S. 1878, S. 1879, S. 1880, S. 1881, S. 1882, S. 1883, S. 1884, AND S. 1885--INTRODUCTION OF BILLS TO AMEND THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP71B00364R000500020004-7
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• Publication Date: April 18, 1969
• Content Type: OPEN

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April 18, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
there is just cause for judicial review.
Therefore, I propose that it is the Con-
gress responsibility to repeal title II, and
I am introducing this measure to ac-
complish this purpose.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
be received and appropriately referred.
The bill (S. 1872) to repeal the Emer-
gency Detention Act of 1950 (title II of
the Internal Security Act of 1950) in-
troduced by Mr. INOUYE (for himself
and other Senators), was received, read
twice by its title, and referred to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
S. 1878, S. 1879, S. 1880, S. 1881, S. 1882,
S. 1883, S. 1884, AND S. 1885-INTRO-
DUCTION OF BILLS TO AMEND
THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1954
Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, today
I introduced, by request, six legislative
proposals submitted to the Congress by
the Atomic Energy Commission. Five of
these bills would amend the Atomic En-
ergy Act of 1954; a sixth would authorize
appropriations to the AEC for fiscal year
1970.
The five AEC bills to amend the Atomic
Energy Act were all submitted to the
Congress early in this session in exactly
their present form. However, because the
new administration had not had an op-
portunity to review and approve them,
I refrained from introducing these bills
at the time of their submission. I am now
informed that the new administration
supports these measures. The five bills
would amend the Atomic Energy Act of
1954 to accomplish the following:
Provide that life imprisonment shall
be the maximum criminal penalty for
certain offenses, and to increase the
criminal penalties for unauthorized di-
version of special nuclear material arid
other offenses;
Authorize the AEC to enter into
agreements of indemnification for ocean
transport of materials;
Modify the requirement for mandatory
review by the Advisory Committee on
Reactor Safeguards of certain facility
license applications;
Eliminate the requirement for a find-
ing of practical value and abolish the
distinction between commercial and cer-
tain research and development licenses
for facilities;
Authorize the imposition of civil mon-
etary penalties.
The sixth AEC proposal-a bill to au-
thorize appropriations to the Commission
in fiscal year 1970-was also submitted
earlier this session. Again, however, be-
cause the bill did not have the approval
of the new administration, I refrained
from introducing it. I am now informed
that the bill, with certain amendments
made by the new administration as a
result of its budgetary review, has been
approved for submission to Congress.
Finally, Mr. President, I am also in-
troducing today two measures identical
to bills which I introduced in the last
session of Congress but on which no
final action was taken. These bills are
not being introduced by request; they
represent my views and those of any
others who have joined with me in co-
sponsoring the measures. One bill, which
I have introduced for myself and Sena-
tors ANDERSON and BENNETT, would
amend the Atomic Energy Act to author-
ize the AEC to make peaceful nuclear
explosion services available on a com-
mercial basis. A companion measure-
H.R. 477-was introduced in the other
body on January 3, 1969, under the joint
sponsorship of Representatives HOSMER,
HOLIFIELD, PRICE of Illinois, ASPINALL,
YOUNG, BATES, ANDERSON of Illinois, and
MCCULLOCH.
The other bill, which I have introduced
on my own behalf, would amend the en-
forcement provisions of the Atomic En-
ergy Act of 1954. Among other things,
the bill would effect corrective amend-
ments to certain penalty provisions of
the Atomic Energy Act which are neces-
sitated by last year's Supreme Court de-
cision in United States against Jackson;
increase the criminal penalties which
may be imposed under the act for diver-
sion of special nuclear materials; and
confer on the AEC authority to impose
civil penalties for certain violations of
the act or regulations issued pursuant
thereto. In the interest of time I will not
elaborate on the purport of this legisla-
tion today, but do ask unanimous con-
sent to have included at this point in the
RECORD the explanatory statement which
I made on the floor of the Senate on
August 1, 1968, when I first introduced
this measure.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bills will
be received and appropriately referred.
The bills (S. 1878) to amend chapter
18 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as
amended, and for other purposes; intro-
duced by Mr. PASTORE, (S. 1879) to
amend the Atomic Energy Act of 1954,
as amended, to provide that life im-
prisonment shall be the maximum crimi-
nal penalty for certain offenses, to in-
crease the criminal penalties for
unauthorized diversion of special nuclear
material and related offenses, and for
other purposes; (S. 1880) to amend sec-
tion 170 of the Atomic Energy Act of
1954, as amended, and for other pur-
poses; (S. 1881) to amend section 182
of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as
amended, and for other purposes; (S.
1882) to amend chapter 18 of the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and for
other purposes; (S. 1883) to amend the
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended,
to eliminate the requirement for a find-
ing of practical value and abolish the
distinction between commercial licenses
for facilities and certain research and
development licenses for facilities and
for other purposes; and 4S. 1884) to au-
thorize appropriations to the Atomic En-
ergy Commission in accordance with
section 261 of the Atomic Energy Act of
1954, as amended, and for other pur-
poses, introduced by Mr. PASTORE, by re-
quest, and (S. 1885) to amend the Atomic
Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and for
other purposes, introduced by Mr.
PASTORE (for himself and other Sena-
tors), were received, read twice by their
titles, and referred to the Joint Com-
mittee on Atomic Energy.
The material, presented by Mr.
PASTORE, follows:
S3817
[From the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, of Aug.
1, 1968 (daily edition), pp. S9932-
S9933]
AMENDMENTS TO ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS
OF THE ATOMIC ENERGY ACT of 1954
Mr. PASTORE. Mr. President, today I in-
troduced a bill to amend various sections of
Chapter 18 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954,
as amended, the enforcement chapter of that
Act. I believe it would be helpful if I briefly
explained the principal purposes of the pro-
posed legislation and why these amendments
are being offered.
One major purpose of the bill is to correct
shortcomings in Chapter 18 brought about
by the U.S. Supreme Court's recent decision
in United States v. Jackson, 36 L.W. 4277
(April 8, 1968). It was there held that the
death penalty provision of the Federal Kid-
napping Act is unconstitutional because in
permitting imposition of the death penalty
only upon defendants who assert their right
to be tried by a jury, it discourages assertion
of, and thereby imposes an impermissible
burden upon the exercise of, a constitutional
right.
This decision wuld appear to hold signif-
icant implications for, and raise very sub-
stantial questions about, somewhat similar
provisions in sections 222, 224 a;, 226 and 226
of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. These sec-
tions provide that where there is a violation
thereof with intent to injure the United
States or to secure an advantage to a foreign
nation, there may be imposed punishment
by a fine of not more than $20,000 or im-
prisonment for not more than 20 years, or
both, or, upon the recommendation of a jury,
life imprisonment or death.
These penalty provisions of the Atomic
Energy Act and the death penalty provision
of the Federal Kidnapping Act operate in
the same manner; therefore, the effect of the
Jackson decision on the former would ap-
pear to be similar to its effect on the latter.
Indeed, in certain respects the decision has
more far-reaching effects on the Atomic
Energy Act inasmuch as both the life im-
prisonment penalty as well as the death
penalty provided for therein are contingent
upon a jury recommendation, whereas only
the death penalty provision of the Federal
Kidnappig Act was affected by the Jackson
decision.
The bill which I have introduced would
retain the life imprisonment penalty in the
affected sections, but delete the capital pun-
ishment penalty and the requirement for a
specific recommendation by the jury before
the maximum penalty prescribed may be im-
posed upon an offender. As my colleagues
are aware, the question of whether capital
punishment for Federal crimes should be
abolished by general legislation (S. 1760) is
one that is now under active consideration
within the Congress. However, I do not be-
lieve that necessary corrections to sections
of the Atomic Energy Act dealing with pen-
alties for offenses committed with intent to
injure the United States or with intent to
secure an advantage to a foreign nation
should await enactment of this general leg-
islation. Nor do I believe the legislative
branch should continue to await the recom-
mendations of the executive branch as to
whether, and, if so, what amendments are
necessary to effect corrections to sections of
the Atomic Energy Act dealing, among other
things, with the theft by foreign a ents of
ere-
hi hl sensitiv at2MAQ
ore, have introduced the minimum amend-
ments required to give effect to the intent
of Congress presently reflected in the sections
of the Atomic Energy Act thrown into seri-
ous question by the Jackson decision, but at
the same time striking therefrom the pro-
vision for capital punishment which has
never been-and in all probability never
would be-employed.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 18, 1969
A second principal purpose of my bill is
to amend section 222 of the Atomic Energy
Act of 1954 to increase the criminal penalties
which could be imposed for unauthorized
diversion of special nuclear material, and for
certain related offenses. This material is the
principal ingredient in nuclear and thermo-
nuclear weapons. However, if a willful diver-
sion of this material were committed by a
person in this country under circumstances
where the Government was unable to prove
that the person charged specifically intended
to Injure the United States or to secure an
advantage to any foreign nation, the maxi-
mum penalty which could be imposed under
section 222 would be a fine of $10,000 and
imprisonment for 5 years. Thus, a thief, a
terrorist, an insurrectionist, or a criminal
group might commit such a diversion and,
in the absence of proof of the requisite in-
tent, would be subject to a maximum pen-
alty under section 222 of imprisonment for
5 years and a $10,000 fine. For example, if
the diversion were made for financially re-
warding criminal purposes rather than out
of political motivation, or if the unlawful sale
were to the agent of an undisclosed princi-
pal and the unidentified principal was a for-
eign nation, the specific intent to injure the
United States or gain an advantage to a for-
eign power might well be lacking. Section 1
of my bill would amend section 222 to In-
crease from five to ten years the maximum
imprisonment for such willful violations of
the section. No increase In the maximum fine
appears necessary.
An Ad Hoc Advisory Panel on Safeguard-
ing Special Nuclear Material appointed by
the Atomic Energy Commission In 1967
pointed up the weakness of the Act in this
regard and recommended that it be amended
to increase the penalties for unauthorized
diversion of such material. The Panel noted
that the maximum penalties presently pro-
vided for ".. . may not be a sufficient de-
terrent to illicit transactions involving ma-
terials valued in excess of millions of dol-
lars. .. ." and observed, "The threat of de-
tection and more severe criminal penalties
should help deter organizations and individu-
als from attempting to divert materials to
unauthorized uses." Moreover, increased
maximum penalties for unauthorized diver-
sion of these materials would make them
more nearly comparable to those for crimes
of similar gravity.
A third principal purpose of this proposed
legislation is to confer on the Atomic Energy
Commission authority to impose civil pen-
alties in addition to the Commission's pres-
ent authority to modify, suspend, or revoke
a license for violations of AEC health and
safety regulatory requirements. Specifically,
the bill would authorize the AEC to impose
civil fines of up to $2,500 for individual in-
fractions, and not to exceed $7,500 for two or
more violations occurring within a 30-day
period, of certain sections of the Atomic
Energy Act and rules, regulations, orders, or
licenses issued thereunder. I understand that
similar authority to impose civil penalties is
possessed by the Federal Communications
Commission, the Federal Aviation Agency,
the Department of Agriculture, and the In-
terstate Commerce Commission.
It is not my intent in introducing this
legislation to in any way suggest that serious
violations of the Act or of rules, regulations,
orders or licenses Issued thereunder are to
be penalized by a mere fine. I particularly do
not mean to suggest this where the violation
is one involving health and safety matters.
I do believe, however, that in some instances
the revocation of a license or suspension
thereof may be too harsh a penalty under the
circumstances. Moreover, in certain cases a
suspension may penalize the licensee's em-
ployees through loss of income without hav-
ing any significant impact on the licensee
itself. At the present time, the ABC in such
cases essentially must choose between issu-
ing a revocation or suspension order, on the
one hand, or, on the other, issuing a cease
and desist order which is little more than a
direction to a licensee to refrain from doing
whatever It was that the Commission found
objectionable. Injunctions may also be ob-
tained in appropriate cases, but here again
the enforcement action may be out of all
proportion to the infraction. For these rea-
sons the imposition of a fine may be the
more appropriate enforcement action in some
cases.
Conferring on the AEC authority to impose
civil fines, while at the same time retaining
the authority to impose more severe penal-
ties either in lieu of or in addition to a civil
fine, should afford the Commission ample
flexibility to deal with infractions of varying
severity. I believe the AEC should have such
authority. I also believe the Commission
wants such authority. When queried about
the matter in 1967 the Commission indicated
that it was then preparing proposed legisla-
tion along these general lines for submission
to the Congress. Apparently due to the in-
evitable delays involved in the administra-
tive review process no such legislative pro-
posal has as yet been cleared for submission
to the Congress by the executive branch. For
this reason, and In view of the limited time
remaining for congressional consideration of
such legislation during this session of Con-
gress, I have Included language in section 4
of my bill designed to accomplish the in-
tended purpose.
S. 1896-INTRODUCTION OF A BILL
TO PROVIDE EYE, EAR, AND DEN-
TAL CARE UNDER MEDICARE
PART B
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I am in-
troducing today on behalf of myself,
Senator HART, Senator Moss, Senator
RANDOLPH, and Senator YOUNG of Ohio,
a bill which would bring under the sup-
plementary medical Insurance program
for the aged the areas of eye, hearing, and
dental care. It will include the provision
of eyeglasses, hearing aids, and dentures
where they are needed, as well as the
necessary attendant examinations and
treatment of other conditions related to
these. Under the supplementary medical
insurance program for the aged, popu-
larly known as part B of medicare, in-
dividuals are voluntarily enrolled for
monthly premiums of $4 at present,
matched by payments from the general
treasury. For these sums, amounting to
a premium of $48 per year paid by each
covered individual, benefits provided
cover, in the language of the law, "medi-
cal and other health services." These
are defined explicitly in 11 numbered
items under section 1861(s), and they in-
clude among other things the services of
physicians, X-ray and laboratory tests,
rental of wheelchairs and hospital beds,
and so on.
But there are also some important ex-
clusions to the items for which the sepa-
rate trust fund for this program-the
"Federal Supplementary Medical Insur-
ance Trust Fund," to use the full name-
will pay. Under "exclusions" are listed
specifically three areas of health care of
very considerable importance to the el-
derly. Indeed, these three areas of afflic-
tion are all, by testimony of the Public
Health Service, more common in those
over 65 than in any other age group.
These are the areas of eye, hearing, and
dental care. Yet, although their incidence
is more frequent in the elderly, the el-
derly receive in proportion to these prob-
lems less care than other groups. The
reason is plain-and it is the same rea-
son which was pervasive when we
adopted the part B program. That is sim-
ply that the costs are beyond the means
of millions of those who are social secu-
rity beneficiaries.
Let us look for a moment at the latest
available statistics on the needs which
my bill would care for. A February '1967
publication of the National Center for
Health Statistics titled "Decayed, Miss-
ing, and Filled Teeth in Adults" reports
data from the National Health Survey
secured during the period 1960-62. Two
factors appear to be at work here-age
and income, and both of them work
against the elderly.
Among those in the age range 25 to
44 the mean number of filled teeth is
highest-averaging about eight per per-
son. But for those over 65-and under
80-that average drops to about five. At
the same time, the number of missing
teeth increases from about eight to 19.
These figures apply, of course, only to
those in all ages who retain some of their
own teeth. Another study in the same
series, published October 1965, is per-
haps even more significant. A survey of
dental visits conducted during a 1-year
period of 1963-64, shows that persons 25
to 44 go to the dentist more than twice
as often as those over 65, even though
it is apparent that the need is greater in
the elderly. Part of the reason for less
frequent visits, however, is that the el-
derly are most often those who have lost
all their teeth-the survey estimates that
60 percent of those over 65 are in that
category of the "edentulous." Many of
these, and I am sure we all know some
of them, are entirely without dentures
and, because they can manage only soft
foods, their general health is often im-
pared to some extent. Many others have
a need for denture repairs or replacement
of badly fitting dentures, but because of
their income limitations go without see-
ing a dentist for these corrections.
That this is true is shown not only by
the reduced number of dental visits
among the elderly, but also by the much
lower number of dental visits among the
elderly, but also by the much lower num-
ber of dental visits by those with low in-
comes. For persons with family incomes
of $7,000 per year the incidence of visits
to the dentists is more than twice that
of persons with family incomes below
$4,00. There is no need, in view of the
common knowledge we have acquired in
recent years as to the income status of
the elderly, to cite statistics on that
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A For `ruary 1.9, 1969 proved CONGRESSIONAOP/Q% g~ DPT~RO 3,i4R000500020004-7 S 1825
of taking care of the waste of this great
industrial center to the backs of the peo-
ple of this more or less isolated section of
the Appalachians is, to me, completely
at variance with all principles of equity
and justice and fair dealing.
The amount of the burden of taking
care of this pollution problem shifted to
the backs of the people of upper New
River Valley should be controlled by law,
and should be fair and equitable. This
will be accomplished by the amendment
to the Federal Power Act which I have
introduced.
I ask unanimous consent that my pro-
posed bill be appropriately referred and
that a copy of it be printed at this point
in the body of the RECORD.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
be received and appropriately referred;
and, without objection, the bill will be
printed in the RECORD.
The bill (S. 1093) to amend the Federal
Power Act in order to provide for the
regulation of the amount of project res-
ervoir storage capacity that may be al-
lotted for water quality control, intro-
duced by Mr. ERVIN, was received, read
twice by its title, referred to the Commit-
tee on Commerce, and ordered to b
printed in the RECORD, as follows:
8. 1093
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of Amer-
ica in Congress assembled, That section 10
of the Federal Power Act (16 U.S.C. 803) is
amended by inserting at the end thereof the
following:
"(j) Any reservoir storage capacity for wa-
ter quality control purposes which is a part
of any overall plan for water quality con-
trol proposed by the applicant or required
by the Commission shall not exceed such
proportion of the total storage required for
the water quality control plan as the drain-
age area of such reservoir bears to the drain-
age area of the river basin or basins involved
in such water quality control plan.
S. 1094-INTRODUCTION OF BILL RE-
LATING TO PERSONS WORKING IN
THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY-
ANNOUNCEMENT OF HEARINGS
ON COAL MINE SAFETY BILLS
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr.
President, as chairman of the Senate
Subcommittee on Labor, I announce the
opening of hearings on coal mine health
and safety legislation on February 27.
The hearings will begin at 10 a.m. in
room 4232, New Senate Office Building.
The hearing order for that day will be
as follows: The senior Senator from West
Virginia, Mr. RANDOLPH, will present his
two bills for the hearing record, S. 355,
to improve the health and safety condi-
tions of persons working in the coal min-
ing industry of the United States, and
S. 467, for the elimination of health dan-
gers to coal miners resulting from the
inhalation of coal dust.
Other Senators interested in appearing
in the opening part of these hearings
should give notice of their interest no
later than Tuesday, February 25. Tele-
phone communications in this regard
may be made directly to the subcommit-
tee staff, extension 3674.
Following the presentations by inter-
ested Senators, the subcommittee will
hear the opening statements of a repre-
sentative of coal management and a rep-
resentative of coal labor.
Additional hearings to receive the
views and testimony of all appropriate
agencies, groups, and individuals will be
scheduled as early as possible in March.
I am introducing at this time a com-
panion Senate bill to H.R. 6540, intro-
duced in the House by Congressman
HECHLER, of West Virginia. I am not
familiar with the provisions and details
of this House bill; however, I am intro-
ducing it and making it a part of the
hearing record in the interest of having
all legislative approaches to the grave
questions of coal mine safety examined
and analyzed in the hearing process, and
made available for consideration by the
subcommittee and the full committee.
I would also note that any other bills
on this subject submitted by Senators
before the February 27 hearings will be
welcomed by me and will likewise be
made a part of the subcommittee's hear-
ings.
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 50-IN-
TRODUCTION OF A JOINT RESO-
LUTION TO ESTABLISH THE JOINT
COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SE-
CURITY AFFAIRS
Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I intro-
duce today a joint resolution calling for
the establishment of a Joint Committee
on National Security airs. is com-
of 16 mem-
bers, eight from each House of Congress,
drawn from the Senate Committees on
For .ien Relations and Armed Services,
the House Committees on Foreign Af-
fairs and Armed Services etas ie
Tornt Committee on Atonic Energy. The
I's
n o wa
purpose or t is com3Yiff of
islative and is not designed o n rinse
1le
on the responsibilities of any other
committee o either House.
standing
What is proposed is the establishment of
a committee of knowledgeable Members
of Congress to provide for a comprehen-
siv and inclusive analysis of the na-
tional security policy similar o e unc-
t onso the joint Economic Committee
irrthefteict-of-ecoi o'Yf ids an govern-
me
I ask for this joint committee only
after a long and thorough investigation
of the need of such machinery in the
Congress. I believe that it is imperative
that we have an organization including
Members of both Houses of Congress and
both political parties to review national
security policies and make recommenda-
tions to the appropriate legislative com-
mittees.
In an era of increasing international
responsibility it is necessary that we co-
ordinate better efforts to provide for na-
tional defense and security posture. Too
often before, these decisions have been
made by an administration that has not
even bothered to consult the proper au-
thorities in the Congress. The National
Security Council, which is responsible t
the President, has in the past been the
only body in the coun ry witti a i-
versi exper e o researc and com-
ment upon the many areas of concern to
the national security. The i is now for
the Congress to establish i own ap-
_paratus and have its separate judgment
o n which new systems will be neede ,
which ones are obsolete, which oRies we
cannot afford, and which ones we can-
not afford to be without.
With the great controversy that has
recently arisen in many areas of national
policy, I am hopeful that members of
both parties and of all political persua-
sions will agree with the need for such a
joint undertaking. With the institution
of this committee, we will have an in-
strument which can marshal the diverse
expertise and information necessary to
form accurate opinions. Our lack of ade-
quate response in the past has too many
times proved the need for this.
In closing, Mr. President, I would like
to .again stress that the Joint Commit-
tee on National Security would not usurp
any authority from any present commit-
tee or joint committee; its powers will be
consultative only. However, it will give
expert members from these committees
the chance to meet from time to time to
exchange information, to consult with
each other, and to form opinions and
give advice based on diverse informa-
tion. It is a reasonable approach to a
complex problem. I hope that it will be
favorably considered.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The joint
resolution will be received and appropri-
ately referred.
The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 50) to
establish a joint congressional committee
to study and investigate matters pertain-
ing to national security, introduced by
Mr. TowER, was received, read twice by
its title, and referred to the Committee
on Armed Services.
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 51-IN-
TRODUCTION OF JOINT RESOLU-
TION TO ESTABLISH MAY AS
"NATIONAL ARTHRITIS MONTH"
Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, today on
behalf of my self and Mr. JORDAN of
North Carolina, I introduce a Senate
joint resolution asking the President of
the United States to designate the month
of May as "National Arthritis Month."
By this action, I believe the Congress will
accomplish three independent and useful
public purposes.
First, we will increase our own and
the public's awareness of the toll of ar-
thritis, its magnitude, and cost, so that
we can make wise decisions as to the
amount of public effort we assign to
combat it and research for its causes.
Second, we will give recognition and
impetus to our biomedical research ef-
forts to unlock the secrets of this dis-
ease-to alleviate its disabling symptoms
and, hopefully, to discover and counter-
act its causes.
Third, we will give recognition and
support to those national institutions
that meet the needs of victims and po-
tential victims of arthritis for access to
reliable, up-to-date, and relevant in-
formation on what medical science and
the victim himself can do to reduce the
disabling consequences of the disease.
The importance of the problems pre-
sented by arthritis is impressive. Man-
kind has suffered from it ever since Java
man, half a million years ago, left us his
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE February 19, .t.469
bones with the unmistakable evidences
of this affiiction. Tombs and sarcophagi
all over the world reveal that no race
has been spared its ravages. The U.S.
Public Health Service calls it the No. 1
chronic disease.
Arthritis afflicts more than 16 million
of our citizens. It causes an estimated
200 million days of restricted activity, 57
million days in bed, 12,200,000 days of
work absenteeism, 30 million visits to the
doctor, and 11/2 million days of hospital-
ization every year. Its annual cost is
$3,645,000,000, including: expenses for
drugs, $435 million; lost wages, $1.5 bil-
lion; hospital and medical costs, more
than $200 million, and large amounts for
lost homemaker services and premature
death.
In the light of these figures, I think
we ought to ask ourselves: How much
effort is it worth-how much ought we
to spend-in the endeavor to conquer
this disease? The army of sufferers ex-
ceeds the peak of our Armed Forces in
World War II. The ailment costs the Na-
tion each year more than the total we
spent to develop the atomic bomb. How
large an effort should be mount to wipe
it out?
In an age when novelties capture the
headlines-when space science and sur-
gical spectaculars command our admir-
ing attention-it is hard to preserve a
sense of proportion. There Is little that
is spectacular about arthritis. It often
wounds but seldoms kills. Yet, It is the
most common, perhaps the most costly,
and certainly one of the most nagging
and frustrating of life's painful experi-
ences.
Our Nation has set for itself the goal
of preserving and expanding human free-
dom. But there is little freedom for those
16 million who are tied to their beds,
to restricted physical activity, to strict
regimens of medical attention, medica-
tion, and behavior. No, to those deluded
unfortunates who are deceived by vicious
quack nostrums that promise "long-last-
ing relief" or "an end to suffering within
hours." Annually, the blil?.d alley of
fraudulent remedies captures $350 mil-
lion from the foolish, the uninformed,
the impatient, and the frantic. Worst of
all, these deceptive products waste not
only the victims dollars but the valuable
time that could be invested in a program
of medical salvage-for quick diagnosis
and prompt treatment by a knowledge-
able physician can mean the difference
between a nearly normal life and a life-
time in a wheelchair.
How much are we spending to seek out
the causes and the cure? The answer is
that our current research buc?get in this
fiscal year is $15 million for research,
plus a small amount for additional work
in applied fields.
Then, what is the prospect of success
from research into this difficult problem?
What further efforts might we make that
would be worthwhile-could we usefully
sponsor a broader effort?
It would be too optimistic to say that
medical research stands at the thresh-
old of success. The fact is that the cause
of arthritis is still a mystery. Theories
are beginning to take form; we are learn-
ing where to look for an explanation. But
we still do not know. Even so, three sig-
nificant accomplishments of research de-
serve our grateful recognition.
First, we have developed an array of
medical treatments, specific to the par-
ticular forms and stages of arthritis. For
arthritis is not one disease but a hundred.
Much medical research still needs to be
done to sort out the facts about these
different, but related ailments. What
drugs and what treatments work best
with each? In most cases, with early
diagnosis and proper medical care, severe
crippling can be avoided. In virtually all
cases, medical attention can alleviate
the symptoms. It can restore many suf-
ferers to active participation in life and
work. No case is hopeless.
Early work is in progress to investigate
the clinical value of a preparation ex-
tracted from bone marrow and cartilage
for the treatment of osteoarthritis. An-
other drug that shows promise is cyclo-
phosphamide. Recently a new drug was
added to the arsenal of pharmaceuticals
to bring gout under control. These are
only illustrative of the many lines of in-
vestigation into biochemical treatment
of this disease in all its many forms.
Second, biomedical researchers have
achieved real progress toward under-
standing the organism that undergoes
degradation-the first step toward to-
tal defeat of this tireless plague. In the
exploration of the biological molecule,
in the elucidation of the chain of meta-
bolic processes, the United States has
achieved world scientific leadership. We
have contributed signally to world,un-
derstanding of molecular biology, which
is believed to hold many of the keys to
unlock the secrets of metabolic disord-
ers-not only arthritis, but also diabetes,
obesity, and kidney and blood ailments.
Third, there is progress in research
into the causes of arthritis itself. Two
competing theories are being painstak-
ingly tested. There is experimental evi-
dence in su:;crt of each. One theory
holds that rheumatoid arthritis is caused
by an infectious m?cro-organism inter-
mediate between bacteria and viruses.
Another theory being tested has to do
with the failure of the body's immunolo-
gical processes, and suggests a possible
avenue to general treatment. There is
hope here, but no certainty. We must
keep plugging away with steadfast de-
termination until we find the answer.
Mankind has already suffered from it
for half a million years; we can have
patience for a little longer.
I spoke critically, a moment ago, about
the fraudulent nostrums and pretended
cures of arthritis. But fortunately, there
are two national organizations on the
scene that balance the ledger on the
credit side. I should like to give special
mention to these organizations that
spearhead the campaign to rid our world
of arthritis for once and for all.
One Is the National Institute of Arth-
ritis and Metabolic Diseases in the Na-
tional Institutes, of Health. It sponsors
and conducts much fundamental re-
search in this field. In May 1965, the
Surgeon General of the U.S. Public
Health Service convened 100 of the top
authorities in all fields of health. This
convocation recognized that while re-
search should be pursued, we should also
make better use of what we already
know. Above all, as new techniques are
devised they must be quickly put to good
use everywhere. This is a tall order.
The other national institution aims to
do just that. Is is the Arthritis Founda-
tion, a private and voluntary organiza-
tion with local chapters of medical peo-
ple, health officers, and others associated
with the field. It works closely with and
its high usefulness is recognized by the
Public Health Service. Appropriately
enough the Arthritis Foundation is end-
ing its 20th anniversary in May 1969.
Accordingly, it is appropriate that its
contributions to health be recognized in
connection with the joint resolution here
proposed.
The goal of the Arthritis Foundation is
a total answer to the arthritis problem-
both prevention and cure. It sponsors re-
search, supports professional education,
and coordinates work of local clinics,
community health services, and home
care programs. One of its most important
functions is the distribution of the latest
authoritative information about arthri-
tis. Local chapters tailor the information
to the particular problems and needs of
the individual victim.
In requesting the Chief Executive to
designate May as Arthritis Month, the
Congress will help to focus public atten-
tion and professional skills on the defeat
of this incubus. Scientific understanding
is the way to scientific achievement. Pub-
lic understanding leads to public respon-
sibility. Awareness on the part of the
victims of arthritis as to the risks of
shortcuts and the valued capabilities of
medicine today can obviate pain and dis-
ability. All of these are proper goals and
proper business to command our rigor-
ous prosecution.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that a copy of the joint resolution
be printed at this point in the RECORD.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The joint res-
olution will be received and appropriately
referred; and, without objection, the
joint resolution will be printed in the
RECORD.
The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 51) to
designate the month of May as "National
Arthritis Month," introduced by Mr. ER-
yIN (for himself and Mr. JORDAN of North
Carolina), was received, read twice by
its title, referred to the Committee on
the Judiciary, and ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
S.J. R:s. 51
Whereas arthritis i the nation's No. 1
crippling disease affectin; over sixteen mil-
lion citizens; and
Whereas two hundred and fifty thousand
additional Americans are stricken with this
dread disease every year; and
Whereas arthritis str'_r:s people of all ages;
and
Whereas twelve million days of work and
two hundred and five million days of re-
stricted activity are lcs each year because
of arthritis; and
Whereas the annual cost of arthritis to
Americans is estimated to approach $3,500,-
000,000 annually; and
Whereas the use of medicine can prevent
severe crippling in seven out of ten cases
of arthritis through early diagnosis and
prompt and appropriate treatment; and
Whereas back-to-work programs sponsored
by local Arthritis Foundation chapters have
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February 7, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
went of Commerce and the Atomic Energy
Commission.
"Twenty-five officials in the Latin Ameri-
can Bureau of the Agency for International
Development and of the Department of State
participated in a five-day Executive Seminar
in Cuernavaca, Mexico, which was devoted
to study and discussion of issues and prob-
lems relating to political and economic devel-
issues was held for 20 science attaches on
overseas assignment for the State bepart-
ment, to discuss broad questions of economic
and social policy.
"Conferences for officials of foreign
governments
"A series of three seminars was held for
64 science attaches on the Washington em-
bassy staffs of foreign governments. The
meetings were sponsored jointly with the
American Association for the Advancement
of Sciences, and focused on recent scientific
developments with public policy implications.
`.`Several foreign government officials also
participated in two of the conferences held
in Williamsburg for federal executives.
"Federal executive fellowships
"Nine Federal Executive Fellowships were
awarded to senior federal officials. The fel-
lowships enabled them to come to Brookings
on leave from their federal assignments for
six months to a year, for research on prob-
le}us in their areas of responsibility.
"Programs for Leaders in Private Life
"Conferences for business executives
"Ten one-week conferences on federal gov-
ernment operations were held in Washing-
ton for 287 executives from nearly 100 major
American corporations. Participants visited
government agencies and met informally
with officials, and took part in seminars at
Brookings to discuss specific issues with
scholars, members, of Congress and leaders in
the Executive brach.
"Three three-day refresher seminars on
public policy issues were held for 67 past
participants in the business conferences and
Public Affairs Fellowship Program. Two
similar conferences were held for some 65
participants in the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology Program for Senior Executives.
"Conferences for physicians
"With the support of the Commonwealth
Fund, a new series of conferences is being
planned for selected leaders of the medical
profession. `I!lhe conferences, will be held in
different regions of the country, and will be
designed to help deepen the insights of medi-
caI practitioners into key economic, social,
and other factors, involved in the provision of
health care, and to enhance their ability to
improve understanding within the profession
of the interactions between medicine and so-
ciety. An advisory committee of leading doc-
tors, medical educators,, and administrators
has been named to consult on the develop-
ment of the series.,
"Public affairs fellowships
"Public Affairs Fellowships were awarded
to 14 business executives who took part in a
21-week program combining working experi-
ence in executive departments and agencies
at the policy-making level with an intensive
educational program at Brookings and three
weeks in congressional offices.
"White House fellowships
"Under a grant from the Carnegie Corpora-
tion, a three-week educational program was
conducted for the 15. White House Fellows.
The program provided an orientation to gov-
ernment oerations.and problems.
"Fourteen union vice-presidents and re-
gional directors participated in, a four-day
conference. on public, policy issues at Wil-
liamsburg. The programs for officers of na-
tional and international unions are con-
ducted with the guidance of an Advisory
Committee of national leaders in the labor
movement.
"Policy Conferences
"Urban policy conferences
"Urban Policy Conferences are conducted
in selected metropolitan regions to bring
local elective and appointive officials and civic
leaders together with social scientists, in an
effort to make social science research more
effective in the solution of urban problems.
The conferences usually consist of twelve
one- day seminars held at intervals over a
nine-month period.
"Four hundred and five local and state
officials and civic leaders were involved in
conferences held during the year. They in-
cluded a series in Wichita, Kansas; Fort
Worth, Texas; Little Rock, Ark.; Charlotte,
N.C.; and Memphis, Tenn. The programs were
conducted in cooperation with Wichita State
University, Texas Christian University, the
University of Arkansas, the University of
North Carolina, and Southwestern College.
In addition, special conferences were held
for regional leaders in Memphis on the Uses
of Urban Information Systems, the Impact of
Urbanization on the Structure of Law,
Metropolitan Fiscal Policy, and Utilization of
Urban Technology.
"In cooperation with the International City
Managers Association, regional urban policy
conferences were held for city managers in
Athens, Ga., and Orono, Maine.
"Science seminars for congressmen and
congressional aides
"Five programs were held in this series,
which is sponsored jointly with the American
Association for the Advancement of Science
and the Governmental Studies Program of
the Brookings Institution. Participants in
the series heard leading scientists discuss
technological developments with important
implications for public policy. (Two pro-
grams for congressional aides were conducted
in prior fiscal years.)
"Labor-management conference
"A special two-day conference was held for
labor union officials and members` of the
International City Managers Association to
discuss relations between union and man-
agement in city manager cities.
"Fiscal and monetary policy conference
"Top officials of leading corporations par-
ticipated in a four-day discussion of current
issues of fiscal and monetary policy with
responsible officials of the Treasury Depart-
ment, the Budget Bureau, the Federal Re-
serve, Senators, Congressmen, and staff mem-
bers of appropriate congressional committees.
"Douglas Carter has commented that 'the
purpose of [the Brookings programs] is not
training but in the purest sense of the word,
education. There is no desire to return the
middle-aged career executive to a student-
teaCher relationship, which he is by temper-
ment not prepared to accept. He is by defini-
tion a 'participant' in the conference, ex,
petted and encouraged to contribute as much
of the dialogue as the visiting speakers....
(Developing Leadership for Government,
Washington, D.C., 1960). With this point of
departure, with carefully selected partici-
pants with 'off-the-record' and frank in-
volvement, with highly competent conference
chairmen and able expositors from many
fields and disciplines, Brookings' Advanced
Study Program has provided some of the
leadership education which is a national
necessity."
Mr. MITCHELL. It is apparent that a small
institution like Brookings can do only a very
small part of the job of executive education
that is needed.
Executive development activities in Gov-
ernment, business, labor, and the universi-
ties are moving very slowly and gradually into
this field of education. The Civil Service Com-
S 1401'
mission's Bureau of Training, as one example,
which we just heard about, is developing an
extensive program of conferences and an edu-
cational program for career officials in the
executive branch at the middle to senior
levels here in Washington and at two resi-
dential centers.
A few universities are broadening their
executive training programs along these
lines. Much more should be done, however.
The professional staff of legislative bodies
have a particularly vital need to bring re-
search knowledge to bear on their considera-
tion of major issues affecting the economy
and the political and social structure of their
city, State, or Nation.
Legislators frequently complain that the
system of legislative decisionmaking does not
provide an adequate basis for informed judg-
ment. Increasing the number of staff mem-
bers without providing machinery for them
to keep up to date in this way is neglecting
an important aspect of staffing the Congress.
In the sciences, where the information ex-
plosion is well known, a series of conferences
for Congressmen and for congressional staff
has been conducted by Brookings and the
American Association for the Advancement
of Science on the policy implications of re-
cent advances In a variety of scientific fields.
The response to these conferences received
from congressional staff members has been
encouraging.
I would like to add here, Mr. Chairman,
that in two such conferences during the last
few years, about a hundred participants have
taken part from the Hill, about half of them
from the Senate and about half from the
House.
The reaction from these congressional staff
members to this educational experience has
been very, very encouraging to us.
The usual educational objectives in our
programs are increased knowledge, a recon-
sideration of attitudes, and improved tools
for job performance. We feel that these goals
were reasonably well met in these confer-
ences.
We hoped that the participants have in-
creased knowledge in the new sciences, an
understanding of new terminology essential
for key judgments in the making of public
policy, and Increased skills for performing a
legislative job of analysis and evaluation.
Public policy is increasingly made on the
basis of an exploration of the relevant facts
available. Congressional hearings are one way
of getting to these facts through the testi-
mony of experts.
The role of congressional staff who assist in
planning and organizing these hearings is
important. To the extent that committee
staff members and the office staff of Members
of Congress can receive advanced education
or training, the work of the Congress will
benefit, because the staff extends the reach
and range of the Members. A well-trained
staff should add to the resources of the in-
dividual Members and the congressional
committees.
The two Brookings programs that have
been organized for congressional staff have
been financed with Brookings funds. With
few exceptions, the activities of the Ad-
vanced Study Program, however, are self-
supporting-or nearly so.
Business corporations, labor unions, and
Government agencies pay a registration fee
for each participant in a Brookings confer-
ence. More programs would be designed
specifically for congressional staff and of-
fered regularly if the academic institution
sponsoring the program could charge a fee
that could be paid under the Employees'
Training Act.
In my opinion, Mr. Chairman, the legisla-
tive employees should be covered by the
Training Act, just as executive branch per-
sonnel have been covered for nearly 10 years.
Safeguards would, of course, have to be
established, just as they have been in the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Febrvtary 7, 1969
executive branch, to require that the train-
ing justifies the expense.
in thid complex age, the mere fact that
there is new knowledge in a particular field
Is not enough to insure its use. It must be
examined and Weighed against other con-
siderations.
Discussion in an educational environment
of the implications of the new knowledge
is necessary.
One of the outstanding scholar; and prac-
titioners in the field of public administra-
tion, Lynton Caldwell of the University of
Indiana, said in The Journal of Higher Edu-
cation recently:
"More knowledge is needed, wit liout doubt,
but more use must be made now of what
we already know. The challenge of the en-
vironment has arisen, In part, because higher
education has responded too slowly to the
changes induced by advanced scientific
technology.
"The response of higher education must
therefore Include the present generation of
decision-makers, whose choices today de-
termine the possibilities of tomorrow."
In summary, Mr. Chairman, for the career
prof esslcdlal employee of the Congress es-
pecially, training and educational activi-
ties of the, kind now available to employees
of the executive branch is cleorly needed.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I will be glad
to answer any questions that you or the
staff may have.
Senator FANNIN. Thank you, Mr. Mitchell.
On the first page of your statement, Mr.
Mitchell, I am very much interested at the
bottom of the page where you say:
"It often costs less to perform researchi
than to find out whether it has been done.."?
Would you say that the use of new tech-t
niques, computers, and other equipment,
would help in doing away with this dupli-
cation?
Mr. MITCHELL. I know that the Congress
has considered this problem at length, Mr.
Chairman.
Senator FANNIN. How can you overcome the
problem?
Mr. MITCHELL. It seems to pie that the
National Science Foundation is working hard
on it and arriving at reasonable solutions.
I used to be associate director of the
National Science Foundation. I am reason-
ably familiar with some of the things that
they have tried to do.
This information explosion Is an enormous
problem, as I said in my testimony. The use
of the computer is going to be very, very
helpful. And looked at in the broadest per-
spective, mechanical translation is probably
coming some dal, so that we will be trans-
lating not only materials -In English but
from other languages as well.
Once we can use mechanical translation
as ,well as computer technology. then the in-
formation explosion will be truly upon us.
Senator FANNIN. Do you feel that we are
making progress?
Mr. MITCHELL. Most people don't realize
what the problem, really is amounting to.
I think we are making progress. I don't
think there is any question abou', it.
I do feel, as I said In somewhat more formal
language here, that this is an area of edu-
cation that this country is seriously neglect-
ing, the education of people who are leaders
in our society, because they are so busy that
they don't have time to read.
But they will participate in :.mall confer-
encgathat are well organized, well planned,
and well run.
At least we have found that people from
the _Government, from the 200 largest cor-
porations in the country, 35 of the top labor
unions In the country do participate-not
for their middy, level staff but for the presi-
dents of the labor unions, the presidents
and vice presidents of the largest corpora-
tions in the country.
This is an area to which the universities
are not giving enough attention.
Senator FANNIN. I certainly agree with you
as far as many staff members and the per-
sonnel of the Senators' offices are concerned,
that they should have this opportunity.
I am just wondering, how are staff mem-
bers informed about these programs that you
have been carrying forward in the past.
Mr. MITCHELL. I am afraid that we were
less than completely democratic, Mr. Chair-
man. We did not announce it and say we
would be glad to receive applications from
anybody who 113 Interested.
What we did was to invite a small group
of congressional staff people whom we knew
to come down and have lunch with us. We
said: "Of the people on the Hill, whom do
you think would be interested in a series of
seminars on the advancements of science
and their implications for public policy?"
And we developed a list of people in Sen-
ators' offices, the senatorial Staff, and the
same in the House of Representatives. And
we extended invitations.
My recollection is that about two-thirds
of those who were invited accepted.
Senator FANNIN. Thank you very kindly.
We appreciate very much your being with us
this morning.
Mr. MITCHELL. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Senator FANNIN. Mr. John Griner, national
president of the American Federation of
Government Employees.
S. 939-INTRODUCTION OF BILL TO
PROVIDE A U.S. FOREIGN SERVICE
CORPS
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, I in-
troduce a bill to amend the Higher Edu-
cation Act of 1965 to provide a U.S. For-
eign Service Corps. In accordance with
the ruling of the Parliamentarian in the
last Congress, I ask that the bill be re-
ferred to the Labor and Public Welfare
Committee.
This is the same scholarship program
as that _oontained in S. 3700 of the 90th
Congres It was reported favorably by
the Senate Education Subcommittee and
the Senate Labor and Public Welfare
Committee in July 1968 along with other
new titles to the Higher Education Act.
After introduction of the bill last year,
I received comments from a number of
individuals with prominent professional
reputations in international affairs and
foreign policy. The following are repre-
sentative and attest to the interest and
support the Corps has aroused:
Adm. Arleigh Burke:
I read with keen Interest the amendment
which you introduced to the Higher Educa-
tion Act. . I hope you are successful in
getting it through.
The late Allen Dulles:
I am thoroughly in accord with the objec-
tive you have in mind.
Harrison Brown, Foreign Secretary,
National Academy of Sciences:
In my opinion this is an important stop
forward and I congratulate you on your fore-
sight.
Professor Gabriel Almond, Institute of
Political Studies, Stanford University:
Your plan looks most interesting and
worthy of support. I have not had an op-
portunity to consider it in detail and would
appreciate any hearings or further material
that you may have on it.
Stephen Bailey, chairman, Policy In-
stitute, Syracuse University Research
Corporation, and former dean, Maxwell
School of Citizenship:
I am intrigued and delighted with the no-
tion of a United States Foreign Service Corps
which would make use of existing academic
institutions in educating and training Amer-
ican citizens for foreign service careers. In
my estimation that is a far more efficient way
of taking care of the educational needs of
existing and prospective foreign service per-
sonnel than in the creation of a separate
Foreign Service Academy.
Dr. Philip Mosley, associate dean, Fac-
ulty of International Affairs, Columbia
University:
It is excellent in both its broad purposes
and its realistic provisions for execution of
the program. Because of the strenuous ef-
forts made since 1945 by universities and col-
leges, and by several foundations, the insti-
tutions of the country offer a wide range of
intensive programs on international affairs
generally and on the intensive study of most
of the areas of the world. Your bill provides
a flexible and efficient way of tapping these
large resources of training and research.. .
It could make a tremendous difference in the
awareness of our people about our responsi-
bilities in world affairs and in the effective-
ness of both the study and the conduct of
our foreign policy in its very wide ramifica-
tions.
William Langer, professor of history,
Harvard University, and former member,
advisory board, Foreign Service Institute:
I am well acquainted with the problems of
training for service abroad. I have therefore
read your bill with great interest. I think
it is an excellent bill, that will do much to
strengthen our staffs abroad. I trust that it
will soon be enacted into law.
T. Keith Glennan, assistant to the
'chairman, Urban Coalition:
I am in agreement with the proposal you
have made and hope that this activity can be
included in the Omnibus Education Act of
1968.
Theodore Eliot, Jr., vice chairman,
board of directors, American Foreign
Service Association:
Your proposal is of great Interest to the
members of the Association, and cones at
a time when the Association is itself exam-
ining the problems of recruitment and train-
ing of professionals in foreign affairs.
In addition, Ambassador George Allen,
Director of the Foreign Service Institute
until last fall, advised me by telephone
that he was favorably inclined toward
the bill, and would like to testify at Sen-
ate hearings,
When the bill reached the floor last
year, committee jurisdiction was con-
tested by the Foreign Relations Commit-
tee. The acting chairman of that com-
mittee, Mr. SPARKMAN, said that if the
bill were withdrawn from the 1968
amendments, he would work to see that
"early in the next session" it would re-
ceive "top priority." The distinguished
Senator from Alabama further stated:
I wish the Senator from Colorado would
agree to postpone it until January. I assure
him I will do everything I can to get quick
action on it.
Faced with further debate on the juris-
dictional issue, and delay in passage of
the balance of the 1968 amendments, the
chairman of the Education Subcommit-
tee, Mr. Morse, urged that I return the
bill to the subcommittee, Mr. Morse,
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February 7, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
urged that I return the bill to the sub-
committee and that we arrange hearings
"at an early date, which would mean next
session."
With these assurances, I reluctantly
moved to strike the corps from the re-
ported bill.
In the 90th Congress, the Parliamen-
tarian ruled this was an education bill,
and sent it to our subcommittee. I agree
with that ruling and understand he
would make the same determination to-
day if called upon to do so.
Nevertheless, recognizing the need to
resolve this jurisdictional problem and to
move forward with committee hearings
and action in this session, and with the
strong assurances I have received from
both cofumAtees, I have agreed that fol-
lowing completion of consideration of
this measure by the Senate Labor and
Public Welfare Committee, I will ask that
it be referred to the Foreign Relations
Committee under a mutually satisfactory
arrangement to be made at that time. I
do so not without reservation since I con-
tinue to feel this scholarship program
was just as properly referred to the Labor
and Public Welfare Committee as was
the International Education Act of 1966.
A detailed explanation of the proposed
V.S. Foreign Service Corps appears in
my remarks for the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD of June 26, 1968, at page S. 7745.
Rather than repeat them at this time, I
ask unanimous consent that the text of
the bill as well as a section-by-section
analysis be printed in the RECORD at the
close of my statement today.
Let me emphasize, however, several
points.
This is not a Foreign Service Academy
bill. Proposals of that nature have been
made in Congress for some 25 years. Lit-
tle, if any, progress was made, and new
direction is needed.
This is not a program to train or to re-
place Foreign Service officers. There are
now about 3,387 active members in that
select group known as Foreign Service
officers, but more than 22 times that
many people-in excess of 75,000-work
for the Government in foreign countries
in fields ranging from agriculture to
engineering to labor and commerce.
The Corps is a comprehensive scholar-
ship program for institutions of higher
education throughout the United States.
Its purpose is to stimulate interest among
students in fields related to foreign rela-
tions, to increase educational opportuni-
ties in these fields, and to build and
maintain the highest caliber of compe-
tence for all employees of the Federal
Government serving abroad. In short,
the principal thrust is on making readily
accessible the best possible educational,
training, and research facilities in the
country.
At least 77 institutions in 31 States,
the District of Columbia, and Puerto
Rico offer career curricula in int6rna-
tional relations. Some 41 institutions in
21 States and the District of Columbia
have curriculums for foreign service and
diplomacy. The potential for this non-
Government educational resource is
there, if we will only recognize it and
put it to maximum use.
The U.S. Foreign Service Corps was
designed with this in mind:
First. It utilizes, rather than competes
with, the facilities and academic ex-
pertise of educational institutions, public
and private, while preserving their con-
trol' and objectiveness.
Second. It offers varied but carefully
coordinated undergraduate and gradu-
ate programs including field training for
student scholarship recipients as well as
inservice training and research.
Third. It harnesses a continual and
prepared reservoir of representative tal-
ent from diverse sectors of American life
with a variety of educational backgounds
from many colleges and universities.
Fourth. It provides access to the full
breadth of disciplines taught by the top
minds in the country.
Fifth. It maintains the desirable flexi-
bility and independence to maximize op-
portunities for charting new courses and
altering old ones in foreign affairs edu-
cation and practice.
Sixth.. It concentrates our investment
in people instead of property, avoiding
large capital outlays for buildings,
grounds, and equipment.
The bill I introduce today is identical
to S. 3700 of the last Congress with two
exceptions. Additional emphasis has
been placed on graduate schooling by
increasing the ceiling on the number of
such scholarships to 1,500, while decreas-
ing undergraduate scholarships to 3,500.
The total number of scholarships re-
mains the same. Payments for subsist-
ence have been adjusted to make them
more competitive with the general level
of payments in other educational pro-
grams.
One consideration in my decision to
withdraw the Corps from the 1968
amendments was a letter from the State
Department asking that Senate action
be deferred "until such time as the ap-
propriate comment can be provided."
Two weeks prior, July 1, 1968, the State
Department, HEW, GAO, and BOB were
asked to provide the committee with
their suggestions on the bill. As of Jan-
uary 20, 1969, none had arrived. Precious
time has been lost. Seven months should
have been ample time to read the bill,
and I am confident the new administra-
tion will act more expeditiously.
Regrettably, we do not yet have an
efficient total system for training per-
sonnel from all agencies destined for
overseas assignments. Independent ef-
forts of the many departments and
agencies cannot meet the challenge. I
want to change that.
"Forward Together" can achieve real
meaning through the U.S. Foreign Serv-
ice Corps.
Mr. President, perhaps no other event
in our lifetime will serve so well to mark
the smallness of the good earth as will
the magniflcant achievements of Apollo
VIII. The need for man to live together
in peace and understanding has been
awakened in America and around the
globe.
The United States needs to listen as
well as to act and our foreign service
employees, being our first level of gov-
ernmental contact with persons over-
S 1403
seas, need the finest possible training to
insure our ability to listen and under-
stand, and to insure our capacity to per-
suade others of our search for peace.
I ask unanimous consent that the bill
and a section-by-section analysis of the
bill be printed at this point in the REC-
ORD.
The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will
be received and appropriately referred;
and, without objection, the bill and sec-
tion-by-section analysis will be printed
in the RECORD.
The bill (S. 939) to amend the Higher
Education Act of 1965 in order to
provide for a U.S. Foreign Service
Corps, introduced by Mr. DoMINICK, was
received, read twice by its title, referred
to the Committee on Labor and Public
Welfare, by unanimous consent, and or-
dered to be printed in the RECORD, as
follows:
S.939
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
Higher Education Act of 1965 is amended
(1) by redesignating title XII and sections
1201 through 1210, and all references there-
to, as title XIII and sections 1301 through
1310, respectively, and (2) by inserting after
title XI a new title as follows:
"TITLE XII-UNITED STATES FOREIGN
SERVICE CORPS
"ESTABLISHMENT OV CORPS
"SEc. 1201. The Congress recognizes that
the world and the universe are growing
smaller in terms of time and space which
necessitates now, and will demand in the fu-
ture, constant informed contact, knowledge
and understanding among,all the peoples
of the world in diplomatic, cultural, and
commercial exchanges. The success of these
exchanges and the survival of the world may
depend upon the ability, education, train-
ing, and intelligence of the men and wom-
en charged with responsibilities relating to
the foreign relations of the United States.
To assure that there is adequate opportunity
for the young men and women of the Unit-
ed States to enter this vast field with the
best possible training of their natural abil-
ities and to advance the professional educa-
tion and training of the officers and employ-
ees of the Government currently engaged in
the field of foreign relations, there is hereby
established, as provided in the succeeding
provisions of this title, a Corps to be known
as the United States Foreign Service Corps
(hereinafter in this title referred to as the
Corps'). The Corps shall consist of all stu-
dents admitted to the Corps under section
1205, and all officers and employees of the
Government admitted to the Corps under
section 1207, who are enrolled in a program
of education, training, or research, or a course
of study, approved by the Board under sec-
tion 1204.
"DEFINITIONS
"S--c. 1202. As used in this title-
"(a) `Government' means the Government
of the United States;
"(b) 'non-Federal institution of higher
education' means an institution of higher
education which is not owned or substan-
tially controlled by the Government of the
United States;
"(c) `Board' means the Board of Trustees
of the Corps;
"(d) `department or agency' means an
executive department, a military department,
an independent establishment, or a Govern-
ment corporation as specified in chapter 1 of
title 5, United States Code;
"(e) `training month' means any month
during which a member of the Corps ad-
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S 1404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD= SENATE February 7, 1969
mitted under section 1205 is taking at least
the minimum level of credit hours In a full-
time course of study prescribed by the
Board, or is taking field training as assigned
by the Board; and
"(f) 'dependent', when used in relation to
a dependent of a member of the Corps ad-
mitted under section 1205, means an individ-
ual who qualifies as a dependent of such
member under section 152 of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1954, as amended.
"BOARD OF TRUSTEES
"SEG. 1203. (a) The management and su-
pervision of the Corps shall be vested in a
Board of Trustees. The Board shall develop
and support, as provided hereinafter, pro-
grams of education, training, and research
in the field of foreign relations designed to
prepare, or advance the qualifications of,
members of the Corps for service with the
United States in positions or programs re-
lated to such field.
"(b) The Board shall consist of the Secre-
tary of State, four educators to be appointed
by the President, two members of the United
States Senate to be appointed by the Vice
President, and two members of the House of
Representatives to be appointed by the
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Not more than one of the trustees appointed
from the Senate nor one of the trustees ap-
pointed from the House of Representatives
shall be of the same political party.
"(c) (1) The term of each member of the
Board appointed from the Senate and the
House of Representatives shall be two years.
"(2) The term of each member of the
Board appointed by the President shall be
four years; except that of the first four per-
sons appointed by the President two shall
be designated to serve for two years and two
shall be designated to serve for four years.
"(3) Members of the Board shall be eligi-
ble for reappointment.
"(d) Vacancies created by death or resig-
nation shall be filled in the same manner in
which the original appointment was made,
except that the person appointed to fill the
vacancy shall be appointed only for the un-
expired term of the trustee whom he shall
succeed.
"(e) Members of the Board shall serve
without pay; but shall be entitled to reim-
bursement for travel, subsistence, and other
necessary expenses incured in the perform-
ance of their duties.
"ESTABLISIRSENI' OF CORPS PROGRAMS
"S,sc. 1204. (a) In order to carry out the
purposes of this title, the Board is authorized
and directed to make arrangements with
qualified non-Federal institutions of higher
education providing for the admission of
qualified members of the Corps to such in-
stitutions for their enrollment in programs
operated by and at such institutions which
are designed to-
"(1) enable qualified students who are
admitted to the Corps prusuant to section
1205 to pursue full-time courses of study ap-
proved by the Board relating to the field of
foreign relations and leading to the granting
of an undergraduate or graduate degree;
"(2) enable qualified officers and employees
of the Government having duties or respon-
sibilities in the field of foreign relations who
are admitted to the Corps pursuant to sec-
tion 1207 to pursue, on a voluntary basis and
on such terms and conditions as the Board
may prescribe, professional education, train-
ing and research activities approved by the
Board relating to the field of foreign rela-
tions, including selected subjects from a gen-
eral curriculum, or to pursue full-time
courses of study approved by the Board re-
lating to the field of foreign relations and
leading to an undergraduate or graduate de-
gree; and
"(3) enable selected members of the Corps
to engage in research activties approved by
the Board relating to the field of foreign
relations. In addition, such arrangement.,
shall provide for a program of appropriate
orientation and language training by and at
such institutions for members of the fami-
lies of persons admitted to the Corps or of
officers and employees of the Government
who are not members of the Corps, but have
duties or responsibilities in the field of for-
eign relations, in anticipation of, or on ac-
count of, the assignment of such members
of the Corps or officers or employees of the
Government to a foreign country or area.
"(b) In carrying out its functions under
subsection (a), the Board shall not enter
into any arrangement with a non-Federal in-
stitution of higher education unless such
arrangement provides that such institution
will offer to members of the Corps, as a part
of its curriculum, courses of study or activi-
ties of education, training, or research in the
field of foreign relations approved by the
Board as satisfactory in order to prepare, or
advance the qualifications of, members of
the Corps for service with the United States
in positions or programs related to the field
of foreign relations.
"(c) The number of persons who may
receive instruction and training under the
various programs of the Corps shall be deter-
mined by the Board; except that not more
than three thousand five hundred students
may be admitted under section 1205 as new
members of the Corps in any academic year
for the purpose of pursuing courses of study
leading to an undergraduate degree, and not
more than fifteen hundred students may be
admitted under section 1205 as new members
of the Corps in any academic year for the
purpose of pursuing courses of study leading
to a graduate degree.
"NOMINATION AND ADMISSION OF STUDENTS
INTO CORPS
"SEC. 1205. (a) The Board shall provide for
the holding of annual competitive under-
graduate and graduate examinations to de-
termine the admission of applicants into the
Corps from among students who are nomi-
nated pursuant to subsection (c). Such ex-
aminations shall test the intellectual capaci-
ties and training of the applicant and his
aptitude for service in the field of foreign
relations. The Board shall develop such ex-
aminations in consultation with non-Federal
institutions of higher education with which
it has made arrangements under section 1204.
"(b) Applicants for the annual under-
graduate examination held by the Board shall
be citizens of the United States who are
graduates of, or attending, a public secondary
school in, or any private secondary school
accredited by, a State, or a public or private
secondary school in a foreign country which
in the judgment of the Board provides an
educational program for which it awards a
certificate of graduation generally accepted
as constituting the equivalent of that
awarded by secondary schools accredited by a
State. Applicants for the annual graduate
examination held by the Board shall be citi-
zens of the United States who are graduates
of, or attending, an institution of higher
education in the United States or of an insti-
tution of higher education in a foreign coun-
try which provides an educational program
for which it awards a degree which in the
judgment of the Board is generally accepted
as constituting the equivalent of a bachelor's
degree awarded by similar institutions in the
United States. No applicant shall be eligible
to take any such examination unless he has
first been nominated pursuant to subsec-
tion (c).
"(c) (1) A total of eight thousand four
hundred and eighteen applicants shall be
nominated each year to take the annual
competitive examinations held by the Board
as follows:
"(A) two hundred and twenty from the
United States at large as follows:
"(1) one hundred nominated by the presi-
dent,
"(ii) sixty-six nominated by the Vice
President, and
"(iii) fifty-four nominate by the Secretary
of State;
"(B) thirty from each State, fifteen nomi-
nated by each Senator from the State;
"(C) fifteen from each congressional dis-
trict, nominated by the representative from
the district;
"(D) three from each State nominated by
the Governor of the State;
"(E) seven from the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico nominated by the Resident Com-
missioner from Puerto Rico;
"(F) ten from the District of Columbia,
nominated by the Commissioner of the Dis-
trict of Columbia;
"(G) three from the Virgin Islands, ncun-
inated by the Governor of the Virgin Islands;
and
"(H) three from the Canal Zone, nomi-
nated by the Governor of the Canal Zone.
"(2) No person may be nominated under
clauses (B) through (0), Inclusive, of para-
graph (1) unless such per,