COPYING EQUIPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 83
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 24, 2001
• Sequence Number: 43
• Publication Date: October 1, 1966
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
A GSA HANDBOOK
GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D. C.
FEDERAL STOCK NUMBER
7610-926-91 19
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
FOREWORD
The impact of document copiers on Federal operations has been substantial just
as it has been in commerce and industry. At this writing there are at least 202
models of copiers available from some 37 different manufacturers or distribu-
tors. The United States Government alone has installed approximately 55
thousand machines and the yearly cost of office copying is estimated at 80 million
dollars. An increasing number of cost-conscious executives are concerned about
the predictions that this cost could double within the next 5 years.
Government offices are finding it difficult to stem rising costs wherein selec-
tion and use of copiers is involved. Since the copier industry is so highly com-
petitive, it is a significant challenge to apply the right copier, at the right time,
in the right place, and in the right quantity. The purpose of this handbook is
to assist Government officials to solve their copier problems through a common-
sense approach in selecting and controlling such equipment.
The conclusions and the statistical data offered in this handbook are the
work of the National Archives and Records Service. Much use was made of an
excellent Department of the Army publication and of a report of the General
Accounting Office. They are :
Department of the Army Technical Bulletin, TB AG 4, Copying Equip-
ment, October 1965.
Report to the Congress of the United States, Potential Savings Available
Through Purchasing Rather Than Leasing Certain 0906 Copying Ma-
chines, by the Comptroller of the United States, October 1964.
Because of the continuous changes which are occurring within the copier in-
dustry, it is planned to issue a revised edition of this handbook when there are
enough changes to warrant a revision.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
For sale by the Superintendent of Docm20102ents, , U.S. hGovernment Printing Office - Price Washington, Doc
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
Dispersal of Copiers______________________
1
VII. COPIER SELECTION
General Criteria__________________________
49
Management of Copying Services----------
1
Analyzing Specific Factors_________________
49
H. PSYCHOLOGY OF MAKING COPIES
Determining Your Requirements-----------
50
Adequacy Versus Perfection ---------------
Adequacy of Copy_______________________
51
Malpractices in Using Copiers -------------
Multiple Copy Requirements--------------
51
Protest Against Dampness________________
Combination Systems_____________________
51
Hidden Costs ----------------------------
The Place of the Xerox 24007______________
54
Proliferation Problem_____________________
Matching Machines to Need_______________
56
Finding the Solution______________________
Making the Selection_____________________
56
III. LEGAL ASPECTS
Evaluating a Request for a Copier---------
57
Copying Laws ---------------------------
Copyright Laws--------------------------
VIII. PUTTING COPIERS TO USE
Checklist for Operation of Copiers----------
60
IV. COPYING PROCESSES AND HOW THEY
Operator Maintenance__________________
60
WORK
__
Copying Classified Documents-------------
60
Diffusion Transfer Process_________________
8
Requirement Changes___________________
61
Dye Transfer Process_____________________
8
_
Stabilization Process______________________
8
IX. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECEN-
Thermal Process_________________________
9
TRALIZATION
Dual Spectrum Process___________________
9
General Considerations___________________
62
Diazo Process___________________________
9
Organizational and Physical Arrangements- _
62
Transfer Electrostatic Process-------------
10
Dual Advantages_________________________
62
Direct Electrostatic Process (Electrofax) ----
10
Two Points of View________________
64
Supplementary Information ---------------
10
______
Successful Centralization__________________
64
V. SELECTIVE EVALUATION OF COPIERS
Successful Decentralization________________
64
Basis for Selection________________________
14
Updating the Copier Installation-----------
65
Description and Costs____________________
VI. COPIER COSTS
Importance of Per-Copy Cost______________
47
APPENDIX A: Excerpts from FPMR 101-25.5,
"Guidelines for Making Purchase
or Lease Determinations"
67
Overhead Costs__________________________
47
_______
Other Factors Affecting Cost______________
48
APPENDIX B: Characteristics of Various Copiers
Paper Quality ---------------------------
48
(Reprint from Administrative Man-
Purchase Versus Lease Costs______________
48
agement magazine)_____________
70
iii
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
I. INTRODUCTION
Copying equipment, in the past, was usually lo-
cated in a centralized reproduction, duplicating,
blueprinting, or photostating unit. Skilled or
semiskilled help was needed to operate relatively
complicated machines. Service was influenced to
a great degree by the amount and specific type
of equipment installed, as well as its organizational
sponsorship. Such reproduction equipment was
often placed with the engineering or scientific
groups who had a basic and continuing call for
blueprints and photographs.
The market was "ripe" for a simple, inexpensive
copier. Many new machines designed to produce
low-cost, small-volume copies, have made their
appearance. As each new machine has appeared,
a particular copying requirement (type of origi-
nal, volume, etc.) was satisfied but with no single
copier efficiently and economically capable of the
entire demand.
Dispersal of Copiers
Many of the now copiers, as they appeared on the
market, were installed in the same centralized re-
production units as were their predecessors. Copy
demands, however, soon grew far beyond expecta-
tions. The reproduction units realized that they
had a difficult situation to deal with. As the vol-
ume grew and the deadlines became shorter, the
centralized approach served to hinder copier
access. Gradually, copiers were located closer to
the points of demand and without any time-con-
suming requisitioning and justification procedures.
A specific organizational group shared a machine
which was strategically located. Semi-automatic
copiers began to replace manually operated ones as
a means of increasing total volume. Mass copying
became common.
At present, almost every sizable organizational
unit has its own copier. Some units have a second
or third machine to meet increasing demands.
Some Government departments have created cen-
tralized copier stations at division, branch, or sec-
tion levels. Many "broom" closets within office
buildings have been converted to copier stations.
Some of these copiers are manned by full-time
operators, while others are "self-service."
Management of Copying Services
With the dispersal of office copiers throughout
Government agencies, the need for a good hard
look at the economy and effectiveness of office
copying services has become increasingly apparent.
The uncontrolled acquisition and use of office copy-
ing equipment has often resulted in uneconomic
mismatches of user requirements with machine
capabilities and wasteful practices in operating
copying facilities.
While it may not always be practical, a desirable
approach for managing the ever-growing demand
for copies can be found in the old saying, "An
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
Before a heavy investment has been made in a
variety of copiers on a hit-or-miss basis, the overall
copying requirements of large organizational seg-
ments of an agency should be systematically
studied.
These studies sould be carried out by knowledge-
able personnel such as records managers, manage-
ment analysts, reproduction specialists, supply
officers, or others who are familiar with machine
capabilities, price relationships, and procurement
options available in today's highly competitive
copier market. Above all, such personnel should
be knowledgeable of the effect the copiers will have
on the paperwork systems and procedures within
the agency. For example, the flood of documents
pouring out from today's copiers can play havoc
with a planned network of file stations, as un-
controlled quick copies cause a proliferation of
duplicate files.
Based on analysis of the data obtained, firm
answers should be arrived at covering such matters
as: centralized or decentralized stations; manned
or unmanned facilities; use of lease, purchase, or
combination lease/purchase options in procuring
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
copiers; appropriate machines and methods to ob- Where such studies have not been made, an
tain the lowest possible cost per copy for multiple inquiry into the existing copying facilities will
copy requirements; most suitable maintenance and offer a high potential for savings. As a minimum,
service arrangements; special requirements for a goal of 10% reduction in overall copying and re-
capabilities to produce masters or transparencies; lated paperwork costs would be feasible. This
adequacy of copy quality in terms of the use made handbook has been prepared to guide managers
of them; types of administrative actions needed to and others responsible for office copying in pro-
control copier output; supply levels and standard- viding economical and effective copying service
ization; and the like. which meets user requirements.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
II. PSYCHOLOGY OF MAKING COPIES
Adequacy Versus Perfection
The copying machine produces, at best, "an imita-
tion of the original,"-not/a facsimile, i.e., an "ex-
act reproduction." The copying machine
manufacturers, however are striving constantly to
develop machines that produce copies as close to
a facsimile as possible. Therefore, today's copy-
ing machines are becoming increasingly sophisti-
cated. This trend is causing the user to become
less and less satisfied with yesterday's product.
Cheaper machines, producing less quality than
the user thinks necessary, offend his sense of pride.
He wants one answer to all copying problems-a
machine which will, in fact, give him a facsimile.
Currently, there seems to be a demand that
copiers be compact, operate at high speed, turn out
"original" copies, cost only a few hundred dollars,
never break down, and produce copies that cost
about the same as that of a high-speed duplicator.
Government users are following a trend, one which
usually leads to the purchase or rental of a sophis-
ticated copier capable of doing more than re-
quired. In lieu of this approach, users should
carefully evaluate their own needs and procure
machines which meet their requirements instead
of following the practices of other offices.
Many users of copying processes have allowed
their sense of value to be distorted in relation to
the degree of quality and versatility actually
needed. Is it necessary that the copier be able to
pick up certain colors or solids? Is a print-like
quality important to the use of the copy? Does
the fact that the image is grey rather than black
make any real difference? Manufacturers have
been quick to foster this desire for perfection, and
competition has encouraged the hard-sell tactics.
The main point for managers to recognize is that
most copies are of a routine nature, and need only
meet the requisites for the purpose intended, no
more, no less.
Malpractices in Using Copiers
Many situations of misuse and careless use occur
regularly in many offices. Individually, they may
be insignificant, but when they are multiplied
daily by large numbers of users, unnecessary copy
production soars. Conscientious managers should
make every effort to reduce or even eliminate such
malpractices. They should determine what may
be copied, how many copies are permissible, and
what degree of quality is acceptable, but they need
the cooperation and backing of their superiors.
The following examples represent some of the
more common types of malpractice :
Insisting on the use of a certain brand of
copier when others are available, as in the
case of centralized centers. This attitude
can frequently cause excessive waiting time
and delays.
Making more than is needed on the mere pos-
sibility that the extras may be needed.
Making copies of personal papers for per-
sonal use.
Copying blank forms or publications which
are available from stockrooms.
Using a copier in lieu of making one or two
carbons at time of typing.
Using a copier as a duplicator for unlimited
copies.
Having copies remade because the first were
less than perfect.
Rejecting all copiers which require some
manual operation and insisting upon com-
pletely automatic features.
Protest Against Dampness
Wet process copiers were considered very fine be-
fore the advent of the dry types. Because copies
made on them required drying for up to 10 min-
utes, users have developed a distaste for them in
view of the simplicity and speed of the newer
models. The fact that they used "messy chemi-
cals" also had a great deal to do with the present
attitude. Although many of today's wet process
copiers are equipped with a premixed cartridge
3
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
loading feature, and require minimal attention to
cleaning, the attitude still persists. Copies from
most of this equipment still require drying, al-
though there are a few units which produce copies
capable of drying in a few seconds. These factors
should not operate to exclude such machines from
considerations. As a matter of fact, some wet
process copiers will produce copies with an ex-
tremely sharp and high contrast image.
Officials making decisions involving procurement
or use of copying equipment often fall into the
trap of thinking only of the easily-measured costs
of copy preparation, such as meter charges, supply
costs, and the like. They tend to forget that the
below-listed elements, which are not so easily meas-
ured, can also affect their overall copying costs.
? Production. The time it takes the copier
to produce the copies must be considered and
also its effect on personnel costs.
? Waste. Because there is virtually no sure
way of either tabulating or controlling it,
waste can be one of the most misleading fac-
tors.
? Walking. If copier is in a central or semi-
central location, walking time involved is
also prone to being stretched-by visiting,
passing the snack bar, and other common
human weaknesses.
? Waiting. When the copier is being used,
valuable personnel time is being wasted while
the individual is doing nothing.
? Overproduction. The "need to know" basis
is fast disappearing. It is relatively simple
to make copies for everyone in the office.
? Files Maintenance. Too many copies in-
tended just for "information" find their way
into files. Files maintenance costs money.
difficult to find the reasons for this-on the other
hand, it is not easy to reduce or eliminate it.
Before the time when it became easy to make a
copy of almost anything, our official copying was
limited to those documents needed by someone, or
required for some purpose. That is, the function
for which copies were needed was either impossible
to accomplish or made extremely difficulty with-
out such copies. Although these valid purposes
still exist, a large proportion of all copying done
today is for convenience.
What are "convenience" copies? Their identity
may vary with individuals or within groups, but
generally, these are common types :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Those furnished to members of an office for
"information"-even though they may
not have any interest in the subject.
Suspense copies-which might have been
made as an extra carbon.
Extra copies of actions maintained in file-
in case some are needed. later.
Alibi copies-usually made for protection
or as proof of responsibility.
Convenience copying is not necessarily bad if it
saves time. It is, however, often allowed to pro-
gress to the point of producing paperwork that is
either wasted or never disposed of. What was
meant to be a laborsaving device has resulted in
the expenditure of more man-hours than was ever
before needed for producing copies.
Many agencies have tried using various sub-
terfuges as deterrents to indiscriminate copying.
These have included the use of colored copy paper,
signs, "freezing" the copy selector knob, sign-in
sheets, and surveillance. Such methods were
found to be ineffective, and as a result were shortly
abandoned. Placing operators on all machines
also has its drawback, since it involves additional
personnel.
Proliferation Problem
This word has of late been applied to the product
of copiers-meaning, of course, that the produc-
tion of copies in quick succession and in large
amounts is the result of the newer machines. As
manufacturers continue to simplify operation of
machines, and as their numbers increase, prolifera-
tion will become more and more evident. It is not
Finding the Solution
The manager must now take definite action if he
is really interested in doing something about the
problem of proliferation. Two phases are clearly
necessary : education and control.
Education. It is up to management to establish
guidelines and up to supervisors to apply them.
4Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
There are two basic means of educating the users tory policies and see that they have com-
of copying equipment : plete dissemination.
(1)
Conduct orientation classes for operational
managers and top level supervisors. It
should not be assumed that such persons,
because of their position, know the facts
about copying costs and their role in the
paperwork explosion.
(2) Program a continuing campaign through
printed or duplicated reminders, discus-
sions at meetings and briefings, evaluations
of individual installations, and any other
means of communication.
Control. Regardless of what controls are estab-
lished, they will have little effect if they are not
enforced and regularly reviewed. Enforcement
need not mean a system of threats and penalties.
The following approach can be considered :
(1)
Establish realistic limitations and require-
ments but provide for selective exceptions
when warranted. Publish these as regula-
(2) Instruct the responsible individuals on
how they should inspect copiers under
their jurisdiction. In this connection, in-
quiries should be made and the actual
process observed.
(3)
Make periodic informal surveys of copier
production. Note infractions and advise
management of their findings. The of-
fending office should be notified of viola-
tions when considered appropriate. It
should be made known that the individuals
responsible for the copiers have this au-
thority and management must give them
the necessary support.
Several manufacturers offer special total-
izer attachments--some with as many as
12 separate switches or keys to activate the
copier-to aid in checking on the volume of
copies made by component organizational
units of an agency.
237-114 0-X67---2 5
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
III. LEGAL ASPECTS
Copying Laws
Copying laws are almost in the same category as
speed limit laws-people forget they are there.
Although the, former involves much less risk than
the latter, the penalty can be much greater. Most
documents which are prohibited by law from being
copied have their source in State or Federal Gov-
ernment. A partial listing is shown in figure 1.
In case of doubt, legal advice should be obtained.
Copyright Laws
The most frequently violated law is the Copyright
Law : namely, that law which prohibits the copy-
ing of copyrighted material without permission.
The Copyright Law is intended to protect the
publisher or author from plagiarism. It gives
him the right to say who may reproduce his
written or published work, and to demand pay-
ment for it. However, the current widespread use
of copying machines in reproducing literary works
goes beyond the question of plagiarism. It is be-
ginning seriously to affect the sale of published
works, such as magazines, textbooks, and technical
papers. Prior to this time, a user of such works
desiring to have possession of a copy was obliged
to purchase the publication if he could not borrow
it for an indefinite period. Today, it is relatively
simple to make copies of almost any printed matter
by means of the office copier.
Because the copier has made it easy to reproduce
published works, extra precaution is necessary.
Where a notice of copyright is shown, either on
the work itself, or by a general statement in the
publication, the law is clear : it may not be copied
unless permission of the publisher or author is ob-
tained. Where doubt exists as to whether or not
an item is copyrighted, the legal officer should be
consulted.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
MATERIAL THAT MAY NOT BE COPIED
1. Congress, by statute, has forbidden the
copying of the following subjects under cer-
tain circumstances. There are penalties of fine
or imprisonment imposed on those guilty of
making such copies.
a. Obligations or securities of the United
States Government, such as-
(1) Certificates of Indebtedness.
(2) National Bank Currency.
(3) Coupons from Bonds.
(4) United States Bonds.
(5) Federal Reserve Bank Notes.
(6) Federal Reserve Notes.
(7) Treasury Notes.
(8) Silver Certificates.
(9) Gold Certificates.
(10) Fractional Notes.
(11) Certificates of Deposit.
(12) Paper Money.
(13) Bonds and obligations of certain
agencies of the Government such as
FHA, etc.
(14) U. S. Savings Bonds.
(15) War Savings Stamps if in albums
filled or partially filled. (They may be
photographed only if the reproduction
is either 25 percent smaller in each
dimension or 50 percent larger in each
dimension.)
(16) Internal Revenue Stamps. (If it is
necessary to copy a legal document on
which there is a cancelled revenue
stamp, this may be done provided it
is for lawful purposes.)
(17) Postage Stamps Cancelled or Uncan-
celled.
(18) Postal Money Orders.
(19) Bills, Checks, or Drafts for Money
drawn. by or upon authorized officers
of the United States.
b. Adjusted Compensation Certificates for
Veterans of the World Wars.
c. Obligations or Securities of any Foreign
Government, Bank or Corporation.
d. Copyrighted material of any manner or
kind without permission of the copyright
owner.
e. Certificates of Citizenship of Naturaliza-
tion. (Foreign Naturalization Certificates may
be photographed.)
f. Passports. (Foreign passports may be
photographed.)
V. Immigration Papers.
h. Draft Registration Cards.
i. Selective Service Induction Papers which
bear any of the following information: Regis-
trant's earnings or income ; dependency status ;
court record; previous military service; physi-
cal or mental condition.
j. Badges, Identification Cards, Passes, or
Insignia carried by Armed Forces personnel or
employees of the Federal Government.
2. Copying the following is also prohibited in
certain states:
a. Automobile licenses.
b. Driver's permits.
c. Automobile Certificates of Title.
Figure 1
7
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
IV. COPYING PROCESSES AND HOW THEY WORK
There are 8 commonly recognized copying proc-
esses and many different makes and models of
copiers available within the different processes.
Some of the copiers, particularly the larger diazo
types, hardly qualify as "office-type" machines be-
cause of their size, although they are usable for
making copies of office-type documents under "sys-
tems" or "production" situations. Other copiers
can be used to produce various types of reproduc-
tion masters and transparencies. This chapter,
however, is basically concerned with copiers which
are used in an office environment for producing
page-size paper copies of office documents.
Within this frame of reference, a short description
of each basic process and how it works follows :
This requires a negative and positive paper for
each copy. The negative paper is sensitive to light.
Most machines are manually operated, being
powered only to the extent of furnishing a light
source and activating the feed rollers. A few are
completely automatic, requiring only insertion of
the original. Most newer machines use a cartridge
for chemicals, which can be removed and inserted
without handling of the chemicals. This helps
the solution to last longer, and simplifies the clean-
ing of developing trays. Since the copy paper
itself (positive) enters the solution, copies always
emerge quite damp and must be dried before use.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Original is exposed to negative paper.
Negative and positive papers are sand-
wiched and passed into developer through
separated slots.
After emerging, the two are pulled apart;
the negative is discarded and the positive
paper becomes the copy.
Dye Transfer Process
gives a darker and more permanent image. The
only known dye transfer equipment is made by
Eastman Kodak, and generally is known by the
name of Verifax. Some models are manually
operated, while others are semiautomatic. The
new machines use a cartridge for chemicals, which
can be replaced without handling chemicals. This
equipment is powered only to provide a light source
and to activate the feed rollers. Although the
copy paper does not enter the solution, it does come
in direct contact with the wet matrix; this causes
copies to be slightly damp, but they dry within a
few seconds.
Original is exposed to matrix.
Matrix is passed into developing solution.
Copy paper is pressed against matrix.
Copy is peeled from matrix.
If a multiple-copy matrix is used, it can be
reinserted into the developing solution, and
(3) and (4) above repeated, up to about
seven copies. (More are possible if a good
matrix has been made.)
Stabilization Process
This is similar to a photographic process, but is
much simpler and faster. It uses only one type of
coated paper for both negative and positive copies.
The first copy is white on black, from which can
be made any number of black on white copies.
The lower priced machines usually are contact
printers, while the larger and more expensive op-
erate by a mirror reversal process, some having the
capability to reduce and enlarge. Some are man-
ually operated, while others are completely auto-
matic. The copy emerges damp and requires
drying before use.
Procedures are as follows :
This requires a matrix and copy paper. Although In the first procedure the copy paper is exposed
ordinary paper can be used, the treated copy paper to the original by-
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 (1)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Reversing image from mirror (for right
reading copy), or
(2) Reflex through copy paper (for reverse
reading copy), or
(3)
Direct light through translucent original
(for right reading copy).
In the second procedure, copy paper passes
through developer.
(1)
Right reading negatives can be used as
copy, or as originals and processed as in
(1) or (3) above to make right reading
positives.
model "107" copier), and an automatic model (the
"209"). Copies are dry upon completion. The
copier works on the principle of creating a latent
image on the intermediate paper by means of light,
and then transferring this image to the final copy
paper by means of heat.
Procedures are as follows :
(1)
Original and intermediate paper are ex-
posed to light.
(2) Intermediate paper and copy paper are
pressed together and heat is applied. The
latent image transfers to the copy paper.
The dual spectrum process can be coupled with
another process of the same manufacturer called
"Adherography" to produce many copies of a doc-
ument at the announced rate of 40 copies per min-
ute. To use this related Adherography process, a
special master is prepared either on a dual spec-
trum copier or by direct typing. The master is
inserted into a separate machine known as a
"Speed Copier" which produces the copies on or-
dinary paper. When these two processes are cou-
pled together, the manufacturer refers to them as
System A-09.
(2) Reverse reading negatives must be proc-
essed as in (3) above to make right read-
ing positives.
Thermal Process
This requires only one coated paper to produce
each copy. It is not sensitive to light, but reacts
to heat radiated by the image area when exposed
to infrared light. For this reason, the original
image must contain some metallic substance and
colors must be visible to infrared light. Generally,
thermal copiers will. reproduce most printing inks,
liquid writing inks, lead pencil, and typewriter
ribbon. It will not reproduce most ball point inks,
stamp pad inks, colored pencils, and blue and vio-
let printing inks, which are transparent to infra-
red light. This is the only copying process in
which exposure and development are simultane-
ous. It is the simplest in both construction and
operation. Only one step is involved-the inser-
tion of copy paper and original together into the
exposure opening. Although copies made on
thermal paper may last indefinitely, it is not rec-
ommended as a permanent file paper because of its
sensitivity to heat and its tendency to brittleness.
Dual Spectrum Process
This requires two kinds of paper to produce each
copy; an intermediate, light sensitive type and a
coated, final copy paper. No chemicals are in-
volved, and the machine can copy all colors. The
3-M Company is the only known manufacturer of
this process. It makes a variety -of these machines
including various manually-operated models of
differing capabilities (for example, the office
Diazo Process
This requires one copy paper, coated with light-
sensitive chemicals. It works on the principle of
ultraviolet light passing through a translucent
original. This destroys the chemical coating on
the copy paper, except where an opaque image has
blocked the light. The copy paper is then devel-
oped, where the remaining chemical is converted
into a readable image. Three kinds of developing
agents are used : liquid, ammonia, or heat. The
speed of the copy paper, the kind of developer used,
and the quality of the translucent original deter-
mine how fast copies can be produced and what
quality they will be.
Procedures are as follows :
(1)
(2)
(3)
Insert original and copy paper into ex-
posure slot.
Reinsert exposed copy paper only in de-
veloping slot.
Copies made by liquid developer machine
take several seconds to dry completely.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Transfer Electrostatic Process
This requires ordinary paper only, but it should
not be lighter than standard 20 weight. At the
present time, the only transfer type on the market
is that made by Xerox. It operates on the prin-
ciple of a charged drum surface being exposed to
light reflected through lenses from an original.
Where light strikes the drum from white areas of
the original, the charge disappears and toner par-
ticles cling only to that part of the surface still
charged (image area). The latent image is then
transferred from the drum to paper, and fused by
heat. Only one procedure is involved-inserting
the original into the exposure area.
Direct Electrostatic Process (Electrofax)
This requires a coated copy paper. In this process,
some machines use a dry toner, but most use a
liquid toner. The process is generally the same.
The paper is electrically charged, after which its
surface is exposed to light reflected from the orig-
inal. Where light strikes the copy paper from
nonimage areas, the charge is dissipated, and the
latent image remains. This invisible image is then
brushed or sprayed with toner, which clings to the
charged area and thereby develops the image.
Lastly, the image is either fused by heat (dry
toner) or dried by air (liquid toner). The only
procedure on most machines is to insert the original
into the exposure area.
Supplementary Information
Figure 2 shows a list of the advantages and disad-
vantages of each process. The chart shows only
basic characteristics and should be used for quick
reference only.
A glossary of terms used in copying processes is
given in figure 3.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
10
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS PROCESSES
1. Diffusion Transfer
a. Makes sharp, high contrast copies.
a. Uses wet chemicals.
Process.
b. Copies all colors.
b. Most machines require large amount
c. Machines are comparatively low in
of manual operation, but newer
price.
models have automatic features.
c. Copies emerge damp and must be
dried.
d. Cost per copy is comparatively high.
2. Dye Transfer
a. Up to seven (possibly more) copies
a. Uses wet chemicals.
Process.
can be made from one multiple-
b. Most models require a large amount
copy matrix.
of manual operation,
but newer
b. The more copies made from one mat-
.
ones have automatic features.
rix, the lower the cost per copy.
c. Cost of a single copy is compara-
c. Copies all colors.
tively high.
d. Can be written on almost immedi-
ately.
3. Stabilization
Process.
a. Copies all colors.
b. Good for reproduction of photo-
graphs.
a. Uses wet chemicals.
b. First copy is white on black (right
reading negative).
c. Deterioration of image possible be-
cause of chemical decomposition.
a. No chemicals needed.
b. Simple and fast operation.
c. Equipment requires minimum main-
tenance.
metallic content.
a. Uses no chemicals.
.photos, halftones.
c. Copies all colors and solids well.
"feel" of bond.
b. Copy paper, although coated, has
Figure 2
c. Copy paper may darken if exposed
parent to infrared light.
and with excessive handling.
d. Paper can become brittle with age
b. Roll of intermediate paper somewhat
difficult to replace.
c. May require more than the usual
11
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS PROCESSES
a. Per copy cost is one of the lowest in
the copying field.
b. Can reproduce copies rapidly.
or two-sided originals.
quires use of ammonia gas or
7. Transfer Electro-
static Process.
8. Direct Electro-
static Process
(Electrofax).
a. Does not use liquids.
b. Can copy most colors.
c. Uses untreated paper.
d. One of simplest machines to operate.
a. Some machines use no liquids.
b. Copies most colors.
c. Makes good, sometimes excellent,
reproduction of photos, halftones,
and solids.
d. Most machines operate at reasonably
fast speed.
a. Gives poor results from photographs,
solids, and light blues.
b. Requires more than the usual amount
of maintenance.
c. Requires periodic replacement of
drum or web.
Figure 2 (Continued)
a. Coated paper must be used.
b. Copy paper is heavier than ordinary
paper.
c. Surface of copy can be marred by
metal objects.
d. On liquid toner machines, copies may
smear immediately after being
made.
e. Liquid toner provides less contrast.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN COPYING PROCESSES
Anhydrous ammonia. Compressed ammonia
captured in a tank and released through con-
trols into a diazo copying machine in the
form of a gas.
Coated paper. Treated with an emulsion to
make it sensitive to a particular copying
process.
Contrast. Degree of difference between depth of
image against its background. Jet black
against white background is said to have
high contrast while gray on white, a low
contrast.
Definition. Degree of sharpness or clarity of
lines and detail in an image.
Density. Generally referred to in degrees of ;
the deepness of black, or shade of gray to
black.
Developer, a. In electrostatic copiers using a
dry toner, a coarse aggregate, such as beads
or iron filings, which scatters the toner.
b. In wet process copiers, the fluid solution
through which exposed copy paper is passed.
Dispersant. A liquid used in some electrofax
copiers in which the liquid toner is ,dispersed.
Usually this is a petroleum base which is
constantly agitated to keep the toner in sus-
pension.
Flatbed. A type of exposure unit which con-
sists basically of a flat glass in front of a
light source. Capable of copying books and
bound volumes.
Fusing. The binding of dry toner to copy paper
by a heat process.
Halftone. A photograph which has been
printed, the image being made up of dots
ranging from white through gray to black.
The finer the dots are, the better the image.
Intensifier. In electrofax (liquid toner) proc-
esses, a heavy liquid injected when image is
too light; supplements the toner.
Latent image. Invisible image resulting from
exposure of a sensitized surface to an origi-
nal ; development by one or the other proc-
ess makes image visible.
Negative copl. A right-reading copy with the
image in white with a black background.
Positive copy. A right-reading copy having
black image on a white background.
Recycling. The capability of certain copiers to
hold the original and reexpose it automat-
ically for the number of copies desired. This
feature is only on those machines which have
a dial to set for more than 1 copy of the
same original.
Solid. Heavy or broad lettering or backgrounds
on an image, other than normal reading copy.
Standard paper. Ordinary bond or sulphite
paper.
Toner. A fine black powder or semipaste which
forms the image on a copy made by the elec-
trostatic or electrofax processes; usually a
derivative of carbon black.
Translucent. That quality which enables light
to pass through paper. (Not the same as
transparent.)
Vehicle. (See Dispersant.)
Figure 3
13
237-1A12P-r iec3For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
V. SELECTIVE EVALUATION OF COPIERS
Because of the many copiers on the market, only
a selected few could be evaluated. Evaluation
involved actual testing of certain models of ma-
chines and reflects Department of the Army ex-
perience in meeting its copying requirements.
Selection was made as follows :
a. The major interest was directed to the electro-
static types since these are the most competitive
at the present time.
b. In the thermal and diazo processes, one ma-
chine was selected as being representative of its
type.
c. The dye transfer and dual spectrum machines
are made by only one company and for this
reason one model of each warranted evaluation.
d. The diffusion transfer and stabilization
processes were not evaluated for several reasons:
(1)
Generally speaking, the per copy cost is
higher than that of the newer processes.
(2) On most machines, a large amount of
(3)
manual operation is required.
Because of the above, many of these ma-
chines are continually being replaced by
machines using the newer, more automatic
processes.
e. As newer machines appear and as otherwise
seems appropriate, further evaluations will be
made and published.
Description and Costs
The significant points of the selected machines
evaluated are discussed in figures 4 through 19
which follow. All information therein is current
as of August 1966, but because of continuing price
revisions or machine and supply modifications,
some of the data is subject to change. Before se-
lecting a particular copier, offices should check a
current Authorized Federal Supply Schedule
Price List of the manufacturer concerned to note
any possible changes in prices or charges quoted
in these figures. Such changes would, of course,
affect the unit costs shown.
Cost charts do not include personnel time nor an
allowance for waste or spoilage. They are based
on the following factors :
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Where applicable, Zone 1 (Eastern Zone)
prices were used for all equipment.
Monthly purchase costs were computed on
a 5-year amortization.
Paper and other supply costs are based on
estimated usage of a copier and can vary
with price changes, usage, volume pur-
chases, paper size, etc.
Supplies in each case are those recom-
mended by the equipment manufacturer
for his particular machine. Using sup-
plies obtained from other sources will
change the unit costs shown.
As applicable, the charts do include cost in-
formation covering the procurement of the copiers
under both rental and purchase plans. To aid in
comparing plans, they indicate unit costs (cost
per copy) at varying volumes of copies produced
under both plans.
When choosing a copier, offices should refer
to appendix "B" of this handbook as well as to
these figures containing the results of the evalua-
tions of selected copiers. Appendix "B" is a re-
print of a near-complete listing of office copiers as
of August 1966. This listing, providing detailed
information on the attributes of each copier, was
published in the September issue of the magazine
Administrative Management, Volume XXVII,
Number 9. As the prices or other charges are for
the commercial market, there may be some slight
variance with prices or conditions applicable to
Federal government procurement. Nevertheless,
the listing can be extremely useful in comparing
various copiers.
14
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Type:
Size:
Electrical:
Copy Paper:
Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax).
Table model, 243/4" wide (bottom), 351/2" wide (top), 17" deep, 18" high; 107 lbs. ; portable.
10 amps, 115 volts. May be used in any grounded outlet.
Cut sheets from 5%" x 81/2" to 81/2" x 14". Coated paper, bond weight ; surface marked
by metal objects. Automatic feed magazine has a capacity of 200 sheets. Paper must
be thoroughly "riffled" to prevent feeding problems and double feed.
Flat bed exposure can expose bound volumes as well as single sheets and rigid material.
Exposure bed moves automatically on tracks past the exposure lamps. Tracks extend
beyond the basic width of the unit, which accounts for the wider top measurement. Safety
features are incorporated to prevent injury to operator's hands by the moving top.
Machine is turned on ; density control set ; number of copies dialed ; start button is pushed
which activates process. A dial offers multiple setting for 1 to 10 or "C" for continuous ;
except for setting "C," it returns to number 1 when last copy is exposed. Operates with
liquid toner and dispersant, which are pumped into tank at present rate. Copy paper
passes through mixed dispersant and is dried by warm air and pressure. No fusing.
One signal light indicates paper magazine is empty or that feed has aborted. Another
light comes on when dispersant cartridge is empty. Machine will continue to operate
even though this light is on. Cartridge is replaced simply by opening a sliding cover
and removing empty cartridge.
Speed: No warm up time. About 13 seconds for single copy, or first copy of multiple run; subse-
quent copies about 8 to 0 seconds each.
Supplies : Dispersant, available in kits of four 2-quart cartridges, with one pint cartridge of toner.
Kit is sufficient to make about 8,000 to 10,000 copies.
Capabilities: Readable copies can be made from any printed matter with white or colored background
and any color ink. The machine produces a low-contrast image, somewhat gray rather
than black, and because of this it does best with a strong original. Fair on solids and
half-tones. Seems to produce better Image from originals with colored backgrounds
than from those with white backgrounds. The density control has a limited range for
most common types of originals, and setting No. 5 seems to give the average copy-
lower settings bring out background toning, and higher settings wash out image contrast.
Image does not smear with normal handling. Considered a medium volume machine for
use only in localized areas. Its primary advantage is that it offers bound volume
capability at a low initial price.
Maintenance contract is available for $115.00 per year on machines in a 30-mile radius
of the center of the city, and at higher rates beyond that limit. It includes-
a. All emergency calls.
b. All parts except lamps and motors.
a. Purchase. The unit price is $867.30 (including discount). Additional discount up
to 10% is available if more than 3 machines are purchased at one time.
b. Rental. Not available.
C. Supplies:
(1) Copy paper. For 81/2" x 11" size, prices range from $32.55 per M to $20.00 per M,
depending on volume.
(2) Dispersant kit. Price is $11.70 for four 2-quart cartridges including 1 pint
cartridge of toner.
d. Volume costs are shown on chart on reverse side.
Figure 4
15
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Purchase
Cost
Monthly
Service Cost
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
14.46
9. 58
33. 07
57. 11
. 0571
1. Cost based on one machine,
2, 000
14. 46
9. 58
63. 54
87. 58
.0438
$867. 30.
3, 000
14. 46
9. 58
95. 31
119. 35
. 0398
2. Paper cost in Supply Col.
4, 000
14. 46
9. 58
127. 08
151. 12
. 0378
based on 6-month purchase.
5, 000
14. 46
9. 58
150. 70
174. 74
. 0349
3. Service cost based on 30-mile
10, 000
14. 46
9. 58
260. 70
284. 74
. 0285
radius.
15, 000
14. 46
9. 58
391. 05
415. 09
. 0277
20, 000
14. 46
9. 58
423. 40
447. 44
. 0224
Figure 4 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
Type: Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax).
Size: Floor model, 49" wide, 44" deep, 48" high; 480 lbs. Not portable.
Electrical: Choice of 115 volts, 27.5 amps, or 230 volts, 14.5 amps, 60 cycles.
Copy Paper: Magazine holds about 200 sheets of paper up to 11" x 17". Automatically feeds from
check size up to 11" x 17". Paper is coated type, and is easily marked by metal objects.
Original: Roller feed mechanism. Can accept lightweight flexible sheets, or can be adjusted by
simple motion to accept cardstock or thin pamphlets. It will not take bound volumes
or 3-dimensional objects.
Easy to use, although original must be fed by hand for each copy made. Paper originals
are returned to the front near point of insertion; card stock or thin pamphlets are
returned to the back by lifting a hinged lid. Feed mechanism will not accept original
when paper supply is low.
Speed : No warmup time required. First copy delivered in 17 seconds. All subsequent copies of
the same or other originals in 4 seconds.
Makes an excellent copy under ideal conditions, i.e., if machine is maintained properly,
toner adjustment in order, and it is fusing correctly. Does very well on solids and
halftones. The manual feeding of original has two advantages : it permits faster
production, and provides a means of automatic collating. Originals are fed in sequence
(rather than the same one repeatedly) and copies are delivered in the same sequence.
Has counter for operator's use when making multiple copies. Special offset mats
available which guarantee 500 prints. The copy paper itself can be used as a very
short run offset master, but results are not ideal. If adjustments are out of focus,
copies can be grainy, streaked or have background. Considered to be a heavy duty
machine, and for centralized or semicentralized operations.
a. Rental. Repairs and maintenance provided by Bruning Company on all parts except
lamps.
b. Purchase. Two options are available :
(1) By oncall service as needed at existing hourly rates and repair costs.
(2) By yearly contract at a rate of $360.00 per year.
c. Lease-Purchase. Repairs and maintenance provided by Bruning Company at no
charge within a 25 mile radius of service point.
a. Rental. Minimum 4,000 copies per month at the following rates :
(1) $30.00 per month, plus
(2) Meter charge of $.015 per copy.
b. Purchase. $4,407.00.
c. Lease-Purchase. $200.00 per month. If paid within 90 days, 80% of rental applied
to price; between 90 days and 6 months, 665% ;'a'fter 6 months, 55%.
d. Supply costs.
(1) For 81/2" x 11" paper, $17.50 per M sheets. Developer is included in this price.
(2) Toner, $20.00 per lb.
(3) Volume costs are shown on chart on reverse side.
Figure 5
17
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
month
Rental
cost
supplies
Total monthly
cost
unit cost
Remarks
1,000
90.00
21.60
111.50
.1115
$30.00 per month basic included
2,000
90.00
43.00
133.00
.0665
4,000 minimum per month
3,000
90.00
64.60
154.50
.0515
.015 per unit.
4,000
90.00
86.00
176.00
.0440
5,000
105.00
107.50
212.50
.0425
10,000
180.00
215.00
395.00
.0895
20,000
380.00
430.00
760.00
.0880
30,000
480.00
645.00
1,125.00
.0375
40,000
630.00
860.00
1,490.00
.0378
50,000
780.00
1,075.00
1,855.00
.0871
60,000
930.00
1,290.00
2,220.00
.0870
Volume or
month
Purchase
cost
Supplies
Monthly sve
cost
Total monthly
cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1,000
73.46
21.50
30.00
124.96
.1260
Purchase price
2,000
73.46
43.00
80.00
146.46
.0733
$4,407.00
8,000
78.46
64.50
80.00
167.96
.0660
4,000
73.46
86.00
30.00
189.46
.0474
5,000
73.46
107.50
30.00
210.96
.0422
10,000
73.46
215.00
80.00
818.46
.0319
20,000
73.46
430.00
80.00
583.46
.0267
80,000
73.46
645.00
30.00
748.46
.0260
40,000
78.46
860.00
80.00
963.46
.0241
50,000
78.46
1,075.00
80.00
1,178.46
.0236
60,000
78.46
1,290.00
80.00
1,898.46
.0238
Pricing changes have occurred since preparation of these charts. See the latest Authorized Federal Supply
Schedule Price List of the manufacturer for revised charges.
Figure 5 (Continued )
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
BRUNING 30001
Type: Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax). providing a console appearance.
Size: Table Model, but is made to fit into a matching cabinet, 311/2" wide, 23" deep, 21" high; 216 lbs. Portable to the extent its weight will permit.
Electrical : 115 volts,12 amps, single phase, 60 cycle, AC. May be used in any standard grounded outlet.
Coated type; furnished in three cut-sheet sizes: 51/2" x 81/2", 8" x 10%", and 81/2" x
Copy Paper:
11". Marked easily by metal objects. Magazine loader at top holds 200 sheets.
Original: Flat bed exposure unit; original does not pass through mechanism, but is exposed on
glass area to stationary light source. Books and 3-dimensional objects can be exposed.
Operation: Machine is switched on; original is placed on glass exposure bed; density control set;
number of copies is dialed (up to 20). The action of dialing the number of copies
automatically activates the machine. New original can be placed as soon as exposure
light goes off for last copy of run. Operates on principle of liquid dispersant and
liquid toner. Copy passes through liquid mixture and is dried by warm air. There is
no fusing. Separate lights come on to indicate need to add dispersant and when last
sheet of paper is fed. It is necessary each morning to turn on machine for about five
minutes to allow dispersant and toner to mix. Thereafter, it is turned off after each
use. There is a continuous counter immediately behind the front panel.
Speed: No warm-up time except initially in the morning. Single copy, or first copy of multiple
run takes about 20 seconds. Each copy thereafter, about 9 seconds
Supplies: Developer (dispersant), furnished in carton of six 1-qt. bottles; replenisher (toner), in
carton of six 8-oz. cartridges. Each quart of developer will make about 1,000 copies,
and each cartridge of replenisher about 2,000.
Capabilities: Produces copies with a very good quality, high contrast image if density control knob
is set correctly. The average setting is from No. 4 to No. 6 for ordinary typed or
printed copy. A higher setting up to 7 or 8 is better for originals with colored back-
ground or for carbons, and a setting to No. 3 is best for light blue print or weak
originals. The lower numbers tend to increase the background toning, but will also
increase the density of the image. It is well to avoid too much density, since the
blacker the copy, the more tendency it has to smear when freshly made. Although
copies appear to have damp spots when first emerging, these will disappear in a
minute or two. The machine will produce an excellent copy from halftones, and a
reasonably good copy from photographs. Solids come out well, as do colors and
shadings. Developer must be added about every 600 copies, since the machine will
cease to operate once the "ADD DEVELOPER" light comes on. This machine has
the advantage of a 20~/% reduction feature by moving a lever to the "LEGAL" posi-
tion. In this way, 14" documents can be copied without changing paper. This feature
permits all copies produced to be on sheets of uniform size wihtout sacrificing clarity
or content. The "LETTER" position copies actual size.
delivery. The exposure at e top
of the machine, i.e., paper loading, exposing, and copy livery. unit
enables books to be copied right up to the binding with no distortion. This machine
is considered appropriate for a decentralized, or semicentralized activity with a
moderately heavy monthly volume.
Service: a. Rental. All services and maintenance furnished at no cost by manufacturer during
regular working hours.
b. Purchase. Complete coverage for all repairs and regular maintenance at .005 per
copy, with a minimum of $15.00 per month (3,000 copies). Based on regular work-
ing hours but includes all interim calls in addition to periodic inspections.
Costs : 2 a. Rental.
(1) $25.00 per month, plus
(2) .02 per copy.
(3) No minimum copy requirements.
b. Purchase. Price is $1875.00, which includes cabinet base. If the cabinet is not
desired, a $95.00 credit is applied to purchase price, or a net of $1780.00 for the
machine alone.
c. Supplies. All supplies average $22.75 per thousand copies.
(1) Paper, 81/2" x 11", $20.00 per M, in 3M sheet lots. Discounts range from 14 of
1% to 2%, depending on quantity, up to $25,000.00.
(2) Developer, $9.00 per carton.
(3) Replenisher, $15.00 per carton.
d. Volume costs are shown on the chart on reverse side.
Model is no longer available since handbook was prepared. Those in use are being
maintained by the company.
'See footnote on next page.
Figure 6
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
R
month
ental
cost
Total monthly
cost
1,000
45.00
22.75
67.75
0677
2,000
65.00
45.50
110.50
.
0552
3,000
85.00
68.25
153.25
.
0511
4,000
105.00
91.00
196.00
.
0490
5,000
125.00
113.75
238.75
.
0477
10,000
225.00
227.50
452.50
.
0452
15,000
325.00
341.25
666.25
.
0445
20,000
425.00
455.00
880.00
.
0440
30,000
625.00
682.50
1,307.50
.
.0436
Volume
P
per
month
urchase
cost
Monthly service
cost
Total monthly
cost
1,000
29.67 22.
75
15.00
67.42
0674
2,000
29.67 45.
50
15.00
90.17
.
0451
3,000
29.67 68.
25
15.00
112.92
.
0376
4,000
29.67 91.
00
20.00
140.67
.
0352
5,000
29.67 113.
75
25.00
168.42
.
0337
10,000
29.67 227.
50
50.00
307.17
.
0308
15,000
29.67 341.
25
75.00
445.92
.
0298
20,000
29.67 455.
00
100.00
584.67
.
0293
30,000
29.67 682.
50
150.00
862.17
.
.0288
1. No minimum copy
requirements.
2. Supply discounts not
considered in figures.
1. Price of machine only,
$1,780.00.
2. Supply discounts not
considered in figures.
Pricing changes have occurred since preparation of these charts. See the latest Authorized Federal Supply
Schedule Price List of the manufacturer for revised charges.
Figure 6 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Type: Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax).
Size: Floor model, 21" wide, 28" deep, 45" high, 300 lbs. Not portable.
Electrical: 110 volts, 60 cycle, 20 amps.
Copy Paper: In roll form, coated type, 688 ft. long, either 8" or 81/2" wide. Each width makes letter
or legal size length copies by setting a switch to either length. Roll makes about 750
letter size or 585 legal size copies. Marked by metal objects.
Original: Flat bed exposure. Accepts sheets, books, 3-dimensional objects. Original does not enter
machine.
Operation: Flip switch for letter or legal size copy. Select 1 to 15 copies. Press the print button.
Dries image by heat. No fusing. Has supplemental button (or key if desired) for
injecting extra intensifier for more contrast. Signal light goes on to show that paper
supply or toner is low.
Speed: No warmup time. First copy in 20 seconds. Subsequent copies from same original 7 to
10 seconds each, depending on exposure setting.
Supplies: Toner, semiliquid, cartridge type ; about 1,000 copies per 32 oz, container. Intensifier,
semiliquid, cartridge type ; about 10,000 copies per 8 oz. container.
Capabilities : Produces a reasonably good copy with moderate contrast. Does well on halftones, and
reproduces solids well but with a grey tone. Two copy lengths can be chosen by flipping
a switch. The 8" roll will not operate in the 81/x" machine and vice versa. Has toner
adjustment knob. Has a slight tendency to smear if hands are damp. Considered a
machine for medium to heavy duty, semicentralized functions. Downtime is minimal.
Service: a. Dental. All service and repairs are furnished by the Dennison Mfg. Co.
b. Purchase. Contract agreement is $90.00 per year. Includes all service as in rental
plan with regular inspection.
Costs: a. Rental. $70.00 per month flat fee.
b. Purchase. $2376.50 for one to nine machines on one order. Ten or more machines re-
ceive discounts up to 20%.
c. Lease-Purchase. Rented machines purchased during the first 3 months of use
receive a credit of $190.00 toward the purchase price and $23.35 for each succeeding
month thereafter. Maximum credit is $1030.00.
d. Supplies.
(1) Paper. From $30.40 per M copies to $19.60 per M, depending on volume purchased.
(2) Toner. $12.00 per carton of six 1-quart bottles. Intensifier, $20.00 per carton of
four 8-ounce bottles. Average cost per thousand copies is $2.50.
I'ig?ure 7
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Rental Cost
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
70. 00
32. 90
102. 90
. 1029
1. No minimum copy requirements
2, 000
70. 00
59. 20
129. 20
. 0646
.
2. Paper costs in Supply column are based on a
3, 000
70. 00
79. 80
149. 80
. 0500
6-month purchase.
4, 000
70. 00
106. 40
176. 40
. 0441
5, 000
70. 00
133. 00
203. 00
. 0406
10, 000
70. 00
242. 00
312. 00
. 0312
20, 000
70. 00
442. 00
512. 00
. 0256
30, 000
70. 00
663. 00
733. 00
. 0245
40, 000
70. 00
884. 00
954. 00
. 0238
Volume per
Month
Purchase Cost
Supplies
Monthly Svc.
Cost
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
39. 61
32. 90
7. 50
80. 01
. 0800
1. Price based on one machine
2, 000
39. 61
59. 20
7. 50
106. 31
. 0532
,
$2
376.50.
3, 000
39. 61
79. 80
7. 50
126. 91
. 0424
,
2. Paper costs in Supply column
4, 000
5
000
39. 61
39
61
106. 40
7. 50
153. 51
. 0384
based on a 6-month purchase.
,
.
133. 00
7. 50
180. 11
. 0361
10, 000
39. 61
242. 00
7. 50
289. 11
. 0290
20, 000
39. 61
442. 00
7. 50
489. 11
. 0245
30, 000
39. 61
663. 00
7. 50
710. 11
. 0237
40, 000
39. 61
884. 00
7. 50
931. 11
. 0233
Figure 7 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
A. B. DICK 650
Type:
Size:
Electrical:
Copy Paper:
Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax).
Table Model ; 18" wide, 26x/4" deep, 19" high ; 123 lbs ; portable.
115 volts, 60 cycles, 15 amps. May be used in any grounded outlet.
Coated type ; furnished in roll form 460 feet long, and in widths from 31/2" to 11". Marked
easily by metal objects.
Roller exposure mechanism ; original passes through unit. It will accept only single sheets
up to medium weight card stock.
Machine is turned on and original is fed into opening. Up to 15 copies can be made by
turning the selector knob. Original stays in exposure mechanism until all copies are
made ; selector knob returns to "single" after last copy has been exposed. New original
can be fed as soon as "feed" light comes on, even though copy is not yet delivered. Oper-
ates on principle of liquid toner and liquid dispersant. Copy paper passes through liquid
mix and is dried by both pressure and heat. No fusing. Signal light indicates need to
add dispersant.
No warmup time. First copy takes 30 seconds ; each copy thereafter about 9 to 10 seconds.
Toner-mix (dispersant) furnished in 9 quart lots and 1 cartridge of toner, sufficient to run
about 15,000 copies.
Machine furnishes a consistently high quality copy with high to medium contrast, depending
upon the original image density and sharpness. Density control has a wide latitude to
reproduce various colors and screen out colored or dirty backgrounds. Does very well
with ball point pen, ditto, and light density copy. Poor with halftones and photographs.
Solids reproduce well, but somewhat grey. Image is highly resistant to smearing. Be-
cause of roll' paper, can make a copy of any reasonable length. Carrier must be used for
tissue originals and for those having overlays. Thin originals will not trigger the ex-
posure mechanism and overlays may jam in the exposure rollers. However, if a jam does
occur, the exposure unit is easily removed in seconds without tools, and is simple to
replace. Considered to be a medium volume machine for localized or semicentralized
application.
a. Rental. Repairs and maintenance provided on all parts.
b. Purchase. Two options are available :
(1) By oncall service as needed at existing hourly rates and repair costs.
(2) By yearly contract at a rate of $100.00 up to 25 miles from a service point, $125.00
from 26 to 50 miles, and $150.00 from 51 to 100 miles. If equipment is operated
over 50 hours up to 99 hours a week, this price is doubled. Maintenance consists
of a quarterly check and replacement of standard parts except lamps. Inter-
vening calls will be charged for at existing rates unless the call is due to a part
failure.
$14.25 per case of 9 quarts of dispersant and 1 cartridge
d. Volume costs are shown on the chart on reverse side.
$1075.00.
For 81/ " x 11" size, from $33.00 per M copies to $28.00 per M depending
on volume purchased.
(2) Toner and, Toner-mice.
of toner.
c. Supplies.
(1) Paper.
a. Rental.
(1) One time installation charge of $50.00.
(2) Flat rental fee of $35.00 per month.
(3) No minimum copy requirement.
(4) If later purchased, the installation fee, plus $20.00 for each
credited against the full purchase price.
Figure 8
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Rental Cost
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
2
35. 00
30. 95
65. 95
. 0659
1. Installation fee of $50
00 not included in c
t
, 000
35. 00
61. 90
96. 90
. 0484
.
os
s.
2. No minimum copy requirements
3, 000
4
000
35. 00
35
92. 85
127. 85
. 0427
.
3. Paper costs in Supply column based on 6-
,
. 00
123. 80
158. 80
. 0397
month purchase
5, 000
35. 00
154. 75
189.75
. 0379
.
10, 000
35. 00
309. 50
344. 50
. 0344
15, 000
35. 00
464. 25
499. 25
. 0333
20, 000
35. 00
599. 00
634. 00
. 0317
30, 000
35. 00
898. 50
933. 50
. 0312
Volume per
Month
Total Monthly
Cost
1, U00
17. 92
30.
95
8
34
57
21
2,
000
17
92
61
90
.
.
.0572
1. Service based on 25-mile radius.
.
.
8.
34
88.
16
.0440
2.
Paper costs in Su
l
l
3,
000
17. 92
92.
85
8.
34
119.
11
.0398
pp
y co
umn
based on 6-month
r
h
4,
000
17. 92
123.
80
8.
34
150.
06
0376
pu
c
ase.
5,
000
17.92
154.
75
8.
34
181.
01
0363
10,
000
17. 92
309.
50
8.
34
335.
76
.0336
15,
000
17. 92
464.
25
8.
34
490.
51
0328
20,
000
17.92
599.
00
8.
34
625.
26
.
0313
30,
000
17. 92
898.
50
8.
34
924.
76
.
.0309
Figure 8 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
DITTO DEC Electrostatic
Type: Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax).
Size: Table model; 16" wide, 26" deep, 16" high; 65 lbs; portable.
Electrical: 110 volts, 60 cycles, 12 amps. May be used in any grounded outlet.
Copy Paper: Coated type; furnished in sheets in sizes from 5'/z" x 8%" to 11" x 17". Subject to
marking by metal objects. About the same weight as regular bond paper. Magazine
on top of machine holds a maximum of 250 sheets, and is simple to load.
Original: Roller exposure mechanism; original passes through unit. It will accept thin second
sheets of paper to lightweight card stock. Originals shorter than 6" must be placed
in a carrier.
Operation : This is a single copy machine without a recycling device. The switch is turned on and
original fed into opening at top; original is returned in the middle slot, and the copy
at bottom. New original cannot be fed until previous one is returned. Operates with
a liquid combination toner and dispersant. Copy paper passes through liquid mix
and is dried by pressure. There is no fusing. Has adjustment lever for different
density originals: A vibrating noise is heard when last sheet of paper has been fed.
Machine is turned off after each use. Toner-mix is simple to add by removing empty
cartridge and dropping in a new one.
Speed: No warm-up time. Each copy takes about 7 to 8 seconds. (Although a 15 copy per
minute rate is claimed, this could not be achieved during testing.)
Supplies: Premixed toner-dispersant, available in 22 ounce cartridges after initial filling with
starter kit. Each cartridge is good for approximately 700 copies.
Capabilities: This is a very simple machine to operate, and it produces a good copy from most
common-type originals. The density control lever does not entirely compensate for a
light original image, and correspondingly the copy will have a slightly toned back-
ground. Otherwise image has good contrast and is highly resistant to smearing.
Solids are good and halftones show fairly good definition. Duplicate feed and jams
of copy paper are rare; in the event of a jam clearance is simply and quickly done.
Failure of original to return is also rare, but if it does occur, retrieval is simple.
Generally, the machine is considered to be a good product for medium volume,
localized use.
Maintenance contract is available on the following basis:
Service:' a. $80.00 per year within 15 mile radius.
b. $90.00 per year between 16 and 25 miles.
c. $10.00 per year for each 5 miles beyond 25.
d. The contract guarantees three inspections a year, plus intermediate calls, and
includes all service and parts except lamps and motor.
Costs:' a. Purchase price $670.00
b. Rental not available.
c. Supplies:
(1) Paper, 81/%" x 11", $28.00 in 100M lots.
(2) Tone-dispersant: Starter kit only, $8.75; cartridges, six 22-oz. containers for
$7.50.
d. Volume costs are shown on the chart on reverse side.
Figure 9
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
DITTO DEC Electrostatic'
Purchase
1000
2000
3000
4000
500,0
10000
15000
20000
33.25
64.50
96.75
128.90
156.25
315.00
453.75
585.00
I Service Cost
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
6.67
51.09
82.34
114.59
146.74
174.09
332.84
471.59
602.84
.0510
.0411
.0382
.0367
.0349
.0333
.0315
.0302
1. $670.00 purchase price.
2. Service based on 15-mile
radius.
3. Paper costs in Supply Col.
based on 6-mo. purchase.
1 Pricing changes have occurred since preparation of these charts. See the latest Authorized Federal Supply
Schedule Price List of the manufacturer for revised charges.
Figure 9 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
EASTMAN KODAK CAVALCADE
Type: Dye Transfer (Wet Process)
Size: Table model, portable.
Electrical: 110-125 volt, 3 wire cord.
Copy Paper: Maximum 8%" x 14". Ordinary bond paper can be used, but not recommended for
best results. A special copy paper is available from several sources, in 7 colors. The
supply is stored in the machine, and is automatically sandwiched to the matrix.
Original: Single sheets only go through rollers into machine.
Operation: A two stage process is followed: exposure and development. The matrix is automat-
ically exposed by inserting the original. When the matrix emerges, it is inserted
into another slot for developing; a timer automatically shows when the matrix is
ready, and it is withdrawn, already sandwiched to a sheet of copy paper; these
are peeled apart and the near dry copy is ready for use. An average of 7 good
copies can be made by reinserting the matrix, withdrawing and peeling. The devel-
oping fluid is never handled, but is installed in a cartridge. When it is time to
replace the fluid, a loud buzzer sounds at which time the old cartridge is removed,
discarded and a new one inserted.
Speed: It takes about 40 seconds to produce one copy. The time required to produce mutt
tiple copies depends upon the dexterity and speed of the operator. However, with
a little practice, additional copies from the same matrix can be made at about 4
seconds per copy.
Supplies: Activator fluid, one cartridge being good for about 1800 copies. A multiple matrix,
good for 1 to 7 copies, or more of lesser quality. (Single copy matrix also avail-
able at reduced cost.)
Capabilities: Produces copies which are photographic in appearance, with moderate contrast. Some
experimentation is necessary to produce good copies. Image is caused by chemical
reaction and cannot rub off. Paper has the feel of ordinary bond. With exposure
adjustment, will reproduce all colors or screen out colored backgrounds. Can be
used to produce offset masters and transparencies of good quality. Useful in smaller,
localized operation-not for use in centralized functions.
Service: Various service and maintenance contracts are available from individual dealers.
Machine has very little downtime, however. It is considered more practical to ob-
tain service as needed on the regular hourly rate basis.
Costs: a. Purchase, $316.00.
b. Supply costs will vary depending on the number of multiple copies made from
any one matrix. The average is generally 4 to 1 and on this basis, the following chart
shows costs by volume.
Figure 10
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
EASTMAN KODAK CAVALCADE
Volume per
month
Purchase
cost
Supplies
Monthly eve
cost
Total monthly
cost
Unit cost
Remarks
1,000
5.27
27.61
2.50
35.38
.0354
Average ratio is 4:1-250
2,000
5.27
55.22
2.50
62.99
.0315
masters to each 1000
3,000
5.27
82.83
2.50
90.60
.0302
copies.
4,000
5.27
110.44
2.50
118.21
.0296
An average of $30.00 per
5,000
5.27
138.05
2.50
145.82
.0292
year has been used for
10,000
5.27
276.10
2.50
283.87
.0284
maintenance service cost.
15,000
5.27
414.15
2.50
421.92
.0282
Purchase price $316.00.
Figure 10 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 fiL
mg43-5
Approved For Release MO/DEL750I7eneral00~0~QR00arid
Type : Diazo.
Size: Table top model, 40" wide, 411/2" deep, 281/4" high. Not portable.
Electrical: 220 volt, 60 cycles, single phase, 15 amps.
Copy Paper: Chemically coated, but after development has the feel of ordinary bond paper. Rolls are
available from 8" to 11" wide and 600 feet long. Single sheet paper up to 10" wide.
Original : Hand fed through series of rollers.. Must be translucent, having image on one side only ;
can be onionskin second sheets or transparency. Image on original should be dark for
best results. Will not accept bound volumes.
Operation: The emulsion on the copy paper is a diazo coating. When the original is fed through receiv-
ing rollers, the copy paper is automatically cut to the length of the original. It then
passes under a mercury vapor lamp which burns out the diazo coating in excess of the
image. Original is returned immediately after exposure. Copy paper continues through
the machine into development chamber where the ammonia darkens the remaining coat-
ing into a readable image. Adjustable speed dial regulates exposure time. Venting is
necessary to dissipate ammonia fumes.
Depending on condition of original master, machine can make copies as rapidly as one per
second. However, this is faster than original can be fed, and the average is between 2
and 3 seconds per copy.
Supplies: Anhydrous ammonia, one tank lasting about 6 months.
Capabilities: The greatest advantages of the diazo method are its speed and economy of operation. It is
limited, however, in that it cannot copy from opaque papers or papers having an image on
two sides. Quality of copy will vary from excellent to poor since it is wholly dependent
on the translucency and image opacity of the original master. Downtime is minimal.
Considered to be capable of large volume production on a continuous basis. Not practical
for small volume in local operations. Can also be used for making high quality trans-
parencies. This and other high speed diazo machines can be used in a system in conjunc-
tion with an electrostatic copier which can make translucent masters.
Service: a. Purchase. Within a radius of 25 miles from a service center, contract is $100.00 per
year for a quarterly check (up to 50 hours use per week) ; $135.00 for bimonthly check
(from 51 to 99 hours use per week) ; and $225.00 for a monthly check (100 hours and over
use per week). These rates increase when the 25 mile radius is exceeded. Contract does
not include parts or interim calls. It covers only normal maintenance.
b. Rental. All maintenance, service and parts are provided except printing lamp and
service calls in excess of 4 times per year.
a. Purchase.
(1) Equipment $2530.00.
(2) Installation $25.00.
b. Rental.
(1) Monthly fee $132.50 if within radius of 25 miles of a GAF service center. There
is an additional charge of $.07 for each mile the location exceeds the 25 mile radius.
(2) Machines used more than 50 hours per week will have an additional charge of 40%
of the rental fee.
(3) If a rented machine is purchased within the first 3 months, 80% of the total rental
fee may be credited ; within 6 months, 65% ; after 6 months, 55%.
C. Supplies.
(1) Paper costs .0040 per 81/2" x 11" copy.
(2) Ammonia, $8.40 per month, regardless of volume.
Note: For pertinent cost data at varying volumes of copies see figure 21.
Figure 11
29
237-114 0-67--5
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
SAVIN CUSTOM SAHARA "200"
Type: Direct Electrostatic (Electrofax).
Size: Table Model; 18" wide, 26x/4" deep, 15high; 123 lbs; portable.
Electrical: 117 volts, 60 cycles, 14.5 amps. May be used in any grounded outlet.
Copy Paper: Coated type; furnished in roll form 460 feet long, and in five widths, 4", 5'/z", 8",
8%", and 11". Marked easily by metal objects.
Original: Roller exposure mechanism; original passes through unit. Besides single sheets, it will
accept manifold sets or folded originals, as well as medium weight card.
Operation: Machine is turned on, density control set, and number of copies dialed. Original is
inserted into feed slot and emerges into angled tray at bottom. Copy emerges at top
of unit. Up to 15 copies can be made by turning the selector knob; original stays in
exposure mechanism until all copies are exposed; selector knob returns to "single"
after last exposure. New original can be fed when "insert" light comes on, even
though copy is not yet delivered. Operates on principle of liquid toner and liquid
dispersant. Copy paper passes through liquid mix and is dried by both pressure and
warm air. There is no fusing. Signal light indicates need to add dispersant, although
machine will continue to operate with light on.
Speed: No warm-up time. First copy takes 30 seconds; each copy thereafter about 12 seconds.
Supplies: Electromix (dispersant and toner) packed 9 quarts of dispersant to case with one 8-oz
cartridge of toner. Sufficient to run about 15,000 copies per case.
Capabilities: Machine furnishes a consistently good quality copy with high to medium contrast,
depending upon the original image density and sharpness. Density control has a wide
latitude to reproduce various colors and screen out colored or dirty backgrounds.
Density control setting of 5 to 7 seems to be best for most common-type originals, but
a readable copy can be made at any setting, and this is a particular advantage on
this type of copier. Settings 7 to 9 do very well in screening out colored backgrounds.
Produces a good copy of halftones and solids, and a fair copy of photographs. Does
well with light blues, and light density original images. The unit has an "electronic
eye" which reportedly gauges the amount of toner needed by scanning the original
image. Under normal handling, image is highly resistant to smearing. Because of
roll paper, can make a copy of any reasonable length. Carrier must be used for
originals having overlays or torn edges to avoid their being caught in rollers. If an
original does fail to return, the exposure unit is easily removed in seconds without
tools and is simple to replace. Considered to be a good machine for medium volume
in localized or semicentralized activities.
Service: a. Rental. Repairs and maintenance provided by the manufacturer.
b. Purchase. Two options are available:
(1) By on-call service as needed at existing hourly rates and repair costs.
(2) By yearly contract at a rate of $100.00 up to 25 miles from a service point,
$120.00 from 26 to 35 miles, and $140.00 from 36 to 50 miles. Maintenance
consists of four inspections a year and covers replacement of all parts except
]amps and motors.
Costs: a. Rental.
(1) One time installation charge of $50.00.
(2) Flat rental fee of $35.00 per month.
(3) No minimum copy requirement.
(4) If later purchased, the installation fee, plus $25.00 for each rental month up
to 30 months will be credited against the full purchase price.
b. Purchase price: $1075.00.
c. Supplies.
(1) Paper. For 8'/z" x 11" size, from $33.00 per M copies to $27.00 per M, depend-
ing on quantity purchased.
(2) Electromix. $14.25 per case of 9 quarts of dispersant and 1 cartridge of toner.
d. Volume costs are shown on the chart on reverse side.
Figure 12
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
SAVIN CUSTOM SAHARA "200"
Volume Mo.
Rental
supplies
Total
Unit Cost
Remarks
1000
35.00
34.35
69.35
.0693
1. Installation fee of $50.00
2000
35.00
61.70
96.70
.0483
not included in costs
3000
35.00
92.55
127.55
.0426
.
2. No minimum copy re-
4000
35.00
123.40
158.40
.0396
quirements.
5000
35.00
154.25
189.25
.0378
3. Paper in Supply column
10000
35.00
308.50
343.50
.0343
based on 6-month pur-
15000
35.00
462.75
497.75
.0332
chase.
20000
35.00
599.00
634.00
.0317
30000
35.00
898.50
933.50
.0312
Volume Mo.
Purchase
supplies
Service
Total Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1000
17.92
34.35
8.34
60.61
.0606
1. Service based on mini-
2000
17.92
61.70
8.34
87.96
.0439
mum of 25-mile radius.
3000
17.92
92.55
8.34
118.81
.0397
2. Paper in Supply column
4000
17.92
123.40
8.34
149.66
.0375
based on 6-month pur-
5000
17.92
154.25
8.34
180.51
.0362
chase.
10000
17.92
308.50
8.34
334.76
.0335
15000
17.92
462.75
8.34
489.01
.0327
20000
17.92
599.00
8.34
625.26
.0313
30000
17.92
898.50
8.34
924.76
.0309
Figure 12 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
SCM 44
Table model, 18" wide, 27" deep, 16" high ; 105 lbs. Rests on 14" swivel (360?) base.
Portable.
115 volts, 60 cycles, 13 amps. Any outlet. May be ordered to meet any electrical
specifications.
Sizes from 41/2" x 81/2" to 11" x 17". May special order up to 11" x 23". Coated paper,
slightly heavier than bond ; surface marks easily. Automatic feed. Magazine capacity,
250 sheets. Must be thoroughly "riffled" to prevent double feed.
Original: Roller exposure mechanism, original passes through unit. Will accept up to Vie" thick
booklet. Will not accept bound volumes or rigid material.
Original fed into opening. Up to 10 copies can be made by turning the selector knob.
Original stays in feed mechanism until all copies are made ; dial setting returns to
"single" after last copy. Operates on principle of liquid toner and liquid toner dis-
persant. Dispersant is sprayed on copy paper and dried by pressure. No fusing.
Feed light does not go on when copy paper supply is exhausted. Signal light indi-
cates need to add dispersant. Replenisher is added automatically, but supplemental
button can be pressed to add extra replenisher.
Speed: No warm up time. About 6 to, 7 seconds each copy. No cool=off period.
a. Dispersant (vehicle). Available 12 quarts to a case, sufficient to run about 20,000
copies.
b. Replenisher (toner). Available in cartridges, each one good for minimum of 2500
copies.
Capabilities: Copier is capable of making copies of any color with varying degrees of shading.
Medium contrast. Machine can accommodate 2 sizes of copy paper at one time. Has
slight background toning. Image is highly resistant to smearing. Good on solids,
photographs and halftones. Has adjustable dial to compensate for exceptionally light
or dark originals. A good machine for local activity. Not a high volume producer,
capable of medium volume. Downtime relatively infrequent.
a. Rental. Monthly charge covers all maintenance. Regular periodic inspections.
b. Purchase. First year guarantee covers all parts and labor. Contract available at
$85.00 per year. Contract covers all maintenance except replacement of lamps and motor.
a. Rental.
(1) Installation $50.00.
(2) $30.00 per month fee.
(3) Service charge $7.50 per month.
(4) At any time during rental period, rentals paid up to three months per unit
plus the $50.00 installation charge will be credited toward the purchase price
of each unit.
b. Purchase. Purchase price is $1075.00.
c. Supplies.
(1) Copy paper. Size 81/ " x 11" priced from $32.16 per M copies to $26.50 per M
depending upon volume purchased.
(2) Dispersant. $13.25 per case (12 quarts).
(3) Replenisher. Furnished with paper at no extra cost. If competitive paper is
used, replenisher is $20.50 per 1/2 pint.
d. Volume costs are shown on the following chart.
1 See footnote on next page.
Figure 13
33
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Rental Cost
Svc. Charge
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
- - - - - - - -
1, 000
- - - - - - - - -
30. 00
- - - - - - - - -
7. 50
32. 47
- - - -
69.97
.0699
1. $50.00 installation fee not in-
2, 000
30. 00
7. 50
62. 14
99. 64
. 0498
cluded in costs.
3, 000
30. 00
7. 50
93. 21
130. 71
. 0435
2. No minimum copy require-
4, 000
30. 00
7. 50
118. 28
155. 78
. 0390
ments.
5, 000
30. 00
7. 50
147. 85
185. 35
. 0370
3. Replenisher included in price
10, 000
30. 00
7. 50
295. 50
333. 00
. 0333
of paper.
15, 000
30.00
7. 50
442. 05
479. 55
. 0319
4. Paper cost in Supply column
20, 000
30. 00
7. 50
569. 40
606. 90
. 0304
based on 6-month purchase.
30, 000
30. 00
7. 50
854. 10
891. 60
. 0297
Volume per
Month
Purchase Cost
Svc. Charge
Supplies
Total CMonthly
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
17. 92
7. 09
32. 47
57. 48
. 0574
1. Replenisher included in price
2, 000
17. 92
7. 09
62. 14
87. 15
. 0436
of paper.
3, 000
17. 92
7. 09
93. 21
118. 22
. 0395
2. Paper cost in Supply column
4, 000
17. 02
7. 09
118. 28
143. 29
. 0359
based on 6-months purchase.
5, 000
17. 92
7. 09
147. 85
172. 86
. 0346
3. Service based on $85.00 per
10, 000
17, 92
7. 09
295. 50
320. 51
. 0321
year.
15, 000
17.92
7. 09
442. 05
467. 06
. 0312
20, 000
17. 92
7. 09
569. 40
594. 41
. 0298
30, 000
17. 92
7.09
854. 10
879. 11
. 0294
'Pricing changes have occurred since preparation of these charts. See the latest Authorized Federal Supply
Schedule Price List of the manufacturer for revised charges.
Figure 13 (Continued)
34
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Basically the same as Model 44, except that original is fed into opening for each copy
wanted.
a. Rental. Same as Model. 44.
b. Purchase. First year guarantee covers all parts and labor. Contract available at
$80.00 per year. Contract covers all maintenance except replacement of lamps and motor.
a. Rental.
(1) Installation $50.00.
(2) $25.00 per month fee.
(3) Service charge $7.50 per month.
(4) At any time during rental period, rentals paid up to three months per unit
plus the $50.00 installation charge will be credited toward the purchase price
of each unit.
b. Purchase. Price. is $875.00.
c. All other cost factors the same as the Model 44. Volume costs are shown on the
following chart.
Note: SCM has announced the availability under a rental plan of the Coronastat 55 console
model multiple copier. This machine, if the copy selector knob is set on "Continuous",
can produce as many copies of a document as are included in its paper supply at a
claimed rate of 8 copies a minute. There is no installation charge and the cost of sup-
plies is included in the monthly meter charge. The monthly rates announced by the
company are :
First 2,000 (Minimum)_. copies L 5a/% cents a copy.
2,001-3,000 -------------- copies a 4 cents a copy.
3,0001-6,000 ------------- copies @ 3 cents a copy.
(3,001-10,000 ------------- copies a 2 cents a copy.
Over 10,000_____________ copies Q 11/2 cents a copy.
Figure 14
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Rental Cost
Svc. Charge
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
25. 00
7. 50
32. 47
64. 97
. 0649
1. $50.00 installation fee not
2, 000
25. 00
7. 50
62. 14
94. 64
. 0473
included in costs.
3, 000
25. 00
7. 50
93. 21
125. 71
. 0420
2. No minimum copy
4, 000
25. 00
7. 50
118. 28
150. 78
. 0377
requirements.
5, 000
25. 00
7. 50
147. 85
180. 35
. 0360
3. Replenisher included in
10, 000
25. 00
7. 50
295. 50
328. 00
. 0328
price of paper.
15, 000
25. 00
7. 50
442.05
474. 55
. 0317
4. Paper cost in Supply column
20, 000
25. 00
7. 50
569. 40
601. 90
. 0301
based on 6-month purchase.
30, 000
25. 00
7. 50
854. 10
886. 60
. 0296
Volume per
Month
Purchase Cost
Svc. Charge
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
14. 92
6. 67
32. 47
54. 06
. 0540
1. Replenisher included in price
2, 000
14. 92
6. 67
62. 14
83. 73
. 0419
of paper.
3, 000
14. 92
6. 67
93. 21
114. 80
. 0383
2. Paper cost in Supply column
4, 000
14. 92
6. 67
118. 28
139. 87
. 0350
based on 6-month purchase.
5, 000
14. 92
6. 67
147. 85
169. 44
. 0339
3. Service based on $80.00 per
10, 000
14. 92
6. 67
295. 50
317. 09
. 0318
year.
15, 000
14. 92
6. 67
442. 05
463. 64
. 0310
20, 000
14. 92
6. 67
569. 40
590. 99
. 0296
30, 000
14. 92
6. 67
854. 10
875.69
. 0292
'Pricing changes have occurred since preparation of these charts. See the latest Authorized Federal Supply
Schedule Price List of the manufacturer for revised charges.
Figure 14 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
3-M THERMOFAX SECRETARY
Type: Thermal.
Size: Table model, 193/ wide, 151A" deep, 7%" high. 42 lbs. Portable.
Electrical: 110 volt.
Copy Paper: 8" x 10%" to 8'rr " x 14"-Special type-manual insertion for each copy. Lightweight
stock, tissue appearance, somewhat brittle.
Original: Belt feed exposure. Will accept only originals which are fully flexible. Original travels
through imaging unit.
Operation: Original and copy paper are sandwiched and inserted into opening. Action activates
switch. Imaging accomplished by reflection from original to copy paper. One step
process. Variable exposure control for light or dark originals. Machine shuts off auto-
matically after delivery of copy.
Speed: Variable, depending on exposure setting. Averages about 4 to 7 seconds for each copy.
Supplies: None for making copies. Periodic replacement of belt and belt cleaning fluid.
Capabilities: Provides a fast method of making a reading or information copy. Will not pick up
most writing inks; original image must contain metal base such as pencil, printing,
typewriter, etc., to permit imaging on copy paper. May require experimentation for
different densities of original image. Some brands of white copy paper may be used
as Diazo masters. Has additional ability to provide spirit masters, transparencies,
and paper offset mats. Practical for small localized output.
Service: Yearly contract is available for $26.00 per year, including lamps and belts.
Costs: a. Purchase. Price $371.42.
b. Paper Costs. Vary widely, since it is offered by numerous manufacturers, and Is
made in many different grades. Cost is between $1.60 and $4.50 per hundred sheets
depending upon the quality desired.
Figure 15
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
237-114 0-67---6
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
3-M 209 DUAL SPECTRUM-AUTOMATIC
Type: Dual Spectrum.
Size: Table Model, 47" wide, 31" deep, 13" high, 219 lbs. Portable.
Electrical: 100-125 volts. 60 cycles.
Copy Paper: Specially coated type, but will not smear and is not subject to marking under normal
handling. Although coated, it is much like ordinary bond paper. Maximum size is
81/2" x 11". Loads in magazine, about 200 sheets.
Speed:
Supplies :
Capabilities :
Roll fed but passes through rollers rather than around them. Flexibility of original not
overly important. Bound volumes can be copied either by an automatic or manual
exposure feature.
Automatic for single sheet original. Manual or automatic exposure for books, after which
copy is made and delivered automatically. Operates from an "Intermediate" paper
which comes in rolls. Exposure is made to this paper and latent image is then trans-
ferred on to "Receptor" paper by means of physical heat. Intermediate paper auto-
matically is re-exposed to destroy latent image for security purposes. Up to 25 copies of
one original can be made by dial setting.
Will copy all colors, but with a varying degree of density. It can also be adjusted to screen
out unwanted colored paper background. Although rollers are involved in feeding
original, it follows a straight path to a flatbed exposure area, which enables the feed
mechanism to accept less flexible material. Because the process is somewhat similar to
photographic principles, solids, photos, and halftones reproduce with good fidelity and
trueness of tone. The image is considered to be permanent. Machine can be used to make
transparencies and translucent masters for diazo. Considered good for a specialized,
local function, rather than for general use in a centralized activity.
a. Rental. All maintenance, repair and service provided by the manufacturer.
b. Purchase. Annual contract available for $180.00 to $208.00 depending on the zone.
Rate decreases with more than 5 machines in the same location. Service covers all main-
tenance and repairs.
a. Rental.
(1) Charge of .01 for each copy.
(2) Minimum charge per month, $25.00 (2500 copies).
b. Purchase. Price is $1465.10. With purchase of a rented machine, 100% of the
meter charge may be applied to the cost within 60 days of installation ; after 60 days, 50%
of the meter charge may be applied up to 50% of the purchase price.
c. Paper.
(1) Intermediate paper $15.39 per M.
(2) Receptor paper, size 81/2" x 11" $19.00 per M.
d. Volume costs are shown on chart on reverse side.
Figure 16
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Rental Cost
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
25. 00
34. 39
59. 39
. 0594
1. Minimum, 2,500 copies per month.
2, 000
25. 00
68. 78
93. 78
. 0469
2. Meter charge, .01 per copy.
3, 000
30. 00
103. 18
133. 18
. 0443
4, 000
40. 00
137. 57
177. 57
. 0443
5, 000
50. 00
171. 96
221. 96
. 0443
10, 000
100. 00
343. 90
443. 90
. 0443
20, 000
200. 00
687. 80
887. 80
. 0443
30, 000
300. 00
1,031.70
1,331.70
. 0443
40, 000
400. 00
1,375.60
1,775.60
. 0443
Volume per
Month
Purchase Cost
Supplies
Monthly Svc.
Cost
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
24. 41
34. 39
15. 00
73. 80
. 0738
Service based on $180.00
2, 000
24. 41
68. 78
15. 00
108. 19
. 0549
minimum.
3, 000
24.41
103. 18
15. 00
142. 59
. 0475
4, 000
24. 41
137. 57
15. 00
176-98
. 0442
5, 000
24.41
171. 96
15. 00
211. 37
. 0422
10, 000
24. 41
343. 90
15. 00
383.31
. 0384
20, 000
24. 41
687. 80
15. 00
727.21
. 0364
30, 000
24. 41
1031. 70
15. 00
1071. 11
. 0358
40, 000
24. 41
1375. 60
15. 00
1415. 01
.0354
Figure 16 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
XEROX 330; 420/3; 420/2; 720
This machine is similar to the 813, differing only in the following aspects :
a. Pricing. A new machine is furnished on a rental basis only. It is equipped with 3 meters, the fees being
based on the number of copies made of one original.
The first 3 copies are .04 each ; the next 4 to 10 are .02 each ; and 11 and up are .01 each. Minimum is $60.00 per
month, but there is no monthly use charge.
b. Purchase. Machine cannot be purchased new, nor is there any reason to do so. However, a rented one
currently in use may be purchased under the same terms as a lease-purchase 813.
c. Multiple copy dial can be set up to 15 for continuous copying.
This machine is identical to the 914 except for the following :
a. Pricing. A new machine is furnished on a rental basis only. It is equipped with 3 meters, the fees being
based on the number of copies made of one original. The first three copies are .04 each ; the next 4 to 10 are .02 each ;
and 11 and up are .01 each. Minimum is $175.00 per month, but there is no monthly use charge.
b. Purchase. Machine cannot be purchased new, and there is no advantage in doing so. However, a rented
one currently in use may be purchased under the same terms as a lease-purchase 914.
420/2
a. General. All factors applicable to the 420/3 are the same on the 420/2 except for metering. The 420/2 is
equipped with 2 meters, the rates being .04 each for the first 3 copies, and .02 each for those from 4 up. Minimum is
$175.00 per month.
b. Purchase. This model is no longer being made or supplied. However, where currently in use, it can be
continued under the dual metering plan, or converted to a 420/3, or purchased under the same terms as a leJase-
purchase 914.
720 (Plan 'A"-Modular Pricing)'
This is the newest of the Xerox line of copiers and it is similar in appearance to the 914 but with some style
modifications. It operates on the same principle, however, except for the following features :
a. Multiply copy dial can be set up to 20, or for continuous copies.
b. It is available for rental only, having 3 meters with the same price range as the 420/3. Minimum is $225.00
per month, but there is no monthly use charge.
c. Speed is greater than the 914 or 420 series. The 720 produces 12 copies of an original per minute after warm-up
time.
Costs
These four machines have one thing in common and that is they all operate on multiple metering systems.
Supply costs are the same as those for the 813 and 914 respectively. Comparative unit costs are shown on the chart
on the reverse side, based on 1 to 15 copies of one original, and presupposing a monthly volume of between 17 and
23 thousand copies. The volume per month has no bearing on the cost of copies except that it must be sufficient to
meet the minimum set for each model.
' This machine is also available under a high volume rental plan (Plan "B" or "XDP") similar to that offered
for Models 813 and 914. This plan for high-volume users is based on the total monthly copying workload regardless
of the number of copies made of particular documents. There is a minimum monthly charge of $600.00 for the first
36,000 copies made and succeeding copies are at .0139 per copy. In addition to a cost advantage, the added speed
of this machine provides another -advantage over the Model 914 in heavy volume situations. See figure 19 for
more details.
The manufacturer has also announced, but not yet marketed, other modified and speedier versions of the 813
and 914 models.
Figure 17
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
COMPARATIVE UNIT COST OF XEROX 330, 420/2, 420/3, AND 720
Copies
per
830
420/2
420/8 and 720
Original
Meter
Supply
Total
Unit
Meter
Supply
Total Unit
Meter
Supply
Total
Unit
1
.04
.00672
.04672
.04672
.04
.00817
.04817 .04817
.04
.00817
.04817
04817
2
.08
.01344
.09344
.04672
.08
.01634
.09634 .04817
.08
.01634
.09634
.
04817
3
.12
.02016
.14016
.04672
.12
.02451
.14451 .04817
.12
.02451
.14451
.
04817
4
.14
.02688
.16688
.04172
.14
.03268
.17268 .04317
.14
.03268
.17268
.
04317
5
.16
.03360
.19360
.03872
.16
.04085
.20085 .04017
.16
.04085
.20085
.
.04017
6
.18
.04032
.22032
.03672
.18
.04902
.22902 .03817
.18
.04902
.22902
.03817
7
.20
.04704
.24704
.03530
.20
.05719
.26719 .03676
.20
.06719
.25719
.03675
8
.22
.05376
.27376
.03422
.22
.06536
.28536 .03567
.22
.06536
.28536
.03567
9
.24
.06048
.30048
.03339
.24
.07353
.31353 .03484
.24
.07353
.31353
03484
10
.26
.06720
.32720
.03272
.26
.08170
.34170 .03417
.26
.08170
.34170
.
.03417
11
.27
.07392
.34392
.03127
.28
.08987
.36987 .03363
.27
.08987
.35987
.03272
12
.28
.08064
.36064
.03006
.30
.09804
.39804 .03317
.28
.09804
.37804
.03151
13
.29
.08736
.37736
.02903
.32
.10621
.42621 .03279
.29
.10621
.39621
.03048
14
.30
.09408
.39408
.02815
.34
.11438
.45438 .03246
.30
.11438
.41438
.02960
15
.31
.10080
.41080
.02739
.36
.12255
.48255 .03217
.31
.12255
.43255
.02884
Figure 17 (Continued)
(Based on supplies for 17M to 23M per Month)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
XEROX 813
Type : Transfer Electrostatic.
Size: Table model. 191/8" wide, 26" deep, 171/4" high. Portable.
Electrical: 115 volt, 60 cycle, 15 amps. Requires clear line.
Copy Paper: 8" x 101/2" to 81/2" x 14". Standard paper, 20 lb. only. Prone to jam with other weights.
Accommodates about 150 sheets in magazine loading. Automatic feed.
Original: Roller feed exposure. Will accept only lightweight flexible original which passes through
machine, up to 9" x 14".
Operation : Selector knob for 1 to 10 copies automatically ; insertion of original activates start switch.
Warning light shows when to feed next original. Buzzing sound indicates copy paper
low. Fuse image by heat. Warning light shows when web needs replacing; machine
will automatically stop and will not feed next original.
Speed: First copy 26 seconds. Subsequent copies from same original about 11.5 seconds.
Supplies: a. Drum cleaning web, good for about 1300 copies. Machine will cease to operate at 1500.
b. Developer, one loading good for about 14,000 copies.
c. Toner, dry powder form, about 10,000 copies from 1 lb.
Capabilities: Provided proper maintenance is given, will usually make a clear copy. Does poorly on
solids, photos and halftones ; light blues come out weak but can be improved by use of
a yellow acetate carrier for the original. If not fed properly, original can trigger acti-
vating switch, but fail to take original in. Cure for this is to push original into feeding
aperture until a slight buckle appears ; machine will not take original until it is ready.
Copy is automatically reduced in size by about 6%. It is not a high volume producer
because-
a. It has a relatively slow speed.
b. The web must be replaced at least every 1500 copies ; causes delay if servicing personnel
are not immediately available.
c. Copy paper magazine holds only 150 sheets ;
d. It will not copy bound volumes ;
e. Copy and original delivery tray has tendency to become clogged due to static.
Despite these factors, the machine is considered very practical on a purchase basis for
localized applications, since--
a. It is small and compact, can be put just about anywhere ;
b. It can be plugged into ordinary outlet ;
c. It is one of the few table models which has a fusing element ;
d. It uses ordinary paper.
Service: a. Rental. All repairs and maintenance except for the drum cleaning web are provided
by the company. Servicing is at regular intervals.
b. Purchase. There are two options :
(1) By yearly contract at a rate of .012 per copy. Servicing is the same as for rental.
(2) By onca.ll service as needed at existing hourly rates and repair costs.
(3) By training of customer employee by Xerox Corp. at a cost of $320.00 plus tool kit
and any transportation and living expenses which may be involved.
Costs : a. Rental. Minimum 500 copies per month. No use charge.
First 1500 copies .045 each.
All additional .035 each. (New plan "B" rates shown on chart.)
b. Purchase. $4,000. A rental customer can apply up to $1,000 of meter charges for the
prior 18 months toward the gross purchase price.
c. Supplies. All supplies for either rental or purchase plan will vary from $7.15 to $6.43
per M copies.
d. Volume. Volume costs are shown on the following chart. Compare carefully the
unit costs under both the rental and purchase plans.
Figure 18
43
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Volume per
Month
Rental Cost
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
45. 00
7. 15
52. 15
. 0522
1. 500 minimum per month. 1st 1500-
0450
1, 500
67. 50
10. 72
78. 22
. 0522
.
.
All addtl.-.0350.
2, 000
85. 00
14. 30
99. 30
.0496
2. No monthly use charge.
2, 500
102. 50
17. 87
120.37
. 0482
3. Supplies computed on amount of toner pur-
3, 000
120. 00
21. 45
141. 45
. 0471
chased on 6-month basis.
4, 000
155. 00
28. 60
183. 60
.0459
5, 000
190. 00
35. 75
225. 75
. 0451
4, 950
150. 00
35. 39
185. 39
. 0374
1. Minimum monthly charge of $150.00 for first
5, 000
151. 14
35. 75
186. 89
. 0373
4950 copies.
10, 000
264. 64
68. 50
333. 14
. 0333
2. Succeeding copies at .0227 per copy.
15, 000
378. 14
100. 80
478. 94
. 0319
Volume per
Month
Purchase Cost
Supplies
Monthly Svc.
Cost
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 000
66. 67
7. 15
12. 00
85. 82
. 0858
1. Purchase price $4000.
1, 500
66. 67
10. 72
18. 00
95. 39
. 0636
2. Monthly service cost includes
2, 000
66. 67
14. 30
24. 00
104.97
. 0525
drum at .012
2, 500
66. 67
17. 87
30. 00
114. 54
. 0459
.
3. Supplies computed on amount
3, 000
66. 67
21. 45
36. 00
124. 12
. 0414
of toner purchased on 6-
4, 000
66. 67
28.60
48. 00
143. 27
. 0359
month basis
5, 000
66. 67
35. 75
60. 00
162. 42
. 0325
.
10, 000
66. 67
68. 50
120. 00
255. 17
. 0256
15, 000
66. 67
100. 80
180. 00
347. 47
. 0232
Figure 18 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
XEROX 914
Type:
Transfer Electrostatic.
Size :
Floor model, 45" wide, 46" deep, 42" high.
640 pounds. Not portable.
Electrical :
120 volts, 60 cycles, 20 amps.
Requires 25-30 amp clear line.
Copy Paper:
7" x 7" to 10" x 151/2".
Standard paper, 20 lb. minimum. Card stocks and paper
masters. Has tendency to jam with less than 20 lb. weight paper. Accepts translucent
paper if loaded with care.
Accommodates about 3/?" (about 200 sheets) in magazine
loading. Automatic feed.
Original:
Flat bed exposure. Accepts sheets, books, 3-dimensional objects. Original does not enter
machine.
Selector knob for 1 to 15 copies automatically ; can also be set on "Multiple" for indefinite
run, stopping only when counter is set to "1". Print button activates exposure and com-
plete processing. Warning light shows when to expose new original. Flashing light
indicates copy paper low. Fuses image by heat.
Warm up time from cold machine, 24 seconds.
First copy, 32 seconds.
Subsequent copies from same original, 8 seconds.
Supplies : a. Selenium coated drum, good for an average of 60,000 copies if properly cared for.
(Guaranteed for 20,000.)
b. Glass bead developer, good for a maximum of 35,000 copies before replacing.
c. Toner, dry powder form, about 10,000 copies from 1 lb.
d. Miscellaneous, such as cleaning absorbent, film remover, brush (if purchased), filter
bag (if purchased).
Capabilities: Will deliver a good copy fairly consistently but has occasional failures. Very poor on solid
areas, photos and halftones. Does satisfactorily with light blue if original is covered
with a yellow transparent film. Offset paper mats can be satisfactorily made. Consid-
ered a good machine for large volume, continuous production and centralized or semi-
centralized locations.
a. Rental. All repair and maintenance are provided by the Xerox Corp., except drum
replacement. Servicing is at regular intervals.
b. Purchase. There are three options (in all cases, drum replacement cost is the same).
(1) By yearly contract at a rate of .009 per copy. Service and maintenance is the same
as for rental.
(2) By oncall service as needed at existing hourly rates and repair costs.
(3) By training of customer employee by Xerox Corp. at a cost of $400.00 plus tool kit
and transportation and living expenses which may be involved.
a. Rental. Minimum 1,400 copies per month. Use charge of $25.00 per mo. regardless
of volume.
First 20,000 copies .0350 each
Next 5,000 copies .0325 each (New plan "B" rates shown on chart.)
Next 5,000 copies .0300 each
All Addtl. .0250 each
b. Purchase. $25,000. A rental customer can apply up to $12,500 in meter and use
charges for the prior 24 months toward the gross purchase price.
e. In either rental or purchase, the customer pays $95.00 for drum replacement.
d. Supply costs in either rental or purchase plan, will vary from $8.60 to $7.88 per M copies.
c. Volume costs are shown on the charts on the reverse side. Compare carefully the unit
costs under both the rental and purchase plans.
Figure 19
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
Volume per
Month
- - - - - - - -
Rental Cost
- - - - - - - -
Supplies
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 400
74. 00
12. 04
86. 04
. 0614
1. $25.00 use charge included in Rental.
2, 000
95. 00
17. 20
112. 20
. 0561
2. 1,400 minimum per month.
3, 000
130. 00
25. 80
155. 80
. 0520
1st 20,000-.0350
4, 000
165. 00
34. 40
199. 40
. 0499
Next 5,000-.0325
5, 000
200. 00
43. 00
243. 00
. 0486
Next 5,000-.0300
10, 000
375. 00
83. 00
458. 00
. 0458
All addt'l-.0250
20, 000
725. 00
163. 40
888. 40
. 0445
3. Supplies computed on amount of toner pur-
chased on 6-month basis.
XEROX 914 PLAN "B", HIGH VOLUME RENTAL
16, 800
400. 00
137. 16
537. 16
. 0319
1. Minimum monthly charge of $400.00 for first
20, 000
457. 28
163. 40
620. 68
. 0310
16,800 copies made. No use charge included.
30, 000
636. 28
240. 60
876. 88
. 0290
2. Succeeding copies at .0179 per copy.
40, 000
815. 28
320. 80
1, 136. 08
. 0284
50, 000
994. 28
394. 00
1, 388. 28
. 0278
60, 000
1, 173. 28
462. 80
1,636.08
. 0273
XEROX 720 PLAN "B", HIGH VOLUME RENTAL
(See Figure 17 for Plan "A" Data on This Machine)
36, 000
600. 00
287. 72
887. 72
. 0247
1. Minimum monthly charge of $600.00 for first
40, 000
655. 60
320. 80
976. 40
. 0244
36,000 copies made. No use charge included
50, 000
794. 60
394. 00
1, 188. 60
. 0238
2. Succeeding copies at .0139 per copy.
60, 000
933. 60
462. 80
1,396.40
. 0233
Volume per
Month
Purchase Cost
Supplies
Monthly Svc.
Cost
Total Monthly
Cost
Unit Cost
Remarks
1, 400
416. 67
12. 04
12. 60
441. 31
. 3152
1. Purchase price $25,000.
2, 000
416. 67
17. 20
18. 00
451. 87
. 2260
2. Supplies computed on amount
3, 000
416. 67
25. 80
27. 00
469. 47
. 1565
of toner purchased on 6-month
4, 000
416. 67
34. 40
36. 00
487. 07
. 1218
basis.
5, 000
416. 67
43. 00
45. 00
504. 67
. 1010
10, 000
416. 67
83. 00
90.00
589. 67
. 0590
20, 000
416. 67
163. 40
180. 00
760. 07
. 0381
30, 000
416. 67
240. 60
270. 00
927. 27
. 0310
40, 000
416. 67
320. 80
360. 00
1097. 47
. 0275
50, 000
416. 67
394. 00
450. 00
1206. 67
. 0242
60, 000
416. 67
462. 80
540. 00
1419. 47
. 0237
Figure 19 (Continued)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
VI. COPIER COSTS
The preceding figures covering selected individ-
ual copiers have provided an explanation of the
operating procedures and capabilities of the evalu-
ated machines, and also data on unit costs at vary-
ing volumes of copies produced under rental and
purchase plans. Since unit cost data is an im-
portant consideration in selecting a copier, a clear
understanding should be had of how best to use
this data. It should be realized that only certain
copy-preparation costs which could be easily
measured were included in the unit cost computa-
tions of the figures. As explained in this chap-
ter-which covers copier costs in general-other
costs which are not so easily measured can affect the
overall monetary liability a copier installation rep-
resents to an agency. These intangible costs must
also be considered.
Importance of Per-Copy Cost
Although the cost-per-copy information included
in figures 4 through 19-or similar information
prepared for other machines-may not be fully
comprehensive in coverage, it does provide a usa-
ble guide for comparing the prices and charges
of various manufacturers, each of whom might
use different techniques in stating his charges.
These unit costs are, however, subject to frequent
changes. A change in any one of the several ele-
ments comprising these unit costs will affect the
overall cost per copy shown. To be most meaning-
ful, the elements to be included in determining
monthly cost per copy for rented copiers are
(1) all meter or other monthly charges, and
(2) estimates for separate supply costs at the
projected monthly volume of copies produced. In
a purchase situation, monthly cost per copy should
reflect (1) the purchase price computed on the
basis of a 5-year amortization, (2) supply costs
at the projected volume of copies to be produced,
and (3) for the more sophisticated machines, an
allowance for monthly maintenance costs such as a
service contract.
Even with such uniformity in estimating cost
per copy, it is not appropriate to compare various
copiers on this basis alone; for example, it is diffi-
cult to compare a machine costing $69.50 with one
costing as high as $25,000 to buy. While it may be
more valid to compare various machines employ-
ing the same copying process-electrostatic, for
example-here again there can be a wide variance
in the capabilities of the separate machines.
If each copying machine never failed to make a
copy which suited the purpose, the cost per-copy
figure would be a stable factor. Under such cir-
cumstances, it would be said positively that this
copy cost so much more or less than that copy.
However, this cannot be done because these ma-
chines and the people who use them are so un-
predictable. Many other factors cause the cost
per copy to be unstable. Among these are waste,
malfunction, downtime, frequency of servicing,
and user carelessness. Any one or all of these fac-
tors make a difference in cost.
Cost per copy within process groups varies only
slightly among various copiers. For example,
those of the charts included in figures 4 through
19 which cover selected electrostatic copiers have
shown a variation in cost per copy of only about
1 to 2 cents at the volume of production for which
the copiers were intended. In itself this hardly
seems significant; yet when multiplied by the
thousands of copies produced at a specific location,
,the monetary difference can be tremendous.
Overhead Costs
These costs are not so easy to figure, but they neces-
sarily must be considered. The mechanics of the
machine itself can materially influence overhead
costs. Factors to consider include complexity of
routine maintenance, ease of using controls, speed
of copy production, simplicity of loading toner
and paper, and amount of downtime.
Although such factors cannot always be ex-
pressed in terms of man-hours or dollars and cents,
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
they should be evaluated from an operational view-
point.. For example, in a high-volume situation,
overall copying costs would be significantly a f-
fected by the speed of a copier. Labor costs could
be doubled if a machine rated at 5 copies a minute
were to be installed instead of one rated at 10 copies
Other Factors Affecting Cost
Misuse and inefficient use can inflate costs with-
out necessarily showing up in any figures. Con-
sider these possibilities to correct poor usage :
? Match the machine to the job to be done.
Copying requirements are not all the same,
even though appearance might seem similar.
? Establish controls' nd enforce them ! Half-
hearted controls are worse than none at all-
they breed inconsistency and encourage
partiality.
? Train authorized people to use the copiers.
Even if copying is done in a do-it-yourself
central location, certain people in an office can
be designated who can use the machines.
? Advise supervisory and management person-
nel in the policies applicable to copying re-
quirements, since they are in an ideal position
to implement such policies.
Paper Quality
Special paper needed for a particular process or
type of machine is always available from the equip-
ment manufacturer, but many paper companies
and equipment competitors offer such paper at
reduced prices. Many of these are very suitable,
but certain "bargain" papers may mean high waste
because of hidden factors which cannot be immedi-
ately seen. Two are inconsistent quality and short
shelf life. It is advisable to purchase a small
amount for trial before placing an order for large
quantitiesbased on price only.
Purchase
Versus Lease Costs
Federal Property Management Regulations, Sub-
part 101-25.5, covering purchase or lease deter-
minations in procuring an office copier-included
as appendix "A" of this handbook-provide gen-
eral guidelines in deciding whether it is more eco-
nomical to lease or purchase a copier. More
specific guidance on the relative cost per copy
under both a rental and a purchase plan is avail-
able in the comparative charts for the selected
copiers included in figures 4 through 19.
When manufacturers offer both rental and pur-
chase plans, it usually is more economical to pur-
chase a copier than it is to lease one. There can
be exceptions to this rule, however. One excep-
tion which requires careful comparison is the
Xerox Model 914 because of its high initial pur-
chase price and the variety of rental options offered
by this manufacturer. From a cost standpoint,
this particular machine must be treated in a special
way, so as to obtain the full benefit of the various
pricing arrangements. See figure 19 for more
details.
One other possible exception involves the pro-
curement of large high-volume machines by offices
which may not have completed full-scale feasi-
bility studies. In this situation, it may be advis-
able to lease the machine for a short trial period
prior to purchasing it. Many machines are ob-
tainable under a lease/purchase agreement,
whereby a portion of the rental can later be applied
to the purchase price. The lease period should
be within whatever time limit the manufacturer
has set to provide the highest possible application
of rental payments to the purchase price.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
VII. COPIER SELECTION
General Criteria
Consider the following general criteria before pro-
curing a copier :
? Be sure a copying machine is the answer to
your problem, rather than some other meth-
od of reproduction.
? Make sure you know your copying needs.
? Determine what kind of copies will best suit
those needs.
? Sift the meaningful from the meaningless in
sales talk and manufacturers' literature.
? View demonstrations on appropriate copiers.
? Take a "show me" attitude during demon-
strations. Use your own test material foi
copies, whenever possible.
? Consider obtaining the loan of a machine you
think will do the job, so that your people may
test it themselves.
? Don't buy more capacity and quality than
needed.
Analyzing Specific Factors
Before an office requests a copier, it should study
thoroughly the factors which will affect the selec-
tion and operation of the copier, if procured. Of-
ficials should have answers to such questions as:
a. What type of documents will be copied? Are
capabilities needed to copy documents having dif-
fering sizes, colors, backgrounds, bindings, thick-
ness, or transparencies; and are photographs or
halftones included?
b. How good must the copies be? A legible
copy is usually the minimum requirement, where-
as in a majority of cases it could be the maximum.
c. How many.copies of each original will be re-
quired? It is important to know the average num-
ber of copies of each original since this influences
the type of machine that should be selected. Some
copying processes and some pricing plans permit
making multiple copies at just a fraction of the
cost of the first copy.
Figure 20 illustrates the experience of copier in-
stallations in the headquarters offices of the De-
partment of the Army. The chart shows 2 signif-
icant percentages involving copying requests re-
ceived which ranged from 1 copy per original to
over 25 copies per original. The first column
shows the percentage of originals in relation to
the total originals submitted, the second shows the
percentage of copies made in relation to the total
copying work load.
An office requesting a copier should find out if
the Army's experience is representative of its own
pattern of requests for copies. If significant vari-
ations are discovered, a similar chart fitting the
local situation should be developed.
d. How many total copies will be needed per
month? The total number of .copies per month
is significant when a copier is being rented-es-
pecially when a minimum volume is required or
when the meter charge per copy is reduced after a
specified volume has been produced. In any case,
it has a bearing on whether a light-duty or a
heavy-duty copier is selected.
e. What will it cost for the machines, supplies,
and maintenance? The cost consideration should
be based on both the cost of the machine and the
cost per copy. The most expensive machine does
not always produce the best or the cheapest copies.
Many machines will not produce copies as inex-
pensively as claimed by the manufacturer because
the manufacturer gathers his data under ideal
conditions and usually does not consider waste and
maintenance costs.
/. What type of service will the manufacturer
give? This will vary considerably from one
manufacturer to another and from one location
to another. In some cases regular rates will apply,
while in others, the manufacturer sells a service
contract with the machine.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
g. How much time and skill will be required to procedures require too few copies when the docu-
operate the machine? On most machines very lit- ment is created.
tie skill is required, but each machine has its own
operating characteristics. The important thing in
this respect is that those individuals using a
machine learn to use it properly.
Determining Your Requirements
Check on what your current procedures require
and know how the copier will fit into office paper-
work systems. A true evaluation might show
some needs which really do not exist. Look over
the kind of copying being done now, and find out
who uses copies and for what purpose. For ex-
ample, check into the following :
a. Are copies being made from originals which
have an internal source to begin with? Maybe
b. Are most copies for temporary use? If so,
a sophisticated machine is most likely not the solu-
tion. Look at less expensive ones.
c. Are most sent to the general public? It may
be advisable to have quality capability in the
machine.
d. Is high volume a factor? Consider carefully
the speed of a copier as well as other factors.
e. What is the ratio of copies to the original?
If this is high in a large majority of requests, a
copier with a recycling device may be advisable, or
possibly a copier where the cost per copy reduces
with the number of copies made per document.
SAMPLE WORKLOAD DATA (DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY) SHOWING
PERCENTAGES OF MULTIPLE COPY REQUESTS
Ratio of Copies
to Original
% of Originals In reistion
to total originals
% of oopiss In rolstion to
total volume of copies
1:1
44.1
14.4
2:1
17.8
11.2
3:1
11.7
11.4
4:1
7.1
9.4
5:1
4.8
7.8
6:1
8.5
6.9
7:1
2.2
4.8
8:1
1.4
8.7
9:1
.7
1.8
10:1
5.1
16.8
11:1
.8
1.0
12:1
.7
2.8
15:1
A
2.5
20:1
.8
2.6
25:1
.2
1.8
Over 25:1
.094
1.8
Figure 20
50
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Adequacy of Copy agency should determine the advantages of this
er co
t
b
Persons who are convinced that their copies must
be perfect reproductions will find no copier on
the market to meet this demand. A copy would
appear to be adequate if the image can be read
without strain, does not rub off or fade, can take
handling without damage, and is reasonable in
cost. A copy need only be good enough to suit the
purpose for which it is intended.
Multiple Copy Requirements
Several alternative methods are available to reduce
the cost per copy when multiple copy requirements
must be satisfied. Two of the methods are dis-
cussed under this heading and others under the suc-
ceeding two headings. Because of the many vari-
ables involved, no one method can fit all situations.
Offices should adopt the particular approach which
best fits their own needs.
For offices with small-volume copy requirements,
the Cavalcade machine of Eastman Kodak (dye
transfer process) is one possibility. This equip-
ment has the potential of making multiple copies
from one exposure at a continually reducing cost
per copy. Some experience with the machine is
necessary before this economy can be realized, but
the advantages are fairly obvious.
Other equipment manufacturers offer a variety
of pricing plans covering rented machines to re-
duce the cost of multiple copies. These plans are
of 2 types. One type establishes a progressively
lower charge per copy as successively greater num-
bers of copies of the same original are produced.
For example, the Xerox Corporation, as shown in
figure 17, offers several multi-metered copiers
under such a plan. These copiers are modifica.-
tions of the basic Models 813 and 914. Typical
charges under this plan are 4 cents a copy for the
first 3 copies of an original document, 2 cents a
copy for the fourth through tenth copies of the
document, and 1 cent for all subsequent copies of
that document.
Before renting a machine under this plan, an
agency should analyze its requests for copies and
obtain information on multiple copy requests
similar to that shown in figure 20. Also, each
py
y comparing i s cos p
type 01 plan, if any,
against the copy costs established for other avail-
able copiers or short-run duplicating facilities.
Note, for example, that while 73% of the requests
for copies received by the Department of the Army
were for 3 or less copies of a document, they only
represented 37% of the total copying workload.
If a copier is rented on this basis, controls are
needed to restrict its use to those types of multiple
copy requests for which the pricing plan would
provide lowest possible per-copy costs.
The other type of rental plan offers an easier
method for estimating copying costs. It is based
on reducing the per-copy charge after a specified
number of copies have been prepared per month on
a rented machine. In effect, under this plan, the
greater the total monthly copying workload on a
machine, the lower the overall per-copy cost, re-
gardless if only one or many copies of particular
documents are requested. As figure 20 has shown,
however, multiple copy requests quickly increase
the total copying workload.
Several manufacturers offer this type of rental
plan. For example, Xerox Corporation rents the
Models 813, 720, and 914 in this manner, the SCM
Corporation similarly rents its Coronastat Model
55, the Litton Industries its Royfax 7 Model, and
the 3-M Corporation its Adherography System
A-09. As newer models of copiers have become
speedier and more sophisticated, there has been a
trend to reduce the cost per copy in high volume
situations. With such pricing plans, certain of
the copying machines are becoming increasingly
competitive cost-wise in the field of short-term du-
plicating; for example, with the combination sys-
tems discussed under the next heading.
Combination Systems
Among the alternative methods to reduce cost per
copy when multiple copies of a document are re-
quired, data has been obtained on two employing a
combination of in electrostatic copier with another
machine. Both of these methods are basically de-
signed to produce a relatively high number of
copies per document. In both methods, electro-
static copiers are used to obtain a first document
copy or master which is compatible with the second
51
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
machine upon which the bulk of the copies are in both of these combination systems Xerox 914
produced." costs have been used.
In one system the electrostatic machine is paired
with a diazo copying machine. This combination
obtains the advantages of the low cost per copy and
the relatively fast copymaking rate of diazo
copiers for each additional copy to be run from the
electrostatically-prepared compatible first copy.
In the second system, the electrostatic machine
prepares a paper master which can be run quickly
and cheaply on an offset press to obtain the re-
quired numbers of additional copies.
When determining overall costs per copy under
these combination systems, the personnel costs in-
volved in operating two machines can be a con-
siderable factor. The previous figures in which
cost per copy has been computed did not take into
account personnel costs. In considering combina-
tion systems, however, it was felt that labor costs
should not be ignored, since the use of a full-time
operator to man these machines within a reproduc-
tion facility is assumed. The labor costs utilized
reflect those of a particular printing and repro-
duction service (the plants of the Department of
the Navy Publications and Printing Service).
Labor costs and operating methods in printing fa-
cilities of other agencies may vary considerably
from those of this Service.
Electrostatic-Diazo System. This system, for
which detailed cost information is provided in fig-
ure 21, pairs a Xerox 914 copier with a diazo
copier. The Xerox 914 is not the only electrostatic
copier that has the capability of preparing copies
which are compatible with diazo machines. For
example, the Bruning Company has recently an-
nounced the availability of special transluscent
copier paper at 31/2 cents per sheet for this purpose.
However, for comparability of first-copy cost data,
In developing the labor cost data shown in figure
21 for the Xerox 914-Diazo combination, it is as-
sumed that both machines are installed side-by-side
and volume is adequate to support the employment
of a skilled operator who will operate both ma-
chines simultaneously. Other assumptions in
computing the labor costs incurred at this particu-
lar location are explained in the text of the figure.
Electrostatic-Offset Combination. Again, as in
the discussion of the electrostatic-diazo combina-
tion, other copiers than the Xerox 914 have the
capability of producing paper masters for running
on offset presses. For purposes of example, how-
ever, Xerox 914 costs are used in figure 22 which
covers this process. In this discussion, it is as-
sumed that offset printing is readily available and
the required number of copies and quality require-
ments do not exceed the capabilities of the paper
masters.
The following are the assumptions upon which
the detailed cost information in figure 22 is based :
The offset printing prices are a constant.
(They reflect the price structure established in
the plants of the Department of the Navy
Publications and Printing Service.)
The Xerox 914 is used as an integral part of
a systems operation and in doing so produces
significant numbers of masters which may be
"bulk" delivered to the offset operation. The
offset press is also assumed to be only margin-
ally used on production from masters pro-
duced on a single Xerox 914, with the bulk of
the offset production being generated else-
where.
In establishing costs per copy, equipment de-
preciation costs are nonsignificant.
1 Electrostatic copiers are not the only copiers capable of producing masters for these types of combination systems.
For example, the Adherography combination System A-09 of 3-M Corporation (discussed on page 9) employs a dual
spectrum copier to obtain the master copy from which additional copies are run on the special "Speed Copier"
machine. The dual spectrum machine also can produce master copies for use in conjunction with other combination
systems, such as being paired with a diazo machine. In addition, another combination system pairs thermal copiers
with spirit duplicating machines to provide economical short runs of reproduced copies. If a combination system
appears to be a good solution in meeting multiple copy requirements, it is essential that whatever copier is selected
should have the capability of preparing compatible masters.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
COSTS APPLICABLE TO XEROX 914-DIAZO COMBINATION
of Copies
No
TIME (Seconds)
Labor Cost Per Copy
.
Xerox
Diazo
Total
Per Copy
2
26
-
26
13.00
$0.02160
3
26
-
26
8.67
.01460
4
26
8
34
8.50
.01430
5
26
16
42
8.40
.01410
6
26
24
50
8.33
.01400
7
26
32
58
8.29
.01390
8
26
40
66
8.25
.01386
9
26
48
74
8.22
.01380
10
26
56
82
8.20
.01378
15
26
96
122
8.13
.01370
20
26
136
162
8.10
.01361
25
26
176
202
8.08
.01357
30
26
216
242
8.07
.01356
35
26
256
282
8.06
.01354
40
26
296
322
8.05
.01352
50
26
376
402
8.04
.01351
Note: It is assumed that combination systems are utilized for high production. In this case it is also assumed that
both machines will be operated by a single skilled operator. With a single copy cycle of 35 seconds and a consecutive
original cycle of 19 seconds for the Xerox, the data in this table assumes that two diazo copies will be produced for each
Xerox copy. The 26 second Xerox copy time has been established at the approximate mid-point between the 35 and 19
second cycles to allow for appropriate delay time incident to the synchronization of manual operations to the cycle times
of the machines. The delay time assumed also includes an averaging of the Xerox throughput time for the first original
as against the lower output cycle times when consecutive originals are fed.
Total
Combined
Estimated
Estimated
914 MASTER COSTS
DIAZO COPY COSTS
Combined
Combined
Copies
No. of Xerox
No. of Diazo
Total
Unit
Made
Masters 2
Copies 2
Meter
Supplies 3
Purchase-
Maintenance
Supplies
Cost
Cost
Charges
Installation
Svc.
6,300
880
5,420
36.75
8.80
42.66
8.34
30.08
$126.63
$0.0201
12,600
1,765
10,835
67.72
17.65
42.66
8.34
51.74
188.11
.0150
18,900
2,648
16,252
98.63
26.48
42.66
8.34
73.41
249.52
.0133
I Assumes the rental of Xerox 914 and the purchase of diazo machine. (See figure 11 for specific costs used in the
diazo process.)
2 Estimates of relationship of numbers of Xerox masters to diazo copies are based on experience of Department of
the Army contained in figure 20.
3 Xerox supply costs estimated at .01 per translucent paper master.
Figure 21
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Within this framework, the following computa- The Place of the Xerox 2400?
tions were used to establish the costs per copy,
which include labor costs. The introduction of this sophisticated heavy-vol-
Process
Xerox 914 master
Press makeready
Costs
$0. 12
. 19
TOTAL ONE TIME
COSTS
. 31
Press run per copy
. 0023
Paper per copy
. 0016
TOTAL PER COPY
COSTS
. 0039
ROUNDED TO
.004
ume copier, which is now available under rental
plans only, has raised speculation concerning its
place in the copying field, both as an office copier
and as a short-run duplicating machine. This
machine has a rated speed of 40 copies of the same
document a minute and can automatically produce
499 copies of the same document with one dial set-
ting. It was originally offered under a rental plan
(known as Plan "A") based on progressively re-
ducing the charge per copy as successively greater
numbers of copies of the same original are pre-
pared. The rates under this plan were as follows :
First 3 copies @ 4? each
Using these two factors, figure 22 shows the total Copies 4 through 25 @ 22 each
and per-copy costs for varying numbers of copies Copies 11 'through 25 @ 1? each
of the same original.
XEROX. 914-OFFSET COMBINATION
Copies 26 and above @ 1/2? each
Minimum monthly rental charge ---- $350.
Estimated supply cost per copy ----- 0038
COSTS Based on these rates, the following two evaluations
were made of this machine.
A Department of Health, Education and Wel-
fare (HEW) cost analysis states:
"In summary then, our conclusion is that at
present pricing the Xerox 2400 is essentially
convenience equipment. Technically, the ma-
chine has a role to play in short-run duplicat-
ing that it is presently precluded from playing
on a wide basis by economic factors. In a
Department as large as this there will be some
applications that will be justified. We ask,
however, that each potential using office
seriously ponder the cost creation capability
of a single machine. One Xerox 2400 pro-
ducing 11 copies per original and working only
7 hours in a day would create an outlay of
$61,000 per year. Considering our experience
with load increments on other copying ma-
chines which have often risen from an origi-
nally justified $100 per month to $1,000 per
month, we are seriously concerned with the
cost creation potential of this particular
machine."
1
$0. 314
$0. 3140
2
.318
.1590
3
.322
.1073
4
.326
.0815
5
.330
.0660
6
.334
.0557
7
.338
.0483
8
.342
.0427
9
.346
.0384
10
.350
.0350
15
.370
.0247
20
.390
.0244
25
.410
.0164
30
.430
.0143
35
.450
.0129
40
.470
.0118
45
.490
.0109
50
.510
.0102
75
.610
.0081
100
.710
.0071
200
1. 110
.0056
300
1. 510
.0050
400
1. 910
.0048
500
2. 310
.0046
Figure 22
Refer to figure 23 for a "Cost Volume Analysis"
compiled by this Department covering the use of
the Xerox 2400 versus the duplicating press.
54
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
COST VOLUME ANALYSIS (HEW)
PRODUCTION OF ONE-SIDED COPY ON XEROX 2400 (UNMANNED) VERSUS ONE-SIDED- COPY ON
DUPLICATING PRESS
Number Copies
Per Original
Maximum Monthly
Production Xerox
24001
Average Monthly
Production offset 2
Monthly Rental
& supply Costs
Xerox 2400
Total Monthly
Cost by Offset
Unit Cost
Xerox 2400
Unit Cost
Offset
Percent Difference
in Unit Cost 2400
over Offset
11
178, 209
40, 138
$5, 140
$799
$0.0289
$0.0199
45
15
206, 580
53, 130
5, 157
829
.0251
.0156
61
20
232, 760
68,200
5, 190
853
.0223
.0125
78
25
251,405
82, 109
5,204
877
.0208
.0107
94
30
271, 920
94, 776
4, 720
900
.0174
.0095
84
40
286, 000
118, 800
4, 697
927
.0164
.0078
105
50
299,200
139, 700
4, 488
964
.0154
.0069
123
I Based on maximum speed, i.e., .025 minute per unit.
2 Based on average speed (43% of maximum) i.e., .020 minute per impression.
N.B. A Xerox 2400 has the potential of expending in excess of $62,000 per year working only 7 hours of the day.
Figure ,23
In another Government agency, a special study
was also conducted on the potential use of this ma-
chine. It was concluded that the availability of
the Xerox 2400 is creating widespread interest and
demands for this machine are becoming insistent.
A point to be remembered is that if one replaces
a Xerox 914 with a Xerox 2400, the ability to make
it low cost Xerox paper master is lost since the
Xerox 2400 will not make masters. The alterna-
tive then is to rely upon the Xerox 2400 to substi-
tute for an offset press and by the time it has pro-
duced 15 copies it becomes progressively more
costly than the Xerox 914-Offset combination.
Considering the speeds available at the agency's
printing facility, by the time it has produced about
80 copies it becomes progressively slower than the
Xerox 914-automated Offset press combination,
with uniform paper master, and at the rate of 150
copies, slower than the Xerox 914-Offset press
combination with non-uniform masters. Another
alternative is to retain the Xerox 914 or some
other low cost copying device for making masters
in addition to the Xerox 2400. But this alterna-
tive does not seem to offer much in the way of
economy.
These cost and time factors must be measured
against the advantages of simplicity, convenience,
and short run speed of the Xerox 2400. In many
situations, particularly in non-systems types of
applications where the input is random in pages,
numbers of copies, sizes, image location, and qual-
ity, the advantages of the Xerox 2400 may well
override cost considerations, or even, based upon
the "mix" of work, provide outright economy.
During the test of a preproductive model Xerox
2400, conducted by the agency, a wide variety of
work was processed. A sample group of 30 jobs
comprising 3226 originals, averaging 21.1 copies
was produced at an'average rate of 1393 copies per
hour, or about 23.2 copies per minute, illustrative
of the problem involved in synchronizing human
and mechanical effort. In this sample, the range
in production speed ran from a low of 120 copies
per hour to 2100 copies per hour. The relative
merits of convenience, speed, quality, and cost
effectiveness must be judged'and matched to the
job to be done.
The manufacturer has recently announced the
availability of a second type of monthly rental
55
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
plan (known as as Plan "B" or "XDP") based on
the total monthly copying workload of a Model
2400. This additional monthly rental plan is as
follows :
First 120,000 copies @ .0092 each
(Based on a minimum monthly charge
$1,100.00)
Copies over 120,000 @ .0042 each
(Estimated supply cost per copy .0038)
(Break even with Model 720-Plan "B"-
about 56,000 copies at present pricing)
The manufacturer has also recently changed the
Plan "A" pricing pattern to be 4 cents for the first
3 copies, 2 cents for copies 4 through 10, and 1/2
cent for all additional copies made from the same
original. Neither the latest price change for Plan
"A" nor the optional Plan `B" rates were in effect
when the above 2 evaluations of this high-volume
copying machine were made. The cost informa-
tion upon which the evaluations were based, there-
fore, does not reflect current data.
These 2 price changes, and their possible effect
on previous decisions made regarding this copying
machine, illustrate the problem facing an agency
which is conscientiously attempting to get the most
value from funds expended for copying services.
In this rapidly changing field of copying equip-
ment, each agency must make a positive effort to
keep its information current. Neither yesterday's
rates nor yesterday's machine capabilities can be
relied on when making today's choice as to the
best methods or equipment a particular agency
should use to meet its multiple copy requirements.'
Matching Machines to Need
Get as much in a machine as you need-but not
more. Don't pay for extras you don't need.
Overbuying-that is buying more capability than
required-is one sure way to start a copy
explosion.
To sum up, consider all the capabilities needed in
a copier to meet the proven requirements of the
copying job to be done at a particular location.
Preferably, obtain the needed information on re-
quirements by a study of the kinds of materials
expected to be copied and the paperwork systems
involved in creating these documents.
A clear-cut knowledge of the actual copying
requirements of an installation can lead to clear-
cut answers to questions as to what machine
capabilities are needed, if any, to : copy bound
volumes, photographs and charts with solid areas,
special colored inks or colored backgrounds, or
documents of varying sizes; prepare various types
of masters for combination systems; meet proven
multiple-copy requirements; produce print-like
quality copies; or prepare transparencies for over-
head projection.
When matching machines to need, offices should
not overlook the availability of accessible copiers
already on hand which might be used to meet any
infrequently occurring special requirements.
Making the Selection
When selecting a copier, do not carry comparisons
of various machines to an extreme, since many
copiers in the same grouping have basically simi-
lar characteristics. Compare a few types, and
have these demonstrated with actual samples of
your own documents. Some words of caution are
applicable here.
Very often, superb copies are produced on dem-
onstration machines. Although the machine may
be capable of producing such copies, the same
model of machine used by various persons under
actual working conditions might produce copies
varying from poor to excellent.
On the other hand, demonstration machines
sometimes fail to function as well as they were in-
tended to, and may require some manipulation be-
fore performing properly. They may be per-
fectly capable machines, but rough handling could
have disturbed a delicate part. Give each machine
ample opportunity to prove itself.
'As an example of the rapid changes involved, the Xerox Corporation has announced, but not yet marketed,
3 modified versions of the Model 2400 and an even speedier version to be known as Model 3600. Other companies
can be expected to make similar types of revisions or additions to their lines in the extremely competitive copier
field.
56
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Try the machine yourself. Ask leading ques- easy formula for evaluation can be developed.
tions. Don't be satisfied with claims. The initial determination to be made is not so
much what kind of copier is needed, but rather if
For guidance on the availability of various the requesting office needs one. The reviewer must
makes and models of office copiers, consult the use a systematic approach to each request. The
near-complete descriptive listing from the maga- more knowledge he has of overall copying require-
zine Administrative Management included as ap- ments and their paperwork implications-based
pendix "B." Consult your procurement or sup- on actual surveys of large segments of the orga-
ply officer for information on the availability of nization-the more profitable and helpful his
whatever copier is selected from the Federal Sup- review is likely to be.
ply Schedule for FSC group 36 covering copy-
ing equipment. Of course, follow any applicable Answers to specific questions are vital in order
agency or other regulations on clearances required to understand the alleged or real problem which
in procuring the selected copier. faces the requester. These questions are basic-
All requests for copying equipment should be
reviewed by a competent individual who would
have the responsibility of investigating the need.
This individual could be the records manager or
a reproduction or supply specialist. Leaving the
selection of copying equipment to someone un-
familiar with the varying capabilities of different
machines and the paperwork systems involved can
result in the selection of equipment unsuited for
the job.
When a machine is found which appears to meet
the requirements, it may be desirable to borrow it
for onsite testing. If it is decided to do so, arrange
adequate wiring beforehand so that installation is
not excessively delayed. The machine should not
be kept longer than the agreed period. By the end
of the trial period, a definite conclusion should be
reached. Avoid onsite testing of one machine
after the other, as this creates delays, causes con-
fusion, and inhibits continued cooperation. Ade-
quate preliminary evaluation will preclude the
necessity for excessive testing.
If a large type of machine is selectedbut cannot
be borrowed for onsite testing, consider procuring
it under a lease/purchase agreement, if availa-
ble. If purchase is advisable, a portion of the
rental covering the short testing period can be
applied to the purchase price.
Evaluating a Request for a Copier
Persons who review requests for copying machines
such as records managers, supply personnel, or re-
production specialists should realize that no two
copying requirements are identical, and, thus, no
(1)
(2)
Why does the requesting office need a
copier? The answer must indicate the
function or activity which creates the
requirement for a copier. Are the copies
a part of the function? If not, how do they
provide assistance in performing the
function? Are the copies primarily for
convenience only?
What is the name of the machine re-
quested? Be sure you know the kind
in question. Some manufacturers make
only one-others several models. For
instance : a "Bruning" means little, since
the Bruning Company makes dry and
liquid process electrostatic copiers, and
also diazo copiers; a "3-M" does not fully
describe the kind, since the 3-M Company
makes a number of models of both thermal
and dual spectrum machines. The model
number is most descriptive.
(3) What is its cost or rental fee? In many
cases, various discounts apply, there may
be additional fees for installation, or
freight costs can be extra in particular
localities.
(4)
What about maintenance service?
are two major factors involved here: one,
the promptness with which service is
rendered, and two, the cost of service is
often dependent on the distance from a
service point.
(5) Where will the copier be installed? If
the copier is to be used by a major part of
the work force, accessibility, in terms of
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
distance, shouldbe equalized. The "boss," the purpose. If the current machine is to
simply because of his position, should not be replaced, what is wrong with it? There
have prime accessibility. is no need to replace a machine simply be-
(6) Who will operate the copier? If the
copier is to be available on a self-service
basis, users must be educated in its capabil-
ities and the policies affecting its use, if it is
to be used effectively. In addition, specific
individuals must be designated who will be
responsible for routine maintenance.
They should receive adequate instruction
for this purpose. If a special operator is
to be assigned, the justification should
show whether or not the expected savings
or benefits will compensate for the opera-
tor's salary.
(7) What is the volume of originals to be
copied monthly? How much of this num-
ber are for 2 to 5 copies each? How much
for 6 to 10 copies? If the 6 to 10 volume
is a large proportion, and is justified by
the function, copiers with special capabili-
ties should be considered. If a large pro-
portion is over 10 copies per original, a
procedural study may be in order to de-
termine the need. A copier in this in-
stance may be the wrong equipment.
(8) How many copies are produced each
month? Check the predominant size of
the copies also. If larger than legal size,
a roll-fed machine may reduce the number
of insertions. If a large majority of
copies are from bound volumes, a machine
with flat-bed exposure is the better ap-
proach.
(9) What use is made of the copies? Where
the major portion is strictly for in-house
convenience, rather than a functional ne-
cessity, a copier may be an extravagance.
If many are being filed, find out why-
retention of unneeded copies eventually
causes increases in filing equipment.
(10) What equipment is now being used to pro-
duce copies? If a central facility is cur-
rently being used, there must be a reason
why it is now considered inadequate for
cause it lacks modern features. If it pro-
duces well, keep it; if it is not producing
effectively, maybe it has been improperly
maintained.
(11) What controls are planned to reduce un-
authorized copying and misuse? It can-
not be assumed that all persons will use
the copier conscientiously. Realistic pol-
icies should be established which include
plans for periodic inspections and review
of controls.
The above questions will lead to other questions.
The information thereby obtained will reveal
much more about the copying requirements than
the requesting office itself is aware of. Often this
type of inquiry will suggest a different approach
to the problem.
In addition to these 11 basic questions, other
factors to be considered by a reviewer include :
a. Offices having their own copier should be
encouraged to share it if it is not being used to
capacity. It is poor economy for several adjacent
small offices to each have their own copier idle a
major portion of each day.
b. Statistics and figures furnished must be real-
istic. Production or other records will often pro-
vide a basis for determining correct figures. If
none are available, a sampling might be taken over
a short period, and the resultant figures then con-
verted into a month's production. Estimates are
acceptable if they are based on a realistic work-
load ; but "guesstimates" pulled out of thin air do
not provide a good foundation for evaluation.
c. Remember that the cost per copy is not the
only factor to be considered. Although it is im-
portant, the capability to meet requirements is a
major consideration. Some machines offer spe-
cific advantages over others for particular appli-
cations.
d. An evaluation should not be rushed through.
A few extra days cannot possibly do a great deal
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
of harm to any operation. There is much truth spite of this approach, it is possible that he or she
in the fact that a fully justified copier can be an may encounter resentment or lack of cooperation.
asset, whereas one not justified is a liability. Such attitudes, however, serve only to de-empha-
size the need fora copier. A cooperative attitude
e. The reviewer should approach an on-site in- on the part of the requester is evidence of his good
spection with a sincere desire to help, although in faith.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
VIII. PUTTING COPIERS TO USE
Checklist for Operation of Copiers 1
Shown below is a checklist of pertinent factors
governing use of copying machines.
(1) Designate a single individual in each in-
stallation to control the management of
copying machines. This could be the re-
production manager, the records manager,
or other personnel of this type who are
thoroughly familiar with the use of office
copiers or other types of short-run dupli-
cating equipment.
(2) Teach responsible individuals how to use a
copying machine. This can be accom-
plished by a short training program con-
ducted free of charge by the office machine
manufacturer. Best results will be ob-
tained with several small groups.
(3) Establish a good set of ground rules and
see to it that they are enforced. Make
periodic checks of how these rules are being
followed. Ineffectively enforced controls
may be a costly liability.
(4) Insure that no more than the stipulated
maximum number of copies per original
are made on copying machines unless there
is an emergency need for more than this
amount. A maximum of 10 has been
found to be most practical unless special
machines for multiple copying have been
obtained.
(5) Avoid making or filing extra or unneces-
sary copies.
(6) Accept any copy that is easily read. Do
not demand more than is adequate.
(7) Consolidate single copy jobs in order to
avoid frequent lengthy walks merely to
make just one or two copies.
(8) When considering the use of discount copy
paper, test several samples before buying a
large quantity in order to assure reasonable
quality and consistency.
(9) Inform instructors and lecturers which
copying machines are capable of producing
transparencies for overhead projection.
Operator Maintenance
The requirement for operator maintenance on elec-
trostatic copiers cannot be overemphasized, par-
ticularly where a requirement exists for decentral-
ized equipment. For the most part, machines in
individual office areas should be placed under
maintenance contract. In addition, to assure the
best possible results, a person should be designated
to see that the machine is given daily maintenance.
These precautions will assure efficient use and re-
duce waste caused by-
? Paper running out.
? Dirty drums, rollers, and belts.
? Inactive paper and developers or disper-
sants.
? Depletion of toner.
? Gross misuse.
Copying Classified Documents
Check with your security officer for the policy on
copying classified documents. Even though the
machine itself may be approved from a security
standpoint, there are several conditions which re-
quire caution, since the user of the machine is solely
responsible for safeguarding classified material.
Difficulties can arise from :
? Leaving documents under the cover of flat-
bed exposure units.
'Other ways to reduce copier costs are contained in GSA Notice FSS 37, February 1967, prepared by an inter-
agency Ad Hoc Committee for Improvement in Procurement and Management of Property. Specific techniques
adopted by individual agencies for reducing costs of copier supplies, maintenance, and use are presented.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
Not realizing the last copy has not yet
emerged from the delivery slot.
Requirement Changes
Spot checks should be made from time to time to
determine if the original need has changed. If re-
quirements have decreased, a machine should be
transferred to satisfy a new requirement or an in-
creased requirement in another area. On the
other hand, if user requirements have risen well
above those originally planned for, checks of the
validity of the copying requests should be made.
It is important to know if the original estimates
of the requirements were faulty, or if a flood of
needless copies is being generated because of ease
of access to a copier installation.
? Failure of the machine to deliver the num-
ber of copies dialed.
? Damaged copies remaining inside the ma-
chine.
? Failure to destroy negatives or matrices
when using diffusion transfer or dye trans-
fer machines.
? Failure to stay with the copier if a jam
occurs, until service can be rendered.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
IX. CENTRALIZATION VERSUS DECENTRALIZATION
General Considerations
When we speak of "centralized" or "decentral-
ized" copying service, we must also define the
nature of these terms. Entire buildings may have
a central service, or a single agency, or even a
division-yet if several large divisions in an
agency have their own "central" copying service,
the agency may be described as having a "de-
centralized" service. Whichever method is chosen,
three broad areas must be considered:
? The organizational and physical arrange-
ment.
? The scope and nature of functions.
? The volume of copies produced.
Dual Advantages
The following may be considered as advantages of
a centralized facility :
(1)
It provides a service to offices which can-
not justify a copier in their own right.
(2) It reduces costs since some machines can
(3)
Organizational and Physical Arrangements
There is no straight line approach in making an
evaluation-each installation is different and must
take into consideration the local conditions. There
are, however, the following general criteria to be
considered, which can be applied to the specific
situations.
? What offices have a need for copying serv-
ices? Different offices have different needs.
Their organizational relationship may also
have a bearing on how copying service is
provided.
? Where are these offices located in relation
to one another? Where offices needing
copies are widely dispersed, centralization
may not be practical.
? What is their individual volume of copy
production? Offices which have a large
volume may require their own copier for
this reason only. One the other hand, cen-
tralized service should be considered only
where the total aggregate is relatively high.
? How do their functions affect their copying
requirements? For instance, consider secu-
rity, systems work, and urgency.
be eliminated and requirements consoli-
dated. Also, by increasing the number of
copies made on each machine through cen-
tralization, the cost per copy (unit cost)
can be reduced, as shown by figures 4
through 19.
It provides a reserve facility for peak
loads or in case there is a breakdown of
another machine.
(4) Maintenance is more consistent and more
(5)
center might also include other types of
reproduction machines, such as spirit
duplicating, mimeograph, or offset equip-
ment. With such a concentration of
machines, the full-time manning of the
equipment and the procurement of more
sophisticated copiers can be easier to
justify.
easily provided since this responsibility
can be assigned as a major duty.
It can provide a more complete service by
having several copying machines of differ-
ent capabilities. In fact, such a copying
These factors may be considered as advantages
of a decentralized facility :
(1)
Better control of what is being copied can
be exercised. The smaller the office, the
better this control should be. The manager
of the function which the copier is serving
is the person responsible for such control.
(2) Walking and waiting time is reduced and
in many cases eliminated, thereby reducing
delay in furnishing copies when needed.
For estimating the cost of travel time,
rates in figure 24 can be used.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 CIA RDP74 00005R000100020043 5
080C0-
tz000 cli
CO '' r" 4
CO
O C- 0 0
Oppd6-MC4
or
LO
OCO0 0
C O O C *4
B
4 2
CO
CO
$000p01
t CO CO
CO CO
OCtg00
00!S 00N
ri CO
dI
bCg0~
0Ct'1
CO
=800
0 OOq
CO 0 ri
CO
a~~w
4 ~ ~ x
0 0 0000000 CC 9 0COM N? 890000 N 2 CO* CO CON ,?-4000
o,I CO d CO CD 00Q0 ago,-404CO CO COr-0000 0
000 L T-1
00
O
t C
O
~ '
N CO
0
N CO CO
Q
O
0
N
m
O
t
C e' 0
d
D
i
r
i
cC
0
0
l J CO
D
0 0 0 0 0 00 1"! 1"! 1"! 1"! r'! 1"! 1"! P'! r?
co cCD 0 CO U, 00 ,-4 eN t 000 to 00 N CO CO r-, .0 t 0 co
t- to
04 CO ' COCpNOm00000.-4 CO CO COON
O
-I
O.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 rl r! ?-! ,-! r-! r-; -I ,-4 .-!
00 CO 1" GV '4"' N 0 CO CO 'd' 04 O 00 CO d0 GV b 00
i N CO CO eN CO to to
b
CO
r
0
0 r-1 CO CO CO O t 00
O O O O O O O O o 0 0 o r i r!' ii *-; r'; r '! r '! ' '; i'.
'09O C-C 00 04 0 000 100 ''4
C-COCO000CCOCO
0 CC--'
I
r-4
p
p
r +-- .- 4 MrI +~-
8
t
0 0 0 0 0 coo 0 0 0 0 0 - ! C ! 4 4
'Oe0 -I- 00 00 CO ~ CO CO CO N" N CO CCDV r~ t- 0 co
?I -I 000 CO CCCO
1-4-~ (n
0000 0
0000
00
y,
0
00
t r4OP40~V4 0C CCOOr~0! ?14 00 40CV000CCOMO N
CO to
CO 0
te
-
0
te
0 0
O 0 Cl
!
-! r I r
i
! r
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t 'W r-1 00 CO N c0cp) tD CO 0 C- eM r-I CO u0 CO 0 CD C~J 0 t
O CO N
CD CO 000 000 0 0 0
M-1 CN CCV? CO 4
!
0
1
'
~ CD
0 C
h
i4 CO
-
R -! -! r! r. r-! -
+
00 i CO C', 00 ' 0 C- CO 00 Co CV
C, w CO N ri t- .d0 0 CO CO C0epp0 CO
CO CO
~
te
~
, r;
~ r
-1,
8
0000 000000000 r-1 r ! +
CO
000
N
N
r-4
CO
.
i~OMiD - u 8E. t0000
0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .-! .-! rt r-! r!
t 'tM r'1 00 CA N 00 CD CO O CC-~ 'CM ri 00 40 N 00 CO pCO O t
CO r-I -I
'
C
0
CfO
p
r-1 ri N N CO CO d
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t ~f j O CO t r~ -10 C L o- C ~- C C' CO O C CO 0 CO CO 00 p 0 40 O C CCpp 1-4
0000 -4
2
tt000
I
i
O
LO10
b'-4, CS COCgcd4 V
00 r?! +-! *-!
000000
0
OC, 000000
000
p
p
0
go 0
Q
CO o 40 0 40 0 0 A 0 C CO 0 O O 88 00~ 0 00 0
0000000000000000- v.4
0Q pO
ti ~' 0o 0pp 0000000
tN CD OCV
C
M to
l
00
0
-
e
0
N
0 w 00 O N
o
P r
Q 00
P
CV
4 4r4ra,-ici CiNai0C6Cacochco~
?o,CnOtor~$ttnogttn
10 ICJ~J Aco.1 ...+ S tt0000 0 C
0
I
.-t
r.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
(3) Additional personnel spaces are not needed Successful Centralization
to maintain the copier.
(4) Smaller, less sophisticated, and less ex-
pensive copiers can be scattered through-
out a large area, thereby placing the sup-
porting service adjacent to the location of
the function.
(5) Waste is reduced because copying needs
are narrower in scope, the variety and
number of users is much smaller, and
overproduction is better controlled.
Two Points of View
Both sides of the question have their supporters.
It has been cited by the advocates of decentraliza-
tion that typewriters and telephones are not cen-
tralized-each secretary and typist has her own
typewriter, and each manager and supervisor his
own telephone. However, there are many in-
stances where secretaries and typists are central-
ized (the typing pool) and the public telephone is
a good example of a centralized service. On the
other hand, the advocates of centralization say that
it reduces misuse. The facts show, however, that
most managers of central self-service facilities can
not control what is copied because they do not
supervise the users, are not responsible for the func-
tion requiring the copies, and in addition have
many other duties.
Both arrangements can go in one of two direc-
tions-either on a self-service basis, or with des-
ignated operators provided. A system using op-
erators, of course, has the advantage of providing
the highest form of control and quality production.
The question to be answered here is whether the
savings accrued through the control can equal or
surpass the cost of an operator or operators. Full
time operators should not be considered if they
add to the total copying costs.
There is no such thing, of course, as a 100 per-
cent centralized activity. Small copiers will con-
tinue to be used by localized small offices to serve
their own needs. There is nothing particularly
wrong with this approach provided it is justified.
If centralization is going to be adopted, certain
factors will have an important bearing on its suc-
cess:
If the facility is self-service, it is important
that machines be available to users in the
shortest possible time. To insure this, limits
must be set for the amount of time any one
person can use a machine. If it is possible to
do so, the most effective method is to set an
actual time limit. By this means, a customer
can estimate the maximum length of time be-
fore a machine becomes available. If this
method is not practical, a. limit should be set
on the total number of copies that can be
made at any one visit.
Some method to control access, such as issu-
ance of identification cards to be shown when
entering the center, would be of value if it
can be effectively enforced. Similarly, the
value of a log or other record of copier pro-
duction is dependent on the effectiveness of
the controls at a particular installation.
Personnel responsible for maintenance
should receive thorough training in general
upkeep as well as minor repairs.
Customer offices can economize on travel to
and from the center by consolidating copy
work into batches compatible with the limits
prescribed. This will reduce the number of
trips to the minimum.
Successful Decentralization
If decentralization is adopted, the following fac-
tors are pertinent :
? If self-service, designate one or two persons
in the vicinity to be responsible for main-
tenance, and train specific personnel in prop-
er use of the copiers.
? If volume is high, consider assigning an op-
erator or operators, possibly on an added
duty basis.
64
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
? Insure that office managers issue rules and good for all time. Periodic surveys should be made
policies for use of the copier and enforce to evaluate changing circumstances and conditions.
them. What has been good for the past two or three years
may not be the best approach today. One caution
Updating the Copier Installation should be observed, however. A machine should
Finally, it should not be taken for granted that not be procured to replace a satisfactorily-operat-
once a decision is made, the chosen arrangement is ing copier solely because it is the latest model.
65
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
APPENDIX A
EXCERPTS FROM FPMR 101-25.5 "GUIDELINES FOR MAKING
PURCHASE OR LEASE DETERMINATIONS"
Subpart 101-25.5-Guidelines for
Making Purchase or Lease De-
terminations
? 101-25.500 Scope of subpart.
This subpart prescribes guidelines to
be used by executive agencies in deter-
mining whether acquisition of equipment
of the types specified in this subpart
should be by purchase or lease. If ap-
propriate, executive agencies should use
these guidelines in the determination,
allowance, or evaluation of costs under
FPR 1-15 to the extent that the guide-
lines are consistent therewith.
? 101-25.501 General.
Studies conducted by the Federal Gov-
ernment indicate that in many cases
substantial savings can be realized
through purchasing rather than leasing
certain equipment. These studies em-
phasize the need for making cost com-
parisons prior to determining method of
acquisition.
? 101-25.501-1 Acquisition considera-
tions.
(a) Prior to acquisition of the types of
equipment specified in this subpart (and
to other types as appropriate) consid-
eration shall be given to:
(1) Length of time the equipment is
to be used, including extent of usage,
e.g., three shifts for 2 years, and includ-
ing potential additional use by another
Federal agency if the equipment becomes
excess to the acquiring agency ;
(2) Financial and other advantages of
all types and makes available;
(3) Leasing costs and purchase op-
tions;
(4) Costs of purchase and installa-
tion;
(5) Imminent technological improve-
ments; and
(6) Other pertinent factors.
(b) Where an agency already has
leased equipment in its possession, con-
sideration shall be given to-the feasibility
of purchasing such equipment or new
equipment of a similar or different type
and make.
? 101-25.501-2 Cost comparison meth-
ods.
(a) Different methods may be used
for projecting pertinent factors into a
cost comparison of alternative methods
of acquisition. These range from highly
technical methods which include the
consideration of factors such as interest
rates, technological life, and trade-in
or salvage value to a basic method which
simply compares the cost of purchasing
and maintaining equipment against the
cumulative costs of leasing. Irrespec-
tive of the method used for cost com-
parison, the point in time at which cumu-
lative leasing costs exceed purchase
costs for specific types of equipment usu-
ally does not vary significantly.
(b) A simplified method of making a
comparative cost analysis of the alter-
native methods of acquisition is illus-
trated for each type of equipment for
which purchase or lease guidelines and
criteria are established in this Subpart
101-25.5.
? 101-25.501-3 Reviewing application
of guidelines.
(a) The acquiring agency has the pri-
mary responsibility for appropriate ap-
plication of the guidelines established in
this Subpart 101-25.5. However, GSA
will review data relating to equipment
acquisitions involving purchase or lease
determinations through a sampling of
these transactions. Such reviews will be
conducted in connection with regular
surveys and studies of agency supply
management practices and when pro-
viding on-site assistance in the develop-
ment of agency property accounting sys-
tems, or through periodic reporting re-
quirements to be established as required.
(b) Copies of cost comparisons and
any other pertinent data used to support
decisions to lease or purchase equipment
shall be retained in the acquiring
agency's case file.
? 101-25.502 Methods of acquisition.
(a) The determination as to whether
equipment is to be acquired by purchase
or lease shall be made in each case only
F E D E R A L PROPERTY MANAGEMENT R E G U L A T I O N S
(AMENDMENT NO. E-12, FEBRUARY 1966) 2515
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
101-25.502 (a)
after comparison of the relative costs of
the equipment through use of the
methods shown in this ? 101-25.502,
Cost comparisons shall include those
elements affecting the acquisition cost of
the specific types of equipment set forth
in this Subpart 101-25.5. The method
selected shall be that which offers the
greatest advantage to the Government
under the circumstances applying to
each situation, cost and other factors
considered.
(b) Upon request, GSA will assist
agencies in making appropriate determi-
nations to lease or purchase equipment
by providing the latest information on
pending price adjustments to Federal
Supply Schedule contracts and other
factors such as recent or imminent tech-
nological developments, new techniques,
and industry or market trends. In-
quiries should be addressed to General
Services Administration, Federal Supply
Service, Procurement Operations Divi-
sion, Washington, D.C., 20406.
? 101-25.502-1 Purchase method.
(a) A cost advantage can be obtained
by the purchase method provided the
equipment is used beyond the point in
time at which the cumulative leasing
costs exceed purchase costs. The pur-
chase method shall be used when it has
been established that the equipment un-
der consideration can be used as pro-
vided in ?? 101-25.502(a) and 101-25.502
(b) beyond the point in time at which the
purchase method begins to provide a cost
advantage.
(b) The acquisition of selected equip-
ment by the purchase method should not
be ruled out in favor of leasing such
equipment merely because of the possi-
bility that future technological improve-
ments may render the selected equip-
ment less desirable.
? 101-25.502-2 Lease method.
(a) The lease with option to purchase
method shall be used when it is necessary
or advantageous to proceed with acquisi-
tion of the equipment that meets pro-
gram or system requirements but it is
determined that purchase should be de-"-[
ferred because circumstances do not fully ff
satisfy the conditions set forth in ? 101-
25.502-1.
(b) The lease method, without option
to purchase, may be used when it is nec-
essary or advantageous to proceed with
the acquisiton of equipment that meets
all program or system requirements, but
the conditions for purchase set forth in
? 101-25.502-1 cannot be satisfied and a
lease contract with purchase option is
not attainable.
? 101-25.504 Office copying machines.
(a) In selecting office copying ma-
chines, agencies shall take full advantage
of the purchase and lease options that
may be available under the terms and
conditions of the applicable Federal
Supply Schedule contracts. Generally
these contracts provide for receiving
credit at certain times during the rental
period for portions or for all of the rental
payments made. These credits may be
applied toward the purchase price of the
equipment in some instances, and in
others, title automatically passes to the
Government when a prescribed percent-
age of the rentals paid equals the pur-
chase price of the equipment. When
needed equipment is not available from
a Federal Supply Schedule or if it is
otherwise necessary for an agency to
enter into a lease contract for its own
requirements, an option to purchase
should be provided in the contract.
(b) Selection of the appropriate and
most economical equipment for the ap-
plication intended is the responsibility
of the ordering agency. The selection
process should include a review of the
functional and financial advantages of
all available copying processes (see
? 101-26.409).
(c) Prior to acquisition of equipment,
a comparison shall be made of the rela-
tive costs of acquiring the equipment by
use of the methods described in ? ? 101-
25.502-1 and 101-25.502-2. The cost
FEDERAL PROPERTY M A N A G E M E N T R E G U L A T I O N S
2516 (AMENDMENT NO. E-12, FEBRUARY 1966)
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
comparison shall be based on the best in time during a lease period w en exer-
available information and estimates, in- cise of the option will be most advanta-
eluding those factors in ? 101-25.501-1 geous will depend upon the purchase op-
and any other factors peculiar to office tion provisions of the contract. The
copying machines. The point in time acquisition method selected shall be that
at which cumulative leasing costs ex- which offers the greatest advantage to
ceed the cost of purchasing will be re- the Government under the circum-
flected in the comparison. This point stances which pertain to the situation,
in time will provide a basis for appro- and the decision shall be supported in
priate lease or purchase determination accordance with 101-25.501-3(b).
based on the expected useful life of the (d) The following cost comparison is
equipment. Where a lease contract con- intended to illustrate how a projection
tains a purchase option plan, the point of relative costs provides a basis for esti-
mating the approximate point at which
cost of leasing will exceed cost of pur-
chasing. The comparison is shown for
illustrative purposes only and is not in-
tended to represent an actual situation
or take into account cost factors such as
cost of supplies, replacement parts, and
other factors which may be applicable
and may or may not be identical under
lease or purchase arrangements. The
illustration assumes a lease vs. purchase
cost analysis where the lease data is
based on a monthly rental charge of $500
and no unit copy charge. The purchase
data is based on a purchase price of
$15,000 for a new machine, and a mainte-
nance cost of $1,500 per year based on
machine usage of 50 hours per week.
The purchase option plan permits appli-
Lease with purchase option (option exercised
at the end of the first year):
Cumulative lease cost______________________
Less credit upon purchase------------------
Purchase cost -------------------------------
Cumulative maintenance cost--------------
Cumulative lease/purchase option cost---
Lease:
Cumulative lease cost (including mainte-
nance)------------------------------------
Cumulative lease with purchase option
costs exceed cumulative lease costs by----
Cumulative lease costs exceed cumulative
lease with purchase option costs by--_____
cation toward the purchase price of 75
percent of total rentals paid if purchased
during the first 3 months, 60 percent if
purchased during the second 3 months,
and 50 percent if purchased after 6
months. The purchase option is exer-
cised, in this illustration, at the end of
the first year of leasing.to give an exam-
ple of a situation where a budget limita-
tion would not permit immediate pur-
chase or purchase at the time most
advantageous for exercising a purchase
option. An additional savings of $1,500
could have been realized in this situation
if funds had been available and purchase
made initially rather than leasing for
the first year and exercising the pur-
chase option at the end of that time as
illustrated.
let
year
2d
year
3d
year
4th
year
5th
year
6th
year
7th
year
8th
year
$6,000
_
-------
--------
--------
--------
-------
--------
3,000
-------
-------
--------
--------
--------
--
--------
15,000
--------
--------
$1,500
--------
$3,000
--------
$4,500
--------
$6,000
--------
$7,500
--------
$9,000
$10,500
18,000
19,500
21,000
22,500
24,000
25,500
27,000
28,500
6,000
12,000
18,000
24,000
30,000
36,000
42,000
48,000
12,000
7,500
3,000
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
--------
1,500
6,000
10,500
15,000
I
19,500
(NEXT PAGE IS 2519)
FEDERAL PROPERTY M A N A G E M ENT REGULATIONS
2518 (AMENDMENT NO. E-12, FEBRUARY 1966)
J
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
APPENDIX B
(Permission to print this copyright material from "Administrative Management" has been
granted by Geyer-McAllister Publications.)
M
ACHI
NE WI
LL C
OPY
:
See footnote A
MANUFACTURER
OR DISTRIBUTOR
MODEL
NAME
PRICE
PROCESS
SIZE
(H x W x D)
(inches)
WEIGHT
(tbs.)
Fen.neteB
MAX..FSIZE
ORIGINAL
(inches)
v
o
8
F., ~'
6^y
o
a 11
3~
?e
`o
~i
e
i
a
m
p
a
0
W
Y
=
011
~o
m
e
9
h
;
s
n9
m
-
2.
E
e.
a
ABM BUS. AUTOMATION
ABM BUS. AUTOMATION
ABM Arldfax II
ABM Arldmatic
225.00
299.50
Thermography
Thermography
43/ax17x12
7'3i.x165/ex153/4
20
33
81/2
81/2
0
0
?
?
?
0
?
?
ABM BUS. AUTOMATION
D na hoto
99.50
Diffusion
71/4518x121/4
15
81h
0
?
?
?
ANKEN CHEM. & FILM
Anken 124
1,495.00
Electrostatic
40x42x22
250
81/2x14
0
?
0
?
?
?
ANKEN CHEM. & FILM
9001
109.00
Diffusion
61hx19x12
20
9
0
?
0
?
ANKEN CHEM. & FILM
9101
149.00
Diffusion
6x22512
19
11
0
?
0
?
ANKEN CHEM. & FILM
920K
169.50
Diffusion
91/2222x12
20
11
0
?
?
?
ANKEN CHEM. & FILM
9301-
259.00
Diffusion
71/2x23544
32
11
0
?
?
?
APECOM
Copy-Ouik
69.50
Diffusion
6x13x21
17
9
0
?
?
?
-
APECO
Dial-A-Matic
145.00
Diffusion
5x9524
27
14
0
?
?
?
?
APECO
Director
125.00
Diffusion
6x12521
27
81/2
0
?
?
?
?
APECO
Electric-Eye
885.00
Electrostatic
23x305171/2
145
81/2
0
?
?
?
?
APECO
Super-Stat
885.00
Electrostatic
17520x171/2
100
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
APECO
Systematic
345.00
Diffusion
16x16x24
481/2
111/2
0
?
?
?
?
APECO
Unimatic
245.00
Diffusion
61/2x22513
27
11
0
?
?
?
?
BRUNING (dlv. A-M)
Bruning Auto/2000
4,875.00
Electrostatic
48x53x44
533
11
270
?
?
?
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning Auto/2000R
5,375.00
Electrostatic
48x49544
533
11
270
?
?
?
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 105
345.00
Diazo
10x20x18
54
11
360
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 110
665.00
Diazo
155221/2x171/4
130
11
360
?
?
BRUNING (dlv. A-M)
Bruning 120
750.00
Diazo
15x231/sx171/4
132
11
360
?
?
BRUNING (dir. A-M)
Bruning 250
2,290.00
Diazo
291/,055531/2
720
181/2
360
?
0_1
-1
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 255
3,150.00
Diazo
531/205061/2
750
18
360
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 275
1,795.00
Diazo
271/2535x27
450
18
360
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 280
2,150.00
Diazo
281/2x35x271/2
485
18
3611
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 2000
4,475.00
Electrostatic
425381/4x44
455
11
270
?
?
?
?
?
BRUNING (div. A-M)
Bruning 2000R
4,975.00
Electrostatic
48549x44
455
11
270
?
?
?
?
?
BRUNING (dlv. A-M)
Bruning 2100
5,975.00
Electrostatic
43x46x48
800
11x17
270
?
?
?
?
?
?
BRUNING dlv. A-M
Bruning 3000
187500
Electrostatic
21x31x23
216
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
BRUNING?REVOLUTE
720/30W
1,825.00
Diazo
57x661/2x411/z
950
42
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
720/40W
2,025.00
Diazo
57x661/2x411/2
950
42
360
?
?
BRUNING?REVOLUTE
720/60W
2,275.00
Diazo
57x66'/zx411/2
950
42
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
750/40W
2,495.00
Diazo
57x661/2x411/2
1050
42
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
750/60W
2,745.00
Diazo
57x661hx411/2
1050
42
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
750/8OW
3,245.00
Diazo
57x661/2 x411/2
1050
42
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
820/60W
1,825.00
Diazo
491/25443/4x44
822
20
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
820/60W
1,975.00
Diazo
49V2x443/4x44
822
20
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
820/10OW
2,175.00
Diazo
49112x44314 x44
822
20
360
?
0
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
830/60W
2,425.00
Diazo
491/2x44314x44
822
18
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
830/80W
2,575.00
Diazo
491/2x44314x44
822
18
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
839/100W
2,775.00
Diazo
491/2x44314x44
822
18
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
835/6OW
2,995.00
Diazo
565471/2x471/2
815
18
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
835/80W
3,095.00
Diazo
56x471/2x471/2
815
18
360
?
?
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
835/10OW
3,195.00
Diazo
565471/2x471/2
815
18
360
?
?
BRUNING?REYOLUTE
860/60W
3,845.00
Diazo
57x661/2x411/2
1100
42
360
?
1
1
?
1
BRUNING-REVOLUTE
860/BOW
4,345.00
Diazo
575661/2x411/2
1100
42
360
19
1
1 ?
BRUNING?REVOLUTE
860/100W
4650.00
Diazo
57x661/2x411/2
1100
42
360
10
1
1 ?
See next page for pertinent footnotes.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
E7(PO
?
COPY
ING
TO MAKE A COPY ... See )ootnoee F
I
STO OR
AGE
COST/TIME
SURE
PAPER
USE
D
e e
4
:
p
See /
ootnote G
R
T~
~q
a
p
p'0 :
N
N
V
~
E
6 y
^ OWW
000 E
~
0
O
G
?ON
ai
~
ae~e
OC
u
dR
dTn
~.
W
'
?
q
C3
. .0
-TA zwH
d
y
O
a
b
Y
Yr
d
wd
Nr
~Y
Y
O
~
?!
yy
L
WQ..iw.
~Yi ~.YW
C
O
6
01
d
Z
r
O
CV
W6
pp CC
~61~
~6
x'66
4
O
-
V
i{L~
M
6f~ Y:~O
?
1
?
?
-
-
?
2
3
3
1
?
?
?
-
-
?
2
3
311
6
?
?
-
-
-
?
8V2
16
16
?
?
-
?
?
2.6
18
7
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
SVz
20
20
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8Vz
20
20
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8Vz
20
20
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
8Vz
9
9
?
?
?
-
-
b.
?
?
7 Vz
14 14
?
?
?
110.
-
-
?
?
7 7
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
14 14
?
?
-
?
6
7
6
10
?
?
-
-
?
?
7V2
10
10
?
?
?
0
71/2
10 10
?
?
-
?
N
N
5
17
5
17
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
?
1
12' pet, min.
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
13,
pet- min.
?
?
-
?
?
13' per min.
?
?
-
?
?
40' per
?
?
-
?
?
50' per min.
?
?
-
?
?
1
25' peir min.
?
?
-
?
?
1
25' per min.
?
?
?
?
-
?
N
17 5
?
?
-
?
N
17 5
12 7
?
?
-
?
N
20 10
?
?
?
-
-
?
opt
ional
1
30' per min.
'
-
-
?
opt
ional 1
per min.
30
?
?
-
-
?
opt
ional 1
30' per min.
?
?
-
-
?
opt
ional 1
45' per min.
?
?
-
-
?
opt
ional
45' per min.
?
-
-
?
opt
ional
45'per min.
?
?
-
?
opt
ional
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
60 per min.
?
?
1110.
?
op
tional 1
60' per mi
?
?
110.
?
op
tional 1
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
60' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
45' per min.
?
?
-
?
op
tional 1
45' per min.
?
?
-
?
o
tional 1
45' permin.
?
?
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
MACHI
NE W
ILL COPY:
See foolnoreA
MANUFACTURER
OR DISTRIBUTOR
MODEL
NAME
PRICE
PROCESS
(H S W x D)
(inches)
WEIGHT
(Ibs.)
Fuomoec B
MAX. SIZE
ORIGINAL
(inches)
v
'
"
ov
W -
G
_
n
t4
H.m
-
w
a
m
a
-
-
'&
CO O ORPBUS. MACH.
D o 10.0
219.50
Thermo. ra by
41/2x111/2x161/i
18
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Book Copier AA
249.00
Diffusion
111/2x19x18
27
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Book Copier B
395.00
Diffusion
24x25x13
68
14x7
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Cavalier 9
159.50
Diffusion
61/2x211/2x101/z
19
9
0
?
?
,S
?
COPEASE CORP.
Cavalier 15
239.00
Diffusion
61/2x26x101/2
27
15
0
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Champion 18
395.00
Diffusion
7x301/2x71/z
32
18
0
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Classic
139.00
Diffusion
8x12x10
14
9
0
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Crusader
295.00
Diffusion
10x16x211/2
43
81/2
0
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Developing Unit A
149.00
Diffusion
6x201/2x10
16
9
0
COPEASE CORP.
Developing Unit C
269.00
Diffusion
6x291/2x10
30
18
0
COPEASE CORP.
Electrocopy 200
395.00
Electrostatic
91/4x18x12
35
81/2x14
0
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Electrocopy 400
495.00
Electrostatic
163/4x1904
59
11x24
0
?
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
Electrocopy 600
695.00
Electrostatic
163/4x19x14
85
81/2x24
0
?
?
?
?
?
COPEASE CORP.
COPEASE CORP.
COPY-CRAFT INC.
Exposing Unit A
Exposing Unit C
Luxacopy CM24
99.00
224.00
165.00
Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffusion
13x16x181/2
22x27x10
71hx191/4x111/2
18
60
19
9x15
17x24
91/2
0
0
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
COPY-CRAFT INC.
Luxacopy CM34
270.00
Diffusion
71/2x231/2x111/2
23
133/e
0
?
?
?
?
COPY-CRAFT INC.
COPY-CRAFT INC.
COPYMATION INC.
Luxacopy CMB3
Luxacopy CMB4
Cutlass 2050
360.00
295.00
1,995.00
Diffusion
Diffusion
Diazo
101/2x251/zx231/2
101/4x21x20
32e38671/4
441/2
34
790
133/ax18
1005
45
0
900
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
5
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2150
2,220.00
Diazo
32x63x671/4
790
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2250
2,195.00
Diazo
32x38x671/4
790
45
900
?
A -Many foreign companies, not included in this list, also manufacture and/or
distribute copiers. B-Where one dimension is given, it refers to width; length
is then theoretically unlimited. C-Column refers essentially to warm-up time
at start of business day. D-Not all processes reproduce photos with equal
fidelity. E-Machines may not copy all colors equally well. F-Arrowheads refer
to steps, or nearest approximate description of steps, in making copy on ma-
chine; read to right. G-Average claimed cost per copy is given in cents, time
in seconds. Administrative Management makes no claim as to the complete
accuracy of information in these columns, except to note that it was, in every
case, supplied by the manufacturer or distributor involved. Readers should
note that estimated average costs and time per copy are sometimes figured on
a high-volume basis, and are sometimes likely to be laboratory optimums more
than actual in-office realities. H-Speed automatically accelerates to maintain
preset copy quality. I-Also sold as the Ampto 900 and Transrite. J-Also sold
as the Economaster and Thriftamatic. K-Also sold as the Ampto 12 and Tran-
samatic 1. L-Also sold as the Controller and Transmaster. M-American Pho-
tocopy Equipment Co. N-See chart, page 86. O-When used in conjunction with
firm's exposing unit. P-When used in conjunction with firm's developing unit.
Q-Price includes cost of negative. Editor's notes: 1-Information in this chart
is naturally subject to change, but was current and timely as of August 1, 1966.
2-Readers' attention is directed to the right-hand column of the chart. Circle
the number shown on the reader service card opposite page 98 for more infor-
mation on the line of copiers in question. [Entire contents ? 11966 by Geyer-
McAllister Publications.]
72
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
1URE
PAPER US
ED
TO MARE A COPY .. See footnote F
STOFL
UID RAGE
COST/TIME
?
n
eL?u
a
~r.? lanrnore 1:
?t+
z
O
N
9
0
16
r
Ty
y
?>
V
O
F
Ti-
r;
?
?
-
?
4
. 3
3
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
15
15
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
15
15
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
15
15
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
20
20
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
20
20
?
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
20
20
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
5Q
12
12
?
-0
-
-
?
?
5Q
15
15
?
?
-0
-
-
?
?
5Q
15
15
?
?
-
?
?
?
31/z
20
18
?
?
-
?
?
?
31/2
12
12
?
?
-
?
?
?
31/2
12
12
?
?
?
-
-P
-P
?P
5
5
?
?
?
-
-P
-P
?P
5
5
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8
15
15
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8
15
15
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8
12
12
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8
12
12
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
20' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
20' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
30' per min.
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
MACHINE WILL COPY:
tJ
m
G
~
5
W O
Y
N
C
C
m
~Mp
K
Footnote B
f
r
t1
See JootnoteA
MAX. SIZE
MANUFACTURER
OR DISTRIBUTOR
MODEL
NAME
PRICE
PROCESS
SIZE
(H x W x O)
(inches)
WEIGHT
(Ihs
)
OF
ORIGINAL.
(inches)
21.
d
3=
<
o.
a
-
A
`
,7 E
3
?
e
'
.
o
f e
,
m
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2350
2,420.00
Diazo
32x63x671/4
790
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2450
2,595.00
Diazo
32x38x67V4
790
.
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2550
2,820.00
Diazo
32x63x671/4
790
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2650
2,995.00
Diazo
32x38x671/4
790
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2750
3,220.00
Diazo
32x63x671/4
790
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Cutlass 2850
3,895.00
Diazo
66x63x671/4
920
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Lancer 1050
5,340.00
Diazo
623/4x72048
1400
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Lancer 1150
5,920.00
Diazo
623/4x72x48
1500
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Lancer 1250
5,975.00
Diazo
623/4x72x48
1400
45
900
?
COPYMATIO INC.
Lancer 1350
6,550.00
Diazo
623/4x72x48
1500
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Lancer 1450
7,700.00
Diazo
623/4x72x48
1650
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Sword 100
1,700.00
Diazo
326708
700
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Sword 150
2,015.00
Diazo
32x67x63
700
45
900
?
COPYMATJON.INC.
Sword 200
1,900.00
Diazo
32x67x38
720
45
900
?
COPYMATIOM INC.
Sword 250
2,215.00
Diazo
32x67x63
720
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
Sword 300
2,200.00?
Diazo
32x67x38
735
45
900
?
COPYMATION INC.
-
-
Sword 350
2,5+15.00
Diazo
32x67x63
735
45
900
?
COPYMATION
INC.
COPYM
Sword 400
2,600.00
Diazo
32x67x88
745
45
900
?
ATION INC.
Sword 450
2.915.00
Diazo
32x67x63
745
45
900
?
COPY-RITE CORP.
Classic-Fax
219.50
Thermo raphic
41/2x163/4x123/4
23
10
0
?
?
?
?
COPYSTATICS MFG. CORP.
Copystat
If
Electrostatic
153/4x28x18
100
12
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
DeJUR-AMSCO CORP.
DeJur Lumofax 250
149.50
Diffusion
63/4x193/4x 101/4
21
9
0
?
?
?
?
DENNISON MFG. CO.
Dennison Copier
245000
Electrostatic
45x21x28
300
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
A. B. DICK CO.
103
100.70
Diffusion
43/4x181/4x113/4
16
9
0
?
?
?
?
A. B. DICK CO.
104
141.15
Diffusion
43/4x221/4x113/4
171/2
9
0
?
?
?
?
A. B. DICK CO.
115
303.10
Diffusion
51/2x271/4x13'/4
28
55
0
?
?
?
?
A. B. DICK CO.
120
252.50
Diffusion
10x251/zx10th
32
10
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
A. B. DICK CO..
650
1211.00
Electrostatic
19x18x263/4
123
11
0
?
?
?
?
?.
DITTO (div. Bell & Howell)
DI
DEC Electrostatic
695.00
Electrostatic
16x16x26
65
11x17
0
?
?
?
?
TTO (div. Bell & Howell)
Masterfax
595.00
Thermography
131/2x261/2x211/2
130
103/4x163/4
5
?
?
?
? ;
DITTO (div. Bell & Howell)
320 Dry Diazo
1,695.00
Diazo
191/2x635/8 x34
610
42
420
?
DITTO (div. Bell &Howell)
330 Dry Diazo
3,095.00
Diazo
291/2x63x38
900
42
420
?
DITTO (div. Bell & Howell)
340 Dry Diazo
6,295.00
Diazo
705/ax731/8x431/e
1700
42
420
?
DITTO (div. Bell & Howell)
350 Dry Diazo
8,995.00
Diazo
705/sx851/sx431/s
2100
54
420
?
DITTO (div. Bell &Howell
360 Dr Diazo
10 175.00
Diazo
705/ex851/ex521/a
2400
54
420
?
EASTMAN
KODAK CO.
Kodak Cavalcade
395.00
Dye Transfer
113%181/4x27
541/4
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
Kodak Readyprint I
295.00
Dye Transfer
100201/2x223/4
48
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
Verifax Auto-Twin
485.00
Dye Transfer
14x24x23
41
11x17
0
?
?
?
?
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
Verlfax Regent
240.00
Dye Transfer
141/4x111/4x21%
26
8/x11.
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
Verifax Signet C-K
187.50
Dye Transfer
22x151/4x243/e
25
81/2x14
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
ELECTROCOPY CORP.
Electrocopy 200
395.00
Electrostatic
91/4x18x12
35
81/2x14
0
?
?
ELECTROCOPY CORP.
Electrocopy 400
495.00
Electrostatic
163/ax19x14
59
11x24
0
?
?
?
?
ELECTROCOPY CORP.
Electrocopy 600.
695.00
Electrostatic
163/4x19x14
85
81/zx14
0
?
?
? I
s
?
'?
See next page for pertinent footnotes.
74
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
SUR
SUR
E
E
PAPER COPYING US
ED
TO MAKE A COPY... See footnote F
STOR
AGE
COST/TIME
m
eau
See footnoteC
9
tv
L?
e
9C
O
~'
.h
4
C
m
>
'
A
b9
=
Y
O
C
N
69
C
L"
O
1
TA
09
q6
C
Z'.d
O A
Li
Y
O .
01
O9CC
O.N
O~
6
W 6
t2
cow
OC
yO ?
O Y ?
O.QC
W W
O .
YO
A
~Y
r~.~
p"O .
c
YNC
O~O
~..r
9J 0
"66
O.C~
L
,
w
.O.
R
9L
Y
L
V
N
p E
H6'~
fpY
W91N
46~
d
00^
'-9aE
WNW
~'?.9
1-WN
bg
:E
N
OWW
fN6
WOH
?.EN
fW
~[ W
B?FO
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
30' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
40' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
40' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
60' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
60' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
60' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
60' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
60' per min.%
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
75' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
75' per min.
?
?
?
-
?
?
1
75' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
20' per min.
?
?
?
-
10.
?
?
1
20' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
30' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
30' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
40' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
40' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
60' per min.
?
?
?
-
-
?
?
1
60' p
er min.
?
?
-
?
3
21/2
21/2
?
No
Po.
?
? .
31/2
7
2
?
?
?
111.
.
?
?
81/2
11
11
?
?
-
?
?
2.7
18
9
?
?
?
-
-
Po.
?
?
5
30
30
?
?
?
10.
.
Po.
?
?
5
30
30
?
?
?
-
-
111'.
?
?
5
30
30
?
?
?
-
-
-
10.
?
?
5
30
30
?
?
-
?.
?
31/2
30
10
?
?
-
?
?
31/2
10
6
?
?
-
10.
?
2
12
12
?
?
-
?
1
10
10
?
?
-
?
1
10
10
?
?
-
?
1
8
8
?
?
-
?
1
7
7
?
?
-
?
1
6
6
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
8.6/.7M
.40
5
?
?
?
-
-
-
?
?
7.2
15
5
?
?
-
-
-
?K
?L.
8.6/.7M
40
5
?
?
?
-
10-
10.
?
?
86/.7M
40
5
?
?
?
-
-
-
?K
?L
8.6/.7M
40
5
?
?
-
?
?
31/2
17
?
?
-
?
?
31/2
17
4
?
?
10.
?
?
31/2
17
4
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
MACHINE WILL COPY:
SeeJontnotc.t
MANUFACTURER
OR DISTRIBUTOR
MODEL
NAME
PRICE
PROCESS
SIZE
(H x W x D)
(inches)
WEIGHT
(Ibs. )
Footnote B
MAX. SIZE
DF
ORIGINAL
(inches)
~
?~?
~v
e
p
r?
u
r1
m
C
.?e
o
d
tr7
-.
O
0'
< C
.N
`e
.
x
a
n
d
E
a
GENT ANILINE -& FILM
Bambino
439.00
Diazo
13x16x12
60
9
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
DeAtlas 1710
895.00
Diazo
15x60x24
220
48
300
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Ozalid 150 Thermal
1,450.00
Thermal Diazo
30%x47z/ex28
280
13
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Ozalid 5017 Automatic
2,650.00
Diazo
281/4x40x411/2
425
11/19N
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Ozalid 5020 Automatic
2,250.00
Diazo
281/4x35x241/2
400
11/16N
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Ozamatic 60
1,785.00
Diazo
281/4x281/2x391/2
362
16
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Ozamatic 360
3,595.00
Diazo
56x331/2x46
610
19
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Ozamatic 3700
4,250.00
Diazo
60x4lx65
712
15
720
?
i
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Printmaster 810
4,295.00
Diazo
61x6lx42
1250
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Printmaster 820
4,995.00
Diazo
61x61x61
1249
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Printmaster 910-100
6,995.00
Diazo
701/2x721/4x841/4
1900
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Printmaster 910-150
7,995.00
Diazo
701/2x721/4x841/4
1970
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Printmaster 1000
11,850.00
Diazo
69x78x93
2500
56
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Printmaster 1000.100W
10,975.00
Diazo
69x7803
2500
56
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Streamliner 100
1,225.00
Diazo
22x46x38
375
30
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Streamliner 200
1,675.00
Diazo
22x58x38
400
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Streamliner 220
1,975.00
Diazo
22x58x51
420
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Streamliner 400
2,595.00
Diazo
49x63x31
873
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Streamliner 420
2,795.00
Diazo
49x63x31
885
42
720
?
GEN'L ANILINE & FILM
Super Ozamatic
1,895.00
Diazo
281/4x331/sx411/2
420
19
720
?
GRAPHIC COMM. CORP.
Graphic Series 200
1,895.00
Electrostatic
413/4x33x271/2
176
10x15
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
GRAPHIC COMM. CORP.
Graphic Series 400
495.00
Electrostatic
H
H
11x17
0
?
!?
?
?
A-Many foreign companies, not included in this list, also manufacture and/or
distribute copiers. B-Where one dimension is given, it refers to width; length
is then theoretically unlimited. C-Column refers essentially to warm-up time
at start of business day. D-Not all processes reproduce photos with equal
fidelity. E-Machines may not copy all colors equally well. F-Arrowheads refer
to steps, or nearest approximate description of steps, in making copy on the
machine; read to right. G-Average claimed cost per copy is given in cents, time
in seconds. Administrative Management makes no claim as to the complete
accuracy of information in these columns, except to note that it was, in every
case, supplied by the manufacturer or distributor involved. Readers should
note that estimated average costs and time per copy are sometimes figured on a
high-volume basis, and are sometimes likely to be laboratory optimums more
than actual in-office realities. H-Information not available at time of publi-
cation. I-Up to 110-pound index stock. J-Has multiple-copy feature but auto-
matically resets itself for single copying. K-Reinsert matrix (master) for up
to seven additional copies. L-Actimeter accessory is available which provides
for cartridge loading. M-First figure is claimed time for first copy, second
figure for succeeding copies. N-First f1 ure is for automatic and second for
manual model. O-Continuous forms copier. Editor's notes: i-Information in
this chart is naturally subject to change, but was current and timely as of
August 1, 1966. 2-Readers' attention is directed to the right-hand column of
the chart. Circle the number shown on the reader service card opposite page 98
for more information on the line of copiers in question. [Entire contents
1966 by Geyer-McAllister Publications.]
76
Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005ROO0100020043-5
 Approved For Release 2001/07/17 : CIA-RDP74-00005R000100020043-5
EXPO.
SURE
COPYING
PAPER US
ED
TO MAKE A COPY...
See footnote F
FLUID
STORAGE
COST/TIME
;Q
gb
See footnote C
C
R
N
t4
L
m
b
2
N
O
O
?
O
d
A
V
e.'
?On
d
p
AY
O
m :
?bW
Op
?"
We
I M -
pot
b0 .
660
Wn.~n
6.
V
bi0
-'
6
.a. t!
6u