MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74-00297R000301040022-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 7, 2013
• Sequence Number: 22
• Publication Date: August 6, 1958
• Content Type: MEMO

STAT STAT
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111 ati2Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/07: CIA-RDP74-00297R000301040022-3
TInci ti 0,1958
AND TINIX-3
Closer Glimps
- Of Russi,a' s Ruler ? that the bullock had, strayed Atty. ?
To this. observer, Kfirusticher seal
to believe every wikd that 'he.' saitake,.
By Marquis Childe
MOSCOW.?After you are Settled in
your seat and the Soviet airliner 14
gained altitude, a pretty hostess, Rust
sian model. safer% the passengers
magazines. There are
twg, the Soviet Union
?Illustrated Monthly, a
fairly professional pic-
ture magazine, a n d
Caiture.and Life, con-
taining articles on a
variety of subjects
from choosing a ca-
reer to decorating an
apartment.
The note struck re..
pcatedly and consts- Childs
tently throughout both magazines wee
first, the happiness and well-being of
the Soviet people and, second, their de-
sire for, peace and their- abhorrence of
war. Tu one visiting the Soviet Union
for the first time, this was the Initial
? impression of what appears Inevitably
as the outstanding difference between
the two worlds of East and West. It Is "
the total and complete Indoctrination of
the Soviet citizen.
There-is nothing new in this. It cot?.
responds with the fundamental belief
of the Communist order. But to the
?isitor from the West, seeing for the
first time 'how 200 million people are
enclosed within this doctrinal frame-
work, it must seem to bc. an astonishing
phenomenon.
For the great mass of the Rusalens,
It would appear to be taken for. granted.
There are some who look longingly out
.a-nd perhaps a few who stray. But in .
the great mass of those who .work so ,
hard, So intently, so fiercely, the num-
ber must be very small.
c?si
TIII.S REPORTER on his fine/ day In
Moscow had. an. exchange with Nikita'
S. Khrushchey that was proof to him
that in discussing the Russian position
on the issues dividing East and West,'
it is wrong to use the word "propa-
ganda," The exChange took p!ace at
one of the big embassy receptions.where
. the members of the Presidium, of the .
Supreme Soviet, ordinarily so seclusive,
make themselves available to all corners
In a crowded cocktail party atmosphere.
Khrushchev spoke with the half-hu-
morous, half-stern manner characteristic
of him about the truth which should he ?
evidcnt to everyone in the' great isstles ,
of war and peace. But was there not,
the reporter suggested, a truth that lay ?
somewhere between the aussian per:
' sneclive :hid the American perspective,
and wasn't it -necessary to try to find
that truth?
But Kht ushebev would have none of
U.al?going around in circles. As,he so
often does, he had recourse to a homely.
fhlsian analogy about, the "White Pill.
ic :This is a sin's.' of a:1 .dri Or.:).; it
-
? 'le
who:'.wie forever takhig iftr
white bulloelt out to irtaze? and forever
coming back to the village to -repeat
This was not "propsgande" that he Was
putting out for .a circle of reporters
and diplomats in eh erttbstfg drawing
room.- For in this solid affirmation this
short, thick man in A nondescript, gray
suit was the center, the core, Of rhationni
conviction as beamed to :the +farthest
corners of the. Eurtsian land mass -by
every .means of modern communication.
sssit
;THIS IS?the meaning?of;Khrushchest
and the' Soviet system today,- ahd it ii
breathtaking in its comprehensiveness
and its pervasiveness. Whatever stasis.
gle and rivalry; may lie below the sur-
face, no one may, in tbe,ordinary course
of events, see. And it is only the out-
sider who may speculate abotit what
happens behind the Kremlin walls.
But what this great, Doiid, seemingly
impervious mass means for the future
and a negotiated settlement Is sonfe-
thing else. The first tentative step?
cultural exchange?has been taken and
the heralds of culture and learning arts
flying back and forth as though the
great divide did not exist.-
Van Cliburn was a huge success, en-
chanting a' people who love music and
for whom the tall, dramatic young Texan
.represented something new and spectac-
ular. The joyous vigor and vitality of
? the Moiseyev dancers have ?similarly
captivated America. The Bolshoi Ballet
has been appearing in Paris, where
every seat was sold out months before,
and the ballet and Russia's other prite
cultural exhibits are being sent to the
Brussels Worlds Fair in- a lavish dia:
?
,piay of what thi3 country can offer.
The Philadelphia Orthestra has, just
, won wide .acelahn here, both from
'audiences and from reviewers, who are
often critical not only of foreign Artists
hut their own.
,
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WOITINGTON ton ,2
AND TIMES HERALD.
?
llosco Iv Exhibirk
most .curioariPithil? ()el most eager are
And throughout the crowd, among the
_y.oung men in. 'uniform ?such a wide
Stress Sputniks
variety bf Uniforms and 'Insignia. One
would.guess that perhaps as male), .as ,*
? thousands throng the sprawling exhibi- '
tion grounds in groups ef three or four '
and on escorted. tours of 20 or .80. ?
Among them are ill the varied races
of the Soviet tinion,?the Uzbelte and ?
the Turkmens *Ala their Oriental:teem,
alpngside Nordic-looking blondes.
? This huge *exhibition that shows !so
much of the industrial and iscientihe .
!. achievement of the mid-20th* Century
offers still another contrast.' 'Mei hi-.
tecture is approximately that Of' e
Chicago World's Fair of 1823 with!`a
touch of Coney Island, and thi betid-
ing! and the grounds have, therefore. *
for the Western visitor a eurioully
old-fashioned look.
.ota a? b.
BUT, AS WITH 'everything in this
irrlegY Purposeful system, the objective
is far more than entertainment!. For
the Russian people this is an educatien
in what their government is doing for
them. and on the simplest level in the
agricultural pavilions it is to 4.each
them how to improve their cattle hogs
end poultry.
In the All-Union building, which is
just beyond the main entitince of the
exhibition, one wall is covered with a
huge map of the USSR Mustrating
with a series of colored lights The prem.
ress of electrification in the country.
As the groups come through, the guide
gives his lecture and the lights fiabh
on, first those showing the darns and
power stations huljt in the, early
decades, next those built after the war.
and finally the big projects now under
construction.
A lane laminated graph shows (he
achievement for 1037 of 209 billien
kilowatt hours, and projected .fOr the
next 15' years ? a total' of 8(e) to IWO
billion kilowatt houra.
The Soviet citizen can hardly help
but 'be impressed with this demonstra-
tion. But it is also designed ttkimpfess
the numerous foreign visitors who come
in a constant strtam of delegatiOns
from all over, but particularly from tho
jocortireitted nations of Asia and Africa.
' ?
By Marquis Marquis Childs
, ?
moscovu?At the permanent
bition of agriculture and industry ecno.
ering at least as much ground AS the
Irussels World's Fair on the outskirts
of Moscow, the big ?
attractioe is a newly
installed display of
the three sputniks
that the Russians
, .have orbited in outer
space. It is the?cen-
ter of a visible na-
tional pride in the
faces of the crowds.
that stream in and
out of the building.
The sputnik display Childs
Is part of the exhibit of the Aovitt ,
Academy of Sciences, and the blinding '
it occupies, formerly given oyer to one
of the 15 component republics, .11,close
to the main entrance to the exhibition.
In the entrance ball is a replica Of
Sputnik No. 1, which was launched into.
space on Oct. 4, 1057. In the adjobting
hall is a model of a half section of
Sputnik No. 2, and at the end of the ! ?
hall is .the interior of the nose retie 0
of ? No. 8, with all its complicated
instrumentation.
Around the walls are related exhibits.
One that attracts a great deal of atten-
tion is a replica of the ? compartment
in No. 2 in which the dog Laika trav-
eled and the instruments that recorded
the heart beat and the respiration of
this first living creature to move out of
the earth's atmosphere.
The crowds are so dense that if Is
difficult to' push one's way ' through?the
building, and in the crowd are seine
of the contrasts of this extraordinary
country that represents so many dif-
ferent levels of living, so many layers
of the past. Here are peasant women
with kerchiefed heads and the with-
drawn, somewhat suspicious look of
country people.
? .es-e ?
THEY OBVIOUSLY have .had only
a distant knowledge of this fantastic
new achievement of science in which
their country has led the way. flow
much they take in, one can only sur-
mise, but It is a fair assumption that ?
they understand at the very least that
this has been done for them by their
government.
You see occasionally in the crowd
bearded old men who look as though
they had come out of Tolitoi or Chekov.
They have survived the whole sweep of
wars and revolution, the long and ter-
rible ordeal of the Russian people, to
stand briefly in the light of this new era.
r
?
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,ANiu rmttnit.J.,
Mood in Mosco
'Peace' and Plenty
C ?
?production of consulter goods, and In.
11" ; his public appearances he gives every - - ? -
! evidence- of being confident of doing ,
just that. The signs and symbols of
, Soviet st-rgth arp undeniably aa In that - 4,
directia --0 vr,
By- Marquis Child.
MOSCOW?Premier Khrushchev, .in
his latest note to President Eisenhower,
spoke with strong resentment of :the
proposal of the United States to "guar-
*antee" the security of
the Soviet Union. :He ?
said the Soviet Union
does not need guaren-
tees. since it can de-
fend its own interests.
There are foil who
would dispute this
statement. No one
can doubt Russia's
military power today.
While it has been pro-
claimed that the Childs
armed forces have been reduced by
more than two. million him the
strength of the military establishment
In every department is unquestioned.
But at the same time it is -rarely re;
ferred to. The May Day celebration
this year showed little or no evidence
of new military prowess, and Soviet
officials never speak publicly Of the
weapons in the Soviet arsenal 'and their
capability. Net since the Suez crisis
of nearly two years ago, when notes to
London and Paris declared that rockets.
would rain down on those capitals if
?the attack on Egypt did not cease, have
such, claims been made. . ?
The emphasis Is all on peace, with
references to the evidence of Soviet
strength careftilly screened. This, too,
Is a source of Strength, for the constant
repets.tion of the peace theme Must im-
press the neutral and uncommitted
nations that live in fear of another war.
els
IRON THE internal viewpoint as
r.,ast Western observers see It, the
,P.ussian people arc better off than they
were. a year or two ago. Great new
apartments arc going up on the out-
skirts of Moscow. This leads the aver-
age citizen to believe that before too
long he will be able to have an apart-
ment (or his own family rather than
sharing it with another family,
In the 'dress of the crowds in the
street there is :today far more color.
than two years ago. A bright- sweater,
a print dress, a spring hat stand out.
There is such a vogue for checked shirts
for men that the supply always falls
short of the demand. One index of
change?the number of women wearing
lipstick?Is sharply up.
In the great department store adjoin-
ing Red Square. goods of every kind.
from pastel lingerie ,o all kinds ,of
canned food, are en display. prices
seem very high, but they must be put
alongside the fact that for certain basic
necessities such as rent the Soviet Ott,
zen pays a much smaller. share of-his
income than he would in the West.
Khrushchev has promised that the
Soviet Unto], will in a relatively short
time surpass the United States In the
? yes ?
?
WHAT THE reporter so new to this
:?world inevitably asks is whether 'the
'latest Khrushehev note., with .its-stern
Insistence on the righteottstiesreif tale
; Soviet position, is cemmatible with this
? strength. Or is it, as some 'Westerners
are saying,. defensive and evidence of
, uncertainty and even weakness?
The answer may Ile in the emphatic
tope -in which the note rejects; as 0,0
often before, the United States proposal
to discuss the situation in Eastern
Europe in the countries which Moscow
designates as "people'sdemocracies:*
.This is considered by the Soviet Union '
as intiteralejEntervention,. anit
? insisted on by the West,"therelaltbe
no summit conference. Ili
Pravda, on the horning that the, exi
horning-
cutioneorthe leaders of the Hutigerian
: uprising were announced, carriqd st!
story from Budapest headlined, 'lints-
garians Unanimously Approve?Decision
of Court." It gave interviews purPOTV
? log ' to come from Hungarian': eitiZens
expressing their belief in the eenteneisig
of Imre Nagy . and his assoeiste8'4),
death. : f; ? -
; ? The meaning of this is Untnistaktible.*
The security of the Soviet . ?
lated to Eastern Europe and it is eon*
fleeted, moreover, with the' American ,
bases which are on the 'perip,hery ;Of ,
Eaistere Europe. Anything', whreli
threatens to alter the situation -In the
states bordering, the Sovlet-,Union will
, be met with implacable resistance.t
, This is a fUndamintal feet of .vresent-
day Russia. It may seem Co alter from
time to ' time as circumstances change.
But no matter what the effect-on -Watt-
emn opinion (.1- on the prospect for a ?
negotiated- settlement Of the coid -war.
; this, in the' view of one observer, is.
unalterable.
? . -
.?
?
11
0
. ?
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-
&Ike) TIMES HERALD
The Ugly Face of
A Mob in Moscow
By !Marquis Childs
MOSCOW?The rule is apparently!
One demonstration in the West. a com-
parable demonstration in Moscow. Wita
one or two exceptions, that hes hen
the practice so far and
it seems likely, under
Moscow's stern new
policy, to go on being
the practice.
Under that policy
.the Soviet Union in-
tends to repeat again
and again by every
Means ,of communica-
tion the charge that
Imre Nagy and the
others executed and 'Childs
imprisoned as a result of the Hungarian
uprising were guilty of treason and
their execution completely justifed. If
the protest demonstrations ,in Western
capitals have produced any result, it is
a stiffening of the determination not
merely to stand behind the decision hut
to champion it with the persistence and
all the resources of the Communist bloc.
The demonstration before the West
Germany Embassy had far more punch
than the demonitration against the
Danish Embassy. The Germans 'in
Bonn had thrown bottles of blue ink at
the . Soviet Embassy., The Russian
demonstrators threw bottles of blue ink
at the German Embassy here.
444 ,
BUT THE demonstration in Moscow
had behind It something of the passion-
ate feeling of bitterness' and hatred
toward the German invaders that lies
below the ,surface as a result of the
terrible punishment that the Russians
took in the Arst two years of World
War H. Banners said, "Remember
Stalingrad." Stalingrad was the scene
of the. last?ditch stand of the Russian
army that turned back the -Nazis with
appalling casualties on both sides. ? A
woman in the crowd screamed, "They
murdered my husband! They murdered
my hustAnd!"
A deco undercurrent of feeling. In
the croviti, contr'esting sharply .with the
rather T kNUAI and even cheerful rock-
throwirg at the Danish Embassy, found
an ou' w. in sharp criticism of Amer-
icans ?.0 hh were there either as reporters
or tvi;iste. ?
Oste of the demonstrators, carrying a
bonne- proclaiming the deffire of the
Sqvirt. Union for peace and speaking
Ear: h, demanded of several Amer-
icso.s why the American Government
v is t-gainst Soviet Russia and every-
tii, Russia did. He said that he
lo.if frigit at Stalingrad and been bad-
)/ wo'inded there and be wanted no
er.
Wain I it .true that the Ahiericarui
Want s sr' he asked. It did little
good 0'.1-1, him that it was not true,
orirt, sit h41 1--ard so often another vet-
!) c alms and intentions.
. f?l;
The scene ii iMes, street before the
?hrtiken and bespattered ,facade of the , .
embassy, with the crowds chanting '
' various slogans, was curiously depress-
ing. It seemed a repetition of what-had '
happened in turbulent and uncertain '
?days leading up to World War ir.
Under the brooding hest of Moscow's
summer, which has come on with a ,
rush, att,thebpstility and the 'femalesl
hatred of the past boiled Up in the grim
and angry crowd of men in shirt sleeves
and women in.light dresses.
044
IN THIS city of astonishing.enntraats,
to he an hour or two later In the great
white. and gold hall of St. George's in
the Kremlin, 'at the reception for the
King and Queen of Nepal, was to have
the sensation of being on another
planet. Here was the diplomatic corps
(minus the West German Ambassador).
many of the diplomats in full uniform
with medals gleaming under the Ma&
siv, chandeliers. t
. Nikita S. Khrushchev, in it short
black coat and wearing only the two
' highest decorations of the Soviet
Union on his lapel, looked solemn and
preoccupied. The, official host,' Rresi-
dent Voroshilov, read a s'Pech, inter-
preted into English, full of fine' rhetoric'
about the peace-loving citizens of the
Soviet 4- Union and the, peace-toeing
Nepalese people and the necessity for a
summit conference and for ending nu-
clear tests.
f. The trumpeters in the musicians' gal-
lery, high up in the glittering hall with
its symbol of St. George Ind the dragon
4. out of the days of the Czars, blew their
trumpets each time a toast was drunk.
And the guests, dressed in so many di.
ve.rse costumes of East and West, AtP
-tacked the' long banquet tables laden
with all kinds of food and, drink.
The business of demonstrations Will
go on, one assumes, and so will Krem-
lin receptions. 'But What relation'they
have to the urgent necessities. Of the
world today, it is a little hard to see.
?
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?? 11.-y3
AND TIMES, HE RAL'
Patriotic Appeals
Fuel Soviet Drive
Those who have contributed largely
' to the achievements of the Communist
state are not only well rewarded in a
mate-till wily but they are constantly
held up toe.thePublic for admiration.
?
. By .Atarquis Child. IN GORKI Park, which is such an
? astonishing combination of amusement
MOSCOW?A great deal has been park, Chautauqua lecture course and a
written in the West about the. cOmppl-. wooded retreat visited on a weekend of
mons of the system of soviet, commu- good -weather by literally hundreds of
nisi. Rut Comparatively little stress thousands; ane comes suddenly upon a.
has been put?and it shrine in which large photographs ,of
the Lenin Prise Winners for recent years,
' are displayed under glass with a record
of. their achievements.
Except 'for the composer, Dmitri
Shostakovich, and the leading male
'dancer of the Ballet Othello, Vol:tang .
Chebulllard, they are virtually
scientists. Photographs of the leing.
1. atomic physicists, chemists and gee-
physicists have, tinsplexe of honief4AtIstse,
! ,fiernesth a big inscription, "Long live
rspny be one reason
? why Rus.is is consist-
ently uncle:estimated
?on the 'never-ceas-
ing appeel to the in-
dividual to contribute
to the common good
of the Socialist father-
land.
It begins when Ivan
Ivanovitch listens to
the e a r I y morning Childs
news on the radio, and it goes on . the people of the SoyietUnion who Wore . .
throughout his day until, as he is en- : built socialism.".
joying himself in the evening at the: The moral in all this is obvious: I/
you have
Gorki Park of Rest and Culture, he the brains, then your govern- .
confronts at various points in that i nsent will give you every opportunity. to '
huge recreation area the appeal?and it , to and do likewise. .
Is phased . as an appeal?of .give more of himself to this goy- One of the phenomena that imprestes
ernment to ile . every visitor is the line three and bun ,
. . . ! deep extending seven or eight blocks
building of socialism . .
The individualist from the West may ,. across Red Square and into the perk
discount this as rhetorical, boring and at th foot of the Kremlin walls welt-
discount
sentimental. But Western observers ?? ing te' get into the tomb where Lenin ,-
here with long and expert knowledge , and Stalin are embalmed. There is ..
belies that the patriotic appeal is an . nothing compulsory about this; :yet s,
e
Important element in the will with' they stand sometimes in the rain .for
hour: hoping that the mausoleum,
which the Russian people work at their
allotted tasks. Ivan Ivsnovitch is by which .13 open only three hours a day,
will ot kayo -dosed before their turn
nature and by heritage deeply patriotic, n
and what he hears .and reads in his comes to file elowly past the remarkably
daily life constantly identifies his lifelike figures .of the two Communist
country and his government. leaders.
The identification of 'past and present, .
the use of the motive force of patriot.. ,
,THE POSSESSIVE pronoun "your"? . Ism, Is relatively new _ince the Revelu.
your factory, your forest, your collet). ' tion..,Stalln during the war made re- ?
live farmL-is invariably used in calling pasted patriotic appeals, invoking The
on him to work bard to be careful about 'names of great Russian generals and
forest Ar , to raise milk production, to heroes out of the past. This is today
give special care and attention to
machinery. While the outsider has no
way"of Judging the degree to which this
identification is accepted, it can seem-
ly help but Influence the attitudes of a
people who know nothing of the psy-
chology of individualism. '
The students who have just gradu-
ated from the university and from the
technicums and institutes are now go-
ing out to give two weeks or more of
service on the collective farms and on '
other state enterprises. Their depar-
ture for this voluntary labor Is repro. ?
sented by the official line as having a
good time in the process.
Here again it is impossible for the
outsider to appraise the balance as be. ,
tween the voluntary and the compel..
sory, but it is significant that the ob-
jective of the state is to make it voltin-
tary?a gift to the government that has
given these young people such a .thor-
ough education, not only free but with
a stipend paid during the student's col-
lege years. .
one of .the powerful motivating forces
112 a society with enormous drive.;
?
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AN'et TITVIES HERALD
Some Spapsh,ots in
.4 Moscow Album
? cow and areturipanied them on all sight-
seeing tours. The. guides, two men and
t a woman, were also ,nung and they and
the visitors were quickly on a friendly?
bat's. '-- 4 ?
4.441
By Marquis Childs ?
BUT WHEN IT canie to arguing pale
MOSCOW ? Arriving with varyLvert ties, the yoing Americans found then>
emotions of fear, suspicion and wider selves up, against a stone wall. nit- ?
eyed wonder, American tourists in In. eialist Third Class Oscar lb:Angelo of
41-easing numbers are this summer dite ; Chicago told of one of their arguments
covering Russia. Tile with a guide u follows:
total this year is ex-, "We said, 'We love our country just
peeled to reach Mon, ? the way you love your country, but we
and it is likely to he ?iirin't say everything our country doe*-.
least twice that
number next year If
is right because we know it isn't and
we're willing to make concessions., But
-the Soviets .continue : you say everything you do is right.' '
to encourage visitors And then I said wanted e to ask hint
by granting visas with something. I asked him if he loved his
a minimum of. red wife and If he, theeght she was
tape.derfui woman. He Sin he
thoTigiffirfr ?
Many of the Amen- was the most wonderful woman in the
cans are here on bus!. Childs world. q
ness or they are delegations arranged "Well, I said, shi'makes mistake&
for under the cultural exchange agree- doesn't she? Yes, he said, she did, but
ment negotiated between Washington 'it wasn't the same as with?his country. -
and Moscow. Seven American women We just couldn't get anywhere' with ? .
dr,ctors have just completed a tour and : therm"
a delegation from the American ple* To argue politics with an Intourist ?
tics industry is having a look at certain guide is an exercise in futility, since
aspects of Soviet Industry. ? his or her indoctrination at least
Rut some of the visitors are just tou* matches that of a member ot the Polit=
ists out to see the sights. Five years ' bureau. But it may, nevertheless, be
from-now it may bells commonplace u healthy thing to do, leaving on both ?
visiting-Paris or Rome. sides e residue, if not of understand-
Today, however, the American in Ing, then a knowledge of how wide are
Moscow for the first time has somewhat the ideological differeneei separating
the feeling of having penetrated into the two sides.
the fastness of Tibet and the lamlasary While the tourist who. comes for 10,
of the Grand Lama. He nervously clings days may qualify 'as an expert before;
to John Gtmther'e Ieside Russia and. he the Rotary Club when he gets till*
spends a sleepless night, or perhalitt home, It is 'the Westerner here as e
two or three, until his passport is re- more or less permenent resident whet
turned to him, feels this extraordinary nation.
The permanent resident feels for the .
a*, .wide-eyed visitor a pitying contempt?
SOMEif only. he stayed a? little hinge: -he
OF THE more glossy types are would know how much he didn't knew.
heginning.to come?travelers who have , ?Yet if the tourist takes away no more..
been everywhere except Russia and el* i
ways on de luxe ship and in de luXe -theme small view of the Russian 'people, ?
s
hotels, he may have mode a contribution hos
The impression they take sway is eh
ever small. to the vast problem of exist- -
unhappy one. The eggs at breakfast Ing together irr an incredibly dangerous
were cold, and el nn the caviar didn't
?
Ike up to advarf,eri billing. Their atti-
?
tude is that the n issians may be able
to send up sputn !? hut they can't run
a hotel properly, 11-1 when they go back
and lecture to thi, Women's Club and
Rotary on their eril-iiences under com-
munism, they arc Ikely 'II contribute
their small mite t American sense
of superiority.
The most sen it, ?? and hard-headed
American tour.i. ill's reporter has en-
countered were !thy- (;1? who drove in
from Frani:fur:. C., riany, in three
Volkswmgens, i* intensely In1. In everything t saw., but at
the same 4,ime.;hey .re questioning
aid skeptical.
'?
They were mc at I r r Polish-Russian
border by three Ininu tuirttot, one for
each car, who eIrove . them to MOSci
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MD TIMES HERALD
The Puzzling Role
01 ,Soviet Religion
By )14eritt'if??
1imSCriW.-.--Nn aspect of this riZ?
Haordinary society is more puzzling ifs.
the Western Observer than the status
of religion.
While it has been
rilmrterl that some.?
? thing .i?c?setritiling a
eli,4i0t.IS revival has
been taking place,
with more and more
?ofing people attend-
iris church and par?
urinating in church
reremonies, this
would seem 'to he
definitely an exagger-
ation. Rut in re- fbIlds
ligion. as in co many ntherfields. coin-
munism ig rediscoverhvg the past tind
adapting it to its own nhjertives. The
past is, of course, the Itussian?past, or,.
to put it more precisely, the elements
of that past which set ve Communist ?
aims.
1 striking example of what has fieen
?aking place can ?Iie.. seen in Kiev,
i?apital of the likrn.ne. which wits once.,
Hie chief cent er for hot h the. Christ ran
and Jewish religions and was known as
' the litissian Jerusalem.- 'In ViSit 010
titnnastery of Lavra on the outskirts of
tirv is to have sonic idea of the tran?
-.11inn taking place and the remarkahlY
oificrent layers of development that
exist side by side.
Lavra, part of which dates hack to
ti..e I th century when its deop caves
were occupied by famous hermit monks,.
v? as before the revolution one of the :
Yr) or three honest places iii Russia.
A 'ter the revolution, in the phase of ag?
essive atheism, electric lights were .
.? put in the. caves and the mummified
saints and other objects of religious
thieratinn were made a kin-I of chain- ?
? her of horrors In 1.1ustrate the stmersti-
lion ail us:ilessliess. ?from the Com-
munist nen pertk e, of religion,
? ?????.1.5
SINCE THE s nr part of Lavrn. in-
ri ing the caves' . and one of the
ehurches, has beeo. restored. to the
church. The electric lights have .gone
and the devout .as well As tourists and
sightseers carry lighted tapers that shed
a snft :glow on the. coffins, with their .
class lids containing' the . mummified ?
nodies of elders and venerableg attired
? if, richly embroidered vestments.
In the section of the monastery re...?
lathed 'hy the state, stecl sciffolding
surrounds the 300-foot hell tow.
foliation is to be completed tics:. 'er. '
The Germans, four months all they
occupied Kiev?they held it for more
Clan two Years?blew up the 11th ten-
tury?Cathedral of the Assumiition with
its early frescoes. .S,1tho.i, was
this net of wanton dest: Heti that it
cannot he. resterrd
The restoration at Latisra and the
?-ork being done on religious monu-
ments in other cities trpresent ,14 Znn?
siderable investment at a time when the
state is strpAttaffivet.yeuscle to,. build
industry ana'aRT?ieulture. One can' only
conclude that since nothing is done hero
for whim or caprice the investmept,?
small, of course.. in reiation jo thc vast
sums being spent on industry and trans-
portation?was Considered worthwhile if
only to recall the greatness Of the
Russian past.
In rediscovering 'the oast, which is
part- of the theme of patriotisrit that is
an important element in today's ideol-
ogY. the. Communist party i.; taking.:
little or no risk. Young people almost ?
invariably tell the visitor that. in Bus- ?
!???ja very few.PeoPle bei:eve ill Cod
YET AT THE same time A seach for
new forms;61?)..wiyAqUe a broecr and
even a. happier confit sugge1710t1W?
there is a realization of the neod;.1
what the church onceprovided on this
level. The Young Communist League,
with up to 20 million members under
30 years old, .has recently been encour-
aging wedding ceremonies at the regis-
try office, with bride and grooni in
formal dress, presents and wedding re-
past
The Russian church has more often'
than not in times past been an instru?
ment of the state. At the time of the
Hungarian uprising and the world in-
dignation Hint greeted its suppression,
the statements, given out by church
authorities here .elosely paralleled those
of the state.
But religion. however one may eon-
Billie its sogffifiennee tinder present
circumstances. ? s n.thajor fact. Russia
'doling to be .thr fourth Moslern power
In the world, and thisiis not unimportant
In Communist tre.lations with the Arab
world. OD I.is reeent tour of the Soviet
Union .Prezifteni Nasser of the United
Arah Repitblir ; said to have .been
deeply iniciressol With the status of
Moslerfis iii Crin^i at Asia.
4 ?
?,A I ? *L,
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AND. 1.1.1.Vilte, ICILY-aNa
a
RusskiLS 110 Skill
In W man g Guests
? By Marquis quids
STALIN(IR A is on the constant
'stream of visitors from the uncommit-
ted countries of the Middle 'Eat, 'Asia
and, Africa that the achievement of the
Soviet Union in con-
structing new cities
and new industries
has its greatest rm-
pact.
The Westerner
brings with him cer-
tain questioning
doubts. ? HO is in-
clined to. look it the
flaws and to wonder
how long this inten-
sive effort can, be sus- Childs
tallied and what its cost will he for
the long pull.
But the guest from India or ,Egypt
or Ghana -semi that a country which
40 years ago had a backward and large-
ly illiterate peasant podulatlon, COM.
prising Up 11 00 per cent of the total,
has today Ind3strial production of an
advanced m der. The tractor plant
here, with .Its 30,000 employes nn three
shifts, rebuilt Immediately alter the
war, sells tractors to India and thins.
The delegations from the itneornmIt.
ted countries are keenly aware, that the
irrotilem Of R hackward peasantry' is
very much vkith them. The ,lesson
is that If Russia Can overcome
'is then they can, ton, and in the same
/. mass that it has. been done here?
through communism.
? cs?-s
THE COST of bringing this unend-
ing stream or visitors to the Soviet
Union and giving them the grand tour
is obviously great. Rut' that it pays off
in winning fliends can scarcely he
doubted.
Recently the King ;red Queen of
Nepal were gi? en the full treatment,
during a three" eek visit. Nepal is a
small country adjacent. to Tibet and
India, with A people who dye an almost
primitive agricultural life But It is
of -great stratr.o- or ore and the
honors shown tor King anri:OUPP1 and
their extelisise clitotiratte (4nrild .not
have been greater if. they had /wren
monarchs of a mains pna.er.
Their tow illustrates the great
pains the itrissians take nnt only wijh
royalty but .ith all ?s.islInts whom
they want to impress. Tis was not a
matter merely of a shwa in Moscow
with a Kremlin reception and then
sending them on their way with an-es?
tort for a sightseeing trip. On the
main streets in each ( the half 'dozen
cities they visited. N r,esi flags were
citsPlaYed ssiih the ti; or the USSR,
and thr highest auttist (firs received
thensa,sist hortoss l
?
The royal pair spent two and a half
. .
days at Stalingrad. They Were. showni
the schools, theaters, the traetor plant
and, of cOurse, the great .power dam'
being constructed on the other side off
the Volga While thessymeablyesstelt'
at limes lhaA their ,itosIrs,xera rifent-.
-less?when the full treatmenViIsiplert-i
ned, then yoU get the full treatment?,
but coming from their capital cid Kitts
mandu. which has altered Its ways.11ttle:
if at all ,over the centuries, they Must.'
have seen in this reconstructed, city a
vistion of the future.
AFTER THE Nepalese' came -a- dele-
gation from Iceland,. and at the shme'
time East Germans and part -.of an
Indian trade delegation were going the.
rounds. The new intqurist ? Hotel in
Stalingrad is one of alb hest in the
Soviet Union, with everything snick and
span.
The major stress in this highly organ-
ized effort is on Asia. One sees visitors
from India everywhere. They come in
oelegations representing yotith,'.sports,
trade. Their pictures appear in the
newspapers and they are whirled from
place to, place in big black Zis
limousines. This, it is hardly:neces-
sary to add, is \ ry flattering, partic-
ularly %Oren your twst is picking op the
bills.
As with so much that is happening
in Russia, it is not difficult ,to project
the crirv of the future oil the,basts. of
what has 'already come to pass. It IS a
safe guess that' this (irk e.tts win friends
and inritienre people by the- guided-
tour -method is only in its beginning
phase.
Many areas still in the early con-
struction or reconstruetion stage are
out-of-hounds for foreign visitors. '.As
additional renters Are opentri up, the
grand tour will he extended In take in
more man made wonders marked with
the Communist label. ?
The well?trained guides pour out an
endless flow of statistics, usually in
the language of the -visitor, no matter
how obscure that langusge may be.
They would have an imp( bable sound
if it were not for the fa-t that before
his eyes are tang; rip aa,--rinplishments
in stone and stirs ? ?
? .
a
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'
'Yeti Surprise Due
From Spviet Labs
By Marquis Childs
PARIS?Soviet Russian scientists and
engineers are on the verge of anoths
major breakthrough in the conquest of
slicer space. They have, completed all
p r ep ar a trona fort,
.aunching Sputnik'
\o, 4, which will
sontain a live animal,
probably a dog, thee'
will be returned to
're earth along with
the recording instru-
n-lents in the nose
cone.
This was learned
ttom sources in Mos-
cow believed reliable Childs
shortly before this reporter left the
Soviet Union. It is. of course, the kind
of information the Russians carefully
screen byltheir censorship, since their
policy has been to announce :the suc-
cessful orbiting of their sputniks only :
after this is an accomplishes! fact.
Those directing the -earth. satellite'
program are completely confident that
they have solved the recovery problem
and that a dog such as Laika, who
perished in Sputnik No. 2, will be the4
first hying Creature to travel in outer;,
space and return. If ?they- are proved
right, and a number of highly secret
tests have prepared the way for the
final experiment, .then after a relative-
IY short interval, a manned satellite ,
will be sent up.
444
IT IS POSSIBLE that the expected..
triumph of Sputnik No. 4 will be tinted
for Natlenel Aviation Day, which
'comes at the end of the month. Soviet
citizens are constantly reminded of the
edge that Russian sputniks have oser?
those of the United States.
There is no . doubt that satellit?
launchings have failed in the Soviet
Union. Top specialists have admitted ?
this privately. It is believed that the,.
intention was to send Sputnik No. 3,
weighing a ton and a half, aloft on
May 1,, which is a major Communist
holiday, but the successful launching
did not take place until May 15. '
But with control of information as
complete as it is in the Soviet. Union ,
failures cannot be documented. Th.'
Soviet citizen?and the rest of the
world?get only the news of the sue-,
cesses. These, beginning with No. 1
last Oct, 4, have been formidable.
The entire stress in Russian discus? -
sion of earth satellites has been ritt .
their peaceful purposes in the explorn?
lion of outer space. This ignores the '
fact that a launching device capable
sending a ton and a half satellite into
orbit is obviously powerful enough to
,;end an intercontinental ballistic mis-
sile, many thousands of miles: The
propaganda of peaceful research fits the
main theme of "peace-loving Russia"
standing -out against the "warmonger-
ing ?Vestern powers..
le ?
6* R.
as.0
?
Hairing 'seen' sovietising, of the stirike
of Russian life, which it so often harsh,
drab and primitive, the returning visi-
tor must wonder how such a people
have been able to forge so far ahead
in this field vital to survival both in
science said in national defense. The
answer would seem to be twofold. -
e+if
FIRST IS the capacity for eoncentra-
tion in a completely cofftrolled society.
The linasian people might like more
automobiles and More television sets,
net to mention more food ,and more
clothes, rather than sputniks. But
they cannot mike their desires known
except in the most limited way, and
brains and skill And money are concen-
trated on What the Communist hier-
archy believes to be an absolutely
essential goal.
SeCond and probably more important
is the fact that incentives, the practical
incentives of cash and other materiel
reward*, are at work in those fields on
which the hierarchy wants' to concen-
trate?notably in science, tichnology
and national defense. This means more
resourcsfulness and even
daring :in. such fields. .The Soviet
scientist with his big apartment (by
Russian standards), his country 'plaCe,
his car and chauffeur and his compar-
ative freedom to travel has good reason
to work hard. What is more, he is con-
stantly honored in public and he pays
virtually no income tax because there
is virtually no income tax in the
Soviet Union.
'That is why it is most unwise-4
perilous form 'of Wishful thinking?for
the West to discount or 'dismiss claim ?
that' are carefully spelled out by Moe, ?
t-ow, whether these claims have to de
with sputniks or with future industrial
productivity. And it le a little foolish
to he startled each time some tie' n-
nouncement heralcU. another ."
We' are likely to 'hear more of ? 4
intl peshaPs tn the near future.
?
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?,7.5Y4, 11.401-t3 HERALD
USSR Has Trouble
; With Naiser, Too
?
By; Marquis Childs
PARIS-.The disaster in' Iraq coming.;
. A i the latest and perhaps'cleciSive blow
to the position of the Western powers :
lin ,the Middle East, is certain to put':'s ' ?
new strain on ' the '-,, v..,-:?
Western alliance:,
In, the de Gaulle
government here and
in the MacMillan goe.
erriment in London
are the principal
? earchitects a f t h e
policy of October,
? 1956, Which led to the
British ? French.- Is -
raeli, attack on
Egypt. These.. Men Childs
have convinced themselves that it was
American intervention on the side of
Egypt?combined with threats from ? :
Moscat0.6 Send rot?keta :againsf West
European capitals?that frustrated the ,=....,??
attack ? on EgY'pt : and thereby saved ? .
President Nassar whom they?had hoped'' 2' ? .... _ ._ . -. . - .---t--- - -,
to overthrow. While .they are publicly "T It is perii _-nent perhaps to ask howl,.
discreet, in private they trace the sub. - much credence was gut. in any essur. 4,-
sentient disasters le 'failure to topple' &ince that Nasser may have given in re. i
Nasser which they blame -largely on the , turn. But if there is to be a really Ow-
. United-States. ,. . ?? ' ',' ??? " ?oughgoing investigatfdn ' of. American'
l ;
:
But -the Western View of Neater 40 1, ;foreign policy:, ,as.is..autliSied :in _Wasii,:' !
subservient to . Moscow 'end the objec? fritfigton diSpatches, came :an& cfte`Wiii,,,lo.
, tiveS oit Moscow is, us this reporter earl, ,:relation to the current diseater illuat bti:',
assert on thp basis of Information trona traced bath natich further.? .%n
Western- observers .in ? Moscow,' not ?;?? ? es,a .
. ,
shared by the Masters of the Kremlin. : WHILE AGAIN it is concealed by the'.,
They went all out to give, him the fUll!
I polite surface. -many :knowledgeable :
treatment in the course of a state viSit. ' Europearia' blame the United States for i
to the ussk, yet in response he Showed ;; Nasser. They believe 'It was Ablericen1
: considerable restraint and reserve. ;
; Polity and in sonic! extent AmmiciltC
More Important, shortly after he had - intrigue that .helped to overthrow'
, returned to Cairo, he went to Yttg?'? ? Mohammed .Nagnib and Install Nassef .,.
? slavia ,to visit Marshal Tito who had '
4' in his pike. American diplomats were
Just corer under. violent renewed at- ;
- ,the apparently convinced that "they..cotild
tack from- the Kremlin and of '
? work with" Nasser more closely than .
satellites and Red China. : ? - 1 ' , with Nagnib, who is,still under house!. '
Nosier 'joined with Tito in aPpealing ? Irr in Egypt. Naguib's overthrove,
to the! two, big newer blocs to compose :-., tikoore.,placi in April; 1954, and distill'. !,
their differences. Western diplomats ,:--
sion? came. almost at once as./Nskssario,,,
t
betieve this Infuriated the Kremlin, ?
,.., . launched :his campaign of .militant ?ne, .
,
' o" - ,'? .
, I tionalitm with virulent attacks on: Vie '
, ?
?
/WHAT THIS signifies, in the view of ."imperialist" powers. -. . .
?'Cat' observer, Is ,that "communism" and 't. Little more than a year after. heliOne, .
$civiet influence are too sirnple.an ex?to.,pMver, and, this : in anY realistic'In-
. planation for Nasser' and whet is hap- ,! Puiry inte American foreign polio. Is i
,'pening in the Mideast. The Commtt-:.?1 the centrgi development,' Nasser intide 0
nists ,are fishing in these troubled 'i i his 'arms ' deal with Moscow, At-,the ?
waters, conspicuously in Yemen, and it i time of the summit conferenCe ' at
. ? is hardly necessary to add that they are II Geneva three years ago Secretary of
overjoyed ..at i
:the explosion of the i State Dulles had --information about
Baghdad Pact. But the force of fanatic"-that I deal., But in the atmosphere of, :
Arab nationalism, a force consistentlt, goodwill generated, there President
underestimated by American polio-, Y: 'Eisenhower Tailed. to confront Khrii?
makers, must be-given a high place:in 'l shchev and .;Bulganin. who. was then
any reckoning of the tragedy that now'. Premier, with a reqttest for information .
' ? seems, to be nearing a terrifying ,i on what this signified and what Russian
culmination. ' .., , ' intentions in the. Mideast Were.
In Moscow this reporter was told by ! : - Since, Geneva the :story has been one
'a Western diplomat with close Mideast.) , of almbst eontr ' eus drift, With each , ?
ern connections that shortly lnfote. new calamity Y. 4 ing closer the threat ' '.
Nasser left on his Russian visit he re- '1 ,of unmitigated ;aster. ,For Amelia's !
calved the American Ambassador -to I European all,t, , 7 'pendent on the oil of
,_ .1
Cairo, 'Raymond Here, who is reported ' 'the Mideast ,,tA, 1st, the showdown is
to have given him broad assurances, in. i close:? -ro-f
? eluding the suggestion of a greatly ex. ?
. ........ . i. ?, , t4
?
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..vv natal I lit:1,1,01N POST . 71. ?
AND TIMES HERALD ?
?
'4)
d
French Ms* mayed
By, Lebanon Move
tsdoragl000
, Marquis Child*
PABIS?While in 'public discretion is
the order of the day, 'fn pnvitte high:
officials of the de GjlIe government!
make no secret of thelfdismay over the
use of A meniesn.
forces In Lebanon at
thit particular reo-
ment.
Perhaps in the.
American view the
landing of the Ma-
rines was an inevita-
ble last-ditch action.
But it came as the
French, under t h e
a
leadeiship of General
?
0
If. Gaulle, were mak- Childs - !red ski;
?
ing a longdeferred effort to win Mos.: In his 'law .the Western nowt -ere *.
tem support in Algeria by ,"Integration* repeatedly putting their stake on cards :
of the Arab end European populations.. , that had, already lost their value. One '
to try to bring the rebellion to II I end.: such card, however rduch one might '
In the French view the landing of'
admire his pro-Western outietok- end
the Marines will he interpreted through? his Integrity, was the veteran prime -
out the Arab svarld as another effort: minister of Iraq, Nuri as-Said. The .
by the white "colonial" powers to int. tragedy that has befallen. Nuri and his , ? .
pose their will in the Middle East,. This. the risingcountry
was clearly forecast against
tide of Arab nationelism?
reaction can - only help the leaders of,
the National Liberation ?root. who. . ? .etita
? . ... ,
have continued to defy the pacification.' ? '111. T TIDE owes something. tO cOM.
effort of de Gaulle and his cabinet and
to insist that independence for Algeria:: munism and something to President
Nasser and the continuing proisalkndi
is the only answer. - `. barrage from Cairo. But it is alto a ?
force that is self-generating io the' feet
?
AS INFORMED Frenchofficials '
? that the Arab lands have ern:Pined to
see' exist, , in ' the mid-20th century under
It, the American move was too late, not i feudalism and a primitive tribalism, .
mertly in relation to the uprising in. - '
Lebanon but with respect to the whole ' it la the ? French who are!. likely to
problem of Arab nationalism in recent , p4 the heaviest price for the. latest-des-
years. They speak, too, with I frank re. ) plosion in the Middle East. Forty, per
alizanon of their own grave errors In?J cent of France's petroleum supply
the Middle ' East when just before and , franca.
from Iraq, and this is paid for in
during \Vend War il they sought to , 'rates. If this is to be cut offthe deficit
P x o. r CIA e a proteetorato over Lebanon ) em n be made up from Western Rem!.
and Syria. Similarly in North Africa I sphere sources - but the cost Will, have
the old colonial approach culminating -1 to ,be met in hard currency.' That
in the hitter and costly war in Algeria 'would mean a new strain' a:I:French
has been. proved worse than futile and ' finances just as the de (i?aulleavern?
the current attempt at "Integration" is . trent is trying- to check inflation itnd
an offort to rectify past errors. put France's financial house in. order.
- For Foreign Minister in his cabinet ' Responsible officials make no' secret
de Gaulle .picked Maurice COuve de ,of their conviction that if this-happens
Murville, a career 'diplomat with long: dollar help from the United States In.-
. Pxperience and broad knowledge who. is i one form or another will' be essenUal. ' t,
also A hardheaded realist. Couve de " The present French detirmination? is i
Niorville's associates. rettil today that r to stand clear of the 'Atnericen 'action i
,. when he went to Washington nearly : taken in Lebanon. Freneoh :warships will'
four years riga to be Ambassador for a ; be offshore, but unlesit: French lives;
brief interval he gave the S'ate Depart. : are imediately endanitrred the mst.:
mcnt his very frank view of the almost- . rines on Witte ships Win not land.'
total unreality, as he saw it, of Westorn . The strong feeling arnMsg responsible
, policy in the Middle East. ' ' i officials here is that 'the American
He said then that the -effort merely . landing has achieved 'little or nothing '
to suppress Arab nationalism could re. -? and that the way in r'ich it was car- '
suit nniy in continuing disasters. Arab vied ovt was slightly aissiird, making the:
? nationalism was .a force that had to be United States and tio At est look foolish I
reckoned with, and 7the its?.! of Western VI Arab eyes. Only.;)-i wittoirawing the
arms . would only delay ? a recioning Marines as quic0t, ,' potkihle can the
? i which' was bound to he tri 4 culttly.tt Ifil !. consequences or action he ever?
unp passage. tif time.. come.
?
?
?
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TIMIS HERALD
Lebanon: Way Out
Seen in Neutrality
By Marquis Childs
1' 1,R IS?As farmers pray for rain in
1).e midst of a drouth, so Americas
;:iironean partners are today hopS
prerfully for a policy from the Uni
stnies in the Middle
vat. Time is rapidly
running out?it can
?? 1,(.? measured in days
I ;Wier than weeks-4--
h the prospect th.tt
the present intoler-
4e position of the
\%,Ist will soon be
l'u:e,Zen in perpetuity.
As seen from this
enlitinent where a
wOrking relationship Childs
with the Arab states Is of vital import"
;Ince, the way out lies in. frank declare-
lion by the United States of the neu-
tralization of Lebanon. This small
nation, divided between Christians and
Moslems, with its important trading.
Interests would then become the
Switzerland of the Middle East.
This is a small step and a modest:
one. But it could. serve to assure hoe:
only .the Arab states but untommitted
nations everywhere, that the United'
States 'is not seeking to force any,
power': however large or small, to be
aligned 'on one side or the other. A
declaration in favor of the neutralize-
HMI of Lebanon would have a powerful
effect in the General Assembly of the
United Nations, paving the way for,
approval of a U. N force 'to take over
from the Marines.
e4.1
ABOVE ALL, it is essential to act
?
before the American force is frozen into
immobility in Lebanon. The eons.-
quences of this, seen from the European
viewpoint, are all too painfully evident.
? In Lebanon proper the discontent with
such " occupying force is bound to
groat as it has already begun to do.
iidents of terrorism and sabotage
certainly increase. breeding dis-
astrous hatreds on both sides.
The consequences in neighboring Iraq
would be equally serious. At this
writing Brig. Gen*. Abdul Karlin el-
K assent. Iraq's new premier, has shown
no haste to hold out the hand of al-
liance to President Nasser in Egypt.
On the contrary, every effort has been
made to assure the West that Iraq's
nil will contlnue to flow and even that'
Iraq still considers itself a metnber of
the Baghdad Pact.
But several months of American oc-
cupation, with the frictions it would
engender and the hostile propaganda
inevitably flowing out of .that occupa-
tion, and General Kassem could he ex-
pected to swing over to Nasser. In the
first steps toward neutralization the
French might be of help. While the
men around General de Gaulle wee not
all of the same opinion, the government
from the first decided against partici.'
paling in any intervention in Lebanon.
a .
qa, ccea
e telat,w2el
?Thers are obstacles in the 4wai of -
even such a small' and modest step!
toward ending the continuing retreat
of the West before a force that cannot ? -
be suppressed by tanks and planes.
.Neutralization of even such a :sinall
country as Lebanon would mean for
Secretary. of State Dulles an.adMission
that the Eisenhower Doctrine was-in-
valid in the face of the kind of rebellion
that overthrew the government id Iraq
and that has left Lebanon ? torn and
divided.. But the general opinion here
is that the Eisenhower Doctrine is in
any event nearly as outmoded histori-
cally as the Crusades; whiet in the Mid-
dle Ages sought tn reenver the Holy
Land from the infidels.
ie-es
WILLINGNESS to. neutralize one
Middle East country suggests that the
whole area might eventually be neutral-
ized. But surely neutralization is less
abhorrent than the spread of Nasserism
in its present virulent form. And to fly
the flag over what remains of the Bagh-
dad Pact is not enough for the "Middle' 9
East. with Iraq the only Moslem mem- .
her of that pact now in dubious position ?
With a government that, came to power
by destroying those who had.first -
aligned the country with the Western.
inspired pact.
But the most serious obstacle to any
successful withdrawal from Lebanon .
is the Involvement of the British in,
Jordan. British pressure has begun to
keep American forces in Lebanon so
ong ae the British troops must Stay- to
p King Hussein in power in the
try next door.
to. the occupation }Insight had
most limited sudport in Jordan.
ly he can be sustained so
long as e troops remain. Bw what
happens When they withdraw is
tion no one can. answer. As 11( in.?
certain heir of Britain's Arab policy:
during and after .World War I, young
Hussein may prove in. the near juture
.to'be an acute embarrassment.
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AM) 1.14Vtie."3ILLJSL
Summit Forecast:
Thunder and Fog
? By Mitrguis Childs
LONDON?/The mess into which the
Western allies have fallen in their
separate ways of looking at the summit
can gamely be exaggerated, and yet
no one here believes
that it is possible to
prevent the wrong
**meeting at the wrong
? place at the wrong
Lime.
On the contrary,
? this reporter has been
told that if the United
States were to try to
postpone or call off
the proposed session
within the framework
r)f the United Nations Security Com-
eil, the reaction here would be such as
to shatter the bond between Britain
and America almost beyond
This is a measure of the hope so
widely held and so shrewdly exploited
for political ends in this tight little
island. It is the hope that by confront-
ing the Russians a settlement can some-
how be worked nut that will relieve the
fear and the tension under which the
world lives.
What becomes evident, therefore, Is
that only Nikita S. Khrusitchey hinting
can -prevent the meeting from taking
place ih New York on or about Aug. 12.
SHORT OF some drastic and far-
reaching initiative that is not now in
sight, thr course the meeting will fol-
low is already fairly evident. Fan-.
shchev and the Russians intend to Olt.'
ploit to the fullest the intervention in
Lebanon and Jordan. Even , if the
Marines have already pulled out or a
date for their leaving has been set, this
will be effective propaganda to the Arak
states that will presumably be partici-
pating in the conference.
From the Western side, Secretary of
State Dulles is preparing an offensive
That will serve notice, as he already has
done several times. that Britain and the
United States are not coming as pris-
oners in the chick. This offensive' is
being built around the Charge that the
real danger is from internal'subversion
planned and directed by Moscow.
Dulles is preparing to call the grim
roll going back as far as the absorption
? of Estonia and Latvia into the Soviet
empire at the outset of World War It'
? to prove that indeperdenee is anathema
to the Russian masters. This roll Fall
goes on through the civil war in Greece,
the seizure of power in Ceechoslovakip
and the Communitt wars in Indochina
and Korea. The indictm'ent is e massive
one and is certainly calculated to arouse
Khrushchey to nen heights of fury.
For the moment that seems to be the
only likely.outconir of the confrontation
in New York. ti le practical objective
might have been Ole discussion of an
?S?
4
44ada841 '
arThs embargo in the Mideast, Avert ,
though it is very late for such a die-
.cussion in view of the widespread pit
? ment of arms by both sides.5.
?
,
clreekert
'414,11 ?
BUT THE suggestion of an embargo
.comes up against the fundament?" dif.
ference between Moscow and, Washing-
ton, as Dulles made clear. n meeting
?with the ministers of the Baghdad Batt
.Council in London on Monday. Asked by
Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyto Soros
time ago whether he wOuld,include
'Paklitan, Turkey Ind Ito, tho,lreffialn.
ing- Eastern' members 'of the Baghdad
Pact, in any "Mideast arms arrangerhent,
Dulles replied firmly that, of cOuret he
,would not.
It is the arming otthese three nations
.with borders adjoining or close to the.
'Soviet Uhion under the containment
policy that has caused real and pro-,
found fear in Moscow.To Moscow,
containment is .encircleinent.
.quently, any embargo which exempted,'
at the very least, Turkey and .Iran
would 'be, from the Russian viewpoint,
worthless. TO lEaVe these two poweri
In an exposed position, open to the kind
of subversion' that leads to a "fitendly
*government"?that is, a stibmissive
Communist government?would be' un-
thinkable for the West.
For the moment, no one seems to
have any idea, hew to rise above,?eiten '
for purposes of debate, this implatable
difference of Outlook. Furthermore,
both sides being vulnerable, there will
be e11 the more reason to snake the
laudest possible propaganda noises.
, One may- Weil ask then who is to
Profit from the meeting in New - York.
rile answer is that, under Octant -ctn.
cumstances, no one at all, ,since the
n a draw. Yet, having by their own
ropagatsda battle :rents likely to end
.devious uncertainties got themselves
conto this slippery alopt, the Western
?Dwell can find no wile to re,. ue them- ??
'elves.
?
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aiNaPIIME6 HERALD
Why Tories Dance
To Summit Tune
By Marquis Childs .
LONDON?An almost comic reversal
In the tide's of political fortune Is
taking place here which gives a new
look not only to Britain but to the
world scene.
-
A year ago, even
Fig months ago, the
. Labor Party was al;
confident of victory
in the nest election
as the Democratic
Perty is in America
today. The Conserva-
tive government of
Prime Minister Mac-
millan was on the run.
In one bye election Childs
after another. Conservative majoritiet
dwindled to the vanishing point. Just
by sitting it out and, not rocking the
boat, the Laborites were sure to win?
or so they thought.
Now all that has been changed and
within Labor's ranks defeatism is as
rampant as the complacent .optimism
of A short time ago. It all seems a
nasty Tory trick, with the Laborites
charging that Macmillan has clipped his
droopy Edwardian mustache and slyest
his gentle upper-class way of speech a
brisk going-over as part of the process
of r presenting England with the
common-man touch.
ses
ACTUALLY, of course, the reasons
for the reversal are not herd to find.
They lie first of all in the remarkable
success the government has had .in
holding prices steady while the country
has prospered. By every index?
incomes, productivity, employment, the
gold and dollar balance?Britain is
doing very 'well.,
Incomes- were 5 per cent higher in
the first quarter of the year; unem-
ployment is only 2 per cent of tho
total working force. While the general
decline in world trade is causing some
worry, it has net yet begun to affect
the British position.' .
But important as the flourishing
prosperity is, together ,with the steady
price level, the way in which the Mac-
millan government has captured Labor's
favorite issues also e'ounts heavily.
Behind his smooth Edwardian fa-
cade?he married the daughter of the
Duke of Devonshire?Macmillan is a
Flirewd political gambler. Although
the official Tory line for export ? pur-
poses is that the government was
really rather reluctant (not, however.
nearly as reluctant as Washington) to
go to the summit, the truth is that
Macmillan has cleverly exploited the
deep desire here to try tp negotiate
an end to the cold war.
a,
There can be no float of the passion-
ate intensity of that desire. In response
to Russian Premier Khrushchey's latest
proposal for top-level talks on the miir
east crisis, every newspaper in Br[tairs
with one or two exceptions said with
varying degrees of enthusiasm, "Let's
have the talks just as quickly as
possible." k
?
, AS A BOLD GAMBLVI the Prime
. Minister knows that he' -has little to
loee and much to gain liY1 going to the
summit. If the talks end in sound and
? fury, he can say that aftet,:ali he had
reluctantly consented to the meeting
; in large part at the Insistence of the
'Laborites, whose views were plainlk
proved fallacious. '
These are. the melancholy reflections
of the Labor Party leaders. Hints have
been thrown out that the Conservatives
will force a snap election in Weber
before the bloom on the prosperity
can be dimmed by the recession in
world trade that has begun to have
some effect in ,Europeeeand by the
reaction to a possible dock strike.
But the Conservative government.
with its majority of roughly 50 in the
House of Commons, has nearly two
more years to run and the best guess
is that Macmillan will not take his
chances on an early vote but will wait
to face the voters until shortly before
he is to go out of office. ?
Tradition?and despite the loud,
noises of the "angry young men"
tradition is still a powerful ?force in
Britain?goes strongly against the
return of another . Tdry government.
Not In 200 years has a political party
come to power three times running.
But the Labor oppositloe has had
little 'to offer, sounding more and more
the plaintive note of ? too." As
seems to happen more a It more often
In this 'strange time , governments
survive by inertia as m as for any
positive or constructive eison.
4
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zz,,-;:fijas-/- HERALD
a.
Britain's Gamble
On Arms Policy
? By Marquis Childs
LONDON---With.e,ptill another election
always juet'arouna the -center, the free,
? world is forever -faced with the whims
. and the fancies of the voter, and ?his
yearning for, AC not
th4 good old' days,
.hen the best possible
Imitation of the care-
free life before cold
wars were invented.
A shrewd political
epmbler Herold Mac-
millan, has gone a
?Iong way to please the
British voter. In a
'mnst extraerdinitry
debate in the House Childs
vGP /ha a
of Commons, member after member of
Macmillan's own party rose recently. to:
charge, in effect. thet his government ?
was gambling with tlie safety of Britain ?
and with the stability of. the Western. Marshal Sir JOhn Sleeker his repeat. '
position in far-flung areas of the world- ediy underscored the danger of relying .
ion nuclear weapon . s. ? . .
This charge grew out of the proposals ;. . , .
- -
made (--
by Defense Minister Duncan i ' e...a , ?
Sandy& In the debate, 5am6ys was de-; THE AMERICAN Sixth Fleet in the
fending the government white paper. on ,Mediterranean bristles with massive ??
defense reorganization that .will. have-attnnie weapons; but the question Sits-
the result of cutting the - army back ttt ear and ethers are slaking., ke: Ill a
165,000 .men, letting' conscription come 'situation much as .that in the Mide it, -,
to an-end in IMO and further reducing whom can these. weapons possibly be - ...
, Eiritain'r., troops committed to NATO used against? The nuclear deterrent
and note Stationed in West Germany. may deter the all-out war, but it cannot'
? . es.* ? check the small wars and 'threats rot
war that chew away at Western strength,. ,-
, - CONSERVATIVES, many of them One of the few Labor members-to .: , ??
highly regarded in the party and In protest the proposed cuts *viii Alchird .
the: country, stood up to say -OW .this . S. Cressnian, who arguertikthat neither,
%EA', . a dangerous reduction of grItaln'a side could ? affdrd . to, pile, politics will ?
r-ecgth when, foreign policy commit- British-commitments and the strength-
rIr nu make it necessary to have troops In-being to sustain those commitmentsm.
in/ every* corner of the globe. ' Privately, Labor Party leaders were ?
/One of the principal critics was for-
/ saying dispiritedly that while,the critics
,,,? .? Conservative Minister of Defense Might be right, bow could they be. 6x-
/./.,ithony Head, who insisted that to fleeted to take such an' unpoptiler.
., %rale the army down from roughly half ? '
: stand? Accused cf being for restriction ....
? of its present isize of 320,000 svould .(rationing), how can we be for consettio?
1 necessitate drastic curtailment of Brit- tion?, they wanted to know. ? ,?
1:' ish foreign policy and enlonial eommit
.,/ Labor Party policy is, of course, ?ror
ments. He pointed our, too, that.to let 'drastically cutting commitments in.aueh, '
the draft lapse two years from now trouble spots as Cyprus and Jordan.
since - :-.----9".+ 'To the outsider, it seemed that this
would be a serious risk, a Altif )
Wm might arise in the future 'calling' important 'debate on which. so nuieh .
for the use of troops that would not ;may turn for Britain and the IN est in
be available and then, politically, it ? the years to .come was treated wrth %.
would he almost impossible to reintro- something like a conspiracy of silence.
duce conscription. - Perhaps because neither Laborites nor,
"My fear is," he said of the need to Conservatives want to face up to the
reimpose national . conscription, "that embarrassing issue of conscription, ;it
because of the great political difficul, was reported in brief and scarcely
ties, the question might he shirked. If commented upon.
it is shirked, we will go down below ,..
Without any -, effective challenge the
the conventional army safety limit and, goVernment will scale .hack the mili?
we may find ouiseives pushed !mien -Lary establishment, and this may.meen
nearer to using atomic weapons or votes at the next election: It could
introducing foreign and colonial Poll" help' to break a 200-year-old precedent
ries which are against everything we and return' a government of the same
might to be-doing in the old war.", party three times In succession.' Mit
This is the heart of the matter?, west -it 'will mean ter the safety Of
and greater reliance on the ', this island kingdom a ntt Western ' EU? .
. nuclear deterrent in the pattern of ,rope only the peril of events still to,
,?rnerica over recent years. .Se die- come will determit.e.
tinguished a retired soldier as Air ,
?
?
,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/07: CIA-RDP74-00297R000301040022-3