THE NEW LBJ: A TOUGHER LINE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP75-00001R000100090074-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: November 11, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 5, 1999
• Sequence Number: 74
• Publication Date: May 3, 1965
• Content Type: NSPR

3,
Sanitized - Apprnvpd Fnr Release : C_IA-RIDP75-fl
U. S. News g World Report
VOLUME LVIII-No. 18 WASHINGTON, D.C.
THE N EW LBJ:
TOUCHER LINE'
CPYRGHT
-USN&WR Photo
AKISTAN'S AYUB KHAN. After edging
loser to Red China and Russia, an Asian
illy found U.S. patience running out
nd door to White House suddenly shut.
-Black Star Photo
EGYPT'S NASSER. There's no rush
to meet his latest request for
more aid dollars. U.S. purse no
longer is to be open for all comers.
INDIA'S SHASTRI. He also found
LBJ's door temporarily closed,
after echoing Red demands that
U. S. change course in Vietnam.
CPYRGHT
Word has gone out from the
White House-old ways of deal-
ing with "friends" are being
changed. The new way: Coun-
tries that want American friend-
ship are expected to earn it.
Some world leaders are al-
ready getting the message.
A real and important, if sometimes
subtle, change is occurring in U. S. atti-
tude and in policy toward the outside
world.
The change may reflect the coming
end to an era.
President Johnson is making it clear
that the U. S., from now on, is not to
go around the world trying to buy
friends or beg for love. Those who want
U. S. friendship will be expected to
earn it. Blackmail seems to be barred.
Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, is in
full agreement with the changing White
House policy.
In U. S. "doghouse." Pakistan, an
ally and once a favored friend of the
U. S., is to feel the effect of the change.
India, accustomed to special treatment,
has had a hard slap on the wrist. Only
the most tenuous ties remain with Indo-
nesia. Nasser's Egypt is being forced to
stew while waiting for new aid.
The President has not been pleased
by the attitude or actions of Lester
Pearson, Prime Minister of a Canada
fully dependent on U. S. for its defense.
Any foreign leader who sounds off crit-
ically in public about U. S. actions in
Vietnam can expect to end up in the
White House "doghouse."
President Ayub Khan of Pakistan and
Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri of
India both were told on recent days
that planned visits to Washington at
(continued on next page)
FOIAb3b
-USN&WR Photo
BRITAIN'S WILSON. At home, Laborite
Prime Minister is under heavy fire for
supporting U.S. stand in Asia. In Wash-
ington, the welcome mat was rolled out.
for a May visit still stands. Korea, de-
spite troubles at home, is pitching in with
troops to 'help the U. S. in Vietnam.
ITALY'S MORO. He has just
enjoyed the kind of greeting
LBJ is giving U.S. supporters.
-USN&WR Photo
ed For Release : CIA-RDP4000
 Sanitized - Apprd~e`PFgl eIease : CIA-RDP75-00001 R0001 00090074-7
U. S. News 6 World Report
_..-.-_...a_n-dY -:zed. - Approveef For Release : CIA-RDP75-00001 R000100090074-7
mfr -~ESYG-a WORLD ASPOPI Mo, 2, -0
continued from .
C preceding page
this time would not be welcomed. Pres-
ident de Gaulle of France learned some
time ago that U. S. considers unfriendly
some of his attitudes and actions, both
in Europe and in Southeast Asia. De
Gaulle, supposedly one of the major
U. S. allies, actually is a major irritant-
and being treated as such.
At the same time, the welcome mat
has been out for Harold Wilson, Prime
Minister of Britain. Britain is fully back-
ing the U. S. in Vietnam. Aldo Moro,
AID from America will continue to flow,
but new standards will apply in future.
Premier of Italy, has just enjoyed un-
usual hospitality and attention at the
hands of President Johnson. Italy is de-
scribed as a faithful friend.
Gen. Chung Hee Park, President of
South Korea, is to be welcomed to
Washington in May. South Korea, with
troubles of its own, still is finding a way
to help out in South Vietnam.
President Johnson has made it clear
to intimates that he is disturbed by the
behavior of some national leaders who
profess friendship for the U. S., accept
large amounts of aid, and then 'either
give comfort to the enemy or take ac-
LBJ'S NEW TOUGH LINE
The President has said privately that
so long as he is President nobody is go-
ing to insult this nation and get a hand-
shake in return.
LBJ: no "sugar daddy." As the in-
fluential "Times of India" put it: Presi-
dent Johnson may want to make it ap-
parent by recent actions that "he is not
a sort of sugar daddy to dole out eco-
nomic or military assistance to countries
which not only do not support American
,,policies, but openly criticize them."
. Ayub Khan of Pakistan is being re-
ferred to as a classic example..
On a per capita basis, Pakistan has
enjoyed about twice as much U. S. aid
as India, another beneficiary of large-
scale assistance. Pakistan's armed forces
are equipped with American weapons.
Large-scale development projects have
been financed by the U. S. After all of
that, Ayub Khan has been edging closer
and closer to Red China and Russia.
In April of 1964, Pakistan gale Red
China her first direct air link to the
West. In March of 1965, President Khan
spent a week in China and wrote in the
visitors' book of the Museum of the Rev-
olution in Peiping: "It did my soul
good to see how a dedicated people
stf.uggled under a wise and dedicated
leadership to find salvation."
Early in April, 1965, the Pakistani
.President spent 10 days in Russia.
Yet Pakistan is a member of the
South East Asia Treaty Organization
and, as U. S. sees it, should be helping
with defense of South Vietnam against
attack by Communists from the North
who are supported by Red China.
The "shock." While Ayub Khan was
going ahead with plans to visit the
U. S. in late April, probably to ask for
more U. S. help, President Johnson gave
him the "shock treatment." Khan was
told to put. his visit off. The implica-
tion: Mend your ways first.
The case of India is somewhat the
Again, President Johnson, in effect,
said: Not now. Bring it up later.
The lesson in these two instances
seemed to American officials to be that
billions of dollars in aid, and efforts of
the U. S. to be helpful in every way
have purchased no allies and produced
no assurance of friendship.
Payoff for aid. Indonesia's Sukarno
Is being cut off from all aid now, but
only after U. S. accepted a variety of in-
sults, assaults and property seizures. Su-
karno, betting on American defeat in
Southeast Asia, is aligning himself close-
ly with Red China and is waging war
against British-supported Malaysia.
The U. S. helped to get the Dutch to
give up the rich islands that now con-
stitute Indonesia. Later, the U. S. did
what it could to force the Dutch to give
to Indonesia their half of the vast island
of New Guinea. Indonesia has had much
U. S. aid. In return, U. S. libraries have
been burned, Americans subjected to in-
sult and attack and American properties
seized.
So here was one more lesson, as U. S.
officials see it, of the strange rewards
that flow from generosity and support.
Egypt's Nasser is another case of
much the same type. U. S. complaints
against Nasser keep piling up. He
opened Africa to Russian penetration.
He ran guns to leftist rebels in the Con-
go, where U. S. is trying to help keep
order. Nasser let the East German Com-
munists get their first toehold in the
Middle East, continues to fight in Ye- ?
en, and opposes American policy in
ietnam.
Aid to Nasser s . Egypt in the past
totaled a billion dollars. In return, the
Kennedy Library in Cairo was attacked
and destroyed, with damage of $400,-
000. U. S. has still to collect. All the
while, Nasser is engaging this country in
drawn-out bargaining over the cost.
.same. U.S. taxpayers have put up or. for 450 millions more in aid. He is still
promised nearly 5 billion dollars to help waiting. Indications are that any aid
the Indians. India herself was attacked will be doled out on the basis of condi-
by Red China not long ago. tions met, rather than on the basis of
If the Communists overrun Southeast hoped-for friendship to be purchased.
Asia, India will be flanked and her "Guidelines" for friendship. There's-
neck probably will be on the block. a change in Washington, a tougher line.
Yet India's Shastri has echoed the de- An era of easy handouts seems now to
mand of Communists that U. S. stop be coming to an end.
bombings of North Vietnam and has' In the future, countries that want
given no support of even a token nature , ? help and friendship from the U. S. ap-
to U. S. efforts to resist aggression by parently will be expected to return both
Communists in South Vietnam. in fuller measure than in the past.
It was against that background' that
the Indian Prime Minister intended to Official thinking behind new U. S.
pay an official visit to Washington to re- policy-inside story, page 31; where
Back in January, Nasser put in a bid
 George' W. Ball
CPYRGHT
William P. Bundy
CPrRGIf~SIDE WORD: THE WORLD
CyR~AS SEEN BY WASHINGTON'
With a new, tougher foreign policy shaping up at the White House, it is.now pos-
sible to get a first-hand look at how the President's chief advisers are measuring the
world's crisis areas-and the thinking that lies behind U. S. strategy.
This is the official U. S. appraisal of problems raised by the war in Vietnam, by'
Red China ... De Gaulle in Europe ... the Middle East ... and other issues.
Top-ranking U. S. officials on recent days presented to the
nation's editors background briefings sizing up the world
outlook as it appears to this country.
These briefings were not publicly reported.
Officials who gave editors an inside look at the affairs of
today's world included Dean Rusk, Secretary of State;
George W. Ball, Under Secretary of State; William P. Bun-
dy, Assistant Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs, and other top
diplomatic and military leaders.
In what follows you are given in capsule form the informa-
tion that was received by editors in Washington in meetings
and seminars over a two-day period.
To prove Russia right. On the over-all world situation,
a high official gave this picture:
Either Soviet Russia or Red China would try to "do in"
the U. S. at the first sign that it seemed safe to do so.
The U. S. job is to make certain that neither ever gets the
idea that the risk is worth taking.
Both Russia and Red China are "cocky." When Castro in
Cuba handed her the opportunity, Russia moved its strategic
power, in the form of nuclear-tipped missiles, into the West-
ern Hemisphere.
U. S. accepted the challenge at that time and showed that
this country would not knuckle under to nuclear blackmail.
Now the tactics of Communists have shifted to "wars of
liberation." At the moment they are split on strategy.
China has said all along that it is safe to infiltrate men
and arms across frontiers to fight these wars. China said U. S.
would not react. Russia disagreed and warned there was too
much risk of U. S. military intervention.
In Vietnam, U. S. is trying to prove. that Russia is right on
this point; to show that this type of aggression does not pay,
and to try to make China give it up.
Isolation is out. And why does U. S.'take on this job
far away from home?
The answer given: Like it or not, U, S. is the only power
in the non-Communist world strong enough to do the job-in
Vietnam or elsewhere. No other nation can contain the power
either of Red China or Russia, or both. If the U. S. lets up,
then China or Russia, or both, will move.
Therefore: If we do not like the responsibilities, we will
have to give up the power. So far, U. S. shows itself pre-
ferring the power more than it dislikes the responsibilities
(continued on next page)
else F.rC A 75ePDQQr&- RQIQ0i100090074;PYRGHT
shapers of foreign policy: a frank
appraisal of America's problems in
a world full of increasing dangers.
CPYRGHT
U. S. NEWS & WORLDS TrtT2tb196Approved For.Release : CIA-RDP75-00001" R000100090074-7 31
 U. S. News ?WN qMp'Approved For Release : CIA-RDP75 _1 14 A
WORLD AS SEEN BYfi WASHINGTON
CPYRGHT
[continued from preceding page]
1
that go with it. Isolation, as a result, is out.
in Europe to contain Russia. The fight goes on in Vietnam.
The Seventh Fleet stays in Asiatic waters. Aid goes to
African and other countries to help them meet the threat of
Communists.
A dangerous time. On the outlook for war or peace:
The present period is difficult and very dangerous, yet the
"feeling is that the prospect for general war with Russia is
not on the horizon.
Southeast Asia, however, is a test.
China wants Southeast Asia; still it seems not sure that it
is ready to risk a big war to satisfy that' desire. The outlook
for general war relates to whether the desire to grab South-
east Asia outweighs the unreadiness to accept general war.
Ready for anything. When it comes to the situation in
Vietnam:
The U. S. commitment in South Vietnam is a decade old
and is a serious commitment.
The U. S. is not going to be driven out by military action
from the North. The U. S. wants to avoid a big land war, but
is ready for anything, Thus the Reds have a grim road ahead
if they are determined to push along the lines they have been
following the last three or four years.
The U. S. will not stop bombing of North Vietnam on a
unilateral basis. We can stop if the Communists stop doing
some of the things they are doing. The war, in fact, could be
stopped "almost literally tomorrow" if the North would back
off. We have heard no signals that indicate they are willing
to stop anything.
Chief threat: Russia. Actually, Vietnam is not consid-
ered the most vital problem for this country.
The situation in Vietnam is serious, yes; but the chief
threat to America's security and standing in the world is re-
garded as coming from the world's only other superpower,
Soviet Russia.
Hope is that, someday, Russia will be persuaded to nego-
tiate seriously on German reunification and arms control.
Those are the two great issues to be settled. Not until they
are settled can the cold war be ended.
Relations with Russia were starting to get surprisingly bet-
ter until the Vietnam issue heated up.
Trade with Soviets was-and still is-given serious thought.
Nobody believes the Russians are going to make any signifi-
cant political concessions to get trade withal. S., but, coming
at the right time, trade might help create a better atmo-
sphere for serious talks.
Said one high official:
It would be wise for Congress to give the President the
right to trade with Russia at,. his discretion. Trade in
strategic goods would be excluded.
Russia's "equal" leaders. Who is really running Russia
As of now, Leonid I. Brezhnev and Alexei N. Kosygin ar
sized up roughly as true equals.
It took Khrushchev four years after Stalin's death to es
tablish himself as the first among equals in similar circum
stances. Inevitably, Russia will be ruled by one man-it coul
be Presidium strong man Nikolai V. Podgorny-but abrup
change seems not to be in the cards.
Maybe in 1970-. The U. S. attitude on Red China-
aside from Vietnam-is tough and getting tougher.
AO TSE-TUNG. Attitude of Red China's ruler and hi
onies toward U. S. "is one of monumental hatred. They hay
een troublemakers all their.lives and will be until they die.`
Main points: Don't relent anywhere in Southeast Asia
on't trade. with Peiping; don't renege on pledge to Nation
ist Chinese on Formosa.
No relaxation in toughness is seen so long as Mao Tse
ing and other old revolutionaries remain alive.
In the words of one official: They have grown hard an
i itransigent. Their attitude toward U. S. is one of mom
iental hatred. They have been troublemakers all their live;
rid will be troublemakers until they die.
After Mao? Some hope, if his successors realize that aggre
ion is not going to gain them anything.
This is regarded as a strong possibility: About 1970-t
ime when Chinese nuclear weaponry comes of age-t
eds may acquire a more prudent sense of how to band] 3
uch awesome power. Hope is that China also will have a -
uired some sense of respect for its neighbors.
A feud to deepen? Regarding the split between R
Thina and Russia, this point is driven home:
Gulf between the two is as wide as ever. And if Vietna
ver simmers down, Moscow and Peiping will probably mo
ven further apart.
The feud has this basic feature: Russia in 47 years of Co -
unism has created an advanced industrial society that t
oesn't want to see destroyed. Russians believe they ha e
none to gain than lose by keeping peace with U. S.
China is at a different stage of development, feels t e
need for an external enemy to keep up demands and pr -
ure on its own people. The U. S. is a handy whipping b (y
or getting more production from workers.
So: Russia is cautious; Chinese will carry a risk a ve y
ong way.
The big question is what happens if Red China and U. .
go to war.
From an expert: Chances are, Russia would stand aside At
first. But if it became a war in which Chinese were obviot s-
ly going to lose and if U. S. objectives seemed to threaten
Russia directly, then the Russians would come in on the si e
of China.
Red China, according to officials, seems to be proceedi g
on that basis.
The nuclear punch. U. S. military might is the ace in
the hole in dealings both with Red China and with Russia.
CIA-RDP75-00001 R0001T00MO)779T, May 3, 1965
 CPYRGHT
-Pictorial Parade Photo
CHARLES de GAULLE. French President is regarded as "big-
gest headache the U. S. has anywhere in the non-Communist
world." But American policy is not to lock horns with him now.
That might is based on nuclear weapons of many types, with
the intention clearly stated that, if forced, U. S. would use
them against an enemy.
In the Far East, only Red China's ground forces give of-
ficials cause for concern. Troops are not well equipped and
lack rapid transportation. But masses of Ivailable manpower
are called China's "ultimate weapon."
Becauae of the threat from Peiping, the U. S. Pacific base
on Okinawa is of extreme and growing importance. U. S. has
talked with the Japanese Government about staying there,
over opposition of left-wing groups. Agreement on that has
virtually been sealed.
a%DP75-00001 R0001 00090074-7
this pr,rir,cl of European history is greater than U. S. capa-
bility for initiative.
Thus: For the period just ahead, U. S. policy is to lie low
in Europe, refrain from pushing the multilateral nuclear
force, demanding bigger armies for the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization, or hammering away at unification of Western
Europe as an immediate political and economic goal.
The U. S. is determined, in the longer run, to resume an
active role in European affairs. The "mistake" of withdraw-
ing, as after World War I, is not to be repeated. Only U. S.
tactics have changed, not basic policy.
Three hot spots. Middle East is getting serious attention
as an area of brewing crisis, in the throes of revolutionary
change. Three of the hottest spots, as pictured by top officials:
Yemen. Conflict there shows signs of getting hotter still.
Egypt's Nasser is backing the revolutionary Government
with arms and men, while Saudi Arabia's King Faisal sup-
ports the Ousted Royalists.
Nasser seems determined to score a complete military vic-
tory in Yemen. He rejects peaceful negotiation that would
mean a hands-off agreement between Egypt and Saudi Ara-
bia. It's described as a touchy situation that could have dan-
gerous repercussions far beyond Yemen's borders.
Jordan Valley. The water dispute between Arabs and Is-
raelis is a major U. S. worry. It started when Israel tapped
the waters of Lake Tiberius for irrigation. The Arabs claimed
this was illegal. In retaliation, they have come up with a
scheme to divert the headwaters of the River Jordan to
Arab lands. Israel warns that this would reduce the lake to
unusable levels and force Israel to take military action.
Trouble could come in a matter of months, and it could be
nasty trouble that might escalate into another full-blown
Arab-Israeli war.
Cyprus. Crisis is now somewhat cooled, but could boil up
again quickly. The U. S. regards Cyprus as a major Middle
Eastern problem, involving two NATO members-Greece and
Turkey-plus an island that contains the most important
British base in the Eastern Mediterranean.
There's no indication that a genuine peace can be nego-
tiated, On the contrary, Greeks and Turks appear to have
hardened in their positions. It's a disturbing situation to
American policy makers.
Still up for grabs. The situation in Africa, from U. S.
view, is better than it has been in months. But the Reds are
hard at work to turn the situation around.
The feud between Red China and Russia has brought
more Communist activity in Africa, not less. They are bitter
competitors. Russia, as a result, is sending arms to countries
that otherwise might not have gotten them. Generally, Rus-
sians are appealing to governments, while Red Chinese are
wooing individual hotheads.
The African continent is still shaky, up for grabs. The
Chinese threat is more spectacular, but the Russian threat is
taken as the more serious.
If Russians struck-. When it comes to matching nu-
clear power with Russia, this information is put forward:
U. S. possesses three to four times as much nuclear strik-
ing power as Soviets. But there would be more American
than Russian casualties in a general war.
The reason: U. S. population is concentrated, Soviet popu-
lation is relatively dispersed. A Soviet "first strike" would
leave 100 to 150 million U. S. casualties. Pentagon estimate
is that 800 U. S. warheads sent against the Soviet Union in
retaliation would leave 100 million Russians either dead or
wounded.
U. S. casualties could be cut to about 40 million by a series
of defensive measures. In order of importance, these are:
fallout shelters, antimissile missiles, manned interceptors,
more intercontinental missiles and new manned bombers.
Enough shelters to save 30 million Americans would cost
5 billion dollars. Enough Nike X missile-killers to save 35
million lives would cost 20 billion dollars.
The Pentagon is not concerned that population density in
metropolitan areas makes U. S. more vulnerable than Russia.
There is utmost confidence that U. S. has enough power to
deter any sane Russian ruler from starting a nuclear war.
Headache in Europe. Charles de Gaulle of France is
marked as the biggest headache the U. S. has anywhere in
the non-Communist world.
The decision is not to tangle with De Gaulle at this time.
Officials are convinced France cannot dominate Europe,
where no nation apparently wants to- become a partner of
French policy. The problem for the U. S. Is not that De
Gaulle will prevail, but that his capability for obstruction at
U. NEWS & WORLD anlilrr c 65Approved For Relea
The brightest spot. Look around the world, and you
find the brightest spot for Americans is the closest to home-
in Latin America.
The tide has turned in the past year in favor of stability
in Venezuela, Brazil, Chile and British Guiana, and to a less-
er extent in Panama. The Alliance for Progress is exceeding
a growth rate set three years ago.
Castro, it's now fairly evident, has been rejected through-
out the Hemisphere as the answer to the problems of Latin
America.
Policy, now: Try to add to the forward progress of recent
 U. S. News ? Nlp - pproved For Release : CIA-RDP75-00001 R0001 00090074-7
AS VIETNAM WAR GETS BIGGER
CPYRGHT WHAT TO LOOK FOR NEXT
Red strategy in Vietnam is
bringing this prediction-
Start of the rainy season, just
ahead in South Vietnam, will
signal a major Communist of-
fensive on the ground
Target of the likely Red attack:
a key city in the upper third of
South Vietnam.
Objective: a big psychological
victory to counter U. S. bombing,
plus seizure of needed rice.
unobserved and free from attack by air.
This also is an area where the South
Vietnamese -Army is spread the thinnest,
and is most exposed to attack.
Aims of Red forces. Strategists say
the Communist objectives in a ground
assault in upper South Vietnam would
be these:
? To produce the illusion that South
Vietnam has been cut in half.
? To seize the rice crop in Binhdinh
Province. And, more important-
? To chalk up a resounding psycho-
logical victory by wiping out elements
of the Vietnamese Army and seizing;
even if only temporarily, a major city or
provincial capital in South Vietnam.
Tempting targets for Communist at-
SAIGON tack thus include the provincial capi-
A critical period in the war here ap-
pears to be drawing close.
Communist infiltration of troops and
arms is continuing at a high rate in
South Vietnam. -U. S. bombing of North
Vietnam, to date, is failing to hurt the
Communists significantly.
Just ahead is the rainy season, when
air activity will be reduced. It is in this
period that Communist forces seem sure
to mount their next offensive. Explosive
action on the ground then is
expected.
Only on the ground can the
Communists, weak in the air
and at sea, reply effectively
to U. S. bombing of North
Vietnam. Military observers
say a strong reply by the
Viet Cong guerrillas appears
inevitable.
The likely target area for
any major Red offensive at
this time covers the part of
South Vietnam that extends
from Quangtri, near the sev-
enteenth parallel, down to
Binhdinh, a third of the way
south along the coastline.
Most probable target for a
large ground attack is the re-
gion closest to North Viet-
nam and the Red-held pan-
handle of Laos.
Here, North Vietnamese
Regular Army troops could
be introduced quickly, and
supplies built up in a hurry.
Thick jungle and sparse pop-
ulation make it relatively.
easy for the Reds to move
tals of Quinhon, Kontum and Pleiku,
with even the" heavily defended port
city of Danang, guarded by U. S. ma-
rines, a possible target.
What U. S. plans now. In the face
of this approaching crisis in Vietnam,
steps to increase further the U. S. sup-
port for the war were announced in
Washington on April 21 by Secretary of
Defense Robert S. McNamara. This an-
nouncement, made at the White House,
followed a major strategy conference in
Hawaii of the U. S. military high com-
mand in the Pacific.
A sharp increase in U. S. military aid
to South Vietnam is to go into effect at
,once, Mr. McNamara said, raising the
total to be shipped during this budget
year from 207 to 330 million dollars.
U. S. air support is to be expanded, with
South Vietnam's forces increased by
100,000 to 160,000 men. Some increase
in U. S. troop strength in South Vietnam
is planned, as well.
How much the present U. S. forces in
South Vietnam will be stepped up is to
depend, the strategists say, on the size
and direction of the expected Commu-
nist offensive. Here now are 32,000
Americans, 8,000 of them marines.
Available as reinforcements on short no-
tice are 20,000 additional marines, plus
an Army division based on Okinawa
and Hawaii.
U. S. bombing of targets in North Viet-
nam, to date, has not had the effect that
American planners had hoped. After 11
weeks of intensive day-by-day bombard-
ment of military targets by U. S. Air
Force and Navy planes, the Viet Cong,
Hanoi and Peiping appear no closer now
U.S. BOMBING IN NORTH VIETNAM.-
4OW MUCH, HOW COSTLY, HOW EFFECTIVE
Since February 7, when U. S. bombing raids began-
2,435 bombing sorties have been flown by American airplanes against
targets in North Vietnam in 11 weeks.
THE COST TO U. S.:
35 aircraft lost, with-
20 Americans killed, missing or captured
THE RESULTS:
Naval base at Quangkhe 70.80 per cent destroyed
Munitions depot at Xombang 70.80 per cent destroyed
Major ammunition depot at Phuvan 90 per cent destroyed
Air base at Donghoi 90 per cent destroyed
20 radar sites damaged or destroyed
16 major bridges knocked out
5 troop-training areas damaged extensively
Source: U. S. Dept of Defense
to the conference table than
before.
There have been no signs
that North Vietnam has be-
gun withdrawing its forces
from the South. Communist
infiltration in recent months
has "increased at a high
rate," according to Secretary
McNamara.
To date, the Communists
apparently are convinced
that they can still win on
the ground in South Viet-
nam, without being hurt ir-
reparably by air attacks in
North Vietnam.
If bombing raids are still
considered a lever capable
of forcing Hanoi to leave
South Vietnam alone, then
sooner or later the U. S. is ex-
pected to move along to a
second stage. Logical targets
in any "second stage" air
offensive: factories, storage
depots, railway yards and
docks near populated cen-
ters, targets not primarily of
military importance. A de-
34 Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP75-000O'1LR0Q03>DGAIgi)07(4r,7May 3,1965
 U. S. News & Workt $ Pd - App
cision to go after targets of this kind can
be made only by President Johnson.
The decision to eliminate the "privi-
leged sanctuary" concept of the Korean
War already has been made, If Red
China should introduce its forces into
.,the Vietnamese war, this would prob-
ably lead to U. S. air attacks on China.
Both sides underestimating? The
most explosive factor at this crucial
stage of the war appears to be a tend-
ency by both sides to underestimate the
other's determination and the extent of
its commitment.
U. S. policy is firmly committed to
preventing a Communist take-over of
South Vietnam, with President Johnson
on recent record as willing to let the war
"escalate" as much as necessary to pre-
vent a Communist victory.
Yet both the Chinese Communists and
the North Vietnamese have just as big
.a stake in the outcome of war in South
Vietnam.
For Red China, failure in Vietnam
would be a disastrous setback in Mao
Tse-tung's most cherished programs-to
drive the U. S. out of Asia, "recover"
the Nationalist Chinese island of For-
mosa, spread the pattern of "revolution-
ary wars" and establish China's leadership
in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
North Vietnam's stake is smaller, but
its commitment is greater. North Viet-
nam, not China, is doing the fighting: In
the long run, North Vietnam's survival as
a Communist country not directly con-
trolled by Red China depends upon the
unification of the two Vietnams under
Communist leadership. For North Viet-
nam's Ho Chi Minh, there is little to
lose, everything to gain.
All available evidence right now in-
dicates that neither North Vietnam nor
Red China wants a final showdown with
the U. S., or a rapid escalation of the
war. But the Communists seem to be
just as determined as U. S. leaders are to
stick out the war.
Danger of the weather. What hap-
pens next, and when, depends now in
large measure upon the weather in this
tropical country. An important factor is
the approach of heavy rains in the
spring and summer.
Start of the rainy season varies, is
usually around the first part of May in the
Saigon and Hanoi areas. Peak of the sea-
son, the most hazardous time for air sup-
port in war, hits here around July and
August, with the season over in October.
Yet other parts of this small country have
vastly different rain patterns, with the
peak coming at other times.
The signs, however, all point to a ma-
jor Communist offensive to be launched
on the ground very soon, with a mili-
tary. showdown likely in the weeks just
ahead.
roved F~YirMsle : CIA-RDP75-00001 R00010009007-7
Captured Viet Cong guerrillas
COMMUNISM HAS MANY FACES
IN THE VIETNAM WAR
SAIGON
Maybe you are confused-as mil-
lions of people are-by the tangle
of names and roles on the Commu-
nist side of the war in Vietnam.
To help you sort them out-
Viet Cong. This term literally
translates into "Vietnamese Commu-
,nists." It is widely and loosely used
by Americans and others to describe
all Communist activity-military and
political-in South Vietnam.
The Communists themselves, do
not use the term. The Reds call
their military forces-from guerrillas
up to organized battalions and regi-
ments-the Liberation Army of South
Vietnam. These forces, counting
such so-called irregulars as terrorists
and regional guerrillas, have been
estimated at approximately 150,000
men.
National Liberation Front. This
is the Communists' political arm in
South Vietnam. It is, in effect, a
shadow government created by
North Vietnam and has no real sta-
tus in the South.
The Front's most powerful indi-
vidual is Tran Nam Trung, report-
edly a member of North Vietnam's
'Communist Party and a leader in the
war that drove out the French a dec-
ade ago. The Liberation Front
maintains offices in Peiping, Mos-
cow and several other Communist or
pro-Communist capitals.
North Vietnam. This is the part
of Vietnam now ruled by Commu-
nists under Ho Chi Minh.
Direct control over the Liberation
Front in the South is maintained by
the Central Committee of North Vi-
etnam's Communist Party through
Gen. Nguyen Van Vinh, a veteran
Red and. member of North Viet-
nam's Council of Ministers.
Vinh serves directly under the
Defense Minister, Gen. Vo Nguyen
Giap, who was the commander of
the Communist forces that defeated
the French at Dienbienphu.
Giap removed all doubt about
who was running the war in South
Vietnam less than a year ago when
he declared that "North Vietnam is
the base for revolutionary struggle of
the entire country."
Red China. Although the Chi-
nese Communists threatened for
months to send "volunteers" and
regular military forces into the war,
intelligence reports say that through
mid-April there was no evidence of
Chinese control or influence over the
Viet Cong in the South.
Most of the latest equipment of
the Viet Cong is composed of Chi-
nese copies of Soviet weapons.
Soviet Union. Except for propa-
ganda, the Russians have shown a
reluctance to get deeply involved
in Vietnam, despite goading by Pei-
ping. Now, however, Russians are
reportedly installing surface-to-air
missiles around Hanoi, the capital of
North Vietnam.
There is no evidence any Russians
are directly involved with the Viet
Cong in the South.
Buddhists. There is no open link
between the political monks and the
Communists, but the Communists,
themselves, have boasted about the
ease with which they infiltrate the
Buddhists.
The political monks control the
Institute for Secular Affairs in Sai-
gon. The leaders of the Institute
want three things: (1) a cease-fire,
(2) an American withdrawal, (3) ne-
gotiations between the Government
of South Vietnam and the Libera-
tion Front. The fact that these are
exactly the things the Communists
want does not seem to disturb the
political monks at all.
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 CPYRGHT CPYRGHT
U. S. New5p1 V(YdZTRelease : CIA-RDP75-00 01 R0001 000900
CLOSE-UP OF THE TEAM
QW RUNNING THE UOSO
The "Johnson era" in the White House now has come of age.
After a time of testing, the President's chief advisers seem secure
in their jobs. LBJ listens to the meny1isted here-and then acts.
C PYRGIT
term, President Johnson has his team of
top aides firmly established.
There are 16 men on this first team.
All have wide leeway in their fields. Yet
the President is firm on fixing policy
himself and insists that these policies be
adhered to unquestioningly.
Cabinet meetings are important again.
It is there that policies are explained
for all to understand. LBJ's goal is this:
Cabinet officers should speak with one
voice on Administration aims.
On LBJ's team are some,former mem-
bers of the Kennedy Administration.
Others are new men. Most are expected
to remain through Mr. Johnson's present
term. The top 16-
Secretary of State
DEAN RUSK
Secretary of State Dean Rusk is find-
ing that, under President Johnson, he is
expected to run his Department without
interference by anyone except the Presi-
dent himself. This was not the case dur-
ing the Kennedy Administration. Then,
half a dozen top officials helped run the
State Department.
Insiders say that because Mr. Rusk is
Secretary of State in fact as well as
name he has a new zest for the job-a
new feeling of confidence.
Other sources say that the foreign-
policy decisions Mr. Rusk recommends
are often tougher 'and "more daring"
than his closest friends thought he was
capable of a year or more ago.
Defense Secretary. -
ROBERT S.1 McNAMARA
An McNamara won presidential re-
pect in the early days of the Johnson
dministration. It was he who quickly
rovided a solution-a ceiling on mili-
ary spending - when the President
anted to pare his budget and convince
ongress a tax cut was justified.
Secretary McNamara's views are giv-
n careful study by the President. The
wo men have become close friends.
?tumors that Mr. McNamara might be
witched to another job are discounted.
Whether it is the war in Vietnam,
evelopment and positioning of weap-
ns, or U. S. relations with allies, the
resident, Mr. Rusk and Mr. McNamara
ork as a unit in deciding policy.
National Security Adviser
McGEORGE BUNDY
Mr. Bundy, as the President's Special
ssistant for National Security Af-
fairs, is a regular participant at the
weekly foreign-policy luncheons that Mr.
Johnson has with Secretaries Rusk and
36
`Rr * ft .wlr son meets with advisers .
McNamara. Although Mr. Bundy some-
times shapes policy, he is more co-ordi-
nator than policy maker. The big three
-the President, Mr. Rusk and Mr. Mc-
Namara-may evolve a score of policies
at these meetings. Mr. Bundy's opinions
are asked and are given consideration,
but his power is somewhat different
from the power he held under President
Kennedy. Then, Mr. Bundy and his
White House staff were often referred
to as "the little State Department."
Complaints. formerly were heard that
the Bundy group was in direct competi-
tion with Mr. Rusk. This is no longer so.
CPYRGHT
Vice President
HUBERT H. HUMPHREY
e ;t Vice President in history. Most o
s assignments are designed to tak
s me of the heavy burden of everyda
ork off Mr. Johnson's shoulders.
For example: Mr. Humphrey is Chair
an of the National Aeronautics an
S ace Council, of the President's Equa
Employment Opportunity Committe
a d of the National Advisory Council o
t e Peace Corps. He also co-ordinate
t e civil-rights and antipoverty pro
g ams. He is President Johnson's chic
li ison man on Capitol Hill.
The Vice President attends meeting
o the National Security Council, th
abinet and those the President hold
ith legislative leaders. He is briefe
defense and foreign policy. He con
f rs with the President in person or b
I o
one several times each day.
01?Sh1~OV~`dRI~TtEPCIRT?May 3, 1965
 CPYRGHT CPYRGHT
U. S. News & Wc9Wrftia d - AppCDg T Release : CIA-RDP75MR 010009007.4-7
Secretary of Commerce
JOHN T. CONNOR
Mr. Connor, recruited from the busi-
ness world to fill a Cabinet vacancy last
January, has quickly won his spurs in
the Johnson Administration. Insiders re-
port that Mr. Connor's success in organ-
izing business support of White House
moves to improve the U. S. balance of,
payments has convinced the President
that he selected the right man.
Greater responsibilities may lie ahead
for Mr. Connor. Mr. Johnson recently
told friends it might be possible to ex-
pand Commerce Department activities.
He did not say exactly what he had in
mind, but the President is known to
have hopes of streamlining the execu-
tive branch before leaving office.
Talent Scout
JOHN W. MACY, JR.
It is unique in Washington for the
Chairman of the Civil Service Commis-
sion to be linked with Cabinet officers
when important posts are discussed. But
such is the role of John W. Macy, Jr.,
in the Johnson Administration.
Mr. Macy's power is associated with
his job as "talent scout" for Mr. John-
son. The President personally has given
him the responsibility of picking per-
sons who will work out well in high-
ranking positions.
Almost all of the new men coming
into the Administration are chosen by
the President in co-operation with Mr.
Macy. The President sees nothing un-
usual or startling about this association.
Since Mr. Macy already is responsible
for recruiting of thousands of federal
employes, Mr. Johnson feels he is the
best man to search out top people for
political appointments as well.
"It's just Lyndon's way of working,"
e ways of the President. "He likes to
CPYRGHT
'reasury Secretary
ENRY H. FOWLER
hand-picked selection of President
ohnson after former Secretary Douglas
as warned Congress that it can go too
ar in cutting excise taxes. This tactic,
ome observers say, is indicative of Mr.
owlep's "conservatism."
A White House source, however, says
hat "the labels of `conservatism' and
liberalism' pinned on an individual
mean little in the Johnson Administra-
tion." The reason cited: "If a man
sounds `conservative' on a particular pol-
icy, it is because Mr. Johnson is .'con-
'
servative
on that particular policy. The
same holds for `liberal' ideas that are
.
Attorney General
CPYRGHT
NICHOLAS dell. KATZENBACH
When Robert F. Kennedy was At-
torney General in his brother's Cabinet,
he was, in effect, the "assistant Presi-
dent." Though Mr. Katzenbach is not
that, he has vital and demanding duties.
On him has fallen the vast job of po-
licing civil-rights laws-on schools, vot-
ing, jobs and public accommodations-
and of starting court actions when he
deems them necessary.
In that role, Mr. Katzenbach, no mat-
ter what he does, antagonizes many.
At the same time, he faces the ire of
usinessmen over the sweeping applica-
on of antitrust laws that has unfolded
Gently. Here his role consists of polic-
ing mergers in banking and industry,
tattling railroads, accusing firms of
"price-fixing." All this is one of the big-
gest sources of complaint of businessmen
er federal policy at this time.
In both these touchy fields, President
n nson will set strategy, but Mr. Kat-
bach will fight the battles.
Interior Secretary
TEWART L. UDALL
Ir. Udall, another holdover from the
ennedy "New Frontier," is described
y friends as "enchanted" with his job
nd the new challenges it offers. Left to.
in his department without interference,
e Secretary of the Interior has told
p officials that he wouldn't leave "on
bet."
Mr. Udall is finding that he can get
ings done with little red tape under
e Johnson regime. For instance, after,
my one discussion with the President on
the subject, unneeded land held by the.
Defense Department was turned over
o the Interior Department for parks.
e emphasis on conservation in the
`Great Society" also pleases Mr. Udall.
Agriculture Secretary
ORVILLE L. FREEMAN
CPYRGHT
ecretary of Agriculture Freeman, in-
iders report, feels that he is one of the
ew men who have held that position
'th the full understanding of the Pres-
dent. It looks as though he is in that
ob to stay fora while. Mr. Johnson's
ong experience in the Senate is said to
ave taught him that there are no easy
olutions to agricultural problems. For
(continued on next page)
WORLD %Qkl.
ift d L' Approved Fo e CIA-RDP75-00001 R000100090074-737
r C } FdH '
t all the responsibilities in one field
der one big tent."
 CPYRGHT
Spa ti - A prov6e PTOGRldlease : CIA-RDP75-00001 R000100090074-7
U. S. News or~~e-1 CPYRGHT CPYRGHT
CLOSE-UP OF THE TEAM
NOW RUNNING THE U. S.
CPYRGHT continued
this reason, Mr. Freeman is not under
pressure to develop answers overnight.
The President has referred to Secretary
Freeman's post as "the hardest job in
the Cabinet."
Labor Secretary
W. WILLARD WIRTZ
Secretary of Labor Wirtz has survived
one Cabinet crisis and now can be re-
who could work easily with the Presi-
dent. These reports are no longer heard.
Mr. Celebrezze's power, moreover, is
growing as the health, education and
welfare programs of the "Great Society"
make their way through Congress.
The President is said to be pleased
with the Secretary's administrative abil-
ities and in no mood to replace him.
Postmaster General
JC(g1Y/ LR%NgNOUSKI
ly in the Johnson days, it often
s rumored that Postmaster General
onouski would be leaving the Govern-
nt. That situation appears to have
nged as the President delegates more,
garded as one of the most stable of the a
LBJ team.
Mr. Wirtz was held in the highest es-
teem by the President during the 1964
presidential campaign. It was the Labor
Secretary 'who provided Mr. Johnson
most effective speeches.
Later, Mr. Wirtz quarreled with his
Under Secretary, John F. Henning..
This caused the President some embar-
rassment with labor. Insiders say, how- i
ever, that ties between Mr. Wirtz and yftl
Mr. Johnson have been mended and that
X4? Aa74-1- .. @. ,
CPYRGHT
Welfare Adviser
Secretary of Health, Education and
Welfare Celebrezze is another Cabinet
member who has survived a' difficult
transition from one Administration to
another.
In the early days of the Johnson Ad-
ministration there were reports that Mr.
is the final word. Before the Admiral
s accepted as a policy maker, insiders
ay, he will undergo a period of testing.
Economic Adviser
GARDNER ACKLEY
Mr. Ackley, Chairman of the Council
of Economic Advisers, is another choice.,
of. the late President Kennedy who ap-
parently is making good on the Johnson
team. His job is keeping track of the
growth of the U. S. and proposing cures
for undesirable gyrations.
While President Johnson still looks to
the Departments of Commerce and La-
bor and the Treasury for reports on eco-
riomic trends, Mr. Ackley is charged
with the job of giving swift warning of
any inflationary dangers.
Although Mr. Ackley is said to have
won Mr. Johnson's confidence in his
abilities, he still does not have the sta-
tus of his predecessor, Walter Heller.
Space Adviser
JAMES E. WEBB
As Administrator of the National Aer-
onautics and Space Administration, Mr.
Webb is charged with getting the max-
imum results out of the approximately 5,
billions a year being spent by NASA "on
space activities.
The President is said to be highly
pleased with the way Mr. Webb has
handled his responsibilities, particularly
in his relations with Congress.
"Mr. Webb enjoys the President's full
confidence," says a White House aide in
explaining the space chief's place on the
top team. One quality Mr. Johnson ad-
mires "is the fact that Mr. Webb has
not tried to extend his power into other
a encies or de artments." [END]
Sanitized - DDroved For Release : IA-RDP75-00
CPYRGHT r
more responsibilities to the head of
Post Office Department.
Mr. Johnson has charged Mr. Gronou-
with building the Post office, long
ig money loser, into an efficient op-
tion. The President has given him a
e hand in a campaign.to make the
partment pay its own way. Efforts by
. Gronouski to cut the Post Office
dget have impressed the President.
telligence Adviser CPYRGHT
CE ADM. WILLIAM F. RABORN, JR.
Admiral Raborn, as the new Director
of the Central Intelligence, Agency, is
on notice from the President that all
activities of the supersecret agency are
to be subject to careful examination by
the White House. The CIA has been
under fire from Congress for years.
One complaint often heard is that top
CIA officials refused to take White
House suggestions seriously. Now, Ad-
agency quietly and efficiently, but with
38 U. S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, May 3, 1965