ADDRESS BY JUSTICE MICHAEL A. MUSMANNO

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP75-00149R000500390008-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 29, 2003
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: January 15, 1962
• Content Type: OPEN

A144
SLAT
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDI 7__ January 15
FOREIGN TRADE KNOTTIEST PROBLEM
(By Gould Lincoln)
Of all the proposals which President Ken-
nedy will urge upon Congress In his state of
the Union message today, none will receive
closer scrutiny than the recommendation
that the Chief Executive be granted power
to extend more freely international trade
agreements-resulting in lower tariff duties-
than the present Reciprocal Trade Agree-
ments Act permits. For, bound up in the
proposal may be life or death for some Amer-
lean industries. One of these is the textile
industry which has been called second only
to steel in essentiality for defense. There
are many others that can'be hard hit, too.
The President's recommendations relating
to freer trade have not been spelled out in
detail. Until they have them, Chairman
WILBUR D. MILLS of the House Ways and
Means Committee and Chairman HARRY
FLOOD BYRD of the Senate Finance Commit-
tee are unlikely to commit themselves, be-
yond promising the President to give their
close attention.
It is no secret that Senator BYRD regards
the administration's proposals-which may
look to direct U.S. dealing with the European
Common Market-as the most momentous
question which has come before his commit-
tee. Senator BYRD always has been sympa-
thetic to the principle of reciprocal trade
agreements and to freer trade thereby. He
was able to put through the Senate the most
recent extension of the Trade Agreements
Act-for a 4-year period which ends June 30.
Although the approaching end of the 4-
year period does not mean that the trade
agreements already made will die (on, the
contrary, they will not), it does focus
strongly on the need of some new trade
legislation.
SOMETHING MUST BE DONE
The administration has become convinced
that something must be done quickly to
make the United States able to compete for
international trade, particularly to compete
with a growing European Common Market,
which Britain appears to be on the verge of
joining. But how far it should go is the
question that is stirring not only Members
of Congress but also the industries them-
selves, including workers who might find
themselves legislated out of jobs. A spokes-
man for the administration. Under Secre-
tary of State George W. Ball has put it this
way: "The problem is to find a way to shift
American manpower as swiftly and pain-
lessly as possible out of the industries which
cannot stand up to foreign competition into
those which have stood the test."
This statement has made some leaders of
American industry see red. Floyd W. Jeffer-
son of New York, chairman of the board of
the Iselin-Jefferson Co., Inc., and chairman
of the Executive Committee of Dan River
Mills, Inc., has commented: "When did it
become the function of our Government to
destroy a segment of American industry to
please and appease foreign nations? When
did It become the function of our Govern-
ment to shift manpower from one great In-
dustry to another, uproot families from their
ancestral homes and move them to labor
far from their communities of which they
have become a part?"
Mr. Jefferson said the textile industry has
been told It must do everything possible to
make itself competitive and to increase its
exports. To make itself more competitive
would require it to run three shifts, spend
money on rehabilitation and new equipment,
take full advantage of automation, and cut
wages. At present, textiles suffer from over-
production, and the flood of cheap imports
accentuates this problem. Profits have
dwindled to an extent that funds for im-
- provements and additions are not available.
Labor reacts unfavorably to automation. To
cut wages would bring on a general strike.
'To make matters infinitely worse," Mr. Jef-
ferson continued, "our Government sells cot-
ton to foreign manufacturers at 82/2 cents a
pound less than they will sell the same cot-
ton to our mills. This cheap cotton is proc-
essed in countries where labor costs are one-
tenth to one-fourth our standards."
This is the kind of argument which will
be presented to the congressional commit-
tees and to Members generally. It is the
kind of argument which is giving some, of
them pause, even those who favor reciprocal
trade agreements. Through the system of
agreements, the tariff duties contained in
the last general tariff act-the Smoot-Haw-
ley Act in 1934-have been reduced 75 per-
cent. Foreign-made steel, as well as textiles,
are flowing into this country. If this kind
of thing is increased, it is feared that great
unemployment will prevail. Labor wages
and standards of living in this country have
risen greatly. Any effort to cut wages would
be followed by a general strike, even though
the cuts were necessary.
One Member of Congress commented: "If
we had control of labor instead of labor
having control of us, something might be
done." Yet this country must be able to
compete in the markets of the world.
Congress probably will have to deal with
this problem at the present session. But
it may be slow getting to it. The House Ways
and Means Committee is to take up first the
Mills bill to plug loopholes in the tax laws,
then medical care for the aged, and an in-
crease in the national debt ceiling. After all
these-the trade agreements legislation.
dress by Justichap1,A.
manno
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
or
HON. DAJ ., ,,_ FLOOD
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 15, 1962
Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, from time
to time someone speaks out on love of
flag and this brings a real joy to my
heart because, unfortunately, sentiment
for the symbol of our country is not
often publicly declared. This reticence
to display a deep feeling for love of our
country and our flag has, I fear, brought
about a certain indifference and often
at times a disrespect for the flag. I had
occasion recently to address this House
twice on episodes which involved dis-
respect for the flag.
I respectfully ask you, Mr. Speaker,
to authorize the publication in the CoN-
GRESSIONAL RECORD of a brilliant address
made by Pennsylvania Supreme Court
1 ~.~s]] ann an this
Leo . J`ustlce 11 usln certainly
ideally qualified to speak on patriotism.
He served his country in both World
Wars. He was twice wounded in action.
He is now a rear admiral-retired-in
the U.S. Naval Reserves. Justice Mus-
manno's address follows:
'SPEECH OF JTI L SAEL,AE,- S[ueAZA_WNO
`AT BELLEVUE-STRATFORD HOTEL, PHILADEL-
PHIA, NOVE 1 ?1.961, 7 P.M., AT BAN-
QUET OF 2RANS ORGANIZATIONS CELE-
BRATING VETERANS DAY
I rise tonight to speak of patriotism, of
the flag, and of the faith of the Founders
of our Republic. I realize that if I were to
met with lifted eyebrows, cynic murmurs,
and restrained sardonic sneers. To speak of
love of country among certain-classes of this
high class snobbery is to be called old
fashioned and even antiquated.
When I was a boy we could hardly wait
until Flag Day, Memorial Day; the Fourth
of July and other patriotic holdidays to un-
furl the flag, salute it, caress it, and with
hearts beating, faces glowing, and eyes
sparkling, recall proudly and joyously its
glorious history. Every public building and
private home was bright with Old Glory
glistening in grandeur and beautifying the
very air in which it waved.
But today these patriotic holidays are
days of frenzied hurrying off to the beach,
to the mountains, to the lakes or other
places no'matter where, and the flag is for-
gotten in the rush. If a flag appears at ran-
dom here and there, it seems as lonely as
a forsaken housemaid, and I feel I want to
approach the flag, to take it by the hand
and say: "Don't worry, there are those who
still love you."
So unimportant has the flag become in
the frenetic, distracting life of today that
there are communities where impediments
have actually been placed in the way of ex-
hibiting the flag. Some of you may remem-
ber that in the town of Fairless Hills only
several miles from the sacred shrine of Val-
ley Forge, a building restriction prohibited
the erection of flag poles and, of course,
without flag poles there are difficulties in dis-
playing the flag. This prohibition was so
drastic that there was not ever; a flag flying
above the U.S. post office.
I shall never forget the morning of August
11, 1969, when I visited Fairless Hills, a town
of pretty homes and splendid streets, but
without a flag. It had a magnificent super-
market, a park, impressive landscaping, but
not a flag. Not a bit of color broke the
skyline which was as bleak, gray, and empty
of Old Glory as a Siberian village. The roof
of the U.S. post office could have been the
roof of a neglected warehouse in Cuba.
I called on the postmaster, I telephoned
higher postal authorities, I visited the offices
of the corporation administering the affairs
of Fairless Hills, to protest this flagless
spectacle. I ran into obstacles, evasions,
subterfuge everywhere. One of the excuses
advanced for the strange state of affairs
was that the roof of the post office building
could not sustain the weight of a flagpole
with a flag.
I had brought with me a flag which had
been given to me by my good friend and
distinguished statesman, Congressman
DANIEL J. FLOOD. This flag had been flown
over the U.S. Capitol. Commanders Boeh-
mer, Bosch, and Holzer of the Veterans of
Foreign Wars and I climbed to the roof of
the post office and planted the flag there
to show that this could be done.
How was this official act of the Veterans
of Foreign Wars received? The editor of
the local newspaper of the community
sneered that what we had done was a circus
antic. Another editor in Easton wrote a
scurrilous piece attacking me, seeming to
find fault, I don't know why, because I wore
my VFW uniform, even though I was a de-
partment official of the VFW and certainly
I don't need to apologize to anyone for wear-
ing the honor-blessed uniform of the VFW,
made up of Americans who have carried the
U.S. flag into every corner of the globe and
over every ocean. Still another newspaper
in Monessen viciously attacked me as if I
had committed a crime. And what had I
done? I had raised the flag of the United
States over a U.S. post office because those
who were charged with that basic, funda-
mental duty refused to do so. I had placed
where it belonged the flag which is and
should be the inspiration of all Americans,
the flag for which my three brothers and I
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - - APPENDIX
A143
thlthat ..s they believe that all the governments Lenin preached and Stalin and his successors
di the nations outside the Moscow-Peiping followed the idea that any means including
4orYit will eventually and inevitably, collapse lies, deceit, theft, subversion, sad+otage, and
or be overthrown. When this happens, the murder are acceptable for furthering the
0.6piraunists assert, these bourgeois regimes cause of world communism.
V111 be replaced by Communist governments. The United States finds it difficult to
herefore coexistence with sach capitalist combat such a ruthless foe by traditional,
governments is thought of as strictly tem.- peaceful means. The Communists have no
F91 S- reluctance about using force. The United
COMMUNISTS APPEAL DIRECTLY To ?EOPLE OF States does not use force to impose upon
OTHERCOUNTRIES other people a type of government which they
Secondly, the Communists pursue a policy do not want. At times we have found it
which they term "people's diplomacy." This necessary to engage in what might be con-
inea.hs that :rather than deal strictly on a sidered "dirty work."
legal, government-to-government basis in the For example, the United States, like all
tradition of Western diplomacy the Conn- great powers, engages in espionage, We
means and weapon available. Such a policy as the hands Cf the Communists. We i'tty
is designed to sell communism, to discredit to use honorable means wherever Po tble
the United States and to promote Soviet and to avoid dirty means. If the oviet
ain'a among the peoples of th,. world threat were removed, we could, no .doubt,
policy based on the ideology of Marxism-
Leninlsm, but utilizing all he methods,
DO THE RUSSIANS REALLY BELIEVE I ,bISARMA-
MENT OR THE UNITED NAT - S?
power and resources of the modern totali- In answering the question "A the Rus-
tarian state. sians really believe in disarm nt or the
The differences between the tmerican and United Nations?"-we must r Ord a quall-
soviet approaches to foreign relations can fled "No" on both scores, us led, be-
be summed up in three phrases: (1) self- cause the disappointing 'rd of Soviet
deterralnation, (2) limited goals, and (3) words and deeds adds up tithe unpleasant
:mean#.? fact that the Kremlin hon S its agreements
1. Self-determination: The fundamental only when It serves oviift interests. This
attitude of the United States toward other means that we can ne trust, the Ccm-
peoples is that they should hive the right monists.
to determine their fate themsuives, without But this also mean hat we should not
an{y other nation telling them, what they discount entirely all oviet statements on
can, or can't do. An imports nt aspect of disarmament or th U.N. If approached
this principle is the closely naated one of realistically, it is e rely possible that we
dgmocrscy, especially the right if the peoples may And in the f re as we have in the
themseaves to determine t:ieir policies past certain limit' t areas of mutual agree-
through democratically elected represents- ment and advange between the United
i
i
h
f
ves.
n ot
er words, our po.icy generally
has been "hands off"-unless other nations
have threatened us, or unless they have
aske-d us to intervene in some way.
The Soviet policy has been the opposite.
While paying lip service to thi: principle of
self-determination, they have repeatedly,
and as a matter of policy, in ;erfered with
the affairs of other states whenever they
thought it to their advantage, and when-
ever they thought they could get away with
It. They have imposed oppre?live govern-
ments on other peoples against their will,
and have denied them the right of choosing
their representatives democratically.
2. L:rnited goals: You might argue that
there :,ally is no difference between Soviet
and ~onericaia foreign polici.ls-that the
Russians want all the world to be Commu-
Iiist, while we want all to be democratic.
]hut there is a difference.
Whi'.e it is true that we would like for
the whole world to be democratic, we have
not adapted a policy of wholesale interven-
tion ill all countries of. the world for the
purpose of imposing America-:,tyle regimes
Soviet goals by contrast, are unlim
Soviet tenion. Since World War ey have . It seems clear that the Soviets Would have
helped cco impose such regimes 1 16 coun- preferred that the U.N. had never come into
tries, and they are actively w ng every existence, and never really took it seriously.
day to achieve their unlimitec goal. During the early negotiations for the crea-
3. Means: the Soviet objet tive to . en- tion of the U.N., Stalin showed that he had
hance Soviet power and prestige and to paid the question little attention.. He seems
ei)tablisir communism througho it the world to have agreed to the creation of the U.N.
would not be such a. threat to us if it were reluctantly, and as a concession to Western
not for the fact that they are willing to pleadings during the era of good feelings
use arty means for adhievini; this goal. that existed at the end of World War II.
At one time, Stalin refused to send Molotov
to the founding conference of the U.N, at
San Francisco, and it was only after a
personal plea from President Truman that
he finally agreed to let his Foreign Minister
attend. The Stain record within the U.N.
was correspondingly bad.
The Khrushchev record is even worse. It
includes the astonishing spectacle of the
Soviet, leader noisily pounding his shoe on
the rostrum of the U.N. General Assembly
befgi'e the distinguished representatives of
the' nations of the world. This rude act is
ejmbolic of the disdain and distrust with
Which the Kremli:a looks upon the U.N.
WHAT DOES THE KREMLIN MEAN BY PEACEFUL
CO-EXISTENCE?
Stripped of its propaganda content, peace-
ful co-existence may be defined briefly and
precisely: By peaceful co-erdstence the So-
viets mean simply the absence of nuclear
war. Thus seen is the cold light of reality,
Communist pronouncement; on the desire
for peaceful co-existence are both true and
meaningless or misleading.
True, in the sense that Khrushchev is cer-
tainly for co-existence. Given the U.S. nu-
clear retaliatory striking power, the alterna-
tive to co-existence, that is nuclear war, is
nonexistence-national suicide.
Such statemer.;ts are meaningless and
misleading because they are too often
equated or confused with the concepts
cooperation, agreement on principles,
mutual trust, conciliation or friendship.
To the Kremlin, peaceful co-existence
is no more than a necessary strategy
and a clever slogan dictated by the re-
lative power positions of the two great
superstates and useful in convincing the
naive and the uninformed that the So-
viet Union stands for peace.
Foreign Trade Knottiest Problem
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. KATHARINE ST. GEORGE
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 15, 1962
Mrs. ST. GEORGE. Mr. Speaker, the
question of tariffs and their effect on
our trade relations will be uppermost in
the minds of mary Members of Congress
after hearing the President's state of
the Union message.
There is one rather simple fact that
seems to be completely overlooked both
in the message and by the exponents of
free trade in our midst-how can a man
being paid $2 an hour compete with one
who is equally skilled and has equally
efficient tools but is paid 83 cents an
hour? Of course he cannot, and any
child could answer this simple question;
that of course never gets asked.
Would it not be well to suggest to our
foreign friends and competitors that any
nation who raises their wage scale to
meet ours will automatically enjoy free
access to our markets? This would be
workable and beneficial for all con-
cerned.
The following article by Mr. Gould
Lincoln, which appeared in the Wash-
ington Star of January 11, has prompted
these thoughts:
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All of this do' not, of course, change the
basic facts of e-amely, that the Krem-
lin considers Will the disarmament and the
U.N. issue rel very unimportant. The idea
of a sincere reement or compromise with
the capitali world-as has been suggested-
is simply t part of Soviet mentality.
The So t Union and Disarmament: A
641-page ookhigs Institutions study (pub-
lished i ugust 1961) of the Soviet record
in dinar ament negotiations over the past
15 year ( is hardly reassuring. The conclu-
sion o he study is that in the past decade
and halm the Soviet Union has not ;yet
show a desire to sacrifice its `s.ystem of
Iron urtain secrecy In order to obtain real
dis lament. As we know, the Kremlin
br e a nuclear test-ban tacit agreement
a despite the protests of the people of the
w Id went ahead in the fall of 1961 with
ut.
The Soviet Union and the U.N. It is ob-
vious from the record that the Soviet Union
does not really believe in the U.N. They
have repeatedly thwarted the will of the
majority of the Security Council by impos-
ing their veto. They have consistently re-
 46
Approved For CORelease NGRESSIONAL RECORD - AP 500390008-0 January 1
something stale and commonplace. They tunities of Amer ca. J
saw what Dr. Eddy called cliches. priceless treasure for the rotten egg, the of Pennsylvania's taxpayers.
Why did these American soldiers inform moldy cigarettes, the atheism, the blood- Here in Philadelphia the taxpayers were
on their comrades, make broadcasts for the soaked ideology, the children-murdering, required by court order to pay unearned
enemy and even falsely declare that Amer- torture-inflicting, barbaric program of wages to a teacher who for 6 years was a
lea was using bacteriological warfare? Bolshevism. dues-paying member of the Communist
What was their reward? I turn to page Mr. Kinkead, the author of this book, asks Party. The taxpayers were required fur-
129: how this incredible thing could happen and ther to pay unearned salaries to other
"They yielded for strictly personal and he replies on page 18: school teachers who, accused of belonging
selfish reasons. They were the sort who "The roots of the explanation go deep to the Communist Party, while teaching
would inform, sign petitions, and make into diverse aspects of our culture-home school, refused to answer questions put by a
broadcasts because for this they would re- training of children, education, physical fit- congressional committee as to whether they
ceive tangible benefits-freedom to walk ness, religious adherence, and the privilege were members of this criminal organization
outside the camp compound, an egg or two, of existing under the highest standard of committed to the overthrow of our Govern-
cigarettes." living in the world." ment by force and violence.
Another group of the defectors actually How can we avoid that such a disgrace Another Philadelphia school teacher, a
i Mr Milton says page Mrs. Goldie Watson, was asked by a con-
n
apiece of real estate on wnicn iney were reube., ,,,,ey S.- -- --?- -- ------ -
born. They saw in "God Bless America" of friends, and the boundless golden oppor- teaches the youth of western Pennsylvania
The exchanged this and receives money taken from the pockets
accepted communism. In explanation as to should occiu ago
. gressional committee whether she adhered
why they did this, the author says that they 211:
were youths "who for various reasons had "The Army would like to see every Ameri- to the precepts of the Communist Party
been unable to form any strong attachments can parent, every American teacher, and and if she had ever participated in a move-
or loyalties in their past lives." Maj. Harry every American clergyman work to instill ment to destroy the American school sys-
A. Segal of the Army Medical Corps said in every one of our children a specific under- tem. She declined to answer. There was
that "they were the kind of men who say standing of the differences between our way sworn testimony that she had been a mem-
to themselves, 'I'm just a kid. I don't know of life and the Communist way of life, and, ber of the Communist Party. She put her-
where I'm going. I don't know whether even more important, work to give every self above Congress, the sovereign body of
people actually like me. Will I ever really child, in the blunt, old-fashioned spirit, a the United States, and dcclarcd that "no
be a success?"' firm regard for right and an abiding distaste power on God's earth" could compel her to
I want to make clear that I in no way for wrong." cooperate with the congressional commit-
suggest that Dr. Eddy is in any way respon- Let us look at another educator, but first tee. Mrs. Watson's behavior was the worst
sible for the reprehensible actions of these let me repeat that the overwhelming ma- possible exeample to schoolchildren on how
young traitors. His speech was made 10 jority of American educators are patriotic, to behave. How can children learn to love
years after the Korean War, but I do say that God-fearing citizens who have probably ac- their country and respect its flag and be
his speech in no way helped to break down complished more than any other class or inspired by the examples of patriotism of its
the cynical attitude toward American insti- profession to make America great and strong heroic defenders if their school teachers
tutions and. the American flag unhealthily because they have properly taught the dream- defy Congress, insult the school authorities,
prevalent among a certain class of young ers and the builders of America. But we and ridicule loyalty to the ideals of America
people. must look at the few who, wilfully or un- as exemplified by the deeds of the Found-
In his speech on September 19, 1961 Dr. designedly are giving aid and comfort to ing Fathers of our Republic?
Eddy quoted the archtraitor Whittaker the enemy that would destroy everything The time has come to return to the faith
of the Founding Fathers. America faces
Chambers. He called him a "far less worthy we hold dear.
apostle of liberty" than Judge Learned Hand, On April 6, 1960, there appeared in the the most perilous period in her whole his-
but beyond this he did not criticize him. New York Times a full-page ad, of which tory. We stand at Armageddon and we bat-
He quoted Chambers who said: I have a photostatic copy here, sponsored by tle for the Lord. Those who are not for
"The -dying world of 1925 was without 31 persons, one of them being Prof. Robert us are against us. Our schools are to be
faith, hope, character. Only in communism G. Colodny, professor of history at the Uni- training grounds for the responsibilities of
had I found any practical answer at all to versity of Pittsburgh, an institution which citizenship, not for cynicism, not for mock-
the crisis, and the will to make that answer receives appropriations from the Pennsyl- ery and derision of those principles which
work. If it was the outrage, it was also the vania Legislature, that is to say receives have given us liberty and opportunity un-
hope of the world." money from the Pennsylvania taxpayers. surpassed in any other country in the whole
And there, Dr. Eddy let the matter rest, What does Professor Colodny say in this world. The disgrace of those young Ameri-
stating only that the students had to decide advertisement? The ad is entitled: can defectors in Korea must never be
for themselves what is fiction and what is "What Is Really Happening in Cuba?" In repeated.
reality in communism and capitalism. Is it Professor Colodny says: Khrushchev and his criminal conspirators
there even a stone in the street that does not "Cuba and visitors to the island remain are determined to destroy America. He
know that communism is the diametrical freer in many respects than do U.S. citizens. should not be encouraged in his criminal
negative of belief in God, faith in democ- For example, no police permit is required enterprise by allowing him to interpret from
racy, and adherence to the Golden Rule? for a public meeting or demonstration, as irresponsible utterances in this country that
Dr. Eddy left the situation as if the stu- . New York City. There is no censorship." we are divided in our resistance to Com-
dents could find something to admire and This is, and was at the time the ad was munist tyranny.
follow in communism. published, an unmitigated falsehood. Yet I oppose preachments of fear and forebod-
On November 20th, the Communists in the Colodny teaches the youth of western Penn- ing. I dislike what was said by the noted
United States will be required by Federal sylvania. columnist Sydney Harris several months ago.
law to register. Will Dr. Eddy or anyone Here is another statement sponsored by He said he had a dream that in a nuclear
else who thinks like him urge students Professor Colodny: war against Russia we won but that 60 mil-
to doubt whether Communists should reg- "Although the word 'confiscation' has lions of our people had been killed and
aster on the ground that there could be the often been used by the press [he refers here other millions were dying. He then said:
possibility of fiction in the congressional to the U.S. press] in a context which would "A 'free society,' as we now understand it,
finding and in the pronouncement of the suggest illegal seizure, nothing has stolen was no longer possible. In order to survive
Supreme Court of the United States that from any American-or any Cuban." its dreadful wounds, the nation would have
the Communist Party is an agency of the This, of course, is and was at the time the to forego the luxuries of competition and
Soviet Union determined to achieve world ad was published, an unmitigated falsehood. concentrate on collective welfare rather than
domination, even at the cost of oceans of Castro has stolen a billion dollars worth of 'on individual effort.
blood? property from Americans. He has killed "The men who had pulled us into war
As I already stated, Dr. Eddy exhorted his Americans without trial. Yet Colodny crying, 'Life wouldn't be worth living under
students not to inherit their religion or na- teaches the youth of western Pennsylvania communism,' found that, having won the
tionality. In other words he asked his stu- at the University of Pittsburgh. war, we were now living under something
dents to doubt their own "parents and the Colodny approved of the statement that: very much like communism. We had de-
religion of their parents. As if there were "Cuba's recent trade pact with the Soviet feated the enemy abroad only to find it
not already today too much lack of appre- Union represents an effort to find new mar- among us at home."
ciation on the part of children toward their a kets for Cuban sugar, and to obtain, not This is defeatism at its very worst. Amer-
parents who make tremendous sacrifices in arms, but agricultural implements and in- ica will never live under communism. Amer-
order to give them the best living in the dustrial machinery for which credit has been ica will never live as slaves. Moreover, what
world. denied in the United States." Mr. Harris doesn't realize is that it isn't a
Dr. Eddy called upon his students to This was a falsehood at the time the ad question of someone pulling us into war.
"doubt democracy." The defecting Korean was published and more so now. Cuba has It is a matter of Russia forcing war upon
soldiers certainly doubted democracy. When received arms, tanks, ammunition, and un- us, and the way to avoid that war is to
they were asked to choose between commu- told other weapons from the Soviet Union, all keep ourselves strong. We must never ap-
nism with an egg, plus cigarettes, and Amer- aimed at establishing a Communist beach- pease because appeasement is what precipi-
ica without an immediate egg and ciga- head on the Western Continent, in spite of tated World War II. There is no doubt in
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD,-- APPENDIX ,A14
the grave of one of those brothers on a bat- while you are a student, to question and to
tlefleld In France, the flag which symbolizes doubt the Judeo-Christian tradition and to
the sacrifice of all the patriot-martyrs who doubt democracy. You will not become
gave their all for America. truly convinced of either until you have
Following the flag raising I mmsnunicated wrestled with both. Only then will the
with Congressman FLOOD who made a power- idealism of both be rekindled truly for you
ful speech an the subject in the House of and your generation.
Representatives. He communicated with ".'The great majority of us find meaning in
the Postmaster General demanding that the the Judeo-Christian tradition and in the
disgraceful situation in the Fairless Hills democratic form of government-but we
post o'.fice, with regard to the, flag, be cor- cannot pass on to you the will to make it
rested. I called on Benjam n Fairless in work. You must find this for yourself. It
whose honor the town was n s,med. I con- would be senseless for us merely to wave a
ferret. with officers of Unitec States Steel flag in your face, for you would be smoth-
Corp., and eventually the flag appeared over ered by its folds."
the post office and the town, a id, eventually What kind of language is this for a col-
the building restriction was removed. lege president? "You would be, smothered
I am happy to say that during this VFW by its folds." He is speaking of the American
fight for the flag, the Philadelphia, Inquirer flag, each fold of which is rich with the pa-
and t`:se Philadelphia Bulletin gave excellent triotic deeds of Paul Revere, Moply Pitcher,
and absolutely fair coverage to the entire John Paul Jones, Captain Lawrence, Admiral
controversy, thus helping to bring about the Farragut, Commando Kelly, and the count-
excellent results I have indicat;d. less others who faced death to save the lib-
Even before this Fairless Sills episode, erties which Dr. Eddy and all otlcer Ameri-
the:?e was another incident : nvolving the cans enjoy.
flag. This one will sound almost fantastic But Dr. Eddy didn't stop there. He said
to you, In Pittsburgh, my hometown, ar- further: "It would be senseless, for us to
rangements had been made to publicly burn bellow 'God bless America,' for you would
the flag of the United States on the steps turn away from its abundance of cliches."
of the city-county building which houses Please note the verb Dr. Eddy employs,
the supreme court, the courts rf the county, "bellow." He is, of course, being cynical and
the mayor's office, city council .hamber, and sarcastic, for only such a person or an out-
Other government offices. Thos ; in charge of right boor would bellow "God bless Am.er-
the project intended the flag burning as a ica." And then he says that "God bless
demonstration of how an old 48-star flag America" is abundant with cliches. What is
could be destroyed. The whcle enterprise a cliche? It is something stale and common-
was appalling to contemplate. The mayor, place. Do you find anything stale and com-
oouneilmen, judges, and other officials were monplace in any or all of the three words:
to par';ioipate, a detachment of U.S. Marines God bless America? Has. Dr. Eddy never
was to conduct the actual burning. Camera- thrilled to hear the dulcet. voices of school-
men, TV crews, newspaper photographers children singing with all their hearts and
were all ready to record the sensational and souls "God Bless America"? Did he turn
disgraceful event. I visualized Communist away from that sweet music, finding it stale
newspapers throughout the world reproduc- and commonplace?
ing the. pictures and proclaim; ng In head- But Dr. Eddy didn't even stop with that
lines: American Flag Burned by Rioters in witless statement in his speech to the stu-
Front of government Building While U.S. dents of his college. He went on to say:
Soldiers Look on Helplessly. "As Samuel Johnson said so wisely, 'Patri-
Of course, this would not be true, but who otism is the last refuge of scoundrels.' "
ever ccratnended the Soviet press for telling Note he says that Johnson spoke wisely in
the truth? And what would tae American declaring that patriotism is the last refuge
people think? Would they not be horrified of scoundrels. Was Nathan Hale, who said
to see an American flag being, burned in "I regret I have but one life to give for my
what might seem to bQ a gals and festive country" a scoundrel? Was George Wash-
spectacle? ington, who was first in war, first in peace,
I tried to persuade the persons in charge and first in the hearts of his countrymen, a
of the event to call it off. They refused I scoundrel? Were the signers of the Declara-
Only 2 days ago the second secretary of
the U.S. Embassy in Warsaw, Irvin C. Scar-
beck, was convicted of passing U.S. secrets
to Polish Communist -agents. He certainly
did not love the :Hag, We all remember the
infamous and malodorous Alger Hiss who also
sneered at patriotism while giving state sec-
rets to Russian agents. He held no small
position in our Government. He was execu-
tive assistant to the President of the United
States. A re ort madq - ,gw.p ttee of
the U.S. a ey,,gled the revolting evi-
dence"" among those who lurked and
worked at ra ipyerx}1nt__ were
such high- ai~j, e a s as:
An Assistant Secretary of the Treasury of
the United States.
Director of the Office of Special Political
Affairs for the State Department.
elO e1~G Divj_s } 0
1C. O cg..
..of StSb.tegie Servtnaa '
tions Board.
U.S. Treasurey attache in China.
Secretary of the U.S. National Labor Rela-
tions Board.
They were all men who looked upon the
flag as a painted rag and derided patriotic
ceremonies.
Not long ago a young American aviator,
Fr ~ss vary Powers went on trial in Mos-
i or flying overussia, taking pictures.1
I don't know whether in school he listened
to someone telling him that patriotism is the
refuge of a scoundrel but certain it is he was
never impressed enough by Nathan Hale to
defy his accusers and say: ".E flew over Rus-
sia because we did. not want a repetition of
Pearl Harbor." :Instead~ rinand
wqh~~ir+ 't know y~4was .doing
a-Qw nowI was risking world peace. My
au Tors werg responsible."
Dr. nkax Rafferty in the current issue of
Reader's Digest properly a:nd indignantly
comments on Powers as follows:
"Thank heaven, they're not all like that.
But this one was. So were a sickening num-
ber of our young men just 10 years ago who
sold out their fellow American soldiers, and
licked the boots of the brutal Chinese and
North Korean invaders, and made tape re-
cordings praising communism. So are all
the phony sophisticates who clutter up our
colleges and agitate against ROTC and
parade in support of Fidel Castro."
I would like to call to your attention a
recently published books which shocked me
more than if I had touch
d
hi
hl
h
e
a
g
y c
arged
orde_-ecf them not to burn the flag and served tion of Independence who offered their lives, ,Olectric wire. It is called: "Why They Col-
notice that if they dared to touch the tini- their honors, and their fortunes for the in- laborated," and was written by Eugene Kin-
est florae or spark to the flag I would hold dependence and defense of their country, kead, a highly competent writer, from per-
tlxem. in. contisark of court. C then pro- scoundrels? He said ftuther: "We do not sonal investigation and from a study con-
th
ce the
eded to co front of h urt g and stood want you to grow up as breast-beating ducted by the U.S. Army Into the conduct
-users with a bench warrant pre ~are3 to jail scoundrels but as students committed to a of American prisoners who during the Korean
tfirst man who put a violent hand on the faith and a nation you have found for your- war collaborated with the Communist enemy.
the The flag was not touched, self. This Is what we should mean by "re-
flag
. g discovery." I hold the book an my hand and turn to
Congressman 'FLOOD, ever vigilant, ever page 34 where Mr. Kinkead asks Hugh M.
alert, spoke in: Congress describing this near I do not share Dr. Eddy's idolization of Milton, Assistant Secretary of the Army, the
outrage to the flag of our cow try and de- Samuel Johnson. In my estimation, John- percentage of American prisoners who col-
rrianded that the Department of Defense son was a bloated, slovenly hypochondriac laborated with the enemy. Milton replies:
absolutely forbid any such future trempted so muddled in his egotistic British self- "One man in every seven, or more than
desecration of the flag. It w.i not long exaltation that he defended taxation without 13 percent were guilty of serious collabora-
until the Department of Defense did issue representation. He called the American. Con- tion-writing disloyal tracts, say, or agree-
such a directive. tinental Congress a "congress of anarchy." ing to spy or organize for the Communists
How could such desecration of the flag ever It was he, Samuel Johnson, whom Dr. Eddy after the war."
have been thought of? The answer Is that praises, who said contemptuously that Amer- Never had there been any such traitorous
the spirit of old-fashioned, he rrt-thrilling scans multiplied "with the fecundity of their conduct in
It was he who said that previous wars. and the reason
patrfotisin is lagging; it is bemuse many own rattlesnakes." is that up until this present cynical attitude
persons who should be Inculcating respect oAmericans be " re arace r of convicts and ought toward patriotism and the fle,g among cer-
and reverence for the symbols o' American- shore thankful
y g we allow them tain people in America, American youth was
hanging.", c r c
ism and the expression of patriotism are ex- not embarrassed to speak of loving the flag
hurting American youth to do ust the re- This Is the mar. Dr. Eddy apostrophizes as and to tell about feeling the corpuscles
verse. Its point, let me tell you of Dr. Ed- a man of wisdom. dancing in their veins as they listened to
.ward D. kiddy, Jr., president of tie Chatham I do not mention Dr. Eddy because i con- the stirring strains of the Star-Spangled
College in Pittsburgh. sider him particularly influential, and I cer- Banner.
On September 19, 1961, Dr. Eddy at the tainly wish,to emphasize that he in no way Why did so many of our young men wear-
opening convocation of the college, made represents the teaching profession of Amer- lag the uniform of the United States betray
this astounding declaration to -.he student ica. I refer to him only because his words the United States as soon as they got away
body: typify a kind of thinking which is doing from the American forces? The answer, of
"Please don't Inherit either your religion considerable harm to America in degrading course, is that they didn't ove America.
or your nationality. Subject them to your patriotism and smothering love for the flag. America meant no more to them than a
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX
State, and I was greatly pleased to wit-
ness, as a part of the ceremonies marking
that event, the crowning of Miss Donna
Axum as Arkansas Forest Queen for
1961. At that time Miss Axum made a
most instruptive speech on "The Uses of
Wood." I believe her comments will be
of great interest to the readers of the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD. This young lady
is extremely well versed in the subject
of forestry, as her remarks so clearly
demonstrate, and I ask unanimous con-
sent that her speech be printed in the
Appendix of the RECORD.
There being no objection, the speech
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
y mind whatsover that Hitler and the rul-
ers of Japan would never have attacked
America had they known that we would
retaliate as we did. Khrushchev must know,
as he is now being informed, that we will
never tolerate abridgements of our freedom.
This does not mean that we will be provoc-
ative or belligerent. It was stated beauti-
fully- by our wise and courageous President
John F. Kennedy:
"Let us never negotiate out of fear. But
let us never fear to negotiate."
God through the instrumentality of our
scientists and the determination of the
American. people has provided us with the
means to protect this blessed land from bar-
baric invasion. President Kennedy has said:
"In terms of total military strength the
United States would not trade places with
any nation on earth. W@ have taken major
steps in the past year to maintain our lead-
and we do not propose to lose it."
We are invincibly armed with a protective
sword of fire which we hold aloft not in ag-
gressive attack but in warning.
We say to Khruschev: "Come, join with
us in the ways of peace, the good Lord has
provided enough for all, the land is fruitful
and the sea is rich; science has removed the
burden from the back of man and put It
into machines, The laboratory has not been
confined to the discovery of engines of death,
it has revealed new vistas for the conquering
of disease, it has expanded the average span
of life from 45 to 68 years, and we are gain-
ing 6 months each year.
"Come, let us listen to the song of happy
children, let us revel in the concert of
understanding hearts. Let us work for the
true world parliament of man.
"There is nothing which you possess that
we covet: Keep your lands, your forests, your
,mines, your factories, your rivers, and your
skies, but do not try to take ours. Do not
seek to throw chains around the globe, do
not aim to strip away from mankind its
faith in the everlasting goodness of the
Prince of Peace. We ask ail this in the name
of the Lord.
"We hold this sword of fire not for ag-
gression but as a torch of freedom, a beacon
of justice between man and man, but if you
take one step of attack against this fair
land, then that invincible sword will strike."
We are prepared for every sacrifice but that
of relinquishing our freedom. Americans will
never be slaves. We must and will be worthy
of our Founding Fathers and bold for the
right. With such a new Declaration of In-
The Uses of Wood-Speech by Miss
Donna Axum, Arkansas Forest Queen
for 1961
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. JOHN L. McCLELLAN
OF ARKANSAS
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, January 15, 1962
Mr. McCLEILAN. Mr. President, in
1960 Congress passed a joint resolution
setting aside the week beginning with
the third Sunday of October as National
Forest Products Week. The President
promptly approved, thus extending
proper recognition to an industry that
has long merited such a signal honor.
This, past October I had the privilege
of participating in the observance of Na-
tional Forest Products Week in my. home
THE USES OF WOOD
(By Miss Donna Axum)
I hold in my right hand a piece of wood.
Man has always depended on wood. Our
Pilgrim fathers established the first colony
in Jamestown, Va., 352 years ago. Since
that time man has developed over 6,000 uses
of wood. I would like to invite you now to
travel with me as we turn the pages in his-
tory, and review the uses of wood, past,
present, and future.
Let's begin our journey with the coloniza-
tion of the first settlers in Jamestown in the
year 1609. There Is John Smith, a Perfect
example of the first settler. His prime am-
biti%i in this country is to provide a com-
fortable home for his family, and it :is here
that he first turns to wood. With his home
completed, John Smith realizes that wood is
his best friend; for from it he carves tools
for farming and weapons for hunting. The
Smith family always rides In style on land
or sea in their wooden boat and wagon. And
Mrs. Smith's pride and joy is her wooden
spinning wheel on which she creates the
latest fashions of the day. After a. good
day's hunt, the delicious evening meal is
prepared over a blazing fireplace. And when
the wooden dishes have been cleared away,
we see the Smith family enjoys sitting
around the dimming fire and singing the
current folk songs of the day. They are, of
course, accompanied by the old wooden
banjo.' This family, as well as all pioneer
families, are solely dependent upon wood
for their existence. Construction, tools and
weapons, transportation, fuel, machinery,
art entertainment all show us the impor-
up to the present decade in our review of the
uses of wood. Many years have passed, and
many pages in history have been turned,
and we see that man has developed over
6,000 uses of wood.
Progress has combined chemicals and other
substances with wood to create thousands of
products for our everyday living. We have
just arrived in New York City, one of the
focal points of the Nation in 1961. And as
fashion takes the spotlight, we see that
there is magic in wood. Famous designers
create the most beautiful fashions from
wood. Yes, many of today's synthetic fibers
such as rayon are wood products. The homes
of today have changed quite a bit since the
time of John Smith. We have found that
there Is beauty as well as versatility In wood
as an interior decorative material. Wood is
the unsurpassed material from which the
finest furniture can be made. And since it
is flexible, it enables the craftsman to mold
it into the most beautiful furniture imagin-
able. Something very popular in today's
homes is wood paneling. By matching and
combining the grains of wood, beautiful de-
signs can be made to enhance the beauty of
any wall. A telephone is an essential item
in every home and office today. But you may
ask this. question-what does a telephone
have to do with wood? The case is made of
plastic, which Is a wood product. Plastics
A147
do play a large part in our everyday lives,
for how could we ever do without our clocks,
radios, and one very essential item that we
use three times a day-our toothbrush.
Here is one of the newest wood products on
the market today. From the Forest Products
Laboratory in Madison, Wis., comes Papreg.
It is made of paper which has been soaked
in resin and pressed. The result is a material
half the weight of aluminum, yet, strong as
steel. When this material is used in the
construction of airplanes, it needs no finish,
is not harmed by salt water, and will not tear
or shread. It still will, no doubt, be a valu-
able material in the peacetime construction
of refrigerators, radios, and many, other simi-
lar items.
The last leg of our journey will be a fan-
tastic one as we jump to the year 2000. It's
a pushbutton world where automobiles have
become museum pieces. And jetstream
transportation will take you from New York
to Dallas in only 30 minutes. Remember
back in 1961, when the women thought the
knee-tickling skirts were too short? Well,
today's fashion designers have made them
thigh-ticklers, and in every fabric imagin-
able-all made of wood. That TV and tele-
phone will bring your friends and neighbors
right into your own home every morning
for that regular chat over coffee. It is im-
possible for us to know everything about the
future, but there is one thing that we can
be sure of-that is that wood will continue
to be one of the key materials in the pro-
duction and development of thousands of
useful products for our everyday living.
We must end our journey now and return
to the present, but you and I have covered
a period of over 491 years in only 5 minutes.
We have visited the past, the present, and the
future, and at each stop we have seen the
important uses of wood to man. I think our
journey can best be summarized In the poem
by Henry Abby entitled "What Do We Plant?"
"What do we plant when we plant the tree?
We plant the ship which will cross the sea.
We plant the mast to carry the sails,
We plant the planks to withstand the
gales;
The keel, the keelson, the beam and knee,
We plant the ship when we plant the tree.
"What do we plant when we plant the tree?
A thousand things that we daily see,
We plant the spire that out-towers the crag,
We plant the staff for our country's flag,
We plant the shade, from the hot sun free,
We plant all these, when we plant the
tree."
How We Got This Way-III
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
of
HON. JOHN H. RAY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 15, 1962
Mr. RAY. Mr. Speaker, part 3-Octo-
ber 22-of the New York Daily News
series of editorials, "How We Got This
Way," is as follows:
How WE GOT THIS WAY-III
The American Revolution (1776-83) ended
British rule over what had become the 13
Original States of the Union, but it also
bred a legion of troubles for the new Nation.
and most of its citizens.
For one thing, Britain sought revenge for
the Revolution by barring U.S. trade with
the British West Indies. This brought on
the bad depression of 1784-85.
But as most historians view the matter,
the basic reason for the infant Nation's woes
was the form of government under which it
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 turn to the sort of tyranny he had endured
under King George nt.
At last, though, in May of 1787, the Con-
stitutional Convention assembled in Phila-
delphia; and the next editorial in this series
will describe what happened there.
The Migrant Farm Labor Story-
Part III
EXTENSION OF ]REMARKS
of
HON, WILLIAM FITTS RYAN
OF NEW YOfiK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, January 15, 19612
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, under leave
to extend my remarks ir. the RECORD, I
include the following article by Dale
Wright of the New York World-Tele-
gram and Sun who experienced at first-
hand the shocking conditions confront-
ing migrant falmworkers. I hope to
continue to bring to the attention of
my colleagues this excellent series of
THE FORGOTTEN PEOPLE-N$"GRANT PAY $4.32
A DAY IN FLORIDA TOMATO FIELD
(By Dale Wright)
(Four migrant farmworkers burned to
death last Sunday in their. squalid shack in
a Suffolk County labor farm. The tragedy
typifies the shocking abuse cf "The Forgotten
People" which, according to an on-the-spot
survey of the World-Telegram, still persists
today despite some protective laws. This
survey started last April, when staff writer,
Dale Wright, was assigned to work in Florida
as a migrant laborer, and continued until
last month. Today his article tells of his
first day of overwork, underpayment and
exploitation.)
On a warm, humid morning last April, a
rickety old bus jolted along at its top speed
between rows of carefully manicured estates
along Route L from. Miami south to Home-
stead, Fin. Although the vehicle had seats
for 35 persons, it was crammed with 64 pas-
sengers.
I was one of them.
I was on my way to my;ttrst day of work
as a migrant farm laborer in the lush tomato
fields of southern Dade County. I had
shaped up (reported for assignment) earlier
that morning on a Miami street corner and
was hired-with no questions asked-by a
fat character known as a labor contractor.
In the South, labor contractors round up
crews of workers for transport and assign-
ment to :farms where crops are to be har-
vested.
SALES PITCH SOUNS GOOD
"Everybody that gets oth this bus," he
promised reassuringly, "makes $10, $12, $15
today if you want to work. There's plenty
of tomatoes to pick and there will be no
cheating, nothin' taken out of your pay.
And it will be clean work.".
His pitch sounded good but I wanted to
see for myself. The smirks on the faces of
the seasoned migrant workers around me
raised by doubts.
In a vast patch of ground outside Home-
stead our crew joined about 150 other farm-
workers. They were busy when we arrived
gathering a crop of "red ,ripes," tomatoes
ready that day for shipment to the markets
and canneries. It was just after daybreak
and a bright sun already had begun to broil
the pickers as theystooped'in the long rows.
The job was to pick and pack the `tomatoes
into baskets that contained five-eighths of
a bushel, Each loaded basket weighed 60
pounds. When we had them filled we lugged
them to the end of the row, where they were
loaded onto trucks. Pay promised was 12
cents a basket.
KIDS GOTTA EAT
In the row next to nine, an emaciated man
of about 40 coughed and spat incessantly as
he bent to his task. When I noticed the
blood and spoke to him about it, he mut-
tered :
'Yeah, they say It's consumption. It don't
make no difference. I gotta keep working.
The doctor, he can't do nothing for me. I
got no money for medicine. I got a woman
and a lotta kids. I gotta keep pickin' to-
matoes."
Obviously, the man was seriously ill and
belonged in a hospital. But he was trapped
by the need to work for his family in the
only job he knew how to do. Later, when
we stood up to smoke a cigarette, he said to
me:
"Been doin' farm work all my life. Don't
know nothia' else. I can't go to a hospital.
Kids gotta eat."
CHILDREN SICK, TOO
He said his name was Alonzo and that he
lived in a tin and tarpaper shack near
Goulds, Fla., for which he paid $10 a week
rent. He added that three of his children-
the small ones-had dry, hacking coughs
and probably had caught the misery he had
in his chest. .
Medical treatment No. None of the
youngsters had ever seen a doctor.
Despite his illness, Alonzo was a hard
worker. As we worked along the endless
rows of tomato plants, he loaded basket after
basket of tomatoes and was soon far down
the field from me.
Later that day Alonzo told me he soon
would be moving north from Homestead be-
cause the harvest was "going down." To
keep living, he explained, he'd have to load
his family and his belongings onto a truck
or bus going north, where other crops were
ripening.
"It's the came," he said. "This job is just
like the last one., Next be just like this one.
Never no different. Never will be." TYPICAL CASE
This sick, frustrated. laborer, doomed long
before his time, was summing up the lot of
today's migrant farm worker.
The back-breaking labor of stooping close
to the orange-tinted Florida earth begins as
soon as a picker can distinguish red tomatoes
from green ones in the gray dawn of an end-
less day.
His work ends when he no longer can see
the tomatoes to pick them. At the promised
rate of 12 cents a basket, a good picker can
fill 70 to 80 baskets a day and earn-it says
there-from $8.40 to $9.60 a day.
As bad as that kind of pay is, it generally
worked out that the man in the fields re-
ceived cons:iderably less than the Rr'omised
rate. Often the rate dropped on payday to 8
cents a basket and the field hand who actu-
ally "took home" $7 a day for his work con-
sidered himself lucky.
On my first day in the fields, I worked 10
hours with only a 15-minute break for what
they called :lunch. It was the hardest, most
punishing work I had over done.
NO TOILET FACILITIES
In the first hours of that miserable day, my
hands became grimy and encrusted with the
green insecticide they spray on tomatoes. It
covered my :khaki pants and ate its way into
my legs. It collected under my fingernails,
covered my shoes and socks and festered in
the scratches I received from the tomato
vines.
But picking the tomatoes was the easy part
of the job. The hard part was lugging the
heavy baskets to the end of the rows-often
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD --- APPENDIX
ro revs
p Back in 1777 (November 15), with the
Revolution oMcially on' y about 16 months
old, the Continental Co agreas had approved
it set of laws known as the Articles of Con-
federation. Ratificatior by the States was
completed March 1, 1781.
The Articles of Confederation viewed the
13tates as so many indepc ndeut little nations,
in most respects. These little nations agreed
Ir this document to fora} "a firm league of
;friendship," to see to their common defense,
and to advance their "mutual and general
welfare."
Having so agreed, the r proceeded proudly
to disagree, on virtually every subject of im-
portance to them, and to act like independ-
ent nations In almost ail respects.
Each State, for example, was at liberty
to issue its own move'. They all did so.
XCn seven of them, the farmers' fondness for
paper money brought about the printing of
rtlge wads of the stuff, which rapidly became
almost worthless.
Again each State was ; ree to levy tariffs on
goods coming into it frcin anywhere outside
its borders. New York was especially fond
of collecting such dutios on imports from
New Jersey and CionnectLout.
There was borer fighting here and there
between the armed fore. s of various States.
M,TSERIES OF CON FEDERATION
The State legislatures, all 7.8 of them, were
the most powerful lawn aking bodies in the
land. They could and did thumb their noses
at Congress whenever th :y pleased.
Congress itself had no powers that
amounted to anything, m d lacked the abil-
ity to use what powers I; had.
It couldn't collect tha taxes it imposed,
from anybody or any State that didn't want
to pay them; couldn't r rise and maintain a
respectable: Army and :1; avy; couldn't regu-
late Interstate commerce; couldn't use
troops to put down upri:.inge; couldn't corn-
pel States to live up topany treaties Con-
gress might negotiate with other countries.
Consequently, a large number of intelli-
gent Americans came to realize soon after
the Revolution that sotiething drastic had
to be done. It the new Ne.tion wasn't'to blow
itself apart or be taken over by the first
strong and determined ;our. try that might
attack it,
The big 'question was ghat to do; and in-
numerable answers were. offered from time
to time.
A considerable number of people, includ-
ing many veterans of the Revolution, wanted
to set up a military die;atorship.
Numerous others thou ;ht for a while that
11 would be_ a good idea o crown some
American as king of 'the new Nation. Gen.
George Washington wo ld have been the
logical choice for this h )nor-which he did
DICTATORSHIP-KING---OR WHAT?
It was Washington himself who set the
machinery in motion for the solution that
was finally worked out. In 1783, he sent a
letter around to the G weraors of all the
States, pointing out the dangers of the 13-
independent-nation setup end calling for
the creation of a mor.: powerful Central
Government.
Alexander Hamilton, another veteran of
the Revolution, began econ afterward to at-
tack the Articles of Confederation in
speeches and print, and to demand some
so~ t of convention to d raw up a new and
rn~ch stronger set of ground rules for the
united-in-name-only States.
Washington, Hamilton and their less well-
known colleagues in then movement had a
very rough time selling Eheir ideas to most
of their fellow Americans.. The Stiytes,.did
not it to give up any powers for the Na-
tion's benefit; many a c: izen dreaded a re-