REPORT OF TESTS AND EVALUATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP75B00285R000100050004-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 15, 2002
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: June 20, 1969
• Content Type: MF

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20 June 1969
MEMORANDUM FOR: Director of Special Activities
THROUGH Deputy for Operations/OSA
SUBJECT Report of Tests and Evaluations
REFERENCES
(1) Memorandum for DD/SA, OSA 0041-69
dated 9 Jan 1969
(2) Memorandum for DD/SA, OSA-029-69 ?~
dated 21 Jan 1969
1. This memorandum is for your information.
2. One of the responsibilities of the Aero Medical
Staff/OSA is to insure, through continued research, develop-
ment, tests and evaluations, that project pilots have the
most advanced and applicable life support equipment and
training. The referenced memoranda established the require-
ment and the plan for evaluation of the cold-water-immersion
protection provided by the S-1010 Pilot's Protective Assembly.
3. The report attached describes the preliminary
evaluations conducted to date, outlines and discusses the
results obtained, and establishes conclusions and recommen-
dations. This report will then serve as a guide for AMS/OSA
personnel for future evaluations, tests and modi`ications
related to increased thermal protection.
GROUP 1
Excluded from 0 0311.
downgrading and
declassihcatisn
25X1A
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OSA-1081-69
Page 2
4. The equipment described in the report (i.e., S-1010
PPA, life rafts) are unclassified, and sensitive informa-
tion related to OSA has not been included so that the report
can be unclassified. This was done so that the report could
be made available, without restriction, to field-level
personnel at Detachments G and H and Davis Monthan and
Beale Air Force Bases. Distribution, outside Headquarters,
will be as follows:
Det G 1 copy
Det G 2 copies
Det H 2 copies
David Clark Co. 1 copy
Warner Robbins
AFB 1 copy
Davis Monthan
AFB 1 copy
Beale AFB 1 copy
HQ USAF (SGO) 1 copy
25X1A
MAJOR USAF BSC
AMS/OSA
Attachment
Report, as noted
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OSA-1081-69
Page 3
AMS/OSA
Distribution:
1 - D/SA thru D/O/OSA w/att-
1 - AMS/OSA w/att
1 - w/o att
1 - Idea/O/OSA w/att
1 - SAS/O/OSA w/att
1 - RB/OSA w/o att
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COPY # d/
EVALUATION OF COLD-WATER
SURVIVAL PROTECTION PROVIDED
BY THE 5-1010 PILOT'S PROTECTIVE
ASSEMBLY AND OPEN-END LIFE RAFT
PRELIMINARY EVALUATIONS
18 March and 17 April 1969
MAJOR USAF BSC
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CONTENTS
1. Background
2. Purpose of Evaluations
3. Methods
a. Review of Available Data
b. Cold-water Survival Test of S-1010 PPA and
open-end Life Raft
5. Discussion
a. S-1010 PPA Thermal Protection
b. Open-end Life Raft - Standard
C. Open-end Life Raft - Improved
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
ATTACHMENTS
#1 - Comparative Test of Aircrew Pressure Suits, Appendix B,
Cold Water Survival Test, report dated 1 April 1961
#2 - Photographs # 1 thru #16
(Copies 1 and 2 of report only)
#3 - Proposal to Improve Thermal Protection of S-1010 PPA
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1. BACKGROUND
Approximately two-thirds of the earth's ocean surface
has a temperature of less than 700 F. Catastrophic failure
of an aircraft over such oceans will place a pilot who has
successfully abandoned the aircraft) in a survival situation
that has its greatest danger related to the effects of
the cold. The lower the water temperature the greater
the danger. Water has a cooling capacity (i.e., conducts
heat away from a heat source) that is about 14 times greater
than air. As an example 1a man in normal clothing exposed
to a still-air temperature of 30 to 350 F can be expected
to survive a reasonable period of time, while the same man
in the same clothing would perish in less than 45 minutes
if immersed in water at a. temperature of 30 to 350 F. The
survival time for man in ordinary clothing and life pro-
server is reflected in the following Table I
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Water Temp
Approximate range of
F
Time Survivor can be
expected to Withstand
Immersion Cooling
Without Fatal Results
Less than 35?
Less than 15 to 45 minutes
35?
to
40?
30 to 90 minutes
400
to
50?
1 to 3 hours
500
to
60?
1 to 6 hours
60?
to
70?
2 to 40 hours
70?
to
800
3 to indefinite hours*
Above 80
?
Indefinite **
* In this range, survival time is limited primarily by
individual endurance.
.** In temperatures above 800 F survival time is limited
solely by individual endurance.
Table From Cold
and
Wet, Estimated Survival
Time
in
Global Waters,
ADTIC
Publication G--112 dated
May
1962
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2. PURPOSE:OF EVALUATIONS:
In view of the extremely critical nature of cold-water
immersion as reflected above, it was decided to evaluate
the protection provided by the S-1010 PPA. Baseline data
was required on this equipment so that improvements, if
required, could be appropriately designed and realistically
evaluated. The life raft and certain other survival items
were also evaluated with respect to their function and role
in protection under extremely cold-water-survival situations.
The goal of these studies and evaluations is to insure that
the S-1010 Pilots' Protective Assembly and related life-
support equipment, and any modifications or changes thereto,
truly represents the most advanced and applicable life-
support system available for its intended application.
3. METHODS
.a. Review of Available Data: The most applicable data
available was a test performed for USAF's Aerospace Defense
Command in 1961. The applicable portion of the ADC test
report is included as ATTACHMENT # 1 to this Report. The
S-2 suit referred to in that report is most like the S-1010 PPA.
The data shows that a pilot exposed to extremely cold water
(330 F) easily survived a 15-minute immersion, followed by
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1 hour 15 minutes in a one-man raft, followed by a second
15 minute immersion. The test subject wore additional
thermal protection garments in the form of waffle weave
long underwear, thermal socks,rubber thermal boots and
exposure mittens. The maximum time an individual would
be expected to withstand exposure under the given test
conditions was estimated to be five to six hours.
b. Cold-Water Survival Test of S-1010 PPA and Open-End
Life Raft
Since the pilots who use the S-1010 PPA would not generally
wear any additional thermal protective garments (i.e., as
.listed above) under or over the S-1010 PPA, it was decided
to initially attempt to repeat the ADC cold-water tests in
.a "standard flying configuration" of the S-1010 PPA. This
consisted of standard light-weight cotton long underwear,
light-weight socks, insulated flying boots, and the prototype
S-1010 PPA. As a comparative evaluation, an exposure mitten
was worn over the pressure suit glove on the left hand while
only the pressure-suit glove was worn on the right hand. As
a separate evaluation, unrelated to the cold-water, survival
.tests, the prototype suit was fitted with a developmental
flotation garment designed to guarantee face-up flotation for
an unconscious individual. ? A second test was scheduled, with
a second-test subject wearing additional thermal protective
garments (i.e., waffle weave underwear and extra socks). The
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standard project open-end life raft with orally inflatable
floor and reflective cover was used in these tests.
(1) Initial and Second Test - Location and Conditions
These two tests were conducted on 18 March 1969 in
a lake in Westminster, Massachusetts, using a cabin owned
by
of the David Clark Company for suiting/
unsuiting. A hole approximately 8 feet by 4feet had
been cut in the ice for these tests (water depth was
approximately 8 feet and ice thickness approximately 20
inches at this location). Water temperature was 360 F,
air temperature was between 450 and 500 F, and weather
was clear and sunny with little or no wind. (See
Photo #1 - ATTACHMENT #2.)
(2) Initial Test The initial test was performed by
the author. The suit/underwear configuration was stan-
dard (i.e., as worn by the pilots), except for the pre-
viously mentioned developmental flotation device, con-
sisting of cotton long underwear tops and bottoms, cotton
socks, Prototype 5-1010 PPA (sized to this subject), stan-
dard insulated flying boots. A non-waterproof, insulated
survival mitten was worn over the PPA glove on the left
hand only. (See Photo # 2 - ATTACHMENT # 2.) The
subject entered the water by jumping in with helmet visor
down and locked, and flotation (developmental-type) garment
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inflated. Flotation position was initially as seen in
Photo # 3 - ATTACHMENT # 2. Once the boots became saturated,
the flotation position became as seen in Photo 4 - ATTACH-
MENT # 2. The subject boarded the life raft after 15 minutes
immersion time. While in the life raft, the subject re-
moved the PPA glove from the right hand and donned a special
insulated mitten which attached securely to the wrist dis-
connect hardware. (See Photos #5, #6 - ATTACHMENT # 2). The
reflective life raft cover was deployed and the subject
covered himself as well as he could with the helmet still on
and flotation garment inflated, No attempt was made to
remove the water from inside the raft. (See Photos #7, #8 -
ATTACHMENT #2). A total of 1 hour 8 minutes was spent in the
raft. Prior to re-entering the water, the right-hand mitten
was removed and the glove replaced. A mitten was then placed
over the glove on the right hand. The developmental flotation
garment was deflated and the standard S-1010 PPA flotation
garment was inflated. (See Photo #9 - ATTACHMENT #2), The
subject ended the test and left the water by means ofa ladder
after three minutes immersion time. Photos #10, #11
ATTACHMENT #2 show the second immersion and the normal flota-
tion position of the S-1010 PPA garment as compared with the
developmental-type seen in Photos # 3 and #4. The
following temperatures were recorded during the test:
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Water, air, raft-water, and subject oral temperature. The
oral temperature does not give a true picture of body tempera-
ture under these conditions, but only indicated a trend of
body temperature.
(3) Second Test: The second test was performed by
using the same S-1010 PPA (prototype).
The only difference in equipment used consisted of thermal
underwear (waffle weave) and thermal socks being worn under
the.PPA. The subject wore a mitten over the left glove only,
and used only the standard S-1010 PPA flotation garment.
The prototype S-1010 PPA did not fit this subject properly
and was much too large. In addition the garment was still
fairly damp when it was donned. The subject remained in the
water for a total of 18 minutes (see Photos # 12, 13 -
ATTACHMENT #2) prior to boarding the raft. A wool mitten
and an: insulated mitten were donned after removal of the
right glove, but the raft cover was not used. The subject
spent a total of 16 minutes in the raft, with no attempt to
remove water from the interior. At the end of this period,
the subject. was pulled from the water while in the raft and
assisted out of the raft (see Photos # 14, 15 and 16
ATTACHMENT #2).
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(4) Third Test: As a result of experiences with the
life raft cover on the initial test of 18 March, a third test
was conducted on 17 April 1969 at another lake on the out-
skirts of Worcester, Massachuetts. The author was again the
test subject and the prototype S-1010 PPA in the standard
configuration was worn. Items evaluated were specially con-
structed mittens (2 styles) for use with the S-1010 PPA, and
a new life raft constructed with newly developed materials
and fabrication techniques to reduce bulk and weight. The new
raft incorporated an enlarged and inflatable cover in addition
to the inflatable floor. The lake was free of ice for this
test and water temperature was between 52 and 550 F. Air
temperature was approximately 650 F with cloudy sky and winds
between 10 and 12 mph (which would give an equivalent still
air temperature of 50-550 F). The subject remained in the
water for 15 minutes prior to boarding the raft. After boarding
the raft, an attempt was made to bail the water from the raft
with two prototype collapsible buckets. After several minutes
in this endeavor, observers assisted in emptying the raft in
order to get on with the test. The raft cover was then deployed,
zippered and orally inflated. Approximately one hour was spent
in the raft evaluating the thermal protection afforded by the
inflatable cover.
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4. RESULTS
a. Initial and Second Tests:
The recorded data obtained during the first two tests
are presented in TABLE II (see page 10). The initial
test conditions and results were reasonably realistic in
terms of what a pilot might be exposed to, what he would
experience, and his condition as a result of such an
exposure. Certainly the conditions could well be worse
with winds, rain, rough seas, and colder air temperatures.
The second test, conducted to evaluate the effect of
added insulation in the form of termal underwear was not
realistic since the improperly fitted suit allowed extreme
suit leakage. This test would be an indicator of dif-
ficulties the pilot could encounter with additional system
failures (i.e., suit leakage due to damage, removal of
components, etc.).
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INITIAL TEST SUBJECT:
TEMPERATURES (?F)
TIME
EVENTS
ORAL
AIR
WATER
RAFT
1030
Suit donning
99.3
55
--
-- Suit was donned in a cool
suit ventilation.Subject
and sweaty during donning.
lo
got
cation,but
fairly wa
no
rm
1043
Entered water
--
46
36
-- No extreme coldness noted
cold in crotch area short
normal slight leakage the
up
ly
re.
on entry,
after due
but
to
10 )I
Water immersion
period
--
46
36
-- Right hand extremely cold
keep hand immersed. Left
coldness of legs and back
, n
han
.
umb.Could
d o.k. Not
not
ed
1056-
1057
Water immersion
period
Shivering started at 13 m
inu
tes
1058
Boarded life raft
--
50
36
36 Doffed right glove - repl
mitten - hand numb, painf
ace
ul.
d with spe
Shivering
cial
cont'd.
1109
Closed raft cover
--
50
36
40 Shivering cont'd whether
act
ive or ina
ctive
1119
Raft period
97.2
46
36
40 Right hand warming up. Sh
ive
ring cont'
d.
1145
Raft period
97.2
46
36
42 Right hand o.k. Shivering
co
nt'd.
1
Raft period
95.8
48
36
42 Replaced glove on right h
and
. Shiverin
g csnt'+
1206
Re-entered water
95.8
48
36
-- Extremely cold immediatel
legs, crotch and feet wor
y.
se.
Right hand
, back,
1209
Ended test -
left water
95.8
48
36
10
Shivering continued, viol
-- suit. For approximately 3
sitting'in front of a fir
fully dressed. Feet were
No cyanosis or skin mottl
pletely recovered within
-
ent
0 m
e i
numb
ing,
1 ho
ly after d
inutes eve
n a warm r
for same
however.Co
ur.
offing
n
oom
period
m-
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SECOND TEST SUBJECT:
TEMPERATURES ( ?F)
TIME EVENTS ORAL AIR WATER RAFT
1255 Suit Donning
97.8 55
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Suit damp & cold when donned, as was location
Subject chilled during period.Subject partly
rewarmed after completely suited and walked
to lake.
1324 Entered water 97.8 45 36 -- Subject noted extreme coldness almost immedi-
ately.Felt that suit was taking on water in
crotch up back and down legs.
45 36 -- Shivering started within 5 minutes.Rgt hand
period extremely cold.
Water immersion
1341 Water immersion 95.6 47 36 -- Extremely cold and shivering intense
period
1342- Boarded raft
1345
95.6 47 36 36 Replaced rgt glove with wool mitten and
exposure mitten. Hand numb. Shivering con-
tinued. Left hand o.k.
1358 Ended Test - Pulled 95.0 47 36 36.5 Extreme discomfort and 95? oral temperature.
from Water Judged limit to exposure. Pulled subject
from water while in raft. Legs were so
numb, subject could not stand unsupported
at first. Needed support to walk to cabin.
Violent shivering during $uit doffing and-
for approximately 45 minutes infront of fire
in cabin. Feet numb same period. Suit'legs
were completely wet. No cyanosis or skin-
mottling. Completely recovered within
1 hour 15 minutes.
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b. Third Test:
The 15 minutes immersion in 52 to 550 F water was
tolerated without any'adverse effect whatsoever. Cold-
ness was noted in the legs and back after 5 to 10 minutes,
but the sensation was not severe and became improved
after this period. The mittens kept the hands warm for
the complete period, yet did not hinder raft boarding
in any way. One mitten was made of waterproof material
and the other was not, while insulation was the same.
Protection was equal, but dexterity was better in the
non-waterproof mitten. The raft, itself, was found to
require a volume redistribution for this size subject
since the large end did not ride high enough out of the
water. Manual bailing of water was found to be impossible
with the cover zippered and inflated. The reduced weight
and bulk of the raft is extremely desirable for packing
purposes and allows the addition of the inflatable cover.
This cover provided excellent thermal protection once
deployed, zippered and inflated. At the end of a one-hour
period in the raft the air temperature within the covered
raft was very warm and comfortable, despite fairly strong
winds and moderately low ambient and water temperatures.
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5. DISCUSSION
a. S-1010 PPA Thermal Protection
The results of the initial cold-water immersion test in
the S-1010 PPA were as expected. Protection provided was
reasonable under the conditions existing, but would be far
less under worse conditions expected in certain geographical
areas of operation. The results of the initial test were
not expected to be as good as the results from the 1961
ADC tests (ATTACHMENT # 1), and indeed were not. However,
the magnitude of difference cannot be accurately assessed
because of the different environmental conditions that prevailed
for the different tests. The difference in results are re-
lated to the difference in insulation used, namely the additional
thermal underwear, socks, mittens, and boots used in the ADC
tests. While such "add-on" protection may be tolerable for ADC
aircrews flying relatively short missions originating, operating
over, and terminating in cold geographical areas, aircrews
using the S-1010 PPA can be expected to fly global missions
which could have only a portion of the operation traversing
extremely cold areas while the origin and/or destination con-
ditions may be extremely warm. The S-1010 PPA was designed to
be neutral or non-contributory with respect to fatigue
production in the using aircrews. This goal has been attained
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and cannot be sacrificed to provide thermal protection under
emergency conditions. Therefore, any improvements that must
be made in thermal protection cannot alter pilot comfort and
thus must be added to the PPA and not to the pilot. Thermal
underwear, socks, boots and mittens cannot be used in
normal operations.
b. Open-end Life Raft - Standard
The present project raft is satisfactory for its intended
use, which does not include extremely cold water survival.
It was designed for and can be safely used in temperate/tropic
conditions. Until new materials and fabrication techniques
become available, additional thermal protection added weight
and bulk that could not be tolerated in terms of packing the
raft. The standard raft, as expected,was found to add little
or no thermal protection under extremely cold conditions.
Bailing the water out of the raft may have improved the test
results, but was not done in order to keep the test conditions
at their worst. Since the spray shield did not adequately
cover the suited subject with his helmet on and flotation
garment inflated, a pilot would not have been able to keep
water out of the raft in rough seas with high winds.
c. Open-end Life Raft - Improved
The prototype raft fabricated with sonicly-sealed materials
provides the best combination of protection and reduced bulk/
weight available anywhere. The open-end feature (same as
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standard raft above) allows for ease of boarding by a
pressure suited subject, even if he is injured. The open-
end feature also provides additional flotation safety since
the raft is divided into two cells that are separated after
operating a valve to inflate the open-end after boarding.
A puncture in either end leaves the pilot with at least part
of his raft still inflated. The inflatable cover, once
deployed, zippered and inflated, will keep a pilot warm even
in the worst weather conditions. Should the raft capsize,
the zipper (nylon-type) opens easily so the pilot is not
trapped in the inverted raft. With the addition of a means
for getting the water out of the raft while covered, a few
minor modifications to zipper lanyard, and the addition of
a flap covered opening for getting one arm outside the cover
if required, this raft will provide the maximum protection
that can be provided in a one-man life raft.
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
a. Conclusions
(1)The S-1010 PPA as worn by operational aircrews pro-
vides increased cold-water immersion protection when com-
pared with the pressure suit/flight clothing previously
used in this program. The previous equipment could not
be expected to provide more than 30 to 90 minutes survival
time in 35 to.400F water, while the S-1010 PPA should
provide li to 3 hours survival time under the same
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conditions. Insulated survival mittens worn over the pressure
suit gloves are required to give the S-1010A this capability.
(2) The present standard life raft cannot be expected
to increase cold-water-survival time time significantly over
that provided by the S-1010,PPA alone. The present raft is
adequate for temperate and tropic water survival in combina-
tion with the S-1010 PPA.
(3) The improved life raft, in combination with the
S-1010 PPA and provided with a method for water removal, will
provide significantly improved protection for cold-water-
survival situations. Evaluations will be required to judge
the degree of improvement.
(4) A means of providing an increased insulation value
to the S-1010 PPA, without sacrificing comfort to any degree,
is required in order to satisfy the following emergency
survival situations:
(a) Extended cold-water immersion resulting from
life raft loss or failure.
(b) Cold land survival in Arctic or near Arctic
conditions with or without additional survival clothing.
b. Recommendations
(1) Minor modifications and final evaluations should be
conducted on the new life raft as soon. as possible. Complete
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specification testing should be completed by the contractor
(David Clark Company) and a report submitted. Final cold
water/cold weather testing of the raft/S-1010 PPA combina-
tion should be conducted at a suitable testing location
(i.e., environmental facility or Arctic environment).
(2) A dsevelopmental effort/engineering study should
be conducted by the David Clark Company to determine the
feasibility of incorporating an emergency insulation garment
in the 5--1010 PPA. An engineering study has been proposed
to develop and build an inflatable anti-exposure layer for
the 5-1010 PPA. A brief description of this proposal, which
has now been funded for, is attached (ATTACHMENT # 3).
Evaluation of this garment could be conducted concurrently
with final life raft evaluations if practical.
(3) Once final changes are made and incorporated in
the raft and S--1010 PPA, all aircrews should receive thorough
indoctrination in the new and modified equipment.
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