CONGRESSIONAL RECORD

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP75-00149R000100830022-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 2, 1998
• Sequence Number: 22
• Publication Date: October 20, 1965
• Content Type: OPEN

Sanitized ApProve8968VW98VJt'1Fd?AD-
20 October 1965
Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, consid-
eration of the Dominican Republic prob-
' lei leads one inexorably to'a considera-
G. tion of our whole Latin American policy,
which I believe is in grave need of over-
hauling. An excellent article which pro-
vides much valuable background on this
subject was published in the Monday
morning, October 18 issue of the Phil-
adelphia Inquirer, entitled "Cuba and
Latin America: Our Neighbors to South."
The article, to my way of thinking, is
LOUTH-ECONOMIC GAIN8 OFFSET BY RISE n
POPULATION
(By Joseph C. Goulden)
Simon Bolivar, dying en route to exile after
ending Spanish domination of the South
M-< American continent in the 1820'e, said bit-
terly, "America is ungovernable. Those who
served the revolution plowed the sea."
able summary of the problems which
confront us in Latin America that I have
seen in a long time, and I ask unanimous
Consent to have it printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CUBA AND LATIN AMERICA: OUR NEIGHBORS TO
uwaa v. aaLLLaL iuncrwca remains too vew
Wgrld'e problem child. The Alliance, Jof
Progress, the United States first earnest' ef-
G `tort to lift the bulk of Latina Into the modern
_r ,era, is foundering. The inertia created by
' ' ?. f', decades of. maladministration, disorgaaiza-
Sanitized Approved For Release: CIA-R
R75-OO149RD.OD-100830012=9
 October 20, 19lanitized CR" Sg4D C1A d- P5-b0149R000100830*k9
tion, and downright poor government is governors the lack of an effective replace- living within 200 miles of the sea. There aro
stilling and discouraging, and at the moment went enabled wealthy caudillos-the upper- no Inland counterparts of Chicago, Detroit,
seemingly insumountable. class Spanish-parent landowners and mer- or even Kansas City. Thirty of the provln-
Latin America Is so diverse (280 million chants-to seize power economically and po- cial capitals of Peru. in 1964, had no road
persons in 20 nations) as to defy capsuliza- lltlcally. The caudilloa used slave and peon contact with the rest of the aa.tfoa; people
tlon. Yet certain generalizations hold true labor to work large haciendas In a system live a lifetime in 2-mile-high Andean vuingrn
~. Under his present government the average went, the feudal fiefdoms of Dark Ages Eu- ration.
Latin (and this excludes a handful of coun- rope. Indians and freemen were shunted INDIAN POPULATIQN
tries notably Mexico) Is condemned to pov- into the highlands and remote and unarable The isolation leaves enclaves of unnssimi-
crty, ignorance and hunger-based on normal areas..
lated Indiana (14 to 30 million of them, by
Western standards. - TRADITIONAL ARMY ROLE guess and count), which form non-Spanish-
Tho nations are writhing on the threshold ?? But the caudillos' Dower was limited. con- spanking -,.hc.n+?r..- riving .,
art from +h..
p
elan of Latin nationalism Into the state of living off the land by exaction.- When the . cramped borders 21 different Indian groups,
socialism of Cuba, or the anthill collectiviza- army, could not get what it wanted, It sim- descended from the Ma
a-Quiche tribe Gen
y
..
ilea of Communist China and its negation ply changed governments, and took for Itself Lazaro Cardenas, while president of Mexico'
of the human s
irit Other of the in
redi-
g
p
extra military functions i
..n 1034-40, said after visiting a tribe of Yaqui
onts, however, are lacking, and the Latin . The officer corps gave the Illborn the op- Indians: "Somos extranjeroe aqui"-wo are
-6-1- ave shown no inclination to unfurl
portunity to achieve power and wlthd
ea, an strangers here.
a Red flag. the ranks gave allegiance to the strongest Despite Its vastness, Latin America's third.
NEGLECT&D NEIGHBORS officer-politician in their midst. The in- erave handias,.n is nnn?lntinn imhnlrtnrn_
side of the United States-but this is by no enough support to seize the presidency, then ing disaster for the continent, which has the
means guaranteed-it could servo as what grab what he could in a hurry and distribute fastest-growing population of any major sub-
former Presidential adviser and diplomat the remainder. to his followers. But there division in the world. According to the
Adolf A. Berle calls the principal demo- was seldom enough to satisfy, prompting new Economic Commission for Latin America
graphic counterbalance to the rising and intrigues from which would emerge a new., (ECLA) a U.N. group, between 1953 and 1064
somewhat unpredictable power emerging on strongman. the population Increased by 2.8 percent per -
the Asian mainland. Between the independence period of 1820- year, compared with 0.8 percent in Western
Two decades of preoccupation with Asia 25. and the First World War the Spanish-, Europe, 1.67 percent in the United States,
and Europe left an imbalance in U.S. global American countries experienced 116 success and an estimated 2.1 percent in Communist
commitments. Now Europe has stabilized, ful revolutions and many times that, number China.
and the United States is learning in Vietnam of abortive revolts. ECLA projects a threefold increase in the
the bitter sum of Communist domination of None resulted In, any reforms, however,-., population by 2000-meaning 630 million
what started as a nationalistic movement, The caudillos ranged In caliber from tyrant ? Latins at the dawn of the 21st century, com-
In July 1064, HUDERT H. HvMrIinEY said to benevolent despot, and the military did pared with some 69 million In 1900.
the United States must seek to avoid a Simi- nothing to change them. Writes historian In the decade of the 1050's Brazil alone in-
far impasse In Its Latin policy. Writing in Edwin Lieuwen of the University of New ' creased by an astonishing 36.6 percent, from
Foreign Affairs, the then Senator said: in. Mexico: .. 52 to 71 million persons. Some two-thirds
"Our policy should be designed to die- "With the great majority of the population of this new growth was In urban areas (19
courago intrahemispherlo rivalry whichY inarticulate, poverty-stricken and politically to 32 million, or 70 percent). four times more
would Balkenizo the continent, as well as to apathetic, the military were under no popu- ? than the countr
side (33 to 30 milli
18
y
on or
, prevent Communist subversion which would ' lar pressure to change the existing social Sys- percent).
divide the hemisphere Into an endless strug- tem, nor did they show any inclination to do
glo between Communist and non-Commu. - so." The growth is attributable to better health
nist states." Whatever social changes have come have programs that widened the gap between birth ?
The United States has both inherent ad- - resulted from the sheer weight of the bur- and death rates-DDT, antibiotics, Improved
vantages and disadvantages in dealing with gBoning urban masses (principally in Brazil ' sanitation and water supplies. Liberal sexual
Latin Anr mores also contribute. lllei hna orlcans Economi
n't
ll
d A
ti
It
o
ca
y
over- an
rgen
na) Yet the military c
ntinues
first roreso
.. whelms the remainder of the Western Hernia- ' to hold an effective veto power over a major- been frowned upon since the first Portuguese
phero as merchant and customer. Militarily Ity of Latin governments. and Spanish colonizers made friends with In
It has been both protector from foreign ag- Latin American government may ? be dlan women. Latin American women marry-
oun t eOaO rageey az the
gression and chaperon against what it con- summed up, "rigid in structure, unstable In, mal and bear often;
. 'United Nations found the average Braelnad-
sldered unwise ventures for the Latins. (In personalities." woman had six ions live births
this century U.S. troops have entered Cuba, d . El l, lead-
this BACKGROUND
Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, ing - paper - in Venezuela . , reported ed in in.Ju July that
EFFECT OF DISCRIMINATION The affluent uY,co. -
described as a basket case, a series of iso- , The United States, with the educe-'
Yet something is lacking in the United lated nations clinging to the coastline of a , tional and governmental services structure
States-Latin relationship, despite all trio for- hostile continent. A formidable mountain built during decades of economic boom, Is.
mar protestations of "good neighbors," and range, the Andes, splits its interior for the hard-pressed to absorb its population in-.
backslapping businessmen and diplomats, entire 4,500-mile north-to-south length, with crease-which Is minuscule by Latin-stand-
Prot. Prank Tannenbaum of Columbia Uni-
k
f
t
2
pea
s o
up
o
3000 feet Passes are fewd Th
,. ars.e new Latins must be squeezed into
versity, speaking as a 50-year observer, says And high, 12,000 to 14,000 feet-not trade ' facilities that are already overcrowded.
Americans trying to fathom the resentful routes, but precarious scratches through ? BURDEN FOR ALLIANCE
feelings of Latins toward the United states which creep roads, mule tracks and rare rail-
fall "to point to the most serious source of roads, Thomas Mann, President Johnson's chief
our difIlculties-the treatment, of Latin To Latin America, vastness is synonymous adviser on Latin. America, says of the popu-
Americans as inferiors," with worthlessness. The Amazon River lation spurt: -
Tannenbaum continues: "we are heirs to.a Basin of Brazil contains 2 million square "This arithmetic has a direct and Import-/
tradition about colored people and it influ- miles, two-thirds the size of the continental ant bearing on the ability of the American
ences all of our attitudes, feelings, notions, United States. The river system has 40,000 states to achieve the Alliance, for Progress
habits, gestures and verbal expressions about miles of navigable water, and the Amazon it- goal that the inareaso in the income of every
them." The manifestation of Tannen- self stretches the equivalent"of the distance man, woman and child in the hemisphere
baum's theory comes in the condescension of from New York to Liverpool, England, yet shall not be less than 2.6 percent per capita
businessman, tourist and ambassador alike, ? the basin Is a nonproductive hothouse, its per year,'
and is reciprocated in the sotto voce Insult rains so heavy they leach the soil of soluble The composition of the Latin populace, re-
directed at the Yankee's turned back, ' minerals, its temperatures so hot they pro- sultantly, is markedly different from the
The Latin American situation is a product .vent the buildup of fungi and humus sewn-. ' United States. Speaking to a birth-control
of both history and geography (and. here tfal to fortuity
.
..ue poor ,+uunportation created about one-Iourth of the population is less
monts applied to the entire region). After : by goographlo barriers, south America Is a than 10 years old. A largo portion of the
Bolirar put' to flight the Spanish colonial ..oa
t
,
a,
s
a
co
 26548 Sanitized - AN FAt I ROIA-ROfA'f*00149RO09cWD43Q,2.?g95
production; rather, it is essentially a con-
sumer.
"This means that the working force has a
heavier burden to bear. Because a higher
percentage of production must be consumed
on the necessities of life, there Is less avail-
able to invest In farms and factories that
are needed to increase production."
In 1060, the United Nations estimated, the
housing deficit in Latin America was 40 mil-
lion units; this shortage is increasing in pro-
portion to the population boom, despite
frantic homebuilding projects under the Al-
liance for Progress. The Latins also must
find teachers and classrooms for another 400
million persons who will pass through child-
hood between now and 2000. Urban centers,
with a 14-percent average annual growth
rate, must provide transportation, streets,
electricity, sewerage.
A NEW SOCIETY
Thus, then, Is posed the Latin dilemma:
A continent aware of its shortcomings and
misery, and groping for a solution. Three
pathways, appear open to Latin leaders, each
overlapping the other in part, and each with.
the same goal, a new society.
The makeup of that new society-and one
is coming, most Latin American scholars
agree-is the crucial question, from the
U.S. point of view. The paths reaching to-
ward it are commuism and/or state social-
ism; rebuilding under the Alliance for Prog-
ress, with US. leadership, in fact if not in
form; or a uniquely Latin creation of a new
force, neither pure democracy nor pure so-
cialism, but one which can cope with the
problems of a continent. In order, here is an
assessment 'of the present status and future
of each path.
armed expeditions against several other
Caribbean countries also ruled by military
strongmen. All failed, and the Organization
of American States, the regional peacekeeping
group, slapped Castro's wrists. Castro then
launched upon a different . tack, subtler in
tone. The State Department lists four main
channels for his activity:
The formation of front groups both in the
United States and Latin America in the guise
of friendship societies or committees for the
defense of the Cuban revolution. Lee
Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President
Kennedy, was a member of one of these
fronts, the Fair Play for Cuba Committee.
An Intensive propaganda program, using
Prensa Latina, a Cuban news wire service,
and powerful radio transmitters. One broad-
cast series, "Radio Free Dixie," is aimed at
southern Negroes in the United States.
Covert material support, largely financial,
to subversive groups abroad, is funneled in
through diplomatic corridors. Small boats
from Cuba also haul arms to revolutionists
in other Latin countries, principally Vene-
zuela.
Indoctrination and training of hundreds.
of Lati,i Americans in Cuba, including
schooling in sabotage, terrorism, and guer-
rilla tactics. The trainees, mostly in their
late teens and twenties, go to Cuba via
Prague ostensibly to study agricultural or
industrial techniques. Once there, however,
they are put through realistic offensive and
defensive exercises, taught how to survive in
the jungles and given weapons and map in-
struction. They are also schooled in the art
of infiltrating and subverting student, labor,
and other groups in their own countries.
TERROR IN VENEZUELA
Communism is not a newcomer to Latin Edwin M. Martin, former Latin American
America. Parties were formed there as long expert in the State Department, said in a talk
ago as 1010, generally on the periphery of the oI. this problem, "Venezuelans seem to be
labor movement. In 1035 the Reds were' the most numerous national group among
strong enough in Brazil to attempt a coup.. these trainees, and we do not consider it
which collapsed in 1 day. But only in the sheer coincidence that Venezuela's, demo-
last decade has the Red influence among - cratic government and the Venezuelan people
Latins become a concern to the United ? are being subjected most heavily to the ter-
States. - In 1954 the Central Intelligence rorist and guerrilla activities of the Castro
Agency was instrumental in overthrowing a Communists in that country."
Communist-alined government in Guate- Cuba's technique for Latin insurrectionists
mala which was importing arms from Soviet- is based on three premises:
bloc nations. A guerrilla band, by its very existence, can
The Communists got their strongest foot- create a revolutionary situation where none
hold beginning in 1959, when guerrillas led existed -previously. Peasants, not urban
by Fidel Castro, then 32 years old, overthrow, workers, make up the revolutionary force
Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. The in Latin America. (Here Cuba differs from
Castro regime started as a broad-based pop- the Soviet concept and alines with the Com-
ular front, but soon disintegrated into a, munist Chinese, who support agrarian rather
Communist movement. As Castro set about than urban revolution.) Lastly, a guerrilla
broad sections of the middle -and upper The State Department, as a matter of na-
classes who had aided-his revolution against tional policy, works briskly to counter Cas-
the corrupt Batista. tro s export of revolution. And it claims
TRAPPINGS OF COMMUNISM - - weaken ? "' ?1p "L1 oeC au'.
tempts ts to to weaken and discredit it the Cuban
The CIA this time wasn't Successful in its Government.
attempt to toss out a Red government. The October 1062
i
i
1
cr
s
s
n which former
,, Cuban exiles, organized and armed by the Soviet Premier Khrushchev capitulated to
CIA, attempted an invasion of Cuba in April, President Kennedy and withdrew potentially
3961, but were repulsed by Castro's militia offensive missiles, "proved to be of inesti-
and army. Some 1,200 men were captured, mable value in unmasking the Castro regime,
to be ransomed a year later in exchange for previously regarded by many as a model for,
drugs and medicines. In May 1961, Castro. a new Latin American revolution, as just
declared he was a Marxist and Cuba took one more tool of Moscow." The confronta-
on the trappings of a Communist state, with tion displayed that the then-Soviet leader-
the hammer and sickle flying over public ship was not ready to risk nuclear war to
buildings and Soviet-bloc weapons In the % protest Latin comrades.
hands of its soldiers and militilimen, (In the framework of the Sino-Soviet poi-
-Externally, Fidel Castro's strategy has been icy split, the backdown was costly to the so-
consistent since 1050-that of converting the vista. The Venezuelan Communist Party,
Andes Into the "Sierra Maestro of the. for instance, immediately switched to a
Americas," alluding to the mountain range -policy of revolution through violence, as ad-
which sheltered his 2-year-long guerrilla war vocated by the Chinese, rather than revolu-
against Batista's numerically puperior army. tion through political change, as advocated
Castro's tactics, however, have reflected. by the Soviets. There were similar splin-
sophisticated flexibility. +.rs f th R
o
,
a
on
n Br
his triumph over Batista. Castro hurled and Chile.)
Sanitized -Approved For. Release :' CIA-RDP75 001.4980001008300'22-9
e
e da from Soviet to Chinese orl-
In the first 6 months of 1960
flushed with ent
ti
i
azil, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador,
The State Department also claims it is
gradually bankrupting Cuba, saying. "The
ineptitude of Cuban leaders, coupled with
- the success of our efforts to deprive Cuba of
access to the industrialized markets of the
free world, has brought about serious eco-
nomic deterioration in the Island." The
::nited.States won't trade with Cuba; ships
from other nations which call there aren't
admitted to U.S. ports. Nonetheless, United
States allies such as Great Britain and Can-
ada trade regularly with Fidel Castro, and he
uses the economic shortages as a rallying'
point for anti-U.S. propaganda.
ANTIGDESRILLA TRAINING
To help Latin governments protect them-
selves against Castro terrorists and subver-
Sion, the United States trains military ahd
police personnel in riot control and counter- i
guerrilla tactics. These courses are given at
U.S. military schools at Fort Gulick, in the
Canal Zone of Panama, and at Fort Bragg,
N.O.
Martin noted, however, that guns and po-
lice aren't the sole antidote for Castroism.
"Theoretically we could put vast amounts of
arms and riot equipment into Latin Ameri-
can hands today (he was talking in 1063) to
stamp out rebellion and to shoot down the
Communist leaders and followers. But into
whose bands would we put these arms? How
can we be sure that the riot quellers of today
will not be the rioters tomorrow? What good
are arms and security controls in a perma-
nently unstable society?"
(Martin was prophetic. During the last
year a sizable portion of the Guatemalan
Army has been tied down fighting a guerrilla
leader named Marco Antonio Yon Sosa. head
of the Movimiento Revolucionario 13 do No-
viembre-MR-13. Yon Sosa, who is opposing
the military rule of Col. Enrique Peralta
Azurdia, is a graduate of the U.S. anti-
guerrilla school at Fort Gulick.)
DOMINICAN INTERVENTION
The existence of a Communist state only
90 miles south of Florida is a political embar-
rassment to the United States amid one which
it doesn't want to see repeated elsewhere.
For that reason President John.:on respond-
ed quickly last April when he got informa-
tion, later questioned, that Communists
threatened to take control of a revolt in the
Dominican Republic. He dispatched 18,000
U.S. marines and soldiers in a unilateral ac-
tion which was roundly denounced by other
intervention-wary Latin states.
The State Department's generally alarmist
view of Communist subversion in Latin
America isn't universally accepted by other
authorities. Juan Bosch, the only freely
elected president in the history of the Do-: `
minican Republic (he was thrown out by a
coup In September 1963, 9 months after he
took office) claims rightists use the word
"communism" as a tarbrush with which to
smear opponents. Bitter over the U.S. Inter-
vention in his country; Bosch wrote in Sat-
urday Review last summer:
"Today there has Spread over the countries
of America a fear of communism that is lead-
ing us all to kill democracy for fear that
democracy Is the mask of communism."
Bosch maintains that a democratic society,
and its accompanying guarantees of freedom,
ultimately will smother communism,
.. Another dissenter is Ernst Halperin, re-
search associate at the center for interna-
tional studies at Massachusetts Institute ,of
Technology, who says flatly that the chances
of a Communist-dominated regime are slim
indeed in Latin America.
Halperin supports his thesis with conclu-
sions that differ sharply from the popular
image of Latin America. The poverty-plenty
contrast, while frightening to the outsider,
isn't necessarily the harbinger of social cata-
clysm, Halperin maintains.
Why? Halperin argues: The city slums are
many, cuts above the rural poverty from
 October 20, 1 Sanitized - TRA;SgiD CIA 6 5-00149R000100830' a9 -
whence came their inhabitants. Despite the industry would put $10 billion additional Into Berle, U.S. negotiator when this treaty was ~
squalor, there are health centers and other Latin America. signed, says a "coup" aided and abetted from
social services, and also chances for jobs and The U.S. dollars, as Mr. Kennedy put It, outside is considered an armed attack, and
eventual homeownership, were to satisfy the basic needs of the Latin give rise to the right of defense by other
Strong unions on the docks and In the American people for homes, work and land.. nations.
railroads and oil fields, have created a rela- health and schools. With this help the Al- The State Department's Thomas Mann
tively well-paid middle class which acts as fiance planners hoped the Latin nations thinks the 'Alliance is beginning to make
a counterbalance to Communist agitation. would be able to increase their industrializa- headway, opinions of other observers not-
Marxism, which calls for the overthrow of tion to the level of that of Western Europe. withstanding. In his 1964 report to Prosi-
tho existing order as a means of Improving Their target was a 2.5 percent increase in dent Johnson he spoke of a "new unity of
man's lot, has a hollow ring. The alum the gross national product. purpose in making the Alliance not just a
dwellers, according to Halperin (who studied The dollars had strings tied to them when statement of goals but a reality."
them firsthand for 2 years), are more com-' they went southward. Unless Latin govern- Mann also threw in a line which Latins
fortablo than they were on the farm, and ments agreed to tax the local tycoons on a - upset over the Dominican intervention might
"cannot be made to believe that revolution realistic scale (and actually make colloo- find puzzling: "We need better understand-
is necessary to achieve the further material tions), and carve up nonproductive haciea- tag of the Impedimenta to progress and a -
meet, and in politics they tend, to support dictatorships in Paraguay, Ratti, Ecuador, and enduring foundations of progress In free=
the man who is in a position to provide such Bolivia and Guatemala; government vanished dom can be laid."
improvement, even if he is a dictator or a altogether' in the Dominican Republic last A THIRD FORCE
politician with an unsavory record." . April 24 and didn't reappear until Septem-
Halperin cites results of three recent else- ' ber. The idealism of the Alliance didn't take - What, then; is the alternative path that
tions to question the Communists' appeal . into account the preference any incumbent Latin Americans can choose instead of Cas- -
in the slums: the 1963 Peruvian presidential Latin power has for the status quo. troism or the Alliance for Progress? ( ' ? -
race, where the slum districts of Lima, worst To Latins, the Alliance's disappointment is Observers see a dynamic third force making
in Latin America, voted for Gen. Manuel Od- -.doubly biting because they expected so much Itself felt-Christian Democracy, which has .
r1a, most conservative of four candidates;. from It. as Its tenets the Papal encyclicals advocating
the Venezuelan presidential election a few RMUCTANT INVESTORS social and economic justice for tho.under-
months later, when Arturo Uslar Pietri, con-,. Business has shied from Investment in privileged masses of the developing nations
sbrvativo intellectual and pusiness candidate, Latin America, reflecting fears both of gov- The Social Democrats, in 1064, won the
got a majority of the Caracas alum votes; ernmental instability and of Communist presidency of Chile when Eduardo net Mon- ?
, talva beat a Marxist candidate; they are also , . ,
and in Chile, in 1904, when Christian Demo- terrorists who regularly blast U.S. oil instal-
crat Eduardo not Montalva won over Marx- lations in Venezuela. The no-compensation 'Strong and growing In Venezuela Peru, Bra-
by
l
S
the Santia
1
o
a
vador """'? W
interests with the Roman Catholic Church,
st
g
` ------
----- ---
Valparaiso alums. tro Is a raw memory for U.S. businessmen.
Latins themselves prefer to send their extra ' but it is not a church movement. Leadership
GUERRILLAS' ADVANTAGE dollars to the United States or Europe for . in social reform by young Catholic priests
The great imponderable, however, is the safekeeping or investment. In Latin America gives the church a bond
future of the scattered guerrilla bands such Of the.17 countries which signed the Al- with the Christian Democrats-yet similar
as that led by Yon Soso, in Guatemala, Ralph - liance charter, only 7 met the 2,6 percent ` support comes from the Latin American',
Sanders. associate professor of political set- growth goal In 1064. But one of the seven,, Episcopal Church.
once at the College of the Armed Forces, Bolivia, was gripped with political chaos, and ? ? Christian Democracy is both an alterna-
wrote recently: "The available evidence in- another, Argentina, still shows a 1.1 percent ~ tivo and a safety valve. It permits young
dieatcs that insurgents can operate with : decrease for the past 6 years. In the last university students to be critical of the
relatively little popular support. The as- decade the Latin share of exported goods on existing order (even capitalism) without re- , , ? .
sistanco of a fraction of the population to the world market slumped from 11 to 6 per- verting to the extreme of communism. . j
provide sustenance and Intelligence is suf-. cent. Frei's motto in Chile, for instance, was
ficlent as long as the remainder of the local, There is a semblance of compliance in some "Revolution with Liberty," and he has been
"
inhabitants do not actively oppose him.
nations with a key pledge of the Alliance'' carrying out left-of-center policies which
Roger IIIleman, former Director of Intelii- , charter: "To reform tax laws, demanding. mesh the Alliance for Progress with Chilean
gonco and Research for the State Depart- more from those who have the most, to pun- , Ideas about the future of their hemisphere.
meat, led an effective partisan movement in ,ish tax evasion severely, and to redistribute To Latin Americans Christian Democracy
Burma during the Second World War with the national income in order to benefit those, stands as ii "solution" that is essentially
10 percent of the people pro-West, 10 percent . who are most In need." Guatemala, although Latin American-suited to their history,
procncmy, and the rest "indifferent Or run by a military clique, took In $9 million ''temperament and special conditions.
turned Inward toward their own family and the, first year a graduated income tax was . The growth of Christian Democracy bears
village." The latter category encompasses In effect. Peru is giving 611,000 acres of An- out beliefs of men such as Ernst Halperin
much of rural Latin America today. dean land to 14 Indian communities built that communism has no spiritual appeal to
The four largest Communist parties in , upon it. - Latins, and of such men as Tannenbaum
Latin America (exclusive of Cuba, where Yet several Latin authorities now maintain that the existing order will not change Itself.
membership is estimated at 35,000) are Ar- that the United States 'violated the basic . ,. ' ? 'MEXICAN SYSTEM
gentina (G0,000 to 70,000), Brazil (30,000, plus- principle of the Alliance by its intervenion But even Christian Democracy pales in
160,000 to 200,000 sympathizers), Chile (26,- in the Dominician crisis in the spring. Jo- comparison to the unique Mexican system of
000 to 30,000) and Venezuela (30,000). . , seph Grunwald of the Brookings Institution, government
which combines elements of
,
More numbers, . however, aren't the sole , a nonpartisan Washington research institute, democracy, socialism and aristocracy. Frank
yardstick of Communist Influence. Commu- said of this: Brandenburg of American University, writing
nists helped keep alive the anti-United States "There is no more pretense. The Alliance In Orbls, called the Mexican power structure I
d
d i
1
tri
l
'
ea
n some coun
s
es a
It
turmoil in Panama in early 1064 over whether
ready.s just simply, "The revolutionary family."
flags of both Panama and the United States another aid program. For intellectuals, it's ? . The usual head of the family is the presl-
should be displayed In the Canal Zone. The dead as a revolutionary image. Even right- dent, assisted by about 20 favorite song-na-
Communist-Influenced tin miners' union in . ista "can't tell the difference between our tional and regional politicians, wealthy in-
Bdllvia has kept that unhappy ndtion in response there and that of Communists in a '? dividuals, some labor leaders and Intel-
chaos for more than a year. The danger in similar situation." lectuals. There are subgroups of business,
communist intermingling with any move RIGHT OF DEFENSE the professions, the press, veterans' groups,,
went feeding on emotionalism is that the Latins opposed to the Dominican inter- and the government bureaucracy itself. The
nods could be hurled into leadership if estab- vents cite artscie Sb ,. tl h t f th . head of the fm11 b At t f d - tl
on o Ie
a
r
n o
y, y
c a. e
o e
c ng Ie
lished order collapses.
Organization of American States, to which relative power of these vested interests,
ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS the United States is a signatory: "No state or names the President, who serves for a solo
- i '
Put concisely, the Alliance for Progress Is group of states has the right to intervene, di- ' 6-year term. (The election is through the
(or was) an attempt by the United States to ' rectly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, machinery of the Party of Revolutionary In-
"a:sist free men and free governments in in the Internal or external affairs of 'any stitutions or PRI, which'collects moro than ?
casting off the chains of poverty" in Latin other state. Tho foregoing principle pro- '00 percent of the vote in any national ballot-
America, using President Kennedy's inau- hibita not only armed forces but also any ing.) The president, In effect a dictator for
gural address phraseology. The Latin na- other form of interference-or attempted ' 6 years, names state and municipal heads and ' '
'
-
lions (excepting Cuba) signed the charter of
threat against the personality of the state has a rubber-stamp legislature at his service.
.
tho Alliance August 17, 1961, In Y'unta del or against Its political, economic and cul Economically, the revolutionary family
Late, a Uruguayan resort town. The cost over tural elements.' permits a mixture of state ownership and
d
d
a
eca
e was put at $100 billion, of which Another OAS treaty, however, gives meat- ' private enterprise, and a social welfare system
the United States would provide $10 billion' bor States the right to defend each other unsurpassed anywhere else In Latin America.
in public funds. * hopefully, U.B. private` against an armed attack from outside.,Adolf Brandenburg, . writes, ..''Parochial. ?- and
 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP75-00149R000100830022-9
nnttntlred Interests are subneraed to t n.
by a deep sense of pride in his nationality, {
the Mexican fuses patriotism with humanism,
in a way that redounds to the common and,
individual good."
The state, for Instance, owns the oil and! electric power industries and railroad and.
telegraph systems; slaughterhouses and
public marketplaces. Public 'and private'
ownership compete In steel, paper, chemicals,.
and electrical products. Private enterprise
has as Its preserve the hotel, glass and;
aluminum industries, among others.
The ruling elite is dedicated to social pro- i
gress-but "keep its feet on firm political,'
social and economic ground when issues con-;
cerning expansion of social security benefits.,
labor rights and public welfare measures are;
Mexicans are fond of saying that other
its system, but Brandenburg maintains this J
is not necessarily true. The main point, he;
suggests, is that "Mexico found a workable+
solution based on its own inheritance and on!
Its need and realities. This is the key tol
development elsewhere in Latin America."
Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP75-00149R000100830022-9