LETTER TO MR.(Sanitized)FROM JAMES L. GEAR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 105
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 13, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 16, 1972
• Content Type: LETTER

18 nt7:1-
STATI NTL
STATI NTL
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Oetobel. 16, 1972
rr, rAi ry,-; c? AMERICA
VCFS A1.):`,,,1 N STRAT
.At wird Archiz.,es ond Records Servicc
Was1Iit1g1o21, 20.108
Central Intelligence Agency
Records Administration Officer
Stop 64
Dear
Encloed is a up/ of NDS Report No. 10843, Development of Specifications
for FM.e. Folders for Storage of Permanent Records and Report No. 10844,
Develoient of .;pecifications for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanent
Records.
Please note that tl,ese reports. contain proposed specifications for file
fold and bon6 and ledger paper. I am sure these will be of interest
oincarelv
4"
jAMES L. GEAR
Acting Director
Technical Services Division
Enclosure
.1171t p 1CefiGni 1.12 Ion) Fut P1 PC With .S. Savings Bonds
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STATI NTL
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MEMORANDUM FOP:
Attached is our copy of the NBS report on the
continuing development of specifications for
Archival Record Materials, especially paper. As
you know, this project is financially supported
by several Federal agencies (CIA included) and
private industry.
called a couple of months ago
inquiring as to the status of this study.
If you wish to retain this copy I shall
request another.
8 September
( DATE )
FORM NO.
101 REPLACES FORM 10-101
1 AUG 54 WHICH MAY BE L,
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STATI NTL
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STATI NTL
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Approved FctilT.21!e gin?(pert: %elpflyr,Rmtvr3oo29000l-3
Archices TI d Records Sereice
Wachington, D.C. 20408
-
28, 1972
central Intelligence Agency
Records Administration Officer
STATINTL Stop 64
ttached you will find NBS Semiannual Report No. 18837 covering work on
-aper research for the period Jaruar 1. 777 throuFh June 30, 1972.
Me information in Section 3.1, page 3 and 4 of the report is most sig-
-ficant, and is extremel,,, i7nortant in relation to stability and preser-
-ution of raper.
---Lely,
--
- -)
:-.L= L. GEAR
:r_ting Director, Technical Services Division
Keep Freedom in Your Future With U.S. Savings Bonds
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NATIONAL BU EAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
ARCHIVAL RECORD MATERIALS
Ser i :LA Repot
to
National Archives Records Service
Cierielm
Jarluacy 1 Je 30.. 1972
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANOARDS
The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3,
1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and
technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the
Bureau conducts research and provides: (I) a basis for the Nation's physical measure-
ment system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3)
a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety.
The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials
Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Computer Sciences and
Technology, and the Office for Information Programs.
THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the
United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates
that system with measurement systems of .other nations; and furnishes essential services
leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scien-
tific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radia-
tion Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions:
Applied Mathematics?Electricity?Heat?Mechanics--Optical Physics?Linac
Radiation2?Nuclear Radiation2?Applied Radiation2--Quantum Electronics3?
Electromagnetics3?Time and Frequencyl?Laboratory Astrophysics2?Cryo-
genics3.
THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research lead-
ing to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of
well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and
Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies;
and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute con-
sists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials and the following divisions:
Analytical Chemistry?Polymers?Metallurgy?Inorganic Materials?Reactor
Radiation?Physical Chemistry.
THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to pro-
mote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in indus-
try and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the
development of technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes
and methods of test: and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies
upon request. The Institute also monitors NBS engineering standards activities and
provides liaison between NBS and national and international engineering standards
bodies. The Institute consists of the following technical divisions and offices:
Engineering Standards Services?Weights and Measures?Flammable Fabrics?
Invention and Innovation?Vehicle Systems Research?Product Evaluation
Technology?Building Research?Electronic Technology?Technical Analysis?
Measurement Engineering.
THE CENTER FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts re-
search and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improv-
ing cost effectiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition,
and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the prin-
cipal focus within the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for
automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Center
consists of the following offices and divisions:
Information Processing Standards?Computer Information?Computer Services
--Systems Development?Information Processing Technology.
THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination
and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of
the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference
Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader
aspects of the National Measurement System: provides appropriate services to ensure
that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world,
and directs the public information activities ot the Bureau. [he Office consists of the
following organizational units:
Office of Standard Reference Data?Office of Technical Information and
Publications?Library?Office of Public Information?Office of International
Relations.
Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washing-
ton, D.C. 20234.
2 Part of the Center for Radiation Research.
Located at Boulder. Colorado 80302.
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
N BS PROJECT
4110442
June 30, 1972
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
ARCHIVAL RECORD MATERIALS
William K. Wilson and Edwin J. Parks
Paper Evaluation Section
Product Evaluation Technology Division
Institute for Applied Technology
Semiannual Report
to
National Archives and Records Service
General Services Administration
January 1 ? June 30, 1972
N BS REPORT
10 887
IMPORTANT NOTICE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORTS are usually preliminary or progress accounting documents intended
for use within the Government. Before material in the reports is formally published it is subjected to additional evaluation
and review. For this reason, the publication, reprinting; reproduction, or ogen-literature listing of this Report, either in
whole or in part, is not authorized unless permission is obtained in writing from the Office of the Director, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. Such permission is not needed, however, by the Government agency for which
the Report has been specitically prepared if teat agency wishes to reproduce additional copies for its own use.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR
ARCHIVAL RECORD MATERIALS
Prepared By
Edwin J. Parks
and
William K. Wilson
Paper Evaluation Section
Product Evaluation Technology Division
SECTION APPROVAL:
WILLIAM K. WILSON, Chief
Paper Evaluation Section
REVIEWED BY:
ZL6t?SLOdv?-ik
4. THAD STERLING
Report Review Chairman
APPROVED BY:
aLi
MELVIN R.
Product E
April 28, 1972
RSON, Chief
tion Technology Division
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CONTENTS
1.
2.
BACKGROUND
OBJECTIVES
Page
1
2
3.
WORK
IN PROGRESS
3
3.1
Laboratory Aging
3
3.2
Specifications for Manifold Paper for
Permanent Records
5
3.3
Specifications for Bond and Ledger Papers
for Permanent Records
6
3.4
Specifications for File Folders for
Permanent Records
7
3.5
Specifications for Office Copy Papers
7
3.6
Cooperation with the Institute of
Paper Chemistry
9
3.7
Cooperation with the Keuffel and Esser
Company
9
4.
SPECIAL METHODS OF EVALUATION
11
5.
PLANS FOR USE OF PL-480 FUNDS
12
6.
STATUS OF REPORTS AND MANUSCRIPTS
13
6.1
Reports
13
6.2
Manuscripts
14
6.3
Other
14
7.
PLANS FOR THE PERIOD, JULY 1, 1972-JUNE 30, 1973 .
15
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1. BACKGROUND
In response to a request by National Archives and Records
Service, the National Bureau of Standards is developing in-
formation on the variables associated with the stability of
archival record materials, especially paper. Since the in-
ception of the project, several U.S. Government agencies and
the Society of American Archivists have joined in sponsorship
of the project through National Archives and Records Service.
Many record materials in repositories in the Federal
Government and throughout the United States are in very bad
physical condition. If proper specifications were available
for materials that are designed to be used for permanent
records, future problems and the cost of repairing the mis-
:akes of the past would be greatly minimized.
The major effort has been directed toward manifold,
pond and ledger papers, and especially the development of
test methods that may be used in the preparation of specifi-
cations. In addition, there is now an urgent need to
establish permanence criteria for papers that can be used
in office copying machines. Other materials that will merit
attention are inks, typewriter ribbons, carbon paper, lam-
Lnating film, mending tape, and binding materials.
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2. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this program are as follows: (1) the
development of information on the stability of paper and
other record materials, (2) the development of test methods
for the evaluation of the stability of paper and other
record materials, (3) the development of specifications for
these materials.
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3. WORK IN PROGRESS
3.1 Laboratory Aging
The work on laboratory aging has been continued on a
lower scale than in recent years. The laboratory aging
performed during the past six months has primarily concerned
the effects of aluminum in reducing stability. As indicated
Ln the previous progress reports, this metal appears to have
the same effect as protonic acids.
All aging was carried out at 90?C. Other variables in
the aging environment included: (1) a mixture of 30 percent
oxygen and 70 percent nitrogen at 50 percent relative
humidity, and (2) air at 0 percent relative humidity. Using
30 percent oxygen and 50 percent relative humidity at 90?C
zesults in an atmosphere containing about 20 percent oxygen,
the same amount as in dry air.
Paper that is deashed, treated with aluminum sulfate,
ilad then washed extensively retains a small amount of the
-:netal, probably bound to carboxyl groups that are introduced
In bleaching. The effect of alum treatment as indicated in
The last semiannual report (10 696) is a pronounced de-
stabilization of the paper, qualitatively different when
aging occurs in dry gases than in humid gases, but strikingly
evident in both. New investigations have involved the aging
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of alum-treated paper made alkaline by codepositing calcium
carbonate with the handsheet when it is formed. The aluminum
is nearly all retained.
While the data have not been fully evaluated, they show
conclusively that paper containing aluminum is not necessarily
stabilized by buffering at the relatively high pH level of
3.7. In contrast, paper of similar stock but untreated with
alum or buffer had a pH of about 6.0 and was found to be much
more stable than the alum-treated, buffered paper. This in-
formation opens up very important practical and theoretical
questions. If alkaline paper can be unstable, a pH test of
stability cannot be fully trusted. The instability of acid
paper cannot be attributed with complete confidence to the
chemical activity of hydrogen ions, since they can be
neutralized and yet instability persists. A possible expla-
nation is that hydrogen ions and aluminum cations both belong
to a class of acids (Lewis acids), some of which can be
harmful to paper. If so, there may well be other metals that
?
are equally harmful, or more so. A qualitative test for the
presence of various metals may eventually be indicated for
permanent papers, whatever their pH.
The wide differences between the aging processes which
occur in dry and humid gases indicate that different chemical
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reactions may be involved when water is available. There is
a serious need to evaluate the effect of moisture concentra-
tLons in the aging environment on the course of aging reactions.
In our work, temperatures and relative humidities have been
controlled very closely. This is desirable in a research
experiment, but there is some indication in the literature
that nearly the same aging processes are obtained at a given
temperature over a wide range of relative humidities. If
this is so, aging conditions including moisture in the
atmosphere but allowing some leeway on relative humidities
might be permitted in an accelerated aging specification.
3.2 Specifications for Manifold Paper for Permanent
Records
Interim specifications for manifold papers for permanent
records have been balloted by ASTM D-6, Paper. About 65 per-
cent of the membership voted, and only two negative ballots
were received. Although the specifications essentially have
been approved, ASTM regulations require that negative ballots
be resolved. If this can be done on the basis of editorial
change, little delay should result. However, if the negatives
cannot be resolved on the basis of editorial change, it will
be necessary to reballot the Specifications Subcommittee of
E-6 as well as the main committee. The latter procedure
might require several months.
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3.3 Specifications for Bond and Ledger Papers for
Permanent Records
In NBS Report 10 446, Semiannual Report to National
Archives and Records Service, dated June 30, 1971, it was
reported that several samples of writing papers had been
tested and the preliminary report had been submitted infor-
mally to the Paper Research Committee of the Society of
American Archivists. It was agreed that two or three basis
weights should be specified. Through a review of the papers
that are available from the Joint Committee on Printing, and
through conversations with several suppliers of bond and
ledger papers, it appeared desirable to have three weights
of bond papers, namely, 16, 20, and 24 pound (17 x 22, 500)
and two weights of ledger paper, namely, 24 and 32 pound
(17 x 22, 500). About ninety-three samples of these weights
were collected and have been tested. A report has been
written, including interim specifications based on the data
for these weights of bond and ledger papers. Copies of the
report have been mailed to the various suppliers to give
them an opportunity for comment before preparation of a
final draft of the specifications.
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3.4 Specifications for File Folders for Permanent Records
A report has been prepared on the specifications for
file folders for permanent records. This report was based
on studies of file folder stocks of 0.008, 0.0095, 0.011,
and 0.014 inch, nominal thicknesses which were obtained from
the Government Printing Office and commercial sources.
Copies of this report also have been mailed to the suppliers
for comment and criticism before the preparation of a final
draft.
3.5 Specifications for Office Coa.l.apers
In response to our request, the manufacturer of office
copying machines using the transfer electrostatic process has
kindly provided a copy of the specification limits suggested
for papers intended for use in their office copying machines.
These specifications have a bearing on the ability of the
caoer to accept an image and to be transported properly
through the machines.
The recommended tests were applied to bond and ledger
papers of 16, 20, and 24 pound (17 x 22, 500) weights. The
results indicate that very few bond papers would be smooth
enough to be used in the machines, although a majority do
meet the other suggested criteria. Apparently, rough papers
ao not take an image very well. However, a majority of the
24 pound ledger papers do meet all of the requirements,
including smoothness.
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Because the smoothness requirement for this copying
paper is relatively tight, it would not be desirable to
riclude a specification of suitability for use in these
:nachines as an integral part of the bond paper specifica-
tions; i.e., set a specification limit
that all bond papers
would have to meet. As there may be continuous changes in
the technology of office copying methods, it is also doubt-
ful that we should undertake to set specification limits on
variables affecting transport properties.
If a paper is to be used in office copying machines,
an alternative might be to give responsibility to the
supplier to establish that the material is suitable for
those machines. Paper permanence requirements (based on
accelerated aging or pH) and perhaps strength criteria
could be specified.
Some thought must be given to the policy to be taken
with respect to the stability of images produced by copies
frof:1 office copying machines, carbon paper, fountain pen
ink, ball point ink, and typewriter ribbon. Should images
produced by the different means be treated as separate
entities, or should they be treated as a group? The former
approach builds specifications around things as they are.
If images produced by various means are treated as a group,
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one or more types of images might be treated unfairly.
However, this would allow specifications to be written on
7ierformance basis. It is suggested that we cros this
bridge after we have obtained enough data to be able to
make an intelligent decision.
3.6 Cooperation with the Institute of Paper Chemistry
Through the courtesy of Dr. Wilmer Wink of the Institute
of Paper Chemistry, samples of 44 book papers, along with
their u"H values, were supplied, and differential thermal
analysis data were obtained on these samples as mentioned
in 'CBS Report 10 696. These data have been sent to the
Institute of Paper Chemistry where the DTA data may be
correlated with aging data. It is hoped that a brief report
- thi- chase of the work will become available.
Cooperation with the Keuffel and Esser Company
representative of the Keuffel and Esser Company,
Catherine Feasenmyer, provided us last summer with a
,LoacLion of tracing papers dating back to 1940. These
-ers had been tested at that time and at intervals since
that time. Mrs. Feasenmyer was willing to test the papers
o;ain and give them to us for whatever testing we would like
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10
to do. We have performed differential thermal analysis and
pH on these papers. As soon as we receive data on her most
recent tests, a report will be written and submitted to the
sponsors. This is a very important piece of work as it will
be possible to compare natural aging with pH data and with
differential thermal analysis data.
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4. SPECIAL METHODS OF EVALUATION
In NBS Report 10 446, several special methods of
evaluation were discussed in some detail. These methods
have been discussed extensively in the last three reports
on the aging of handsheets, 10 627, 10 628, and 10 687.
These special methods of evaluation have permitted us to
learn more about the mechanisms of the aging of paper and
differences that arise in dry and humid atmospheres than
any other possible approach.
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5. PLANS FOR USE OF PL-480 FUNDS
The U.S. Government supplies foreign currency in the
course of its overseas operation. The largest source of
foreign currency is from the sale of surplus farm commodities
thin the limits established by Title 1 of Public Law 480.
These currencies are kept in Treasury Department accounts
and are available to Government agencies to finance overseas
activities.
An approach was made to one country, through proper
channels, about a year ago soliciting a proposal for research
on stability of paper. Although correspondence with the
ientific Attache in the country involved indicates sub-
stantial progress, nothing has happened in the last several
ponths.
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6. STATUS OF REPORTS AND MANUSCRIPTS
6.1 Reports
(1) Development of Acidity During the Accelerated
Aging of Paper. In preparation. Some further laboratory
work on this report may be needed.
(2) Specifications for Bond and Ledger Papers for
Permanent Records. The laboratory work has been completed
and a report has been submitted to the suppliers for review.
(3) Specifications for File Folders for Permanent
Records. Laboratory work on this has been completed and a
report has been submitted to the suppliers for review.
(4) Differential Thermal Analysis of Book Papers,
with IPC. Laboratory work is completed. Preparation of a
report must await further contact with IPC.
(5) Evaluation of the Stability of Tracing Papers with
Keuffel and Esser. Laboratory work is completed at NBS.
The preparation of a report must await contact with Keuffel
and Esser.
(6) The Accelerated Aging of Al-Treated Paper Buffered
at High pH. Work is now in progress.
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6.2 Mahusoriots
(i) tvaivation uf the Stability of Manifold Papers, by
V. F. CClison ant R. . Hebert. Published in Tappi 55 (7)
1133 (2972).
(2) Tharr1ai Analysis f ion Exchange Reaction Products
of Wood Pulps with Calcium ant _1>1uminum Cations, by E. J.
Parris and J. L. nebert. Accepted for publication by Tappi.
6.3 Other
Dr. P. J. Y.cCarter of the Flammable Fabrics Section
presented a paper entitled, The Pyrolysis and Flammability
e.;.nd
Slighi-lv Modified Cellulose, by R. J. McCarter, E. J. Parks,
Graminski at the April 1972 meeting of the American
Chemical Society in Boston, Massachusetts. This was based
partly on work performed in collaboration with our section.
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7. PLANS FOR THE PERIOD, JULY 1, 1972-JUNE 30, 1973
(1) A report on the cooperative work with the Institute
of Paper Chemistry should be available.
(2) A report on the cooperative work with Keuffel and
Esser should be available.
(3) A deashed paper will be buffered with calcium
carbonate to compare its stability in the absence of
aluminum to that of buffered alum-treated paper.
(4) A paper prepared in 1938, that contains alum and
CaCO3 will be aged in air at 90?C and 50 percent and 0 per-
cent relative humidity.
(5) An alum-treated paper will be aged at 90?C and 25
percent relative humidity to check the importance of relative
humidity.
(6) Plans are being made to test a group of naturally
aged papers in order to be able to select, with some degree
of confidence, experimental conditions for the accelerated
aging of paper. Fortunately, some papers made in the NBS
paper mill are available.
(7) Work on interim specifications for manifold papers,
bond and ledger papers, and file folders will be continued.
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K8)
16
Recent discoveries on aging processes suggest that
an extensive
review of the literature at this time might
row new light on old data and obviate a great deal of
experimental work.
The next six
Work on
The needs of
all of them.
It is planned to report on this during
or twelve months.
the above tasks will proceed as dictated by
the program, and time may not permit work on
Items 6 and 7 are especially important.
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
10 844
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOND
AND LEDGER PAPERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS
Technical Report
to
Nationai Archives and Records Service
General Services Administration
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATiONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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k.?
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3,
1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and
technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the
Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measure-
ment system. (2) scientific and tet hnological services for industry and government, (3)
iechnical basis for equity in trade. and (4) technical services to promote public safety.
The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials
Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Computer Sciences and
Technology, and the Office for Information Programs.
THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the
United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates
that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services
leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scien-
tific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radia-
tion Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions: ?
Applied Mathematics?Electricity?Heat?Mechanics?Optical Physics?Linac
Radiation2?Nuclear Radiation2?Applied Radiation2?Quantum Electronics3?
Electromagnetics'?Time and Frequency ?LaboratoryAstrophysicsa?Cryo-
genies'.
THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research lead-
ing to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of
well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and
Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies;
and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute con-
sists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials and the following divisions:
Analytical Chemistry?Polymers?Metallurgy?Inorganic Materials?Reactor
Radiation?Physical Chemistry.
THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to pro-
mote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in indus-
try and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the
development of technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes
and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies
upon request. The Institute also monitors NBS engineering standards activities and
provides liaison between NBS and national and international engineering standards
bodies. The Institute consists of a Center for Building Technology and the following
divisions and offices:
Engineering Standards Services?Weights and Measures?Invention and Inno-
vation?Product Evaliiation Technology?Electronic Technology?Technical
Analysis?Measurement Engineering?Fire Technology?Housing Technology'
?Federal Building Technology4-13uilding Standards and Codes Services4?
Building Environment4? St ruct tires, Materials and Life Safety4?Technical
Evaluation and Application'.
THE CENTER FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts re-
search and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improv-
ing cost effectiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition,
and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the prin-
cipal focus within the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for
automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Center
consists of the following offices and divisions:
Information Processing Standards?Computer Information?Computer Services
?Systems Development?in formation Processing Technology.
THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination
and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of
the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference
Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader
aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure
that the NBS staff has optimum .e.:cessibilio, to Ithe scientific information of the world,
and directs the public information acti?ities ot the Bureau. The Office consists of the
following organizational units:
Office of Standard Reference Data?Office . of Technical Information and
Publications?Library--Office of International Relations.
, Headquarters it Laboratories at Gat1 hrI, rg, Th.rylaud, i,so otherwiKe noted; mailing fuldrelof
Washington, 11.4:. 202:l4.
Part of the Center for Radiation ft,o?arch.
Located at Boulder. Colorado 80:5oc.
Part of the Center for Building Te,?hnology.
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
NBS PROJECT
4110442
May 1,1972
N BS REPORT
10 844
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOND
AND LEDGER PAPERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS
E. J. Parks, R. L. Hebert, and G. H. Limparis
Paper Evaluation Section
Product Evaluation Technology Division
Institute for Applied Technology
Technical Report
to
National Archives and Records Service
General Services Administration
IMPORTANT NOTICE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAR DS REPORTS are usually preliminary or progress accounting documents intended
for use within the Government Before material in the reports is formally published it is subjected to additional evaluation
and review. For this reason, the publication, reprinting, reproduction, or open-literature listing of this Report, either in
whole or in part, is not authorized unless permission is obtained in writing from the Office of the Director, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. Such permission is not needed, however, by the Government agency for which
the Report has been specitically prepared if tnat agency wishes to reproduce additional copies for its own use.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOND
AND LEDGER PAPERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS
Prepared By
E. J. Parks, R. L. Hebert,
and G. H. Limparis
Paper Evaluation Section
Product Evaluation Technology Division
SECTION APPROVAL:
47, WILLIAM K. K. WILSON, Chief
Paper Evaluation Section
REVIEWED BY:
/21,6r
DAVID B. BLANCHARD
Editorial Reader
%
'J. THAD STERLING
Report Review Chairman
APPROVED BY:
MELVIN R ME RSON, Chief
Product valiYation Technology Division
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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SAMPLES 2
3. TEST METHODS 3
3.1 Thickness 3
3.2 Weight per Unit Area 3
3.3 Opacity 3
3.4 Brightness 3
3.5 Folding Endurance 4
3.6 Bursting Strength 4
3.7 Internal Tearing Resistance 4
3.8 pH 4
3.9 Number of Replicate Tests 4
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5
4.1 Results 5
4.2 Discussion 5
5. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS 8
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 9
APPENDIX--PROPOSED NEW STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOND
AND LEDGER PAPERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS . . 10
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FOREWORD
In response to a request by National Archives and Records
Service, the National Bureau of Standards is developing infor-
mation on the variables associated with the stability of
archival record materials, especially paper. Since the in-
ception of the project, several U.S. Government agencies and
the Society of American Archivists have joined in sponsorship
of the project through National Archives and Records Service.
Although the present effort is directed toward paper,
and especially the development of test methods that may be
used in the preparation of specifications, other materials
that will merit attention are quick copy reproductions from
office copying machines, inks, typewriter ribbons, carbon
paper, laminating film, mending tape and binding materials.
The objectives of this program are as follows: (1) the
development of information on the stability of paper and other
record materials, (2) the development of test methods for the
evaluation of the stability of paper and other record mate-
rials, and (3) the development of specifications for these
materials.
The principal need of the archivist and librarian is for
specifications for the papers on which records are written.
In order to achieve this, as much technical information as
possible must be developed on the relative stability of
various chemical structures that affect the physical prop-
erties of paper. Specifications should include tests that
will predict permanence and that could be run in the usual
control laboratory and should include an accelerated aging
method.
In order to develop an accelerated aging method, it is
necessary to age several papers in the laboratory, giving
particular attention to variables such as the composition of
the paper, temperature, relative humidity, open or closed
aging system, and many others. Time does not permit the
study of all possible variables, but a study of selected
variables allows one to make some generalizations about the
parameters that are important in the stability of paper.
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As the development of the information necessary to
writing an accelerated aging method for estimating the rel-
ative stability of papers is long-range research, it is
desirable to prepare interim specifications for various
papers pending the availability of more complete data. The
stability of papers can be predicted, on a relative basis,
from the pH, or acidity, values of the papers. The corre-
lation between pH and stability is not a perfect one as
stability depends, in addition to pH, on the chemical com-
position of the cellulose as well as additives that are
introduced during the papermaking process.
Interim specifications, based on pH requirements, for
manifold papers have been written and are going through
channels in Committee D-6, Paper, of the American Society
for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Work has been completed
on specifications for bond and ledger papers and for file
folders.
This report contains interim specifications for bond
and ledger papers and the data used in developing these spec-
ifications. The specifications are based on minimum pH re-
quirements and minimum strength requirements. The latter
are derived from data obtained from testing over 90 samples
of paper obtained from commercial sources.
WILLIAM K. WILSON
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report contains data on tests performed on 93
samples of bond, ledger, and parchment papers. A variety
of samples was selected for testing in order to provide a
background of information on available papers of this type,
particularly those of interest to archivists and librarians.
Interim specifications for several weights of bond and ledger
paper have been prepared and are included in the appendix.
The test data obtained on parchment papers are included for
information, but no specifications covering parchment papers
were prepared.
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report contains data on tests performed on 93
samples of bond, ledger, and parchment papers. A variety
of samples was selected for testing in order to provide a
background of information on available papers of this type,
particularly those of interest to archivists and librarians.
Interim specifications for several weights of bond and ledger
paper have been prepared and are included in the appendix.
The test data obtained on parchment papers are included for
information, but no specifications covering parchment papers
were prepared.
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2. SAMPLES
Ninety-three samples of bond, ledger, and parchment
papers, which included 16 samples obtained from the Govern-
ment Printing Office and 77 samples obtained from 10 manu-
facturers, were tested in order to develop information neces-
sary for writing interim specifications for permanent record
papers. The samples ranged in fiber content from 100 percent
wood pulp to 100 percent rag. The nominal basis weights
included 16, 20, 24, 32, and 44 pound papers (17" x 22", 500).
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3. TEST METHODS
The methods of test used in this investigation are
described in the collected "Standard and Suggested Methods"
of TAPPI (Testing Methods and Recommended Practices, Tech-
nical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 1 Dunwoody
Park, Atlanta, Georgia 30341).
3.1 Thickness
Thickness was determined by TAPPI Method T 411.
3.2 Weight per Unit Area
Weight per unit area was determined by TAPPI Method T 410
and reported both in g/m2 and pounds per 500 sheets, 17 x 22
inches.
3.3 Opacity
Opacity was determined by TAPPI Method T 425. Opacity
is a function of the amount of light that can pass through
a sheet of paper and is determined as the ratio of the diffuse
reflectance of a specimen backed with black to the diffuse
reflectance of the same specimen backed with a white body.
For TAPPI opacity, the white body reflectance is 0.89. Opac-
ities are reported to the nearest 0.1 percent as the ratios
of the mean values of 10 measurements of these reflectances.
3.4 Brightness
Brightness was measured according to TAPPI Method T 452.
It is a measure of blue reflectance at an effective wave-
length of 457 nm. Brightness measurements were made on an
instrument that illuminates the specimen at 45? (in essen-
tially only one azimuthal direction) and views the incident
light at 90?. Since the measured values of brightness
differed in the machine and cross directions of the paper,
measurements are reported for both directions. The measured
values are consistently lower with the incident beam parallel
to the machine direction.
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3.5 Folding Endurance
The MIT folding endurance, determined according to TAPPI
Method T 423, represents the number of times a paper can be
folded under controlled tension before it breaks. A tension
of 1 kg was used in these tests. Folding endurance is
generally considered to be a function of durability, although
this is not necessarily true.
3.6 Bursting Strength
Bursting strength was determined according to TAPPI
Method T 403. It is considered to be a function of the
strength of paper in the stronger direction.
3.7 Internal Tearing Resistance
Internal tearing resistance was measured according to
TAPPI Method T 414. It is the force required to continue a
tear after an initial cut has been made.
3.8 2Li
pH was determined by both hot and cold extraction methods,
T 435 and T 509, respectively.
3.9 Number of Replicate Tests
pH determinations were performed in duplicate. All
other tests were performed on at least ten specimens of every
sample. The individual figures in Tables 1-6 represent
averages of all of the results obtained on each sample.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
Tables 1-3 contain data on bond papers with nominal
basis weights of 16, 20, and 24 pounds (17 x 22, 500).
Table 4 includes 24 pound ledger paper and Table 5 includes
32 and 44 pound ledger paper. Data on four weights of parch-
ment paper are given in Table 6. These samples include papers
of zero to 100 percent rag content, as reported by the suppliers,
and a number of chemical wood (CW) papers.
Table 7 is a guide list indicating which of the samples
are GPO papers and the JCP specifications for them.
Figures 1-4 show least-square slopes of bursting strength,
internal tearing resistance, folding endurance, and opacity,
as a function of weight per unit area (g/m2). The coefficients
of correlation are given in Table 8.
4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 Effects of weight and rag content on folding
endurance, tearing resistance, and bursting strength
The effects of rag content in the 25-100 percent range
and effects of weight per unit area on strength and folding
endurance are indicated in Tables 9-11, with papers of dif-
ferent weight and similar rag content and papers of similar
weight but different rag content. Each entered value repre-
sents an average of all the readings taken on a given paper.
In all cases studied, the bursting strength and tearing
resistance increased with weight, tear being somewhat more
dependent on weight. This is indicated in Figures 1 and 2.
There is a qualitative similarity in weight dependence and
a notably higher coefficient of correlation for tear than
for bursting strength. Consequently, it is suggested that
the bursting test could well be dispensed with for all of
the samples, if a specification for tearing strength is
given.
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Folding endurance is not very dependent on weight, as
evidenced in the nearly random scatter of points in Figure 3.
The folding endurance of papers having 100 percent rag con-
tent tends to be relatively high as indicated in Table 9.
However, samples having less than 100 percent rag show no
correlation between folding endurance and rag content.
Tearing strength and bursting strength do not appear to
be affected by rag content, as indicated by the data in
Table 9.
4.2.2 2!
It is generally believed that acidity can promote the
degradation of paper and that pH, consequently, is a criterion
of permanence. The JCP specifications require that "perma-
nent" papers have a minimum pH of 5.5, and a recent suggested
interim specification for manifold papers intended for perma-
nent records lists three levels of permanence with pH levels
of 5.5, 6.5-7.5, and 7.5-9.5 (NBS Technical Report 10 518,
to National Archives, Interim Specifications for Manifold
Papers for Permanent Records, June 30, 1971). About a
third of the papers included in this study have a pH of 5.5
or higher, and representative samples of the two higher pH
categories are included.
4.2.3 Brightness and Opacity
The data on brightness show a greater directional effect
than one would expect. The recommended method specifies
testing paper in the machine direction. This procedure
should be satisfactory, as the brightness of these samples
is usually lower in the machine than the cross direction,
and a minimum brightness is specified.
Figure 4 indicates that opacity increases with weight
per unit area, although there is a great deal of scatter
about the least squares slope. Opaque fillers would increase
opacity to an extent out of proportion with the increase in
weight, but it is reasonable to peg minimum opacity require-
ments to weight per unit area.
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4.2.4 Writing and Erasing Properties
An attempt was made to assess the writing quality of
papers simply by writing letters and numbers on each paper
and visually checking their clarity. A one percent aqueous
solution of C.I. acid red dye was used, as specified in the
JCP methods, and a No. 67 penpoint. This method is open to
criticism, as the quality of the writing depends on the pen
and the writer as well as the ink, and the evaluation of
results is highly subjective. All of the papers tested in
this study appeared to pass the writing test. Another ob-
server might not reach this conclusion.
Erasing quality also may be an important property for
specific papers, but the available methods do not seem to
be appropriate for the present study, and this property was
not evaluated. Many variables must be considered in the
design of a meaningful erasure test--e.g., the ease and
completeness of erasure, the type and the condition of the
typewriter, the ribbon, and perhaps even the relative humidity
of the room, the type of eraser, and the pressure exerted on
it. It is suggested that if erasure properties are likely
to be important, they should be a subject of negotiation.
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5. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS
1) The samples included in this testing program encom-
pass the bond and ledger papers that might reasonably be ex-
pected to serve the purposes of archivists and librarians.
2) It may be necessary to make some compromises with
respect to properties of papers that are considered desirable
by archivists and librarians. For example, from the data
presented in Table 1, it would not be feasible to specify an
unfilled paper with a minimum opacity of 80 and a basis weight
of 50 grams per square meter. High tearing strength, high
folding endurance, and low basis weight would not be compatible.
3) About one third of the papers have a pH of 5.5, or
higher, hot extraction, Presumably, there would be no dif-
ficulty in producing papers with a pH of 5.5 or higher.
4) Papers having a rag content of 100 percent tend to
have a high folding endurance, but no correlation of folding
endurance and rag content is evident if the rag content is
less than 100 percent.
5) Interim specifications, based on the data presented
in this report, are included in the appendix.
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6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The assistance of the manufacturers who supplied samples
for evaluation and who, for obvious reasons, must remain
unnamed, is gratefully acknowledged.
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APPENDIX--
PROPOSED NEW STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR BOND
AND LEDGER PAPERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS
1. SCOPE
This specification covers bond and ledger papers used
in the preparation of permanent or semi-permanent copies of
records and documents. Permanence has been shown to be at
least an approximate function of pH, and three pH levels,
reflecting three levels of permanence, are specified.
2. CLASSIFICATION
2.1 Grades. Three grades are specified. The only
differences among the three grades are the pH requirements
and the type of filler or sizing to achieve this. For
situations where the copies will be handled frequently,
the grade should be described as "high referral." A
folding endurance of 500 is required for this category,
and the purchaser might wish to specify all or part new
cotton or linen. This may be unused industrial waste.
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2.2 Grade A. Paper with alkaline filler. The paper
shall contain an alkaline filler of calcium and/or magnesium
carbonate. The minimum shall be 2 percent, calculated to
calcium carbonate, based on the oven dry weight of the
finished paper. The pH shall fall within the range 7.5-
9.5, hot extraction.
2.3 Grade B. Neutral-sized paper. The paper shall
be neutral-sized, and the pH shall fall within the range
6.5-8.5, hot extraction.
2.4 Grade C. Paper with minimum pH value. The paper
shall have a minimum pH of 5.5, hot extraction.
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Paper Stock. Free from unbleached or ground wood
pulp. The stock shall be fully bleached wood pulp, new
cotton or linen pulp, or a mixture, as specified at the
time of purchase.
3.2 Acidity (pH). See 2.1.
3.3 Sizing. If a sizing requirement is necessary, the
sizing shall be sufficient to prevent feathering when the
paper is written on with aqueous inks.
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3.4 Weight per unit area. The average weight in grams
per square meter shall be within the range of 57-63, 71-79,
85-95, and 114-126 as specified, but the variation of test
unit averages within a shipment (or lot) shall be not more
than 5 percent above or below the lot sample average value.
These are the nominal 16, 20, 24, and 32 lb. (17 x 22, 500)
papers, respectively, the metric equivalents of which are
60, 75, 90, and 120 grams per square meter.
3.5 Thickness. The average thickness in mils (0.001
inch) and millimeters (mm) shall be within the ranges
tabulated below for papers of four different weights. The
variation of test unit averages within a shipment (or lot)
shall be not more than 5 percent above or below the average
value.
Weight per Unit Area
Thickness
lbs
g/m2 (17x22,500)
Bond
Ledger
mm
mils
mm
mils
60
16
.086-.096
3.4-3.8
75
20
.105-.115
4.3-4.7
90
24
.130-.145
5.1-5.7
.112-.122
4.4-4.8
120
32
.140-.165
5.5-6.5
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3.6 Folding Endurance, MIT double folds at 1 kg tension.
For "high referral" papers, the value shall be not less than
500 for the average of the two directions. Otherwise, there
is no folding endurance requirement.
3.7 Tearing Resistance. The minimum average in each
direction shall be not less than the following for different
weights of bond paper.
Basis Weight
Tearing Resistance
gms
Ordinary High
Use Referral
g/m2
lbs
(17x22,500)
60
16
40
50
75
20
50
60
90
24
70
90
For ledger papers:
90
24
60
70
120
32
90
110
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3.8 Brightness. The brightness shall be not less than
75 percent, with the fluorescence component excluded, for
white papers. The fluorescence contribution shall not exceed
2 percent.
3.9 Opacity. The minimum opacity for the several
basis weights shall be as follows:
Basis Weight
g/m2
lbs
(17x22,500)
Opacity
For bond papers:
60 16 80
75 20 83
90 24 85
For ledger papers:
90 24 88
120 32 90
3.10 Sizes. The paper shall be furnished in the size,
or sizes, specified at the time of purchase.
3.11 Colors. The paper shall be white, or colored, as
specified at the time of purchase.
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3.12 If the paper is to be used in a printing process,
a stipulation that the paper shall be suitable for this
purpose shall be included in the requirements.
3.13 Sampling shall be made according to one of the
methods mentioned in section 4. The lot sample shall
consist of no fewer than 10 test units with respect to
requirements for weight per unit area, thickness, folding
endurance, tearing resistance, and brightness.
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4. METHODS OF TESTING
The properties enumerated in this specification shall
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM or TAPPI
methods:
Method
Number
TAPPI
ASTM
Fiber analysis
T
401
D
1030
Acidity (pH)
T
435
D
778
Weight per unit area
T
410
D
646
Thickness
T
411
D
645
Folding endurance
T
511
D
2176
Tearing resistance
T
414
D
689
Ash content
T
413
D
586
Brightness
T
452
D
985
Sampling
T
400
D
585
Moisture
T
412
D
1348
Carbonate content - There is no standard TAPPI or
ASTM method for the determination of carbonate
in paper. A procedure is given in the appendix
to this specification.
Fluorescence Testing Standards, Joint
Committee on Printing
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APPENDIXES
Al. DISCUSSION
As there are many variables in the manufacture of paper
and in the use and storage of records, it is impossible to
place definitive values on the number of years that various
categories of records will endure. It has been established
that both natural and accelerated aging are functions of pH.
The following information may be used as a guide:
Grade A papers. Machine-made papers with an alkaline
filler have existed, apparently with little change, for at
least 70 years. Hand-made papers containing an alkaline
filler have survived for almost 400 years. Acid papers have
survived this long, but their condition is, comparatively
speaking, not as good.
Grade B papers. The probable longevity of these papers
should lie somewhere between Grade A and Grade C papers.
Grade C papers. The relative condition of paper in old
books and documents has been correlated with pH. Manifold
papers in U.S. Government files with pH values as low as 4.2
have survived almost 50 years, and physical properties appear
to be a function of pH. Therefore, a minimum pH of 5.5
should indicate longevity equal to or greater than 50 years.
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Papers containing cotton and/or linen are considered by
many people to be more durable than wood pulp papers. As
both rag and wood pulp papers may cover a wide spectrum of
permanence and durability, generalizations are not possible.
This specification is based on pH requirements. If
more information is developed, it would be desirable for the
specification to include an accelerated aging method.
No specification for erasing properties is included
because no single method appears to be suitable for all
situations. As erasing quality may be very important, it
is suggested that this property be a subject of negotiation
between the seller and the purchasing agent. A simple
criterion might be agreed upon--e.g., that writing with
aqueous ink on an erased area must not show visible
feathering--or perhaps a more sophisticated procedure such
as that described in TAPPI Method T 478.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
19
A2. DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE CONTENT OF PAPER
A2.1 Qualitative
Place about 0.5 g of paper in a test tube of any con-
venient size. Cover to a depth of about 1 cm with 6 N HC1.
A gentle continuous effervescence (not to be confused with
initial desorption of gases from the surface of the paper)
indicate the presence of carbonate.
A2.2 Quantitative
Weigh out about 1 gram of paper to the nearest milligram,
making a correction for the moisture content', and place in
about 25 ml of water in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Pipette
20 m12 of standardized 0.1 N HC1 into the flask, heat to
boiling, and boil for about 1 min. Add 3 drops of aqueous
methyl red. Cool to room temperature and titrate to the
first lemon yellow with standardized 0.1 N NaOH.
If a trace of pink indicator remains adsorbed on the
surface of the paper, boil briefly .o desorb the pink color.
Usually a further drop of NaOH will tegt re the lemon
yellow to the solution.
'The specimen may be dried and weighed, or a separate
portion may be used for moisture determination.
2For a 1 gram specimen, this is sufficient to neutralize
the carbonate in a paper containing about 10 percent car-
bonate.
Approved Enr RPIPaRP 2002/05/06 7 GJA-BDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/02'06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Calculate the carbonate content of the paper as calcium
carbonate using the following formula:
CaCO3' % -
(ml x N)HC1 - (ml x )NaOHNx 0.050 x 100
- -
wt. of specimen, grams
where 0.050 is the milliequivalent weight of CaCO3. Duplicate
determinations should agree within 0.3 percent calcium
carbonate.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06: CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 1. Experimental test data for bond papers having a nominal weight
of 16 pounds (17 x 22, 500).
Code
No.
Rag !
Content,
Thickness
Weight
(17x22,500)
Opacity
Brightness
MD CD
Fold, MIT, 1 kg
MD CD
Burst
Internal Tear
MD CD
PH
Special
Attribute
(%) 1
(in)
(lbs)
(g/m2
(%)
(%)
(%)
(double
folds)
(pts)
(g)
(g)
(cold)
(hot)
201
100 1
.0037
16.6
62.5
81
83
84
1100
970
37
55
52
6.0
5.2
high
referral
202
100
.0032
15.7
59.2
75
76
77
1200
1000
34
56
50
5.4
5.9
high
referral
203
100
.0033
16.2
61.1
74
83
84
1230
740
32
54
52
5.7
5.1
high
referral
204
100
.0037
16.4
61.7
80
93
93
790
440
34
56
55
7.6
7.8
high
referral
205
, 75
.0038
16.1
60.5
80
89
89
270
100
28
37
43
6.2
5.5
206
50
.0038
16.5
62.0
87
82
83
400
200
28
53
49
6.2
5.3
207
50
.0037
15.5
58.6
78
87
87
410
110
31
40
45
6.6
5.9
208
25
.0036
15.2
57.3
77
78
79
400
280 31
47
43
6.5
5.5
209
25
.0036
16.5
62.0
84
49
50
470
370
35
51
55
5.8
4.8
210
25
.0037
16.0
60.4
79
87
87
350
140
31
38
43
6.6
6.1
211
CW1
.0037
16.2
60.9
83
88
89
110
50
24
45
52
5.0
4.5
212
! CW1
.0035
15.9
59.9
78
82
84
84
74
22
43
44
. 5.7
I
5.0
213
C'w1
.0036
16.0
60.3
83
87
89
80
20
18
31
37
! 5.8
5.4
1
214
CW1
.0035
16.3
61.6
82
83
85
75
46
16
47
52
5.6
4.7
215
1 CW1
.0036
17.2
64.9
84
88
89
133
67
23
39
43
5.5
4.8
'Chemical wood.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06: CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 2. Experimental test data for bond papers having a nominal weight
of 20 pounds (17
x 22, 500).
Brightness
MD CD
Fold, MIT, 1 kg
MD CD
Burst
Internal Tear
MD CD
pH
Code
No.
Rag
Content
Thickness
Weight
(17x22,500)
Opacity
Special
Attribute
216
(%)
100
(in)
.0042
(lbs)
20.7
(gin')
78.0
(%)
80
(%)
76
(%)
76
(double folds)
1100 580
(pts)
44
(q)
71
(g)
84
(cold)
5.6
(hot)
4.8
high
referral
217
100
.0044
21.0
79.0
80 82
84
1000
650
48
90
82
5.4
4.7
If
218
100
.0046
20.4
76.7
85 83
84
270
220
38
69
64
4.9
4.5
.11
6i-fp
8.3
It
219
100
.0041
20.0
75.4
220
100
.0039
20.3
76.6
92
86
86
630
220
38
64
72
5.2
4.7
221
75
.0046
20.1
75.7
80
89
89
200
100
33
51
55
6.1
5.9
222
50
.0045
20.2
76.1
81
85
85
650
340
37
54
62
5.2
4.6
223
50
.0046
19.5
73.3
88
89
90
190
90
28
72
78
5.7
5.2
224
50
.0050
20.7
78.0
90
90
91
170
51
31
58
68
5.3
4.6
225
50
.0049
20.2
76.2
84
88
88
420
180
37
63
73
6.8
6.3
226
25
.0045
19.7
74.3 81 80
81 310
170
39
57
64
6.6
5.6
227
25
.0048
20.1
75.9 87 79
81 270
63
32
57
67
6.1
5.2
228
25
.0049
20.3
76.4 86 90
90 140
70
28
63
67
5.9
5.9
229
25
.0045
19.7
74.3 84 89
90 130
44
32
57
67
6.3
5.1
230
CW'
.0045
19.5
73.3 88 80
80 44
20
24
46
51
5.6
4.9
231
Cw1
.0047
20.1
75.9 88 88
88 43
19
23
60
65
5.3
4.7
232
CWI
.0045
20.2
76.2 86 84
86 100
38
27
65
79
5.8
5.2
233
CW'
.0041
21.0
79.0 91 80
81 180
160
31 69
68 8.6
9.5
234
OPP
.0042
19.8
74.6 88 89
90 54
39
23 60
58 5.6
4.9
235
CW'
.0042
19.7
74.4 88 80
81 28
16
21 51
50 5.7
5.1
236
CW'
.0043
20.0
73.8 86 84
85 180
65
33
59
67 6.0
5.3
237
CWI
.0047
19.6
75.8 89 87
87 72
24
29
55
59 5.4
4.8
238
CWI
.0047 20.5
77.4 86 88
89 360
110
36 58
68 7.3
7.2
_
IChemical wood.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06: CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 3.
Experimental test data for bond papers having a nominal weight
of 24 pounds (17 x 22, 500).
Code
No.
Rag
Content
Thickness
Weight
(17x22,500)
Opacity
Brightness
MD CD
Fold, MIT, 1 kg
MD CD
Burst
Internal Tear
MD CD
pH
Snecial
Attribute
239
(%)
100
(in)
.0050
(lbs)
24.7
(g/m2)
93.1
(%)
85
(%)
75
(%)
76
I (double folds)
1100 540
(pts)
51
(g)
99
(g)
107
(cold) (hot)
5.5 4.8
high
referral
240
100
.0050 24.9
94.0
82
83
84
900
550
49
90
89
5.3
4.9
241
100
.0050 24.5
92.2
81
74
75
1600
640
58
91
106
4.8
4.6
242
100
.0048 25.7
96.7
83
83
84
770
180
46
87
100
5.3
4.9
243
100
.0054 24.2
91.3
78
80
81
1600
700
46
94
106
5.4
4.8
244
100
.0060 25.2
95.1
86
80
81
59
35
28
68
72
4.7
4.3
245
100
.0058 25.6
96.4
85
80
81
67
41
36
73
83
5.5
4.6
246
100 .0055 24.6
92.8
90
84
85
170
140
44
89
81
I 4.8
4.5
'
247
100
.0050 23.6
88.8
85
91
92
910
450
53
87
93
8.3
8.3
248
100
.0052 24.1
90.9
92
80
80
410
280
45
105
100
5.6
4.9
249
75 .0059 24.9
94.0
87
90
91
340
88
44
84
100
6.1
5.6
250
50 .0052 23.5
88.7
86
88
89
260
89
40
74
83
4.9
4.5
251
50 .0055 23.9
90.1
87
88
88
300
140
42
70
76
6.3
6.1
252
25 .0053 23.5
88.4
84
69
71
100
35
30
68
78
5.2
4.4
253
25 .0052 22.4
84.4
85
79
81
61
19
27
59
72
5.9
4.7
254
25 .0057 23.6
88.9
86
90
91
180
45
34
76
83
5.8
4.6
255
25 .0056 24.4
92.0
87
79
81
70
23
30
76
80
5.8
4.8
256
25 .0056
25.8
97.1
89
87
88
100
35
39
68
77
5.6
5.4
257
25 .0052
24.2
91.0
90
88
89
103
40
30
70
81
5.7
5.1
258
CWI .0052 22.6
84.9
90
88
89
100
40
30
60
74
4.9
4.4
259
CW' .0051 25.1
94.6
92
80
81
240
66
37
82
88
8.7
8.8
'Chemical wood.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 4. Experimental test data for ledger papers having a nominal weight
of 24 pounds (17 x 22,
500).
Code Rag
No. Content
Thickness
Weight
(17x22,500)
Opacity
I -
Brightness
MD CD
Fold, MIT, 1 kg
MD CD
Internal Tear
Burst MD CD
pH
Special
Attribute
(%)
(in)
(lbs)
(g/m2)
' ( % )
(%)
(%)
(double
folds)
(pts) (g)
(P)
(cold)
(hot)
260
100
.0042
23.7
89.3
94 79
80
860
760
48
68
62
6.3
5.7
High
referral'
261
, 100
.0043
24.7
92.9
94 91
92
730
240
46
68
71
8.5
8.5
262 100
.0045
24.0
90.3
86
81
83
350
210
44
76
86
5.7
4.9
high
I
referral2
263
50
.0048
24.2
91.1
86
76
77
310
93
36
71
78
5.3
4.7
264
50
.0045
23.9
90.2
86
81
82
180
77
36
66
72
5.7
5.1
265
, 25
.0043
22.7
85.5
87
75
77 380
340
44
74
76
6.5
5.8
266 CW3
.0047
24.0
90.5
88 75
78 180
27
31
63
81
4.8
4.8
267 CW3
.0048
24.9
94.0
89 87
88 92
81
38
76
74
4.9
4.5
268 CW3
.0047
23.8
89.6
87 82
83 52
26
34
65
72
5.1
4.6
269
CW3
.0046
24.5
92.3
90 84
84
42
31 27
67
65
5.5
4.6
270
CW3
.0047
24.2
91.3
88 82
84
48
37 29
75
70
5.2
4.5
271
CW3 .0046
25.4
95.6
90 82
83
72
28
36
60
68
4.8
4.3
272
CW3 .0046 24.7
93.0
89 80
81
66
45
35
58
57
4.7
4.1
'High referral with respect to folding endurance
but not tearing resistance
2High referral with respect to tearing resistance
but not folding endurance.
'Chemical wood.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 5.
Experimental test data for ledger papers having nominal weights
of 32 and 44 pounds (17 x 22, 500).
Code
No.
Rag
Content
Thickness
Weight
(17x22,500)
Opacity
Brightness
MD CD
Fold, MIT, 1 kg
MD CD
Burst
Internal Tear
MD CD
pH
Special
Attribute
( % )
(in)
(lbs)
1
(g/m2) , (%)
(%)
(%)
(double folds)
(pts)
(g)
(g)
(cold)
(hot)
273
100
.0055
33.2
125
96
82
83
510
230
59
115
124 6.1
5.1
274
100
.0059
34.0
128
90
80
81
580
200
53
129
139 5.7
4.8
275
276
50
25
.0060
.0052
32.9
31.3
124
118
93
91
83
77
84
78
120
640
74 44
670 54
109
125
115
117
5.1
6.2
4.5
4.9
high
referral
277
25 .0060
31.8
120
93
83
84
42
27 37
93
103
5.9
5.2
278
CW' .0058
32.6
123
96
75
76
84
41 45
89
97
5.6
5.0
279
CW' .0059
31.1
117
93
88
89
130
56 44
105
117 4.9
4.6
280
CW' .0059
32.6
123
94
83
84
23
18 35
97
101 5.1
4.6
281
CW' .0065
29.7
112
93
79
80
175
91 41
120
112 8.9
8.8
282
CW' .0062
32.6
123
94
84
86
41
26 33
107
114 5.5
4.7
283
CWI .0058
31.8
120
93
83
84 50
39 41
88
91 4.7
4.2
284
CW' .0061
33.2
125
93
82
83 59
33 47
87
93 4.8
4.5
285
CW'
.0060
32.4
122
94
82
83 3(5
18 31
99
107 5.2
4.5
286
100 .0069
43.5
164
98
80
80 460
240
72
74
76 6.8
6.2
287
25 .0070
41.4
156
95
79
81 350
200
59
53
51 6.2
5.2
288
CW' .0078
45.1
170
98
77
78 130
120
57
194
187 5.7
4.9
IChPmical wood.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 6. Experimental test data for parchment papers having nominal weights
of 16, 20, 24, and 32 pounds (17 x 22, 500).
Code
No.
Rag
Content
Weight
Thickness (17x22,500)
Opacity
Brightness Fold, MIT, 1 kg
MD CD MD CD
Burst
Internal Tear
MD CD
289
290
291
292
293
( % )
100
100
100
100
100
(in) (lbs)
.0041
.0047
.0057
.0052
.0058
17.6
20.2
25.1
24.9
33.7
(g/m2
66.3
76.2
94.5
93.7
( % )
80
83
88
86
127 90
(%) (%)
87 88
87 88
87 88
82 83
(double folds)
500 270
590 250
480 240
330 190
(pts)
35
42
46
46
79 80 1900 1500 91
(g) (g)
42
55
84
83
47
59
92
84
135 133
(cold) (hot)
6.9 6.5
7.0
6.7
6.1
6.3
6.2
5.3
7.4 7.2
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 7. Summary of JCP numbers and specifications for GPO Papers
included in this study.
Code
No.
JCP Rag
No. Content
Thickness
Fold, MIT, 1 kg
, (double folds)
Avg, 2 directions
Opacity
( % )
Burst
(pts)
(hot)
Grade
17x22,500)
(g/m )
(%)
(in)
(lbs)
201
G-80
100
16
60
800
5.5
Bond
206
G-70
50
16
60
82
5.0
Bond
208
G-40
25
16
60
100
5.0
Bond
209
222
G-60
G-70
25
50
16
20
60
75
84
84
4.7
5.0
Bond,
onacified
Bond
226
G-40 25
20 75
100
5.0
Bond
260
J-30 100 .0042 24 90 700
5.5
Ledger
265
J-20 25 .0042 24 90 85
5.0
Ledger
266
J-10 CW1 .0042 24 90 35
4.4 Ledger
273
J-30 100 .0054 32 120 700
5.5
Ledger
276
J-20 25 .0054 32 120 75
5.0
Ledger
278
J-10 CWI .0054 32 120
40
4.4
Ledger
286
J-30 100 .0072 44 165
500
5.5
Ledger
287
J-20 25 .0072 44 165 75
5.0 Ledger
288
J-10 CW' .0072 44 165 25
4.4 Ledger
293
H-10 100 32 120 800
Deed,
5.5 parchment
'Chemical wood.
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 8. Coefficients of least squares correlations
in the comparison of the weight per unit
area of bond and ledger papers with internal
tearing resistance, bursting strength,
folding endurance, and opacity.
Coefficient of
Comparison Correlation
Weight vs. Internal Tearing Resistance 0.77
Weight vs. Bursting Strength 0.66
Weight vs. Folding Endurance -0.05
Weight vs. Opacity 0.76
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
Table 9. Summary of average folding endurance,
tearing resistance, and bursting
strength of bond papers of different
basis weights and rag content.
Rag
Content
MIT
Basis 'Folding Endurance,
Wei ht 1 k
Tearing
Resistance
Bursting
Stren th
(%)
(g/m2) (double folds)
(g)
(points)
100
601 900
53
33
752 625
73
42
903 559
83
46
75
60 186
38
28
75 148
51
33
90 212
82
44
50
60 259
42
31
75 183
66
32
90 197
72
41
25
60 245
40
31
75 119
58
31
90 109
65
34
0
60 74
43
21
75 86
61
27
90 112
76
34
160 g/m2 = 16 pounds (17 x 22, 500)
275 g/m2 = 20 pounds (17 x 22, 500)
390 g/m2 = 24 pounds (17 x 22, 500)
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Table 10. Summary of average folding endurance,
tearing resistance, and bursting
strength of ledger papers of differ-
ent basis weights and rag content.
Rag
Content
Basis
Weight
MIT
Folding Endurance,
1 kg
Tearing
Resistance
Bursting
Strength
%)
100
(g/m2)
901
1202
(double folds)
382
387
(g)
70
113
(points)
45
53
50
90
166
73
36
120
95
97
44
25
90
120 35
78
37
0
90 59
68
33
120 51
101
40
1 90
g/m2 = 24 pounds (17 x
22,
500)
2120
g/m2 = 32 pounds (17 x
22,
500)
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Table 11.
Summary of average folding endurance,
tearing resistance, and bursting
strength of parchment papers of 100%
rag content and different basis weights.
Rag
Content
Basis
Weight
MIT
Folding Endurance,
1 kg
Tearing
Resistance
Bursting
Strength
(%)
(g/m2)
(double folds)
(g)
(points)
100
601
385
45
35
752
420
58
42
903
408
71
46
160
g/m2 =
16 pounds
(17
x 22,
500)
275
g/m2 =
20 pounds
(17
x 22,
500)
390
g/m2 =
24 pounds
(17
x 22,
500)
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80
60
40
20
-
_
-
?
?
?
?
40 80 120
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA, g/m2
160
Fig. 1. Bursting strength of bond, ledger, and parchment papers as a
function of weight per unit area.
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ISO
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1
1
I T
1
40 80 120
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA, g/m2
1
160
Fig. 2. Internal tearing resistance of bond, ledger, and parchment
papers as a function of weight per unit area.
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1500
cn
CD0
CO
0
CD
1000
CD
lJ
6
-J
0
500
2
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
? ? 0
?
?
?
? ? ?
?
?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ??
?
? ? ?? ?
? ? 41
% ?
?
;????
-0^ ? ? ?
? II.
? ? ? ?
?
?
40 80 120
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA, g/m2
160
Fig. 3. Folding endurance of bond, ledger, and parchment papers as a
function of weight per unit area.
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40 80 120
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA g/m2
160
Fig. 4. Opacity of bond, ledger, and parchment papers as a function
of weight per unit area.
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I
I
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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
10 843
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR FILE FOLDERS
FOR STORAGE OF PERMANENT RECORDS
Technical Report
to
National Archives and Records Service
General Services Administration
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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J
Approved For Real.sg.2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
IUNAL blUREAti OF STANDARDS
The .11,)nal Bureau of Standards \AA C'?iahi khed by an act of Congress March 3,
1'-/01 I he litireati's overall goal and advance the Nation's science and
technology and facwtatc their ctfecti,.c )Hi,._,,tion for public benefit. To this end, the
It aI the Nation's physical measure-
.iildnsin: and government, (3)
a tee P a a iii e.ptit. m ehnical ser% ices to promote public safety.
-111( wn,;k1> !he Institut( I-a- El a Standards, the Institute for 1\4aterials
Re':h the Institute for Applied -Icchnolo-_:,. the Center for Computer Sciences and
Techholotv a p 1 the Oflice tor Inlorrn:cion Ptograms.
THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC SLANDARDS provides the central basis within the
St k's ot a complete and cvn,i?n-nt ss stein of physical measurement; coordinates
that etiwith measurement o. sten I other nations: and furnishes essential services
ieadit ti ?Actuate and uniform rillsical niLh,surements throughout the Nation's scien-
indi,strs and commeice [he Institute consists of a Center for Radia-
tion 1-,t,?se irch. an Office ot Mcasimonent Sep, ices and the following divisions:
Mathemr!ics He. ii -Heat Mechanics?Optical Physics?Linac
\u0e.,r Radiatlon. Radiation-l?Quantum Electronicslt?
IThcrornaLtnetics - -Time ti cptcnes aboratory Astrophysic0?Cryo-
;x:*- .
THU iNSTIFIL TE FOR NIATERI't IS RESEARCH conducts materials research lead-
,roproved methods of measi irement. standards, and data on the properties of
\AL:11-e llar.lcierized materials needed 1). industry. conunerce, educational institutions, and
Go.,eonn-mt: provides ad' sort and research services to other Government agencies;
and de\ clops, produces, and distrib,ttes standard reference materials. The Institute con-
sis!,, of the Office of Standard RcLh-enee Materials and the following divisions:
\nalytical Chemistn.--Pol',,mcrs? Metallurgy Inorganic Materials?Reactor
Radlation Phs L i Cheinistiv,
THE INSTITUTE EOR APPLIED I ECHNOLOGY provides technical services to pro-
mote he use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in indus-
trv aLd tio\ ernment: cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the
de\ elc-prient at technological standwds ineluding mandatory safety standards), codes
it test md pro\ ides iv hut. advice and services to Government agencies
upon I he limtitute also inoni!ors NRS engineering standards activities and
hetv,cen NliS and national and international engineering standards
divisions and offices:
-,ginacrin2 Standards SL i, and Measures Invention and
It 'i' -Product Evaluation Technologv-----Building Research?Electronic
NI-J?aireinkmt Engineering Office of Fire
anis.
THE EN IT R FOR comPuTER NCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts re-
m-1 aid Government agencies in improv-
' an 1,, through the selection, acquisition,
it ia i'oi autorn equipment: and serves as the prin-
cuti%c tat for des clopment of Federal standards for
and computer languages. The Center
it Informzition?Computer Services
Tech oology.
UHF I' It E I OR INI OR M.% I ION I'M 4,4t NIS promote-. optimum dissemination
and ; ll'?w'm Awn ,f.enc,alcd within NRS and other agencies of
tE-I f? ,.hc .10 CICIM.1 CPI k It the National Standard Reference
and inah,sis centers dealing with the broader
Hai \-lt,astro,.!mia pro\ lidos appropriate services to ensure
:hat Nit,S the s,?lentific information of the world,
a,,d put*, a I fm,? tha Unreal' 1 he Office consists of the
)u11a it SLImktY.1 Rete.ozn . office Technical Information and
ons Inti.;n.,tronal Relations
'Me rv ??e meted; mailing address Wash ine-
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Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT
NBS PROJECT
4110442
May 1, 1972
NBS REPORT
10 843
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR FILE FOLDERS
FOR STORAGE OF PERMANENT RECORDS
E. J. Parks, R. L. Hebert, and G. H. Limparis
Paper Evaluation Section
Product Evaluation Technology Division
Institute for Applied Technology
Technical Report
to
National Archives and Records Service
General Services Administration
IMPORTANT NOTICE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORTS are usually preliminary or progress accounting documents intended
for use within the Government. Before material in the reports is formally published it is subjected to additional evaluation
and review. For this reason, the publication, reprinting, reproduction, or open-literature listing of this Report, either in
whole or in part, is not authorized unless permission is obtained in writing from the Office of the Director, National
Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. Such permission is not needed, however, by the Government agency for which
the Report has been specifically prepared if tnat agency wishes to reproduce additional copies for its own use.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR FILE FOLDERS
FOR STORAGE OF PERMANENT RECORDS
Prepared By
E. J. Parks, R. L. Hebert,
and G. H. Limparis
Paper Evaluation Section
Product Evaluation Technology Division
SECTION APPROVAL:
,
WILLIAM K. WILSON, Chief
Paper Evaluation Section
REVIEWED BY:
DAVID B. B. BLANCHARD
Editorial Reader
THAD STERLING
ort Review Chairm n
APPROVED BY:
MELVIN R.
Product E
#RSON, Chief
illation Technology Division
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Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SAMPLES 2
3. TEST METHODS 3
3.1 Thickness 3
3.2 Weight per Unit Area 3
3.3 Folding Endurance 3
3.4 Bursting Strength 3
3.5 Internal Tearing Resistance 3
3.6 pH 4
3.7 Number of Replicate Tests 4
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5
4.1 Results 5
4.2 Discussion 5
5. CONCLUSION 7
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 8
APPENDIX--PROPOSED NEW STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FILE FOLDERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS 9
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FOREWORD
In response to a request by National Archives and Records
Service, the National Bureau of Standards is developing infor-
mation on the variables associated with the stability of
archival record materials, especially paper. Since the in-
ception of the project, several U.S. Government agencies and
the Society of American Archivists have joined in sponsor-
ship of the project through National Archives and Records
Service.
Although the present effort is directed toward paper,
and especially the development of test methods that may be
used in the preparation of specifications, other materials
that will merit attention are quick copy reproductions from
office copying machines, inks, typewriter ribbons, carbon
paper, laminating film, mending tape and binding materials.
The objectives of this program are as follows: (1) the
development of information on the stability of paper and other
record materials, (2) the development of test methods for the
evaluation of the stability of paper and other record mate-
rials, and (3) the development of specifications for these
materials.
The principal need of the archivist and librarian is
for specifications for the papers on which records are written.
In order to achieve this, as much technical information as
possible must be developed on the relative stability of
various chemical structures that affect the physical prop-
erties of paper. Specifications should include tests that
will predict permanence and that could be run in the usual
control laboratory and should include an accelerated aging
method.
In order to develop an accelerated aging method, it is
necessary to age several papers in the laboratory, giving
particular attention to variables such as the composition of
the paper, temperature, relative humidity, open or closed
aging system, and many others. Time does not permit the
study of all possible variables but a study of selected vari-
ables allows one to make some generalizations about the param-
eters that are important in the stability of paper.
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ii
As the development of the information necessary to
writing an accelerated aging method for estimating the
relative stability of papers is long-range research, it is
desirable to prepare interim specifications for various
papers pending the availability of more complete data. The
stability of papers can be predicted, on a relative basis,
from the pH, or acidity values of the papers. The correla-
tion between pH and stability is not a perfect one as stability
depends, in addition to pH, on the chemical composition of
the cellulose as well as additives that are introduced during
the papermaking process.
Interim specifications, based on pH requirements, for
manifold papers have been written and are going through
channels in committee D-6, Paper, of the American Society
for Testing and Materials. Work has been completed on spec-
ifications for bond and ledger papers and for file folders.
This report contains interim specifications for file
folders and the data used in developing these specifications.
The specifications are based on minimum pH requirements and
minimum strength requirements. The latter are derived from
data obtained from testing 28 samples of file folder stock
obtained from commercial sources.
WILLIAM K. WILSON
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1. INTRODUCTION
In order to provide a data base for writing interim
srecifications for file folders for permanent records, 28
file folder stocks were tested for thickness, weight per
unit area, folding endurance, bursting strength, and internal
tearing resistance. A high coefficient of correlation was
found in the comparison of weight and thickness. Burst, fold,
and tear usually increase with weight or thickness, but fold
is not so closely related to weight as tear and burst. The
pH values fall within a range of 4.3 to 5.5, except that one
alkaline folder had a pH of 9.1.
Interim specifications for file folders are included in
the appendix.
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2
2. SAMPLES
Twenty-eight samples of paperboard suitable for file
folders were tested. Of these, four were obtained from the
r;overnment Printing Office (GPO), and the remainder were
obtained directly from the manufacturers.
The four obtained from GPO had been bought on specifica-
tions of the Congressional Joint Committee on Printing (JCP),
and these samples included a postal card paper, two durable
chemical wood boards, and a jute tagboard of exceptional
strength and durability. The samples obtained directly from
the manufacturers included materials described as tag wood,
kraft, and hardwood folders. These are listed in order of
increasing weight and thickness in Tables 1-4. Colors and
styles are given in these tables, but fiber content of the
directly obtained samples is not known.
The samples obtained from the Government Printing Office
are identified in Table 5. Table 5 includes the JCP speci-
fications pertaining to these samples.
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3
3. TEST METHODS
The testing methods used are described in the collected
"Standard and Suggested Methods" of TAPPI (Testing Methods
ard Recommended Practices, Technical Association of the Pulp
and Paper Industry, 1 Dunwoody Park, Atlanta, Georgia 30341).
3.1 Thickness
Thickness was determined according to TAPPI T 411 and
is reported in inches (in.) and millimeters (mm).
3.2 Weight per Unit Area
The weight per unit area was determined by TAPPI Method
T 410 and is reported both in grams per sguare meter (g/m2)
and pounds per 500 sheets, 24 x 36 in. (24" x 36", 500).
3.3 Folding Endurance
Folding endurance was determined by TAPPI Method T 423,
Part II, using clamps with jaws having sufficient clearance
to accommodate file folder stock, which is considerably
thicker than most papers. Folding endurance is reported in
both cross and machine directions.
3.4 Bursting Strength
Bursting strength was determined on most of the samples
by TAPPI Method T 403. Those having a bursting strength
greater than 120 points were tested according to TAPPI Method
T 807, using an instrument with a greater pressure range.
3.5 Internal Tearing Resistance
Tearing resistance was measured according to TAPPI
method T 414 and is reported for both cross and machine
direction in grams (g).
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3.6 pLi
pH was determined by both hot and cold extraction by
TPI Methods T 435 and T 309, respectively.
3.7 Number of Replicate Tests
pH determinations were performed in duplicate. All other
tests were performed on at least ten specimens of every
sample. The individual figures in Tables 1-4 represent
averages of all of the results obtained on each sample.
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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
The data are presented in Tables 1-4, in which the file
folder stocks are listed in order of increasing thickness.
The least squares slope given in Figure 1 indicates a direct
relationship between weight per unit area and thickness.
Figures 2 and 3 show that internal tearing resistance is
closely related to weight and to thickness. Bursting strength
and folding endurance, as indicated in Figures 4 and 5, are
not as closely related to weight as internal tearing resistance.
Table 6 presents the various coefficients of correlation.
4.2 Discussion
It is conventional practice to list the thicknesses of
file folders rather than their weight per unit area. However,
the high correlation between weight and thickness, indicated
in Table 6 and in Figure 1, suggests that two parameters are
nearly interchangeable. Although the interim specifications
attached to this report refer principally to thickness, the
correlation of both thickness and weight with strength param-
eters is discussed here.
Figures 2, 4, and 5 indicate that greater folding endur-
ance, bursting strength, and tearing resistance accompany
higher weights. Similar comparisons can be obtained if
thickness is substituted for weight, as shown for tearing
resistance in Figure 3. However, there is a great deal of
variation due, probably, to composition variables. Bursting
strength and fold are especially erratic. The plots shown
in Figures 4 and 5 indicate that it would not be advisable
to peg either bursting strength or folding endurance require-
ments to the basis weights (or thickness) of file folders.
All but five of the samples would pass a minimum average
folding endurance of 300 in the machine and cross directions.
This minimum should be required in the interim specifications.
Practical experience should determine whether samples having
a minimum average fold of 300 also meet usage requirements,
and the specification can be revised in view of this experi-
ence. "High usage" folders with an average folding endurance
above 1000 may be requested if hard usage is expected. In
that case, the specification should include a minimum folding
endurance of 500 in the weaker direction.
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6
The data in Figures 2 and 3 suggest that requirements
for internal tearing resistance could readily be based on
either basis weights or thicknesses. Burst is much more
erratic than tear and may be omitted from this specification.
Using the intercept and slope indicated in Figure 3,
the minimum average tearing strength in the machine and cross
directions for samples having a weight of 150 grams per square
meter is 130 grams, and the tear requirement increases at the
rate of 2.6 grams per gram of weight. The requirement based
on thickness is 180 grams of tearing resistance for folders
having a thickness of 8 mils, and an additional 54 grams per
mil of additional thickness.
The composition of the commercial folders is not known.
The JCP specifications mention various fiber furnishes:
(1) chemical wood that is free from ground wood, (2) 50 per-
cent hemp material with the remainder free from ground wood,
(3) 100 percent chemical wood pulp, and (4) paper that is
free from unbleached or ground wood pulp. Judging from this
variety, the material going into folders could be quite
variable. The physical properties depend to an important
extent on composition. For example, JCP P-30, which is 50
percent hemp, has a specified minimum tear of 925 grams
(total, both directions). Another, heavier sample of card-
board, JCP Q-70, has a specified minimum tear (total, both
directions) of 530 grams.
The pH value is important for folders intended to con-
tain permanent records. A folder of low pH may initiate
the deterioration of papers stored inside its covers. It
is suggested that folders having a pH of 5.5 or above should
be specified when permanent records are to be stored. Sample
323, which is alkaline, would be satisfactory.
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5. CONCLUSION
The data indicate that the internal tearing resistance
of file folders is closely correlated with weights per unit
area, which, in turn, is closely related to thicknesses. As
file folders are generally sold according to thicknesses,
invitations for bids could peg tear requirements to thick-
nesses or, alternately, to weights per unit area. Burst and
fold are erratic. All of the folders tested showed a folding
endurance higher than 300, but it is quite possible to obtain
folding endurances of 2000 or 3000. Average folding endurances
as high as 1000 (500 in the weaker direction) may be specified
for high usage folders, but this should be considered excep-
tional.
For storage of permanent records, a pH of 5.5 or higher
should be specified.
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6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The assistance of manufacturers who supplied samples
for evaluation and who, for obvious reasons, must remain
unnamed, is gratefully acknowledged.
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9
APPENDIX--
PROPOSED NEW STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR FILE
FOLDERS FOR PERMANENT RECORDS
1. SCOPE
This specification covers file folder stock used to
prepare folders in which permanent or semi-permanent copies
of records and documents are to be stored. Permanence has
been shown to be at least an approximate function of pH,
and two pH levels, reflecting two levels of permanence, are
specified.
2. CLASSIFICATION
2.1 Grades. Two grades are specified. The only
differences between the grades are the pH requirements and
the type of filler or sizing to achieve this. For situations
where the folders will be opened and closed frequently, the
grade should be described as "high usage." A minimum average
folding endurance of 1000 in the machine and cross directions
(500 in the weaker direction) is required for this category,
and the purchaser might wish to specify the proportions of
chemical wood or hemp.
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2.2 Grade A. File folder stock with alkaline filler.
The stock shall contain an alkaline filler of calcium and/
or magnesium carbonate. The minimum shall be 2 percent,
calculated to calcium carbonate, based on the oven dry weight
of the finished paper. The pH shall fall within the range
7.5-9.5, hot extraction.
2.3 Grade B. Folder stock with minimum pH value. The
stock shall have a minimum pH of 5.5, hot extraction.
3. REQUIREMENTS
3.1 File Folder Stock. Free from ground wood pulp.
The stock shall be unbleached or fully bleached wood pulp,
with additions of hemp as specified at the time of purchase.
3.2 Acidity (pH). See 2.1.
3.3 Sizing. If a sizing requirement is necessary, the
sizing shall be sufficient to prevent feathering when the
paper is written on with aqueous inks.
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3.4 Thickness. The average thickness in mils (0.001
inch) shall be 7.6-8.4, 9.0-10.0, 10.5-11.5, or 13.3-14.7
(.19-.21, .23-.25, .27-.29, or .34-.37 mm), but the varia-
tion of test unit averages within a shipment (or lot) shall
be not more than 5 percent above or below the average value.
3.5 Folding Endurance, MIT double folds at 1 kg tension.
For "high usage" folders, the value shall be not less than
500 in the weaker of the two directions. Otherwise, the
folding endurance requirement shall be 300 for the average
of two directions.
3.6 Tearing Resistance. The average in each direction
shall be as follows:
Nominal Thickness
(mm)
Tearing Resistance
(gms)
0.20
180
.24
260
.28
340
.36
500
3.7 Ash Content. The ash content shall be no greater
than 10 percent as measured by TAPPI procedure T413 ts-66.
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3.8 Sizes. The paper shall be furnished in the size,
or sizes, specified at the time of purchase.
3.9 Colors. The paper shall be white, or colored, as
specified at the time of purchase.
3.10 If the paper is to be used in a printing process,
a stipulation that the paper shall be suitable for this
purpose shall be included in the requirements.
3.11 Sampling shall be made according to one of the
methods mentioned in section 4. The lot sample shall
consist of no fewer than 10 test units with respect to
requirements for weight per unit area, thickness, folding
endurance, tearing resistance, and brightness.
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4. METHODS OF TESTING
The properties enumerated in this specification shall
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM or TAPPI
methods:
Method
Number
TAPPI
ASTM
Fiber analysis
T
401
D
1030
Acidity (pH)
T
435
D
778
Thickness
T
411
D
645
Folding endurance
T
511
D
2176
Tearing resistance
T
414
D
689
Ash content
T
413
D
586
Sampling
T
400
D
585
Moisture
T
412
D
1348
Carbonate content - There is no standard TAPPI or
ASTM method for the determination of carbonate
in paper. A procedure is given in the appendix
to this specification.
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14
APPENDIXES
Al. DISCUSSION
As there are many variables in the manufacture of paper
and in the use and storage of records, it is impossible to
place definitive values on the number of years that various
categories of records will endure. It has been established
that both natural and accelerated aging are functions of pH.
The following information may be used as a guide:
Alkaline papers. Machine-made papers with an alkaline
filler have existed, apparently with little change, for at
least 70 years. Hand-made papers containing an alkaline
filler have survived for almost 400 years. Acid papers have
survived this long, but their condition is, comparatively
speaking, not as good.
Papers of minimum pH. The relative condition of paper
in old books and documents has been correlated with pH.
Manifold papers in U.S. Government files with pH values as
low as 4.2 have survived almost 50 years, and physical
properties appear to be a function of pH. Therefore, a
minimum pH of 5.5 should indicate longevity equal to or
greater than 50 years for such papers.
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15
This specification is designed for file folder stock
in which records are stored. Consequently, it is based on
pH requirements similar to those for record papers. If
more information is developed, it would be desirable for
the specification to include an accelerated aging method.
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16
A2. DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE CONTENT OF PAPER
A2.1 Qualitative
Place about 0.5 g of paper in a test tube of any con-
venient size. Cover to a depth of about 1 cm with 6 N HC1.
A gentle continuous effervescence (not to be confused with
initial desorption of gases from the surface of the paper)
indicate the presence of carbonate.
A2.2 Quantitative
Weigh out about 1 gram of paper to the nearest milligram,
making a correction for the moisture content, and place
in about 25 ml of water in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
Pipette 20 m12 of standardized 0.1 N HC1 into the flask,
heat to boiling, and boil for about 1 min. Add 3 drops of
aqueous methyl red. Cool to room temperature and titrate
to the first lemon yellow with standardized 0.1 N NaOH.
If a trace of pink indicator remains adsorbed on the
surface of the paper, boil briefly to desorb the pink color.
Usually a further drop of NaOH will restore the lemon
yellow to the solution.
1The specimen may be dried and weighed, or a separate
portion may be used for moisture determination.
2For a 1 gram specimen, this is sufficient to neutralize
the carbonate in a paper containing about 10 percent car-
bonate.
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17
Calculate the carbonate content of the paper as calcium
carbonate using the following formula:
(ml x N) HC1 - x N)NaOH x 0.050 x 100
?
CaCO3, % -
wt. of specimen, grams
where 0.050 is the milliequivalent weight of CaCO3. Duplicate
determinations should agree within 0.3 percent calcium
carbonate.
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Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3 ?
Table 1. Experimental test data for file folders having a nominal
thickness of 8 mils.
Code Composition,
No. Color
310 taaboard,
white
311 tagboard,
manila
312 manila
Tearing Folding Endurance
Weight Resistance Bursting MIT, 1 kg
(24x36,500) Thickness MD CD Strength I MD CD pH
!
(lbs) (g/m2) ' (in) (mm) (g) (g) ' (pts) (double folds) (cold (hot:
102
166
.0076
0.193
177
185
49
89
79
5.2
4.6
102
167
.0074
0.188
176
195
61
280
210
5.0
4.6
113
185
.0081
0.206
223
221
67
400
610
5.6
5.1
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Approved For Release 2002/05/06 : CIA-RDP74-00390R000300290001-3 '
Table 2. Experimental data for file folders having a nominal
thickness of 9.5 mils.
Code
No.
Tearing Folding Endurance i
Composition, Weight Resistance Bursting 'ITT, 1 kg
Color (24x36,500) Thickness MD CD Strength MD CD pH
,
(lbs) (g/m2) (in) (mm) (g) (q) (pts) (double folds) (cold (hot)
1
313 postal card 116 189 .0094 0.239 214 227 73 160 210 6.0 5.5
tagboard,
314 127 207 .0095 0.241 230 273 56 470 79 5.2 4.7
manila
tagboard,
315 123 200 .0096 0.244 209 230 53 110 47 4.8 4.3
white
kraft, 78 600 980 5.1 4.8
316 131 214 .0096 0.244 368 357
manila
tagboard,
317 131 214 .0096 0.244i 308 263 78 580 640 5.2 4.5
manila
i
318 manila 131 213 .0096 0.244 325 306 62 550 560 4.9 4.4
319 manila 132 216 .0097 0.246 313 291 87 710 1000 6.0 5.2
320 buff 135 220 .0098 0.249 348 427 127 3700 1500 5.4 4.6
321 chem. wood 140 228 .0098 0.249 261 372 117 1700 360 5.9 5.2
tagboard,
manila
1
322 cher. wood 141 229 .0101 0.257 238 381 106 1800 75 t 4.7 4.3
1
tagboard
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Table 3. Experimental test data for file folders having a nominal
thickness of 11 mils.
Code Composition,
No. Color
323 manila
324 manila
325
gray
hardwood
326 ivory
327 manila
328 . manila
329 ivory
330 buff
331 manila
332 kraft
Weight
(24x36,500)
Thickness
Tearing
Resistance
MD CD
Bursting
Strength
iFolding
MIT,
MD
Endurance
1 kg
CD
pH
(lbs)
(g/m2)
(in)
(mm)
(g)
(g)
,
(pts)
(double
folds)
(cold
(hot)
142
231
.0104
0.264
362
344
103
P:00
1300
8.2
9.1
151
247
.0110
0.279
387
359
89
590
910
5.9
5.3
154
251
.0110
0.279
414
523
122
2800
780
5.0
4.4
153
249
.0110
0.279
318
456
126
1300
600
6.1
5.6
150
244
.0116
0.294
336
356
67
580
160
5.2
4.6
150
244
.0112
0.284
325
320
84
640
430
5.4
4.7
147
239
.0112
0.284
320
461
129
1500
700
5.6
5.0
151
246
.0113
0.287
388
437
127
2900
1800
5.9
5.0
151
247
.0115
0.292
422
466
90
1400
860
4.9
4.4
151
247
.0116
0.295
340
475
124
1400
660
5.3
5.0
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Table 4. Experimental test data for file folders having a nominal
thickness of 14 mils.
Code Composition,
No. Color
tagboard,
333 manila
334 buff
335 manila
336 jute tar
337
Tearing
HFolding
Endurance
Weight
(24x36,500)
Thickness
Resistance
MD CD
Bursting
MIT,
MD
1 kg
CD
pH
(lbs)
(g/m2)
(in) (mm)
(g) (g)
(pts)
(double
folds)
(cold
(hot)
174
284
.0132
0.335
380
390
96
640
500
5.4
4.7
179
292
.0139
0.353
557
530
124
3000
2700
5.9
4.8
199
325
.0143
0.363
531
484
98
1000
1360
5.1
4.8
199
325
.0147
0.373
560
790
150
4500
2700
5.7
4.9
189
307
.0150
0.381
568
566
106
1700
1400 4.8
4.3
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Table 5. Summary of JCP numbers and specifications for GPO
folders included in this study.
Code
No.
JCP
No.
Type and
Composition
Weight
(24x36,500)
Thickness
Bursting
Strength
Tearing
Resistancel
pH
313
321
322
336
Q-60
P-10
0-50
P-30
U.S. Postal
card
chem. wood,
manila tag-
board
chem. wood,
tagboard
jute tag
(lbs)
120
140
135
190
(in)
.009
--
.0098
--
(points)
--
- 100
80
--
(g)
--
--
520
925
(hot)
4.4
--
--
4.8
Total of two directions.
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Table 6. Coefficients of least squares correlations
in the comparison of file folder weights
and thicknesses with each other and with
internal tearing resistance, bursting strength,
and folding endurance.
Comparison
Coefficient of
Correlation
Thickness vs. weight per unit area
0.98
Thickness vs. internal tearing resistance
0.92
Thickness vs. bursting strength
0.62
Thickness vs. folding endurance
0.58
Weight vs. internal tearing resistance
0.93
Weight vs. bursting strength
0.65
Weight vs. folding endurance
0.62
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.35
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.25
.20
200 250
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA, g/m2
300
A4gSveli*Fo basis
we basis
600
cp
a
U
z
4
1- 400
u)
U)
ta
Ct
0
Z
E
4
ta
I- 200
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200 250
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA, g/m2
300
Fig. 2. Internal tearing resistance (g) of file folders as
a function of weight per unit area.
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o
Ci.
to
of file folders as
T
0 0 0
0 0 0
co cr cv
5 g3DNVISIS31:1 9N121V31
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MIT FOLDING ENDURANCE DOUBLEFOLDS
3000
2000
1000
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200 250
WEIGHT PER UNIT AREA, g/m2
300
Fig. 4. MIT folding endurance (1 kg, double folds) of file
folders as a function of weight per unit area.
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0 0 o
in o to
_
SINIOd 11-11.9N3WS 9NIIS8118
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in
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