us long
before 1980, perhaps in just another year or two. Even
those who see prices rising gently predict that the market_
pi 1,..e will go up by $1 a barrel during the next year, which,
since Opec established a fixed, 40 per cent differential
between the two prices in October, would mean $1.40 on
the .posted price. The $1 a barrel rise would mean a 27 per
cent increase on the market price and in itself would mean
that the major importing cowritries would have to pay $10
billion more a year for the oil they buy from Opec. A
market price of $10 per barrel would mean the world would
pay $100 billion for its oil, $64 billion more than at present,
assuming it bought the same amount as it did h 1972. To
imt these figures in some kind of perspective, $100 billion
is roughly equal to, four-fifths of Britain's at mai gross
national product. The problem is how the ifidu trial west;
m
let fil the undeveloped ,eaet, le going to be obi i Lawe
Growing with oil
%growth in goo
'60?'65
Europe 4.9
N.America 4.8
Japan 10.1
'65?'70
4.4
3.7
12.4.
'70?'80
4.3
4.3
10.5
% growth in
? oil consumption
60?'65 '65?'70 '70?'80
14.0 10.0 6.0
33 4.9 4.7
22.4 17.5 9.4
%
'60?'65
14.4
5.1
22.4
growth in
oil imports
'65?'70 '70-80
10.8 4,6,
5.4 114
17.5 9.4
E.,
this kind of increase in basic energy costs. The answer is
that many countries will not, and growth will suffer apcord-
ingly.
The American propOnents of higher oil prices have
taken their view for several reasons, not all of which they
talk about publicly. They maintain that only steep increases
will spur America and other industrialised countries to
start a crash programme to develop alternative sources of
energy, and such alternative sources' are needed, they
argue, if the world is going to avoid an energy crisis in the
1980s or 1990s when oil production, even assuming
perfect co-operation from the Arabs, may not be able to
keep pace with world demand. They are also aware that
price increases will hurt America's commercial com-
petitors, Europe and Japan, much more than they will hurt
America. Both Etirope and Japan are largely dependent
on Middle East oil and will remain so into the foreseeable
future with, of course, the major exception of Britain,
which, thanks to the North Sea, hopes to become self-
sufficient in the early 1980s. America, on the other hand,
will be producing a large share of its oil domestically for
many years. In addition, it possesses huge hydrocarbon
reserves in coal and oil shale. The traditional close relation-
ship between America and Saudi Arabia would be another
advantage since Saudi Arabia would reap the lion's share
of increased oil revenues and, because of its long-standing
'American banking ties, could be expected to funnel most ,
of these funds back to America. This would mean, in effect,
that a large share of America's investment capital would be
originating from Europe and Japan.
This assumes, of course, that the Americans will be
able to persuade the Saudis to take their oil out of the
ground in exchange for funds that would have to be invested
outside Saudi Arabia. There is much doubt over whether
the Saudis will be so persuaded. If they are not, the oil
would stay in the ground which, assuming a constantly
rising demand for energy, would soon result in a big supply
problem. \
For developing countries like India, further price
increases will be a cruel check to growth. Many of these
countries will simply have to do without, a possibility
about which some Opec members are becoming increas-
ingly sensitive. Discussions have been held with a number
of developing countries but so far the oil-producing nations,,.
twhile expressing sympathy, have not been able to bring t:
,themselves to grant price concessions.
' Rising prices during the next feW years will hurt Britain
as much as other countries. On top of the extra ?500m a
.year that the recent 70 per cent increase will cost Britain
for its oil imports, a $1 per barrel rise would add a furthe0`
?292m to the bill. If the market price were to shoot up tci.
$10 per barrel, the cost would jutrip to an annual Ll.ct
billion over the present bill. In a fgw years, though, wherk
North Sea oil starts flowing ashore lin quantity, every fresh
i
price increase will help Britain almost as much as it does
the A.mb.s. Fora change the Britih Government will be
faced" with a pleasant econornip dedision: Whether .to
allow the country .to enjoy relatlVly eligart tint thefeby
giving It 1114 aftvantago Over ,1 s industrial rivals, or
32
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.-
whe_ther to slap large taxes and royalties on the oil to
bring up the price to worldlevels I thereby fattening the
Treasury considerably. i
For the oil companies, there will be a certain irony in the
situation. North Sea oil is expected to cost about $1 to
$1.50 a barrel to produce and pipe aShore. If the companies
THE ECONOMIST NOVEMBER 24, 1973
Should Ja an panic?
were allowed to charge world price for the oil, with no re
in taxes and royalties, some of them, including British
Petroleum, would probably make larger profits than tItey
ever did on the far greater quantities they have produced
from the Middle East. However, thl very size of the wi?l
fall makes that politically impossible
,
Japanese are saying that the Arabs' oil cutbacks could bringTheir country to its
knees. An exaggeration, perhaps. But the Arabs know a vulnerable target wt7
they see one.
And the credit squeeze has not been really tightened yet, ,
Last Friday the Japanese government decreed merely
Tokyo grocers this week were selling out of toilet paper,
sugar, washing-up liquid and even salt as quickly as they
could restock their shelves. The run on lavatory paper has
been going strong for about three weeks, which means for
longer than serious talk of an energy crisis. It was traceable
to seemingly unsensational reports of a worldwide scarcity
of newsprint, which at the time had nothing to do with the
Middle East. The Ministry Of International Trade and
Industry has not stood idly by. ti helped to organise
greatly increased deliveries of -toi et rolls to the worst
affected areas, and sternly warn?retailers against
profiteering.
A country which could react in that way to a threatened
domestic inconvenience must be expected to react to an
energy crisis with high panic. Some people in Japan have
done so. Mr Tanaka has bent his coOtry's foreign policy
into a very low posture in a bid to climb into the favoured
nation list of the Arabs. Officialdom is talking darkly (AI
the economy plunging from 94- per cent real growth recently
to a complete standstill by spring. Individual industrialists
are projecting output losses of anything from 6-8 per cent
to a stunning 55 per cent. The motor cir industry is talking
of a production cutback of 17 per cent in 1974-75.
How realistic is any of this? It must be puzzling to
American and European readers that a shortfall in oil
supplies which is expected to cause little more than
nuisance in their own countries?perhaps, on one set of
guesstimates, a trimming of + to 1 per cent of gnp growth
projections for next year?is supposed to spell such
disaster in Japan.
The pessimists in Tokyo do have some grounds for
worry. Imported oil (the bulk of it shipped from the Middle
East by the oil majors) accounts for three-quarters of
Japan's total energy needs, compared with roughly half of
Britain's. Oil fuels 90 per cent of Japan's electricity genera-
tion, against less than 30 per cent of Britain's and under
20 per cent of Germany's. (It was one of Japan's postwar
success stories to have run down its coal industry to almost
nothing, in order to winkle out labour for export industries.)
Tokyo reckons that Japanese businessmen have long been
frugal users of fuel, and so cannot begin to match their
less efficient western counterparts in making painless
savings on wastage. And, at the end of the line, Japan has
only some 59 days of oil stocks, against an estimated 70
days in Britain.
Another explanation for the cries of panic is an inter-
departmental struggle in the Japanese government. The oil-
shortage has come at a moment when inflation of whole-
sale prices in Japan is running-at an annual 17 per cent,
and when real gnp is still expanding at annual 94- per cent,
despite a six-month-long credit squeeze. Miti, the depart-
ment which will have to ration fuel, thinks that rationing
will not work in an economy which is overheated. It there-
fore announced that rationing was likely to be accom-
panied by a new credit squeeze designed to cut Japan's
rate of economic growth' to zero in the first quarter of 1974.
Significantly, the finance ministry did not confirm this,
Approved For Release 2001/08/07
Ivemidegammaisiatm?
Hovv production will SO fit.'a Japanese inOostrial production
' ? ?
.? 1972 -73t100
,00 90 ? 100 + 110 % '120

"'17818
341 itrg
? ?17"--T?
?'
.1 A
1973-14*,(68,42Thi2M9'
:ELECTRICITY'
I
0 1 CI re."7---r-re,;esi
Revised forecast assurn''ng1054; !
ut in oil for industry from JanIst
?
:
CRUDE STEEL
1974-75'
forecast
2.27 A?%41
, ? I03nri tons.
m tau'
69m tone
9.013m tons
119 m tone
50m tone !
? .
assuming 10% cur,: !continuous
,CARS
PULP
7 Zort.f4f92/ ANISM
? CEMENT
/
; 1://WAVZ/YARM
e ZeMiRiSIMI5
Iltege=
IMPORTS OF.
IRON ORE
IMPORTS OF COKING COAL
/114MAIMM
,
* Years ending March
a 10 per cent cut in fuel consumption by twelve industries.
? It did say that this was only part of a projected six point
programme for dealing with the oil emergency. Other
features, all of which have yet to be spelled out in detail,
will be (1) voluntary fuel savings by the general public,
(2) compulsory rationing of some items, (3) selective price
controls, (4) various efforts to augment the fuel supplies,
and (5) some restrictive measures of demand management.
The twelve industries whose fuel is cut back are steel,
motor vehicles, shipbuilding, petrochemicals, electrical
machinery, synthetic fibres, tyres, aluminium and other '
non-ferrous metal refining, cement, sheet glass, paper and
? pulp. All of them qualify by being within Miti's jurisdiction,
by- being large consumers of energy, and also prosperous.
But a large slice of industry escapes direct control; the
-measures are likely to be imperfectly applied in the early
stages; and public transport services, other than the air-
lines, are not to be cut at all. So Miti expects that between
now and the end of the year Japan's oil consumption wall
in aggregate -be only 6 to 8 per cent below what it would:
otherwise have been. It plainly regards this cut as in- .
sufficient.
It is likely to prove to be. And that probably is the main
/ danger. Little or no value should be attached to such
guesses as that the energy crisis means that Japan's total
exports will decline by 5 per cent and its imports by 11.8 ,
per cent in the year ahead?although these are the sorts
of figures that have been churned out by Economic
Planning Agency models. But if the government reacts
to the harsh realities of the fuel supply situation only when
it literally has no choice, then some sort of a real emergency
could appear. In the short run Japan's imports of manufac-
tures would no doubt remain at a high level. But imports
of raw materials could be SOVerdY CM by a tightening clamp'
on the output of key industries.
If Japan is seriously hurt, the repercussions will be far
and wide. They could be devastating for some. Even while
: CIA-RDP77-00432R000100290001-5
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? WASHINGTON POST ?
26 November 19 73
Europeans and Americans are congratulating themselves
on the unexpected disappearance of some Japanese
competition (as they soon may be), they should be acutely
worried about a possible forced recession in? the world's
largest and fastest growing market for raw materials, and
less large but also fastest growing market for manufactures.
?
WASHINGTON PO ST
3.7 November 1973
Dan Morgan
Total Oil Ran '
[
i Not Ruled Out
1
i: Agence France-Presse
STOCKHOLM, Nov. 254
};---A total shutdown of oil j
!wells cannot be ruled out.;
"if Western countries in- i
sist that Israel stay in;
occupied territories," the,t;
secretary-general of th el
Organization qf Arab Pe-
troleum Exporting Conn-
tries said in an interview j
? ? ,
here today. '
p ? Interviewed In Kuwait j
by the newspaper ?Svenska
.Dagbladet, Mi Ahmed At- '
liga said he did not thinkj
It' would be necessary,
,however, ,to shut off the4, ?
,Western oil flow ,,com-
pletely. ,
? t "We wish to.cover West-
ern Europe's needs for oil i ?
:to that the Europeans.will
'meet. our need for techno7:4
logical, knowledge," he
iadded. ?
Controlling the Multinationals
For several weeks, some of the ma-
jor American oil companies have been
in the odd situation of helping Saudi
Arabia police its petroleum embargo
against the United States.
The U.S. companies, which control
the bulk of Saudi oil installations, and
also own or lease the tankers which
carry the petroleum aboard, have
pledged that not a single drop will
reach American shores. They say they
have no real choice except to play this
game, since failure to do so would
bring nationalization of their assets or
a transfer of their holdings bo British,
French or Italian competitors.-
Yet there have been few better ex-
amples of the ambiguous status of the
world's multinational corporations?
economic colossi which have sweeping
impact on monetary stability, inflation
rates, employment, balance of pay-
ments and even the internal politics of
nations around the globe.
The ambiguities of multinational op-
erations have inspired new efforts in
the United States and in international
organizations to learn more about,
these powerful corporations. The
United Nations, the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Develop-
ment, the European Common Market
Commission, the U.S. Tariff Commis-
sion, the Senate Finance Committee
and Sen. Frank Church's ,(D-Idaho)
Senate Subcommittee on Multinational
Corporations are among the groups
which are studying the impact of the
"MNCs" and what to do about them.
Rep. Sam M. Gibbons (D-Fla.), a
member of the House Ways and Means
Committee, has said that the object of
new controls should be to "harness the
great potential of these giants and
make them responsible to public policy
rather than put them out of existence."
He has suggested that a new interna-
tional organization, a "General Agree-
ment on Tax and Investment Policies"
be established to harmonize tax, in-
vestment and antitrust policies toward
the multinationals. Consumer advocate
Ralph Nader has called for public dis-
closure of the holdings, taxes and
other vital information of the big or-
ganizations. U.S. labor groups are de-
manding that tax laws be revised to
equalize the advantages of domestic
and international companies.
Onhind those bti#14eNtbAi? id tin
awareness that the aims of the U.S.
government and the aims of U.S.-'
owned multinationals are sometimes at
odds. Senate staff investigators are
now delving into the operations of U.S.
Europe,subsidiaries in to see whether
their various market-sharing arrange-
ments inside the European Common
Market pose a barrier against Ameri-
can direct exports. They are also study-
ing the extent to which U.S. foreign
subsidiaries may have helped weaken
the dollar abroad by transferring their
funds in large quantities out of dollars ,
and into other currencies.
? The writer is on the national staff
?
of The Washington Post.
. Labor unions have zeroed in On the
MNCs as a major source of domestic
unemployment, charging that they pro?.
vide jobs abroad which are needed'
here. Corporate leaders reply that the
number of domestic 'jobs generated by
their organizations has been increasing
too.
The protectionist refrain is: Why
should global businesses, especially
those which are American in name
only, receive waivers of anti-trust laws,
extra-generous foreign depreciation al-
lowances, tax deferrals and credits
against American taxes for money paid
to foreign governments?
One answer is that the multination-
als also benefit the United States,
through expanded trade, and greater
access to world markets and resources.
For instance, the big U.S. oil compa-
nies may be able to partially offset the
Saudi embargo by diverting petroleum'
from their worldwide resources to this
, country. ? Also, an undetermined
amount of the foreign earnings of mul-
tinationals is returned home each year, ,
helping to offset the U.S.. trade deficit.
But as the Satidi situation now
shows, it is also questionable how
"American" these giants really are.
Mobil, International Telephone and
Telegraph, Texaco, Caterpillar Tractor, '
Gillette, Colgate Palmolive and Na-
tional Cash Register?all of these cor-
porations now make half or close to
' half of their sales abroad, often
through foreign subsidiaries.
' Obviously, these far-flung operations
make controls difficult: Senate invest'.
OW? an WWII into tho irgy gem
corporations set up their own banks
abroad?in the Bahamas,' Luxembourg
and elsewhere?as deposit boxes for.:
untaxed reserves. 011 companies which
control drilling installations, tanker
fleets and home refineries can shift .
their profit from one operation to An- !
other to pay the least taxes. There is ;
evidence now that the companies are !
. charging themselves high prices for
their crude oil and taking a heavy:
profit.. on 'transportation. But since
their tankers are registered in
"havens" such as Liberia, Panama, andl
the Bahamas, the taxes are exceecluJ
ingly low.
, Many of the groups which are exam-
ining multinationals are focusing on
/the chaotic tax patterns which govern
the firms. Often, the multinationals/
pay more to foreign countries than!
they pay to the U.S. The Senate F1-'
nance Committee reported in February:
' that U.S.-owned corporations abroad"
paid $5.7-billion to host governments'
on earnings of $11-billion in. 1970. But.:
the U.S., after allowing various credits,'-
collected only $640-million from the.
. same corporations?or about six per,
cent of taxable income compared with':
the 48 per cent statutory corporate in-1
come tax to which domestic firms are -
, subject.
According to a report submitted to.
the House by Rep. Charles A. Vaniki
? (D-Ohio), ITT paid Federal taxes In
1972 at a rate of one per cent. Three of
the companies involved in Saudi Ara-
bia, Mobil, Texaco, and Standard Oi.0
of California, paid Federal taxes at
rates of 2.9, 2.7 and 5.8 per cent, re-,,
spectively, he claimed.
All of this is legal. U.S. law lets in-
ternational corporations defer Federal:,
income taxes on their foreign earnings
until they are returned home?which i
sometimes is never. Still, the tax issue I
Is an emotional one because the differ-
ence between the multinationals' tax
liability and their enormous wealth !
and power is so great. (The book value
of the foreign investments of U.S.-
owned corporations is around $90 bit.:
lion.)
Yet national governments, including1
the U.S., have only begun to examine,
the impact of the giant supranational!
structures on their own policies and
the outlook for extensive new controls;
seems bleak. The global thinking of.
the multinational executives is run-i
niog tar And 0 tito lifirr6W8l2
of the men who govern the world's na-,
tion states. ? . .
34
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WASHINGTON STAR
105 November 1973
CROSBY S. NOYES
Blu
ge
le is becoming clear that
we gre in fora terrible row
with Israel. And if the rea-.
sorif for the row are not
clearly understood.from the
it Louie, ....abst.
terrible damage here in the
United States.
The reasons are quite
evident to all conceroed.
After four wars in the space
of 25 years, it is absolutely
imperative that a peace set-
tlement be reached in the
Middle East. It is also inevi-
table that any peace settle-
ment that stands a chance
of being accepted by the
Arab nations will be ex-
?treincly disagreeable to a
large number of Israelis,
backed emotionally and po-
litically by a large number
of American Jews.
No peace settlement, of
course, precludes the possi-
bility of still another round
of fighting between Israel
and her Arab neighbors.
? What it can do and must do
is make another round
much more difficult for both
sides. Presumably, if a set-
tlement can be worked out,
,it will involve solid great-
'Tower guarantees of the
new status quo. ?
In order to reach a settle-
ment, the role of the United
' States will be both crucial
1.and unpleasant. The Israe-
LOS ANGELES TIMES!
21 Novembe 913
g Israel into Concessio
lis, by and large, under-
stand very well that a set-
tlement has to be reached in
order to avoid the perpetua-
tion of the pattern that has
existed since the foundation
of the state. But many of
them may well be unwilling
to pay the price that will be
required to bring an agree-
ment about.
That price, realistical-
ly, will be something very
close to a total Israeli with-
drawal from Arab-occupied '
territory. It will quite cer-
tainly include the whole of
the Sinai Peninsula in re-
turn for an Egyptian com-
mitment to demilitarize the
area. It will probably in-
volve the presence of a
United Nations force at
such key points as the Suez
Canal and Sharm el Sheikh,
presently occupied by Is-
raeli troops.
If an agreement , can be,
reached with the Egyptians
?where the territorial is-
sues are easier to deal with
? the other pieces of a set-
tlement are likely to fall
into line. Jordan's King
Hussein is openly eager to
reach an accommodation
with Israel that will restore
at least his nominal sover-
eignty on the West Bank of
the Jordan River ? quite
possible as a semi-autono-
.
mous Palestinian state. The
most difficult problem with
Jordan will be the status of
East Jerusalem. And it is
hard to see any sgiution
? except in terms of some
form of internationalization
of the old Arab city.
It is impossible to forsee
the outlines of a settlement
between Israel and Syria.
Given the intractibility of,
the government in Damas-
cus, it is conceivable that no
agreement will be reached ,
and that Israel will continue
to occupy parts of the stra-
tegic Golan Heights. By it- ,
self, however, Syria would
present no major military
or political problem so far
as Israel is concerned.
The point, however, is
that the concessions from
Israel that will be required
to reach any kind of settle-
ment with any of the Arab
nations? are likely to be
enormously unpopular with
Israeli voters. Which is why
no real progress at a peace
conference can be expected
until after the elections in
Israel in December. And it
is also why maximum pres-
sure from the United States
will be necessary to get any
concessions at all.
There are several hopeful
factors in the equation. The?
latest round of fighting has
shaken Israeli faith in the
proposition that national
security depends on holding
large amounts of Arab terri-
tory. It has also ? thanks to ,
the oil war ? left Israel
more isolated 'and more
dependent on American
support than ever and
therefore, at least theoreti-
cally More susceptible to
American diplomatic pres-
sure.
But surely the most hope-
ful factor is the realization
of the Israeli government
itself that the chance for a
real peace canaot be al-
lowed to slip away this
time. To the extent that
concessions to the Arabs
are unpopular, it will be a ?
positive benefit for the gov-
ernment in Jerusalem to
maintain that they were .
made under 'duress from
Washington a claim that,
has already been heard in
connection with the cease-
fire, much criticized by Is- '
raeli hawks.
Altogether, it is a tricky ?
business which will demand
careful management and a
good deal of understanding
on the part of the public.
The unfortunate probability
is that the Israelis will ac-
cuse the United States of
selling them down the river,
whether they believe it or
not, and there will probably
be plenty of Americans who
will agree with them.
he' Ara' bs' Oil iScineeze oii Japan
No major industrialized nation is more ?vulnera-
?ble than Japan to the political blackmail that is the
aim of the Arab oil embargo. Petroleum supplies
70% of Japan's primary energy, and 85% of all the
crude oil Japan imports comes from the Middle
East?some from non-Arab Iran, but most' from
the Arab states that have cut their production
in an effort to strike indirectly ,at Israel.
This heavy dependence has given the Arabs the
chance to squeeze Japan with particular harshness,
and this they are doing.
a The Arabs are pow demanding that Japan' sever
Its diplomatic relations with Israel, and it would not
he surprising if Premier Kakuei Tenaka's govern-
:b.-lent was forced to agree. Japan's official policy
itaward the Arab-Israel dispute has been one of
strict neutrality--,nbut the Arabs insist now on a visi-
ble tilt to their side. Under intense pressure from
, powerful business and industrial groups, which
;Want to keep the oil flow to Japan as high as possi-
ble, Tanaka may have to yield to the Arabs'
mitortion.
none of which?exCept tile Netherlands, with its,1
? strong bonds of sentiment to Israel?is being pun-
ished as brutally by the Arab states or having as
much demanded.
It is already clear that in the short term the oil
blackmail is going to be paid, though whether al
Middle East settlement on Arab terms will be the
? result is quite another matter. But it is also clearl
that expedient answers are seldom the b6t an-
, swers, whether in terms of durability or national)
interests. -
, North Ameeica, Western Europe and Japari
together account for 60% of the world's industria1!
power, and they simply cannot affoe4 to have their ;
future economic growth held hostage to Arab oilA,
supplies or Arab political demands. ?
At some point the decisions no one has Wanted to
? make will have to be considered by the indus-1
trialized nations, whether for an oil-sharing ar-
rangement in the face of shortages, or possibly1
even for a concerted countevernbargo against the!
Arab states. There has been fear in Western Eu-i
' The irony is that Japan has no special influence rope and Japan about even talking about such a:C=1
on Or ties with the Israelis. Rather plaintively, the tions, but the time may soon be coming when na-.!
Japanese note that their Middle East policy is the tional economic interests must override those'
*tame as that Qf the_Common_Maiyagiolupthim
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NEW YORK TIMES
21 November 1973
Oil: Alarms Growing in Europe and U.S;
C Ra 'Worries
Abbot a Possible
4974 Recession
By CLYDE H. FARNSWORTH
Special to The New York Trines
PARIS, Nov. 20?The cut-
back ofl,Arab oil supplies, now
running 'into its second month,'
is affec4ing the economies of
European nations, and fears
that it could trigger a recession
next year are sending the stock
markets of the Continent down
about as sharply as in Wall .
Street. French, British, West;
: German, Italian and Dutch
share averages are all down
15 to 20 per cent over the
.? last month.
The effects of the oil cutback
are varied, depending on the
country and the industry, but
t most economists are agreed
;that the slowing already in
? progress in most countries will
be sharply accelerated unless
the oil flow is resumed quickly:
"I am operating under the
t assumption that the Arabs are
going to play it tough," said
Ken Mathysen-Gerst, president
of Capital International, a
Geneva-based financial house,
"and that the impact on West-
ern Europe, Japan, and, to a
lesser extent, the United States,
, will be severe."
L He sees Europe moving into
Its worst recession since Wor-lr'''
' War. II.
'Predictions Changed
Franz-Josef Trouvain, chief
; economist for the Deutsche
Bank of West Germany, said
the energy crisis had prompted
the German Bank to recalculate
:growth projections for the Ger-
man economy, next year.
"We originally thought there
would be a swing down-
,
,ward from 6 to 7 per cent this
year to 3 per cent in 1974," he
reported. "Now we see only
11/2 to 2 per cent."
He sees the main effects so
Jar manifested in a reluctance
to buy new cars and says this
will have repercussions on the
textile, steel and rubber indus-
tries, which supply auto mak-
ers, as well as the auto makers
themselves. The Ford Motor
Company's Cologne subsidiary
has already announced a 5 per
cent production cutback.
Five- European countries ?
West Germany, the Nether-
lands, Belgium, Luxembourg and
Denmark ? have banned Sun-
..,_tiasy driving, and this is not
only cutting into demand for
new cars but also is affecting
spending in the small country
hotels and restaurants that live
on weekend trade front people
in the big cities. ? ?
_ France Held Insulated
France has' hardly ? been'
touched, and economists here,
such as Jean Denise of the
Banque de Paris et des Pays
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
16 NOVEMBER 1973
deast crisis strengthens
Bas, think the country, which
has suffered no oil cutbacks
because it as considered a friend
of the Arabs, is pretty well
insulated from any immediate
troubles.
"But obviously," Mr. Denise
.says, "Frenchmen cannot drive
all over the place if everyone
else in Europe is staying home."
Jean-Marie Chevalier, a petro-
leum economist and a professor
at the University of Grenoble,
believes that if the oil crisis
continues France will start feel-
ing the effects on her industry
by next March.
In Britain, which is cutting
oil deliveries 10 per cent to
protect essential industries and
Services, the effects so far also
have been light.
? But some industries, for in-
stance bottle manufacturers,
are afraid they will have to
cut back. The Glass Manufac-
turers Federation estimates that
up to 85 per cent of the glass-
container industry' uses oil for
firing its furnaces. The indus-
try believes output may have
to be reduced 20 per cent.
Shipping Feels Pinch '
; Merchant shipping is feeling
the effects of the squeeze be-
cause of a shortage of supplies
of bunkering oil. "Unless a solu-
tion is found soon to secure
?the supply of bunker oil to the
world's merchant fleet, the situ-
ation in world trade and econo-
my will be quite intolerable,"
said A. Fredrik Klaveness,
former chairman of the A. S.
French voice in Europe
By Takashi Oka
? ?
Staff correspondent of
The Christian Science Monitor
Paris
American actions during the Middle
,East crisis have put France in the
driver's seat in intra-European ef-
'forts to hammer out a joint stand on
. transatlantic relations, diplomatic
? sources here believe.
Despite efforts in all major Eu-
ropean capitals to play down reports
, of rifts with Washington,- relations
between the United States and its
European allies have a long way to go
before they recover from the shock of
last month's nuclear alert and Eu- ?
rope's exclusion from the Middle East
peacemaking process.
Assistant Secretary of State Joseph
J. Sisco, in an exhausting rush trip
through Western Europe this week,
has made a valiant attempt to explain
'ho'w Secretary of State Henry Ai
ulnger nitilliat@ll botWOtiti moo
sand Israel and persuaded them to sign'
this week's agreement implementing
.the Oct. 22 and 23 cease-fire. But the
sourness has not gone out of transat-
lantic relations. -
France, always most suspicious of
American motives and actions among
the nine members of the European:
Economic Community, can now say?
"I told you so" to its European
partners. The French thesis, since the.
days of Gen. Charles de Gaulle, has:
, been that the two superpowers, Mos-4
cow and Washington, will always look
out for their own interests ahead of'
those of their allies.
To this thesis has been added a neW;
twist since President Nixon steppe&
up the pace of East-West detente'
through his visits to Moscow and
Peking. This is that the United States;
gives far more weight to detente:
and or confrontation with Moscow
than protecting the interests of its
allies.
French diplomacy, headed by brit.;
liant, incisive, coolly calculating For,'
eign Minister Michel Joberti has been
Stahl@ in overgy ektiltAi,
ing as far as possible from pushing a
particular thesis or policy as
"French." The effort, rather, is to,
136 I ?
"-Norske Shell Oil Company of
,Oslo.
The petrochemical industry
of West Germany and the Neth-
erla.nds, which use oil as a base
product, is also suffering from
the shortage.
Even if full oil shipments
are resumed, by the end of
' the year, most economists beH
lieve there will be many tem.'
?porary shortages and disloca-
tions?and of course higher fuel
prices?all of which will eat into!
company profits.
The' oil-consuming nations'
have been considering jointly
what they can do to alleviate
the fuel crisis. But the situa-.
tion?will have to become much
more critical before they will,
adopt a common program; it
is felt.
4
At a meeting of the oil corns
mittee of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and De-
velopment in Paris, inforniants
said that international oil com-
panies, working closely with
governments, are easing some
of the shortages by shipping
more non-Arab oil than usual.
Most of the ,consumer coun-
tries are also acting to curb
demand.
But even with all these
measures, the picture is pretty
bleak. With the biggest econo-
my in Europe, West Germany
faces prospects next month pf
getting 25 per cent less 'oil
than it expected, and Britain
some 15 to 2Q per cent less.
hammer' out a "European" .:r;011eYr1
that can be presented to WaSiungtorisi
as a joint stand of the Nine.
k Whereas in the past, the British, the ;
Dutch, the West Germans, and others ,?
sought to soften French insistence:
that Europe should assert its dis-
tinctness from the United States while'
remaining in military alliance with it, '
now, diplomats report, more and'
more capitals are tending to echo the,
French view.
. Whereas before the Middle East
'crisis, President Pompidou was cast-
ing about for some plausible reason:
' to promote more frequent summit;
meetings among the EC Nine, the
shock of October's event has now
?,
made such a summit meeting seem.
natural and even overdue.
It will take place in Copenhagen,
Dec. 14 and 15, hard on the heels of a
.North Atlantic Treaty Organization
meeting Dec. 10 and 11 in Brussels at
'which the so-called "new Atlantic.
Charter" was to be declared.
1 A. companion document being
Worked out between the EC and the
United States on the economic aspect.
kat tittitlatlantiO Math:We has gone.
Attrough alodding. The iLd
,poses American amendments to a,
?European draft, designed to make the
.document more specific.
President Nixon's withdrawal of
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'trade bill that would have given him
.needed authority to negotiate tariff'
cuts with the Europeans and othersi
has strengthened the French ar-i
gument that the United States is!
,primaribl interested in relations with,
the Soviet Union.
' The reason for the withdrawal, it is
'said, is that the White House does not;
want tO rtisk defeat of a provision
,giving mbst-favored-nation treatment ,
stto Moscow.
The sourer France's European
partners feel about the way Wash.ing-,,
ton seem @ to be treating them, some
diplomat feel, the readier they may
be to fall1n with French arguments
that Europe needs a political secre-'
tariat, distinct from EC headquarters
? tin Brussels, to coordinate its own.
?political decisionmaking.
The French have made no great'
.secret of their view that this secretar-
iat should be in Paris. , 4
WAS HINGT ON STAR
28 November 1973
U.S. Won't
Get a Look
At SAM 6
Unne4Pms5Trucmational
U.S. military officials had-
hoped to get a look at the
guidance system of the So-
viet SAM6 missile as a divi-
dend of the latest Arab-Is-
raeli war but the Israelis!
failed to capture any of;!
them intact.
A Pentagon source said
the Egyptians did not aban-
don as much useful gear On'
the battlefield as in the 1967
war when they were forced
to make a nasty retreat.
American military offi-
cials had been openly hop-
ing the Israelis would cap-
ture a SAM6 intact so that
U.S. technicians could ex-
amine its radar guidance
system and develop a sys-
tem to jam the control elec-
tronics.
But this time the Egyp-
tians took the vans contain-
ing the guidance system
with them as they with-
drew.
The SAM6 was generally
'considered the greatest
threat to Israeli aircraft
operating over the Suez
area because it was much
? more difficult to jam than
the SAM2 missiles Amen-
'can planes faced over North
;Vietnam.
About 17 percent of the
U.S. planes lost over Viet-
nam were downed by Sovi-
et-built missiles. U.S.
sources said the SAM6 was
a much more effective
weapon because it was de-
signed to hit low-flying air-,
craft.
!CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR '
28 NOVEMBER 1973
-
it S
groub s
By Don Sonar , ?
Special to '
The Christian Science Monitor ?
9 ttawa
orried about oil shortages of its
o this winter, Canada is being
forOed to restrict the flow of crude oil
toan energy-thirsty America.
And since Canada .is the main
source of imported oil, for the U.S.,
thai could hurt in America's cold
No th and Midwest.
hile the forces of economic nation-
al' im play -a part in this "Canada
first" attitude, itls an exaggeration to
say! most Canadians enjoy their new
role as "blue-eyed Arabs."
The simple fact is that eastern
Canada could be short up to 200,000
barrels of oil a day this winter ? an
, intolerable situation in a country
su,p osedly self-sufficient in' energy.
res?urces. ?
Canada produces about 2, million
barels of oil daily, most of it in the,
foothills province of, Alberta, and it
ships nearly half that production to
the 'United States.
Elastern Canada, meanwhile, must
depend .upon offshore crude, mainly
froth Venezuela and the Middle East, .
and, now faces shortages of up to 20
pereent as a direct result of the Arab ?
oil cutbacks.
Pipeline extension blocked
This irony of shortages amid export '
surpluses is a grave embarrassment ?
to the minority Liberal government of
Prime Minister Pierre Elliott ?
Trudeau, who must cater to the ?.
whims of two opposition parties to ?
remain in office.
For a decade, the government re-
jected proposals for the extension of
western Canadian pipeline facilities
to Montreal as a guarantee of eastern
market supplies in the event of oil
supply interruptions abroad. ? 4
? :Its reasoning was twofold. First,
domestic crude was more expensive,
than the imported product in the days.
before the Arab boycott. Second,?
here was hope, now a fading one, that
oil would be found on the Atlantic',
coast, close;to the eastern market.
The failure to obtain a Montreal
? pipeline prompted Alberta to fight its
way into the U.S. market as a means
of developing its oil fields. This was a
? difficult chore in the days of tight
American oil import restrictions.
By this fall, however, Car.'sda had
become the chief source of imported
?? U.S. oil, winning about percent of
the American maket.
,But since March, mounting concern
' about domestic oil shortages has
'prompted Canada to restrain the flow
of crude and refined products to the
U.S. Nevertheless, September deny-
eries of crude set a record when they
reached 1.3 million barrels. .
?
U.S. treads carefully ;
In December, the tightening Cana
dian supply situation will force a
cutback to slightly less than 1 million.
barrels daily.
On the surface, the U.S. has been'
sympathetic toward Canada's supply
dilemma. Underneath, it appears as
though the Nixon administration is
trying to tread carefully with the
' Trudeau government In the hope of
gaining long-term access to future'
'production from the Alberta oil sands
; and perhaps natural gas from the
.;Canadian Arctic..
? Monday night; The Canadian oil
'supply crisis, which is considerably
'milder than the U.S. one, produced
mild voluntary energy-saving advice
?'from the Trudeau government, with
the prospect of some mandatory allo-
cation of oil at the wholesale level in
, the new year..
It is obvious to most Canadians that
the only way they can avoid domestic
oil ratiening in future is to shift oil?
from the U.S. Midwest to Monysal.,.? .
The Trudeau government is corn- ,
mitted to build the badly needed'
pipeline extension to Montreal by the
'end of 1975, although it. could be held
up by U.S. regulatory bodies such as
the Federal Power Commission since
the'. odsting pipeline from the. West ?
traverses U.S. territory and it would
have to be upgraded..
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WASHINGTON POST I
211November 1973
7oseph Alsop
Blackmail
Thfeatens U.S.,
Indppendence.
, ?
t The elergY 'crisis is in danger of!
'becoming the other horror story of the';
second Nixon administration. The Arab
. . oil embargo On this country is proving,
, all too successful. Its enforcement. is;
even being policed by the big Ameri-',
can-owned oil companies. ' ?
. Available supplies are therefore;
close,. to 20, per cent .short of' total;
demand for oil fuels before thei
embargo. As any fool can see, this
kind of supply-demand relationship '
must soon cause acute shortages. Newl
England will pretty certainly be 'freez,ot
,ing before Christmas. Soon thereafter,'
the whole country will feel ,the :full:
effects of the biggest, most painful
single problem ever met with by thel
U.S. in peacetime.
Yet this enormous problem finds the::
U.S. government divided and irreso-?
lute, and the Congress rather morei
footling and feeble than the executive
branch. the administration, the
'chief immediate bone of contention;
is whether to have some sort of ral
tioning, , ,
? As is well known, both Secretary of,
the Treasury George Shultz and the,
? President's Council of Economic Ad-,4
visors are strongly opposed to ration-
ing. They want more ,allocation,
' plUs
higher prices, to serve instead. :Secre2',
tary of the Interior Rogers Morton,!
meanwhile, is strong for rationing.,
But the real swamp of indecision is,
among the President's energy special',
ists, headed 'by Gov. John Love. 3
. Governor Love is a handsome, ami:'
able fellow who has notorious difficul-
ty making up his mind about anything.
It it pretty obvious the White House'
already hankers to replace this impos-
sible 'substitute for the energy-czar who
is now so badly needed. As to Governor:
Love's staff, it is enough to say that,
his Chief staff member is the author
of President Nixon's energy message,
of last January, Charles DiBona.
A tough, forthright January message,
.could have made the President the hero!
of the -energy crisis, in contrast to a?
-"do-nothing'. Congress." Instead, the:
message was watered down to a dampk:
squib by DiBona and John Ehrlichman.:
The latter also chose both DiBona and
GoV,ernor Love to be put in charge of
'the energy problem. Even in the Water-,:
:gate horror,. Richard M. Nixon has '
'tardy beeii kVorst-tierired2 71
The result, In fact, is that the politi-
cally 'beleaguered Pr?dent has been
left 111.the wrong-posture to deal with
this appalling crisis athil witil.no real:
instrument for the purpose, and with.:
conflicts of view among the highest
potimmakers.. ? .' .
1: Furthermore, the argument about;
rationing may dominate the energy
scene at the' moment, but is far away
'from the central point of the energy
crisis. The central point is both grim,
and simple. Whether or not we have
irationed oil fuels, we have got to begin1
'paying lunch, much higher prices for
energylin all fornis. ?
!. The only alternative to much highe,r,.,:t
?energy prices was suggested at a recent f
meeting of state oficials from Colorado,
I,Wyothing, and the other Western states
'which contain the largest U.S. reserves.
;of easily mined coal as well as oil shalol;
These states now have to face- bein14
tliterally. excavated. They:do, not likd
u,the prospect. 'Hence' one official, 'cur;
,rently running for the Wyoming g?over-,
?f ,norship but to be kept nameless, act*
.1111y made the all but incredible statet,"
"Maybe the time has corne for thei
to destroy Israel; in order'to stifd":1
'guard American Oil Supplies from thel.4
tArah countries."... ? A
The 'monstrous. ithecdOte *series ?tii
idramatize the real' American stake in'i
ithe energy Crisis. The stake ,is
fnoth-
ing more nor less 'than the political
7and strategic independence of she ?
;United States. .
To preserve American independ",
ience, surely, , any decent AmeriCan'.
ought to' actept gasoline at a clollhe
;or 'Oren $1,25 a gallon?which is the
:current gas. price in West Germany4
IVItieh higher energy. prices are ,tini
avoidable, 'in turn, in order to make;
profitable to e*nloit the huge alter-1
*native energy-sources the U.S. luckily;
;possesses. The Main ones are oil shalel
and coal, of ,course; and if these areT
thot exploited tO the utmost, we cannot':
;be independent.. ?
For ,,this purpose, the needed inVest",`,3
thients may easily run above' $100
'lion in the next 10 years. Obviouslyii
r?
,moreover, investments on ? this scale;
;are never going to be made, without'
:Some sort of guarantee of long-term
price stability' at the new thigh level'
There will never be a huge Anierican!
Oil-shale industry, for instance, with-
out solid protection by import taxes':,
:;or In other ways. The Arab states'4;
have to be prevented from destroying:.
this novel competition overnight, -by'.;
arbitrarily cutting their ow,n oil pricer;
'for a while. ..;
Meanwhile, however, With national;
Independence' quite clearly at stake,I
no one seems to worry about. anything
but the Wategete horror. 'And this. isi
even true :of the President! .
? ,urtx, !to! ,tyWeles Times
.38
WASHINGTON STAR
28 November 1973
'Israelis
Bah king. in,
, .
.(Gratitude.,
,?? As a gesture of apprecia-
tion for American assist-
' ance, Israel is increasing its
_foreign currency reserves
l'in the United *States, at the
'expense of Europe. '
According to an Israeli
,source, the amount of mon-
ey being shifted is relative-
' ly insignificant ? " a cou-
pie of hundred million dol-
Jars." But, the source re-
'marked, "America was so
helpful to us . . . It would
be proper that we invest as
much as we Can'! in the
United States.
: At the same time, Israeli
:sources emphasized that
Israel was not trying to pun-
,ish Europe for: its tilt to-
ward the Arab position dur-
'ing and since the latest
Mideast war: The with-
drawal ."of a couple of
'hundreds.of millions from
so many. countries . . . the
effect is minimal," one offi-
cial
' In fact, he noted, Israel
;could feel the pinch because
'the funds, put in short-term
-liquid accounts at American
(banks, are expected to draw,
;a lower interest rate than if
;they were left in European
banks. '
The transfer of the funds,
:which are held in the cur-
:rency of the country where
:they are on deposit and
used for various purposes,
!is being accomplished in
? two ways.
Some funds are being
exchanged from European
'currencies into dollars and
transferred to the United
States.
Another Method is to al-
low dollars collected here ?
through the United Jewish'
:Appeal, for example ? to
remain in the United States,
,rather than to shift them!
overseas for purchases
other countries. Reserves
,held in other countries then.
dimish as they are used for
such purchases.?THOMASi
DIMOND 1
t .?
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NEW YORK TIMES
23 November 1973
Kissinger's
'F'irst
Ten Weeks
By James Reston
WASIOGTON, Nov. 22?In the ten ,
weeks since he became the 56th Secre-
tary of State of the United States, ?
Henry Kissinger has covered more
miles, visited more countries, answered
more questions, and probably con-
sumed esoie food and proposed more
toasts than any of his predecessors ;
since John Foster Dulles.
Already in these ten weeks, he has
gone through the Middle East war,. a
scary worldwide military alert against '
the Seviets, innumerable sessions with
other foreign ministers at the United
Natiens, and encliees meetings with
members of Congress, his new col?
leagues in the State Department, and ,
his skeptical watchdogs of the press.
It has been an impressive perform-
ance, but it's hell on the nerves, the
mind and the waistline, and, unless
somebody invents the 48-hour-day, you '
have to wonder how long he can sus-
tain this punishing pace.
Henry Kissinger didn't get where
?he is today because he was a great
personality, or traveler, or insider, but ,
precisely because he Was an outsider,
180.111M.O.
WASHINGTON ,
who had time to think and was in
touch with other loners who were re-
flecting on the basic purposes and ?
vital interests of the nation.
Now he is caught up in 'a tangle of
problems which require more time
than he has and also require, as he.
says, at least "a modicum of confi-;
dence between the public and the
responsible officials." And he is ap-
pealing to press and public to give
him a chance to work things out.
It is a fair enough request but it
Is not going to be easy, for he has ?
been saying some things lately that
require more than a "modicum of con-
fidence." For example he said at his?
last press conference that United States
policy in the Middle East would not.
be influenced by the Arab oil embargo, ?
but the fact is that American policy
is clearly being influenced at every
corner gas station, and Mr. Kissinger
is now leaning heavily on the Israelis
in private to hurry up the negotia-
tions and make substantial conces-
sions to the Arabs to lift the embargo
and get a Mideast settlement.
? Also Mr. Kissinger has been w'arnes?
ing the Arab states publicly but gently
that the United States would have to
,consider "countermeasures" if the
Arabs continue their economic war-
!fare. But again the fact is that Wash-'.
ington has few countermeasures and
cannot mount an effective counter-
embargo against the Arab states with-
out the cooperation of the other indus-
trial nations, who won't go along.
Meanwhile, Mr. Kissinger is refusing
to explain, as he promised to do, what
the Soviet Union threatened during '
the Middle East crisis, which justified,
putting U.S. forces all over the world
on "alert." Did Mr. Brezhnev say he,
"might" or that he "would" send
Soviet airborne troops into the Middle'
East? Did Mr. Brezhnev actually sendl
atomic weapons into Egypt? Mr. Kis-
singer says he has no "confirmed"
evidence that this was the case. He 3,
is merely asking for public trust. 4
Nevertheless, though Mr. Kissinger
is appealing for "confidence" in an',
Administration that has little oonfi..-;
deuce, he has earned in his i'eking
and Moscow missions a right to try.7,
,to work out an accommodation in thest
'Middle East. For, to a large extent,
the easing of the fuel shortage in the
'United States depends on the nego-
tiations for a peace settlement in the
Middle East, and this in turn depends
probably more than it should on the
integrity, judgment and negotiating '
skill of Secretary Kissinger.
You can cut your speed to fifty miles
an hour and knock hack your heat to
68 degrees at home?what a sacrifice!
--but unless Kissinger gets the Arab-
'Israeli talks going in a hurry and
persuades both sides that an accom-;
modation is better than more militarye
. wars and an expanding economic war,
the non-Communist industrial nations
' will quickly be up against an eco-
nomic recession.
Maybe this is what Moscow wants.
Having failed to keep up with the.
computer revolution in the advanced.
industrial nations, the Soviets could.?
be using their .political influence in
the Middle East to cut down produc-
tion in the West and in Japan. Buti
? we won't know that until the negoti-
ations between the Arabs and the
Israelis get going, and here Mr. Kis-
singer's role is both critical and awk-
ward.
"If one looks at history," he told:
the press the other day, "and sees
how often it has happened that wars,
have been produced by the rivalries
of client states, without a full con- ,
sideration of the worldwide issues . t
the overriding. need of finding a
tion. to the problem of worldwide nu-
clear war becomes overwhelming. . ?
This is the central question of our ?J,
period, and it is a problem that will ?
have to be solved either by this group c
of officials or by their successors. But ?
it cannot be avoided."
It has been a long time since any
Secretary of State has dealt in public 3
with so many dangerous and ambigu-
ous questions under such difficult cir-
cumstances at. home and abroad, and
if the energy crisis is to be eased this r
winter or the Middle East is to reach
some kind of understanding, Mr. Kis-,'
singer
singer is probably the main hope. But .1
he needs some public support and he ;
needs some rest. -
WASHINTON POST
9 November 1973
? ?
;Stephell, S. Roseideld1Ki
'Realities
Of Parity
And' Detente
4 The Soviet 'Union's sponsorship of
' the fourth Arab-Israeli war has stire,ed.
a broad ree;ew of the basic premises;
arel nnasibilitles.e "detente." Perhaps,
:it would be mope apt to call it a first.
dose look. The Scvict iutrventionJu
,Czechosiovekia in IHR provides a
ful 'benchmark,
if
The inisarvention in Pranee had a.m.
-tionale.4o keep the Soviet bloc ecorre,
unravelling-,-no. less comprehensible,/
for the offensiveness of the palleyv.
used to support it. The lootivation ? fOr,./
.Soviet policy in the Mideast was, hoeee
ever, strictly imperialistic: throwiro4.,
Soviet weight around in a place of.,no,?
idgnificance for .homebloc security .ere,
Welfare. ?
? ? .
In Czechoslovakia, 'the Russians,
could safely .deploy their troops as
though for a containable local opera-.
tioh, without worrying of a Wester,?
:military reponse. In Egypt. and Sy1i4,
the Russians performed a far more. ai,ne
bilious military operation involviq:g
formidable aerial resupply. effort
...deployment of an'impressive fIet, alt
of this supported by the great stride*
'forces they have Put into place .siria
1968. -
Then, the Czech Intervention ,tpOlp,
Place at a pre-detente time when rela-:
,tively few .Americans were.disposed!td,'
expect a Moderate Soviet policy.
.contrast, the latest Mideast war brZike5
out at a time when, most Amerieaiii"
;probably felt that the. proclaimed kfie
Tesses of detente had markedly
:duced the chances for en adventuriWee'
'Soviet policy, especially for an `adVeri:1
turistic policy discomfitting the UniTe'd' .
States. . . _nest
The fundamental liberal. premtie
about- Soviet policy has been that the!
:Soviet Union would begin .to
,"normally" and. responsibly on lite)
:World stage, once it had "achioVett
lough strategic .and political %vita
'the United States and once that ach1eVe4
Ithent had' been' recognized by .Washirfe
;tem. ? ? -??-
. No one can deny that in 1973 MOS:?
cow has attained such parity. Thereli
,the evidence of two summits that the.
United States accepts it as a fact. But;
'the Soviet -.Union did not.' !' act;
,"normally' and responsibly in this lat.e
est war. In particular, it knew?every
one knew?that the Nixon. administrael
tion was cranking up a major diploe
matic initiative for a settlement, but,it:
did not allow that initiative to run
eoprse or even to get off the ground.,..es
) To be sure, those who, never apj
pepted this liberal premise in the fir4;
Place can and do fairly, contend neon
that it failed in a. crucial'. test. Thesis,.
whose . prime? foreign-polity, interest,:iik
to assure a steady how ot *tits a. tV
'support for Mad tend to accept
Contention, however much it embirje,
'asses their other. views on world- pFg".1
peeta and domestic- spending ,epejesie
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lies. Those Who had been binitingiiity7
way for arguments supporting the 'ith
ministration's defense proposals .h'ive
got them in spades.
To grant that detente has been cript
pled or discredited, however, is a jag:3
ment laden with so many harsh WORT,
cations. for the kind of world and t1.4'
kind Of country we live in, that it nibsic
be approached only with the 'greateie
care. There are other circumstances to,
consider. . ?
t In the Mideast last month, theRus-
sians did a good deal less to help their
allies drive a foreign army off thei
,territOrY thark.Ahe United States. di
for a Similar purpose in Vietnam. fly
those American standards, the Soviet
role was limited: no troops, despite Wel
scare about them on Oct. .25, and 'lie'
bombs. Or should the American
lion be that we are entitled to do 'Cer?o!
tam n things for our friends that the
Russians are not entitled to do ;'.fori
theirs?. ?
For many Americans, the startlifit
and new ?factor in the Mideast war ;wail
that Moscow revealed and 'used in
local operation a great-podier millthr
tcapacity, including a tacit backup?vott.
-strategic weapons. We aren't' acetWi
tomed to it; we don't like it at alk:But;
this is what the. reality of "parity",
all about. Soviet, power had now btere
'reflected not only in summit docul
,ments be in capability on the grountli
.American power is no longer the doinid
nant outside influence in local con41
:tests. We will be years),, working thistt
:out in various places with the: Rusitt,
'Mans. A sober response, not panio,iii,
indicated.
Finally, it is shortsighted to divorcel
the war from the particular. grievancol
'.which produced it?Egypt's and Syriksi
Joss of territory to Israel in 1967. Tide..?
grievance went untreated before OeteNi
,ber. Israel and the United States were,
of the view that there was: still time
for diplomacy. One can bemoan ,o
'curse the fact, but the outbreak of AIM
war proved they were wrong. In the;
best of worlds, detente would be for- '
, giving Of such failures Of judgment and
political will: In the real world, forgiVe-,
ness cannot be expected. It Is illusprxi
to expect the kind fairy of detente' to
spare nations from the consequences ;pl.,
their own mistakes. .
To improve 'relations between
great powers, the principal matters
conflict between them should be e.ascil,;
Fit* on the list is the Mideast. Fortcl,t-,
nately, this Can be done without eitikeil
great power's sacrificing the legitiniitti
interests of it local allies. Secretatfph
State Kissinger is quite right to Say!,
that a settlement is the real test of)104.4,;
tente ,
' .11. f ? '4^MeS
TIME
3 Dec. 1973
Risky Road of Retaliation
Whispers about retaliation against the
Arabs have been heard since the begin-
ning of the oil boycott, and last week
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
voiced them out loud. In a press con-
ference, he warned that if the embargo
continues "unreasonably and indefinite-
ly, the U.S. will have to consider what
countermeasures it will take." Saudi
Arabia's Oil Minister Ahmed Zaki
Yamani promptly replied that the Ar-
abs might then cut oil production by
80% rather than just 25%, and destroy
the economies of Europe and Japan.
There are indeed countermeasures
available to the U.S., but they are likely
to prove either ineffective or disastrously
risky. They fall into three classes:
ECONOMIC. The U.S. could stop ex-
porting to the Arab countries the hun-
dreds, of millions of dollars of food and
manufactured goods, such as autos and
refrigerators, that the Arabs buy each
year. That, however, would be totally
ineffective unless the U.S. could per-
suade its European allies to join in the
boycott. Otherwise, the Arabs could eas-
ily buy all the manufactured goods they
need from Italy, France, Yugoslavia and
other European countries. Right now
the Europeans are so disunited and so
eager to curry favor with the Arabs
that they are talking about retaliation
not against the Arabs but against one
another. A concerted Western boycott
on manufactured goods would hurt the
Arabs, but the West needs Arab oil
more than the pre-industrial Arab states
need modern Manufactures. As for food,
Agriculture Secretary Earl Butz. pointed
out last week that the Arabs could read-
ily replace U.S. grain with grain bought
, from the Soviet Union. which has en-
joyed a record harvest this year.
The U.S. could try to freeze Arab
oil money; about half of the $7 billion
that Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have on
deposit in the West is in U.S. banks.
But much of ttat is held by European
branches of the American institutions
?and the Swiss government, for exam-
ple, is unlikely to permit Swiss branch-
es of U.S. banks to block Arab funds.
Moreover, unless the freeze was accom-
, plished almost instantaneously. the
Arabs could sell their threatened dol-
lars for gold or other currencies, destroy-
, ing the strength that the dollar has
only lately begun to regain after 'two
devaluations and a long siege of
selling.
? POLITICAL. The U.S. could withdraw
its military mission from Saudi Arabia,
possibly troubling King Feisal. who has
running difficulties with the Iraqis and
South Yemenis, but the French would
be happy to send a military mission as
a replacement. The U.S. could also re-
fuse to sell Saudi Arabia some 30 Phan-
, tom jets it has been dickering for. That
would only confirm an apparent Saudi
40
decision to buy French-made Mirages
instead.
There is some talk among European
and U.S. politicians and businessmen of,
an effort taget the United Nations to de-
dare Arab oil an "international re-
source." which would be thrown open
to all buyers under U.N. supervision. But ,
such a resolution would never pass the
General Assembly, where popr coun-
tries hold the voting majority.
MILITARY. Unhappily, the one coun-
termeasure that would be effective
would be invasion and occupation of the
Arab oilfields. The U.S. could e