CONGRESSIONAL RECORD AND PRINT MEDIA ITEMS RE: SEIZURE OF THE USS PUEBLO BY THE NORTH KOREANS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP71B00364R000300150001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 113
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 5, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 5, 1969
• Content Type: OPEN

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E 760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks February 5, 1969
Few realize now that in 1967 West Virginia
had its best mine safety performance since
the state started keeping records 70 years
earlier.
Official figures reflected a fatality rate of
0.84 per million man hours during 1967, com-
pared to 1.13 in 1966, 1.29 in 1965, 1.22 in
1984 and 1.81 in 1963.
Even in 1968, before the thunderous blast
at Farmington, Marion County, killed or
trapped 78 miners, the state had a compara-
tively good record of 1.09 man hours. Prepara-
tion of laws and regulations to improve the
record marred by disaster is now in a fluid
state as the new administration looks at the
past to learn its lessons and looks at the
future with an eye toward taking advantage
of every new idea and every technological ad-
vancement to make the underground world
safer for miners.
During the past few weeks, before and after
Moore took office, the State Mines Depart-
ment staff, headed by Director Elmer C.
Workman, union officials and operators put
their heads together on proposed laws and
regulations that would achieve these goals:
A foolproof system of mine mapping that
would guard against another Hominy Falls
type of disaster, with the workings of one
mine located too close to another. Mapping
would be supervised by a professional engi-
neer.
More mine inspectors and higher salaries
for them.
A new definition of "return air," meaning
that after a volume of air has passed through
and ventilated all the working places on a
so-called "air-split," it shall then be desig-
nated as return air.
Haulage lights on the rear, as well as the
front, of machinery moving in the mines.
The need for a good mapping program has
received much emphasis in the general dis-
cussions about mine safety.
Among other things, the maps would show
all shafts, slopes, drifts, tunnels, entries,
rooms, crosscuts and all other excavations,
Additional information on the maps would
show:
The outline of existing and extracted pil-
lars, since designating an area "pillard" or
"mined out," without the outline of the
mined pillars, is unacceptable.
Direction of all air currents, using arrows.
Abandoned portion or portions of the mine.
The outcrop of the coal bed within the
bounds of the property assigned to the mine.
The boundary lines of the coal rights as-
signed to the mine.
The known underground working in the
same coal bed on the adjoining properties
within 1,000 feet of such mine works and
projections.
The elevations of the top and bottom of
each shaft and slope, all drifts and the bot-
tom along at least two parallel entries in
each set of main and panel entries at hori-
zontal intervals, not exceeding 200 feet.
Location of the principal streams and
bodies of water on the surface, location
of any impounded bodies of water inside
the mine, and location of all boreholes pene-
trating the coal mine, and the location of
oil and gas wells, high pressure pipe lines,
high voltage power lines, principal roads
and occupied dwellings.
One of the most significant provisions
given study for the proposed law would per-
mit any miner to examine a company mine
map "if he has reason to believe that a work-
ing place is in the proximity to other work-
ings that may contain impounded water or
noxious gases."
Mine Director Workman made this simple
but profound remark about safety in a coal
mine:
"A bad top never killed anybody."
This simply means, he explained, that if a
miner is informed that a top is bad, he
doesn't get under it. This rule permeates all
the rules of safety in a coal mine.
Workman believes it's impossible to at-
tain perfection in mine safety because of
the element of human error. He estimated
that at least 90 percent of all fatalities in
coal mines can be attributed to human error.
WHY THE SURPRISE AT "PUEBLO"
SEIZURE?
HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 4, 1969
Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, while it
will be some time before we get all the
facts surrounding the seizure of the
U.S.S. Pueblo, the early reports front
the naval court of inquiry have pro-
duced the surprising revelation that ap-
parently no one in the naval chain of
command had any idea that the ship
might possibly be attacked or seized.
As pointed out in an article by Mr.
Richard Halloran appearing in the Sun-
day, February 2, edition of the Wash-
ington Post, the natural question arises
as to?
"What made everyone so sure the
North Koreans would not try something
so audacious as capturing that ship?"
The article raises some very signifi-
cant and pointed questions and I insert
it in the RECORD at this point:
Wily THE SURPRISE AT "PI7EBLO" SEIZURE?
(By Richard Halloran)
The question nobody seems to have asked
yet in the Pueblo inquiry is: What made
everyone so sure the North Koreans would
not try something so audacious as capturing
that ship?
Cmdr. Lloyd Bucher, captain of the ship,
testified in answer to a question from the
board of inquiry: "No, sir, I never considered
I would ever be attacked on this mission.
It never occurred to me . . . it never oc-
curred to me that I would ever be put in
the position I found myself in that after-
noon."
Capt. Thomas Dwyer, in charge of naval
Intelligence in Japan at the time of the
Pueblo's capture, testified in closed session
that he did not even know the North Ko-
reans had publicly warned the United
States against such missions.
Rear Adm. Frank L. Johnson, the Navy
commander in Japan at that time, testi-
fied that such a seizure was considered
"highly Improbable." He defined this as, "in
effect, there is almost no chance of this hap-
pening."
"The feasibility of this type of operation,"
Johnson said of the Pueblo's mission, "Is
dependent to a large degree on the safety
provided by the time-honored recognition
of the freedom of the seas. This has gone
on for over 150 years. No public vessel had
been seized in all that time. This was a very
excellent precedent on which to base the
safety of any one individual ship."
Yet in June, 1967, only seven months ear-
lier, Israeli -aircraft and patrol boats strafed
and torpedoed the USS Liberty, a ship sim-
ilar to the Pueblo on a similar mission on
the high seas in the Mediterranean.
That was the case of a friendly nation at-
tacking an American ship and by accident.
Did it not occur to anyone that a hostile
nation might do so and deliberately?
There was no attempt to capture the
Liberty but the distinction between an at-
tack and a seizure is surely only one of
minor degree. IR military terms, capture Is
the logical objective of attack.
Consider the evidence of North Korean
hostility toward the United States in the fol-
lowing facts, all obtained from overt, pub-
lic sources:
On Nov. 2, 1966, the day President Johnson
left Seoul after a state visit, the North
Koreans ambushed and killed six American
and one South Korean soldier in the southern
portion of the demilitarized zone that divides
Korea.
That was the first incident in a marked
upsurge of flagrant violations of the Korean
armistice and clearly aggressive actions by
the North Koreans.
During 1967, the North Koreans killed 131
American and South Korean soldiers and
wounded 294 more in attacks along and be-
low the DMZ. There were a total of 445 fire-
fights along the DMZ, plus more in the South
Korean interior.
Moreover, two American camps were shot
up. There were artillery exchanges and at
least one small tank battle. Two railroad
trains were sabotaged.
At sea, numerous South Korean fishing
vessels were captured. A South Korean patrol
boat was blown out of the water by North
Korean ships similar to those that attacked
the Pueblo. There were other exchanges of
fire inside and outside territorial waters,
north and south of an imaginary extension
of the DMZ.
In December, 1967, North Korean Premier
Kim Il-sung reiterated in the clearest terms
the North Korean intention to reunify all of
Korea under Communist domination by force
of arms. It was the third time that he per-
sonally had done so and each time he em-
phasized that American forces were the
target of priority.
On Jan. 6, 1968, five days before Pueblo
left Japan, and again on Jan. 11, the day the
ship sailed, North Korean broadcasts warned
against spy ships off their coast and said
they were determined to take counter
measures.
Most flagrant of all, the North Koreans
sent 31 men into Seoul in an attempt to
assassinate South Korean President Park
Chung Hee. This blatant evidence of North
Korean belligerence occurred on the night of
Jan. 21?a full 36 hours before the Pueblo
was seized. It would be interesting to know
whether Bucher had been apprised of it.
He may not have been for all three experi-
enced naval officers testified that, in. effect,
they had no idea the North Koreans were in
a threatening mood and would violate the
freedom of the high seas, just as they had
violated so much on land and at sea before.
Nor have the five admirals on the board
of inquiry delved deeply into this point. Rear
Adm. Marshall W. White asked Adm. Johnson
whether the DMZ intrusions had not made
him think the same thing might happen at
sea?"a so-called crossing of the DMZ in the
water."
Johnson replied that the chances were so
remote "a bookmaker would give you such
fantastic odds that even someone as rich as
Howard Hughes could not pay off on it."
No one could have predicted, of course,
exactly what the North Koreans might do,
any more than any other event can be pre-
dicted. Gen. Charles H. Bonesteel III, the
commander of American forces in South
Korea and a perceptive student of his North
Korean adversaries, has often called Kim
Il-sung a "meglomaniac" and said he would
never try to guess what Kim would do next.
One might also have been surprised at
the audacity of the North Korean seizure of
the Pueblo. But little could have been more
audacious for North Korea than to send
armed soldiers into South Korea to assas-
sinate the President.
But the basic question remains, in light of
all the other evidence: What made everyone
so sure that the North Koreans would not
try it?
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rebructry 5, 19.69 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks E 759
18 1839. Black Heath was a tearful harbiLger
ot'things to come, for the exnjesion, like nost
since, was unimaginably violent, crushini, or
aSphyxiating all within the earth.
Two men, somehow protected by a ervice
near the mine mouth, survived, but 53 mIners
vvere killed. According to Tatman, no rescue
e orts were made.
is is not surprising, forlt is hard to aet
hew they could have helped. l!Afterdamp,' as
In most mine explosions, leigred most ot ".he
men, and would certainly ha v killed anyrss-
cue worker foolish enough t0enter the nine
prior to ventilation.
,
As it is known?and has be known eili .ee
at least 1839?that combination of carton
menoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and otl ter
gases occurring after such blaats are refry( ri-
sible for most deaths in mine explosions, the
concerned layman wonders , why portalde
breathing apparatus, usable in a deatte-
dealing atmosphere, has not ,?-been develop ed
by the coal industry, the 1:74-1. governineat,
or some imaginative inventor., ,
It has been developed, of course, for maa-
beis of mine-rescue teams, but such de:Vices
are far too bulky to be practicable for indr-
vidiral miners on a workaday basis. A crash
program for the development of such devic?as
seems long overdue. _ I
Even if they made breathing possible only
for a short time they could man the diger-
enc , in many cases, betweenZfe and deata.
coal miners do have available, it should Ire
no d, a "self-rescue" devick_worn on the
be11 that can help a miner te,,hreathe =dal:
adv rse conditions for 30 minutes. It is tn.:-
less, however, in an atmospbere devoid, of
oxygen, as a mine atmosphete generally s
,
aft a blast. -
e first rescue efforts aftera mine explc-
sio , so far aS is known, ocisped on Anz.
14, 8'71, in a Pittston, Pa., anInracite nal,na.
The efforts, however, were relatively minimal
and quite fruitless, althougn__ the rescuere
brenight 17 lifeless bodies to the surface.,
A 1 mine inspector and five etr six helpeis
were more successful on Oct 27, 1884? at
UniOntown, Pa., where 14 man were killec...
Some miners, overcome with atterdamp, wee a
taken outside the mine where they recoverec.
But mine-rescue teams coulUo little after
mine explosions without some ?method of IN -
reaming alive in the afterdaniu. This mean:
some sort of self-eantained breathing ap -
paratus in most cases, for mans so-called
masks are useless in an atrkosphere the;
can't support life.
Stich self-contained breathing apparatit
for Mine use was introduced th the UMW.
stat 4s as early as 1905, but wascalow in bei,
perfc ted. When it failed to work in ar.
atm sphere without oxygen theIntsked wage_
wearing it quite literally earned his title;
he departed this life.
From 1908 to the present, 11 is recorded
that 35 mine-rescue men, weadfig, such ap-
pars, lost their lives. Alm.oit two thirds
of these accidents occurred #cm 1908 to
1921, only one since 1940.
The dangers Of mine-rescue efforts in the
old days are underlined by the experience Of
a rescue party of 11 men on March 19, 1906.
after a West Virginia explosion. The partly
went into a mine where 13 men had perished
the day before, and their open-flame carbide
lamp sr set off another explosion, killing all
11 weuld-be rescuers.
Themes A. Edison's electric mine lam
first placed in service on a limited basis 1
West Virginia in 1915, helped to preven
later repetitions of this tragedy.
Today, mine inspectors are reluctant
risk the lives of their men to attempt th
rescu of men who may already be dead. /
Is dose, but on a volunteer basis and oni
after onsidering all the facts in each in
dividu 1 case.
Too often, such masked angel., can d
little except retrieve bodies and wake pre
liminary reports on the nature and exten
of the blast. For major explosions in coal
mines are deadly. The initial blast may shake
the earth and shatter men in the process,
but the after effects of the explosion, as be-
fore noted, may be even more lethal.
For the blast produces gases, including
carbon monoxide, that quickly expunge life.
Mine rescue workers with their breathing
devices may survive in this afterdamp, as the
miners call it, but survival for long without
such gear is impossible.
At Hominy Falls, W. Va., in May, 1968,
21 of 25 trapped m:.ners were saved after
up to 10 days entombment, but methane and
coal-dust explosions were not involved. Flood
waters from ancien; diggings threatened
these men, and the four victims drowned.
Sometimes, as happened most recently at
Humphrey No. 7 mine near Morgantown,
coalminers can barricade themselves against
smoke and gases, but a great deal of luck
-
is involved, particularly is being able-to get
sufficient fresh air to remain aliye until help
arrives. And no explosion wee' involved at
Humphrey, a fact of great significance.
Until some way is found to table trapped
miners to breathe in a:a explosi n-created at-
mosphere, the best-intentional lnasked angel
will often be of little use, and entombed
miners will die as surely as A they were
suddenly thrust under 100 feet ?o water.
f34,
It is hard to believe, but from 19 through
1910, 3,316 coal miners were kine \ at work
in 111, major mining 1.1sasters. This dismal,
horrible record led to the creation, in 1910,
within the Dept. of Interior, of the United
States Bureau of Mines "... to make diligent
investigation of the methods of mining, es-
pecially in relation to the safety of miners,
and the appliances best adapted to, prevent
accidents...."
It seemed hardly a moment too soon, yet
the powers of the new bureau seemed un-
impressive. Not until 1941, if my source of
information is correct, did federal inspectors
have the right to enter coal-mines.
West Virginia did its share toward the crea-
tion of the U.S. Bureau of Mines with the
great butchery at Monogah on Dec. 6, 1907,
when at least 361 miners (no one knows, for
sure, the total) were killed in an explosion
that holds the U.S. records for high score in
coal mining's death's-head Olympics.
But that is another story. Yet the story of
the National Mine Rescue Assn. parallels it,
in that Welch Post No. 1 at Gary was formed
after the Bartley explosion in McDowell
County on Jan. 10, 1940, killed 91 men.
It appears to be a lamentable fact that
mine-safety progress occurs only after public
apathy is shocked into awareness by human
sacrifice.
In the early days of :1940, William Morris,
E. L. Chatfield, Percy and Jim Gille, Glenn
Bearden and Jack Pero, all of Welch, tried to
get an NMRA charter, but not enough people
were interested, in the Welch area far a
charter to be granted.
But not long after the Bartley "plosion
Welch Post No. 1 was organized, with 61
charter members. The main organizer, Fred
J. Bailey, Was named president.
Aside from the parent -organization in
Pittsburgh, "Mere are -"N MRA posts in only
three states: Kentucky, Illinois, and West
Virginia. Memberships in all of them is
largely composed of safety directors of coal
companies, mine lnspectcrs, safety inspectors,
and mine rescue teams.
There are varied degrees of membership,
depending upon the nature and duration of
a member's service. In West Virginia, NMRA
now has 350 members and 57 life members.
Most of the present high-ranking officials
of the W. Va. Dept. of Mines are life members
of NMRA, Elmer Workman, current director
of the Dept. of Mines (awaiting replacement
by a Republican), is such a life member, as
is his safety director, Robert J. Marrs,
In West Virginia, mine-rescue stations are
maintained dually by the Dept. of Mines and
coal companies, 27 stations for each of them.
Workman recently explained how such sta-
tions work in his department:
"We have proper equipraent," he said,
"stored at each of these 27 stations, and we
train mine-rescue men there. Such men are
paid seven dollars each time they come out
for class, but for actual rescue work are paid
top wages?$33 a day, plus overtime?accord-
ing to the UMW scale.
"Last year, which was about average, we
trained 322 mine-rescue men in 35 classes,
and 605 men in accidents and their preven-
tion. In the 27 company-owned rescue sta-
tions, they employ 224 men to perform sim-
ilar training functions."
The West Virginia Dept. of Mines, by the
way, was created long before its federal
counterpart. Mine inspection began in West
_Virginia, under Oscar A. Veazey, in Septem-
ber, 183. the year the department was cre-
ated.
Every year, mine-rescue teams, both state
and company trained, from all over West
Virginia hold competions among themselves.
Similar national competitions, featuring first
aid and mine rescue, are held in alternate
years in one of the coal producing states,
and area meets are also held in many min-
ing centers to keep in practice.
Much of the training of mine-rescue teams
involves the use of breathing equipment?
masks of one sort or another that enable
men to live in polluted or oxygenless atmos-
pheres. Obviously, men using such equip-
ment must know it thoroughly, for their
lives depend upon it.
In the early years of mine rescue, such
equipment came largely from Germany and
England. But it has been U.S. produced for
many years and consists of two basic types:
,masks designed for use in an atmosphere
With enough oxygen to maintain life, and
self-contained breathing apparatus that has
Its own oxygen supply and may be used in
an atmosphere without oxygen, provided no
corrosive elements are present.
Mine-rescue men must have yearly physi-
cal examinations, must have no major physi-
cal difficulties involving the heart or lungs,
and must be no more than 50 years of age.
Psychologically, they must be stable enough
to Withstand what can be, in emergencies,
extremely trying circumstances.
The masked angels are important men
when needed, little thought at, at least by
the general public when all is going well in
the coal-mining industry.
OUR RESPONSIBILITY
(By John G. Morgan)
"It is difficult for me to understand how
a state which is a prime producer of soft
coal should not also be the leader among
states in the adoption of modern safety laws."
So declared Gov. Arch A. Moore Jr. in his
first message to the West Virginia Legislature.
"I think we of the State of West Virginia
have an extraordinary responsibility in this
area," Moore added. He further pledged that
he will offer proposals "that hopefully, and
in a novel way, will make our state a leader
in the field of coal mine safety.'
The Governor announced his support of
legislation to make certain that miners af-
flicted with "black lung" disease can receive
compensation under state laws.
As essential as coal mining is to the eco-
nomics of the state, he said "it is also in-
cumbent upon us to provide for the health
of those now engaged in that vital industry."
Moore thus set the tone of the new admin-
istration in the field of coal mine safety.
safety. This part of his speech was practi-
cally a full notice that he will urge stronger
laws and regulations to preserve life and limb
in the mines.
The Governor could scarcely do less in the
wake of mine disasters last year at Hominy
Falls and Farmington?disasters which
spoiled previous excellent safety records.
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February 4, 1969 CONGRESSIONA ORD?Extensions of Remarks E 727
held November 23 at St. Paul's Church.
Lt. Gen. Lewis B. Hershey was the fea-
tured speaker with Mayor A. Victor Gen-
tilini present, representing the commu-
nity and neighborhood commissioner
Robert C. Swendiman, representing the
Scouting movement.
In these days of scare headlines and
much TV news coverage of the hippie
element and of youths involved in law-
lessness and tumult, it is refreshing in-
deed to be able to add a brief "well done."
It is to be hoped that these young men
who have done well will continue in their-
devotion to the Scouting ideals of serv-
ice to community, State, and Nation
under God.
ON RUNNING A COLLEGE
HON. TOM BEVILL
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 4, 1969 -
Mr. BEVILL. Mr. Speaker, Dr. Harry
Philpott, president of Auburn Univer-
sity, has taken, in my opinion, a correct
and courageous position with respect to
allowing Yale Chaplain William Sloane
Coffin speak on the Auburn campus. In
answer to a Federal court summons re-
garding a suit asking the court to over-
turn Dr. Philpott's veto of an invitation
by the Human Rights Forum to Coffin
to speak at Auburn, Dr. Philpott an-
swered:
I shall continue to fight to the limit of my
resources.
Dr. Philpott said he felt educators
should be a "little more knowledgeable"
in the field of education than were stu-
dents.
Dr. Philpott has said some things that
needed saying for some time now. I join
with all reasonable Alabamians and
Americans in supporting Dr. Philpott in
this effort.
At this time, Mr. Speaker, I place in
the Extensions of Remarks of the CON-
GRESSIONAL RECORD an editorial pub-
lished in the Sand Mountain Reporter,
which offers a timely insight into the
problem and into Dr. Philpott's position:
ON RUNNING A COLLEGE
We applaud the statements made this week
by Auburn University President Dr. Harry
Philpott in answer to a Federal court sum-
mons for Feb. 3 regarding a suit seeking to
allow controversial Yale Chaplain William
Sloane Coffin to speak on the Auburn campus
next month.
An Auburn group filed the suit asking the
court to overturn Philpott's veto of an invi-
tation issued by the Human Rights Forum
to Coffin to speak on the Auburn campus on
Feb. 7.
The university president said the challeng-
ing group, representing the Human Rights
Forum, did not think he had the right to
decide who would speak on the campus.
"I think I do and I shall continue to fight
to the limits of my resources," he said.
Philpott said he felt educators should be
a "little more knowledgeable" in the field of
education than were students.
U.S. District Judge Frank M. Johnson Jr.
set the hearing on a suit asking for a pre-
liminary injunction to be followed by a per-
manent injunction on grounds the "oral
Philpott rule" was unconstitutional.
"The reputation of the human rights
forum would be badly damaged should the
speech not be allowed to proceed as planned,"
the complaint said.
The plaintiffs told the court they thought
Philpott's veto was not in keeping with other
campus speakers, including former Gov.
George C. Wallace; his late wife, Gov. Lur-
leen B. Wallace; civil rights figure Whitney
M. Young, and others. The suit noted the
speakers had represented both conservative
and liberal views.
Coffin was convicted in a federal court in
New York state of encouraging draft evasion
and has appealed the conviction to a U.S.
circuit court of appeals. "
It is ironic that this campus group goes
to the Federal court system to try to gain
its objective of encouraging and counseling
with a man who advocates the violation of
the laws of this land, and who?in effect?
would seek to threaten the security Rnd well-
being of the very democratic process which
provides human rights in a degree never be-
fore enjoyed by any society.
And it is most encouraging to see in this
Instance a university president who stands
his ground and tells it like it is?that a qual-
ified and seasoned and trained university
president, guided by a blue ribbon board of
trustees, knows more about how to run the
affairs of a university than does a group of
university students. We would have avoided
some of the tragic campus circumstances
which have erupted across this country if
more university administrators had taken
such a firm stand a long time ago.
THE SCISSORED "ig1la,0" RECORD
HON. HARRY F. BYRD, JR.
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, February 4, 1969
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
I ask unanimous consent to have printed
in the Extensions of Remarks an edi-
torial entitled "The Scissored Pueblo
Record," published in the Norfolk
Ledger-Star of January 31, 1969.
William H. Fitzpatrick is editor of the
Ledger-Star, and George J. Hebert is
editor of the editorial page.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE SCISSORED "PTJEBLO" RECORD
In an expression of his concern over the
Pueblo affair, Virginia's Senator Harry Byrd
has also cited an incidental example of bu-
reaucratic arrogance in connection with the
case which disturbed him greatly.
Inasmuch as the court of inquiry now
under way is likely to be only the beginning
of a much wider examination of the ferret
ship's capture, it becomes important to re-
view what was said by important officials
immediately after the seizure.
But in going to the files of the Senate
Armed Services Committee to look at testi-
mony which the committee received last
February 1 from Defense Secretary McNamara
and from General Wheeler, chairman of the
Joint Chiefs, Senator Byrd found something
very strange indeed.
One of the questions the Senator had put
to Mr. McNamara, along with the latter's
answer, had been completely clipped out of
the report.
Senator Byrd, while questioning certain
of the Pentagon's specific censorship judg-
ments, freely acknowledges the need to pre-
vent some items of testimony from getting
into the news accounts. And this is usually
accomplished, he says, by red marks which
the Defense censors put beside those por-
tions of a report which are not to be made
public after a closed-door hearing.
But cutting the matter from the report
entirely and leaving such a Pentagon-
doctored file as the committee's permanent
record of crucial testimony? The Senator's
angry comment on this was that "nothing
can justify keeping this information from
the review of the Congressional committee
charged with that responsibility."
The Senator's complaint is fully justified.
From his recollection of the testimony, he
seems to believe that what was cut could
have an important bearing now on the total
assessment of the Pueblo fiasco. But even if
not, the cutting of the report was a danger-
ous assumption of authority.
Senator Byrd is entirely right in calling the
Pentagon's hand on it, and the censors ought
to be put on full notice that any such tam-
pering with the records will not be tolerated.
EARLY RETIREMENT
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 4, 1969
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, over the
years our Committee on Post Office and
Civil Service has worked to develop a
reasonable and up-to-date retirement
program for our Federal employees. It is
not perfect, and, of course, there will
always be differences of opinion on de-
tails of retirement rules and benefits.
But I believe it is basically a sound
system.
Joseph Young, the very able Federal
columnist in the Washington, D.C., Eve-
ning Star, had an interesting article the
other day on the familiar subject of
early retirement:
TALK OF EARLY RETIREMENT WAS MERELY
CONVERSATION
(By Joseph Young)
When I first started covering the govern-
ment beat in the good old days of 1945, one of
the first government career (3ffic1als I met was
a chap named Farthington.
Farthington was a trim, youthful 46,
bright-eyed, with black hair and a splendid
mustache.
He was most helpful in furnishing us with
good news leads and we remarked apprecia-
tively that we hoped we would enjoy a long
and pleasant association with him.
"I'm afraid not," he said. "As soon as I can
I'm going to retire."
We expressed surprise, since he was so
young.
"Why shouldn't I retire?" he asked, warm-
ing up to what apparently was his favorite
subject.
"I don't want to hang around until they
force me to retire at the mandatory age of
70, feeble and no good to anyone," he said.
"No, sir ! I want to get out and enjoy life
while I'm still young."
We wished him luck and asked when he
thought he might take the plunge.
"Well, I'm angling for an involuntary sepa-
ration so I can get out and get my retire-
ment annuity at the age of 50," he replied.
When he reached the age of 50 and still
remained on the job, we expressed mild sur-
prise that he was still there.
"Well, there's a government pay raise corn-
ing up this year, and that will boost my high-
five-year average salary on which my annuity
will be based," Farthington said. "So I'll wait
another year."
The next year and another five years came
and went and Farthington was still around,
and we found the subject of his projected
retirement too delicate to mention.
But when Congress was considering the
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E 728 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Extensions of Remarks February 4, 1969
bill to allow employes to retire on frill annui-
ties at age 55 after 30 years' service, 1'2 rthing-
ton brought up the subject himself,
'Once this bill becomes law, I'll ge'; out of
here so fast that it will make yes r head
swim," he said, rubbing lais hands. "Ah, the
life of leisure?Florida, fishing, e'-1 mining,
afternoon naps."
Congress enacted the bill into 1w but
Farthington remained at Ills desk.
"I understand Congress is going to liberal-
ize the computation of annuities, so I might
as well stick around another year," he ex-
plained. "It won't hurt TOO and will be well
worth it."
The computation factors were lib! ralized.
But?you guessed it?Farthington runained
on the job.
Even the yea' when employees w'e-e given
an 8 percent bonus on retiring, Fart fington
stayed on.
"With the new pay comparability pay law,
our pay raises the next few years will be fan-
tastic and will raise my annuity ,remen-
dously when I retire," he rationalit
As he spoke, we noticed for the fi-st time
that his once jet-black hair was pay and
his mustache was straggly.
And so it went year after year la! ctil last
week, when we received a call front him.
"Can you come over and see ie?" he
asked in a quavering voice. We said we'd be
right over, feeling rather guilty that we
hadn't called on him in. several yea-s.
On arriving at his office, our first impres-
sion was that a stranger was seatec at his
desk. Certainly, this white-haired tom with
the palsied hands and wrinkled fac,1 was a
far cry from our friend Farthingtc n. But,
alas, it was he.
"Help me, help me!" he cried.
"How." we asked. "What is the matter?"
"I turned 70 yesterday and they're forcing
me to retire," he shouted wildly.
"But I don't want to go?I'm, still in
my prime and there's another pay rai te com-
ing up. Can't you use your influene, to get
me an exception from the 70-year Mandatory
retirement age?"
As we started to reply, two burly General
Services Administration guards walled into
the office unannounced. Approaching 5'arth-
ington, one of them said, "All right, Pop, this
is it. They need your office and you'll have
to leave."
"I won't go!" Farthington shouted.
"Then you leave us no alteranti, e," the
other guard said, hoisting Farthingtm over
his shoulder like a sack of flour and carry-
ing him struggling from the room.
From down the hall, we heard kiqthing-
ton's piteous wail: "Help me, Pm to! young
to retire. Help me, I'm too young. .
WEAPONS SYSTEMS: A STORY OP
FAILURE
HON. STROM THURMOND
OF SOUTH CAROLINA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED HTATES
Tuesday, February 4, 196,S
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. Presidi,nt, an
article entitled "Weapons System: A
Story of Failure," published in thc Janu-
ary 26, 1969, Sunday Issue of the Wash-
ington Post, affirms the tragic hiE.tory of
the billions of dollars wasted in the re-
search and development program in
weapons systems. The article Makes a
distasteful case for the billion S wasted
through the lack or quality control.
Although there are some who would use
any pretext to abandon our research and
development of new weapons systems,
the obvious conclu.siGn should be that
Improvements in the control of develop-
ments are of the highest priority,
Mr. President, there is overwhelming
evidence that our R. & D. procedures and
methods for developing and procuring
effective weapons systems needs an over-
haul. It has been emphasized by experts
that the DOD must streamline its R. & D.
program. This article provides more
evidence.
Mr. President, I quote from the news-
paper article, written by Mr. Bernard/D.
Nossiter, which apparently is a rev' w of
a classified document prepared ba key
Government official:
The Paper first; examined 13 m - or aircraft
and missile programs, all with "sophisti-
cated" electronic systems, bully for the Air
Force and the Navy beginning in 1955, at a
cost of $40 billion.
Of the 13, only four costing 5 billion could
be relied upon to perform af more than 75
per cent of their specification
Mr. President, this is a rious state of
affairs. It is no wonder t e Soviets are
closing the weapons gap.''hese glaring
deficiencies in our R. & D. program make
it easy for them. It is my fiin hope that
the new administration, wit the advice
and consent of this distingulhed body,
will be able to correct the complex
problems and produce effectivk weapons
for the billions spent.
article be printed in the Exten ions of
I ask unanimous consent khat the
Remarks. %
There being no objection, the?article
was ordered to be printed in the ECORD,
as follows: - 1
1
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, J4n, 26,
1969] t
WEAPONS SYSTEMS: A STORY OF FAILbRE
<
(By Bernard D. Nossiter) 1
1
The complex electronic gadgetry at' the
heart of new warplanes and missiles ge er-
ally works only a fraction of the time ..ti at
its builders had promised.
The performance of the multi-billilan-
dollar weapons systems started in the 1.150s
was bad; those of the 1960s are worse. i
The Pentagon appears to be giving he
highest profits to the poorer performers ,in
the aerospace industry. i
These are the conclusions of an abstr se
41-page paper now circulating in Gove41 -
ment and academic circles. The documenti a
copy of which has been made available /to
The Washington Post, is believed to be tae
first systematic effort to measure how will
or ill the Pentagon's expensive weapons pir-
form.
Its author is a key Government offic 1
with access to secret data and responsibll
for examining the costs of the Pentago
complex ventures. He and his agency can
be identified hers.
His paper, entitled "Improving the Acq
sition Process for High Risk Military Elic-
tronics Systems," aims at bringing down he
costs and bettering the dismal performajice
of Weapons. It does not discuss a question
that might occur to others: if these wea lab
behave so badly, why is the Money b ing
spent at all?
For security reasons, many of the p anes
and missiles examined are not identifl d by
name. i
The paper first examined 13 majornd missile programs, all with " phisti-
rcraft
i
and missile
electronic systems, built for' the Air
Force and the Navy beginning in 1955, at a
cost of $40 billion.
Of the 13, only four, costing $5 billion,
could be relied upon to perform at more than
75 per cent of their specifications. Five
others, costing $13 billion, were rated as
"poor" performers, breaking down 25 per cent
more often than promised or worse. Two
more systems, costing $10 billion, were
dropped within three years because of "low
reliability." The last two, the B-70 *amber
and the Skybolt rnistile, worked so badly they
were canceled outright after an outlay of
$2 billion,
LOSES FURTHER LUSTER
-*Kie paper sums up: "Less than 40 per
cent of the effort produced systems with ac-
ceptable electronic performance?an unin-
spiring record that losse further luster when
cost overruns and schedule delays are also
evaluated."
The paper measures "reliability" in thit
context: The electronic core of a modern
plane or missile consists essentially of three
devices. One is a computer that Is supposed
to improve the navigation and automatically
control the first of the vehicle's weapons and
explosives. Another it a radar that spots
enemy planes and targets. The third is a
gyro-scope that keeps the plane or missile on
a steady course.
When the Pentagon buys a new gadget,
its contract with the aerospace company calls
for a specific "mean time between failure of
the electronic system." In lay language, this
iS the average number of continuous hours
that the systems will work.
In a hypothetical contract for a new jet
bomber, Universal Avionics will sell the Air
Force on its new device by promising that
the three crucial electronic elements will
operate continuously for at least 50 hours
without a breakdown, In the reliability
measures used in the paper described here,
the plane is said to meet 100 per cent of the
performance standarclis, if, in fact, its gadg-
etry did run 50 consecutive hours. However,
if a key element breaks down every twelve
and a half hours, it gets a rating of 25 per
cent; every 25 hours, 50 per cent and so on.
Should a system operate with a breakdown
interval of 62.5 hours?a phenomenon that
happens rarely?its reliability is rated at 125
percent.
TEST FOR THE PILOT
Quite obviously, the more frequent the
breakdown, the more the pilot of a plane
has to rely on his wit and imagination to
navigate, find targets and fly a steady course.
Over-frequent breakdowns in a missile can
render it worthless as an instrument of
destruction..
Curiously enough, as the paper demon-
strates, the Pentagon and the aerospace in-
dustry apparently learned little * * * the
systems of the 1960s are even worse.
The document first looks at the perform-
ance record of the electronic systems in 12
important programs begun in the 1950s. All
but four missiles can be identified by name
without breaching security.
Of the 12, only five perform up to stand-
ard or better; one breaks down 25 per cent
more frequently than promised; four fail
twice as often and two break down. four times
as frequently as the specifications allow.
The document discusses some of the good
and bad performers in this group. It observes
that the F-102, the Delta wing interceptor
for the Air Defense Command, was bedevilled
by an unsatisfactory fire control system. Its
first had to be replaced; the next was also
unsatisfactory, and an extensive two-year
program to modify the device was then
undertaken.
SIDEWINDER DID WELL
In contrast, the Sidewinder, a heat sens-
ing missile, performed very well. The study
attributes this to the fact that the missile
was developed in a leisurely fashion, with-
out a "crash" schedule, and that several con-
tractors were brought in to compete for key
components.
The paper next examines eleven principal
systems of the 1950s. These cannot be iden-
tified beyond a letter designation.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes, indeed.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. STENNIS. I thank the leader.
TRIBUTE TO ALAN BOYD, FORMER
SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION
Mr. FELL. Mr. President, I am con-
cerned at the comments and criticisms
that have arisen concerning former Sec-
retary of Transportation Alan Boyd.
In the years that we worked together
on seeking to develop a high speed ground
transportation system in the densely pop-
ulated northeast corridor between here
and Boston, I found Mr. Boyd a man of
complete probity and integrity.
In my experience, his whole concern
was always with the public weal and gen-
eral good. In fact, I know of few men
whom I would consider more public-
service minded or more honorable than
Alan Boyd, and wish to express this view
at this time on the floor of the Senate.
In this regard, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have placed in the RECORD a copy
of a column in the Evening Star of Jan-
uary 30, by Charles Bartlett, a wise, prob-
ing and Pulitzer Prize winning reporter.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the REC-
ORD, as follows:
BOYD'S INTEGRITY, SERVICE TO PUBLIC DEFENDED
(By Charles Bartlett)
The suggestion of murky dealings in the
employment of the first secretary of trans-
portation, Alan S. Boyd, by the Illinois Cen-
tral Railroad is a cruel distortion of the
spirit in which Boyd labored to launch his
new department.
The coincidence between Boyd's employ-
ment as president of the railroad and his
department's grant of a $25 million subsidy
for the Illinois Central's commuter opera-
tions was blatant enough to stir suspicions.
But the very blatancy of the coincidence
should equally at-test its innocence.
Certainly if Boyd, an administrator who
suffered many wounds for his lack of defer-
ence to commercial pressures, had been bent
on playing a cozy game with his prospective
employer, he would have taken pains to
avoid the incriminating sequence between
the grant and his employment, No conniver
would risk anything so obvious.
The facts are that the grant was handled
routinely by Paul Sutton the administrator
of the Urban Mass Transportation program.
Grants totaling $72 million had already been
made under new legislative authority to five
railroads that serve New York City. Illinois
Centrars turn came up in December because
a commuter system in another city, for
which a larger grant was earmarked, had been
hit with labor trouble.
Boyd's personal negotiations with the Illi-
nois Central are said to have begun in mid-
December. On about Dec. 20, he returned
to Washington and told his undersecretary,
John E. Robson, that he wanted to have
nothing to do with the Illinois Central ap-
plication.
He would have protected himself better if
he had taken more formal precautions. But
the grant process was so routine to the op-
erations of the department and so divorced
from the secretary's area of direct involve-
ment that he presumably felt he had done
all that was necessary.
Boyd's attitude was conditioned by the
quality of his performance in many intricate
areas of the government's relations with in-
duttry. As chairman of the Civil Aeronautics
Board for four years, undersecretary of com-
merce for 18 months, and finally secretary
of transportation, he established himself
with the public as well as with his close as-
sociates as a public official of instinctive in-
tegrity.
The scars which he bear's from his Wash-
ington experiences are scars suffered in
battles to assert the public's interest over
private selfishness. lie challenged the mari-
time industry's claim upon a huge annual
subsidy. He fought to impose a user tax on
private aircraft owners who pay less than
five percent of what their operations cost to
the government. He struggled to impose so-
cial concerns upon the highway builders. He
pushed an unpopular railroad safety bill.
The most lamentable consequence of this
cloud of suspicion, apart from its personal
damage to Boyd, will be its tendency to ob-
scure the charter which he left this vital new
department. His mandate was that trans-
portation policies should be considered in
the broadest terms of public interest instead
of in the parochial terms which guide com-
peting segments of the industry.
This concept is important in a secretary
of transportation because it affects his re-
sponse to the problems like noise, disloca-
tion, and inconvenience which are inevitable
byproducts of extending mobility to large
and crowded populations. Boyd was diligent
to consider the citizen who wants to stay at
home in peace and privacy as well as the
traveler.
The obscuring of this record it particularly
serious at a time when his successor, John
Volpe, may be less wedded to this broad con-
cept. Much will be lost if the new adminis-
tration diverts the influence of the depart-
ment to a narrow concern with the problems
of the companies which supply the trans-
portation and build the highways.
It it worth noting that while the Illinois
Central grant was approved during Boyd's
tenure, the contract was not signed and the
matter was left open to review by Volpe. He
is studying the papers and his readiness to
clarify or compound the ambiguity will be a
clue to the spirit in which he has taken
power.
NOMINATION OF RUSSELL TRAIN
TO BE UNDER SECRETARY OF
THE DEPARTMENT OF THE IN-
TERIOR
Mr. FELL. Mr. President, I rise to en-
thusiastically support the nomination of
Russell Train to be Under Secretary of
the Department of Interior.
I have known, liked, and admired Rus-
sell Train for many years. He has a rare
ability of being able to combine the
qualities of integrity with political
sagacity, of being able to comprehend
the heat of people's emotions, while at
the same time being able to keep his own
cool.
His whole background has been spent
in public service or supporting the in-
terests of the general community. Ac-
tually, he has served in all three branches
of our Government. In the legislative
branch, he was an attorney on the staff
of the Joint Committee on Internal Rev-
enue Taxation for 4 years; then clerk
of the House Ways and Means Commit-
tee in the 83d Congress, and its minority
adviser in the 84th Congress. In the ex-
ecutive branch, he was a Navy officer in
World War II and, later, an assistant to
the Secretary of the Treasury, 1956-57.
In the judicial branch, he was a judge
on the U.S. Tax Court from 1957 to 1965.
In addition to his public service he has
a real sense of private business and the
responsibilities and the workings of our
economic system.
February 4, 1969
Chief warden of his church and en-
joying the respect of all his friends and
associates, he has always displayed him-
self as a man of the utmost character
and probity.
I can think of no better man for this
job and congratulate President Nixon on
his nomination.
Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, will
the Senator yield?
Mr. FELL. I yield.
Mr. ANDERSON. The hearing was held
this morning and the matter already has
been recommended to the floor of the
Senate. He is a fine man.
Mr. FELL. I thank the chairman.
ANTI-BALLISTIC-MISSILE SYSTEM
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, on another
subject, and briefly, I understand that
later there will be a discussion concern-
ing the advisability of the anti-ballistic-
missile system.
I should like to add my own voice as
being one of those who question whether
we should go ahead with this system at
this time.
THE "PU " AND THE CENTRAL
WTLEGENCE AGENCY
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President,
there have been many implications and
some statements that the Central Intelli-
gence Agency had something to do with
the problems incident to the U.S.S. Pueb-
lo. Although I remembered that shortly
after this unfortunate occurrence, the Di-
rector of the Central Intelligence Agency
stated that the Agency had nothing
whatever to do with this particular situ-
ation, I decided to make certain of that
remembrance.
Accordingly, after hearing and read-
ing these implications and statements, I
wrote a letter to the Director, and today
received the following reply:
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR,
Washington, D.C., February 4, 1969.
Hon. STUART SYMINGTON,
U.S. Senate,
Washington, D.C.
MY DEAR SENATOR SYMINGTON: Per your re-
quest and in reply to your qtiestion, neither
this Agency nor I personally have had any-
thing to do with the mission of the USS
Pueblo, the ship itself, or any of its crew. As
you will note, in the sidelined portion of the
attachment, the Department of Defense made
a statement on January 21, 1968 setting forth
the facts about Commander Bucher and the
Pueblo. They are accurately presented. May
I make one additional point: The informa-
tion which the Pueblo was tasked to gather
during this mission was of tactical and de-
partmental interest to the United States
Navy.
I hope that the foregoing is responsive to
your inquiry.
Sincerely yours,
RICHARD HELMS,
Director.
Mr. President, the Defense Department
statement referred to in the Director's
letter was published in the New York
Times of January 25, 1968, along with
the North Vietnamese text of the pur-
ported confession which the Pentagon
refuted.
In connection with the foregoing I
would read an important short para-
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February 4, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. E an-
unce that the Senator from Nevada
r Blau), the Senator from Idaho
(pr. CfluitcH), the Senator from Misais-
si pi (Mr. EASTLAND) , the Senator from
ichigan (Mr. HART) , the Senator from
Indiana (Mr. Mama), thaSenator from
L uisiana (Mr. LoNo), the-Senator from
G orgia (Mr. TALMADGE) , and the Semi..
to from Washington (Mr. MAGNUSON) ,
arp necessarily absent.
also announce that the Senator from
W shington (Mr. JACKSON) is absent be-
ca se of illness in the family.
further announce that the Senator
froni Hawaii (Mr. Iarou'rE) is absent on
offi ial business.
n this vote, the Senator from Nevada
(Mt. BIBLE) is paired with, the Senator
froi New York (Mr. Gocomna) . If pres-
ent and voting, the Senator from Nevada
wo ld vote "yea," and the Senator frOrn
NevYork would vote "nay."
O this vote, the Senator from Missis-
sip (Mr. EASTLAND) Is paired with the
Sen tor from Louisiana (Mr. Loam). ilf
pre nt and voting, the Senator front
Misaissippi would vote "yea," and the
Senator from Louisiana would vote
I f her announce that, if pneient and
voti g
sit
, the Senator from (liforgia (Mr.
TAL ADGE) would vote "yea."
Mr.
,se
SCOTT. I announce that the Sen-
ator from New York (Mr. GoOorat), the
Senator from Kansas (Mr. PeAriaoN), and
the enator from Texas (Mr. TOWER)
are a nt on official business.
Th4 Senator from California (Mie
1VIone y) is necessarily absent.
Th respective pairs of the Senator
from california (Mr. MURPHY). and that
of the Senator from Texas (Mr. Towaa)
have leen previously announced.
On his vote, the Senator from New
York Mr. GOODELL) is paired with the
Senatcr from Nevada (Mr. BIBLE). If
present and voting, the Senator from 1
New ork would vote "nay" and the
Senato from Nevada would vote "yea."
The result was announced?yeas 34,
nays 47 as follows:
IN?. 18 Leg.]
YEAS-34
Aiken
Allen
Allott
Anderson
Boggs
Burdick
Byrd, Va.t
Byrd, W. a.
Cannon
Curtis
Dole
Dominick
Baker
Bayb
Bellmon
Bennett
B poke
Case
Cook
Coontr
Cotton
Cranston
Dirksen
Dodd
Ervin
Fong
Goldwater
Ellender Nelson
Fannin Prouty
Fulbright PrOX1Tdrp
Gore . Russell
Hansen Smith
Hatfield Spong
JOrdan, Idaho Stennis
McClellan Symington
Miller Thurmond
Montoya Williams, Del.
Mundt
Muskie
NAYS-47
Gravel
Griffin
Gurney
Harris
Holland
Hughes
Javits
Jordan, N.C.
Kennedy
Mathias
McCarthy
McGee
McGovern
McIntyre
Metcalf
Mondale
Packwood
Pastore
Pell
Percy
Randolph
Ribicoff
Saxbe
Schweiker
Scott
Sparkman
Stevens
Tydings
Williams,
Yarborough
Young, Ohio
PRESENT t.ND GIVING LIVE PAIRS AS
PRE IOUSLY RECORDED-5
Mr. Hollings, for.
Mr. Hruska, for.
Mr. Mansfield, against.
Mr. Moss, for.
Mr. Young of North Dakota, for.
NOT VOTING-14
Bible Hartko Murphy
Church Inouye Pearson
Eastland Jacksen Talmadge
Goodell Long Tower
Hart Magnuson
So the resolution (S. Res. 82) was not
agreed to.
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I move
to recensider the vote by which the res-
olution was rejected.
Mr. MANSFIELD. I move to lay that
motion on the table.
The motion to lay on the table was
agreed to.
PROGRAM?ORDER FOR ADJOURN-
MENT TO FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 7,
1969
Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, I should
like to query the majority _leader with
respect to the schedule for the re-
mainder of the day and also for to-
morrow.
Mr. BYRE) of West Virginia. Pres-
ident, may we have order?
The VICE PRESIDENT. T'Senate
will be ift order.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Pre dent, the
calendar, like Mother Hubb rd's cup-
board, is quite bare. There are s me nom-
inations from the Committee on For-
eign Relations, the Committee n Bank-
ing and Currency, the Committ on the
Interior and Insular Af7airs, and erhaps
some others, that we should like o take
up this evening.
I believe the distinguished S nator
from Colorado (Mr. ALLOTT) is a tiel-
pp ting some action. A number of en-
tors are prepared to engage in c llo-
quy?perhaps a round robin is a et-
ter term?on the question of the ASM
?and its usefulness or lack of it.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con,-
sent at this time that when the Senate
Completes its business today, it stand in;
exijournment until 12 o'clock noon Fri-
day next.
1 The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there ob-
jection? The Chair heart none, and it is
so ordered.
, Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, It is
Ithe intention at that time to lay before
he Senate a joint resolution placing
kthe House and the Senate in adjourn-
Ment from the close of business on Fri-
ir.o+ next until noon, February 17, 1969.
1Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, one fur-
her inquiry: I should like to inquire
bether the nominations have been
inted on the Executive Calendar and
nether they are available for th
eiribers.
1 Mr. MANSFIELD. No; they have nt
en printed on the Executive Calen
I understand that five are from the C -
ittee on Banking and Currency? UD
sUPerintendents; one from the Commit-
tee on Interior and Insular Affairs; two
fi1prn the Committee on Foreign Rela-
es. We thought we would be doing
gavor to the other side to bring them
We have no desire to rush them, but
the Senator desires that they be
brnight up, we will do so.
r. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Se tor yield?
S13-5i
Mr. MANSFIELD. I yield.
Mr. JAVITS. A very serious situation
exists in the country today which I do
not believe is contemplated by the Sena-
tor's request.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen-
ate will be in order. The Senator from
New York may proceed.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, there is a
very extensive longshoremen's strike in
the country which is causing very great
difficulty, and which has been very slow
in getting settled. Although certain sec-
tions of the country have agreed on
terms, settlement has been held up until
all agree.
By adjourning or going over until Fri-
day, and then for another 10 days, it is
a fact that we are limiting the capability
of the President, if he should so desire,
to make some recommendation to the
Congress, as has been done before in
this kind of matter.
a.- ore, because the situation is so
uncertain, nd I cannot ask that any-
thing sped* be done, I suggest to the
majority leader the possibility of our
having to deal with this question arid
that Senators be advised it may be nec-
essary that some other disposition be
made as to our time if this matter blos-
soms or if there is some kind of emer-
gency, which there could be as the mat-
ter is getting very difficult now.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
wish to say that the wishes of the Sena-
tor from New York, or any other Senator
for that matter, will be given every con-
sideration. We will go over until Friday
and from Friday to February 17; but the
President at any time is in the position
that he can call us back, and if he thinks
the economic situation relative to the
longshoremen's strike warrants it, if he
issues a call, we would remain.
Mr. JAVITS. I thank the Senator.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, did
I get unanimous consent to have the
Senate go over until Friday?
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
EAGLETON in the chair) . Yes.
Mr. STENNIS, Mr. President, reserv-
ing the right to object, I wish to ask a
'question. It had been planned to have
earings in the Committee on Armed
ervices on Thursday for some civilian
pointments in the Department of De-
f nse, some of which have not yet come
er. Could I get unanimous consent that
ey will be automatically referred to the
ommittee if they are sent up?
Mr. MANSFIELD. Yes, indeed.
Mr. STENNIS. I ask unanimous con-
sent to that effect.
AUTHORITY TO RECEIVE MES-
SAGES AND FILE REPORTS AND
TO MAKE REI0ERRALS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that during the ad-
journment of the Senate, following the
completion of business today until noon
on Friday, the Secretary of the Senate
be authorized to receive and refer mes-
sages from the President of the United
States and the House of Representatives
and that committees be authorized to file
reports.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the
request include the right to refer?
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graph from the Pentagon reply to the
purported confession and then ask
unanimous consent that the entire arti-
cle be printed in the RECORD at the close
of these remarks. The Defense Depart-
ment states:
Typical of this propaganda sham is the
suggestion that the Central Intelligence
Agency had promised Commander Bucher
and his crew "a lot of dollars" for their mis-
sion. Commander Bucher is a naval officer
commanding a naval ship and performing a
naval mission. He is not employed by the
Central Intelligence Agency and was prom-
ised nothing by the Central Intelligence
Agency. Nor were any members of his crew.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TEXTS OF PURPORTED CONFESSION AND
PENTAGON'S REPLY
PURPORTED CONFESSION
I am Comdr. Lloyd Mark Bucher, captain
of the U.S.S. Pueblo, belonging to the Pacific
Fleet, U.S. Navy, who was captured while
carrying out espionage activities after in-
truding deep into the territorial waters of
the Democratic People's Republic of .Korea.
My serial number is 58215401. I was born
In Pocatello, Idaho, U.S.A. I am 38 years old.
The crew of our U.S.S. Pueblo are 83 in
all, including 5 officers besides me, 75 serv-
icemen and 2 civilians.
My ship had been sent to Sasebo, Japan,
to execute assignments given by -the U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency.
On Dec. 2, last, we received assignments
at the port of Sasebo from Rear Adm. Frank
A. Johnson, U.S. Navy commander in Japan,
to conduct military espionage activities on
the far eastern region of the Soviet Union
and then on the offshore areas and coastal
areas of the Democratic People's Republic
of Korea.
My ship had conducted espionage activities
on a number of occasions for the purpose of
detecting the territorial waters of the Social-
ist countries.
A LOT OF DOLLARS
Through such espionage activities, my ship
detected the military installations set up
along the coasts of the Socialist countries
and submitted the materials to the 'U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency.
Recently, we were given another important
mission by the U.S. Central Intelligence
Agency?that is, to detect the areas along
the far east of the Soviet Union and the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency
promised me that if this task would be done
successfully, a lot of dollars would be offered
to the whole crew members of my ship and
particularly I myself would be honored.
Soon after that, I reinforced the arms
and equipment of the ship and made de-
tailed preparations for espionage activities.
Then we disguised my ship as one en-
gaged in research on oceanic electronics and
left the port of Sasebo, Japan, and conducted
espionage acts along the coast of the Demo-
cratic People's Republic of Korea via the
general area off the Soviet Maritime Prov-
ince. We pretended ourselves to conduct -the
observation of oceanic conditions on the
high seas, electronics, research on electric
waves, magnetic conditions and exploitation
of oceanic materials.
MISSION BEGAN JANUARY 16
It was on Jan. 16, 1968, that we entered the
coastal waters of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea via the Soviet Maritime
Province.
In accordance with the instructions we had
received, my ship was on the utmost alert
and observed and ascertained the depth of
water, current, water temperature, sea basin,
salt density and water transparency of the
territorial waters of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea with radar and various
kinds of observatory instruments in a clan-
destine manner at Chongjin, Wonsan and
several other points, and detected the radar
network, accommodation capacities of the
ports, the number of the incoming and out-
going vessels and maneuverability of the
naval vessels of the Korean People's Army.
Furthermore we spied on various military
installations and the distribution of indus-
tries and the deployment of armed forces
along the east coast areas and sailed up to
the point 7.6 miles off Nodo when the navy
patrol crafts of the Korean People's Army
appeared.
We were on the alert instantly and tried to
escape, firing at the navy patrol crafts of the
People's Army.
''WE HAD NO WAY OUT"
But the situation became more dangerous
for us, and thus one of my men was killed,
another heavily wounded and two others
lightly wounded.
We had no way out, and were captured by
the navy patrol crafts of the People's Army.
Having been captured now, I say frankly
that our act was a criminal act which fla-
grantly violated the armistice agreement, and
it was a sheer act of aggression.
I have no excuse whatsoever for my crim-
inal act as my ship intruded deep into the
territorial waters of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea and was captured by the
naval patrol crafts of the Korean People's
Army in their self-defense action while con-
ducting the criminal espionage activities.
My crime committed by me and my men is
entirely indelible.
I and my crew have perpetrated such a
grave criminal act, but our parents and wives
and children at home are anxiously waiting
for us to return home in safety.
Therefore, we only hope, and it is the
greatest desire of myself and all my crew,
that we will be forgiven leniently by the
Government of the Democratic People's Re-
public of Korea.
PENTAGON'S REPLY
The statement attributed to Cmdr. Lloyd
M. Bucher by North Korean Communist
propagandists is a travesty on the facts. The
style and wording of the dOcument provide
unmistakable evidence in themselves that
this was not written, or prepared by any
American.
The major point which this propaganda
utterance attempts to make is that the
Pueblo had violated North Korean territorial
waters and was in fact violating those ter-
ritorial waters when the North Korean patrol
craft appeared. This is absolutely untrue.
The Pueblo reported her position at that
time to be 39 degrees 25 minutes north and
127 degrees 55 minutes east. The Pueblo's
position as determined by the radar track of
the North Koreans themselves was 39 degrees
25 minutes north and 127 degrees 56 minutes
east. These two reported positions are within
a mile of one another, and both show con-
clusively that the Pueblo was in interna-
tional water.
The Pueblo was under orders from the be-
ginning of its mission to stay at least 13 miles
from North Korean territory. There is no
evidence to suggest that these orders were
not followed and there is much evidence
both from her own radio transmission and
from the information broadcast from the
North Koreans themselves in their own in-
ternal report that the orders were obeyed.
Typical of this propaganda sham is the
suggestion that the Central Intelligence
Agency had promised Commander Bucher
and his crew "a lot of dollars" for their mis-
sion. Commander Bucher is a naval officer
commanding a naval ship and performing a
naval mission. He is not employed by the
Central Intelligence Agency and was prom-
ised nothing by the Central Intelligence
Agency. Nor were any members of his crew.
The entire world learned during the Ko-
rean war of the tactics and techniques of
Communist propaganda and of North Korean
exploitation of men It held captive. This
Fabrication is but another example. No
credence should be given this contrived
statement.
ECONOMIC HARDSHIPS OF OUR
OLDER CITIZENS
Mr. PROUTY. Mr. President, during
the years since I came to Congress, I
have been particularly concerned about
the economic hardship our society im-
poses on its older citizens.
As we begin the 91st Congress, I know
most of my Senate colleagues agree that
much remains to be done for most Amer-
icans age 65 or over.
Today, I want specifically to mention
one group of older Americans who indi-
vidually, during their working years,
have greatly contributed to the success
of millions of other Americans but who
often face economic hardship in retire-
ment. I am speaking of the thousands
of dedicated schoolteachers in the coun-
try who are presently retired. I am hope-
ful that all of us will give their retire-
ment annuities special attention both at
the Federal and State level.
Recently, Ernest Giddings, the legisla-
tive representative of the National Re-
tired Teachers Association, showed me a
copy of a State-by-State report on re-
tired teachers pensions prepared by his
organization.
I ask unanimous consent, Mr. Presi-
dent, that a copy of this report be
printed in the RECORD, and hope that
each Member will find the National Re-
tired Teachers Association report as in-
formative as I did. I congratulate that
organization on its excellent research.
There being no objection, the report
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
COVER LETTER TO RETIRED TEACHERS ASSOCIA-
TION PRESIDENTS, STATE DIRECTORS AND
LEGISLATIVE CHAIRMEN
The following reports were submitted to
the Washington office during November and
December 1968 by Retired Teachers Associa-
tion officers. In a few cases we edited the
original report slightly in the interest of
brevity. In those cases, we made a genuine
effort to retain all facts and interpretations
without distortion.
The results of Retired Teachers Associa-
tion efforts to improve benefits vary almost
unbelievably. In one state, the median re-
tirement allowance for the 8800 retirants is
now above $3300 a year. In another less for-
tunate state, the annual pension is $332 for
the 513 beneficiaries on the rolls.
One of the great essentials to success in
pension legislation is cooperation between
all groups concerned. Retired Teachers Asso-
ciation officers who develop good working re-
lationships with the State Education Asso-
ciation and with officials of the State Retire-
ment System seem to fare best before their
State Legislatures.
Unity and cooperation within Retired
Teachers Association ranks seems an abso-
lute requisite for a successful legislative
campaign. Open and above-board disclosure
of plans, proposed techniques and financial
needs seem as important as good leadership.
Friction between-the groups concerned seems
always to decrease the possibility of success.
Ideas which have been especially helpful
in several states include:
(1) A year-round continuing legislative
committee.
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cAtESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
(2) An efficient routine _for the leg slatzlve
committee to report regularly to all rtirees.
(3) A plan by which each retiree , if
he wishes, snake a cash contribut4oh no
matter how small to the expense o Carry-
ing on the legislative work in his statg
(4) An efficient continuing meni erslaip
campaign carried to every retired te?ier in
the state in order to attain as nearly sl pos-
Sible 100% membership in both NR A and
the State RTA.
(5) A more active local Retired T ihers
Association in every community.
Several copies of "Pension Report are
being sent to RTA officers. They are i V1ted
to request as many copies as needed fo other
Officers, local presidents and legislativ etan-
Mittees.
We appreciate very much the splen 4 co-
operation of all who contributed to th prep-
aration of the foregoing summary.
ERNEST (HDD/NG
AIRTA Legislative Represent e.
NATIONAL RETIRED TEACHERS Assoc Bete
PENSION REPORTS BY STATE RETTRED TE
ASSOCIATIONS-19D5
Many state Legislatures en icted sutial pension adjustments during the
1967 and 1968.
Some provided percentage improve
based on the increase in cost of living
tie teacher retired. Other states refu
eglected to make justifiable adjus
owever, with almost no exceptions the
p ign must be and is being waged ag
1q69 to keep the retired members
t ching profession from suffering th
d gnities of a decreasing purchasing
ii their fixed pensions while the rest
nomy is caught up in a spiraling infl
The following reports by states are
sented in order that Legislative Comm
of your state may have the benefit o
plans, techniques, formulae and accom
ments of every other state.
DEUENIBER 1
Alabama
W. E. Snuggs, President ARTA: "R
teachers in Alabama number more than
[th an average pension of about $15
nth. Those who retired before 1955
aries were low are the ones sufferin
gr atest inequities.
`A spot check was recently made ofloh
retirees' pensions in three separate pars of
th state. In one area 36 were reportei , in
another, 38, and in still a different are
Se enty-eight of these were receiving
th n $90 per month. Some were livin
n ing homes or being cared for b
c ly
a e fallen farther and farther behind
its
dren. All were facing the same spir
co s of living on meager pensions w
h
duatrial wages, the salaries of active teac ers
and our expanding State economy every
of their retirement.
'As a basis for recommendations for iii
creased legislative appropriations for ed
tion in the state, the Governor appoin
coismission to make a study of educati tail
ne ds. The Alabama Retired Teachers sb-
cia ion prepared and presented to the c ?in-
mi sion a position paper that recomme ?ds
aut ?natio cost-of-living adjustments fa
Ala erne retired teachers, with the re ult
tha we have been given favorable consid
a-
tioi in their eport. Thus the situation se
molte hopeful as we look to the regular
sioni of the State Legislature early in 19
Alaska
L la C. Tilly, President, Alaska RTA: ril
l96, 1 ye % was added to pensions, ret o-
acti e to July 1, 1967. This is a coA-of-livink
inc ase.
o Alaska pension for retired teachers IS
less than $100 a month. The lowest pensicine
are received by the group of about 17 retirees
who retired early. Their pensions avereige
$150 plus the aforementioned 11/2%. The
autoinatic cost-of-living increase is not to
IER
an-
ars
tOfts
since
S or
ants.
casa-
ba in
the
Mier
Our
tiOn.
bre-
ttees
the
lih-
$.
bred
51:MO
per
heti
the
lees
,in
a?
Lig
feh
In-
a
exceed 11/.., %; and therefore it is not neces-
sarily geared to adjustments to increases in
salaries of active teachers,"
Arizona
Wayne R. Gibson, Director, Arizona State
Retirement System : "In Arizona, from July
1967 through 1968, prior service pensions for
employment before the start of the Retire-
ment System were increased by 25% for those
teachers who continued in employment after
1955. These teachers also have received the
benefit of liberalized social security pensions.
Some few teachers who had limited employ-
ment before the establishment date became
eligible for partial pensions by 1968 legisla-
tion.
"The improvement in the benefit status
of members retired since 1955 accelerates an-
other inequity. Teachers retired before that
date receive, typically, $170 a month. Legis-
lation to be proposed in 1969 will ask that
benefits be increased to $200 a month.
"Averages are deceptive and some Arizona
teachers retired with as few as five years of
creditable service. Benefits are also reduced
by the payment method elected or payments
continued to a beneficiary. Nonetheless the
'average' pension paid those teachers retired
before 1955 who do not have a social security
entitlement from teaching employment in
Arizona is $140 a month."
Arkansas
Louis Merrill Griffin, President, Arkansas
RTA: "Act 9 of the May 1968 Special Session
o the General Assembly permitted the Ar-
kan Teacher Retiaement System Board to
inves a certain percentage (10%) of the
system sets in cer lain high-grade common
stocks. s should, in the future, increase
the earnin of the system's investments.
"The mm urn pension of Arkansas re-
tired teachers $75 a month. Pension ad-
justments have en inadequate. A proposed
law would provide ont-of-living adjustments
as follows: 10% to all retirees of 1959 and
earlier, 9% for those vho retired in 1960, 8%
for those who retire in 1961; etc. Then it
proposes an addition o 1% annually for 10
years, then e % anni.11y, plus an increase
in retirement paymen of active teachers
from their salaries and from matching state
funds.
"Thus our efforts arle now involved in
attempting to increaEe ietirement pay to all
persons on the teactlet retirant rolls and
this hopefully will inel de cost-of-living in-
creases over a period f years. The General
Assembly will convesi early in January 1969.
"The Arkansas Eq4aation Association heads
up our program Arers funds are included
in the Public -school Budget) , so we work
with tli_ealolesecure increases."
California
Mrs. Myrtle Workman, President, Califor-
nia RTA: "In California, during the period
from July 1, 1967 through 1968 to dateefour-
teen measures relating to teacher retirement
were enacted into law. Chief among these
were the following:
"(1) An increase, ranging from 2% to 23%,
in retirement benefits for teachers, who re-
tired in 1965 and in earlier years, applied to
existing allowances up to $300 per month.
"(2) Improvements in regulations govern-
ing substitute teaching by retired teachers,
if qualified, in both -regular and special
schools, permitting annual earnings up to
$2500 per year without loss of retirement
benefits.
"(3) Increase in the retired teacher's death
benefit from $400 to $500.
"(4) Technical changes to improve ad-
ministration of the California Teachers Re-
tirement System and ir eligibility for retire-
ment benefits. Proposed legislation which
should be considered M the 1969 session,
along with other changes in administration
of the retirement system, are (1) An auto-
matic cost-of-living adjustment affecting all
retired teachers; (2) Provision for increasing
_-
February,. 4 1969
contributions to the Teachers Retirement
Fund to place it on a funded lxisie; (3) An
increase in survivor benefits for active
teachers.
"During the month of September 1968,
total benefits amounting to $11,522,795 were
paid to 37,596 retired teachers, or an average
of slightly over $306 per month. Slightly
over 10,000 of these retired teachers currently
receive a monthly benefit of less than $200,
including almost 3,000 who receive less than
$100 per month."
Colorado
Mae Gaivn, President, Colorado RTA:
"The Colorado RTA is cooperating with
the Retirement System and the Colorado
Education Association to seek (a) a retro-
active pension increase of 14% for those
teachers who retired 10 years or more ago
and 2% for those who retired 2 years ago,
with proportional increases for those who re-
tired between 2 and 10 years ago, and (b)
an increase of We % each year that the cost
of living increases by 3 percent.
"The Colorado RTA is also sponsoring a bill
to provide a $25 a month increase or an-
nuity of $175 a month for qualified retired
teachers under the Colorado Emeritus Fund."
Connecticut
Thomas J. Quinn, Chairman, Legislative
Committee, Connecticut RTA: "No teachers
in Connecticut receive pensions less than
$100 a month. In the legislative session of
1967, a bill was passed which adjusted pen-
sions by amount ranging from 2% for those
who retired in the years 1963 to 1965 up to
63% for those who retired-in 1933.
"A bill requesting an automatic cost-of-
living adjustment every two years was re-
jected by the 1967 legislature although a
similar bill for other state retirees was
passed. We are introducing in the 1969 ses-
sion a bill which will grant automatic ad-
justments in teacher's pensions "beginning
July 1, 1969 and we have every assurance
that it will pass."
Delaware
H. E. Stahl, State Director, Delaware
NRTA: "During 1968, a thorough research
study of state pensions in Delaware was
made by the Martin E. Segal Company, Con-
sultants and Actuaries of New York City.
This study was made under the supervision
of a statewide commission. The Delaware
State Legislature appropriated $25,000 for
this study project and the report of the
commission and the recommendations made
by the actuaries will very probably be made
available to the legislature and the public
early in 1969. A member of the Delaware
RTA is on the state commission.
"The average pension paid to all members
under the Delaware Pension Plan was $212
per month in 1967. The maximum pension
per month under pension laws in Delaware
prior to 1966 Was $250; the minimum pen-
sion was $125 per month.
"In 1966, the Delaware State Legislature
enacted a contributory pension law which
provided for a monthly pension up to $500
per month for active teachers who retire
after 1966. Each active teacher paid 5% on
his or her monthly salary between $6,000
and $12,000 a year, with a ILIAXIMUM of $300
annually.
"State employees in Delaware who retired
from active service prior to 1966 receive be-
tween $125 and $250 monthly pensions?all
moneys appropriated by the State Legisla-
ture of Delaware in a non-contributory plan.
"We are planning to ask the State Legis-
lature when it meets early in 1969 to legis-
late to provide automatic cost-of-living ad-
justments for all state employees who re-
tired prior to 1966."
Florida
M. 0. Worthington, President, Florida
ETA; Grace Adams Stevens, Ohairman, Leg-
islative Committee, Florida RTA: "House
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y 4 1969
drill pipe, bringing the well under control.
This could occur in a very few hours.
In the relief well a string of 20 inch casing
is to be set and cemented at 559 feet, 13%
inch at 2,000 feet and 9% inch at 2,800 feet,
after which the bottom hole location of A-20
should be intersected at about 3,100 feet. At
this point, mud would be injected into the
relief well bringing A-20 under control.
STATEMENT OF WALTER J. RICKEL, SECRETARY
OF THE INTERIOR, FEBRUARY 2, 1969
I am deeply disturbed by the threat to
aquatic life and to the shores and beaches
posed by the continued leakage of oil from
the union well. So far, fortunately, the dam-
age has been small. But even this damage
is too much if more rigorous drilling prac-
tices can avoid it.
All possible steps are being taken to bring
this leakage to an early end.
In the meantime, close and continued sur-
veillance is being kept on the four drilling
Operations still continuing on Federal leases
in the Santa Barbara Channel.
At my direction each of these drilling op-
erations is being reviewed by the responsible
experts of the geological survey on the scene.
My instructions are that all possible steps
be undertaken immediately to provide the
greatest possible margin of safety against
any further well blowups. If there is any
reasonable doubt as to the adequacy of these
measures, my instructions are to order an
immediate cessation of drilling until neces-
sary corrective steps can be taken.
In addition to this immediate review of
each drilling program now underway, the
Department of the Interior, under my direc-
tion has instituted a full study of the ade-
quacy of our existing regulations and prac-
tices to cope with situations of this kind.
The Outer continental shelf leasing regula-
tions themselves have not been substantially
reviewed since they were first issued over
fifteen years ago. While the geological survey
does try to keep its operating instructions
to lessees up to date, I intend to make sure
that both the regulations and the policies
of the geological survey receive a new and
careful examination to make sure that they
embrace the most modern and up to date
safety technology.
I realize that to some degree it is impossi-
ble to reduce the possibility of accidental
occurrences to zero. I realize also that over
200 wells have been drilled in the Santa
Barbara Channel area without accidental
blowups of the kind that we have just ex-
perienced. Nevertheless, and because of the
geologic characteristics of the Santa Barbara
Channel area I want to be sure that the
drilling and casing practices now being fol-
lowed are the best that can be devised. Cer-
tainly the nation cannot and should not
tolerate even a normal risk of pollution and
damage to aquatic life, beaches and other
property and natural resources.
NEWS RELEASE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR, FEBRUARY 3, 1969
Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Bickel
announced today that at his request all ac-
tual drilling operations on Federal leases in
the Outer Continental Shelf in the Santa
Barbara channel are being temporarily placed
in a stand-by condition. Participating in the
voluntary action taken at the Secretary's
request are: Union 011 Company of Califor-
nia, Humble 011 and Refining Company,
Phillips Petroleum Company, Gulf Oil Cor-
poration, Texaco, Inc., and Mobil Oil Corn-
pany. Also participating in the discussions
was Kerry Mulligan, Chairman, of the Cali-
fornia State Water Resourdes Control Board,
who represented Governor Ronald Reagan.
The temporary cessation does not include the
relief well being drilled by Union Oil Com-
pany as an alternative measure to bring to a
halt the oil leakage now taking place at its
well A-21 in the Santa Barbara channel.
The agreement to place drilling operations
in a standby basis was reached as a tempo-
rary and voluntary measure while technical
experts of the Federal government and the
companies, with State observers present, re-
view the drilling and casing procedures being
used for the Santa Barbara channel drilling
operations. "This procedure will afford a
breathing spell until it can be determined
whether corrective measures are necessary,"
Secretary Bickel said. "The review has al-
ready begun as I ordered, and it is being
carried out as rapidly as possible," Rickel
added. The Secretary stated that those drill-
ing operations which the technical experts
find to be satisfactory will be given prompt
clearance to resume. Others will be deferred
until corrective measures can be placed into
effect.
"Our first concern at this time must be to
take all possible steps to avoid a repetition
of the incident I have just seen. I want to
thank all companies for their cooperation in
agreeing to take this first essential step to-
ward that end."
TEENAGERS SUPPORT COMMANDER
BUCHER
Mr. MONTOYA. Mr. President, I have
received a letter from a young resident
of Santa Fe, N. Mex., in support of
Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher, the captain of
the Pueblo. Over 20 other teenagers
signed a petition expressing their agree-
ment with the writer's position.
I am encouraged by this group's ex-
hibited interest in national affairs. To
those who are convinced that our youth
is apathetic and indifferent insofar as
the issues of the day are concerned: I
would point to Lawrence Schulte's letter
and the petition containing the names of
the young people who support his posi-
tion. I ask unanimous consent that the
letter and the petition be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the re-
quested items were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
SANTA FE, N. /dm.,
January 27, 1969.
Senator J. M. MONTOYA,
U.S. Congress,
Washington, D.C.
DEAREST SENATOR MONTOYA: Listening to
the news from the Mutual Broadcasting Sys-
tem January 26th, a newscast came to my
attention. The newscast was about the com-
mander of the U.S.S. Pueblo, Lloyd Bucher.
The newscast stated that the Navy was con-
sidering a courtmartial of Commander
Bucher because he surrendered the Pueblo
to North Korea.
The reason I am writing this letter is be-
cause I and many of the other teenagers of
the surrounding areas believe Comdr. Bucher
did the right thing. It has come to our minds
that Comdr. Bucher was thinking of the lives
of his men and of their families and not so
much as the danger of the U.S. losing one
battleship. Comdr. Bucher requested aircraft
assistance and he received none at all when
being seized by the North Koreans. He could
not fight because the Navy gave him very
nonpowerful guns compared to the ones the
North Koreans had. Comdr. Bucher was only
thinking of the lives of his crew and their
families. If the United States is afraid of
losing one small ship, then the youth will
be more than happy to pay for the damage
and loss of that one ship. Enclosed is a list
of names who agree with what I am saying
in this letter.
My personal thanks to you for listening
and remembering the youth of America.
God bless you, Senator, ?
LAWRENCE SCHULTE,
(And the teenagers who respect Comdr.
Lloyd M. Bucher).
PETITION
The following people agree for the non-
court-martial of Comdr. Lloyd Bucher:
Lawrence Schulte, Henry Anaya, Robert
Martinez, John Garcia, Tony Schulte,
Raymond Gallegos, Richard Chavez,
Phil Garcia, Paul Arellano, Jo Ann
Lujan, Anna Vasquez, Liz Sanchez,
Roseanne N., Bernadette A., Rosaline
C., Lorrie Lawrenson, Debbie Schutz,
Patty Holmberg, Patsy Daranje, Edith
Gonzales, Margaret Baldwin, John
Vigil, Mike Garcia.
NORTH KOREA SOUGHT WAR
Mr. MANSFIELD Mr. President, a
very interesting article was published in
the Washington Daily News of Febru-
ary 3, 1969, entitled "Top Pueblo Nego-
tiator Reveals North Korea Sought War."
The article was written by Jim G. Lucas,
one of our best-known war correspond-
ents, if not the best-known, and refers
to an interview with Vice Adm. John B.
Smith, the son of Lt. Gen. Holland M.
Smith, a Marine hero in World War II.
Mr. President, I shall read two para-
graphs and a part of another paragraph
contained in this article because I think
this is a most important interview.
Admiral Smith, who was one of the
representatives of this country at Pan-
munjom, said:
I believe (North Korean prime minister)
Kim Il-sung intended war at that time.
That refers to the time of the Pueblo
capture.
The admiral said:
He did not want a war which obviously
would be instigated by North Korea. Be was
trying to arrange one which he could blame
on the United Nations command.
He was hoping for Republic of Korea and/
or United States retaliation. Had either oc-
curred, he would have invoked the North Ko-
rea-USSR or North Korea-Chinese Commu-
nist mutual defense treaties. And this time
he would not have had a United Nations-
sponsored free world defense effort such as
he encountered in 1950.
The U.S. failure to retaliate undoubtedly
prevented the outbreak of a third world war.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed at this point in the
RECORD the article by Jim G. Lucas, to
which I have referred.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TOP "PUEBLO" NEGOTIATOR REVEALS: NORTH
KOREA SOUGHT WAR
? (By Jim G. Lucas)
CORONADO, CALIF., February 3.?The North
Koreans fully intended to "provoke a third
world war" when they seized the spy ship
USS Pueblo on the high seas on Jan 23,
1968, Vice Adm. John V. Smith said in an
exclusive interview with Scripps-Howard
Newspapers today.
Adm. Smith, now commander of amphib-
ious forces in the Pacific fleet, was senior
member of the U.N. Delegation to the Korean
Armistice Commission when the Puebho. was
seized. He took part in the first 15 secret ses-
sions to negotiate release of the spy ship and
its crew. He is the son of the late Lt. Gen.
Holland M. Smith, a Marine hero in World
War It.
"I believe (North Korean Prime minister)
Kim Il-sung intended war at that time," the
admiral said. "He did not want a war which
obviously would be instigated by North Ko-
rea. He was trying to arrange one which he
could blame on the United Nations com-
mand.
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February 4, 1969 iP7l 1259
to guarantee and subsidize taxable bonds,
then the Federal Government would
ne,ceSsarily want to "approve" the bonds,
and lapprove is, as we all know, merely
a niee word for control.
A second source of support for the
guarantee-subsidy approach typically
comes from the centralists, those who
advocate the continued transfer of de-
eisiqnmaking from local governments to
the Federal Government or those who,
while concerned about the Ill effects of
centralism, are not so especially con-
cerned that they rate it very high On
their list of priorities wheat other con-
sidefrations come into Play.
first response to these proposals
is a constitutional one. To begin witli I
have not yet been convinced that the
Constitution permits the Federal GOv-
eminent to tax securities isstled for public
p oses by State and local tovernments.
An legislation which attempts outright
olp
t epeal the tax exemption on State and
local securities assumes that Congress
may, without constitutional amendment,
tax the interest on a State pr local bond
baSed on the purpose of issuance of snch
bond. My understanding has always been
t t the Federal Constitution precludes
an assumption that the Federal Govern-
ment has the power to tax the States and
th ir political subdivisions. The immunity
of the States and local governments in
the exercise of their legitimate functions
from Federal taxation is necessary for
the preservation of our etaistitutionally
delineated dual sovereignty form of gov-
ernment.
rther, I seriously question the ma-
te don that removal of the tax exeMP-
ti n will produce more Federal revenues
thn is gained by the States and munici-
p lities in reduced interest cost. A study
submitted to the Air and Water Pcillti-
tiOn Subcommittee of thea Senate Clam-
mtttee on Public Works in 1968 suggested
that there would be decreased rather
than increased Federal revenues if the
tax-exempt status of State and local
bonds were replaced with a systeni of
gUaranteed-subsiclized taxable bonds
,
However, even if one were to acknowl-
edge the validity of the constitutional
and economic arguments, there still re-
mains what is for me the critical pOlicy
qUestion: What effect would replacing
the tax-exempt bond with a guaranteed-
subsidized taxable bond have upon the
autonomy and financial integrity of
State governments and their local enti-
ties?
I believe that the very clear answer
iS that there would be disastrous effects
if Congress exercises statutory poWer to
tax State and local bonds. Clearly, local
governments cannot survive if the Fed-
eral Government can arbitrarily influ-
ence local policy by penalizing certin 10-
al activities with Federal taxation While
rewarding other activities with taX. ex-
emption. In my view, the independence
Of local governments should not be de-
Stroyed by the establishment of Federal
rearantees, Federal subsidies, Federal
uidelines, and as the inevitable reault,
deral control.
Mr. President, there is yet one other
related matter. During the last session
a proposal was enacted revoking the tax-
exempt status of industrial development
bonds. This measure was introduced by
Senator ABRAHAM RIBICOFF as a rider to
the Revenue and Expenditure Control
Act. As finally adopted by the Senate-
House conference, tins proposal revoked
the tax-exempt status of industrial de-
velopment bonds in excess of $1 million.
The $1 minion Ceiling on tax exempts
was amended later in the legislative ses-
sion to $5 million under certain condi-
tions.
Of course, everyone recognizes that
there has been abuse in some aspects of
local industrial financing. A few locali-
tiea issue bonds to establish facilities for
private industry in amounts beyond the
economic needs of the industry. Other
abuses Occur when the firm for whom the
facility is constructed has access to ade-
quate financing through conventional
channels and when tax-exempt financing
of industrial facilities enables a commu-
nity to pirate a going concern from
established location.
Unfortunately, howeve e Ribicoff
amendment, in revotj.igihe tax-exempt
bonds, employed a
n of the term "indus-
ent bond" and thereby
problems than it solved.
y enacted definition is not
onds for industrial develop-
to is so broad as to include
many acknowledge and tra-
vtate and local goernmental
Chairman WiLsna. Miet.s, of
Ways and Means Committee,
ed this fact on the floor at
passage of the act and in-
of the confusion caused by
eflnition, I introduced in
ineridment redefining the
al development bond."
would have provided a
e term in accordance
cepted meaning, and
for taxation of in-
truly industrial
ent was not
acljournment
ever, Senator
of the Sen-
lye an as-
that his
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR
WALTER J. HICKEL
Mr. STEVENS. Mr. President, during
the debate on the confirmation of Walter
J. Hickel to be Secretary of the Interior,
I stated that he was a man of action.
He has already proved it. It is very heart-
ening to me to note the position Secre-
tary Hickel has taken on the very seri-
ous problem of oil leakage in the Santa
Barbara Channel. The Secretary flew to
the site, inspected it, and reached an
agreement with oil officials to halt fur-
ther drilling until the reason for the
leakage was discovered and steps taken
to prevent any reoccurrances. By any
standards this was rapid and effective
action.
The Federal regulations that deal with
offshore drilling are not adequate?the
State of Alaska has far more stringent
regulation in this regard than does the
Federal Government. The Secretary has
stated that he will seek more effective
'1111--attegG.uards for offshore drilling and I
hope he will receive full cooperation in
this effort, from all parties. Our Con-
tinental Shelf oil reserves are a valuable
economic asset, but development of these
reserves must be balanced against the
preservation of our seashores and marine
life adjacent to them. Secretary Hickel
is moving toward this goal which when
achieved, will be a blessing for both the
producers of oil and the millions of
Americans who love and enjoy the
beaches and seashores of this country.
I ask unanimous consent to have
printed in the RECORD the explanation
furnished_rne by the Department of the
Interior of the causes of the Santa Bar-
bara Channel leakage, and the press re-
leases of Secretary Hickers reactions to
this catastrophe.
There being no objection, the items re-
quested were ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
SUMMARY
status of industr"
distorted deflni
trial develop
created mor
The presen
limited to
ment but
bonds fo
ditional
functions
the Hous
acknowle
the time
vited corre tive legislation.
As a resu
the present
the Senate an
term "indust
This amendmert
redefinition of t
with its generally
would have provide
dustrial bonds only Si
situations. The ame
brought to a vote prior
of the 90th Congress; ho
RUSSELL LONG, the chairma
ate Finance Committee, did
surance on the Senate floo
committee will study the pr lem and
will hold hearings if a similar bill is
introduced during the next sessi n. It is
my intention to introduce within Itie next
few weeks a modified version bf this
proposed redefinition.
Without doubt the basic qu tion of
exemption of State and local1 govern-
mental activities ft?om Feder taxation
will be raised during the 91 Congress.
I am hopeful that thoro h hearings
will be held in both the nate and the
House. As for myself, , shall continue
to oppose strennousW any legislation
which would repeal outright the tax ex-
emption on State 'end local bonds; which
would replace the tax exemption with a
system of Federal guarantees and sub-
sidies; or which would penalize or re-
ward a State by taxation or exemption,
depending on whetter the Federal Gov-
ernment approves or disapproves of the
purpose for which the bond is issued.
Well A-21 had been drilled directionally by
Union Oil Company from Platform "A" on
Federal lease P-0241 to a total depth of 3,479
feet with 13% inch casing set and cemented
at 514 feet (238 feet below sea bottom) and a
blow-out preventer installed.
While pulling drill pipe the well started
flowing mud and then mud with gas which
was shut-in by dropping the drill pipe and
closing the blow-out preventer. The well was
then under control and remained so for a
short time until gas and oil appeared on the
water around the platform, having bypassed
the upper part of the well.
The work of restoring control over the well
then proceeded in separate ways (1) to fish
out or re-enter the dropped drill pipe and fill
the hole with mud and (2) to drill a relief
well which would intersect well A-21 at bot-
tom and through which mud would be
pumped. Either method is designed to pump
mud into the formation at bottom which will
kill the flow.
Both operations have gone on simultane-
ously so as to save time in the event it would
be found to be impossible to fish out or re-
enter the drill pipe. We understand that a
check valve that it was necessary to mill out
has been successfully milled so that it should
then be possible to re-enter the drill pipe and
gun perforate above the drill which is
plugged. This will enable mud to circulate
down through the drill pipe and out through
the perforations into the space behind the
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HOPED FOR RETALIATION
"He was hoping for Republic of Korea and
or United States retaliation. Had either
occurred, he would have Invoked the North
Korea-USSR or North Korea-Chinese Com-
munist mutual defense treaties. And this
time he would not have had a United Na-
tions-sponsored free world defense effort
such as he encountered in 1950."
Adm. Smith said the U.S. failure to re-
taliate "undoubtedly prevented" the out-
break of a third world war. The Pueblo's
skipper, Cmdr. Lloyd M. Bucher has testi-
fied before the court of inquiry investigat-
ing the seizure that it was obvious to him
in captivity the North Koreans expected re-
taliation and were "scared to death."
Adm. Smith said the North Koreans were
gambling on the fact the U.S. already was
heavily committed in Vietnam and on their
"almost total air supremacy" in Korea. He
said Kim Il-sung was goaded by the fact he
is nearing 60, and "unless he did something
drastic there is little chance of unifying his
country and becoming its national hero."
Adm. Smith said the North Koreans had
"hundreds, perhaps thousands of jet fighter
planes housed in underground hangars, and
were sure they could wipe us out."
FULLY MOBILIZED
He said they were fully mobilized at the
time. Americans and South Koreans knew
this, he said. "We tried to stay calm, but we
were anything but calm inside." the Admiral
said.
Since then, he said, the United States,
while still heavily committed in Vietnam,
"has reinforced the United Nations command
(in Korea), particularly with aircraft, and
this holds Kim Il-sing in check for the pres-
ent." He would not go into detail, altho he
said the number of planes available to each
side represents a "much more respectable
ratio."
Adm. Smith linked the Pueblo incident to
an abortive attempt a few days earlier by 31
"trained guerrillas, all regular North Korean
army officers." to assassinate South Korean
President Park Chung-hee. He said they got
within 1,000 meters of the presidential palace.
"They failed, but just barely," he said.
Had Mr. Park been assassinated, he said,
he believes a war would have been "inevit-
able."
"No one could have held the ROKS back,"
he said.
Adm. Smith said negotiations involving the
Pueblo were held in the Panmunjom com-
pound, in a building next to the one in which
formal U.N. negotiating sessions were held,
but that he attended as an American, not a
U.N. representative. "I got my instructions
from the State Departknent, not even from
the embassy in Seoul," he said.
DETAILS WITHHELD
Adm. Smith said he still was not author-
ized to talk about the details of those nego-
tiations, but agreed to "talk around them."
Adm. Smith said the atmosphere in the se-
cret sessions was "altogether different from
that in the open U.N. hearings, which he said
the North Koreans regarded as a "propaganda
device." For instance, he said, the chief North
Korean delegate, Maj. Gen. Park Chung-kuk,
"Obviously is not a military man, and I never
referred to him in open session as one." In-
stead, he said, "I consistently referred to him
as a stooge, a propagandist, and asked ques-
tions which revealed his appalling ignorance
of military matters."
But in secret sessions, he said, "I referred
to him courteously as general." He said the
North Koreans "didn't give a dam" whether
the American understood what was said in
public meetings. In private sessions "we
would ask, for instance, 'would you repeat
that' and they would reply 'certainly,'" he
said.
Adm. Smith said he thought the North Ko-
reans agreed to release the Pueblo crew "for
a variety of reasons."
"One, they had extracted the maximum
propaganda value from them," he said. "They
were becoming a financial burden. But I
think the principal reason was that they now
have a contract with The Netherlands gov-
ernment to build a number of fishing ves-
sels, and they'll have to operate on the open
seas."
The U.S. State and Defense Departments
"leaked" this story to the press, then had
"no comment" on suggestions we might seize
them.
"I doubt very much we would," Adm.
Smith said, "But they didn't know that. I
think this was conclusive in their tortured
reasoning."
PRECEDENT FOR CONFESSION
Adm. Smith said there was precedent for
the "confession" his successor, Maj. Gen.
Gilbert H. Wodward, signed to obtain re-
lease of the Pueblo's crew?altho Gen. Wood-
ward at the same time repudiated it.
Six years ago, he said, a 'U.S. helicopter crew
strayed across the DMZ and was shot down.
A year later, they were released, but only
after Army Maj. Gen. Hamilton Howze signed
a "confession" they were spies. He said the
North Koreans constantly referred to this
Incident.
On smother occasion, he said, a U.S, flier
was shot down, and the American represent-
ative pleaded for Information about his con-
dition to relieve the anxieties of his parents.
Finally, he said, the North Koreans tossed
a "picture of his broken, crumpled body on
the table before us and said 'here is your
man.' Then they burst out laughing. Later,
they brought his body in and kicked it off
the truck at our feet."
Adm. Smith said he usually refers to North
Koreans as "mad dogs."
"People think this is hyperbole," he said.
"It's the truth."
He said the North Koreans "employ laugh-
ter as a weapon."
"They have a 'duty hyena' who sits in
the back of the room and understands Eng-
lish," he said. "They all take their cue from
him. He starts laughing, and the others take
it up. Gen. Park is the last to start laugh-
ing."
RED PRESS JEALOUS
Adm. Smith paid tribute to the South
Korean press, which he said "drives the North
Korean reporters crazy."
"The North Korean reporters are under
instructions to circulate among us and learn
what they can," he said. "The South Koreans
will talk about the parties they've attended,
the new homes they've built, the new clothes
they've bought. There is no joy in North
Korea. They have none of these things.
?The North Koreans need 48 hours even to
assemble a press crew, brief them on the
questions to ask. Their press is highly reg-
imented, cruelly disciplined. They're terribly
frightened of defections."
On one occasion, he said, a meeting was
postponed suddenly for 24 hours, yet the
North Korean press came out with a "full
report of their questions and our answers"
of the canceled meeting.
"When we finally reconvened," he said,
"our answers weren't quite accurate, but
their questions certainly were."
Adm. Smith said Gen. Park once warned
him:
"You be careful, sir, we're going to cut
off your head."
"I was honored," he said. "Guillotining is
an honor. They planned to cut off President
Park's head and machine-gun every one else.
I felt real distinguished."
TRIBUTE TO EDUARDO MONDLANE
Mr. BROOKE. Mr. President, it was
with deep distress that I learned yester-
day of the tragic and untimely death,
by assassination, of Eduardo Mondlane,
President of the Mozambique Liberation
Front.
I was privileged to meet with Eduardo
Mondlane during my tour of Africa last
year. I talked at length with him and
with other leaders of the Southern Afri-
can liberation movements. And I fully
enjoyed a quiet dinner and long evening
of conversation with Educardo and his
American-born wife, Janet. To her and
to their family I have extended my deep-
est condolences.
Dr. Mondlane was born in the Portu-
guese colony of Mazambique. He was
educated in Protestant mission schools,
axid was the first black African in that
colony to attain the equivalent of a high
school and a college degree. He studied
at Northwestern University, from which
he earned a doctorate in sociology. He
taught at Syracuse University, N.Y., and
was known to many Americans as an
articulate lecturer and a dedicated mem-
ber of the United Nations Secretariat.
In 1962 he was summonded back to
Africa to become President of the newly
formed Mozambique Liberation Front,
more commonly known as Frelimo. In
this capacity Dr. Mondlane showed re-
markable organizational skill and deep
concern for the needs of his people.
While his wife, Janet, administered the
Mozambique Institute in Dar es Sa-
laam?a multi-purpose educational and
refugee relief center?Dr. Mondlane con-
centrated on building a politico-military
organization capable of governing an in-
dependent nation. At the time of his
death, Frelimo controlled most of the
two northern provinces of Mozambique,
and was active in several other areas.
They had established an effective system
of schools, hospitals, and local self-gov-
erning units.
Mr. President, it is not for us to judge
the nature of the movement which was
led by Eduardo Mondlane. One of the
deepest tragedies of the colonial system
is that a man with the talents and abili-
ties of Dr. Mondlane found no legitimate
outlet for his leadership in his own coun-
try. But the dream of Eduardo Mondlane
is one which we can fully share. He
fought and died for the principle self-
determination. He sought freedom and
justice for his people. He believed, with
most of the peoples of the world, that
none are truly free until all are free. The
world will be a greater place for all if
the dream of Eduardo Mondlane lives on.
LETTER TO SECRETARY VOLPE RE-
GARDING AIR TRAFFIC CON-
TROL
Mr. BROOKE. Mr. President, On Feb-
ruary 3, I sent a letter to Secretary of
Transportation John A. Volpe urging him
to take prompt and vigorous measures to
forestall the growing crisis in the Na-
tion's air traffic system.
In particular, the letter cites the per-
sonnel problems in the air traffic field.
It calls upon the Secretary first, to in-
crease the number of air traffic control-
lers; and, second, to upgrade standards
and conditions of employment for air
traffic controllers. I was joined in this
effort by 21 of my colleagues: CLINTON
P. ANDERSON, BIRCH BAYH, HENRY BELL-
MON, WALLACE F. BENNETT, QUENTIN N.
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S 1262 Approved For Reis@IspcjiNgtl&
BURDICK, CLIFFORD P. C,,Ase, THOIII.A.R J.
DODD, PETER El. DOMINICK, THOMAS F.
EAGLETON, I-IniAm L. Fon. PHILIP A, HART,
DANIEL L. INouyE, JAccill K. JAVITS, LEN
B. JORDAN, THOMAS J. NICIN'TYRE, JACK
MILLER, JOSEPH M. MONToyA, CLAIR DRNE
ELL, CHARLES H. PENN., HUGH S.30TT,
and RICHARD S. Semwe,4,kca.
I ask unanimous consett that the lztter
to Secretary Volpe be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letter was
ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as
f ollows :
1 V.S. SENATE,
1
Washington, D.C., anuary 31,1969.
/-lon. JOHN A. VOLPE, . --
Secretary of Transportatio
{Department of Transportation,
Washington, D.C. ...
MY DEAR MR. SECRETAKE: As you know,
;Eiany members of Congresahave becorno in-
reasingly concerned ahouCthe critical prob-
e
ms of air traffic control, from the stand-
oint of both the procedure and the pe son-
el involved in these entical operations.
There is a pressing need more energetic
action to handle the growing volume cf air
traffic in a safer and more cgtleient manner.
A matter of central impqaance is the per-
sonnel policy to be folio 4.1 in this ,leld.
As aircraft grow larger an more numerous,
and as the control techno - les become ever
more complex, it is impera _ ve that person-
nel standards and practias be raised ac-
Oordingly. More lives are .stake and snore
Complicated tasks must be?performed. These
decisive facts compel us to lprove incen'Aves
and working conditions to 'bure that :ally
qualified personnel are av?le at all tines
to meet the immense dem Is on air taffic
controllers.
We believe that a great deji can and ah nild
he done under existing autorrty to mess the
hudding personnel crisis inlir traffic cOntrol.
We urge you to take pronapt and vigorous
easures to insure that tis crisis is core-
stalled, not only by expan _ g the nuMbers
o air traffic controllers bu also by upgrad-
ihg the standards and con ons of enly boy-
ent. These issues have re1ved much dis-
cussion but little action ip. recent meitlas
ad we earnestly hope that in concert a.rith
the Civil Service Commission and the ope. rat-
ing agencies, you will now takeswifter and
effective action. .,
Last year more than twetaty Senators co-
sponsored a bill to create a CommisalOr, on
Air Traffic Control, specifying that the Com-
ssion would study and nips recommer da-
t ons concerning the whole roge of opera ang
a d personnel problems 14 the air traffic
11 Id. Although subsequently a commis ;ton
s mewhat similar in purpOle was appall Loed.
b Secretary Boyd, it appe s to have xx ade
little, if any, progress towarpropoeing Vi tble
selutions. The Federal Av1qkn Agency has
seemed to lack either the depo or the int Lie-
tiVe to deal constructively,with the acute
problems of the air traffic controllers vho
Man the systems involved.
'We are considering a variety of legisla-tve
ideas bearing on these problems and VI; be
in touch with you again in the coming
onths. But at the outset of your tentlre as
S retary, we wished to express both our con-
cern in this matter and our strong desire to
cCoperate with you in designing and iMple-
rnenting an effective program for air traffic
cOntrol operations and personnel.
Sincerely yours,
EDWARD W. BROO
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S PPO-
GRAM FOR EQUAL JOB OPPplie?
IITUNITIES IN PRIVATE INDUSTRY
DIRKSEN. Mr. President, on ,De-
cember 23 and January 20 I3arron's pub-
,i:A:LCifEEBIRI131144W300150001.1brua
ry 4,-1969
fished two parts of a three-part series of
articles written by Shirley Scheibla deal-
ing with the Federal Government's at-
tempts to provide equal job opportunities
in private industry. These articles are
most revealing and lend substance to
many allegations in recent months that
employers are being forced to comply
with reckless and conflicting orders is-
sued by a number of Government depart-
ments under the threat that their Federal
contracts will be withdrawn if they do
not knuckle under. The primary depart-
ments responsible are the Equal Employ-
ment Opportunity Commission and the
Office of Federal Contract Conipliance.
These administrators appear be intent
on interpreting and adm' t
law according to their ow notions of
irfering the
what it should be, regardlesi of what the
Congress intended.
In the final analysis it 14 up to the
Congress, in performing It oversight
functions, to see to it thatt e law is
ilt
administered as the Congress I tended.
In this regard, I believe an exa 'nation
of the practices of the EEOC and-')FCC
is of the first order. A similar tye of
examination was undertaken last ear
with respect to one of the Indepenc1nt
agencies. The Senate Subcommittee
Separation of Powers held extensiv
hearings on the National Labor Rela-
tions Board in an attempt to ascertain
whether the Board in interpreting and
administering the labor law had adhered
to the expressed will and intent of Con-
gress in the original legislation. The
great weight of opinion was that the will
of Congress is often ignored and sub-
verted by those charged with its imple-
mentation. In the light of these conclu-
sions and the articles in Barron's, I be-
lieve the subcommittee should give the
OFCC and the EEOC a good looking over.
It is my strong impression that the or-
ders and requirements flowing out of
these offices exceed the authority granted
to them by Congress and are beyond
any reasonable interpretation which can
be given to the intent of Congress in the
enabling legislation. An additional sep-
aration of powers problem exists in con-
nection with the ()FCC since it was es-
tablished by Executive order, and it may
well be that this entire matter should
have been dealt w.th by the Congress in
the first place.
Mr. President, these articles are indeed
Informative and worthy of attention, and
I ask unanimous consent that they be in-
serted in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From Barron's, Dec. 23, 1968]
GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT??GOVERNMENT IS
MAKING BUSINESS ITS UNWILLING PARTNER
IN BIAS
(By Shirley Scheibla)
WASHINGTON.?"I'm no crusader," the wor-
ried executive told a reporter recently, "but
I'm no bigot either. All I am is a businessman
trying to operate my company the best way
I know how?which means bidding success-
fully for contracts I can deliver on, and
hiring qualified workers I know can get the
job done for me." This employer, however,
like thousands of others in the U.S. today, is
dependent for most of his business on federal
contracting agencies, and Uncle Sam is de-
termined to wipe out racial discrimination in
private employment?at Any cost. Because
of the way Washington has been going about
it, the cost can come high.
"If I don't sign a commitment to hire a
certain number of nonwhites in each job
category," explained the businessman, "the
government threatens to deal me out. I face
formal complaints by the Equal Employ-
ment Opportunity Commission and possible
lawsuits by the Justice Department. I stand
to lose millions of dollars in contracts?.
which means that dozens or even hundreds
of workers' jobs are placed in jeopardy too,
affecting blacks and whites alike. Yet / have
no way to guarantee that I can find the
people to meet these quotas, particularly in
high-ill classifications. And the irony of
it is, it I do go all-out with such 'reverse
discrimipation' in my hiring and firing, I run
the yery`, real risk of all-out trouble with
organized labor."
BLOCKBUSTER APPROACH
There's little doubt that the government's
blockbuster approach to the centuries-old
problem of employment bias may be creat-
ing as many ills as it has cured. Not surpris-
ingly, Parkinson's Law holds sway here in
a chaotic proliferation of policy-making bu-
reaucrats, acting under one or the other of
two edicts: the 1964 Civil Rights Act and
President Johnson's Executive Order 11246
of 1965, which combine to blanket any em-
ployer of at least 50 persons as well as any
contract of $10,000 or more involving federal
funds. Enforcers include not only the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (EE
00) , but also the Justice Department, the
Labor Department's Office of Federal Con-
tract Compliance (OFCC) and each of some
1.7,000 contracting officers representing 28
other U.S. agencies. Although racial consider-
ations are predominant, incidentally, they
by no means exhaust the government's pur-
vietv as defined by statute, proclamation and
regulatory nat.
Beyond administrative confusion, how-
ever?'not to say a clear lack of either co-
ordination or consistency?are problems far
more Aerious. Some official actions, for ex-
ample, appear to constitute inexcusable abuse
of unquestioned authority. Worse still,
others ay well be illegal if not unconstitu-
tional. Eoployers have been denied due proc-
ess; firn have been placed arbitrarily 171
financial eopardy. In the name of fair em-
ployment , finally, both the National Labor
Relations',Act and the Civil Rights Act itself
plainly seem to have been violated.
UNDUE PROCESS?
The most glaring instances of action with-
out due process have Occurred under the aegis
of OFCC. Ward McCreedy, acting director of
the agency, admits that contracting officers
have been holding up awards virtually on a
daily basis, because of non-compliance with
OFCC regulations. "Across the board," he said
recently, "this experience has resulted in the
company's submitting a program which does
effect compliance. None of these people can
demonstrate that they have suffered any fi-
nancial loss owing to such delays on their
bids." But the affected firms tell a different
tale: many claim convincingly that the com-
pliance procedure has caused substantial
monetary losses. Since several of OFCC's reg-
ulations are, to say the least, of dubious le-
gality, the risks to which such employers are
exposed would seem to entitle them?before
and not after the action has been taken?to
their day in court.
What's more, OFCC's parent Labor Depart-
ment, in determining which contracts are to
be held up, appears to be applying a double
standard. One notorious case in point in-
volves New York's Neighborhood Youth Corps.
As long ago as last May, several agencies were
investigating criminal charges against this
child of the poverty program. Alleged was the
theft of millions of dollars which had been
freely parceled out by the Labor Department.
On September 13, with the charge still pend-
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NEW YCApproxiddifor Release 2002/10/09 :13a4CRDP411441SAR000300150001-8 PAG
Studyon Pueblo biscerns Weaknesses in Control
By E. W. KENWORTHY Staff of Senate Panel Finds
Special to The New York Times
, WASHINGTON, Feb. 1 ? A Little Coordination Among
!staff study prepared for the
, Diplomats and Military
Senate ,Foreign Relations Corn-
!
.mittee concludes that the Pue-
:bio affair has once again re_ the fleet commander in the Pa-
cmealed serious weaknesses in theific through the chain of com-
mand to the higher echelon of
!whole command and control Government, including the Joint
0System for American intelli- Chiefs of Staff."
:gence gathering operations. Last Feb. 1, Secretary of De-
According to informed fense Robert S. McNamara told
Isources, the staff found that in the Senate Armed Services
ithe Pueblo incident the weak- Committee that the mission had
inesses in command and control not been approved directly by
I
encompassed the level at which himself but by "my representa-
the ship's mission was first a!:i- tive." Secretary Rusk likewise
proved and daily monitored; the
informed the committee that his
t?timing of the mission; the risks designated representative had
it assumed; the contingency plan- approved it.
tiling in event of attack or Both Secretaries took re-
seizures, and the dismissal of sponsibility for the decision,
la warning about "spy boats" but both departments refused to
as "routine." identify the representatives who
i
Most Serious Defect had made it.
In its conclusions, the For-
t . The warning was delivered eign Relations Committee staff
iby the North Koreans to Amer- surmised that the decision had
man officers at Panmunjom
been made well down in the
three days before the Pueblo
4bureaucracy and that those re-
was seized by North Korea on sponsible for the over-all man-
1.1an. 23, 1968. agement of foreign policy were
r The most serious defect the only dimly aware, if at all, of
tcommittee staff found in the the Pueblo's mission, and not
3' ommand and control system
The timing of the mission
/es
omatic and military arms of came in for sharp criticism in
at all aware of the timing.
was the very small amount of
'oordiriatien between the dip-
the staff study. Although the
stile Government. Johnson Administration, in its
The study was based on vo- defense of the mission, took the
IlArninous material supplied position that the risks had been
ithrough the Department of minimal, the staff noted that the
!State by the Defense Depart- mission began when North Ko-
-ithent in response to questions rea was plainly in an extremely
y the committee a year ago. belligerent mood.
This is the background to
e staff study: Violations Increasing
Last Feb. 2, the committee Alleged North Korean viola-
Sked Secretary of State Dean tions of the armistice agree-
usk a series of questions. On ment had increased tenfold in
arch 25, Mr. Rusk replied a year and 31 North Korean
o most, but not all, of them. commandos had just unsuccess-
y 1, Senator J. W. Ful- fully attempted to assassinate
t, the committee chairman, President Chung Hee Park of
another set of questions to South Korea in Seoul.
Rusk,? who returned an- The staff study puts major
on June 28. emphasis on the apparent fail-
"e committee's first two ure of the diplomatic and mil-
stions were: "When was this ltary missions in Seoul to take
n approved?" and "Who par- seriously a warning delivered
ated in the decision?" It by Maj. Gen. Pak Chung Kook,
an answer to the first, but the North Korean delegate, to
"a complete reply to the Rear Adm. John V?Srnith, the
cond.
flhINIflh 3NIA
'Carefully Planned"
t After the seizure of the ship
Alen. Earle G. Wheeler, chair. 0114
*
an of the Joint Chiefs, tolc! antvnuasaidal m1404 ,tulp
Veit& ti
House Defense Appropria.,P,TmOlaanTasEIN7113./Idai eq,1,.44
ons subcommittee that the'?' .2.tod
ission "was carefully planned_i 5,002apatuooqns Allmiin7sir40,111.
d reviewed all the way from44 sing ato. paw.mj l .
amid 'Amp sui ?L96I `aa:qoa
Approved For Releate 2015271tOr Mg P71600364R000300150001-8
ing infiltrated into our coastal
waters a number of armed spy
boats, together with a group of
South Korean fishing boats, and
repeatedly demanded you im-
mediately stop such criminal
acts."
In response ?to a query by
The New York Times on Jan. 26
on whether there had been such
a meeting and warning on Jan.
20, the State Department re-
plied that it knew of no such
meeting. However, it cabled
Seoul and learned that there
ing. The transcript arrived later.
When Secretary McNamara
emerged from the Senate
Armed Services Committee
hearing on Feb. 1-12 days
after the warning at Panmun-
jom?he was asked about it.
He replied that, to his knowl-
edge, there had not been a
meeting on Jan. 20. He instruct-
ed an aide to make inquiry.
When the Jan. 20 transcript
arrived, it showed General Pak
to have said in part:
"It is quite obvious that 'if
one continued the provocative
act of dispatching spy boats and
espionage bandits to the coastal
waters of the other side under
the cover of naval craft, it will
only result in disrupting the
armistice and inducing another
war. We have the due right to
make a due response to your
thoughtless play with fire. We
will fully exercise our rights."
The State and Defense De-
partments took the position that
such warnings about spy ships
had become so routine as to
justify ignoring them.
The committee staff in its
conclusions, however, was un-
derstood to have contended
that, given the then belligeren-
cy of North Korea, prudence
would have suggested that the
Pueblo be ordered 25 to 30
miles at sea, or else provided
with protection.
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January 29, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE H541
In a letter to the chairman of the Post
Office and Civil Service Committee the
new chairman of the U.S. Civil Service
Commission, the Honorable Robert E.
Hampton, Makes clear that President
Nixon stands behind these salary recom-
mendations for Federal executives, mem-
bers of the judiciary, and Members of
Congress. He writes:
The Bureau of the Budget advises that
the present Administration supports the Ex-
ecutive, Legislative and Judicial salary rec-
ommendations submitted by President John-
son as part of his 1970 budget, and believes
that those recommendations should be al-
lowed to go into effect.
Mr. Speaker, in my judgment the task
faced by the new administration in re-
cruiting topflight executives to do the
job it wants to do would be made infi-
nitely more difficult if Congress acted to
block the implementation of these salary
recommendations. In his letter Chair-
man Hampton makes this same point.
He writes:
Failure to adjust the salaries of top of-
ficers to currently needed levels is unfair to
the individuals concerned and can be a seri-
ous handicap to the Government in securing
and keeping the talent it needs.
The chairman of the Post Office and
Civil Service Committee, the Honorable
THADDEUS J. DuLsKI, has made available
to me a copy of that letter. Without ob-
jection I shall insert it at this point in
the RECORD:
U.S. CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION,
Washington, D.C., January 21, 1969.
Hon. THADDEDR J. DULSKI,
Chairman, Committee on Post Office and
Civil Service.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: This is in response
to your request for the Commission's views
on H. Res. 128 disapproving the recommenda-
tions which President Johnson made in his
budget for adjustment of the salaries of
Members of Congress, Federal Executives,
and members of the Federal Judiciary. These
recommendations were made pursuant to
section 225 of the Federal Salary Act of 1967.
I wish to assure you that this Commission
fully supports the recommendations which
President Johnson made in his budget with
respect -to the adjustment of the salaries for
these top officers.
The responsibility for the well being of
this country which is placed in the hands of
Congressmen, Federal Executives, and the
justices and judges of the Federal Judiciary
fully justifies the recommended adjustments
in salaries. Failure to adjust the salaries of
top officers to currently needed levels is un-
fair to the individuals concerned and can be
a serious handicap to the Government in
securing and keeping the talent it needs.
The orderly method of adjusting top sal-
aries provided in the Federal Salary Act of
1967 constitutes a very significant improve-
ment in the total Federal salary system. The
Commission strongly recommends support of
the recommendations in the budget which
represent the first action under this new
quadrennial review.
The Bureau of the Budget advises that the
present Administration supports the Execu-
tive, Legislative, and Judicial salary recom-
mendations submitted by President Johnson
as part of his 1979 budget, and believes that
those recommendations should be allowed to
go into effect.
By direction of the Commission:
Sincerely yours,
ROBERT E. HAMPTON,
Chairman.
JOINT CONGRESSIONAL COMMIS-
SION ON "PUEBLO"
(Mr. WOLFF as-li=1 was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, we were all
elated when the crew of the Pueblo was
returned safely last month. The Ameri-
can people expected, as they had every
right to expect, that there would be a
complete and open investigation and re-
port on the circumstances of the Pueb-
lo's capture, the crew's imprisonment
and general American policy in this
matter. But this investigation has sim-
ply not taken place; the court of inquiry
has not done this vital job.
There are serious and fundamental
questions that remain unanswered for
the American people. Was the potential
value of the Pueblo's mission consistent
with the inherent risks to the crew and
possible loss of confidential information
and equipment? Why were no contin-
gency plans provided for so delicate an
assignment? Why was there difficulty in
communications between the Pueblo and
Tokyo in the period immediately before
the ship was lost?
Is one man being made a scapegoat?
Where does responsibility rest for loss of
the ship? Are such missions continuing
without better provisions for support?
These and other questions can and
should be answered without compromis-
ing our security. On a matter such as
this it is appropriate that the Ameri-
can people demand and receive honest
answers.
In order to secure these answers I am
today introducing a resolution to create a
special joint congressional commission
to study fully, and in public view, the
entire Pueblo incident.
This commission will be comprised of
the chairmen and ranking minority
members of the appropriate House and
Senate committees and two appointed
members, one to be appointed by the
Speaker and the other by the President of
the Senate.
The commission shall have the neces-
sary staff, funding and authority to in-
vestigate thoroughly the entire Pueblo
affair and shall report is findings to the
President and Congress.
Because this remains a clouded issue
with so many unanswered questions, and
because the answers to those questions
may well prove vital to our national
security and future international policy,
I urge immediate action on the resolu-
tion I am introducing today.
Because of the urgency with which I
regard this matter, and under leave to
extend my remarks, I wish to include
the resolution in the RECORD at this
point:
H.J. RES. 334
A joint resolution to establish a commis-
mission to conduct a full and complete
Investigation of the seizure of the United
States Ship Pueblo
Whereas the capture of the U.S.S. Pueblo
by the North Korean Peoples Republic in
January, 1967 was a source of great concern
to the American people;
Whereas the treatment of the Pueblo's crew-
during the men's detention in North Korea
reportedly involved inhuman harassment;
Whereas there remain serious questions
that cloud the entire incident of the Pueblo's
capture;
Whereas the American people have a right
to a thorough and open investigation of the
Pueblo affair: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled,
ESTABLISHMENT
SECTION 1. There is established a commis-
sion to be known as the "Pueblo Commission"
(hereafter referred to in this joint resolu-
tion as the "Commission").
DITTIES OF COMMISSION
SEC. 2. It shall be -the duty of the Com-
mission to conduct a full and complete in-
vestigation of the seizure of the United States
Ship Pueblo and its crews by the North
Korean Peoples Republic. The Commission
shall also review all the.conclitions and details
relating to the detention of the Pueblo's crew
In North Korea.
MEMBERSHIP
SEC. 3. (a) The Commission shall be com-
posed of 14 members as follows:
(1) The chairman and ranking minority
member of each of the following committees
of the House of Representatives:
(A) Committee on Foreign Affairs.
(B) Committee on Armed Services.
(C) Subcommittee on Military Operations
of the Committee on Government Opera-
tions.
(2) The chairman and ranking minority
member of each of the following committees
of the Senate:
(A) Committee on Foreign Relations.
(B) Committee on Armed Services.
(C) Subcommittee on National Security
and International Operations of the Com-
mittee on Government Operations.
(3) One Member of the House of Repre-
sentatives appointed by the Speaker of the
House of Representatives.
(4) One Member of the Senate appointed
by the President of the Senate.
(b) Any vacancy in the Commission shall
be filled in the same manner as in the case
of the original selection.
(c) (1) Members of the Commission who
are full-time officers or employees of the
United States shall receive no additional
compensation on account of their service on
the Commission.
(2) While away from their homes or regu-
lar places of business in the performance of
services for the Commission, members of
the Commission shall be allowed travel ex-
penses, including per diem in lieu of sub-
sistence, in the same manner as the expenses
authorized by section 5703(b) of title 5,
United States Code, for persons in the Gov-
ernment service employed intermittently.
(d) Eight members of the Commission
shall constitute a quorum.
(e) The Chairman of the Comimssion shall
be selected by the members of the Com-
mission.
STAFF OF COMMISSION
SEC. 4. (a) The Commission may appoint
and fix the compensation of such personnel
as it deems advisable.
(b) The staff of the Commission shall be
appointed subject to the provisions of title 5,
United States Code, governing appointments
in the competitive service, and shall be paid
In accordance with the provisions of chapter
51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such
title relating to classification and General
Schedule pay rates.
POWERS OF THE COMMISSION
SEC. 5. (a) The Oommission or, on the
authorization of the Commission, any sub-
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542 CONGRESSIONA L RECORD ? HOUSE January 29, 1969
mrnittee or member thereof, may, or the
purpose of carrying out the provisions of this
oint Resolution, hold such hearings uci sit
d act at such times and places, ad /lister
tach oaths, and require, by subpena o ther-
ise, the attendance and testimony such
teeitn.eases and the production of such hooks,
ords, correspondence, memoranda, pipers,
nd documents as the Commission or such
Subcommittee or member may deem advis-
able. Subpenas may be issued under the sig-
ature of the Chairman of the Oomrnisaion,
such subcommittee, or any duly desig-
nated member, and may be served by any
persoil designated by such Chairman or
Member. The provisions of sections 102 to 104,
inclusive, of the Revised Statutes (2 r.s.c.
3192-194), shall apply in. the case of any
failure of any witness to comply with any
sUbpena OT to testify when summoned under
authority of this section.
REGISTRATION AND LICENSING
OF FIREARMS
(Mr. BINGHAM asked aid was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
pbint in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
IMr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, the leg-
iSlation passed by the last Congress pine-
hg greater controls on the movement,
possession, and use of firearms must not
be regarded as constituting all that can
be done to protect our society against the
isuses of dangerous weapons. The need
f r a truly comprehensive firearms eon-
t 1 program has not yet been totally
satisfied.
'1 have consistently supported strong
gin -control legislation, including pno1.1.-
si ns for registration and licensing.' On
t o occasions I have had the privilege to
Propose registration provisions on ' the
fidor of the House?in 1967 a, an amend-
ment to President Johnson's Safe Streeta
Act, and in 1968 as an amendment to a
watered-down version of the Fireaitis
Centro' Act of 1968, sent to Congress
sh rtly after the assassination of Sen tor
R bert Kennedy.
irhe enormous outpouring of public 'Ie-
mind and support for full proteetidn
ag nst the misuses of firearms, with-
ou unduly inconveniencing responsible
s rtsmen and others who have a legiti-
m te need for firearms and are capable
of ising them safely, cannot be ignoiled.
wq have a continuing commitment' to
fin h the work begun on gun control
with the 1967 and 1968 acts. Those aCts
haVe put a stop to interstate and mail-
ord r sales of both hand and long glina
an4 ammunition, except between fedr-
allk licensed dealers. They require that
a person be 21 years of age to purchase
a handgun and handgun ammunition,
and at least 18 years of age to purchase
lone guns. They make it unlawful for a
dea er to sell a firearm or ammunitien
to nyone the dealer has reasonable
cau e to believe is a convicted criminal,
a f tive, a drug addict or a person who
is nentally defective. But until we have
a w rkable system of gunowner licens-
ing, it will continue to be next to impoS-
sibl for any dealer to know when he may
be s lling to such a person.
A of June 1968, 39 States had lo
licersIng or permit requirements to puj-
chas handguns, and even fewer requird
licenses or permits to purchase loxg
guns, As a result, in those States, theie
Is no way for a dealer to know anything
about the people he sells weapons to, for
local officials to verify whatever infor-
mation purchasers may provide, or for
local officials to undertake even the most
cursory investigation to determine the
medical or possible criminal backgrounds
of individuals about to purchase guns.
In short, it is still possible in many States
for felons, convicted criminals, physi-
cally and mentally unstable persons,
drug addicts, and other individuals un-
fit for firearms cwnership to purchase
them over the counter.
In the meantime, privately owned fire-
arms continue to be involved in more
than 20,000 deaths, 100,000 injuries, and
100,000 assaults and robberies each year.
Without a national firearms registry, our
ability rapidly to trace the ownership of
weapons involved in these violations of
the law remains primitive and largely
ineffective.
Granted, firearms registration arid
licensing will not prevent or eliminate
crimes of violence. Nor will they keep
guns entirely out of the hands of crimi-
nals and other irresponsible individuals.
But it is no more rational to argue that
strong gun-control laws should not be
passed simply becguse some individuals
will violate them than it is to argue that
any law or licensing arrangement should
not exist simply because some people will
violate it. The fact is that a system of
gun-owner licensin;, while it would not
totally keep guns out of the hands of
unqualified people determined to obtain
them, would make it much more difficult
than it now is for these individuals to
obtain guns?more difficult particularly
hi the expense which they would have to
Incur and the time they would have to
spend to locate a weapon. Furthermore,
licensing and registration laws would
add to the penalties that could be im-
posed on criminals convicted of commit-
Ing a crime using firearms if one accepts
the argument that most of these individ-
uals would be unlicensed and their weap-
ons unregistered.
A great many Americans take pleasure
in the use of firearms for hunting, tar-
get shooting, and other legitimate rec-
reational purposes. None of the gun
control provisions I have supported, or
will continue to support, have been in-
tended in any way interfere with or
place undue or discriminatory hardship
on sportsmen. It is my firm belief and
understanding that strong gun control
requirements, includ.ng registration and
licensing, will take considerably less
trouble to satisfy than automobile regis-
tration and driver licensing. Yet no
thoughtful person would argue that it is
discriminatory, unnecessary, or unduly
troublesome to require automobile own-
ers to register their vehicles and drivers
to obtain licenses. A firearm, like an au-
tomobile, is a device 'that can be recrea-
tional and constructive when used re-
sponsibly. But it can also be dangerous
and highly destructive. The destructive
potential of firearms, like that of auto-
mobiles, is so great that some reasonable
provisions are needed to regulate access
to them.
The vast majority of hunters and tar-
get shooters are reliable, responsible citi-
zens in their res" pective communities
upon whom, I am confident, registration
and licensing would have no adverse ef-
fect and impose no real hardship.
Some sincere opponents of strong gun
control legislation fear and contend that
registration and licensing is just "a foot
in the door"?the first step in a program
of restrictions on the possession and use
of firearms that will end with a situa-
tion in the United States like that in
many European countries, where fire-
arms can be used and housed only at spe-
cial private shooting clubs, or like Japan,
where personal ownership, possession,
and use of firearms is prohibited entirely.
I do not sympathize with this view. On
the contrary, I feel strongly that a com-
prehensive gun control program consist-
ing of the Federal legislation already on
the books and an effective system of reg-
istration and licensing will preclude the
possibility that there will ever be the
necessity or the teMptation at some fu-
ture time to go to the very extreme meas-
ures that Japan and many of the Euro-
pean countries have adopted.
With these facts in mind, as well as my
assurances to my own constituents that
I will continue to do everything I can to
build our present partial firearms control
program into a fully effective and com-
prehensive one, I ani tcglay introducing
legislation to provide for Federal regis-
tration of all firearms and Federal licens-
ing of all firearms owners in those States
whose licensing laws fail to meet mini-
mum Federal standards. This legislation
is identical to that already introduced
by the distinguished chairman of the
Committee on the Judiciary, the gentle-
man from New York (Mr. CELLEit), and
I am pleased to join with him in its
sponsorship.
TODAY'S PRAYER FOR THE
UKRAINE
(Mr. ROBISON asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous material.)
Mr. ROBISON. Mr. Speaker, today's
prayer for the Ukraine, which has be-
come a tradition in this body at this time
of year, is one which should be partici-
pated in by all who value the spirit of
freedom in the face of oppression.
On January 22, 1918, the independ-
ence of the Ukrainian National Repub-
lic was proclaimed, and for the ensuing
50 years Ukrainians everywhere have
honored and celebrated the spirit of
freedom which has continued to burn
in every Ukrainian heart.
I insert at this point in the RECORD the
relevant proclamation of the mayor of
the city of Binghamton, N.Y., which is
self-explanatory as well as eloquent.
The proclamation follows:
PROCLAMATION OF THE CITY OF BINGHAIV/TON,
N.Y.
Whereas: January 22, 1969 will mark the
51st Anniversary of the Proclamation of In-
dependence of the Ukrainian National Re-
public in 1918, which fell under the Com-
munist Russian military aggression two
years later; and
Whereas: During its rule the Communist
Russian regime, based upon terror unheard
of in the history of mankind, has kept
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Mr. Speaker, I think the final para-
graph of the conclusions in a recon-
naissance report released by the Bureau
of Reclamation in 1967 summarizes the
situation with unusual terseness and
clarity. The report said:
The reconnaissance investigation of water
resource development in the St. Vrain Creek
basin reveals that full development in the
St. Vrain. Creek basin, coupled with water
resources development plans for the Cache
la Poudre River . . . will not suffice to meet
the increasing demands of Boulder, Long-
mont, Ft. Collins, Estes Park and Loveland.
It is apparent that full utilization of East-
ern Slope sources, complemented by addi-
tional sources from outside the basin, will
be needed to serve demands by 1995.
The report then recommended that:
Feasibility studies be initiated at the
earliest possible date to determine the most
economical source of water to supply the
needs of these Eastern Slope communities
directed toward determining the most eco-
nomic and desirable order of development
to keep pace with water needs.
The next move, Mr. Speaker, will be up
to Congress. It is my hope that we can
assist the dynamic and growing com-
munities of my district and adjacent
areas by authorizing the feasibility study
which is so urgently needed.
ANTISMUT BILL
HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 29, 1969
Mr. BENNE1-1'. Mr. Speaker, today I
am introducing a bill which I believe will
be very effective in keeping pornographic
material out of the hands of minors and
In keeping minors away from obscene
movies, because it is patterned after a
State statute that the Supreme Court
has upheld. Under this legislation, it
would be a violation of Federal law to
knowingly sell, offer for sale, loan, de-
liver, distribute, or provide to a minor in
interstate commerce or through the
mails material which is defined as
"harmful to minors" under the bill. It
would further be a Federal crime under
my bill to knowingly exhibit to a minor a
motion picture, show, or presentation
which falls in the "harmful to minors"
category.
For some time the Supreme Court has
recognized that "obscenity is not within
the area of constitutionally protected
speech or press." In April of last year the
Supreme Court held in Ginsberg v. New
York (390 U.S. 629) , that a New York
statute was constitutional which pro-
hibited the sale to persons under 17 years
of age of materials defined to be obscene
to them even though the same material
might not be obscene to adults. My new
bill is patterned after the New York
statute which was upheld in Ginsberg. It
would appear from the Court's decision
that this approach to the problem of
? keeping smut out of the hands of our
youth would be held constitutional.
The Congress has the power under the
Constitution to regulate interstate com-
merce. That is what this bill would do,
and I do not believe any constitutional
freedoms are being violated.
Mr. Speaker, my bill would further re-
move the appellate jurisdiction on the
factual issue of harmfulness to minors,
that is, whether a particular material or
movie is "harmful to minors" as defined
by the bill. What might be considered
"harmful to minors" in some areas might
not be considered such in other areas. I
believe it would be beneficial to permit
varying decisions on this point in the dis-
trict courts, and the Congress is within
its constitutional powers in so limiting
the appellate jurisdiction.
The flow of smut material to our youth
is reaching alarming proportions. Our
youth must be protected. With our mod-
ern means of communications and trans-
portation, it is almost impossible for par-
ents to keep this type of material out of
the hands of their children. Porno-
graphic movies and obscene material can
lead to antisocial behavior among our
young people, and contributes to juve-
nile delinquency and all types of sordid
behavior. Examples of this degeneracy
are found in national magazines and
other periodicals and films.
I am hopeful that committee action
can soon be taken on this proposal so
that the youth can be protected from the
ever-increasing smut traffic in this coun-
try.
A copy of the legislation with the co-
sponsors follows:
H.R.5171
A bill to prohibit the dissemination through
Interstate commerce or the mails of mate-
rials harmful to persons under the age of
eighteen years, and to restrict the exhibi-
tion of movies or other presentations harm-
ful to such persons
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That (a)
chapter 71 of title 18, United States Code, is
amended by adding at the end the following
new section:
"i 1466. Exposing minors to harmful mate-
rials
"(a) It shall be unlawful for any person
knowingly?
"(1) to sell, offer for sale, loan, or deliver
In interstate commerce or through the mails
to any minor?
"(A) any picture, photograph, drawing,
sculpture, motion picture film, or similar
visual representation or image of a person
or portion of the human body which depicts
nudity, sexual conduct, or sadomasochistic
abuse and which is harmful to minors; or
"(B) any book, pamphlet, magazine,
printed matter however reproduced, or sound
recording which contains explicit and de-
tailed verbal descriptions or narrative ac-
counts of sexual excitement, sexual conduct,
or sadomasochistic abuse and which,taken
as a whole, is harmful to minors, or
"(2) to exhibit to a minor a motion pic-
ture, show, or other presentation which?
"(A) has moved in interstate commerce or
through the mails,
"(B) depicts nudity, sexual conduct, or
sadomasochistic abuse, and
"(C) is harmful to minors.
"(b) Whoever violates this section shall
be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned
for not more than live. years, or both for the
first offense, and shall be fined not more than
$10,000 or imprisoned for not more than ten
years, or both, for any second or subsequent
offense.
"(c) As used in this section?
"(1) The term 'minor' means any person
under the age of eighteen years.
"(2) The term 'nudity' means the showing
of the human male or female genitals, pubic
area, or buttocks with less than a full opaque
covering, the female breast with less than a
fully opaque covering of any portion below
the top of the nipple, or the depiction of
covered male genitals in a discernibly turgid
state.
"(3) The term 'sexual conduct' means acts
of masturbation, homosexuality, sexual inter-
course, physical contact with a person's
clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, or
buttocks, or, in the case of a female, physical
contact with her breast.
"(4) The term 'sexual excitement' means
the condition of human or female genitals in
a state of sexual stimulation or arousal.
"(5) The term 'sadomasochistic abuse'
means flagellation or torture by or upon a
person clad in undergarments, a mask, or
bizarre costume, or the condition of being
fettered, bound, or otherwise physically re-
strained on the part of one so clothed.
"(6) The term 'harmful to minors' means
that quality of any description or representa-
tion, in whatever form of nudity, sexual con-
duct, sexual excitement, or sadomasochistic
abuse, which?
"(A) predominantly appeals to the pruri-
ent, shameful, or morbid interest of minors;
"(B) is patently offensive to prevailing
standards in the adult community as a whole
with respect to what is suitable material for
minors; and
"(C) is utterly without redeeming social
importance for minors.
"(7) The term 'knowingly' means having
general knowledge of, or reason to know,
or a belief or ground for belief which war-
rants further inspection or inquiry of?
"(A) the character and content of any
material described in subsection (a) which is
reasonably susceptible of examination by the
defendant, and
"(B) the age of the minor."
(b) The table of sections for chapter 71
of title 18, United States Code, is amended
by adding at the end the following new item:
"1466. Exposing minors to harmful mate-
rials."
SEC. 2. (a) The Supreme Court shall not
have jurisdiction under section 1252 or 1253
of title 28, United States Code, to review any
determination made under section 1466 of
title 18, United States Code, that any mate-
rial described in subsection (a) of that sec-
tion is harmful to minors.
(b) The courts of appeal shall not have
jurisdiction under section 1291 Or 1292 of
title 28, United .States Code, to review any
determination made under section 1466 of
title 18, United States Code, that any mate-
rial described in subsection (a) of that sec-
tion is harmful to minors.
SEC. 3. This Act and the amendments made
by this Act shall take effect on the sixtieth
day after the date of the enactment of this
Act.
COSPONSORS
Mr. BENNETT (for himself, Mr. ADAIR, Mr.
BARING, Mr. BLACKBURN, Mr. COUGHLIN, Mr.
DERWINSKI, Mr. DICKINSON, Mr. DONOHUE, Mr.
EDWARDS Of Louisiana, Mr. FISHER, Mr. GOOD-
LING, Mr. GRIFFIN, Mr. HALEY, Mr. HEBERT, Mr.
tIOSMER, Mr. KING, Mr. KYL, Mr. LUKENS, Mr.
PUCINSKI, Mr. POAGE, Mr. RARICK, Mr. SCHNEE-
BELI, Mr. SrxEs, Mr. VIGORITO, and Mr.
Wotrk) .
PROBE OF "PUEBLO" SEIZURE NOW
TIER
HON. HAROLD R. COLLIER
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 29, 1969
Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, under the
leave to extend my remarks in the REC-
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? Lxtensions of Remarks
haVe a direct impact on Stat'_, prograras.
Moreover, the field organization of OPENS
will strive to insure that our Federal efforts
in consumer protection and environmental
health are carried out in thivinost effective
manner in concert with State and local
programs.
CHARLES C. JOHNSON, Jr.,
Assistant Surgeon General
FOOTNOTES
113EAPC E. L. Progress Report on Wt-r
Quality Criteria. Jour. AWWA.,_ 54: 1313 (Nov.
nee).
TAYLOR, F. B. Effectiveness of Wattr
Quality Criteria. Jour. AWWA, 01:1313 (Nov.
1257 (Oct. 1062).
.IDTJRFOR, C. N. & BEcit.En, E. Selected Data
on public Supplies of the 100 Largest Citi,s
in the United States, 1962. Jour.
56:236 (Mar. 1964).
4 Public Water Supplies of the 100 Large. t
Cities in the United States. USOS water Si41?1 -
ply Paper No. 1918. US Govt. Printing Of*,
WaShington, D.C. (1962) .
'Tentative Methods for Carhon Chloe( -
forra Extract (CCE) in Water. Jour.
54:123 (Feb. 1962) .
',Minutes of Advisory Comtel...1 tee on 1,:e
of HSPHS Drinking Water Standards. Sel,
24-25,1965.
PROGRAM INFORMATION ACT
HON. EDWARD J. PATTEN
OF NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN l'ATIVES
Wednesday, January 29, 1969
W. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, a maste.
catalog containing all Federeal-aid pre-
grain. information would proVide a windi,
fall to many communities _throughout
the Nation. -
Oyer $20 billion a year is Spent by tile
U.S. Government for Federal aid
but there is no coordinated system to
help guide communities to the funds
Under present conditions, ft is aim*
impOssible for any community to find
out *hat Federal aid is available becau.se
of the duplication, redtape, and confu-
sion that exists. A remedy must be found.
The solution to the frustrating proli-
lem is to consolidate all Federal assist-
ance information. If this would be done,
local, county, and State governments
would know exactly what U.S. grants and
loareS can be obtained, what require-
ments have to be met, and how to apply
for the aid.
Thanks to the brilliant work of our
colleague, the gentleman froth Delaware,
Wireirem V. ROTH, JR., it hes been rei-
vealed that the $20 billion inFederal
assistance involves more than 1,000 pro-
grams. Examples of overlappfng and due
plication are many. Representative Ruler,
the chief sponsor of the propoSed legislae
tion, has cited many, but I will list only
a fewl:
In the field of education, over 470 pro.
grams are operated by 25 different U.S
departments and agencies.
There are 112 programs that provide
aid to the poor.
Seventy-four programs related to eco-
nomid and business development.
Eight Cabinet units and a agencies
take Part in health programs,
Teo U.S. agencies in three departments
direct manpower programs.
Such an appalling lack of consolida-
tion and coordination must be corrected.
I know that if the proposed Program
Information Act is enacted, thousands
of communities in the country would
receive Federal grants amounting to
many millions of dollars. These grants
would enable thousands of projects to be
started and completed that are now only
in the planning stage.
As one of the mar .y cosponsors of this
measure and as a Member of the House,
I commend Representative ROVE' and his
staff for this magnificent legislative con-
tribution. I hope that every Member will
join the other cosponsors and then vote
for the proposed Program Information
Act if it reaches the House floor.
The bill is one of the most prattical
and valuable ever introduced fprhelping
local, county, and State governments
and should be passed during the 91st
Congress.
BROTZMAN UGJS AUTHORIZA-
TION FOR .AST SLOPE WATER
DEVELOPME1T
i
HON. DONALD. BROTZMAN
OH \ COLORADO
IN THE HOUSE op REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, .112.?uary 29, 1969
Mr. BROTZMAN. Ir. Speaker, last
year in the 90th Congs my colleague
,g
from Colorado, the d' uished chair-
man of the House Interior and Insular
Affairs Committee (Mr. Asernser) and I
sponsored legislation to authorize the
Bureau of Reclamation to conduct a
feasibility study of the Front Range unit
of the Missouri River Basin project. To-
day the gentleman from Colorado (Mr.
ASPINALL) again has introduced this
measure and I am pleased to join him as
a cosponsor.
Basically, the Front, Range unit study
would consider the feasibility of con-
structing reservoirs and other facilities
which would increase the supply of water
for domestic and industrial use for such
cities as Boulder, Longmont, Loveland,
Fort Collins, Greeley, Estes Park, Broom-
field, Lafayette, and Louisville, Colo.
The budget submitted to Congress on
January 16, 1969, includes $95,000 for
such a feasibility study of the Front
Range unit, subject, of course, to con-
gressional authorization and appropria-
tions.
As a nation, we are coming to the reali-
zation that our water resources are lim- ,
lied. We are realizing that it is not only'
possible, but probable that our industraa ,
agricultural, and domestic thirst will
exhaust our supply of water, ase now
know it.
In my own State of Colorado, and
other States of the West and Southwest,
the limitation of water supplies has been
recognized for decades. Small wars have
been fought over the possession of irri-
gation water. Great court battles have
been wages between States over water
allocations. The States have been
wracked, at times, by arguments between
ihe urban and rural interests over who
should have the precious water in times
of drought.
Er)93
Congressional action often has been
required to assure full and equitable de-
velopment of our western water re-
sources, The 90th Congress, for example,
will long be remembered, as the Congress
? which passed one of the landmark bills
in the history of comprehensive water
planning?the Colorado River Basin
projects bill. It was MY privilege to join
with Members pf both parties from Colo-
rado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and
California in securing sufficient support
for this legislation. As we all know, it
passed without substantial opposition.
This act not only will benefit all of the
States of the Southwestern United States,
but the Nation as a whole will realize
tremendous dividends. It would require
pages to enumerate these national bene-
fits, but I will mention two which are of
towering importance.
The water requirement for eventual
development of vast deposits of oil shale
now seems assured. This will guarantee
the national several centuries of plenti-
ful carbon fuels and petrochemical by-
products.
And vast new recreational areas will
be developed, thanks to reservoirs which
will be built, and roads which will be
opened. The Nation has few more press-
ing requirements, insofar as its pursuit
of a life of comfort and dignity for all
of its citizens is concerned.
But important as the Colorado River
Basin projects are, they concern only a
portion of the water resources of the
West. This landmark legislation had a
direct bearing on the watersheds which
ultimately channel into the Gulf of Cali-
fornia. Meanwhile, other great river sys-
tems?some of them highly developed,
some relatively undeveloped?must re-
ceive the attention of Congress in the
years to come if we are to keep ahead
of our great national thirst for water.
The Front Range unit, when com-
pleted, will facilitate the development
and conservation of a portion of the
water resources of the South Platte River
Basin in Colorado.
This study would investigate a num-
ber of possible reservoir projects on
Boulder, St. Vrain Creeks, and the Cache
1 Poudre River. Augmentation possibili-
t , improved re-use techniques for cut-
t losses from seepage and evapora-
tl4n in existing canals, would be exam-
in d.
ood control benefits to be derived?
w ile a secondary consideration?would
defined.
'Lhe water supply problems facing the
corrununities of northeastern Colorado
are severe.
For example, despite extensive and ex-
pensive water supply facilities installed
over the years by the two principal cities
of Boulder Countee?BoUlder and Long-
mont?the Bureau of Reclamation says
their water requirements are assured for
no more than 15 years. And 15 years is a
very short span In the context of city
planning.
The Bureau of Reclamation also indi-
cates that three of the smaller commu-
nities of Boulder County?primarily
Broomfield, Lafayette, and Louisville?
probably will need additional water
within 10 to 15 years.
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can, I include two editorials which ap-
peared in the Chicago Daily News and
the Chicago Tribune regarding the
U.S.S. Pueblo.
I have personally forwarded a request
to the Committee on Armed Services to
conduct a complete investigation of the
entire matter since there are circum-
stances surrounding the seizure and sub-
sequent release of its crew, and more re-
cently the naval court of inquiry
proceedings which need to be clarified.
I am in wholehearted accord with the
views expressed in both of these edito-
rials, and I believe that the vast majority
of the people of my district and the
country share this position.
The two editorials follow:
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Daily News]
THE "PUEBLO": SITTING Ducx
The more we hear of Comdr. Lloyd M.
Bucher's testimony, the greater grows the
mystery of how the U.S. Navy could have
put one of its own ships in the situation of
the Pueblo. A sitting duck with a broken
wing would have had a better chance.
The Pueblo, a merchant ship refitted for
reconnaissance and surveillance purposes,
had no defensive armament worth mention-
ing. It was once to have had 3-inch guns,
but it was decided their weight would swamp
the ship. Instead, it got two 50-caliber ma-
chineguns?about as useful as BB guns.
Comdr. Bucher said that he had considered
the possibility of capture, and had written
a letter to the Navy Department proposing
that some kind of destruct systdin be in-
stalled in the electronics and cryptographic
areas of the ship. The proposal was rejected,
and when the time came he was left to do
the job with axes and hammers.
At Pearl Harbor on the way to his station,
Bucher said, he inquired what would happen
if his virtually unarmed ship came under at-
tack. He was told that both the Navy and
Air Force had "plans to react," but that in
the event of general war he could look for
no air assistance. He got none.
Comdr. Bucher said that he had not told
his crew they could expect no air support
because he didn't want to give them addi-
tional concern. One wonders what the luck-
less crewmen were told when they were as-
signed to the Pueblo. In all the circum-
stances, theirs was about as hazardous duty
as the Navy affords. As for Bucher, he was
told the risks were considered "minimal"?
and one wonders by what tortured logic that
conclusion was reached.
At any rate all such calculations went out
the porthole when the U.S.S. Pueblo suddenly
found itself surrounded by North Korean
vessels bristling with guns big enough to
blast the Pueblo out of the water and fast
enough to make escape impossible.
In the circumstances, Comdr. Bucher
seems to have done what he could: He took
evasive, action as the enemy commenced fir-
ing, and directed the destruction of classi-
fied material. Bucher himself was wounded,
but remained in command until he judged
further resistance futile, and surrendered.
The evidence is not yet complete, of course.
But Sen. Richard B. Russell of the Senate
Armed Services Committee had heard enough
this week to remark that the testimony indi-
cates "a tragic mixture of errors," and to say
that if the testimony holds up, "then some-
one higher up in the line of command has
been guilty of a very grave dereliction of
duty."
We trust that the subject will be pursued
until the truth is known.
[From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune]
WHO SHOULD BE TRIED BY COURT MARTIAL?
The investigation of the capture of the
intelligence ship Pueblo by North Korean
Communists opened with testimony by
Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher, the ship's cap-
tain, who spent 11 months in captivity with
82 shipmates. His story bears some distres-
sing parallels to the disaster at Pearl Harbor
more than 27 years ago, and again we have
the distinct impression that responsibility
rests, not with the forces on the scene but
with higher authority in Washington.
Capt. Bucher was given an old merchant
ship for conversion to an intelligence-
gathering vessel. He made repeated requests
to the chief of naval operations for im-
provements, especially a system to destroy
the radar, sonar, and sophisticated elec-
tronic equipment aboard on short notice.
He was denied all such requests on grounds
of time and money.
His armament consisted of two mounted
.50-caliber machine guns which were dif-
ficult to bring to combat readiness and were
manned by less than skilled gun crews,
There were 17 other hand weapons aboard.
To destroy confidential documents, he
was supplied with an incinerator which
was not fuel-fed. It could consume paper
only after it had been shredded, and this
could not be achieved rapidly under emer-
gency conditions. There was no mechanical
means of scuttling the ship. The only way
to admit water to the hull was thru two
water cooling pipes, and if the ship had
been flooded in this manner it would have
taken up to two and one-half hours to sink.
Finally, when Comdr. Bucher was as-
signed to intelligence scanning in inter-
national waters off a hostile coast, he was
informed that no help from American air-
craft could be expected in the event of at-
tack. He agreed with the navy court that
the chances of other forces coming to his
aid were virtually nonexistent.
The Pueblo was taken with scant re-
sistance while crew members used fire axes
and sledge hammers?all that were avail-
able to them?in an attempt to destroy
secret equipment. The ship has remained in
communist custody ever since its seizure.
Certainly even this early in the hearing,
conducted before five admirals, it is ap-
parent that there were glaring faults of
omission in preparing the Pueblo for a
? hazardous reconnaissance mission. Inas-
much as the captain had endeavored with
all the force at his command to obtain
remedial action before putting to sea, the
fault rests in Washington with the naval
command.
ALL ACTIVITIES OF MANKIND ARE
DEPENDENT UPON THE MINING
INDUSTRY
HON. HAROLD T. JOHNSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 29, 1969
Mr. JOHNSON of California. Mr.
Speaker, one of the most distinguished
men in the mining industry of California
is Mr. Lee Rowland who has served for
many years as a mining engineer. At the
age of 84, Mr. Rowland's interest in this
industry, which is truly critical to this
Nation's survival, remains active and ag-
gressive. He continues his mining opera-
tions and is also the energetic national
president of the Western Mining Coun-
cil, an organization of mining industry
spokesmen who are promoting the min-
ing industry.
Throughout his career, Mr. Rowland
has given many speeches and written
many papers in fighting to preserve the
legitimate mining activity in the West-
ern States. Those of us who have worked
with him know that this is an uphill
battle but it is a battle which must be
fought if this Nation is to remain free
and strong. One of the major problems
that we face in fighting for the mining
industry is the lack of realization among
the people of our Nation as to just how
dependent we all are on minerals.
Mr. Rowland, who I am proud to say
comes from Mariposa, Calif., a commu-
nity in the heart of the mother lode min-
ing area, which I represent here in Con-
gress made an excellent presentation on
this very issue summing it all up with
the title: "All Activities of Mankind are
Dependent Upon the Mining Industry."
Mr. Speaker, so that my colleagues
from throughout the country may benefit
from Mr. Rowland's remarks, I insert
them at this p9int in the RECORD:
ALL ACTIVITIES OF MANKIND ARE DEPENDENT
UPON THE MINING INDUSTRY
Abraham Lincoln's message to the miners
of the western states, given to Schuyler Col-
fax who was preparing to leave for the Pa-
cific Coast the day Lincoln was assassinated,
was, "I want you to take a message from me
to the miners whom you visit. I have very
large ideas of the mineral wealth of our na-
tion. I believe it is practically inexhaustible.
Tell the miners for me that I shall promote
their interests to the utmost of my ability;
because their prosperity is the prosperity of
the nation, and we shall prove in a very few
years that we are indeed the treasury of the
world." Lincoln was a thinking person.
As guest speaker at a mining meeting in
Sacramento, California, in the early nineteen
thirties, Governor Stephens--opened his ad-
dress with the following statement?"There
are only two basic industries; they are Min-
ing and Agriculture. We might exist without
mining but we would return to savagery al-
most over-night. When these two basic indus-
tries are in a healthy condition our economy
is in a healthy condition."
Without mining there would not, and
could not be either industrial prosperity of
any kind of progress of, by or for the human
race.
In order to verify the foregoing irrefutable
statements it is perhaps necessary to present
at least a partial analysis in considerable de-
tail with reference to the various phases of
man's activities, but first let it be thoroughly
understood that it is the Mining Industry
which produces the many and various types
of minerals and metals used in all industrial
activities of the human race.
Transportation: Transportation is one of
the most important of our daily needs and
activities, yet if it were not for the iron, lead,
zinc, copper, aluminum and other minerals
produced by mining, there would not, and
could not be the hundreds of thousands of
automotive vehicles, nor the highways over
which they travel. It would be interesting to
know the ntunber of persons traveling the
highways in an automobile who have ever
realized that if it were not for the mining
industry they would have neither the auto-
mobile nor the highway. There would be no
iron for the construction of the body and the
manufacture of springs, various gears, engine,
drive shaft, wheels and other parts of auto-
motive vehicles; no lead, zinc, copper and
aluminum for batteries, wiring, trim, etc.,
and there would be no bulldozers, graders,
compressors, drilling equipment or transpor-
tation equipment with which to build and
maintain the thousands of miles of highways.
There would be no airborne equipment of
any type for transportation of passengers or
materials and supplies.
There would be no locomotives, railroad
cars or the rails upon which trains travel;
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wthssiONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks January '2 9, -1t69
there would not and could not be any ocean
going vessels such as passenger ships, freight
carrying ships, warships or any other type of
ship or boat and no bridges over 4reams or
other bodies of waterbecause all are com-
pletely dependent updn the remeival of vari-
ous minerals and metals from the earth by
the Mining Industry.
Communication: Communication facilities
of all kinds would not ancl could pc t exist (as
we know them) becanse there we aid be no
printing presses or paper to use in connection
with the presses; no telephone Or telegraph
equipment; no radio or television sending
stations or receiving equipment alio no trans-
portation for the distribution of newspapers
and other printed material. There would not
be the thousands of ii4ciet Offices throughout
the nation and no 'buildings, equipment,
material and supplies for the processing,
handling and delivery of any kind of mail.
All are dependent upon the minerals and
metals produced by the Mining Industry.
Farming and other agricultural industries:
All agricultural produ.Ws are very important
and necessary in coltdection with the ex-
istence, activities andlarogress or mankind,
yet those products are dependent upon the
minerals and metals produced by the Mining
Industry and without 'which there would not
be the necessary toolS, equipmetr- and fa-
cilities to carry on Such operations. There
would be no farming ttalci other agricultural
tools and equipment suchas bees, rakes,
plows, harrows, mow* machine, cultivat-
ing equipment, tractprz, trucks, grain and
food processing and packaging equipment; no
wire or other materiale used for fencing; no
gardening or lawn toon or equipment and no
saws, axes, sawmills, stackers and other
equipment for the production and processing
of lumber and other Wood produCt s, iee fact
there would be no lutdbering India; try as we
know it.
Food processing: There would be no fruit
or other harvesting eiquipment, processing,
canning or bottling facilities and equipment
and no refrigeration,I equipment for the
processing of food?and DO transportation or
labeling equipment for distribution and
labeling.
Educational institutions: There would be
no educational institutions, buildings or
equipment and facilities such as printed
books, writing instruments or material, type-
writers, adding machines and other equip-
ment, even the desks and tables.
Household appliances and ettaipment:
There would be no household appliances or
equipment of any kind, electrical or other-
wise, such as washing machines wringers,
irons, vacuum cleaners, cook stoves heaters,
motors, tableware, crockery, organl, pianos
and all other types of musical instruments,
television or radio equipment, flfrniture of
any kind or type, clocks, refrigeratiars, wiring
for bringing in electricity for Lighting and
appliance and equipment operation, or any
and all other household items used by man-
kind.
Clothing: There would be no clothing, gar-
ments including buttons and shoe laces,
shoes, hats or other wearing apparel, articles
of personal adornment includin.5 watches
and jewelry of all kinds?all are eite?manu-
factured by equipment construotel from, or
made of the minerals and metals produced
and made available by the Minini fndustry.
Sports and recreation: There Would be
no stadium for field or other sport ng events
such as baseball, football, hockey, e?tnis and
the Olympic Games or other type 6f Sports
as we know them including huntingfind fish-
ing. No golf balls, baseballs or bata hockey
sticks and pucks or the type ofairotective
clothing worn by the , players, ci no ice
or roller skates. No guns of any kind for
hunting or target shoOting and no fishing
poles, reels, lines or ahcr equiptnent and
again?no transportation to hunting and
fishing locations or crossing the ocean or
flying to various sports festivals. There
would be no equipment or facilities for ex-
tinguishing fires in the National Forests or
recreational areas.
Mining ? Even the Mining Industry itself
could not fun ation without the use of picks,
shovels, mine cars and rails, drills, pumps
and drilling equipment, hoisting equipment,
underground mucking machines, ventilating
pipe and fans, ore treatment plants, trucks,
assaying chemicals, equipment and supplies,
explosives and all other types of equipment,
appliances, material and supplies used in
connection with mining activities which are
purchased throughout the United States?
and all of which dependent upon the Mining
Industry. Some of the minerals and metals
are being used faster than they are being
produced. This applies to gold/especially
which cannot be mined ate profit at a fixed
price of $35.00 per ounce, made mandatory
during 1934.
To sum up tie foregoing efutable facts?
there is not a single ma ufactured article
that would be available fq our use if it were
not for the Mining Indu try, therefore, the
stability of our national send world economy
and all the pragress tha4 has been made, or
ever will be made by th human race?even
the discovery of America has been and will
continue to be complet y dependent upon
the extraction and proc aging of the min-
erals and metals from ttie mineralized de- ,
posits of the earth by t e Mining Industry
no matter what type of go ernmental setup?
Capitalistic, Republic, Conmunist, Socialist
or whatever.
Has the reader thought bout this matter
While enjoying the luxuriek, comfort, travel,
recreational pursuits and te fact that it is
not at all impractical so f as time is con-
cerned?to live in San Francisco and work
in Los Angeles as compared With ferry boat
transportation from Oakland, to San Fran-
cisco during the early nineteeri hundreds?
Is It too much to hope that thinking peo-
ple may lend their support to\ those of us
who are selfishly endeavoring td, protect the
rights of legitimate mining claim\holders and
the Mining Industry from the haliassment of
government employees of the Aeople and
other organizations that have no concern for
the importance and necessity of tbe Mining
Industry?
In conclusion let me say that th4, necessi-
ties in our everyday activities made atonable
by mining is of basic importance nd the
vital concern of every individual, 4ot just
to those of us ,engaged in or connectd with
mining or other extractive operation4.
CONCURRENT RESOLUTION N
N1GERIA-BIAFRA
HON. LEE H. HAMILTOO
OF IND/ANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 29, 1969
Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, as one
of 8'7 cosponsors of the concurrent reso-
lution expressing the sense Of the Con-
gress that the President _should act to
Increase significantly the amount of sur-
plus food stocks and relief moneys for the
assistance of civilians affected by the Ni-
gerian-Biafran conflict, I wish to sup-
port passage of the proposed resolution
through the following remarks.
THE RELIEF PROBIXIVL
The area in Nigeria requiring relief in-
cludes the former eastern region, which
proclaimed itself the Republic of Biafra
in May 1967, and certain areas of the
midwest state. Best estimates available
indicate that at least 4.5 million, and
perhaps as many as 10 million people are
affected by the conflict. Reports from
relief experts on the scene vary, but it is
clear that vast numbers of civilians have
been dying daily, particularly children
?afflicted by malnutrition.
As a result of the worldwide relief re-
sponse, a large-scale relief effort has
been operating under the supervision of
the International Committee of the Red
Cross?ICRC?in cooperation with other
international-relief agencies. Observers
have noted a deeli,pe in infant mortality
due to the influx otsprotein foods, but it
Is now feared that local carbohydrate
foods are being exhausted, which will
lead to an intensification of the disaster.
THE RELIEF EFFORT
In the areas under the control of the
Federal Government, food, medicine, and
other relief supplies are stockpiled in
and being distributed from Zagos, En-
ugu, Calabar and Agbor. Most of the
supplies for Biafra are being stockpiled
on the offshore islands of Fernando Po
and Sao Tome for delivery by airlift.
As of the first of January, relief sup-
plies reaching Biafra totaled 3,000 to
4,000 tons per month. There are approxi-
mately 260 relief personnel representing
the ICRC and other relief organizations
In Biafra. The ICRC estimates that it is
feeding 850,000 persons in Biafra through
its airlift from Fernando Po and 800,04)0
persons in areas under Federal Govern-
ment control. Additionally, joint church
aid, a group of religious organizations
Including Caritas and Church World
Service, have delivered considerable
supplies of food into Biafra from Sao
Tome and estimate they are feeding
approximately 400,000 people in Biafra.
The United States has thus far made
about two-thirds of the global contribu-
tion for relief in Nigeria-Biafra. As of
January 1, the U.S. Government has
donated a total of $22.6 million in cash
and surplus food commodities. Of this
total, $5.9 million in cash has been pro-
vided to the International Red Cross.
A major part of the U.S. Government
contribution to the ICRC is Used for the
the chartering of aircraft for the airlift
to Biafra. On December 27 the U.S. Gov-
ernment announced that it was making
available for the airlift to Biafra four
surplus C-976 cargo aircraft to the ICRC
and an additional four to the American
voluntary agencies participating in joint
church aid.
Of the total U.S. Government contri-
bution, $15.6 million in surplus food?
dried milk, bulgur wheat, and high-pro-
tein blended food products totaling over
51,000 tons?have been donated to volun-
tary relief agencies. The Catholic Relief
Services is receiving $5.6 million of these
foods; UNICEF, $6.2 mill;n; Church
World Service, $3.6 million: and World
Food Program, $161,000. The U.S. Gov-
ernment also has paid overseas transport
costs of the relief supplies donated by
accredited American voluntary agencies.
The private American voluntary orga-
nizations have made substantial dona-
tions of food and other supplies totaling
more than $4.1 million as of January 1
on behalf of the relief effort.
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January 28, 1964pproved QTIRMItcystRA21,1,0/fac61fERD.PAIRk0f3b4R000300150001-8
EXECUTIVE PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SENATE IN 1898 MADE PUBLIC
Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, I send
to the desk a resolution and ask for its
immediate consideration.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The reso-
lution will be stated.
The legislative clerk read as follows:
S. RES. 69
Resolved, That any records of the proceed-
ings of the executive sessions of the Senate
for April 25, May 18, and May 31, 1898 (see
references in Congressional Record, 55th Con-
gress, second session, volume 31, part 5, pages
4244, 4994, and 5352) now in the custody of
the National Archives, be made available to
the public for examination.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there
objection to the present consideration of
the resolution?
There being no objection, the resolu-
tion (S. Res. 69) was considered and
agreed to.
GRANT TO ILLINOIS CENTRAL
QUESTIONED
Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Mr.
President, I ask unanimous consent to
have printed in the RECORD a copy of a
telegram I sent to Hon. John A. Volpe,
Secretary of Transportation, in connec-
tion with the $25 million grant to the
Illinois Central.
There being no objection, the telegram
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
January 25, 1969.
Hon. JOHN A. VOLPE,
Secretary of Transportation,
Washington, D.C.:
The twenty-five million-dollar grant to
Illinois Central at same time they were nego-
tiating a $95,000 position for Allan Boyd, the
Director of Transportation, raises serious
questions of propriety. Strongly recommend
that this grant be held up pending thorough
investigation.
JOHN J. WILLIAMS,
U.S. Senator.
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi-
dent, I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk
will call the roll.
The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for the
quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
U.S.S. "PUEBLO"
Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, the Navy
is now conducting a court of inquiry into
the loss of the Pueblo. The duty of this
court of inquiry is to determine the facts
of the incident as they pertain to the
Navy, and on the basis of those facts, to
recommend to the Chief of Naval Opera-
tions what action should be taken. The
court of inquiry is not a trial court, but
a proceeding more in the nature of a
grand jury.
The court of inquiry may, depending
upon the facts, recommend several ac-
tions ranging from commendation to
court-martial. It has been reported by
the press that one of the matters being
considered by the court of inquiry is
whether or not any Navy personnel, par-
ticularly the commander of the U.S.S.
Pueblo, violated Navy orders or were
derelict in their duty to the extent that
the disobedience of orders, or the dere-
liction of duty, permitted the ship to be
taken by hostile forces.
Without commenting on the merits of
the case as to that question, or as to any
question that the Navy inquiry relates to,
I point out that a Navy court of inquiry
has the authority to take testimony on
a question of that kind and to make find-
ings on it. In fact, it is its duty.
However, the fact that such testimony
is taken on that question does not imply
that any person is guilty or even accused
of a wrongful act.
It is my understanding that the au-
thority of the Navy court of inquiry is
limited to an examination of only the
aspects of the Pueblo case as are wholly
within the jurisdiction of the Navy. I
assume the Navy officers in charge con-
vened the court of inquiry because they
believed it to be the proper procedure.
Th!s is their prerogative and responsi-
bility. They are acting through a sense
of duty, I feel sure.
However, after studying all the infor-
mation material to the overall issue, as
well as the available facts that pertain
just to the Navy, hink it is entirel os-
sible that because i s jur woo. ?
Lrecrine Nay court of Irian ry vn no ee
'able towuroziorwm.-
12 ?
cc
in
un
e u ac are known
about all the relevant circumstances that
existed, and events which took place be-
fore, during, and after the seizure of the
Pueblo, will it be possible to ascertain
the reasons the ship was lost and take
protective measures against another such
incident.
jahough the Pueblo is a Navy shizjae
responsibility for the policies and con-
ations unae wnicn its officers and men
- ?stmlovai..-1?...e.t.a.kaormadrol.torovi. .
e llenartment of
ia er evels in t
e e
- basis of facts now bein devel-
o.e. mi
rvices o
ni nee-
essarx to determine08 ? the
as to ? r -s onsi
:
? -
avx an. o er au or ies in the De-
partment of Defense.
;wigging& r - -*anted a ? %ii
ay sanw:d oveir
tua v_y
re than one lii'vestiga ion o -
eilnaP:SiPt ti i;rivre-
Witnesses are required
for e Navy hearing now in progress on
the west coast. Also, II would not be
sr ? eer to interfere with the hea-rniu2
. ? .
may ?e that when the Navy court
of inquiry is completed, much of that
testimony would be useful in other hear-
ings on the issue.
er this
?pmpieted. a 41';:ieai.l?iyta-
yestiation Decessigv. .t enat,e
Armed Services Committee willproceed.
Should the committee proceed, it will
not be limited to the proof before nor the
findings by the Navy court.
Whatever action is taken by the com-
mittee should be taken as soon as possible
after the Navy court of inquiry is com-
S 997
pleted. have theref re ormed
oi os A -
sire o ma a stody of Tiff, 'U in
meal also requested tha the WI nesse
sit EU Iranst- . . . ? _ -.
o cornWirri . ? n ? -
eir
em
rea
say \In
my opinion
, *
elirMa a. 'en? or the cow-
mi ee s 'Ii CC. no in o n?arinf_s n
emphasis that, in
e hi
inves itra inn an a, s
imentar art of the stud
come e ci i S 41-
Ts I
wou d expect it to do very soon there-
after.
Certainly, I want to say that our com-
mittee is not wating to influence the Navy
and its findings as a result of its proceed-
ings, or other conclusions in any way.
Navy has a direct, primary responsibility
in the field of its inquiry.
1 the C..-
ope e
peep e o e coun ry as a w ole will in-
form themselves as to just what the sit- 4
uation is and await accordingly. , ?
There is no intimation from what I
have said here as to what our committee
feels about what the Navy should do. I
believe in putting responsibility where re-
sponsibility belongs. I have no idea what,
according to the Navy's standards, its
conclusions will be. That is our position.
I hope that is clear.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield?
Mr. STENNIS. I yield.
Mr. HOLLAND. First, I congratulate
heartily the distinguished Senator from
Mississippi upon the stand he has taken.
It is, of course, right that the Navy court
of inquiry should proceed in a deliberate
way to fulfill its duty to the Navy, and
under the Navy precedents and Navy
jurisdiction. I am happy, however, that
the Senator, speaking as chairman of
the Armed Services Committee of the
_Senate, has, in effect, given notice to the
'Defense Department and to the Navy
Department that his able committee, *
which he heads so capably, does stand
ready, if it feels conditions justify it,
to make a committee inquiry and a sen-
atorial inquiry into this matter at the
completion of the hearings now under-
way.
Mr. President, I say this because I
think that while the Navy Department
must proceed under Navy rules, regula-
tion, precedents, and traditions, the Sen-
ate represents the people of the United
States. The Senator knows, and every
Senator knows, that there is great con-
fusion in the minds of the people of the
United States right now about this en-
tire incident. I think it was a salutary
thing for the Senator to say, as he has
today upon the floor of the Senate, that
his committee is watching this matter
deliberately and without prejudging of
any sort, is holding itself ready, and is
giving notice to the Navy authorities and
to the authorities of the Defense De-
partment, that, if in its judgment it feels
it must go into it after the naval court
of inquiry has completed its proceedings,
his committee will do just that.
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S 998 CO S A L ? ya8
nuary 28, 1969
I thank the Senator.
Mr. STENNIS. I thank the aenator
very much.
:IS ? .6 I ?SII
? : riTarffirslaWNWrit:
ins- w .e s m ar 711101121173 i? ?
ever itattel?
? WOW MIMPIM-It,X41" *MIPS KM) tSIO
rue ? ers sec we.
e me : ? to the American people
that it is time to be yatient about this
matter and withhold ?winclusious, and
let these procedures go Tortn in the reg-
ular way. However it comes out, / think
the Navy ought to continue to have much
responsibility with regard to its Oticers.
If we tried to shift that responshility
and have it another way, we would de-
stroy a great department and a great
tradition, the Navy.
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, *ll the
Senator yield further?
Mr. STENNIS. I yiel&
1 Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President
o ha. ? that the ator h em-
- ?) le e:
?M, ?E,W, 3 1.ci -
tie ? ena r
rom or ? a - : a exactly that
course to answer the myriad of letters
he has received from disturbed cltizens,
mostly from the State of Florida but
some from elsewhere.
I think it is incumbent upon all of
us to allow the naval court of ix?quiry
to complete its duties in the fullea and
most deliberate way arid then decide,
after we have seen the record arid after
we have seen the judgment of the court
1 of inquiry, what should be done. I am
glad the Senator has voiced the neces-
sity for patience, because I thipc. the
public needs to be patient just noW .
I thank the Senator for the wise tate-
ment he has made.
Mr. STENNIS. I thank the eqator.
As far as the Navy end the Defense
Department are concerned, I have not
really discussed this Matter with them.
I did not want to try th influence them,
and I did not want them, frankly, to try
to influence me at this time. I have ob-
tained the facts as I could. I think the
public will be fully informed in time.
trim.
I yield the floor.
_,-
CLARK CLIFFORD% POSTURE
STATEM$NT
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, as all
thinking men and women know, there is
now a very clear choice for the United
States and the Soviet Tinion to make. The
two nations can either make seri? AS at-
tempts to limit their rrOtary arsenals or
they can continue to escalate the arms
race. Then, each country would place
new burdens on its people and )n its
economy, would defer expenditures to
meet critical domestic needs, and move
the hands on the doonisday cloct closer
to midnight as each side raised th, ante
in a gigantic war of nerves.
No one has pointed out the prcblems
we face and the choices we !mist make
more clearly than has former See,etary
Clark Clifford in the "Pbsture" statement
he made about the Pentagon's view of the
_
It is abundantly clear that the Senate
should ratify the nonproliferation treaty
noW:-It has been too long delayed and
should be acted upon promptly.
It is also clear that now Is the time to
make arrangements with the Soviet
TInion to talk about all the great prob-
lems of disarmament. To escalate fur-
ther by producing more inissiles and
more warheads and then spend billions
for anti-ballistic-missile systems to de-
fend against the added weapons created,
Is a ridiculous thing to do. We must make
every effort to reach agreement.
The Washington Star in an editorial
last Friday, January 24, had some very
sensible things to say about both Mr.
Clifford's valedictory statement and the
need to deescala,te the arms race. I ask
unanimous consent that it be printed in
the RECORD.
CLIPPOE D'S VALEDICTION
There is a three-course dinner for thought
in Clark Clifford's first and final "posture"
statement on the Pentagon's view of the
world military situation. The interest is com-
pounded by the Soviet offer for disarmament
negotiations that greeted the Nixon adminis-
tration as it assumed office.
By the end of 1969, Clifford said, the U.S.
missile superiority will have eroded. The
Soviets will have caught up. Both sides will
have more than 1,000 ICBMs, ready to fire
from protected, underground shelters. In ad-
dition, he said, .the USSR Ls "mpving vig--
orously" to catch the United States in sea-
based missiles.
It was not Clifford's purpose to throw a
scare into the American public with his rev-
elation that the missile gap is closing.
The outgoing secretary's point was that
the United States and Russia both have a
hard choice to make. They must either move
Into a new and limitless round "of arms devel-
opment. Or they can try to negotiate a limit
to the costly and deadly madness.
The Soviets have greeted the new admin-
istration with an offer to talk about all as-
pects of disarmament, including interconti-
nental missiles and anti-missile systems..
"When the Nixon government is ready to,
sit down at the negotiating _table, we are
ready" a Kremlin spokesman aTdd.
There should be no delay. The first order
of businesS should be the prompt ratiflcatibn
of the non-proliferation treaty. And as soon
as it can possibly be arranged, the United
States should press, with all appropriate cau-
tion, for full-scale arms teaks with the
Soviets.
Both nations need relief from the economic
burden of another upward spiral of the arms
race. The world needs some lifting of the
oppressive nucleax cloud that presently covers
its horizon. This period of change and of
renewed beginning may be the best oppor-
tunity for real progress.
military situation.
There are constructive steps we can
take to meet these overriding problems.
THE PEARSON:ANDERSON COLUMN
TELLS OF CRIME AND VIOLENCE
? Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres-
ident, in today's Washington Post, col-
umnists Drew Pearson and Jack Ander-
son reveal the awesome dimensions of
the wave of crime and viMence which
threatens our R,apublic.
In the column, Pearson and Anderson
discuss the contents of a hitherto un-
published report by the National Com-
mission on the Causes and Prevention of
Violence.
The report catalogs the statistical
evidence of the corruptness which threat-
ens to undermine our free society.
Importantly, however, Pearson and
Anderson quote the report as stating:
The intricacies of crime statistics have
little meaning for the average citizen.... He
appears less impressed with numbers and
rates and trends than with the fact that
there seem to be increasingly large sections
of his city where he cannot walk safely even
in daylight, much less at night, and that it
Is now dangerous in many communities for
bus drivers to carry cash or for taxis to pick
up fares in certain parts of town after dark.
. . . It has also prompted many citizens to
arm themselves for self-protection.
Mr. President, I have not yet seen
the report in question, but from the
Pearson-Anderson account it appears to
be a document that all of us would do
well to read.
I ask unanimous consent that the
Pearson-Anderson column be printed in
the RECORD.
There being no objection, the column
was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD as follows:
[From the Washington Post, Jan. 28, 1969]
THE WASHINGTON MERRY-Go-ROUND: REPORT
SHOWS VIOLENCE GRIPPING UNITED STATES
(By Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson)
Probably the most sobering document
President Nixon has found on his desk is a
"progress report" on violence in America,
depicting the country in the grip of a fury
that has erupted on the campuses and ex-
ploded in the ghettos, that stalks the streets
and may even lie in wait for himself be-
hind some dark window.
The unpublished report, prepared by the
National Commission on the Causes and Pre-
vention of Violence, raises more questions
than it answers. But seven task forces are
still digging for the root causes of some of
the most turbulent years in American history.
In the fast five years, the report points out:
1. "239 violent urban outbursts, involving
200,000 participants, have resulted in nearly
8,000 injuries and 191 deaths, as well as
hundreds of millions of dollars in property
damage."
2. 370 civil rights demonstrations and 80
connter-demonstrations have occurred, in-
volving more than a million participants.
3. Hundreds of student demonstrations
"have resulted in seizure of university facili-
ties, police intervention, riot, property dam-
age and even death."
4. Antiwar protests "have involved some
700,000 participants in cities and on campuses
throughout the country."
The Commission also cited the soaring
crime statistics, particularly the homicide
rate, noting: "A dramatic contrast may be
made between Manhattan Island, with a,
population of 1.7 million, which has more
homicides per year than all of England and
Wales with a population of 49 million. And
New York's homicide rates are by no means
the highest among American cities."
Concludes the Commission: "The elimina-
tion of all violence in a free society is im-
possible. But the better control of illegitimate
violence in our democratic society is an ur-
gent imperative and one within our means
to accomplish."
Even before he was sworn in, President
Nixon had decided to devote his first 100
days to cooling the passions that have in-
flamed the country. He will deliberately avoid
controversy and conflict. In the language of
the streets, he has told intimates he intends
to "cool it."
The magnitude of the headache Mr. Nixon
has inherited is summarized in the report on
violence which the Commission submitted to
President Johnson on Jan. 9.
We have obtained a bootleg copy of the
report, which covers all forms of American
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January 28, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE 11515
SCHERLE CALLS FOR BIPARTISAN
PROBE OF "PUEBLO" INCIDENT
(Mr. SCHERLE asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include extraneous matter.)
Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, today I
am introducing a resolution designed to
create a special Joint House and Senate
Bipartisan Committee to consider the
events leading up to the capture of the
U.S.S. Pueblo. This special joint commit-
tee would be comprised of 16 members,
one-half from Members selected by the
Speaker of 'the House, and one-half ap-
pointed by the President of the Senate.
News reports of the Naval Board of
Inquiry into the Pueblo incident have
raised questions as to the ultimate re-
sponsibility for this sordid affair. Testi-
mony released to date indicates that the
responsibility for the capture and sub-
sequent imprisonment of 82 Americans
was the result of indecision and inaction
in the highest echelons of the adminis-
trative branch of our Government.
Two weeks ago I visited personally with
Commander Bucher and many members
of the crew of the Pueblo. I was asked
repeatedly by them, "Why wasn't our call
for help answered? We held out as long
as we could, but help never came."
That question has haunted me and
brought a sense of 'guilt regarding the
conduct of many of our Nation's top offi-
cials. The information made public so
far shows that the White House, the
State Department, and the Defense De-
partment were caught short of policy,
short of plans, and short of guts. In de-
fending the U.S.S. Pueblo, responsible
military personnel passed the buck be-
cause no one knew what to do or would
accept the responsibility for doing it;
the usual timidity exercised by the State
Department handicapped immediate and
effective action; and the White House
was thrown into chaotic fear, precluding
the exercise of judgement, which allowed
a defenseless U.S. naval vessel to fall into
Communist hands. Despite the fact that
the ship made numerous calls for help,
none ever came?why?
The proceedings of the Naval Board of
Inquiry to date are producing many un-
answered questions. Press reports state
that the Air Force will not be called to
testify as to its role in this matter. Why
not?
A full-scale congressional inquiry is
demanded by the American people and
they deserve nothing less.
PORNOGRAPHY?THE RISING' TIDE
OF SMUT
(Mr. SCHADEBERG asked and was
given permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD and to in-
clude extraneous matter.)
Mr. SCHADEBERG. Mr. Speaker, on
April 15, 1968, Public Law 90-206 went
into effect, a law designed to help Ameri-
cans stem the floodtide of obsenity en-
gulfing the mailboxes and minds of our
youth.
I called attention to Public Law 90-206
in March of 1968, hoping to alert the
parents of my district to this weapon for
fighting smut with the following state-
ment, made public at that time:
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 20,1966.?Repre-
senative Henry C. Schadeberg (R-Wisc.),
said today that beginning on April 15, First
District parents will be able to "at least par-
tially slam the door on smut mail now flow-
ing like a sewer into the hands of our chil-
dren and homes.''
The Wisconsin Congressman said that on
April 15 Public Law 90-206 goes into effect,
which allows householders to "fight back
against obscene material sent to their homes
by advertisers of obscene mail both in Dis-
trict Courts where it is received or where it
originates. We can police our own mail
boxes now," he said.
Congressman Schadeberg outlined the fol-
lowing three steps that can be taken on April
15 and thereafter and he urged "civic groups,
church groups, the PTA and other com-
munity organizations to assist parents, who
wish to protest the mailings and slam the
door on future ones."
1. If you receive an advertisement which
you judge to be obscene, write a letter to
the Postmaster General in Washington, D.C.,
or to your local Postal Inspector. Demand
that he send an order to the mailer directing
him to remove your name and address im-
mediately from all of his mailing lists. You
may also request that the Postmaster Gen-
eral's order include the names of any minor
children and other family members at your
address.
2. If you continue to receive questionable
mall in violation of the order, you may then
request the Attorney General to seek a court
order against the smut mail advertiser.
3. If you then get a court order and still
receive the smut mail, the sender will be
subject to contempt of court citations and
a possible jail sentence.
He said that by the April 15th deadline
his District as well as his Washington Office
would have forms available which will be
sent to the parents on request, which "will
be handy for parents who wish to protest
the mailings,"
Congressman Schadeberg said that he is
also investigating the possibility of amend-
ing Public Law 90-206 or introducing new
legislation which would make it illegal for
advertisers to sell or otherwise obtain the
names of citizens for advertising mail solici-
tations without the permission of the
individual.
"It is my feeling that something can and
should be done in this area, not only as a
step forward in terminating obscene mail-
ings but to help take the burden off the
backs of our postmen and our mail service,
-and alleviate some of the perpetual annoy-
ance from junk mail deliveries." The Con-
gressman said that "a man's name is one
of his most valued possessions, yet it is
bandied about, sold, re-sold, stolen and
otherwise covertly obtained without his
consent."
He said the legislation he will seek would
exempt mailings by political organizations,
Veteran's groups, community schools, church
and service organizations and would be
"aimed squarely at where the problem lies,
in the back rooms of smut peddlers and
others who invade our privacy via the U.S.
Mails."
He noted that, J. Edgar Hoover, head of
the FBI, regards smut as a serious problem,
one that is conducive to creation of crime.
Hoover declares: "It is impossible to estimate
the amount of harm to impressionable teen-
agers and to assess the volume of sex crimes
attributable to pornography, but its influ-
ence is extensive." He points out that police
throughout the Nation "unequivocally state
that lewd and obscene material plays a mo-
tivating role in sexual violence. In case after
case, the sex criminal has on his person or
in his possession pornographic literature or
pictures."
"The new legislation provides the Ameri-
can householder with an effective, enforce-
able, tough law against invasion of moral
privacy by smut peddlers using the mails It
allows the recipient to decide what kind of
mail is to be delivered in the family mail. It
is a solid step toward guaranteeing individual
rights," Congressman Schadeberg said. He
said his office will have a form letter avail-
able without cost for parents to send to local
postmasters, plus one requesting the Attor-
ney General of the United States to take legal
action if smut peddlers persist in their
obscene mailings.
"Parents will not have to put up a cent in
costs, other than the price of a postage stamp
in putting a stop to the unwanted mail," he
said.
Congressman Schadeberg said he is dis-
tributing the form letters to newspapers and
urging them as a public service, to print them
so parents can clip them out and use them
for immediate communication with the
proper officials.
Mr. Speaker, I was hopeful at the time
I made the above statement that the
muck-peddlers would find it more dif-
ficult to peddle their filthy wares. Such
has not been the case, I am sorry to re-
port.
I believe the fault with Public Law 90-
206 was not in its intent but in the nature
of the enforcing arm on which the Con-
gress leaned in order to help clean up
the mails. The Post Office Department
Is a service organization or agency, de-
signed and charged with the single pur-
pose of delivering the mails. It is not an
enforcement agency. It is neither
equipped nor has the time to pursue this
new obligation, according to the infor-
mation I have in respect to the problem
of policing pornography.
I am now convinced that Congress
must do more in this area. With this
conviction in mind I am today submit-
ting new legislation to attack the prob-
lem of smut mailing from another start-
ing point?the producers of this filth and
the mailing list brokers who supply them
with the names for their filthy mailings.
A person's name is as sacred as his
privacy and his reputation. It is the pri-
vate property of each American and it
should be illegal for anyone, for any pur-
pose, to bandy our names about for any
purpose whatsoever, without the express
consent of each one of us.
Daily I receive letters from my con-
stituents expressing their amazement
and disgust over receiving filthy mate-
rials through the mail. In several in-
stances the smut material is addressed
by hand and sent from some hotel in a
foreign country. Recently I came into
possession of a particularly vicious smut
mailing. It was sent to a young -college
girl, whose name, I am certain, was se-
cured from her high school annual,
which, according to custom, is placed in
the public library in her community and
is thereby available for any caller to
copy from at will.
There are thousands of others just like
this young miss, hundreds in fact from
the high school from which she grad-
uated. I can only assume that each year
each graduating class is to have the
names of its young female graduates
punched into the smut mill forcing them
to become the prey of every diseased
pornography peddler in the publishing
business.
I believe this should not only be
stopped but made illegal. And I believe
It can be if Congress will approve the
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H 516 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE January 28, 1969
legiSlation I am submitting, making a
Federal offense to use the name of any
individual without the clear consent pf
that individual, whatever his or her a e
and status in life. I believe that st4ff
Penalties should be provided for naijr
brokers who violate the restrictions in
my bill when it becomes law. The bill is
as follows:
H.R. 4850
A bill to require mailing list brokers to
register with. the Postmaster Goneral, and
suppliers and buyers of mailing lists to
furnish information to the Postmaster
General with respect to their identity and
transactions involving the sale or exchange
of mailing lists, and for other purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and licruse of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That 4a)
chapter 53 of title 39, United States Code is
amended by adding at the end thereof the
follewing new section:
"I 4961. Registration of mailing list brokers;
furnishing of information with
respect to mailing lists
(a) Each broker engaged in the sale or
exchange of mailing lists shall file with the
Postmaster General a registration statement,
in Such form and detail as the Postmaster
General shall determine, which shall cosier,
among other matters prescribed by the Post-
master General, (1) the name under which
he is doing business, (2) the scope and n.
eral character of the business, (3) the lo-
tion of his principal business office, and (4)
the names and addresses of the directors and
the chief executive officers if the broker 0 a
corporation, association, partnership, or
other business association.
"(b) Each individual and each corpo
tion, partnership, or other business orga i-
zation or association using, buying, selli g,
renting, exchanging, or otherwise making
available to others any mailing list shall, lob
request, furnish to the Postmaster Gene al,
in siuch form and detail, and at such tixes,
as lie shall determine, infornaation respe t-
ing (1) the name of the individual, corpora..
tion, partnership, or other business as a-
Um or organization, and (2) the identity of
indfviduals having a financial interest in
any such organization or association, incliici-
ing the responsible officers and employ es
the
be
tici.
ing
"
mea
eof. Postai officials, upon request, sl4aIl
ermitted to examine records and per-
ars of transactions or mailings perta(n-
to any such mailing list.
c) As used in this section, 'Jar? et'
as any person who engages either or
all or part of his time, directly or indirec iy,
as agent, dealer, or principal, in the busi-
ness of offering, buying, selling, or othSr,-
wise dealing or trading in mailing Iiists
owned, rented, or used by another persOn.
"(d) The Postmaster General shall
appropriate rules and regulations to carry
out the purposes of this section. Such
ulatlions shall provide that a broker slall
obtain the written consent of each peron
to be included on such list before placing
the name of such person on such list ad
that a broker or user of such list shall
re-
move the name of such person from sjch
list on the request Of such person.".
(b) The table of contents of chapter, 53
of title 39, 'United States Code, is amended
by Tserting?
"40 1. Registration Of mailing list brokers:
furnishing of information by sup-
pliers, buyers, and users of mailing
lists."
immediately below
"4060. Foreign publications free from mils-
toms duty.".
SEC. 2. (a) Chapter 83 of title 18, United
States Code, relating to offenses against the
postal service, is amended by adding at the
end thereof the following new section:
"I 1735. Mailing list brokers, suppliers, buy-
ers, and users
"Whoever, being required by section 4061
of title 39, United States Code, to furnish
information to the Posunaster General, fails
or refuses to furnish suah information as the
Postmaster General shall request under such
section, or violates any regulation of the
Postmaster General under such section,
shall be fined not mors than $5,000, or im-
prisoned not to exceed one year, or both.".
(b) The table of contents of such chap-
ter 83 is amended by inserting
"1735. Mailing list brokers, suppliers, buy-
ers, and users."
immediately below .
"1734. Editorials and other matter as 'ad-
vertisements'.".
SEC. 3. The foregoing provisions of this
Act shall become effeclve on/ the ninetieth
day following the date of enactment of this
Act. .
Mr. Speaker, obviously, certain excep-
tions must be made?for the Red Cross,
veterans organizations, city and State
governments, and ()thelegitimate %or-
ganizations who use such information for
legitimate purposes. I wo ld expect that
an appropriate cominittelk of Congress
will conduct hearings on iy measure,
eliciting information from 'ecent pub-
lishers and organizations, all of whom,
I feel certain, are equally anxlcis to clean
out the smut mailers, who not o y poison
the minds of our young with t eir filth
but add immensely to the t ayer's
burden of paying for our postal prvices.
The legislation I propose would ?equire
name brokers to register with the Post-
master General of the United States
shall be provided with additional finds
and help for the purpose of collating in-
formation concerning all mailing brokers,
legitimate or otherwise. Once collected,
on an annual basis, such information
shall be turned over to the Department
of Justice, which holds the enforcement
power to punish lawbreakers and which
has theiknow-how and the personnel to
handle such matters. I would further
amend Public Law 90-206, turning over
to the Department of Justice the assign-
ment of recipient for complaints con-
cerning smut from the people and for
corrective action where warnings are
ignored or violations occur.
One other aspect of the pornography
flood engulfing our young minds that
needs reexamination concerns the estab-
lishment in 1967 of the Commission on
Obscenity and Pornography;
There are several things wrong with
this effort and organization. The Com-
mission has been swelled with 8643,000
for operating expenses and salaries. No
interim reports are required as to how
these funds are being used or what prog-
ress is being made. The Commission does
not have to give an accounting until
July 31, 1970. 1 mention these factors, not
in criticism of its distinguished mem-
bers, but lay the blame at our own door-
step for not writing tighter legislation
so that the American people might have
an opportunity to take part or determine
how well the fight against smut peddlers
is going. I believe the 91st Congress might
well amend H.R. 16489 to require an
interim report. I believe further that
Congress should signify its intent for the
Commission to report to an appropriate
committee of the Congress from time to
time. I hesitate to suggest which corn-
mittee of Congress this might be, prior to
consulting with the leadership, but the
urgency of the need for action is so im-
perative that I offer the suggestion that
either the new House Committee on
Standards of Official Conduct or ;the
Government Operations Committee may
well be approcerifitaindies for riding herd
on the Commission on Obscenity and
Pornography.
I will also, at the proper time, submit
to Congress legislation designed to make
permanent an investigative subcommit-
tee of the House, staffed and instructed
to pursue the problem of smut mailing
and filth peddling on a permanent basis,
with appropriate reports to Congress on
a regular basis.
? The present setup and composition of
the Commission follows:
COMMISSION ON OBSCENITY AND PORNOGRAPHY
AUTHORITY
Public Law 90-100, October 3, 1967.
RESPONSIBILITY
To study the nature and volume of traffic
in obscene and pornographic materials. To
study effects of obscenity and pornography
on minors. To recommend legislative, admin-
istrative, and other appropriate action that
the Commission may feel necessary to regu-
late the flow of such traffic without interfer-
ing with constitutional rights. To evaluate
existing laws pertaining to obscenity and
pornography and to evaluate and recommend
definitions therefor.
MEMBERSHIP
Eighteen members appointed by the Pres-
ident, composed of persons having expert
knowledge in fields of obscenity and anti-
social behavior; and with special competence
with respect to obscenity laws and their ef-
fect on juveniles.
William B. Lockhart (Chairman), Dean.
University of Mhmesota School of Law,
Edward D. Elson, President, Atlanta News
Agency, Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. Edward B. Greenwood, Psychiatrist,
Menninger Clinic, Topeka, Kans.
Rev. Morton A. Hill, 8.J., Executive Secre-
tary, Operation Yorkville, Inc., New York,
N.Y.
Dr. C. William Jones, Assistant Professor
of Broadcast Film Art, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, Tex.
Honorable Kenneth B. Keating, Associate
Judge, New York Court of Appeals, Albany,
N.Y.
Dr. Joseph T. Klapper, Director, Social Re-
search, Columbia Broadcasting System, New
York, N.Y.
Dr. Otto N. Larsen, Professor of Sociology.
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
Rabbi Irving Lehman, Temple Emanu-El,
Miami Beach, Fla.
Freeman Lewis, Executive Vice President,
Pocket Books, Inc., New York, N.Y.
Rev. Winfrey C. Link, Executive Director,
Four-Fold Challenge Campaign, Nashville,
Tenn.
Dr. Morris A. Lipton, Professor of Psychia-
try and Director of Research Development.
Hon. Thomas C. Lynch, Attorney General,
State of California.
Barbara Scott, Associate Counsel, Motion
Picture Association of America, Inc., New
York, N.Y.
Cathryn A. Spelts, Instructor, South Da-
kota School of Mines, Rapid City, S. Dak.
Dr. Frederick H. Wagman, Director, Uni-
versity of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Dr. Marvin E. Wolfgang, Director, Center
for Criminological Research, University of
Pennsylvania.
STAY,
An office for the Commission staff was set
up in Washington in August, and is located
at Suite 500, 1016-16th Street, N.W. Their
telephone number is 382-8655. The staff di-
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January 27, .1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE S 931
who had been put in charge of "the other
war." Each of thousands of hamlets had re-
ceived one of six security designations. The
designation for each hamlet evolved from
about 15 criteria, each of which, in turn, had
been measured on a quantitative scale.
I remember having been struck by the Tact
that the progress of pacification had never
before been charted so scientifically. It
seemed to me, however, that the criteria had
little to do with hearts and minds and even
less to do with Revolutionary Development.
Since the whole thrust of our intervention
was counterrevolutionary and since economic
and political development was impossible
under the circumstances, this almost had
to be the case. While the information fed
into the computer may have been narrowly
factual, the inferences that resulted were
wholly insupportable. And yet it was under-
standable that President Johnson and others
in his Administration were impressed, half-
way around the world from Saigon, by the
progress Komer reported right up to the eve
of the Tet offensive.
VI
If such statistical concepts as the poverty
line, full employment, and body counts have
caused misinterpretation in the past, so have
the full-blown analytical systems that are
based on quantitative data. The most widely
used of these in the government is the
Planning-Programming-Budgeting System,
known familiarly, if not lovingly, as PPBS.
PPBS, briefly stated, is a system of plan-
ning whereby each individual agency or de-
partment is required to identify the specific
goals of its programs, discuss the alternative
ways in which those goals might be achieved,
and then quantify the results of the pro-
grams it is pursuing. It imposes upon each
agency a requirement for disciplined think-
ing that did not exist before, and it is clearly
a more useful way of looking at governmen-
tal expenditures than was the old line-item
basis (personnel, supplies and materials,
travel, etc.). Because_ PPBS had been widely
and efficiently used in the Department of
Defense under Secretary McNamara, Presi-
dent Johnson ordered that it be installed
throughout the government in 1966.
But here, as in the world of statistics, there
are subtle and treacherous pitfalls: faulty
assumptions, the downgrading or distortion
of matters which cannot be quantified, and
the fatal error of supposing that technical
procedures can eliminate the agony of
decision.
Its inherent dangers have been recognized
by two of the foremost scholars in the field
of national security. Dr. Thomas C. Schelling
of Harvard University has warned that PPBS
Is a procedure "whose worth depends on the
skill and wisdom of the people who use it"
and that "quantitative data can be subtly
made prominent to the detriment of impor-
tant qualitative considerations." Dr. James R.
Schlesinger, director of strategic studies at
the RAND Corporation, has emphasized that
"analysis is not a scientific procedure for
reaching decisions which avoids intuitive '
elements, but rather a mechanism for sharp-
ening the intuitions of the decision-maker."
As PPBS spread throughout the govern-
ment, most agencies found that their most
difficult task was the attempt to quantify the
benefits of its programs. The danger was and
Is that the areas which do not lend them-
selves to accurate measurement--who can
quantify the benefits of diplomacy, national
parks, education??wfil be regarded as less
important than those areas which do.
VII
When Wklbur J. Cohen was Secretary of
Health, Education and Welfare, he once said
that the chief statistician of HEW and his
staff "do more to determine HEW programs
than all the other officials in the Depart-
ment."
Was he kidding? Maybe he was, and then
again maybe he wasn't. In either case, his
statement dramatizes the fact that statis-
tics carry great weight in determining gov-
ernment policies and programs.
I myself find it amazing, and sometimes
frightening, to observe the extraordinary
prestige of statistics both inside and outside
of the government. For a recent example of
Its national pervasiveness, we need go back
only as far as the recent Presidential cam-
paign, in which the Gallup and Hhrris polls
played such a decisive role in shaping the
candidates' respective strategies that their
role in determining the outcome clearly ex-
ceeded that in any previous Presidential
campaign.
Within the government, statistics in the
'60's have reached such a pinnacle that men
of affairs often become known by the sta-
tistics they keep. Until the last two years
or so of his Administration, President John-
son's imposition of the latest popularity polls
upon his visitors was a mark of his style.
John F. Kennedy's attack on the Eisenhower
Administration in 1960 centered on statis-
tical comparisons of economic growth and
missile stockpiles. President Nixon's discus-
sions of law and order during the recent
campaign rarely failed to mention statistics
concerning the increase in crime.
When I emerged from the obscurity of
academic life to become U.S. Commissioner
of Labor Statistics, I was startled to discover
that I was good copy because I issued the
figures on inflation and unemployment. To
the amusement of my colleagues and the
gratification of my wife, I was often de-
scribed as "the Nation's leading expert" on
subjects about which I knew little.
I did discover, however, that positivism
has triumphed in statistics, as it has in
other sciences, so that statistics consists of
technical procedures quite independent of
content or purpose. I found the most gov-
ernment statisticians are principally con-
cerned with techniques, which have greatly
improved in recent decades. But their out-
look is often too narrow to encompass the
larger role of numbers in public life. Like
horses who obediently pull a wagon over a
cliff, they exercise great skill in producing
numbers but have little sophistication con-
cerning their use and misuse. Although stat-
isticians like to think that they are con-
stantly warning policy-makers against mis-
use, what they usually warn them about is
the limited sample or the possible range of
error, rather than the one-dimensional qual-
ity of the statistics themselves.
What I have said in these few pages may
strike the reader as anti-statistical and anti-
intellectual, but that is not my intent. I
strongly believe that leaders need every
available aid to understanding the murk and
chaos of life. My concern is not with science,
but with the abuse of science. It is human
ignorance, indolence, and incuriosity which
permit statistical data to be perceived as ob-
jective verities rather than as the shadowy
hints and clues they most often are.
We need more and better statistics in or-
der to illuminate our problems more fully.
But we must remember that statistics, in-
dispensable as they are and improved as they
may become, cannot substitute for the in-
tuitive feel of a problem resulting from first-
hand exposure. Shoe leather and the human
mind will always be needed more than sta-
tistics when complex and qualitative judg-
ments must be made. So will leaders who can
confront ambiguity without heading for the
nearest statistical escape hatch.
THE "PUEBLO" INQUIRY
Mr. CURTIS. Mr. President, I rise to
pay tribute to a great American and a
distinguished son of Nebraska. I refer to
Comdr. Lloyd Bucher of the ill-fated
U.S.S. Pueblo.
Nebraskans are proud of Commander
Bucher for his years of distinguished
service to his country. We point with
pride that Commander Bucher grew up
and graduated from high school at
Father Flanagan's Home for Boys at
Omaha, Nebr., and that later he grad-
uated from the University of Nebraska.
His rise to a place of responsibility is in
the noblest of American traditions.
For some days, Commander Bucher
has been giving forthright testimony.
The fact that no help was sent to him
is just as historically true as the fact
that the Pueblo was seized. I suggest that
Commander Bucher not be harshly
judged by Monday morning quarter-
backs who were so silent and inactive on
the fateful day?January 23, 1968?
when the Pueblo was attacked, chased,
fired upon, and seized by Communist
vessels.
I am sure that Commander Bucher
wants to be helpful, not only now but
also in the future, in cooperating with
various agencies of our Government. But
I do point out the great suffering that
this man already has endured, and I
would express the hope that he not un-
necessarily be subjected to repetitious
congressional or other investigations.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCA-
TION, AND WELFARE REPORTS
SCHOOL DESEGREGATION PROG-
RESS
Mr. HART. Mr. President, the Office
for Civil Rights of the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare recently
reported a significant increase in the
desegregation of formerly dual school
systems in 11 Southern States. The per-
centage increase?from about 14 percent
in September 1967 to more than 20 per-
cent a year later?may not seem par-
ticularly impressive unless one looks
behind the statistics.
A brief summary of what has hap-
pened in the area of school desegregation
will illustrate what I mean. In 1963, 9
years after the Supreme Court had de-
clared that dual, racially-segregated
school systems were unconstitutional, 1
percent of the Negro students in the
Southern States attended school with
whites. School segregation?unconstitu-
tional separation of youngsters by race?
was widespread, the decision of the
Supreme Court to the contrary notwith-
standing. In 1964, the Congress enacted
the Civil Rights Act with its prohibition
in title VI against using Federal funds
to assist programs which discriminate on
the basis of race, color, or national origin.
Title VI. was implemented on a small
scale at HEW in 1965 and provided with
the appropriations needed for a larger
staff a year later.
In September 1968, little more than 3
years after the implementation of the
title VI program at HEW, the school
desegregation figure in the 11 Southern
States stood at 20 percent. And in school
systems desegregating under plans nego-
tiated to meet the requirements of title
VI, the figure was higher-25.6 percent.
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S 932 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 27, 1969
In other words, Mr. President, tie
school desegregation figureIetween 1954,
the year of the landmark }r9 wn decisic
and 1963, the year before e enactment
of the Civil Rights Act sc to only 1
percent. In the next 5 yea_t it incre sed
20 times that figure. Thivs significant
progress and a credit to t4 administr x-
tidn of a difficult progrea by HEV''s
Office for Civil Rights.
should point out, Mr. Vesident, that
the statistics on desegre tion for lost
September represent for e most r rt
only progress toward the e al of an end
to the dual racially seg ated school
system. The Office for Ci Rights pm-
gram requires that distri on, which r-
merly assigned students d faculty
the basis of race, adopt desegregati
plans ending the dual sem in most
cases by September 1969 or-at the
latest-September 1970 ill cases where
there are legitimate adm ijstrative rea-
sons why the 1969 dea e cannot be
met. September of this ktr should see
another substantial increase in sch)ol
desegregation in the Sout ern State.i
Mr. President, for the iformatioh of
readers of the CONGRES ONAL RECORD,
I ttsk that the school dese etration Press
release issued recently b EW's Office
for Civil Rights be incluLed as part of
rhy remarks at this point n the REcc RD.
There being no objection, the press
release was ordered to be_brinted in - he
REMIT), as follows:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDU-
CATION, AND WELFARE, OFFICE OF
THE SECRETARY,
Washington, 11.0., January 16, 1969.
Preliminary analysis of the 1968 data on
school desegregation in the 11 Deep South
States shows that 20.3 percent of the 2.5
million Negro students in these districts
or a total of 518,607 Negro children are at-
tending schools with white children. (Table
1) This figure compares with 13.9 percent
for the 1967-68 school year.
At the same time, the data reveals that in
the school districts desegregating under the
requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964, 25.6 percent of the one million
Negro children in those districts or 272,281
are attending schools with white children.
The overall desegregation figure, 20.3 per-
cent, includes districts desegregating under
court Orders as well as those desegregation
under voluntary plans.
The voluntary .plSlls under which the die.=
tricts are destgregating have been developed
locally ayfi have been submitted to the Of-
fice for/Civil Rights of the bepartment of
Health,1 Education, and Welfare. _
The percent figure, contained in sur-
vey datik released today by the Office for
Civil Rikhts, HEW's Title VI compliance
agency, ares with the 19 percent or
202,794 Neo child' en reported in deseg-
regated schodks in the same districts during
the 1967-68 school year. The districts are in
the following 'tate: Arkansas, Florida,
A
Georgia, Louisia, Mississippi, North Caro-
lina, South Caroni* Tennessee, Texas and
Virginia.
All of the school cil \s?bricts in the 11th Deep
South State, Alabama, are desegregating un-
der court order.
A comparison of the voluntary plan de-
segregation progress in the 10 Deep South
States for 1966-67, 1867-68 and 1968-69 is
shown in Table 2. A desegregated school is
defined, as in 1967-68, as one attended by
minority group children in which at least
50 percent of the students are white.
Preliminary analysis also showed that:
1. Desegregation progress in Deep South
school districts desegregating under court
orders was sharply below the voluntary plan
desegregation figure. Data from court order
districts showed that only 11.5 percent or
149,000 of the Negro students in those dis-
tricts are attending sehool with white chil-
dren. (Table 3.)
2, In those school districts in the 10 Deep
South States which have submitted forms
certifying they have eliminated their dual
systems (Form 441) , 51.6 percent of the
---.,egro students are attending schools with
e children.
The preliminary figures account for ap-
proxim ely 85 percent of the students at-
tending ?ols in the 11 Deep South States.
The repor la were to be completed and re-
turned to TIEW by October 15, but school
districts which account for approximately
15 percent of the students in these States
failed to return reports or returned incom-
plete information.
TABLE 1.-01.111_ DESEGREGATION IN 11 SOUTHERN ST
State
Enrollmf it
The only large system which has not yet
reported data is Dallas, Texas. Dallas is un-
der court order.
A breakdown of the extent of school deseg-
regation in the 11 Deep South States for all
types of school districts (voluntary plan,
441, court order) is shown in Table 4.
ES, ALL DISTRICTS REPORTING, FALL 1968
Desegregation 1
Number Ot
district?
repeal% Total Negro
Alabama
Ar ansas
Flo ida
Ge rgia
Lor4isiana
Mi sissippi
No h Carolina
-11
'The Office for Civil Rights estimatil that the data or which the 1968 preliminary analysis is
based accounts for 85 percent of the esWefed 11,677,684 ,ublIc school students in the 11 Southern
States.
TA 2.-PUPIL PE :EGRfGATION IN 10 SOUTHERN STATES (3-YEAR COMPARISON?, VOLUNTARY PLAN DISTRICTS'
Number of Percent of
Negro Negro
students students
588, 639 204,365 15, 039 7.4
376,470 94,791 22,048 23:3
, 160,644 282,226 67,961 24.1
883, 287 268, 044 38,196 14. 2
774,140 299,152 26,354 8.8
398,725 193,602 13,839 7.1
1, 12D, 602 330,449 92,028 27.E
State
Number of
districts
reporting
Enrollment Desegregation 1
Number of
Negro
Total Negro students
Percent of
Negro
students
South Carolina_ 76 486, 509 196,203
Tennessee 120 843, 525 146,287
Texas 501 2,264, 881 306,648
Virginia , 115 992, 047 236, 023
;
Total ---------
1
;
,
2 I ncl u d es all districts trith total enrollment over 3,000 students and
with less than 3,000 stud nts enrolled.
29,198
34,098
119,259
60,587
14. 9
24. 3
38. 9
25.7
21,560 9, 889, 409 2, 551, 790 518,607 20.3
sampling of districts
Enroll rr net
State and and year repartg Total
Desegregation 2
Number of
Negro
Negro students
Percent of
Negro
students
Arkansas:
I 1966
1 1967
,1 1968
FlOrida:
1966
1 1967
1968
Georgia:
1966
1967
1968
Leuisiana:
1966
' 1967
1 1968
1966
1967
1968
Nerth Carolina:
1966
1967
I 1968
3
3
173,130 73,545
217,378 82,215 13,821
179,755 66,199 14,417 21.8
296,344 41,917
204,273'76,226
297, 726' 78,772
543,254 109,117
588,291 141,208
567, 991 146,739
20,482 4,301
19,502 3,853
20,351 4,168
133,234
150, 05
161, 58
774,225
836,452
724,322
52,459
59,898
65,322
244,770
243, 081
232, 896
11,018
14, 213
25,253
11,091
19, 128
26,975
454
623
1,001
2,200
3,768
7,842
31, 339
40,236
63, 554
13.5
18.6
32.1
7. 4
13. 5
18. 4
10. 6
16.2
24. 0
4. 2
6. 3
12. 0
12.8
16.6
27.3
-
State and year
Number of
districts
reporting
Enrollment
Desegregation 2
Total
Negro
Number of
Negro
students
Percent of
Negro
students
South ins:
66
72
467,898
180, 922
9, 433
5. 2
1967
57
349, 835
143, 975
10, 257
7. 1
1968
70
459,043
182,987
28,207
15.4
Tennessee:
1966
40
171,802
23,466
7,690
32.8
1967
43
160,457
30,223
11,550
38.2
1968
31
155,674
25,240
12,051
47.7
Texas:
1966
334
886, 046
166, 341
47, 936
28. 8
1967
323
989,704
177,798
63,008
35.4
1968
177
850, 013
142,071
62, 374
43. 9
Virginia:
1966
50
371,086
107,311
18,410
17.2
1967
54
431,799
117,148
26,190
22.4
1968
53
370,799
119, 676
30, 607
25.6
Total:
1966
895
3, 837, 771
1, 033, 693
145,628
14.1
1967
902
4,007,749
1, 075, 625
202,794
18.9
1968
718
3,787, 262
1,064, 070
272,281
25.6
The Office for Civil Rights estimates that the data o
based accounts for 86 percent of the estimated 10,846,02
States. (All districts in the State of Alabama are under
wilich the 1968 preliminary analysis i;
Pi laic school students in the 10 Southesi
deral court order to desegregate.)
For 1966, a desegregated school was defined as one which had 5 percent or more white enroll-
ment-Tor 1967 and 1968 this definition was changed to schools which had 50 percent or more white
enrollment.
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Into tax-free municipal and government
bonds.
They have also questioned the fairness of
tax exempt philanthropic foundations, which
a wealthy patriarch can use to dodge in-
heritance taxes, and as a sanctuary for se-
curities intended for his heirs.
Every special loophole for some clubby
little group should be peered into and prob-
ably plugged. And for the ordinary man,
surely a more up-to-date set of rules and a
simpler tax form would win Congress a host
of friends.
THE "PUEBLO" INQUIRY
(Mr. SIKES asked and was given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD.)
Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, no one is on
trial for the Pueblo incident, but the
inquiry now being conducted by the
Navy has convinced a great many peo-
ple that the Pueblo's captain and crew
actually are being tried. There are many
unanswered questions about the Pueblo
incident, and the whole subject is a
touchy one. The United States lost enor-
mous prestige when the ship was sur-
rendered and the crew not released for
nearly a year. The method in which their
release was obtained was salt in an open
wound.
The fact that the Pueblo's crew is back
is, of course, a source of great satisfac-
tion. But the indignities which were in-
flicted upon them, including the death
of one, rankle in the minds of the Amer-
ican people. Now some very important
questions which have long remained un-
answered are coming to the surface. The
Pueblo carried no self-destruct mecha-
nisms to protect highly advanced com-
munications equipment and codes. When
the ship was surrendered, all of this fell
into R4sian hands via the North
Koreans. It has been assumed that our
information-gathering electronic equip-
ment is more advanced than that of the
Russians. Whether or not that is true,
they now know everything we know in
this field.
Of major importance is the fact that
the U.S. Government still has taken no
productive action to obtain the return
of the ship and its equipment or reim-
bursement for the ship and to obtain
indemnity for the death, wounds, and
suffering of the crew and their families.
No one has satisfactorily explained the
failure to send help to the Pueblo before
she actually fell into Communist hands.
The Pueblo case is not one which can be
swept under the rug and forgotten. Con-
gress will want to take a hand in bring-
ing all the facts to the surface before
blame is fixed for the loss of the Pueblo
and the indignities to its crew, Appro-
priate steps also must be taken to insure
there will be no repetition of a situation
where an American ship is left defense-
less in any waters. It is equally essential
that proper equipment be installed to in-
sure that communications vessels be
fully equipped with destructive devices
for the protection of classified materials
and equipment.
Proud American traditions are at
stake. We do not beg our way out of
trouble.
EDITORIAL COMMENDS SPEAKER
CHOICE
(Mr. JONES of Alabama asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute, to revise and extend
his remarks and to include an editorial.)
Mr. JONES of Alabama. Mr. Speaker,
the Home of Representatives has been
commended by an editorial printed in
the Decatur, Ala., Daily for the selection
of the Honorable JoHN W. MeCortmAex
as Speaker for the 91st Congress.
For years, the editor and publisher of
the Decatur Daily, Mr. Barrett Shelton,
Sr., has been associated with progress
and growth of the thriving Tennessee
Valley area through his newspaper and
In his personal civic endeavors.
I am pleased to associate myself with
the editorial comments about Speaker
McCoamAcx and I include the editorial at
this point in my remarks so that all of
my colleagues can share these thoughts:
MR. MCCORMACK WILL BE REMEMBERED AS
GREAT
The House of Representatives made an
admirable choice in the selection of the Hon-
orable John W. McCormack of Massachusetts
as Speaker for the 91st Congress.
Speaker McCormack, through his many
years of service to the nation, has estab-
lished an enviable record for fair play and
consideration of all the divergent issues
which meet in the Congress.
On the occasion of his recent election to
the speakership, rare tribute was paid to him
by the Honorable Gerald R. Ford, the mi-
nority leader. Mr. Ford was the Republican
candidate for the speakership. After the elec-
tion, Congressman Ford told of his regrets
at losing and said, "But, it is an even sterner
test of statesmanship and character to be
magnanimous and gracious in victory?and
for whatever comfort and consolation it may
be to any of my colleagues I can testify that
the distinguished gentleman from Massa-
chusetts has always been magnanimous and
gracious to me?every time I have tried to
take his gavel from him in the American
political arena."
Our nation faces many tasks of consider-
able complexity as we lay the groundwork
to meet the technological demands and re-
quirements of the 21st Century. No one is
more dedicated to this task than Speaker
McCormack. He has proved this with his
leadership of the Congress in recent years
when unparalleled amounts of new legisla-
tion have been formulated to serve the peo-
ple of this country.
His open and friendly manner and his will-
ingness to counsel and advise have made
him a legend in his own time among mem-
bers of the Congress. He is the very em-
bodiment of all that is great about our
representative form of government.
The story is told that Speaker McCormack
once confided in a fellow member that
"rather than being known as a great man, I
would prefer to be known as a good man,
if I had a choice."
In our opinion, Speaker McCormack will
have his wish. He will be known as a good
man, and he will be known as one of the
great speakers of all times.
NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND THE
NATIONAL BUDGET
(Mr. BROWN of California asked and
was given permission to extend his re-
marks at this point in the RECORD and to
Include extraneous matter.)
Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak-
er, over the past year or so, the term
"national priorities" has taken on new
popularity here in Washington. Pressing
social problems, demands for maintain-
ing a costly military operation in South-
east Asia, exploration and exploitation
of natural resources, the thrust toward
placing men on the moon?the argument
goes that all programs, all issues, must
be put into some broad perspective, then
evaluated according to a prejudged order
of priority.
Of course, what we term "national
priorities" today is, in reality, nothing
other than that old debate of guns and
butter?the tradeoffs between sets of
competing needs. The theory itself is
simple and blunt: given limited re-
sources, what must be sacrificed to reach
a chosen objective?
President Johnson's recent budget
message spotlights the new attention
given "priorities." According to the
President, "the composition of the
budget reveals much about the Nation's
priorities."
To gage by the budget he presented
Congress, if Mr. Johnson's statement is
indeed true, I feel that the Nation is
continuing to head ,clown a tragic, ex-
tremely costly path. I do not concur
that America's paramount national goal
should be one of further military buildup,
of an increase in military hardware, and
of the pursuit of a debilitating, wasteful
war in Southeast Asia.
If there is one thing that President
Johnson's budget does not reflect, it is a
real ordering of priorities. The budget
may show priorities, but they are priori-
ties of power, not priorities of need.
Unfortunately, as much as President
Johnson hopes his budget represents an
accuarte presentation of national priori-
ties, I think that he is wrong. Priorities
ranked on the basis of lobby or monetary
strength of special interests always get
distorted. It has become a cliche to note
that poor people?both here in America
and abroad?carry less clout with Con-
gress than do powerful industrial and
military blocs, but that cliche holds as
a good rationale behind the "priorities"
of the fiscal 1970 budget.
For example, what concept of priority
can make rational the assignment by the
General Accounting Office of only five
auditors for over $40 billion of military
negotiated contracts while, at the same
time, putting between 70 and 80 auditors
at work analyzing poverty programs.
In a true sense, the budget does not ad-
here to the very meaning of priorities.
Instead of rating programs by individual
merit, they are lumped together under
functional headings, so that it becomes
impossible to carry on any across-the-
board analysis. Congress' experience last
year in the expenditure control contro-
versy bears testimony to this fact. Many
vulnerable and sensitive programs?
mainly in the poverty and urban areas?
got sliced disproportionately to older,
more established, but also often less val-
uable programs. In the end, I am sure we
shall see Congress finding it necessary to
go right back into the very areas it cut
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ing wilts, 200,000 additional units Under
the rent supplement program, 1 0,000
roditional units of section 236 ho Ing,
00,000 additional units of sectio 235
meownership housing, and 150,0 0 ad-
itional rehabilitated housing uni , arid
Other housing tools. The Full Op ortu-
pity Act would also proyide for II D to
make grants or loans for financi and
technical assistance to sponsors o low-
nind moderate-income housing and elim-
ates the ability of local communi ies to
revent rent supplement and 221( 1(3)
ousing by not adopting a workabl pro-
ram for community improvement
1 The legislation which I have intro-
duced, providing supplemental appro-
priations for this fiscal year for sec-
tion 235, section 236, rent supplei exits,
i
and urban renewal and the relate leg-
islation for increased production o low-
and moderate-income housing through
public housing, extension of section 236
and rent supplement benefits to State
and locally financed housing, and the
11'ull Opportunity Act, is urgently needed.
With the passage of the 1968 Hdosing
and Urban Development Act committing
this country to the 10-year goal of 6 mil-
lion units of additional low- and mod-
erate-incoine housing, the 90th Congress
Must take the necessary steps to en-
dure that this goal does not remain an
empty promise but becomes an actuality.
1
1 Legislation to increase the oppropria-
tions for housing programs in this fiscal
year not only will increase the volume
of low- and moderate-income housing
hut also provide opportunities for new
jObs for minority residents in the con-
structions of such housing. A massive
housing program comblned with job-
creation program has been urged by the
ational Committee for a Confronta-
t on with Congress, a grassroots group
in New York City, which has called upon
the Congress to extend to the ghetto the
same concern for housing that Congress
did 20 years ago when it promoted the
suburban housing boom through FHA
and VA loan programs.
In the 90th Congress I was cosponsor
of legislation called the Jobs-in-Honsing
Act of 1968, which recognized the *alue
to be derived from creating tens of
thousands of new well-paying construc-
tion jobs while at the same time rebnlid-
ing our central cities. Recognizing the
eXplicit connection between more jobs
and more housing, the National Co it-
tA'ie for a Confrontation with Con ress
sPent many hours with Members ofcon-
gess promoting jobs-in-housing and
succeeded in their efforts by having on-
gress adopt section 3 of the Housing and
Urban Development Act of 1968. is
jobs-in-housing provision will b of
enormous benefit to low and modeat in-
come urban residents, for it appli s to
the supplemental appropriation bi ls I
have introduced for sections 235 and 236,
public housing and rent supplements.
Section 3 states:
The Secretary of Housing and Urban De-
velopment shall require, in consultation with
the Secretary of Labor, that to the gre test
eXtent feasible opportunities for trainin and
eniployment arising in connection with, the
planning, construction, rehabilitation, and
oPeration of housing assisted under Such
pregrams be given to lower income persons
residing in the area of such housing.
Supplemental appropriations will pro-
vide expanded opportunities to minori-
ty groups and contractors in the planning
and construction of low- and moderate-
income housing. The lack of jobs and
slum housing are two interlocked mani-
festations of poverty. The unemployed,
who are seeking, not handouts, but de-
cently paid jobs, could be employed in
the very task of .:Tbuilding?their neigh-
borhoods.
Another bill, H.R. 4149, is also related
to the question of obs and housing. It
deals with the prqblem of minority group
contractors whcf are unable to obtain
bonding. It wo i authorize the Small
Business Admillistration to indemnify
corporate sureti on bonds covering con-
tracts of sound nall business concerns
and would help n ority contractors to
satisfy certain le1 requirements in
order to participate lu the construction
of low- and moderate-hnie housing?
thus providing job opport 'ties and mi-
nority entrepreneurship in?-the housing
area.
In the last Congress I draftedand in-
troduced the Cooperative Rehabilitation
Act?H.R. 51 of the 91st Congr s?
which would make it possible for IQW
Income tenants to acquire and rehabili-
tate buildings, turning them into cooper\
atives.
It is the duty and responsibility of
this Congress to insure that the Hous-
ing and Urban Development Act of 1968,
unlike its predecessors, achieves the goal
first set forth in the Housing Act of
1949?"the realization as soon as feas-
ible of the goal of a decent home and a
suitable living environment for every
American family." It has been over 20
years since Congress stated that goal.
It is now time for Congress finally to
fulfill that promise and free millions of
ill-housed Americans from the evils of
slum housing.
APPROVAL OF PRESIDENT'S ACTION
IN AIRLINE CASES
(Mr. FLYNT asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his remarks
and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. FLYNT, Mr. Speaker, I wish to
express my strong approval of the action
taken by Presiden; Nixon in rescinding
the order of the Civil Aeronautics Board
in the transpacific route cases.
While it has been true in the past that
international route cases have been de-
cided near the end of an administra-
tion, no decision has ever been sur-
rounded by so many reports, rumors,
charges, and conatercharges as have
filled the air and the press following the
announcement of the decision in the
transpacific route case.
Some of these reports and charges
were so serious that they could not be
ignored. The only effective and appropri-
ate way that the more serious of these
charges could be pnved or disproved was
by the action which President Nixon took
on January 24, 1969.
Many air carriers had filed administra-
tive requests for reconsideration. They
included successful and unsuccessful ap-
plicants for transpacific routes, so that
the demands for reconsideration were
?,.
',minute, to revise and extend his remarks
and to include an editorial.)
',Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, a very
tira' ' ly and thought provoking editorial
c,
app axed in the Cleveland Plain Dealer
on Piursday, January 23, 1969. I have
sent a copy of this editorial, entitled "Fix
and UiIate U.S. Income Tax," to the dis-
tinguis ed chairman of the Ways and
Means ommittee for consideration by
him and he members of the committee.
This editOrial is well worthy of the read-
ing and cansideration of other Members
of the HouSe:
Fix All'I'D UPDATE U.S. INCOME TAX
1
There are at least two things drastically
wrong with the federal income tax. This Con-
gress should correct them.
First: Loqpholes and allowances are open
to oil well oWners and to some million-dollar-
a-year meg. But the common man with his
dcoommdgeson , come cannot find and use those
Second: The old income tax return is as
out of date as Aunt Ellas's antimacassars.
There has been a massive upward march of
incomes and prices, but the $1,000 ceiling
on standard deductions and the $600 per-
sonal exemption have stood still.
In 1950 almost every taxpayer could use
the simple 10% standard deduction. It made
filling out an income tax return simple.
But in those days 94% of all families,
approximately, earned less than $10,000. So
the $1,000 ceiling affected only 6% of the
families.
Today about one-fourth of all families are
up to $10,000. What's more, a much larger
part of family income today has to be spent
on deductibles. The average home's real
estate taxes and mortgage interest in Cleve-
land very nearly reach the $1,000 mark, and
rising hospitalization, charities and union
dues compel the rank and file taxpayer to
sweat through itemizing his deductions.
The $600 personal exemption, once related
to food, clothes and housing cost, is now
below federal poverty standards for any aver-
age urban family.
On the opposite end, many congressmen
have rapped at wealthy individuals and cor-
porations which pour their investment money
11 485
not based solely on disappointment with
the awards.
Many Members of Congress, Demo-
crats and Republicans alike, and pos-
sibly about equal numerically, submitted
formal requests to the President to recall
and review the transpacific decision. This
demonstrates that the congressional in-
terest in, this matter was bipartisan,
The President's action was one with
which no one Owl find fault. The air
carrier industry sbqd the users of com-
mercial aviation should applaud the
courage and forthrightness which Presi-
dent Nixon displayed in this matter.
No harm can come from the action
with which President Nixon recalled and
rescinded the transpacific order. It pre-
cludes nothing. If the order and decision
were properly arrived at, both can be re-
instated. If they were improperly arrived
at, they can be corrected.
This was probably the single most sig-
nificant action taken by the President of
the United States during his first week in
office. It was an appropriate one and one
which meets with near universal ap-
proval of all Americans.
FIX AND UPDATE U.S. INCOME TAX
(Mr. FEIGHAN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
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S 938
President Johnson has been another case.
While Hickenlooper has given general sup-
port to the stated aims of the administra-
tion in Vietnam, he has been constantly wary
of fast political dealings.
Even as he criticized the "unrealistic
doves" of the Senate, Senator Hickenlooper
has usually voiced his own sharp differences
with the Johnson administration on the
manner in which the war was being fought.
BOMB PAUSE
One of. the most disappointing aspects of
the Johnson administration's performance
was in the period immediately prior to the
election, Hickenlooper related last week.
Hickenlooper said that while there were
numerous rumors of a possible bombing
pause just before the election, he received a
call from an unnamed high figure in the
Johnson administration assuring him there
would be no bombing pause.
Hickenlooper said he had some reservations
about the assurances at the time, but since
there was no way to effectively challenge
such a private assurance merely accepted it
with "thanks."
"The announcement of the bombing pause
a few days later did not surprise me, but it
certainly did disappoint me to find such mis-
representations being made by high level
spokesmen on such an important matter,"
Hickenlooper said.
Hickenlooper said, "There i no point in
identifying the man at this time." At the
proper time, he expects to try to make avail-
able more details of the unwritten story of
his years in Washington.
Dozens of cartons of iiickenlooper's
papers have been sent to the Herbert Hoover
Library at West Branch, Ia., where they will
be available for examination by students and
authors interested in the early years of the
Atomic Energy program and the tumultout
story of foreign affairs in the period since
World War II.
Senator Hickenlooper finished the last bit
of discarding of papers from his desk late
Tuesday, and tossed aside two copies of a
small brown covered history of "Mormon-
town"?the early name of Blockton.
NO MENTION
The little history was printed in 1961 at
the time of the centennial for the little Tay-
lor County village. It contained no note on
the boy from Blockton who served aS Iowa's
governor and U.S. senator.
There was only one small picture of a teen-
age boy and a huge black setter dog cap-
tioned simply, "Bourke B. Hickenlooper and
his dog."
Hickenlooper is saving the two small cen-
tennial pamphlets for his two children, not
because they tell any great story about their
father but to demonstrate "it takes quite a
bit to impress some of the folks down there
in Blockton."
Senator Hickenlooper who will have a pen-
sion of more than $20,000 a year has had a
number of offers to join law firms in Iowa
and Washington, but has made no decision
on the future. Mrs. Verna Hickenlooper has
a serious heart condition that in recent
weeks has confined her to her bedroom.
Hickenlooper said he will delay any de-
cision on whether to remain in Washington
or return to Iowa until after Mit. Hicken-
looper's health has improved.
ruin' LET THERE BE NO MORE11
"PUEBLOS"
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,k
is of utmost imnorianae that Presidtia
Olio;s Comradei Chief of the
Armed Fore of th United States, di-
/Tot . 4,poinplele se a pn or tne rribra-
our sjpv gLr
:Renee poll9c
ships 1 ligg,
c
rom the tr.S. Navy, even to the ex-
.tent of onorablv ilischarging
- ? . ? ?
nlisted
zafaifigairourz=.
The ue o operation was a disgrace
from the outset to the moment that Com-
mander Bucher without offering even
show of resistance suffered the North
Korean boarding party from a small
North Korean naval vessel to back
against our armed naval vessel and board
and capture it without any resistance
whatever. During 2 hours of harassment
preceding that, Commander Bucher
never even had the covers removed from
the ship's .50-caliber guns, nor did he
proceed out to sea away from about 13
miles off the coast of North Korea at
full speed.
The first lesson that officials of the
executive branch of our Government
must take to heart from this is that ,jyx
must withpt ? -1: - el separire
tfle o era ions ?IP ? ? ? llencO cof-
r es, suc as e sls er s ups
- : . IU, IT- ?
av . The Soviet mon as at this time
- than 100 spy or intelligence collect-
ing vessels. They are in evidence at prac-
tically all times off the coast of the
United States and wherever and when-
ever on the seven seas U.S. warships are
maneuvering, engaging in target prac-
tice or mock combat maneuvers. The spy
ships of the Soviet Union are disguised
as fishing trawlers. Many, probably most
of them, have no fish nets whatever nor
other strictly fishing equipment. All of
them are equipped with radar and high-
ly sensitive detection devices for under-
water surveillance as well as listening-
in devices. They are everywhere in evi-
dence.
At the time of the Pueblo's capture,
Soviet trawlers were operating beyond
our 3-mile limit off Norfolk, Charleston,
Guantanamo Naval Base, Cuba, and var-
ious ocean areas off our Pacific coast
from San Diego to the Alaskan waters.
If the commanding officers of these
Russian trawlers, so-called, are in fact
officers of the Navy of the Soviet Union
that is entirely unofficial and secret. Z.a,
4.pm.st, follow ie examnlp of pie Sr
.uur 10 or ipore intern ence
or s., , ships -must-
.iitt,j sin 41 I
Offiadlik MOM
e i:ence A:enc : ?
rue, e co " .ers an. execu
ficers and most of the seamen would un-
doubtedly be men whose past records as
officers and enlisted men of our Navy
have been excellent, during their period
of former service in our Navy.
Director Helms of the CIA replete with
a sa5l rec. c 9?1 Muncjers such as the 112
aftair an he Poo I Dia ea Bay cif
I. e re ? ?
e u UC. o 'Eats er.
s evil en a is was an unnecessary
and an ill-timed operation from the out-
set. He and the admirals of our Navy
are to be condemned for this risky intelli-
gence collecting operation just outside
the 12-mile limit back and forth along
the coast of North Korea at a time when
we were so heavily involved in a major
war in Vietnam and Thailand. It is evi-
dent not only that it was ill timed but
poorly planned.
As a Member of the Armed Services
0$ 0: iKtatil.01-111411014?Mt011111.40.041:4141
?
? ? - ? ? ? :0
oar
ca -
ured with ut firings,Apt. withouipa
ng even l the
and without
pi/9D removinff ciivers from the au -
caliber guns on the forward deck of the
pue./o . ? . ew or me omcers
an. men o e sma oa
and threa.,entig its officersende'men,
myein au.Tro
There must be an investigation or elms
sordid affair. There are so many unan-
swered questions. A ? for example,
should an American s
In a era ou-ratum be ... .n? Dv
' . - so: so- t's0 ?
?
11
py ng is and a ways has
een an operation conducted by either
civilians or by men who are ostensibly
acting as civilians and have been sepa-
rated from duties as army or naval offi-
cers. Furthermore, we have a duty to as-
certain from the admirals of the U.S.
Navy the reason their failure in misin-
forming the Armed Services Committee
of the Senate as to the facts surrounding
the mission and the capture of the
Pueblo.
Last year at 2:30 p.m. on Tuesday af-
ternoons we on the Armed Services Com-
mittee of the Senate listened sometimes
for as long as nearly 2 hours to highly
secret intelliegnce briefings, usually made
by officers of our armed services. Follow-
ing the capture of the Pueblo, in one of
these highly secret briefings I recall the
officer telling the fact, or at least he al-
leged his statements to be facts, that
only one of the 83 officers and men
aboard the Pueblo was killed. He stated
that in destroying highly secret and clas-
sified material and instruments an explo-
sion blew off the leg of this one crew-
member. He later died.
Now Commander Bucher testifies that
small arms fire from the North Koreans
mortally wounded this crewmember. We
must have the facts. Otherwise, what
reliance can we place on such briefings?
My conclusion is that this briefing re-
garding the Pueblo involved a waste of
our time. It was inaccurate in my judg-
ment on many counts. Even the chart
displayed on the screen referred to the
U.S. warship Pueblo.
Now, many citizens write that Com-
mander Bucher should be awarded a
medal. A medal for what? Let us think
of John Paul Jones, Decatur, Preble, and
Capt. James Lawrence, of the 44-gun
American frigate Chesapeake, mortally
wounded when his frigate was boarded
by officers and men of the English 14-
gun frigate Shannon outside of Boston
oceanfront in 1813 at a time when he
was valiantly seeking to repeal the Brit-
ish boarding party. The last words of
Captain Lawrence as he was carried be-
low deck mortally wounded were, "Don't
give up the ship."
During the War Between the States
and down through World War II, no
warship of our Navy was ever captured
or sunk or scuttled without a fight. Fur-
thermore, of thousands of Americans im-
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Acnuary 27, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE S 937
This simply is not fair. We in en-
gress have made great strides in enlaio-
ing the franchise and protecting the
right to vote. We ought to take a further
ctep and insure that this power of the
ballot is an equal power. By amen ing ;
the Constitution in favor of direct op-
ular election of the President we can
give life to this belief in fairness. -
HICKENLOOPER SAYS FAREW
IvirICLE BY CLARK MOLLENH FF
r. MILLER Mr. President, on 4an-
ualry 3, my senior colleague from Iciwa,
Beurke B. Hickenlooper, voluntarily
bowed out of a distinguished career of
public service-24 ' years in the Senate,
2 years as Governor of Iowa, 4 years as
Lieutenant Governor, and 4 years as a
State representative.
In these 34 years, Senator Hicken-
looper gave his State and the a-
tiqn dedicated, principled, hard-working
se vice. "Service Above Self" was his
mOtto, and it was only natural that per-
sonal integrity was his reputation.
A firm believer in the constitutional
inStitutions and safeguards of our Gov-
ernment, he sought progress for our Peo-
ple on a sound and lasting basis. He be-
lieved strongly in the preservation, of
States rights consistent with the exer-
cise by the States of their responsibili-
ties, and he felt keenly about the
ex essive concentration of power in
W shington to the detriment of the via-
bil ty of the States.
is Senate career spanned the Ad-
ministration of five Presidents, and he
WEIS often called upon by these leaders
of our country for his wise and well-
informed counsel. He well understOod
that compromise is the art Of the 1 I,s-
la ive process, but fundamental p I-
pl s of good government were not within
hi area of compromise.
ranking Republican on the Senate
Fo eign Relations Committee, he cion-
st tly devoted his energies to the search
foit a just and lasting peace within the
fa ily of nations. At the same time, this
wa carefully balanced by his recogrd-
tio1 that the security of our country
mist never be compromised. He was bot
on to take the hard line of belligerence.
bu , rather, the firm line of straWht-
fo ward commonsense.
n January 2, the distinguished Wash-
in ton reporter for the Des Moines Aeg-
ist r, Clark Mollenhoff, wrote a fitting
susimation of the public life of the Man
kn wn far and wide as "HickenloOpcir
of Iowa." I ask unanimous consent that
th article, entitled "Hickenlooper days
`F rewell,' " be placed in the RECORD
There being no objection, the article
i s ordered to be printed in the REcor o,
a 3 follows:
HI ENLOOPER SAYS FAREWELL: ONLY 40 NE
OWAN HAS SERVED LONGER IN THE t S.
ENATE
(By Clark MollenhoM ,
WASHINGTON, D.C.?The cawrnousr ly
I
office safe is empty and the walla of the f tar
floor office are stripped bare orthe meme t as
of 24 years Bourke B. Hickenlooper served in
the United States Senate.
Today the 72-year-old Iowakayer will bow
out of the Senate after nearly a quarter of a
century in which "Hickenlooper of Iowa" was
recognized in Washington and throughout
the world.
He is a little heavier and somewhat slower
moving than he was 15 or 20 years ago, brit
there is remarkably httle change in the face
or the demeanor of tee man who has served
longer than any other political figure in the
last half-century. Only former Senator Wil-
liam B. Allison, a Republican who served
from 1893 to 1908, served longer than
Hickenlooper.
STARTED IN 1934
When he relinquishes his seat today to
Senator-elect Harold Hughes, a Democrat,
Hickenlooper will end a public career that
started when he W0.5 elected to the Iowa
House in 1934.
Although Hickenlooper, the third ranking
Republican in the Senate, made a decision
not to seek re-election because of a possible
tough Republican primary fight, he has
found it easy to reconcile himself to the
philosophy that it was wise to retire.
'His time in office spanned the administra-
tions of five presidents?from Franklin D.
Roosevelt through Lyndon B. Johnosn?and
he was intimately acquainted with Iowa-born
President Herbert Clark Hoover and Presi-
dent-elect Richard M. Nixon.
Although the late Senator Brian McMahon
(Dem., Conn.) has the technical title of the
first chairman of the Joint Congressional
Committee on Atomic Energy, McMahon
never actually servea as chairman in late
1946, and it was Hickenlooper who headed
that important congressional body in Jan-
uary, 1947, as the first active chairman in
the dawn of the nuclear age. He has con-
tinued as a senior member of that commit-
tee in the 22 years it has been in existence.
It has been a period of controversy, with
triumps and a few stinging defeats. He was
allied with Gen. Leslie R. Groves, head of the
Manhattan Project, in pushing for further
nuclear developments in the period immedi-
ately following the explosion of the first
atomic bombs.
Later, Hickenlooper was allied with other
congressional leaders .n. forcing the Navy to
promote Hyman Rick over from captain to
rear admiral and front rear admiral to vice-
admiral.
NUCLEAR POWER
Rickover, a tough, bright and outspoken
advocate of nuclear power for submarines
and surface vessels, periodically found him-
self in bitter battles with the "battleship
admirals" and politteal civilians at the
Pentagon.
Rickover has periocacally paid tribute Aro
Senator Hickenlooper Is a leader 4. Congress
in forcing the executive branch to move foz-
ward with the nuclear submarine program
and later the nuclear surface ship prograin.
While Hickenlooper's role in the develota
ment of nuclear power was of historic signif-
icance, his role in the foreign affairs field
was even more important in recent years.
The boy who was born and reared in the
little town of Blockton, Ia., toured more than
65 countries and talked with presidents,
prime ministers, and kings in his role as
ranking Republicans on the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee.
If Blockton had been any more than five
miles from the Missoari border, it is doubt-
ful if Bourke Hickenlooper could haafe
claimed to have been out of Iowa until he
was 20 years of age.
He was 20 when he made his first long
trip to Richmond, Va., where he attended
a national convention of his University of
Iowa college fraternity, Sigma Phi Epsilon.
On the same trip he made his first visit
to Washington, and the son of a small town
hardware merchant kept traveling. After re-
ceiving his bachelor of science degree he
joined the Army as a second lieutenant, and
in 1917 went to France with a field artillery
unit.
PRACTICED LAW
After graduating from law school in 1922,
Bourke practiced law in Cedar Rapids until
1934 when he was elected to the Iowa House.
Two two-year terms in the Iowa House were
followed by two terms as lieuteant-governor,
and one term as governor before he was
elected to the Senate in 1944.
Although he is regarded as a conservative
Republican, Hickenlooper pushed the first
aid to dependent children program through
Iowa at a time when the Hawkeve state was
one of only two states without ADC
programs.
In the Senate, Hickenlooper has rewirded
himself as "for social programs that can be
properly administered and do not create de-
pendency."
In recent years he has been distressed by
"the lack of standards and the lack of safe-
guards" in the laws providing for foreign aid
and for a broad range of poverty programs.
He said he has "never been opposed to so-
cial programs that will actually help people
get on their feet."
"I do oppose these open-ended giveaway
programs that have no standards and are an
invitation to mismanagement and corrup-
tion," Hickenlooper said "It is bad govern-
ment."
AGAINST FRAUD
It is on the same basis that Senator Hick-
enlooper said he has periodically 'questioned
the amount of foreign aid or the laws under
which foreign aid was being administered.
While he usually ended up voting in favor
of foreign aid, his objections were "based on
the need for better management and more
safeguards against frauds."
In his period of time in the Senate, he has
most resented "the oversimplification" by
various groups in analyzing votes in Congress.
"Votes against poverty programs OT other
social programs are too often pictured as
votes against poor people when in fact those
votes are an attempt to get some common
sense into a program so poor people will be
benefitted," Hickenlooper explained.
In the same manner, Hicicenlooper said
votes against foreign aid are too often char-
acterized as "a return to isolationism and
a retreat from world responsibility, when in
fact it is simply an effort to get better man-
agement into these programs."
In Senator Hickenlooper's first years in the
Senate, the great bipartisan figure was the
late Senator Arthur Vandenberg, a Michigan
Republican, who was an important figure in
getting Republican support for President
Truman's first foreign aid program, the Mar-
shall Plan.
In more recent years, Hickenlooper has
been regarded as "Kennedy's Vandenberg"
and later as "Johnson's Vandenberg."
Because of opposition of the Vietnam War
by Foreign Relations Committee Chairman J.
William Fulbright (Dem., Ark.), Hicken-
looper was often the strongest supporter that
either Kennedy or Johnson had on the
committee.
NO PATSY
It was a title that Senator Hickenlooper
wore uneasily, for he was wary of being the
Republican patsy for a Democratic admin-
istration. He managed to handle it with just
enough wariness that he was usually able to
give the Democratic administration support
against the most vociferous doves without
relinquishing his right to criticize.
Hickenlooper's periodic rose garden walks
with President Kennedy were an important
part of American foreign policy in the 1961-
43 period. The personal relationship was ex-
cellent and Hickenlooper "trusted his (Ken-
nedy's) motivations and liked him as a. per-
son."
"I had some serious reservations about his
maturity and his judgment from time to
time, but I never doubted his good inten-
tions," Hickenlooper said.
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January 27, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD ? SENATE S 939
prisoned and on numerous occasions tor-
tured by the Japanese in World War II,
following the death march from Bataan,
and elsewhere, no one, but no one, ever
knew of an officer of our Armed Forces
or of an American civilian taken captive
signing a confession or statement de-
nouncing his country.
North Korea has a nonaggression
treaty with the Soviet Union. According
to the provisions of this treaty the Soviet
Union is obligated to send its armed
forces to the aid of North Korea in event
another nation attacks that country.
This nonaggression treaty is similar to
that our Nation has with West Germany.
The fact that North Korea indulged in
more than twice as many intrusions into
the demilitarized zone in 1967 than dur-
ing the previous year was an insufficient
reason for CIA officials to undertdke this
risky surveillance operation by the Pu-
eblo along the North Korean coast for
more than 10 days and nights at a time
our Nation was heavily involved with
more than half a million of our Armed
Forces in and off the shores of Vietnam
and Thailand. i raii+14.44414. 4#2,_
:Ines off the C ec n c rd
11.6 W I ?
. am? commun -
- IP I 0 O'
.1 1
: 0
11 , .? - I ' ' - I was
? e shore the more in orma ion could
more easily Pe obtained. In this perion of
our racti6 suenee it was assumed and
hoped at the Pentagon and at the CIA
offices that orders not to intrude further
than 13 miles off shore had been fol-
lowed. North Korean authorities claimed
the Pueblo had intruded into their ter-
ritorial waters and on some occasions
was but 5 or 6 miles from the nearest
North Korean island.
It is certain that both the United
States and the Soviet Union will con-
tinue to employ spy ships. In view of
the Pueblo blunder, our Nation must de-
vise a new policy for handling any future
incidents like that of the Pueblo. Spying
Is a risky business. The risks ought to be
well considered in advance.
There must be no more Pueblo incidents.
The Con: ress and President Nixon
. I ei S ? ? '4 " sri Y ? - mot, elb
syna re orrri ? ouc centra p .e le?Pne.p
Agency and s su.y1n operatips Com-
Mencing with President Eisenhower
there has been a pattern of CIA blun-
ders, humiliating to our Presidents and
to the American people. '11 President
Nixon be th- 41114?11110PAIMW
_irel,igaiiTifellMinV iJi a ? ?
Lbw nrp ? 11P OR
ere e
CONFLICT-OF-INTEREST RULES
SHOULD BE REVIEWED
Mr. MATHIAS. Mr. President, the cur-
rent transfer of power from one admin-
istration and one group of Cabinet of-
ficers to another has reopened discussion
of the complicated question of conflicts
of interest. Several cases have spurred
us to reassess the current ways of in-
suring that the private interests of a
high government official will not have an
improper influence on his decisions in
matters of public policy.
In the case of men entering Cabinet
posts, stringent rules have been applied,
as a condition of confirmation, to pre-
clude potential conflicts of interest.
These nominees have opened their per-
sonal accounts to close public and con-
gressional scrutiny, and have been re-
quired either to divest themselves of
certain holdings, or to place their funds
in blind trusts for the duration of their
public service.
In the case of men leaving the Govern-
ment for private posts, we are now con-
fronted with the difficult case of the
Department of Transportation's approv-
al of a $25.2 million mass transit grant
to the Illinois Central Railroad shortly
before the former Secretary of Transpor-
tation left that office to become president
of the Illinois Central. In this instance,
Secretary Boyd did refuse to become in-
volved in that application, precisely to
avoid any conflict-of-interest possibili-
ties. But his action, while well moti-
vated, left only the unsatisfactory alter-
native that he effectively abdicated his
departmental responsibility to review the
largest single mass transit grant made
to date by DOT. Secretary Volpe has
properly initiated a full review of this
case.
These events have emphasized the size
of the challenge we face in trying to
make more sense out of a tangled and
often grey area of policy. Our task is
made more difficult by the human fac-
tors involved, such as the fact that Cab-
inet officers and other high officials have
to earn a living and feed their families
after they end their Government serv-
ice, and must become job seekers as their
terms expire.
In my judgment, we should review the
current laws, enacted in 1962, governing
the business activities of former public
officials and those who, while still in
office, are considering private offers. For
example, we should consider legislation
to require that any relevant employment
offer made to an official with jurisdic-
tion over any case, application or con-
tract award should be made part of the
public record of that matter.
This would be similar to proposals
long pending to include in the public
record of every case before an adminis-
trative agency a full report on all writ-
ten and oral communications about the
case from Members of Congress and all
other outside parties.
Other amendments might be in order
as well.
Second, we should develop more clear
and consistent standards for incoming
officials. This month various committees
have required one step for one nominee
and a different course for another, de-
pending on the size of the holdings in-
volved and the degree of concentration
of one's capital in a given industry. More
consistent rules would be helpful both to
this body and to all individual citizens
who will have to measure the financial
impact of possible Government service
in the future.
Finally, the current cases raise ques-
tions reaching beyond the executive
branch. As Joseph R. L. Sterne pointed
out in an excellent article in this morn-
ing's Baltimore Sun, we are operating
under a double standard, since there is no
requirement for public disclosure of out-
side income and holdings by Senators,
much less any rule requiring us to divest
ourselves of any holdings which might
raise conflict-of-interest questions.
I have discussed in the past the im-
portance of removing this double stand-
ard, and of giving the public the facts on
which to weigh any potential or apparent
conflict of interest on the part of Mem-
bers of Congress as well as executive offi-
cers of the Government. Last year Mrs.
Mathias and I made full public dis-
closure of our own assets and the sources
and amounts of our outside income dur-
ing my entire period of service in the
other body. I intend to bring this public
report up to date this year, and will also
press for legislation to strengthen the
Senate rules by requiring public dis-
closure by all Senators.
Mr. President, this is a field in which
there are no easy answers, and only hard
thought can produce sound policies. I
hope that the appropriate committees
will take up these problems without
delay.
I ask unanimous consent to include in
the RECORD at this point the article from
today's Baltimore Sun which I referred
to above.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SENATE DOUBLE STANDARD REVEALS
ITSELF ONCE AGAIN
(By Joseph R. L. Sterne)
WASHINGTON, January 26.?The Senate's
double standard was showing once again dur-
ing the ritual leading to last week's confirma-
tion of the Nixon Cabinet and the new deputy
defense secretary.
Executive branch officials, one after the
other, paraded before Senate committees to
discuss how they planned to divest them-
selves to certain holdings or to establish
trusts in order to avoid conflict of interest.
NO SUCH REQUIREMENTS
Sitting in judgment were lawmakers who
have imposed no such requirements on-them-
selves.
The new Senate ethics code will require
senators to file public statements listing cam-
paign contributions they have received for
the first time this year. By May 15, they will
also have to file with the comptroller gen-
eral?but not for public scrutiny?copies of
their income tax returns and lists of their
assets and liabilities.
But there was never any serious move dur-
ing last March's debate on the new ethics
code to require the divestiture of hddings
that might arouse conflict-of-interest ques-
tions.
MOST IMPORTANT REASON
And given the present mood of the Senate,
no such move is in prospect.
Perhaps the most important reason for
this state of affairs is the sincerely held
belief in some Senate circles that a double
standard Is justified.
A senator has to answer for his conduct in
primary and general elections, it is argued,
while members of the executive branch face
no such cleansing process.
Legislators, with rare exceptions, are con-
fined to the establishment of broad, general
policy, while administrators have a direct
control over the awarding of contracts.
And there is a theory that the whole legis-
lative process quite rightly involves an inter-
play of conflict among geographical areas and
and economic groups from which a lawmaker
cannot and should not stand apart.
KERR AND WILLIAMS
The late Senator Robert S. Kerr (D.,
Okla.), one of the most powerful Senate op-
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Approved For Release 2002/10/09 : CIA-RDP71B00364R000300150001-8
S940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE January 27, 1969
e ators in modern times, felt no compune-
t on about voting for oil-depiction allowances
d spite his own large oil holCilogs. He fignred
tie people in his oil-rich state wanted the
d pletion allowance and.believed his holdings
.s,,
ould make him fight zealoUsly for them.
The opposite of the coin is represented in
Senator John J. Williams (R., Del.), a Self -
appointed watchdog of ethics in governinont,
Who will not accept any federal agricUlture
benefits for his farm even though he does
not object to his colleagues obtaining sub-
s dies on the same basis as the ordinary
citizen.
Although there have been a few rare ap-
peals to force senators to divest themSelves
of holdings in a manner comparable to re-
quirements for Cabinet officials, there has
been a growing demand for mandatory dis-
closure of financial assets.
During last year's ethics debate, for ex-
mple, a proposal to require public State-
.1
ents failed by a vote of only 40 to 44,
MORSE SPOKE DOT
One of the blunter attacks on the present
tnator Wayne Morse (D., Ore.).
crecy was made at that time by fermer
"The Congress continues to be the one
ranch of the federal government Where
public confidence in honetty and ethical
practices has never been firmly earned and
robably not deserved," Mr. Morse dedlared.
'41t is the fault of the Congress itself."
"We have written statutes to codify
ethical practices in the executive civil serv-
tce, and among the judiciary. But we have
neither statutes nor codes for standards of
Congress in which the public can have any
confidence.
"It would be impractical to apply the
ame statutes to Congress as apply to the
i.i
vil service, since there is no tenure in Con-
ess . . . but there is one protection Which
e continue to deny the public. It is the
knowledge upon which to pass the judgment
of public opinion."
Countering these arguments was the oh-
Servation by Senator Karl E, Mundt (R. S.D.)
that not even presidential appointee have
disclose their financial position pu liely.
They merely have to file confidential eino-
randa with the Civil Service Commissin. and
the Senate committees dealing with their
eonfirmation.
Senator Everett M. Dirk,sen (R., Ill) Ire-
Ouently told newsmen during that period
that he did not favor public disclosure be-
itause he had not sought public ?ill= "in
Order to become a second-class citizen,"
One reason for the obvious Senal em-
barrassment over "conflict of interes ? lies
erhaps in the phrase itself.
CONFLICTS OF ATTITUDE
It literally evokes an image of a s nator
tasting a vote or using his office for h s per-
onal financial gain, but in actual p Utica].
se, it has been applied rather carele sly to
Much less reprehensible conduct.
For in addition to literal conflicts f in-
rorest, government by its Very natur pro-
kes conflicts of obligation and confl cts of
attitude.
The conflict of obligation can be seen When
enators promote projects that are helpful to
heir constitutents (or some of the con-
tituents) but-May be contrary to t e na-
tonal interest.
The conflict of attitude deals with the in-
elinations or training of public ?facials. If a
rhan is a liberal or a conservative, a buiiness-
Man or a farmer, a conservationist or it cold
Warrior, his attitudes may be regarded ti hos-
tile quarters as contrary to public inte st.
The last conflict was very much in ev dence
during Senate consideration of thre con-
troversial Nixon appointees?Walter J. lio1cel,
the Secretary of the Interior; David Packard,
gle Deputy Secretary of Defense, and 'David
. Kennedy, the Secretary of the Treasury.
Mr. Rickel quickly eliminated personal
financial conflict of interest in his case by
promising to divest of certain holdings?
particularly a $1 million investment in na-
tural gas pipelines--in whatever way the
Senate Interior Committee might direct.
But he aroused co:atroversy in his attitude
toward conservation.
"I am afraid that Governor Bickel as Secre-
tary of the Interior, would be tempted to re-
move the reins from unlimited private ex-
ploitation of our natural resources," declared
Senator Alan Cranston, (D., Calif,).
"I do not suggest that he would do so in
order to further his own interests... . . Rather,
I fear he would tend to favor freer commer-
cial exploitation in the belief that doing so
would further the national interest."
Similarly in the David Kennedy case, most
personal financial questions were removed
when the Treasury Secretary agreed to get
rid of most of his ho:.dings in the Continental
Illinois National Bank.
This, however, failed to relieve misgivings
in some Senate quarters that Mr. Kennedy,
because of his background, would be overly
concerned with the banking industry itself.
Senator Albert Go:.?e's lone vote against Da-
vid Packard was based on his belief that
there was a financial conflict of interest in
the decision to permit the deputy defense
secretary to retain--in a trust he will not
control?a $800 milion investriaent in the
electronic company he founded.
Yet the Tennessee Senator publicly, and
other senators privately, questioned whether
a man whose whole life had been spent in the
"military-industrial complex" could bring
a broad, dispassionate attitude to the Penta-
gon.
In, dealing with other Nixon appointees,
Senate committees continued to apply string-
ent rules.
LITTLE MENTION
William P. Rogers, the Secretary of State,
was told to sell his shares in Flying Tigers
Airlines, an overseas freight-hauling com-
pany. John A. Volpe, the Secretary of Trans-
portation, sold his interest in the construc-
tion company he founded. Maurice H. Stalls,
the Secretary of Commerce, placed his invest-
Ment portfolio in the hands of a "blind
trust." George Romney, the Secretary of
Housing and Urban Development, continued
the trust arrangements he set up as Governor
of Michigan.
- And so it went, with hardly a senator men-
tioning the double to be their own judge
in handling their own financial affairs.
Senator Charles H. Percy (R. Ill.) said he
had lost "many hours of sleep" wondering
if he should vote on the Packard nomina-
tion since Mr. Packard headed a firm com-
petitive to Mr. Percy's old company, Bell &
Howell.
But Senator Percy never raised the ques-
tion of whether he should divest himself of
his Bell & Howell holdings before voting
on defense appropriations that are at least
of indirect benefit to that company.
CONCLUSION OF MORNING
BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, is
there further morling business?
The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there
further morning business? If not, morn-
ing business is closed.
AMENDMENT OF RULE XXII
The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair
lays before the Senate the pending busi-
ness, which will be stated.
The BILL CLEsn. A motion to proceed
to consider Senate Resolution 11, to
amend rule XXII of the Standing Rules
of the Senate.
The VICE PRESIDENT. without ob-
jection, the Senate will resume the con-
sideration of the resolution.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimOus consent that I may sug-
gest the absence of a quorum, without
losing my right to the floor.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob-
jection, it is so ordered. The clerk will
call the roll.
The bill clerk proceeded to call the
roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
Mr. President, the winds of change are
blowing throughout the world, through-
out the Nation, and throughout this Sen-
ate. We will face up to this fact, recog-
nize it, or be blown away by it.
Change is in the air, and we cannot
avoid it much less ignore it. New voices
are being heard and they will and should
be listened to. If they are not then I warn
the Senate that in. time--14n my opinion,
a short time?the principle of majority-
rule to invoke cloture?which I do not
favor?will become a fact and the basic'
character of the Senate as a deliberative
body, and I stress the word "delibera-
tive," will be a thing of the past. If that
happens, and it can and will happen un-
less some of us change our rigid posi-
tions, this institution, unique among all
the parliamentary bodies of the world,
protected to a degree from the public
pressures of the moment, will be changed
fundamentally and in a way detrimental
to the best interests of the Republic and
the Senate.
Last week the vote was 45 to 53 on the
appeal from the cloture ruling which
was made by the former President of the
Senate, Mr. Humphrey. On the basis of
100 Members voting, it would seem that
the Senate was not more than five votes
away from sustaining the chair. As com-
pared with the last test on this issue,
the vote represents a probable increase of
eight in favor of a rules change by ma-?
jority vote at the outset of the session.,
When a similar maneuver was attempted
In 1967, the vote was 37 to 61.
In my judgment, a majority procedure
to bring the issue of rule XXII to a vote
has gained favor because of a certain
rigidity of attitude which still exists in
the Senate on the question of Cloture."
It exists notwithstanding the fact that
two-thirds cloture has been invoked four
times in the past 8 years and without
calamity in the Senate. On the contrary,
these four actions have helped to keep
the Senate attuned to national needs.
It seems to me that if Senators would
view cloture for what it is, a sensible
procedural method for bringing discus-
sion to an orderly close in 100 hours at
a reasonable point in a prolonged debate,
then the present rule XXII would not
have to be changed at all. The two-
thirds requirement for cloture would
then perform the legitimate function
of delaying a vote until?not a bare
majority?but a substantial part of the
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PAGE
WASHINGAV9AvV9PSr Releaselitibh twaat14641.906-364R000300150001-8
tteblo Captatn Te
f N. Korean Shelli
By George C. Wilson
Washington Post Staff Writer
TIONADO, Calif., Jan. 21
rth Korean gunboats
d up on the USS Pueblo
9. capturing it last Jan.
wounding the captain,
M. Bucher, and two a
r. Bucher describkViirt
&WA* wounding for the 'first
41,14 haser and four torpedo
meant to take 1110,.?44p.
cc he realized this was
inent, Bucher ? tolrlte
t he considered trying to
tie the Pueblo butligurefi
if it sank the NOW-
s might dive down Au get
_
the secret eciithament
gely intact.
-
.The gunfire that hit Bucher,
$1gnalman Wendell Liiffi'?or
giouston, Tex., and conibuti1.
ions technician Steven J.
bin of Silver Spring,11:,
~ame from the subcha ?
e CIT more of the torpedo
boats, Bucher said.
time in testifying toct#1ie'rdre
the Naval court of intuirkniii
the seizure of the spy ship
while it was operagni off
Wonsan Harbor.
ucher said he was, _
y in international, waters
at the time and did nothelieve
until the last minute that the
, Bucher was hit in the? but-
ticks by one piece of shtap_nel
'lid in the right ankle by three
}
ther pieces. He said 1.kafi
as wounded in the le; aliti
obin in the neck.
He had been staring n
e gun barrels of tin
torpedo boats surround is
- hip before this firing an ad
also been signaled by tht
chaser
-
chaser that it was gotrig?tO
begin firing unless the Pte
?
heaved to.
Once the gunfire stiterelt
mid? "I did not feet:ar,
time tat there was anst
in 'go To' War With
rorl
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E?BLO?, tFroin
.;$
i..nos hips surround!
was InPletely, hopele
1011
rov
me. I
sly out-
defending the Pueblo
ts machine
11 e on ,the bow nd a see-
the stn;+ 1?i4 told the
"TC) i1an uP
n (on the b w) wpul?
tha
hay Cant certain eith,
inquiry,* now- Mc days
old, journed be Bitch
to ?4v the NorTh ora
boa s the ship and whether
the ere resisted by the men
ant ueblo.
he skipper, still speak-
a monotone dSee
aiding up through Itla4
iffdeal that will de-
,ftfture, gav4 the ;Inds
chroikology
datt, of Tlar disastrous d'
whe the Pueblo was cap-
tu
ew minutes before 12
on Jan. 23, Bucher
I received a call from
uartermaster first class
s Benton Law) who said
ted a fast moving ship."
ought it might be a sub-
tructed Law to infirm
it approached within
Iles," Bucher said. "I
Id him to check our po-
siti by radar. He reported
bet.c we were 15 to 17 miles
fro the nearest land, ling
Do. f
er," Bucher donfinOd,
told me it was within
'les. I went ;to the
brlwT and used my binoollars
ig eyes' ? 22-inch bino-
I tentatively identified
I. SO-1.
ship approached and
Me ? our Shilfr --= at a
500 to 1000 yards.
inained on the flying
I noticed he (the sub-
wat at- ba.itie stations
e deck guns were
. . . 57-millimeter can-
armed aiid pointed, in
ttion. ,i '10 ' -
ueblo twk
ridge o e PA was
by 10 to 12 pqople."
le e4Yet d "only rou-
u veillane l' from this
ter. The Ip0-1J ircled
4io twied. I
he bridge wh me,"
said, "was qu termaa-
and Mr. La 'Y (chief
Officer G. H. Lacy of
Wash.. I ofdered all
o'taS helOW ilecks."
ay suspicions in such
en,e1 nters with armed boats,
Bu4 er said th " standard
dr i the Pub was any-
thi. bot format he kenetal
dr of those I'dplde, on sta-
tio ar' from home was quite
rel ed: f wore Wash khaki
tro s iiii` d `a 7ather flight
jac an(I, a w te woal ski
ca th a white ssIe. It kept
my* swarm," micher said,
rdered Law to hoist the
ndicating we were a re-
- vetael,Th ? Bucher told
ourt. "The SO-1 raised its
asking 'What nationality?'
g'sponse was to hoist the
lag . . . My ensign. I no-
'quite a 141 of activity on
p-l. They must have been
surprised we were a U.S.
fla
sea
the
fla
U.S
tica
the
cud
sti
S ng the fast developing
eve a unfolding on the flat
Sea wintry day, Bucher
said ie ordered Ensign Tirlio-
thy L. Harris of Jacksonville,
Fla..,,to keep a running narra-
Liveibf what was going on.
"1raS not pakkpprct1ed.
prehensive," Bucher s d, "but
I tfipghtI might h ve this
cr-Li with oc all the'tfrne we
etrilffoniRelease 2902/10/b
felt that their manned guns
was an act of intimidation."
But just in case it was more
than that, Bucher said, he had
ordered the engine room to
light the two diesel engines so
the Pueblo could move out of
the area quickly.
"The engine' room replied,"
Bucher said, "Ready to an-
swer all bells." This means
the engineers were ready to
respond to orders for steam-
ing the Pueblo at any speeds
Brucher,wanted out of the ship.
"Mr. Lacy reported sighting
three torpedo boats?P-4s?
approaching from the west.
The _13-4s were armed with ma-
chine gun
tubes wer
approach
guns we
and their torpedo
coVered when they
? But their machine
manned all after-
LtickilS7 Bucher had just fin-
ished sending a situation re-
port ti his commander in
Japan, so- the communication
link vas in operation. The
skipp r ordered that line kept
open
The SO-1, standing off
within easy firing range of the
Pueblo, then put up a flag sig-
naling "Heave to or I will
fire."
Bucher said "to confirm my
belief I called Mr. Murphy (Lt.
,Edward R. Murphy of San
Diego) to check in the diction-
ary for the definition of heave
to." Bucher, although he did
not explain it here today,
might have wanted to make
sure he understood the flag
signal displayed.
Position Confirmed
"I asked Law to check our
position. He reported us 15.8
miles from Ung Do. I also
asked Mr. Murphy, the naviga-
tor, to confirm our position.
He confirmed the findings of
Law. I went to the wheelhouse
and took a fix," which he said
showed the same results.
"I prepared a flag signal
saying roughly," Bucher con-
tinued, "I am in international
waters."
"With P-4s approaching, I
ew I had to get this out"?
meaning the ward about this
now dangerous looking en-
counter?to Navy superiors in
Japan.
This time, in contrast to the
day before when it took be-
tWeen 12 to 14 hours to make
radio contact with his com-
manders, Bucher said the
Pueblo "had goad luck" since
it was already in contact with
Japan.
"Through a voice tube I had
people in the wheelhouse call
It. Harris in Research (Lt.
tephen Robert Harris of
,ichland, Wash., who was in
Charge of the secret research
section on the Pueblo) to tell
Japan 'We have company' and
to leave the line open."
Bucher said he sent several
messages and raised their
transmission priority by the
addition of secret code names.
In this case, the word "Critic"
meant it Would be flashed to
the White House. And that
was the code word he used.
"As soon as he (the SO-1
subchaser) got close enough ?
that was about 1000 yards ? I
started drafting a message so
people could be alerted to pos-
sible trouble. I still considered
we were not in serious trou-
ble. I, had a conversation with
chief warrant officer Lacy, the
engineer, about scuttling if
nee 4ary. In his opinion, it
cottd not be done quickly."
Bucher said that his fatho-
terreReleastd2002/10CPP
180 feet of water un1 ernedth
the Pueblo at the time. "It
not unusual to recover equip-
tor' el ,(11360SEL4t156
out scuttling.
, ? Bucher said.
"And with the water temper-
ature nearly freezing ? about
35 degrees ? the men could
only survive about five min-
utes. My only concern was to
destrny the classified mate-
rial."
Remains in Touch
All this time, Bucher said he
kept in touch with Japan
through "chatter action" ?
keeping radio traffic moving
over the line to keep others
off it.,
Even as the subchaser men-
aced the Pueblo with its guns,
Bucher said he still thought
the North Koreans were just
trying to provoke him into an
action that would embarrass
the United States.
The P-4s?still only three of
them at this time in the after-
noon of Jan. 23?moved in
closer. They got within point-
blank range, Bucher said. Two
of the boats were on either
side of his bow and the third
off the stern.
"Mr. Lacy asked me if we
should go on general quarters.
I said no." Bucher said he
thought going on deck "wear-
ing helmets and breaking out
arms" would escalate the situ-
ation by forcing the North Ko-
reans to show some counter-
action.
"About this time two Migs
?I believe Mig 21a?passed
over the ship. The Migs didn't
worry me, those torpedo boats
50 yards away with their guns
uncovered and manned did.
"The SO-1 and one of the P-
4s came together and had a
conversation with mega-
phones," evidently about what
to do next to the Pueblo,
Bucher said.
The first solid indication
that boarding the Pueblo was
contemplated came when
Bucher noticed that one of the
torpedo boats carried army
troops with rifles tipped with
bayonets.
"The P-4 was backing slowly
toward me. I said on the
bridge, 'I'd be damned if they
would get away with that.' I
ordered full ahead one-third. I
ordered the ship to continue
on course 080 and hoisted the
flag which means under the
International Code `Thank you
for your consideration. I am
departing the area'."
Bucher continued?with no
trace in his manner gf the
drama he was describing to
the court and its hushed audi-
ence of over 100 people:
"I should have filled my
yardarms with armfuls of
flags. That would have con-
fu d him." He put up the
"thank you" flag in hopes of
baffling the North Koreans,
buying the Pueblo time. The
war of nerves and flags?but
not yet gunfire?had been go-
ing on for about an hour.
Although Bucher did not
specify times, this would have
meant sometime after 1 p.m:
North Korean time.
Fourth P-4 Arrives
"We got away at one-third
speed in order to leave the
area in as dignified a way as
possible and not to appear as
if in panic," the skipper said.
"By this time a fourth P-4 had
arrived and we now had com-
pany on both sides of the bow
playing porpoise at a range of
10 yards."
This is a harassing maneu-
ver where boats cut back and
forth in front of a ship in a
Rantrigosiician."
manned and aimed at me all
the time," Bucher said. The
050-caliber a-
AU. In
still covered.
After explaining the prob-
lem about removing the ice-en-
crusted canvas gun covers and
the fact that manning the one
in the bow would have meant
certain death for the
ordered there, Buche
saw no point in se g' essly
sending people to. their
deaths." ,
While the Pueblo Was frio`v-
ing out of the area and gain-
ing speed all the time, Bucher
said ' a second SO-1 subeliaser
showed up on the scene.'"The
first torpedo boat at tla point
hauled down its heave to sU-
nal. ?
"I managed to geit
t:. .9 to
. ,
three thousand yards-' Y>.
Bucher said. Then one , the
P-4s opened a torpedo "tube
and "aimed it at me." Noshots
had been fired yet, howeier.
"I hoped they were still '
trying to intimidate me, but in
the back of my mind I knew
they had tried to boar my
ship." He evidently was refer-
ring to the P-4 that had
backed up to the Pueh -with
its cushioning fenders bver-
board in an apparent' attempt
to board the Pueblo.
Bucher had achievedost,
f
full speed when one the-
subchasers came astern f the
Pueblo. "As he cornmenced
closing he raised again the sig-
nal 'Heave to or I'll fire',"
Bucher said. "I ignored the
signal at this time and contin-
ued to run at full speed. I
came slightly to the right so
that his target and target
angle would be more diffi-
cult."
Bucher kept fish-tailing the
Pueblo in hopes of preentin
the smallest possible 4et- o
the subchaser. But the pttrati-?
ing ship was so much faster,
that it not only maneuvetedi :
self into a good firing pdsitio
but 'tried to drive the 1Silehlo
toward the North Korean
shore.
Reds' Intention
"I could not come much far-
ther to the right without head-
ing toward land," Bucher ex-
plained to the five '
sitting on the court. the
subchaser's) intention
box me in and head nit
toward the beach."
The skipper added th)it-dttr-..
ing this frantic chasing gam.
"1,...,,had already passed thea
word to destroy the cleasiffedl
matter" aboard the Pueblo.
"At a range of betwegn It00-
and 2000 yards," Buoher jaid,
"The SO-1 opened up on ink"
In this first salvo, the *kipper_
estimated, there were be-
tween six and 14 individual
shells from what I believe are
57-millimeter cannon."
Although most -of the shells
from the first salvo went
"over our ship," Bucher said,
"at least one hit our radar
mast which would have been
our signal mast and our navi-
gational radar."
That salvo?the only firing
Bucher had time to get into to-
day? was the same one that
wounded him and his crew-
men, Leach and Robin.
Rear Adm. Richard R. Pratt
of the Court questioned
Bucher on the relative heights
of the Pueblo's deck and that
of the torpedo boat threaten-
ing to board her.
Bucher said that at the after
quarter the Pueblo's free
board was about the same as
the torpedo boat's, about four
feet, so that it would be easy
to jump from one to the other.
15000Influiry Wednesday is
expected to go into the board-
ing by the North Koreans.
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Course o
This map shows the
course, the spy ship Pueblo
saileci Until the time of her
capttfre laiY North Koreans
on Jan. 23:
(1) Pueblo left the port of .
. .
Sasebo, at 6 a.m. (Japan
time': Jan, 11 with, the mis-
sion of jobserving 8ovief
Naval maneuvers in the
Tsushima Straits and tuning
in on radar and radio coin-
munications from North
Korea
CIO' r. Lloyd M. Bucher
hop4ce to,
d to record the coastal
defe se radar signals of
NOrt Korea so the U.S.
woul know how to . foil
then the event 6 wa
His plan was to collecj eIe
tronte intelligence off or
Koreff first and th n ?ob-
serv0 the Soviets on is Way
horrik The Pueblo 1iad au-
thorfty to movOislose as
200 iards to takCpi tures of
RusSian ships. I-Tik area of
operition was between the
latitu es of 39 degrees and
42 degrees north.
B cher progeeded north-
war to, '' the' 42-degree
bounary,. running into 'a
hear storm enroute near
the 4isjand? of :Ullung Do (2).
He moved off his course to
get ,lout of the storm and
theit'he4dect, for his first
obj ,tktivel ?.-', the North Ko-
rean port of Chongjin (3).
He arrived there Jan. 16.
Bucher- said he "laid to off
that-port for approximately
twottlaysro onitorina LINT
t
(elltroni# tpoca,64 e) sig-
nal aricl l c6rding hem."
Ile :said Ti O
ni bServed coal-
e*lal sh ps Whil laying
off t hongjin, "butTI did not
conoOder myself detected."
}IF procedure at this and
other point way to lay to 3
to 4 miles off the coast dur-
ing:the day and then mode
out 4o between 20 to 25
mil at night! The Puetlo
,
I -'
j.
Pueblo
s Mapped
128'
Song jin *
40?
Mayong Doir
Wonson
0Rgy
SOUTH KOREA
Tstishins
Islands
34"
4
Sasebo
cl JAPAN
T26 0 3 U8
BY Jciaephidastrangelo?The Washington Post
lay dead in the water while
listening for signals.
Bucher said he stopped
the ship at 20 different spots
off the *eh Vittan coast
4 4
so oceanographers could col-
lect water samples. Although
Bucher did not say so, such
samples are useful in deter-
mining how temperature
-
layers in the Sea affect
sonar for' detecting foreign
submarines.
Bucher sailed south from
Chongjin to Songjin (4), ar-
riving there Jan. 18. He
eavesdropped in that area
for two days. He told the
court he observed "very lit-
tle activity, either visually or
electronically."
On the night of Jan. 19,
the Pueblo lefrgongjin for
Mayang Do. (5). He laid to
off Mayang Do until Jan. 21.
Bucher said he spotted a
North Korean subchaser,
known as an SO-1, in "the
gathering dusk" of Jan. 21.
The subchaser went by at 25
knots, Bucher said, and "evi-
denced no interest in the
ship . . . I decided we had
not been detected" Bucher
told the Court, and therefore
did not communicate with
his commanders in Japan,
presumably because such sig-
nals might alert North Ko-
rea to the Pueblo's presence.
The Pueblo left Mayang Do
the night of Jan. 21, Bucher
said, and "headed for Won-
san Harbor" (6). The Pueblo
lay dead in the water on Jan.
22, listening, watching and
taking samples of ocean wa-
ter. "During the afternoon
around 1 or 2 p.m.," Bucher
told the Court yesterday, "we
were approached by two gov-
ernment fishing vessels," He
said they had no arms.`13u-
cher ordered the crew below
deck because he said he did
not want the Korean vessel
to see the unusually large
number of men to-- Pueblo
carried for an aprarent cargo
ship. ,
It was off Wonsan (6) on
Jan. 23 that the Pueblo was
surrounded by Korean gun-
boats and captured in what
Bucher said was international
waters about 15 miles from
the island of Ung Do.
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NEW YOARPrPYMIEFS'r Release 2002/10/09 DWILEMIT11?004R000300150001-8 PAGE I
Pt.fierikli5Itipper ays Navy
Rejected Destruct System
By BERNARD WEINRAU13
Special to The New York" Times
CQrt OliADO,, Calif., Jan. 20?Comdr. Lloyd M. Eftleher,
he ald: i'.'er 'O't 'the 1),LT121o, said ;today that the Navy had
iui'_
,t,pycin,71s,,, 147,4 for a 'destruct system" for the
aecret?elet-tronic and cod in&
gear on the inteTienetn. Continued From Page 1, Cal. 3
-
"I made the request at least '
itallecl two .50-caliber,. gun
- two, perhaps three time' COM- .
,--, - gull ,.. Mounts, he said.
mender tucher said .
the openin
? g of the Naval _ourt
at "I was not opposed to the
. Matallation of these guns btit
of Inquiry into the seizati VI I never had much confictence
the ..314 last January by llorth in' them," said Commancler
Korea. "I'm quite sure," heilsir atieher, a thin, sunken-cheeked
that one letter was to the nilei
B Ifficer who has served in the
,
,
of Naval vperations. Y 1 y ?
: , ?
"They had to be adjuSted
wery time they were used,"
e said. "The best time I had,
in practice was 10 minutes. Thei
worst was one hour." -
"It never occurred to Me,"
he testified, "that I would be,
using them on anything other
, an a harassing trawler."
' Commander Bucher said, un-
had been rejected because ol der questioning, that he had
"money arid time." been told in Hawaii on the way
to Japan that "the Navy had
"there were never improve- plans to react in the event of
ments that we were permttted our capture, as well as the Air I
because of money and time," 'Force, through the Joint Chiefs I
said Commander Bucher, them f staff."
first witness at the Coug of' "But because of commitments
Inquiry. "We did nc+ii get he main
aircraft which have to re-'
main on the line and ready t6
-
improvements I requested.' , go in the event of a general
Cogenander Bucher's Allure' War, [I was told] it would not
or inability to destroy secrett be likely that the Navy or Air
Standing stiffly beside-a dia-
gram of the Pueblo, the 41-
year-old commander tad the
Coutt of five admirals that his
nurtwrOUS requests to id.t511
such electronic equipmeit aS a
more eXtensive phone hookup,
damage control gear and alarms
equipment on his ship is expectk
ed to be a key issue at the
Court of inquiry in an aitiphi-
theater on the Naval Amphibi-
ous Base here.
.
The fact that the Nortn Ko?
-
reans* boarding the ship were
not rentilSed is also expected
to be a key issue.
Commander Bucher Usti-
tied that he had requested
three gun mounts on the rue-
Mo. Two days before the hi
left the Yokosuka Naval ase
in Japan for the mission _oft
North Korea, the Navy' in;
Continued on Palil,to1umn
Appr
Force would come to our as-
sistance to save this ship," he
said.
"I did not tell this informa-
tion to my officers or men,"
Commander Bucher recalled. "I
did not want to cause any =-
due worry."
Commander Bucher said that
in Japan he had been briefed by
Rear Adm. Frank L. Johnson,
then commander of United
States forces there. Commander
Bucher recalled that Admiral
Johnson had told him the two
.50-caliber guns on the Pueblo
were _to be used only "if all else
failed" and in the event of "a,
arassment situation that had
not been experienced before."
"Admiral Johnson said the
Ogg_ should never uncover
the guns unless it was abso-
lutely necessary," Commander
ucher said.
In his daylong appearance
day Commander Bucher de-
fended_himself in a voic both
ka" Realeaserlit0 /
of Naval Operations, he said,
the request for a
i-....51ruct system" aboard the
iPaeblo because "this equipment
had to be built integral to the
sensitive electronic equipment
on the ship."
"The equipment on the ship
had alceady been installed,
Commander Bucher said, ,",It
was not possible because of`ex-
penses and time to rebuild the
electronic equipment."
Shortly before the Pueblo
began the mission off North
Korea, Commander Bucher said,
he made a request to purchase
30-pound cans of TNT from the
Navy in Yokosuka, Japan. "I
told them I wanted something
that would destroy this equip-
ment," he said.
"They weren't available," he
added with a shrug.
'I Gave My Reasons'
1-f_e said his request ter' a
destruct system had been nlade
between April and June, 1966,
while the Pueblo, a former
cargo ship, was outfitted in
Puget Sound in Washington.
The Chief of Naval Operations
then was, Adm. David L. Mc-
Donald.
gave my reasons why I
thought it was so important,"
he observed. "I do not have a
copy of this letter because the
letter was either destroyed
when we were captured or it
wag captured with us."
a The 177-foot intelligence ship
was captured in the Sea of
Japan by North Korean gun-
boats. Commander Bucher and
81 other surviving Pueblo
crewmen were released last Dec.
23 after 11 months in captivity.
The ship's mission was to col-
lect electponic intelligence, par-
ticularly of radar installations,
along the coast of North Korea.
In addition, it was to check on
the movement of vessels, in-
cluding submarines, near North
Korea.
During his testimony today,
Commander Bucher sat stiffly
behind a green-felt-covered
table or stood with a pointer
next to a diagram of his ship.
rt.s he spoke he glared unblink-
ing at the counsel for the court,
Capt. William R. Newsome. He
rarely tufned to the five ad-
mirals, sitting three feet away.
Commander Bucher repeated-
ly emphasized the lack of
e tiiPtrient that could easily de-
y secret material. "To de-
stroy equipment, I had fire axes
and sledge hammers capable of
being swung by standard sized
sailors," he said.
"For publications, I had ar
incinerator installed. It waE
not fuel-fed. The contents thal
itehrhotalin it had to be
Pr71480,0164ROL00300150001-8
on, pointing to a stack of
papers on a nearby table.
"To destroy a vOlume of
papers about eight inches high
like this stack over here?it
would take 15 minutes."
Commander Bucher staid that
the Pueblo stored 50 "antiswini-
mer" grenades but he did not
use them to destroy publica-
tions or equipment.
"I gave no thought to use
the grenades for destroying
publications," he observed.
"They were concussion, not
gragmentation grenades, not ef-
fective for publications. It
would have just blown the
papers around."
Replying to a series of ques-
tions by Captain Nev./Some,
Commander Bucher bluntly
discussed the quality and
needs of the Pueblo. "I needed
additional sound power tele-
phones [for onboard communi-
cation] and we did not haw
them by the time the ship wa.5
captured," he said.
"The ship's steering system
was an old system, manufac-
tured by a now ' de-
funct elevator company," he
went on. "The system was
most troublesome. I lost steer-
ing as many as 60 times in a
period of two weeks.
"-It would have taken 15 or
20 minutes to make prepara-
tions to scuttle that ship," dom-
mander Bucher said at another
point. "To scuttle the ship it-
self would have taken 214 to
3 hours."
Captain Newsome then
asked: "How vulnerable was
the Pueblo to sinking?"
-4ornmander Bucher re-
plied: "If the Pueblo received a
hele by collision of 8 to 12
inches in diameter, the
ship would not have been
saved. We did not have the
capability to save the ship with
a hole that size and with the
damage control system we
had."
Commander Bucher said that
the Pueblo ? who hull was
crammed with sonar, naviga-
tion equipment and hyper-sensi-
itive radar ? sorely needed
Approved For Release 2002/10/09 : CIA-RDP71600364R000300150001-8
"many technical improve-I
meats.'
Ile said that the intelligence
ship had only one public ad-
'dre 'system, two amplifiers
' Wiling problems," a gen-
alarm "with bugs" and no
iofl alarms.
liat was another thing that
?quested and was turned
'I he said.
ander Bucher said that
ebb o and a similar ship,
m Beach, had received a
appropriation of $11-
for overhaul in Puget
. "That was cut back by
million dollars for each
he said. "I'm not sure
made the decision in
ington."
many instances the im-
ements we had asked for
deferred," Commander
er said. "The cut of $1-
ion prevented the accom-
hments of many of the sug-
ted improvements I had
de."
In addition ti_U Navy ke
nding us in Puget Soun
e month at a tine, he sa
"We were supposed to leave
in December and we kept ,re-
ceiving extensions one month
at a time. Consequently work
that might have taken five
weeks was not recommended,"
"We finally left [for Japan]
in May," Commander Bucher
said.
The setting for the Court of
Inquiry is the amphitheater on
the first floor of the N a
Amphibious School. The 10
seats in the? amphitheater re
filled by 9 this morning sith
newsmen, the wives of Pu lo
crewmen and a handful ofre-
tired naval officers who ve
in this lush peninsula city c-
ing San Diego Bay and the
Pacific.
Marine guards stood in de
and outside the amphitheater.
Additional Marine and Nvy
guards stood at the sun-dappled
entrances around the three-
story, gray brick school, chevk-
ing visitors for entry pales
and watching especially or
e, recorders that could be
den to record testimony, at
dosed sessions of the court
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"--
January 17, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
highly questionable how truly effective any
defense of Western Europe can be without
French participation.
Internally, several of the NATO govern-
ments as weak. Italy for months had a coali-
tion government which recently fell, a stiva-
tion which could lead to a prolonged parlia-
mentary crisis. The military junta which
rules in Greece is far from satisfactory to
many of our NATO members. And, the po-
tential conflict in Cyprus between Greece and
Turkey could erupt without warning.
Finally, there is a European fatalism, sub-
merged by recent events, which could surface
again. This fatalism rests on a conviction
that the Soviet Union could overrun the con-
tinent with conventional weapons or destroy
it with a nuclear arsenal almost at will.
Under such circumstances, Europe's best
defense?as it has been for over twenty
years?is the promise of the U.S.?the fore-
most nuclear NATO nation and perhaps in-
evitably the dominant partner?to come to
Europe's defense in case of aggression.
Such a situation has, quite naturally, never
pleased some Europeans, especially General
de Gaulle. This group argues that in an
emergency the U.S. would follow a course
most beneficial to its own security, regard-
less of the policy or action favored by the
European members of NATO, leaving the
European nations with only limited control
over policy decisions which could determine
their own destiny.
Such an attitude has in the past and could
again cause Europeans to adopt the approach
'which either says (1) the U.S. believes Europe
is important to its own security and will
defend it against aggression despite European
contributions or (2) the U.S. does not con-
sider Europe vital to its defense and would
act in its own interest, whether or not there
was an alliance.
A conclusion as described above, then,
poses a second problem: how should the U.S.
react? There are four main choices: The
United States can leave Europe to its own de-
fense, it can seek a co-operative agreement
among the NATO members, it can carry a
disproportionate part of the alliance's re-
quirements, or it can play a delicate balanc-
ing game of trying to convince the Europeant
the 'U.S. still will decrease its support unless
they contribute more while continuing to
convince the Russians and Warsaw Pact na-
tions that the U.S. nuclear arsenal and con-
ventional power stand behind the defense of
Europe.
WHITHER NATO?
As the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
approaches its 20th anniversary, which it will
celebrate next April, these are the problems
with which it must deal on an internal and
external basis.
It appears unlikely that any of the mem-
bers will use the 20-year option of announc-
ing an intent to withdraw from the alliance
at the end of a year's time.
It is likely, however, that some restruc-
turing and modification will take place.
As I have stated before, I believe the U.S.
stands willing to bear its full share of the
burden of NATO. But, as many other NATO
nations, the U.S. has certain economic prob-
lems, including a balance of payments one,
and the U.S. has widespread domestic needs,
which must be met. Unless the other mem-
bers of NATO are willing to contribute pro-
portionately to the alliance, I believe the
U.S. will find it difficult to justify its ex-
penditures.
The events of August 1968 are, however, a
dramatic reminder to Western Europe of the
original threat which led to the creation of
NATO and of the necessity for maintaining
its strength.
A prompt and complete fulfillment of the
pledges made at the Council meeting would
be a welcome indication of European recogni-
tion of that threat and of intent to meet
obligations too often abandoned in the past.
CHRISTMAS EVE IN SPACE
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, the
recent success of Apollo 8 brought with
It considerable comment on the Christ-
mas Eve reading from space of passages
from Genesis.
A recent editorial in the Belton (Mo.)
Star Herald properly underscores the
views of many concerned citizens and I
ask unanimous consent that it be printed
at this point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
WHAT'S WRONG WITH GENESIS?
(By Joseph J. Maurer, Editor)
With the accolades of the world being ac-
cepted by the United States and our three
remarkable astronauts, one dissident note
has been sounded.
Mrs. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, the woman
who was instrumental in getting prayer re-
moved from public schools, now wants prayer
banned from outer space.
After hearing the words from Genesis read
by Frank Borman, James Lovell and William
Anders while they circled the moon on Christ-
mas Eve, Mrs. O'Hair said she would register
complaints with the National Aeronautics
and Space administration and that she is
getting a mail campaign started with her
note to the Manned Spacecraft center. _
Mrs. O'Hair said in part. "It seems to me,
that when man is expanding human knowl-
edge and attempting to explore so that W-e
can find answers that it is extremely un4
fortunate for a nation to direct?or persons
in a program to assume for themselves?
either one way or the other, that they should
read portions of the Genesis Bible which 1,0
accepted by a very minor number of persons
in the total world.
"Christianity, you know, is a minor re-
ligion .. ."
Mrs. O'Hair is entitled to her beliefs. How-
ever, we too, are entitled to ours. If in some
future flight to the moon, the crew does not
care to recite a prayer or read from the Bible,
that is their prerogative. In the meantime, it
seems, we must make our wishes known. Our
founding fathers fled to America to escape
religious oppression. This country was found-
ed by men who believed every man had the
right to believe and worship as he wished. It
was not their intent that religion be denied
or that those who chose to express it publicly
be castigated.
There is an expression (paraphrased) which
goes "The only way evil can triumph is for
good men to do nothing."
Perhaps it is time we and you, our readers,
did something. In addition to writing to the
Manned Spacecraft center in Houston, Tex.,
it might be appropriate to write our repre-
sentatives: Sen. William Cason and Rep.
Frank L. Mickelson in Jefferson City; Sena-
tors Stuart Symington and Thomas Eagleton
and Rep. William Randall in Washington,
D.C.
Christianity may be a minority religion,
but the words of Genesis predates the word
Christian. The words of Genesis are a part
of basic Jewish beliefs and most probably
are basic to other religions who also believe
in a supreme being who is responsible for
the creation of our world.
Surely in an era when the age-old com-
mand "Love one another," is so vital to our
very existence, we can clo no less than to
stand and be counted for what we believe in.
Accordingly the following telegram has
been sent to astronauts Borman, Lovell and
Anders in Houston and copies of this issue
of The Belton Star-Herald will be sent to our
representatives in Jefferson City and Wash-
ington D.C.
"Congratulations for a magnificent job.
Your example of courage and faith has been
S 543
an inspiration to men of all countries and
faiths. Your Christmas Eve message of words
from Genesis gave hope and solace that all
inhabitants of this planet may yet live to-
gether in peace."
ASSUMPTION BY SENATOR PELL OF
CHAIRMANSHIP OF SUBCOMMIT-
TEE ON EDUCATION
Mr. PELL. Mr. President, it is with a
sense of humility that I assume the post
of chairman of the Subcommittee on
Education of the Committee on Labor
and Public Welfare. Humility, because of
the fact that the previous chairman of
this subcommittee was Senator Wayne
Morse, under whom great advances were
made in the field of education.
I look forward to the work on this sub-
committee. The past 4 years have been
landmark ones, during which the Federa'l
commitment to education has grown
from $700 million in 1964 to $6 billion
this fiscal year. Now we must restudy
these programs in a contemplative, but
also a creative frame of mind. There is
still much to be done so that we can point
with pride to an educational system that
not only makes available the best pos-
sible elementary, secondary, and higher
education, but also insures that no citi-
zen is denied education because of eco-
nomic or racial reasons. It is my inten-
tion to vigorously pursue these aims.
FOREIGN TRADE ZONE AT
MACHIASPORT
Mr. MeINTYRE. Mr. President, the
application of the State of Maine for a
foreign trade zone at Machiasport is still
pending before the Foreign Trade Zones
Board. The circumstances surrounding
its consideration raise the most serious
questions regarding the integrity of Gov-
ernment officials. The history of willful
procrastination and delay has been the
subject of inquiry before my subcommit-
tee on Small Business of the Banking and
Currency Committee. Inquiry into this
matter is continuing. I intend to deliver
a detailed report to the Senate and the
American people on this matter at an
early date.
"PUEBLO"
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President,
the Pueblo affair was another huge blun-
? - -ntral Inte111 enffe .en
Director e ms o e s e
responsibilAriftor sqs er. w ch
was reniTh orth-e CIA ill-conceived
and poorly planned Bay of Pigs opera=
tion?also a horrendous blunder. It wag
a great humiliation to our Government
and to President John F. Kennedy who
at the time said he would like to teat
up the CIA and throw the pieces to the
four winds. The Bay of Pigs disaster not
only resulted in the loss of lives of
Americans who participated in it but
cost our Government millions of dollars
in meeting blackmail demands to liber-
ate Cubans captured in that ill-fated
invasion.Whis as . CentrakIntelligwee.
A:enc o?-r, ? ? ? ?? ? -9 ? ? o
. -
? #
asco,
oug t disaster and humilia-
tion to President Eisenhower in the U-2
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S 544
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
capture. This incident destr yed the
summit conference that Presid t Eisen-
hower had arranged with lead is of the
Soviet Union. It afforded Premier Khru-
shchev a forum for denunc1aton and
table-pounding with his shoe. , e Amer-
icans felt ashamed about this. President
Eisenhower gallantly assumed blame for
the U-2 operation, when, in fact, he knew
nothing about it. Later, we exchanged
the chief Soviet spy, Rudolf Abel, for our
spy, Gary Powers.
The United States has fewer than 10
Intelligence collecting or spy snipe and
the Soviet Union an unknown number,
but far in excess of ours. It sho id be the
? a' a ' Ma
I.
e
e es -
Mille
e direct-
asso n ? ?
atitcgrAnso..0..atalatatavaltfivaZaariaisooskaa?
nomakimia: b- sev? - ?
e owe Union s a mon un navy.
Its intelligence collecting ships] are dis-
guised as trawlers. They are ncit a part
of the Soviet Navy nor would any offi-
cials in the Kremlin admit that they are
commanded by officers and manned by
seamen of the Soviet Navy. We should
follow suit, and ? ? 11
a? 0 a Zia mart II ?
MISIMIIIMITaV,M1111R- se
ac. an: rem our
Welcome as the news of the r lease of
1
the Pueblo crew was, the who e affair
remains highly messy and unsati factory.
The Pueblo was engaged in an ill-timed
spying operation along the Oust of
North Korea. North Korea has a non-
aggression treaty with the Boyle Union.
According to the provisions of t s treaty
the Soviet Union is obligated to end its
armed forces to the aid of Nort 1 Korea
in event another nation attac $ that
country. This nonaggression t eaty is
similar to that our Nation has wi h West
Germany. That fact, coupled ith the
fact that more than one-third of our
Navy and more than 600,000 of our
Armed Forces in addition to th naval
personnel off the coast of Vie ? M are
In Thailand and South Vietnam dearly
demonstrate that ? . "?0 mission .ff the
.. :._. ? North Kore. -4. rilimatease.la.
? .ffiniRunicagioiroitsjiMillOriarry ? ?
MS' - . . am
es 3 ere were urgen re sons : ?
neTeuur a
convWe no
at mgency that
time to undertake the risk invol ed.
The mission of the Pueblo ap ? ? rently
was to drift along the coast of North
Korea intercepting messages. e had
1 broken the North Korean code. I a 00 .?
rs
't 0 the e :in? ? i he C
ar
a an
un-
ec
?PIJMNIOluNIMMMIMIIIK?Atmeikt?
.rtngampoaffartnirlim
tiransmast.
irinwmt.
ore
.e o? a ? a
e sine following the seizur Of the
Pueblo it was known and publicly stated
by Defense Secretary McNamar that
there were 10 days and nights w en no
messages came from the Pueblo, tid in
this period of radio silence it wlaS as-
sumed and hoped at the PentagOn and
at the CIA offices that orders not to in-
trude further than 13 miles off
had been followed. North Korea
thorities claimed the Pueblo h
trudecl into their territorial wa
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shore
au-
d
ers a
distance but approximately 5 miles from
one of their islands. The Pueblo was
seized outside the 12-mile limit. This was
an act of piracy on the part of the four
North Korean small torpedo or gun-
boats.
Possibly No:7th Korean officials claim
the right to hot pursuit which has been
Our claim in South Vietnam in pursu-
ing fleeing Vietcong from South Viet-
nam into the territory of Cambodia and
Laos.
The American people have every right
to question the behavior of Commander
Bucher, his executive officer and some
members of the crew. Ours is a nation
whose navy has a great history and noble
tradition. In the entire history of the Re-
public no U.S. naval vessel ever sur-
rendered to an enemy without firing a
shot. No nava:. vessel was ever boarded
without its officers and crew fighting to
repel the invaders. The Pueblo had two
50-caliber machineguns. Commander
Bucher did not even order the covers
removed. They were not removed. No
warning shot was fired across the bow of
any North Korean vessel. Now 82 A/11yr-
cans members of the crew and
q cauif rAin rt
0. 0 e. "
fl .:l t
6:114.11rainarmormtras. ?
_ lose
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' - ? 4r0TAIMmiosat.o
romova?i?inatai
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6111115a
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014153001Vallraina
to
the
Senate
mi
flflI1ae ou se : ad
.f=1111111ena . -
mer cans rejoice that these men are
safe at home. Very definitely, a most
thorough court of inquiry will, and
should, question the members of the
Com-
mander ana ms eltutive officer.
eperatievxes.: and Com-
crew, t
Why did he at the time just preceding
the capture not offer some show of resist-
ance? Why, instead of directing his ship
to proceed at one-third of its speed in the
2 hours from the time the North Korean
gunboats commenced harassment opera-
tions and before it was boarded did he
not either fire at least one of the 50-
caliber guns across the bow of one of the
North Korean ships or proceed at full
speed out to sea away from the North
Korean shores? Why was no effort made
to scuttle the ship when there were mil-
lions of dollar's worth of highly secret
material and apparatus on board? That
Commander Bucher, a Naval Reserve of-
ficer, failed to direct any of these opera-
tions and during the period of imprison-
ment reportedly signed a great many
statements and reportedly publicly de-
nounced his own Government before
North Korean news reporters are ques-
tions Americans have a right to have
answered.
What would John Paul Jones, Stephen
Decatur, Preble, or Lawrence or other
officers of our young Navy have done?
How would they have behaved? What
about admirals like Farragut or Porter?
Very definitely, it appears that the skip-
per and the crew failed to acquit them-
selves in the tradition of the American
Navy from 1775 right down through
World War II.
The United States has lost a naval
ship filled with electronic devices. This
January 17, 1969
truly was not a warship. It was simply
an intelligence gathering factory. Yet,
it was flying under the colors of the U.S.
Navy. Its skipper and executive officer
were U.S. Naval Reserve officers.
No more Pueblo incidents should be
tolerated. Furthermore, the Commander
In Chief of our Armed Forces has an
obligation to change the future opera-
tions and status of intelligence gathering
ships. They must be separated absolutely
from our Navy. Russian trawlers, dis-
guised as Russian fishing trawlers, are
no part of the Navy of the Soviet Union
nor are they ever protected while on
their missions by Soviet air power or
naval power. It is unfortunate that years
ago we failed to separate absolutely our
spy ships from the U.S. Navy. Zia
CTA rinPratinri
trated bs Direc
CIA
cer am that both the United
States and the Soviet Union will con-
tinue to employ spy ships. In view of the
Pueblo blunder, our Nation must devise
a new policy for handling any future
incidents like that of the Pueblo. Spying
is a risky business. The risks ought to be
well considered in advance.
IT ? C " la a a ? . ? 'mi
lit1.11-)ob1ttaMarfogoiliMM; s is
e responsi y or t e umiliation
and tremendous loss of prestige inflicted
on our country. There was a lack of
planning in this intelligence collecting
operation. The information sought to be
gleaned was never worth the risk. Never
again should a U.S. naval vessel be per-
mitted to become an intelligence collect-
ing factory, loaded down with highly
secret electronic devices.
chant - ? am the on ? wn ll nTr-
- - ? as
? ? ctrorit,45115111174MMIPAN?
- .r. OSSI ? y is was
an y a ited period. Helms should be
dismissed as head of the CIA, and a halt
put to the arrogant policies and opera-
tions of the entire Central Intelligence
Agency. The CIA is a watchdog that
needs a master. The Congress must un-
dertake serious and constant surveillance
over its operations.
The Pueblo itself, although it cost
more than $7 million, is now of no value
whatever to us. It is an empty shell.
Much highly classified secret material
has long since been seized and gone over
thoroughly by experts and doubtless
ended up in Peking and in the Kremlin.
It is certain that all electronic instru-
ments and devices were removed shortly
after its capture. The damage done to
our country is almost beyond belief. All
of our code have been scrapped, and our
manner of intelligence collecting opera-
tions halted and changed. If the North
Koreans make any use of the Pueblo its
exterior will be so changed in all prob-
ability that it will be unrecognizable.
Last Christmas fOr all Americans was
happier knowing that 82 men taken pris-
oner by the North Koreans were back
with their families after 11 months de-
tention as prisoners of war. We judge
that these men were compelled to live
on a diet foreign to the American way for
January 17,
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1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE S 545
11 months and subjected to brutality,
being sometimes kicked or struck by their
captors. This was the bitterest sort of
captivity far away from home and de-
prived except on infrequent occasions of
Red Cross help and the delivery of let-
ters from loved ones.
We Americans would do well to re-
member that in South Vietnam our
Armed Forces always immediately turn
over to the military of South Vietnam
all prisoners of war taken by us. Our Na-
tion is signatory to the Geneva agree-
ment for the Humane Treatment of Pris-
oners of War. Yet, for 5 years in South
Vietnam we have in fact been guilty of
violating this obligation and have aided
and abetted the South Vietnamese sol-
diers in inhumane treatment of pris-
oners of war captured by our forces and
then turned over to soldiers of the
Saigon regime for interrogation and fre-
quently for execution.
Prisoners of war taken by Americans
in Vietnam have their arms tied behind
their backs, then they are blindfolded
and then turned over to the South Viet-
namese. Sometimes prisoners of war
taken by our Armed Forces have been
executed by the South Vietnamese with-
out any trial.
During the TET lunar offensive early
In 1968 Americans reading the news-
papers of Sunday, February 4, 1968, and
looking at television news that day saw a
young Vietcong officer, arms tied be-
hind him, being murdered by Saigon
police chief Nguyen Ngoc Loan. The pic-
tures on television clearly showed
Saigon police chief Loan aiming his
revolver a few inches from the head of
the young Vietcong officer taken prison-
er by American soldiers but a few min-
utes previously. This prisoner of war was
at the time blindfolded and his arms
were tied behind him.
Doubtless our fellow countrymen were
treated very harshly; yet the skipper and
crew of the Pueblo survived captivity.
Not one died in that period of 11 months.
Certainly we should insist that Vietcong
or North Vietnamese prisoners of war be
given at least as good or better treatment
than our men received from the North
Koreans.
Those of us who served in combat in
World War 11 saw German soldiers,
taken shortly before as prisoners of war.
Never did we see one with his hands tied
behind him nor his eyes blindfolded.
Sometimes their hands would be clasped
above their heads, directly after their
capture while they were being led to in-
terrogation centers, but that is all.
Let us make certain that the Pueblo
incident becomes an object lesson from
which we will profit in the future. These
intelligence collecting factories should
not be classed as naval vessels and
my colleagues and ask unanimous con-
sent that it be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SET THE "PUEBLO" RECORD STRAIGHT
For reasons of military security, the Ameri-
can public may never know the full story of
the seizure by North Korea of the intelli-
gence ship Pueblo.
The court of inquiry to be convened Thurs-
day will satisfy the United States Navy's re-
quirement for thoroughgoing investigation
of any incident in which a vessel is lost or
damaged.
But whether it will answer the public's
questions as to why and how the Pueblo was
so easily taken by an enemy force is another
matter.
There have been too many confusing ac-
counts of the Puebld's voyage and its end.
For that reason and for the reason that a
great nation was humbled and made to ap-
pear ridiculous by a fourth-rate power, the
record should be set straight and assurance
should be given that nothing of this sort will
be permitted to happen again.
On top of all the conflicting information
about the Pueblo's station inside or outside
of North Korea's territorial waters comes a
late report that the ship, equipped as it was
with highly sophisticated detection and com-
munications gear, lacked explosive charges to
destroy the equipment or sink the ship be-
fore it fell into enemy hands.
Another report holds that the Pueblo crew
had only enough time before capture to dis-
pose of "some" secret gear and papers. And
still another, that "nearly all" of the equip-
ment and papers were wrecked or thrown
overboard.
One more shocker, a statement by a Pueblo
crewman, is that no one had been trained to
operate the ship's machine guns which re-
mained covered during the attack and sei-
zure. Admittedly the machine guns would
have been no match for weapons aboard the
North Korean subchaser, patrol craft and
airplanes at the scene?but why were they
aboard the Pueblo if not to repel boarders or
at least delay capture?
The conduct of the Pueblo's crew under
enemy fire is not questioned. There are large
questions, however, concerning the way the
Navy equipped and managed the Pueblo's
mission.
The official inquiry into the ship's loss
iisoho:):ild provide answers for the public as well
as for the Navy.
4F)? ? ? - : - ? ? ? ??
41:116' ?
I . -res ent, in he P am n Dealer of
Cleveland, Ohio, of January 14, 1969,
there appeared an excellent editorial
entitled: "Set the Pueblo Record
StrEiight." I believe this editorial clearly
and concisely sets forth the need for a
thorough investigation by a court of in-
quiry to develop the full story of the
seizure of the Pueblo. I commend this to
THE PRIVATE INVESTMENT COM-
PANY FOR ASIA
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I wish to
call attention to a growing movement in
the world by which private enterprise
control is making a tremendous contri-
bution to the economic development of
less developed areas of the world, a
really historic development that started
with Adela Investment Co. in Latin
America, which is now a phenomenal
success. I had the honor of starting that
program in motion, in association with
Vice President HUMPHREY, who was my
partner in that matter when he was in
the Senate, and with the aid of out-
standing and distinguished business,
leaders.
Primarily I refer to the chairman of
the First National City Bank of New
York, George S. Moore; the executive
vice president of Standard Oil Co., New
Jersey, Emiliog Kollado; and Jacques
Maisonrouge, president of IBM World
Trade Corp. I did that as an officer of
the North Atlantic Assembly.
This great precedent was fabulously
successful, and more and more illumi-
nating as the most significant contribu-
tion to the economic development of
Latin America. The Private Investment
Company for Asia is a similar type or-
ganization for Asia. The principal or-
ganizers again are George Moore, chair-
man of the First National City Bank of
New York, and Emilio G. Collado, ex-
ecutive vice president of Standard Oil
Co., to whom I referred. They are now
joined by other distinguished men in the
world such as Stanley DeJ Osborne,
partner of Lazard Freres & Co.; by the
Chase National Bank, with David Rock-
efeller; and by Kuhn, Loeb & Co.,
through Nathaniel Samuels their man-
aging partner, as well as by the Bank of
America, Rudolph A. Peterson, the pres-
ident being the operative personalities;
including the IBM World Trade Corp.,
with Jacques Maisonrouge as its presi-
dent, again taking the leading position.
Then there is the Fuji Bank in Japan
with Yoshizane Iwa,sa president being
the dominant factor bringing about this
development.
I shall report further to the Senate
upon this matter, but it is of such enor-
mous significance coming where it is, in
Asia, that I call the earliest attention to
it that is possible for me?to wit, the
first announcement of its formation.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD the
article on the subject, published in the
New York Times of January 13, 1969.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DEVELOPING NATIONS OF ASIA TO RECEIVE
PRIVATE-CAPITAL Am
(By John H. Allan)
The Private Investment Company for Asia,
a new multi-national corporation designed to
make private capital investments in the un-
derdeveloped nations in the Far East, an-
nounced-over the weekend that it has com-
pleted its formation.
The first meeting of the board of directors,
blue-ribbon group of international finance
and trade leaders, will be held Feb. 12 in
Tokyo, the company's headquarters site.
Called PICA for short, the company was
formed by a group of prominent financial
and industrial concerns in the United States,
Japan, Europe, Canada and Australia.
It has authorized capital of $40-million, of
which approximately $16.8-million will be
paid-in?one-third by American investors,
one-third by Japanese and one-third by the
others.
About 120 financial institutions and com-
panies have agreed to subscribe PICA's
capital,
The board is expected to elect Willem A.
van Ravesteijn president of PICA. Mr. van
Ravesteijn formerly was managing director
of the Industrial and Mining Development
Bank of Iran.
Yoshizane Iwasa, president of the Fuji
Bank in Japan, is to become chairman of the
board.
Stanley deJ. Osborne, partner of L.azard
Freres & Co., will be chairman of the execu-
tive committee.
The other American directors of PICA will
be: Eugene R. Black, former president of the
International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development; Emilio G. Collado, executive
vice president of the Standard Oil Company
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S546
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE January 17, 1969
t
(New Jersey); Jacques Maisonrou 6, presi-
dent of IBM World Trade Corporati la;
Also, George S. Moore, Chairma of the
First National City Bank; Rudolph t, Peter-
son, president of the Bank of Ame lea; and
Nathaniel Sanruels, managing pafner of
Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
Senator Jacob K. Javits, Republicanof New
York, was instrumental in inter sling a
number of the sponsors "in the l4eed and
practicality of the undertaking," P CA said.
Senator Javits also helped form 4DBLA, a
similar private investment corn y orga-
nized to make private investments In Latin
America.
ROBBING EVERYBODY THROUGH
INFLATION
Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. Presictlent, a
recent article describes the secon -great-
est problem facing president-elect Nixon
as inflation:
The American consumer has beerj caught
in a money maelstrom, and the experience
is not a pleasant one.
Inflation in this country is no
steepest spiral in 17 years; an
would appear no signs of a decel
In 1968 alone, the Consumer P
dex?a measure of the average
in prices of goods and services?
some 4.75 percent.
Various measures have been t
effort to dampen the inflationar
sures; as exaMple, a tax increase,
reductions in Government expen
and now a further increase by til
eral Reserve in the prime inter
to 7 percent.
In this connection, I ask una
consent that three articles deal'
the current "money crisis"?
Faces Prospect of New Money Cri
Richard Dudman in the St. Loui
Dispatch of January 5; "A M
Maelstrom," by Erich Heinemann
New York Times of January 9; an
It Looks for 1969," by Sylvia Po
Washington Evening Star of J
6?be inserted at this point
RECORD.
'
There being no objection, the 4rticles
were ordered to be printed in the
E-ORD,
I as follows:
[From the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, iJan. 5,
1969]
in its
there
ration.
ie
In-
Ihange
Limped
ken in
pres-
odest
%Wes,
e Fed-
t rate
ftrious
8 with
is," by
Post-
tary
in the
``How
ter in
rittary
the
NIXON PACES PROSPECT OF NEW MONEY CRISIS
(By Richard Dudinan)
1, WASHINGTON, January 4.--The pros'iect of
la new world currency crisis in 1969 51 high
on the list of problems facing Preoident-
elect Richard M. Nixon.
A measure of the anxiety over the future
Of the dollar was shown last month when
[Nixon's nominee for Secretary of the Trees-
lury, David M. Kennedy, touched off world
have of gold Speculation merely by trj7ilig to
avoid comment before taking offic?n
[whether the price of gold should be inc eased.
If Nixon's campaign promises were a easily
tarried out as made, the outlook wo id be
much better. Two of his promises, to e1tl the
Vietnam war and to curb inflation, 'would
deal with two of the main factors hi the
uncertainty about the dollar,
AN OPEN SPIGOT
As long as the war continues, it will
heavy outflow of resources, an open
that makes it hard for the United St
end the deficit in its balance of pay
The continuing deficit in this balance
Outflow of U.S. dollars against earnin
gian a
spigot
teeth
lents.
of the
s and
credits received from foreign nations is a
continuing threat to the stability of the dol-
lar and to the international monetary sys-
tem.
Domestic inflation, now in its steepest
spiral in 17 years, affects the other side of the
scale. Rising prices at home attract foreign
imports, and rising costs at home hobble
American exports in their competition in
foreign markets, increased imports and re-
duced exports threaten to wipe out the fa-
vorable U.S. balance of trade that normally
has been inmportant plus in the over-all bal-
ance of payments.
Like the war, inflation promises to be an
intractable problem for the Nixon adminis-
tration, just as it has been for the Johnson
Administration. The Morgan Guaranty Trust
Co. of New York said last month that prac-
tically all forecas:ers, including its own, had
underestimated the inflationary rise. It
would not risk a prediction for 1969.
NIXON PLANS
Nixon's plans, as outlined in his campaign,
at least, threaten to continue the inflationary
pressures. His estimate of a 10-billion-dollar
increase in annual military expenditures
after the Vietnam war is over will stand in
the way of his goal of a balanced budget.
And the encouragement he has given to
the steel, textile and tobacco industries for
additional protection against foreign im-
ports will contribute to an expected drive
this year for import quotas. These, of course,
would lead to retaliation by foreign nations,
and the result could be a further reduction
of the normally favorable trade balance.
A year ago, the international monetary
system was in the midst of a crisis, and the
dollar was the chief casualty. Devaluation
Of the British pound on Nov. 17, 1967, had
led to heavy speculation in gold, largely
by foreign holders of dollars. Newly mined
gold could not satisfy the demand, and it
was met by active members of the interna-
tional Gold Pool?the United States, Britain,
Belgium, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands
and Switzerland.
TWO-TIER SYSTEM
The private demand for gold continued
into 1968. The United States, which bore
most of the loss, saw a drop of 2.3 billion
dollars in its gold reserves.
Members of the Gold Pool met in mid-
March and adopted a so-called "two-tier"
gold price system. Rather than selling gold
to try to hold its price at $35 an ounce, they
would let the private commodity price of
gold seek its own level. It has been fluctuat-
ing from $38 to $42 an ounce. The official
price of gold in its monetary role, as a cur-
rency base, remains fixed at $35 an ounce.
Secretary of the Treasury Henry H. Fowler
has hailed the establishment of the two-tier
gold price sytem as one of two major devel-
opments that marked 1968 as a turning
point in the international monetary system.
The other was the completion of negotia-
tions on a proposal to create "paper gold"
through so-called Special Drawing Rights
under the International Monetary Fund
agreement. When ratified, the new system
will enable Western nations for the first
time to create international reserves instead
of relying on newly mined gold or the out-
flow of dollars or other currencies from
countries with balz,nce of payments deficits.
STRAIN ON MONETARY SYSTEM
In a report last month on the condition
of the dollar, Secretary Fowler noted that
too much expansion of international re-
serves could spur world inflationary pres-
sures. But he pointed out that a deficiency
of world reserves could strain the interna-
tional Monetary system seriously.
"When there is no increase in global re-
serves," he explained, "one country can add
to its reserves only at the expense of some
other country or countries. The resulting
competition for reserves can lead to an es-
calation of world interest rates, and to a
cumulative spreading of restrictions on in-
ternational transactions as countries try to
make additions to their reserves."
Fowler said that the "paper gold" system,
although it will help the equilibrium of the
monetary system as a whole, will not remove
the need for equilibrium in the balance of
payments of individual countries through
policies of their own. He said this remained
"one of the most difficult and challenging
problems in the field of economic policy and
international economic co-operation."
NOVEMBER carsis
A new monetary crisis last November grew
partly out of the economic aftermath of the
strikes and riots in France last May and June.
Subsequent labor agreements increased
wages by 10 to 14 per cent, about twice the
rise that had been expected. An outflow of
capital from France reduced the French gold
and foreign exchange reserves from 6 billion
dollars to 4 billion dollars in seven months.
At the same time, rumors of a possible
appreciation of the deutschemark arose from
a heavy flow of funds into Germany and a
continued heavy German trade surplus.
An adjustment was worked out without
revaluation of currencies. Germany agreed
to reduce its trade surplus by adjusting its
border taxes. France maintained the value
of the franc, restored tight exchange con-
trols and revised border taxes to strengthen
its trade position. A 2-billion-dollar multi-
lateral credit arrangement was set up to give
further support to the French franc.
MULTILATERAL ACTION
Fowler called this group of measures a
further step toward establishing the princi-
ple of cooperative multilateral action in
handling the financial affairs affecting the
major countries and the major currencies.
"At many times in the past," he observed,
"there has been a tendency to look upon the
international monetary problems from a
narrow nationalistic and short-range view."
From Fowler's report, it is evident that one
Of the major requirements for a stable inter-
national monetary system, even under the
new arrangements, is the long-sought ad-
justment of the economy of the United
States.
The trade surplus, which averaged 5.2 bil-
lion dollars a year in 1960 to 1965 and
reached a record high of 6.7 billion dollars
in 1964, has been declining steadily since
then and could drop below a billion dollars
- for 1968. There were deficits in March. May,
June and October. Fowler called this decline
"the most disappointing aspect of our re-
cent balance of payments performance."
SECURITIES SALES
On the favorable side has been a con-
tinued increase in foreign purchases of
American securities, stimulated by the dis-
orders in France and the invasion of Czecho-
slovakia in August.
Efforts to reduce new American direct in-
vestment abroad and loans by U.S. banks to
foreign borrowers have been successful.
A major remaining drain is the "tourist
deficit," the amount by which foreign ex-
penditures by American tourists fail to
match the expenditures in the United States
by tturists from abroad. Gross expenditures
of American tourists are nearly 4 billion dor-
lars a year, nearly as much as total U.S.
military expenditures abroad.
The Nixon administration can be expected
to continue the efforts of the Johnson ad-
ministration to achieve world-wide liberal
trading practices that will provide equal ac-
cess to world markets. Fowler said the United
States could no longer be tolerant of harm-
ful trade measures, and Nixon has promised
to fight discriminatory practices by foreign
countries.
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Associate se "
QUIRY: Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, left, Chief of Naval Operations, at Congressflitial*"'
nunittee hearing yesterday on Pueblo incident. At right is Adm. Joseph McD
advocate. Admiral Moorer said Navy was taking precautions against repeti
orer Defends Joint Chiefs' Scrutiny of
ARREN WEAVER Jr.
Special to The Now York Times
WASHINGTON, March 4?The
Navy's highest officer main-
tained today utider presistent
Congressional questioning that
the Joint Chiefs of Staff gave
"proper consideration" to the
risks involved in widespread
intelligence activities such as
the use of the U.S.S. Pueblo.
Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, the
Chief of Naval Operations, de-
clined to divulge how much
time the Joint Chiefs had spent
in evaluating the mission of the
Pueblo, the intelligence ship
seized by the North Koreans
off their coast in January, 1968.
Representative Otis G. Pike,
chairman of the House Armed
Services Special Subcommittee
investigating the Pueblo cap-
ture, asked Admiral Moorer
whether the Pueblo mission had
been part of an intelligence
"package" and how many other
ctivities had received the
i.ehigfs' approval at the same
, time.
"There is a package," the
r replied, "and once a
h this is given the closest
my by the Joint Chiefs of
. It may take an hour or
f mote or it may not, depending
on whether there are any cru-
cial aspects in the package."
1 `Large Number' Involved
Admiral Mdorer declined to
say how many other intelligence
projects were in the same pack-
age, but he said ' it was "a
large number" and that all the
missions had been extensively
reviewed by staff before the
chiefs approved them. "'"*
"Obviously, in this case [the
Pueblo], they were all wrong,"
r, Pike, a Democrat of Suf-
folk, Observed.
'That's right,' Admiral
MAigfrAtiklIbilieRgties1
people have a deep and real
interest in knowing the depth
to which these matters are con-
Informs a House Pane( Such
Activities Were Evaluated
for 'an Hoar or More'
sidered," the Congressman said.
"When you talk about decid-
ing a great number of cases in
an hour, I hate to have that
testimony hanging there for the
public to read."
"It's fair to say," the admiral
replied, "that the Joint Chiefs
of Staff do, when and where
necessary, give this proper con-
sideration."
Admiral Moorer testified for
more than four hours in open
session as the first witness of
the hearings and then continued
in closed session.
Assurances Declined
On a number of occasions,
Admiral Moorer declined to an-
swer questions, either on the
ground that his answer might
violate security or because it
involved matters currently be-
fore a court of inquiry into the
Pueblo seizure in Coronado,
Calif., whose findings he will
ultimately have to review.
Admiral Moorer refused, in
response to a question, to pro-
vide any assurance that there
would not be a recurrence of
the Pueblo incident.
"I don't think anyone can do
that," he replied, "but we are
taking every possible precau-
tion ?against this happening
again."
Asked if the Joint Chiefs had
participated in the decision not
to send aircraft to the aid of
the Pueblo, Admiral Moorer
said it "was actually made in
Hawaii" but that military lead-
ers in Washington "Liought
that was the best course of
IP
leiligati61AERBRIT1 B
Stratton, Democrat of upstate
New York, asked if that action
by the chiefs had not been
similar to Comdr. Lbo
)
Bucher's decision "not to tato
on the PT boats" when the
Pueblo was attacked. r
"I don't think I'd say that",
Admiral Moorer replied.
"I'd sustain your position,"
Representative Pike said to Mr.
Stratton.
In defending the Pueblo mis-
sion, Admiral Moorer said that
the Soviet Union had 40 un-
armed intelligence ships oper-
ating around the world "well
beyond the protective reach of
other Soviet forces." He said
they were regularly stationed
off bases in Scotland; Spain,
Guam and South Carolina, from
which United States Polaris
submarines operate.
The officer insisted that ea
Pueblo was an overt intel-
ligence craft and did not op-
erate under the "cover" of a
hydrographic ship, although it
carried such personnel. Mr.
Pike cast some doubt on this
statement with questions that
the admiral refused to answer
for security reasons.
Although the Pueblo did not
have an automatic destruction
system to prevent its intelli-
gence material and equipment
from falling into enemy hands,
Admiral Moorer said, compara-
ble Navy ships now have such
devices.
Raid of, North Backed
SEOUL, South Korea, March
4 (Reuters) ?President Chung
Hee Park said today that th(
United States should have giver
an ultimatum to North Kore;
after the seizure of the Puebt
and threatened to bombard
selected area of the North,
The President told a grou
of 47 American journalists an
businessmen that such a sho,
of force would have led
? PROlin MAIM
ueolo.
The group arrived here la
night on an Asian tour.
1111
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CTRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE March 4, 1969
doing. We must see for ourselves, come out
of isolation.
The means of communication have never
been more available. Never have we had more
ways and opportunities to assure the con-
tinued confidence of our customers, sup-
pliers, employes, stockholders, the public, and
government.
IN sraVICE TO FREEDOM
Tonight, we consider what we can do, with
government, to preserve free enterprise. We
might keep in mind what Edward Gibbon
wrote of the people of ancient Athens:
"In the end, more than they wanted free-
dom, they wanted security. They wanted a
comfortable life and they lost it all?secu-
rity, comfort and freedom. When the Atheni-
ans finally wanted not to give to society, but
for society to give to them, when the free-
dom they wished for most was freedom from
responsibility, then Athens ceased to be
free . . . ."
Let us, by our service to our society, as-
sure that no future historian shall ever write
that of America. Rather, let him say that
America remained free, free because its peo-
ple so valued their freedom that they gave
themselves fully to its service.
RESTORATION OF FORT LARAMIE
Mr. McGEE. Mr. President, Wyoming
is proud of its heritage in the history
of America, and proud of the landmarks
which record the progress of the wester-
ing which took place across our prairies
and mountains. Among these, the out-
post known as Fort Laramie stands out,
for it was a trading center, a fort to
protect settlers and travelers, and the
scene of peace parleys.
Under the direction of the National
Park Service, Fort Laramie is being re-
stored and stands today as a significant
monument to our past. Last week, the
Christian Science Monitor featured Fort
Laramie and the historic ride of Portu-
gee Phillips for assistance for the im-
periled garrison of Fort Phil Kearny in
1866. Because the article by Charles W.
E. Morris tells Us much about our West-
ern heritage, I ask unanimous consent
that it be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Christian Science Monitor, Feb.
26,1969]
WEST RIDES AGAIN AT FORT LARAMIE, WYO.
(By Charles W. E. Morris)
Lying within a big bend of Wyoming's
Laramie River near the junction of the
North Platte, is old Fort Laramie, one of the
West's most famous frontier outposts.
The first fort on this site was established
in 1834 by fur trappers and traders and
named Fort William. Enlarged some 15
years later and renamed Fort Laramie, it of-
fered protection to the pioneer settlers
during the western migration of the wagon
trains over the Oregon Trail. It also served
as a relay station for the Pony Express and
the Overland Stage.
During the years of fighting with the
plains Indians, it was also an important
base of operations and later the scene of sev-
eral_ peace parleys. The western migration
had begun, a few years earlier following the
Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In the spring of
1804 President Jefferson had commissioned
Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Capt. William
Clark to explore the newly acquired North-
west Territory.
After spending a winter near the mouth
of the Missouri, the young explorers and
their company, numbering about 40, began
the ascent of the river. They wintered in
North Dakota, crossed the Rocky Mountains,
and descended the Columbia River, and in
November, 1806, they reached the Pacific.
After wintering on the coast they began
their return journey, reaching St. Louis in
September, 1807. In 21/a years they had
traversed some 9,000 miles of wilderness.
The glowing reports which they brought
back spurred the onrush of homesteaders
and prospecters, but most of the way led
through Indian territory, a fact which was
to have violent repercussions.
Located in a prominent spot alongside the
access road leading from the highway to
the fort is an unusual memorial tablet?a
memorial to a horse. It commemorates the
amazing feat of endurance of a truly mag-
nificent animal in carrying its rider from
Fort Phil Kearny to Fort Laramie, a dis-
tance of 236 miles through heavy snow-
drifts in s-ibzero weather. It may well be
history's greatest ride to seek help.
Fort Phil Kearny, an advanced outpost,
was built in 1866 to protect the increasing
number of settlers and prospectors moving
into the region. The building of the fort in
violation of a treaty with the Indians, and
the invasion of their traditional hunting
grounds, together with the increasing slaugh-
ter of the buffalo and game animals, had been
'watched by the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapa-
hoes with growing alarm and anger. Led by
their great war chiefs, Red Cloud and Crazy
Horse, they had taken to the warpath in an
effort to drive the white man from their land.
Woodcutting parties from Fort Phil Kearny
that had to drive their wagons some seven
miles to the timber were constantly attacked
by the Indians, and troops frequently had to
make sorties from the fort to rescue them.
As the tribes concentrated in the area in ever
increasing numbers, their attacks on the iso-
lated homesteads and wagon trains became
more frequent.
On Dec. 21, 1866, a woodcutting detach-
ment was attacked on its way to the timber.
A force of 81 men under the command of
Captain William Fetterman set out to rescue
them. His orders, both written and oral, from
the fort commander, Colonel Carrington,
were terse and explicit. "Relieve the wood
train. Under no circumstances pursue the
Indians beyond Long Trail Ridge." Fetter-
man, a brave but impetuous officer, had
openly voiced his contempt for the Indians.
Disregarding his orders, he pursued a number
of retreating warriors, but was led Into an
ambush where some 2,000 braves were lying
in wait. The ensuing fight was desperate but
of short duration. Of the relief force there
were no survivors.
With his depleted manpower, Carrington
could scarcely hope to hold the fort for long
against the Sioux and their allies. It was de-
cided to try and get a message through to
Fort Laramie. A civilian scout and experi-
enced frontiersman, John `Portugee' Phillips
volunteered to make the attempt. Carring-
ton gave him his own horse, a fine thorough-
bred animal, and about midnight, Phillips,
bundled in his great buffalo coat, set out in
a howling blizzard.
Some miles from the fort he ran into a
party of Indians, but was able to shoot his
way out of the trap. He reached a way station
where he had hoped to get help in sending a
message through. But finding no help avail-
able, he continued on his deSperate journey.
Shortly before midnight on Christmas Eve he
reached Fort Laramie. On the parade ground
the gallant horse sank into the snow and
expired.
Phillips staggered into "Old Bedlam" where
a gay party was in progress and gasped out
the news of the disaster at Fort Phil Kearny
before collapsing. In a short time a relief
column was on its way to the beleaguered
garrison. When they arrived they found that
because of the severity of the storm, the
Indians had remained in their tents and had
not attacked the undermanned fort.
Today, as a national monument, Fort Lara-
mie is under the jurisdiction of the National
Park Service. A number of its buildings have
been restored to their former condition, no-
tably "Old Bedlam," former officers quarters
and the scene of most social activities the
Cavalry Barracks, Sutlers' Store, and a num-
ber of others. Plans call for the ultimate
restoration of many more of the buildings
and the furnishings of them in accordance
with the period of the 1860's.
Somehow the simple memorial tablet to a
horse serves to dramatically remind us that
man in his conquest of the West had to de-
pend in large measure on his four-footed
partner, whose courage, stamina, and devo-
tion made these achievements possible.
PLACE THE BLAME WHERE IT IS DUE
Mr. HANSEN. Mr. President, ever
since- the crew members of the U.S.S.
Pneb were returned to this country, I
ave been receiving mail from Wyoming
citizens concerned about the welfare of
these men.
Wyoming people, and indeed citizens
everywhere, have been deeply touched by
the disclosure of the physical and mental
toture these men suffered at the hands of
their North Korean captors.
To my knowledge, no charges have
been filed against any Pueblo crew mem-
ber. The people of the United States and
all of us in the Senate want to insure
that the Navy continues to treat these
men fairly.
Wyomingites feel that if blame must
be fixed on the part of the United States
for the seizure of the Pueblo and its crew,
it must be shared by all in our Govern-
ment who had anything to do with the
Pueblo's presence in the waters off North
Korea, with her mission there, and with
her apparent inability to defend herself
from.being pirated by the North Koreans.
Among those who share this, view
is the distinguished and able Senator
from Colorado (Mr. Dammam) , who is
a member of the Committee on Armed
Services. Senator DOMINICK'S statements
regarding the responsibility for the
Pueblo incident were the subject of a
recent editorial written by Editor James
Flinchum, of the Wyoming State Tribute,
at Cheyenne.
I agree with Mr. Flinchum's observa-
tion that commendation is due Senator
Dammam for his willingness to publicly
raise some pertinent questions regarding
the Pueblo incident. These deserve a re-
sponse from our Government.
I ask unanimous consent that Mr.
Flinchum's editorial be printed in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as f ollows :
[From the Cheyenne (Wyo.) State Tribune,
Jan. 25, 1969]
LET THE SENATE INVESTIGATE
A public service merit badge is due Sen.
Peter Dominick, a World War II fighter pilot
and holder of the Distinguished Flying Cross
and Air Medal with cluster. The Colorado
Republican said yesterday if the Navy persists
in persecuting Cmdr. Lloyd Bucher, skipper
of the Pueblo, then the Navy's brass ought to
be summoned for interrogation by the Senate
Armed Services Committee, of which he is a
member.
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Mach J,, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
and big business. But some people seem
to talloraost about,?and worry most about?
the bigness of business.
Many who deplore the bigness of busi-
ness mistake economic competition for the
predatory life of the jungle, where the big
grow bigger as the small grow fewer. This is
not the case. The growth of big businees
has not occurred at the expense fo small
businesses. As the head a the Small Busi-
ness Administration has pointed out, a eerie
tury ago about 300,000 businesses?nearly
all small by today's standards?served a pop.,
ulation of 29 million. Today 4.8 million serge
a ponulation of 200 million. So, While popula-
tion has grown seven-fold, the number oi
businesses has multiplied 16 times.
Big and small businesses are mutually de-
pendent. The critics of bigness forget this;
overlooking that the big company is also a
big bustomer. General Motors, for exaxnple,
spends nearly half of its income for the.
goods and services of more than 37,000
smaller businesses?over three-quarters of
whom employ fewer than 100 people. Then,
to sell its products, General Motors depends
on tens of thousands of additional small
businesses?on 14,000 vehicle dealerships and
128,600 other retail outlets.
Big and small business aid and support
each other to the benefit of thenation's
economy and the individual eintietner. Small
business is frequently the .......eieerce of new
products and new methods. Wall business
offers imaginative entrepreneurs a range of
oppOrtunity for individual initiative. And
small business is well able to _offer the per-
sonal service, special attention, and flexible
operation required to meet the increasingly
varied demands of the consumer.
BIGNESS AND COMPETITION
Moreover, bigness is often Misundersteod
as prima facie evidence of monopoly power.
But the proof of monopoly is not the Size
of firms, nor the fewness of firms i Li an incline.
try. Rather, it is the absence of competition
that identifies monopoly.
Iri the automobile business, for example;
corripetition is the Central fact of life. Ante
manufacturers compete in product innova-
tions, price, and marketing techniques. The
four major domestic companies offer 882
models, and foreign companies offer scores
moee in the American market.
tet even the smallest automobile mann-
facurer is a big company. Automobiles,
because of their sheer size and complexity,
need large capital investments if they are
to be produced in the volume essential te
lo' cost. Their design demands large reseaxch
and development organizations. Their manu-
facture calls for extensive facilities and large
and skilled labor forces. Their sale and sere.-
iciag requires a nationwide network of sheer-
rooMs, service centers, and parts warehouse&
Big companies also exist in many other
Bel s that are highly competitive. In Illinois
alo e are headquartered 57 of the 500 largest
industrial corporations in America. You Pan
be proud of the important contributions alley
have made to our nation's economic groWth.
Those who decry the bignees of priVate
industry fail to consider the unweloOme
altriatives.
hen government takes over an induetre,
responsibility only shifts to other Mande, to
menagers bound by political strings and slew
to respond to consumer needs. Or when a
nu4mber of smaller companies are artifleang
su4etained in business, prices tend to irise
anl value to the consumer drops.
The glum prophets of doom have al ays
predicted?and some still do?that the
grOwth of corporate business must inevit4iily
to
lead a massive takeover of power. hey
envision our country transformed Ingo a
corporate state, where the private corporatieni
is !dominant. Nothing could be further /rein
the truth. If you question this, just ask
of! us who are asked to "visit Washi
regularly.
1
irne
Both the bigness in American business and
the progress of our economy result from our
historic freedom to compete. The company
that does the best job gives progress to our
country. And the people, in turn, by buying
its products, give the company its size.
America must always have a place for big
business if our country L5 to compete success-
fully in the widening markets of the world.
PRODUCTIVITY, WACES AND Peaces
In addition to the myth of dangerous big-
ness, there is also serious misunderseezeding
of the concept of productivity anyhow it
applies to wages and prices. --
Productivity is a popular wOrd- at the
bargaining table. And it has a place there. In
fact, twenty years ago, General Motors
helped give historic recognition to the truth
that continuing technological improvement
is essential to the progress of all. In 1948,
for the first time, our union agreements had
a provision for relating wage improvement
to the increasing productivity of the country
as a whole.
Expanding markets, effkient management,
and technological innovation have helped
American industry achieVe a startling in-
crease in productivity. ?
But, unfortunately, mr people have
come to take annual prod tivity increases
for granted, to accept thern with the cer-
tainty of Christmas coming very December.
Surely, the popular logic goe, since produc-
tivity never fails to go up ev ry year, a corn-
Pany can afford to lower ita prices, or in-
crease wages, or both. 1
But popular logic fails to remember that
the much-discussed annual gain in produc-
tivity is only an average. In sone years, there
is a higher productvity gain t roughout the
economy; in other years pr uctivity falls
short. Some industries achie e more, but
others less.
In any case, a fix ad incr ase?whether
3.2% or 2.8% or whatever figur you want to
use?is only an average. Muchi like the size
of the average family, 3.7 perso s, it is a fig-
ure so exact that no parent as ever been
able to achieve it. The three is asy. It is that
seven-tenths of a person that hard.
THE ELUSIVE; OBJE VE
An annual increase in prod ctivity is not
automatic, but must be es/ned, and re-
earned, every year. Manageneent each year
must take off from a higher base. Each
year we must work as hard ;as we can to be
as efficient as we can. Then 'we must be even
more efficient the nexi, yew'. It is never easy
to improve on your best?and do it every
year.
Productivity can be tedversely affected by
many factors: unnecespary work stoppages,
resistance to improved technology, low-
quality workmanship? absenteeism and poor
employe morale?jus l to mention a few.
Moreover, increased productivity is predi-
cated, not on speed-up, but upon the ex-
pectation of a fair day's work from every
employe. The objective of technological im-
provement is to increase the output of the
labor force while still maintaining the prin-
ciple of a fair day's work from every employe.
The illusion that the annual increase in
productivity is automatic underlies many
hasty and hostile reactions to wage and price.
decisions.
We cannot have balanced economic growth
if inflation is allowed to continue at its cur-
rent rate. Price stability, equitable wages, and
technological innovation are essential to con-
tinued economic progress. Our nation en-
joyed remarkable growth from 1961 through
1964, with good balance between wages and
productivity. But imbalance since then, com-
bined with excessive growth in del-nand, have
produced the infiaticnary tendencies which
now imperil our economy. We haVe seen our
world balance of trade deteriorate in the past
few years as we have priced ourselves out of
competition in many different lines. We can-
not eliminate our balance-of-payments prob-
S 239
lem, nor long preserve the value of the dollar,
unless we balance wages with productivity.
We must find ways to draw the public's at-
tention to excessive wage demands and their
implications on prices as vigorously as price
changes are emphasized. And we must do so
before the fact?not after the wage contract
is signed, and its impact on prices becomes
inevitable.
These two myths?of increased produc-
tivity that is automatic and bigness that is
dangerous?are typical of the misunder-
standings that better communication can
clear up as government and business work
more closely together.
THE TASK WE FACE TOGETHER
The constant objective of our concerted
efforts should be to protect and preserve the
system of free enterprise that is the distinc-
tive hallmark of our national economic life.
Our American system?the profit system,
or free enterprise, or capitalism, call it What
you will?has produced a far better social
product than any other system the world has
ever known. It hat; not achieved a perfect
social order, but our constant mission as
Americans is to improve it, not to weaken it.
History has cast us as builders and not
destroyers.
Management's obligation to its stockhold-
ers is, of course, clear and primary. Those who
own a business expect to earn a profit on.
their investment. But profits and progress
do not compete. Rather, each produces the
other.
Mismanaged industry can neither make a
profit nor build a nation. Profit provide a the
funds for growth and progress; growth that
in America has underwritten our unmatched
system of individual security, opportunity
and dignity.
So government's concern with social prog-
ress finds an ally, not an adversary, in busi-
ness. The job of business is to provide the
consumer with goods and services at the
lowest economic cost. To do this, business
Innovates, it grows, it creates more economic
opportunities. In short, it gives progress to
the nation.
Government can and should promote a
better business climate?not for the sake of
the businessman, not for the sake of the
stockholder, nor the worker, nor even the
consumer?but for the sake of the nation as
a whole. Business wants a better understand-
ing with government, and will continue to
work cooperatively to assure our continued
progress as a nation.
Americans must always be free to criticize.
Criticize, yes, that is our right. But serve also,
that is our duty.
A PART FOR EACH, A PART FOR ALL
The better America we must help build
summons from each of us a dedication, a
compassion, an effort, and a sacrifice. Every
American must try to serve by involving him-
self in the daily work of our society. We must
make sure that the legacy of our America is
not lost or diminished by our inaction,
our indifference, our intolerance, or. our
indolence.
We must be willing to face the hard facts
of what we must do. America grew great
because its people were characterized by
energy and industry, We had a willingness to
work?and a determination to earn.
We live in a challenging age where much
can be accomplished?and quickly. We must
make the most Of our opportunities for crea-
tive change. Material progress has given us
more leisure time, more time to think, to
concern ourselves with things outside our
own jobs, our own communities.
Perhaps, to some ertent, this has stimu-
lated he discontent that is so evident in our
world today. More people want to participate,
to involve themselves, to shape events with
their own hands. _
If we are to be creators of constructive
change, we need not only to be involved our-
selves, but must be aware of what others are
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Senator Dominick, who served in the Air
Force said: "It appears that the Navy is try-
ing to fix responsibility on the commander
(of the Pueblo) for not having fought his
way out of an untenable position."
As Dominick made his statements in Wash-
ington, in effect accusing the Navy of pro-
longing the agony this unfortunate officer
already has undergone, It was revealed in
New York that a three-star Air Force general
made the decision against sending U.S. fighter
planes to aid the Pueblo while it was under
attack by the North Koreans off Wonson
just a year ago on the same date.
The Long Island newspaper Newsday said
the decision against sending fighters to aid
the Pueblo was made by Lt. Gen. Seth J.
McKee, commanding general of the U.S. Fifth
Air Force in Japan. Newsday said a subse-
quent review of McKee's decision by then
Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara con-
cluded that the Air Force general had acted
wisely.
Despite this, the Navy is persisting in not
only formally investigating Commander
Bucher, but doing so under circumstances
that suggest it considers he did wrong in
surrendering the Pueblo. As this newspaper
has said previously, how can the Navy pursue
such a course when it was apparent that the
Pueblo, armed with little more tha,n-.50 cali-
ber machineguns, could have resisted only
suicidally?
Despite what was reported about General
McKee's decision not to send Air Force
fighters to assist the Pueblo, the five-admiral
Navy court of inquiry which is patently try-
ing Bucher, announced yesterday that it
would call no Air Force witnesses at the court
of inquiry now underway at Coronado, Calif.,
because "the court considers it can fulfill its
charge without doing so."
As a matter of ordinary fairness, how-
ever, if the Navy is to proceed on this matter
it ought to summon not only General McKee
but also Defense Secretary McNamara and
any and all other witnesses whose testimony
might have some bearing on his case.
In the meantime it is apparent that the
people of America and many of their repre-
sentatives in Congress are highly disturbed
over the Navy's callous treatment of Com-
mander Bucher.
"It's my feeling" said Senator Dominick
yesterday "that we should have a hearing
before the (Senate) Armed Services Commit-
tee to try and fix responsibility on the per-
sons responsible for turning down his (Buch-
er's) request for equipment and for failing
to adopt contingency plans to take him out
of a spot into which he had been ordered by
the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Government."
The Armed Services Committee not only
should investigate the failure to protect the
Pueblo when it called for help but also why
the Navy is seeking to make Commander
Bucher the fall-guy for a tragic occurrence
that should not have been allowed to occur?
simply because nobody made plans in ad-
vance to help this helpless little ship on a
most hazardous mission. Is this a cover-up
to try and shield those really at 'fault?
WISE WORDS FROM ENGLAND
Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President, it
is noteworthy that leading parliamen-
tarians of the United Kingdom including
Alistair MacDonald, Stanley Orme, Frank
Allaun, and Norman Atkinson, all dis-
tinguished Members of the House of
Commons, recently issued a statement
expressing their hopes In the following
language:
Now that a new American President has
been installed millions of British people are
hoping he will act to end the terrible and
continuing war in Vietnam.
The parliamentarians added: -
We warmly welcome the reopening of the
Paris talks and urge the United States to
start the withdrawal of her troops from
Vietnam and recognize the National Libera-
tion Front as steps most likely to secure
peace. As Labour Members of Parliament we
would like to pay tribute to all those in your
country who have struggled so persistently
and courageously to end that war. This seems
to us the greatest antiwar movement in this
generation. If the fighting stops it will lay
the basis for further relaxation of tensions
between East and West: in Europe, the Mid-
dle East and elsewhere. Vast savings in arms
spending could be devoted to other and better
purposes. This is something worth working
for, both by your people and by ours.
PRESIDENT NIXON'S TRIP TO
EUROPE
Mr. BAKER. Mr. President, I wish to
speak in appreciation of the manner and
the spirit in which President Nixon con-
ducted himself on his just-completed trip
to Europe.
The world is waiting anxiously now for
the first signs of progress toward un-
derstanding and the building of friend-
ship among people and of confidence
among nations.
All of our Presidents before him have
journeyed far and wide in search of
peace, so this role is not unique to Mr.
Nixon. But today is a time for success
in this role because the people of the
world are wary of conflict and the man-
ner in which the problem is approached
is critical.
I point this out because the hopes of
men of good will everywhere have been
dramatically heightened in the past
week. What seemed so distant only a few
months ago glimmers today in light of
the President's efforts to reunify rela-
tions with our European allies.
First of all, Mr. Nixon thoroughly pre-
pared himself by studying the sources of
contention that have separated us from
our friends.
His approach to our allies was one of
candor which expressed concern and
compassion for their problems and for
their point of view. He was never an ad-
versary placing demands on the table.
It is refreshing to note the response
he received from this method of diplo-
macy. Friends who were cautious before
are now sparked with renewed deter-
mination. Those who.were contemptuous
are now speaking of a new day.
And from these relationships President
Nixon has laid the foundation for what
will be the greatest task of his admin-
istration?emerging as the peacemaker.
He is off to a good start.
CONTRIBUTION OF MOBILE, ALA.,
BANKS TO INTERNATIONAL
TRADE RECOGNIZED BY PRESI-
DENTIAL "E" AWARDS
Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, it was
gratifying to learn that two banks in
Mobile, Ala., received the Presidential
Export "E" Award on January 8, 1969.
On that day, Mr. Monroe Kimbrell, of
the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta,
presented the Export "E" Emblem to
Mr. Robert Bacon, president of the First
National Bank, and Mr. E. Ward Faulk,
president of the Merchants National
Bank, at a ceremony at the new Inter-
national Trade Center in the Port of
Mobile "in recognition of outstanding
Icontributions to the increase of U.S.
trade abroad."
The many and continuing contribu-
tions that occasioned these awards are
contained in an article in the Port of
Mobile magazine for January. I ask
unanimous consent that the article be
printed in the RECORD following my re-
marks. I might add to the list, from my
personal knowledge, the cooperation ren-
dered to the Senate Small Business Com-
mittee in its regional export expansion
inquiry by the banking community of
Mobile. An expression of this is found
in the testimony of Mr. J. W. Oliphant,
vice president of the Merchants National
Bank, who keynoted the public hearings
in Mobile on November 10, 1967. This kind
of leadership, provided by these banks in
international trade, is an intangible
quality which is significant to the prog-
ress of the port in many ways.
Winning the Export "E" is a consider-
able honor, because it is awarded for
service beyond the call of duty to custo-
mers of a city and region and also to the
national interest in strengthening the
balance of payments. As I recall, the "E"
awards program originated during World
War II when it was given for production
achievements. It was reactaivated for
the export field in 1961 by President John
F. Kennedy and Gov. Luther Hodges, of
North Carolina, who was serving as Sec-
retary of Commerce at the time. See
Executive Order No. 10978 of December 5,
1961.
The names of the two recipient banks
convey the fact that they are national
in character. The awards confirm that
they have now become truly interna-
tional.
I wish to bring this to the attention
of the Senate not only to add my con-
gratulations for a job well done, but to
indicate what is happening across the
gulf coast and throughout the South. We
have great opportunities and a great need
to rebuild the prowess of the United
States as a trading Nation. We are par-
ticularly proud, of course, of the part
being played by our region, our State, the
Port of Mobile, and the First National
and Merchants National Banks in this
endeavor.
I shall continue to do all I can to ad-
vance these efforts, and to bring the
benefits of increasing world commerce to
small and large business, and to the
positive side of our Nation's balance of
payments.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
MOBILE BANKS RECEIVE "E" AWARDS
The First National Bank of Mobile and the
Merchants National Bank of Mobile were
awarded on January 8, 1969?at a ceremony
at the International Trade Club at the Port
of Mobile?the President of the United
States' "E" Award "in recognition of out-
standing contributions to the increase of U.S.
trade abroad."
Mr. Monroe Kimbrell, president of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, represent-
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S 2332 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE March 4, 1969
ing the President, made the awards to Mr.
Robert Bacon, president of the First Na-
tional, and Mr. E. Ward Faulk, pres lent of
the Merchants National.
On hand was Mr. Houston H. Feaster, Di-
rector of the Alabama State Deckle; who
received the "E" Award for the Arama
State Docks in 1965, and Mobile's onl previ-
ous recipient, witnessed the ceremo y. The
Docks Director added his congratula ems to
those of the Secretary of Commerce cif `the
United States, the Honorable C. R. Senith,
who announced the award earlier lin the
month.
Both banks have been active in ffering
foreign banking services Since the eirt of
,Mobile was primarily a cotton and umber
port, long before the 40-year-old A4abama
'State Docks or the Presidential "E" award
was ever dreamed of, Mr. Feaster said. :
President Eisenhower re-instituted the
award for service contributions to the -Na-
tional Export Expansion Proeram, and in his
proclamation reviving the wartime big "E"
symbol, the President said in part: 1
I "The `E' flag that once flew over plants
making notable records in war product oh.. .
now will fly over factories contributi t g sig-
nificantly to the goals of internationa peace
end prosperity. The United etates mat, in
/he best traditions of American competitive-
ess and ingenuity, push forward with the
.evelopets of the world. An increased level Icif ax-
ment and sale of goods in all the mar-
Ports is absolutely essential for a h,ealthy
Situation in our international balmiest of
a.yments. Such a healthy situation in turn
till enable us to carry out international re-
sponsibilities for preservation or fraedom.
More exports will mean a stronger Arnerica;
4 more prosperous America; and greatee as-
Surance of a free world."
' The award recognizes the contributions of
ie
the two Mobile banks to the erowth a 41 de-
velopment of the Port of Mobile and t flow
of Alabama and American 0,ieds and prod-
nets to overseas markets.
Both banks have gone far beyond the
simple financing of exports. They hay fur-
nished information that ranged from h 1 Ing
to find overseas markets to he receipt of
final payment. Through their netw it. of
bank correspondents overseas, they have
secured and relayed important infor ation
te the exporter, including (1) depefldtble
credit information on foreign iirms (2) over-
seas demands for particular product
uSual terms of selling or buying an
Methods of obtaining payment without n-
dile risk.
I They have uncovered the names of re Pon-
sible firms or individuals who are inte eted
in representing or acting as agents) er-
ican. firms.
IThe Mobile banks' contribution to fo eign
trade varies from direct loans to exp rters
and manufacturers to financing secur I by
dOcuments on particular shipments. ey
ccelect funds from abroad directly from ver-
sees banks. They offer acceptance fina cing
to exporters. They forward letters of edit
isSued by foreign banks to I he exp rter
promptly.
'The international banking dcpartmen4ts of
beth banks have been expanded ovei the
years. Each is always eager to work wits the
exporters, large or small, no matter wh titer
the exporters are only beginning to seek
foreign markets or have been long-e tab-
lished in the export trade.
Soth banks have had representativeS on
the Regional Export Expansion Councll ' of
Al-Anta, and later on the Council in la-
ba a after it was established in 1963. ey
ha 'e encouraged their personnel to pa C./-
pa e in the Council's sponsorship of tsde
fo urns, seminars and meetinga throug mit
th State and in trade missions abroad all
in I the interest of Increasing the expor of
Alabama products.
he First National and Merchants Na-
tiohal Banks have always supported the
I
1
I
(3)
the
activities of the port and the various serv-
ice organizations. Their officers and per-
sonnel have served as directors and officers
of the following organizations: Mobile Port
Traffic Bureau, Propeller Club of the United
States, Mobile Traffic and Transportation
Club, International Trade Club, World Trade
Committee of the Mobile Area Chamber of
Commerce, Alabama World Trade Club of
Bireainghane and the National Defense
Transpertation Association. The banks are
members and are active in the Banker's As-
sociation et Foreign Trade, a national bank-
ing associaTion consisting of over one hun-
dred forty banks in the United States offer-
ing foreign bankir g services. In addition, a
nurriber of foreign banks with offices in this
country are members. In this association the
Mobile banks have served as directors and
officers. The banks are also represented at
the National Foreign Trade Council Con-
vention held in New 'York each year. In
addition, the banks hold memberships in
the International House, New Orleans, Mis-
sissippi Valley World Trade Council, and
various world trade Associations throughout
the south and mid pest.
Foreign trade cpuld hardly be accom-
1
plished without tie part that commercial
banks play. Shipp :I's through the Port of
Mobile know this.
REFORM OF 4ECT0RAL SYSTEM
Mr. MUSKIE. Mr. President, the Sub-
committee on Constitutional Amend-
ments of the Convnittee on the Judiciary
is currently holding hearings on the re-
form of the electoral system. As a co-
sponsor of Senate Joint Resolution 1, the
proposal offered by Senator BIRCH BAYII
to substitute the direct election of the
President for the electoral college sys-
tem, I have felt that one of the most
significant arguments in its favor is its
recognition of the importance of the
right to cast an effective vote. This right
is now denied all those voters who do
not cast their ballot for the candidate
who carries their particular State.,
However, the rig ht to cast an effective
vote?the right to equal representation?
will not be completely insured by the sub-
stitution of the direct election of the
President. For even in this case, those
voters who cast their ballots for the
losing candidate find themselves without
representation in the executive branch of
our Government.
The power of the executive branch
has grown so much that the opposition
representation in the Congress may not
be a sufficient check.
Mr. David From]cin, a New York City
lawyer, has raised these questions and
suggested a possible answer in a recent
issue of Interplay magazine. His proposal
for a formal structure of the opposition
is worthy of study. E ask unanimous con-
sent that the text of the article be printed
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
LEADER OF TILE OPPOSITION: AN
AMERICA N LACUNA
(By David Fromktn)
"Only in America " the familiar
phrase begins, but in this case it must read:
"Only in America or, if you used a different
set of numbers, in Gaullist France." For in
no other Western demacracy could the candi-
date of 31,770,231 veters receive supreme
power while the cend date of 31,270,533 vot-
ers receives no power at all. In theory, the
elected President represents all of us. But in
years like 1960 and 1968 he really represents
less than half the electorate, and the other
30-plus million voters have no one to speak
for them in the high glazes of government:
their leader vanishes. For another four years,
half the nation has no voice.
The British, in the course of a long con-
stitutional development, have created a role
for the leader of the defeated party, a posi-
tion in which he, too, can contribute on a
continuing basis to the thinking and lead-
ership of his country and the shaping of
its policies. We, on the other hand, have no
use for such a leader. In the United States
he raises funds to make up the campaign
deficit; then, more often than not, we send
him home.
Quite apart from its unfairness--that one
man passes into the pages of history and
the other out, by the margin of one-half of
one percent?ours is a wasteful system. To
the extent that our parties fulfill the obliga-
tion to nominate their beet men for national
office, we are wasting the Judgment, talent,
knowledge and experience that the candi-
dates of the losing party can contribute to
public life. Among my personal examples are
Wendell Winkle and Adlal Stevenson; every-
one will, of course, have his own..
The defeated candidate who decides to
resist the tendency of the system--who de-
cides that, even without another political
position such as Senator or Governor, he
will remain in public life?must support
himself and his staff by private means. He
goes to a private foundetiOn. He administers
a university. He heads a large corporation.
He Joins a law firm. Whichever alternative he
chooses, he is retained by some private inter-
est. His political program must take account
of the needs and desires of his employers,
clients or donors. His future political avail-
ability is limited by the "conflict of inter-
est": was there a single freewheeling client
of his law firm who was not dredged up
against Richard Nixon in the campaign? The
viciousness is in the system itself. We force
the leader of the losing party to serve private
interests when we should be requiring him
to serve the public interest.
The chief defect of the way in which we
treat the losing candidate, however, lies in
Its effect upon the victorious candidate. Ours
is the only country In the Anglo-Saxon world
whose Head of Government is not checked,
balanced and limited by an adversary, a
Leader of the Opposition, with whom he is
locked in continuous public debate. One rea-
son is that our Head of Government is also
Head of State. As the Symbol of the nation as
a whole, he is to that extent lifted above the
leader of the opposite party. This only makes
matters worse, for It cloaks him in an im-
munity that he should not have. The impor-
tant things the President does nowadays arb
the life-and-death things done as leader of
party and government, the very areas in
which he should face constant challenge. In
comparison, ceremonial functions of the
presidency matter relatively little, although
their existence adds to the aura and influence
of the office of the presidency and can be
misused.
The excessive growth of executive power
has been observed throughout the world and
almost universally deplored. One need not
go far as de Riencourt in The Coming Caesars
to view with apprehension the growing ac-
cumulation of overwhelming power in the
hands of one man. There Is no one to ques-
tion the President of the United States, ex-
cept the newspapermen who do so at his
pleasure. He does not submit to congressional
inquiry. He may subtly commit us to foreign
or domestic conflicts, without our being
aware until they and their consequences are
upon us. He dominates the media of com-
munication. When he chooses to argue his
case to the people, there is no one to argue
the case against him: no one equally known,
with equal access to communications facili-
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Pueblos Main Task Was to Survey Russian Fleet'
By BERNARD WEINRAUB
Special to The New York Times
CORONADO, Calif., March 2
?The Pueblo steamed out of
Japan on January, 1968, with
83 crewmen, most of whom
were inexperienced at sea, un-
aware of any possible threat
and unsure of the intelligence
ship's mission.
More than half of the crew-
men had never been to sea
before?including 20 of the 29
canrnunications and decoding
specialists in the secret "re-
ek space." Although the
was on an intelligence
ering mission, only two
members spoke Korean.
1,4 six enlisted men and
rs, however, spoke Rus-
.
Testimony at the court of
inqUiry and conversations with
avy officials indicate that the
primary phase of the Pueblo's
final mission was to collect
data on Russian naval opera-
tions in the Sea of Japan.
The secondary mission of the
ueblo was to move along the
coast of North Korea to check
on radar installations and thi
movements of submarines in the
area.
geative Importance Weighed
The relative importance that
the Navy placed on the two
missions of the Pueblo wa4
rscored by the fact th
the ship's two Korean-speaking
crewmen joined the Pueblo ig
December, 1967, two weeks hef
?ore the former cargo shtp
sailed from Yokosuka, Japarf,
toward North Korea.
Most of the "research" or
intelligence crewmen joined the
Pueblo in May, when the vessel
was converted into an intelli-
gence craft. Her 177-foot hull
was fitted with hypersensitive
radar, navigation equipment
and sonars.
At the time of the Pueblo's
mission, Navy officials say, the
"No. 1 p t for intelligence
ships W soastal waters
off ComiuJs.t China. Armed
Chinese fishing boats In previ-
ous months harassed and
steamed as close as five yards
to naval intelligence ships in the
East China Sea off Shanghai.
The second priority was off
the coast of the Soviet Union in
the Sea of Japan. Navy officials
say that there was a 'high de-
gree of harassment" of United
States intelligence ships in
the zone, including "extremely
close" passes by nucleared pow-
ered guided missile submarines
and destroyers.
Some of the harassing inci-
dents?in which smaller Rus-
sian craft pointed 37-millimeter
guns toward American ships at
a distance of 20 yards?lasted
several hours.
The third priority was off
North Korea. The Pueblo's sis-
ter ship, the Banner, had two
missions near Wonsan on her
way north toward the Russian
coast. One of the intelligence
missions was for 11 hours; the
other for a day and a half.
There was little harassment
The Pueblo's mission was di-
vided into two phases. The
intelligence ship was to sail
north in the Sea of Japan off
North Korea. After collecting
intelligence in three separate
areas along the coast, she was
to reverse course and steam
south to watch and eavesdrop
on Soviet Navy operations.
This was to be the major
thrust of what turned out to be
the Pueblo's final mission.
"We were to attempt to sur-
vey the Soviet naval units
which were known to be oper-
ating in the Tsushima Strait
area and had been operating
there for many months,"
Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher, the
Pueblo's skipper, testified.
"We had placed these ships
under surveillance by air and
it was not known at the time
what the ships exactly were
doing there and why they were
assigned to that location.
"What Pueblo hoped to do
was to survey these ships and
obtain photographs if possible.
"We were permitted to close
their formation to a distance
of 500 yards for normal s
lance and to a distance o
yards to obtain photogra y.
It was my intention to tip
care of this particular phase pf
my assignment as the final Part
of my operations."
Unprepared for Attack
Commander Bucher and the
Pueblo's crewmen have
peated over and over that te
ship had been unprepared for
a North Korean attack or any
hostile actions beyond harass-
,
ment.
Since most crewmen were
unaware of the ship's inta-
gence mission?they had only
been told that the Pueblo wits
engaged in "oceanographic re-
search"?there appears to have
been considerable confusionln
the feverish efforts to burn
and scuttle the 600 pounds4f
secret papers on the ship.
Navy officers say that few
of the crewmen, possibly even
Commander Bucher, knew that
the ship carried so many secret
papers and so much decoding
equipment.
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House Armed SerAces
committee will begin u ar-
Tuesday on the
Adm. Thomas H. ogrer,
'ef of Naval Operatinna,
ading off in open session.
ep. Otis G Pau' (Th-NV),
c irman of the special Stib?
committee, said in an inter
-
w yesterday that the us
I be on the national
ty implications of the P 10
'ieizure, the command and
COMmunications gaps, and the
code of conduct for American
Servicemen.
Besides that, Pike said, "aAii.
are interested in more of the4
Whys. Why the particular
figuration of the ship? Wlfo
iniade the decision? The ques-
tion of the characterization
the mission as low risk."
_At the moment, there '
kntention to call Cmdr. L
14 Bucher or other mein_
of the Pueblo crew. But Pike
said they are welcome to tes-
tify if they reAltie'Srthe op-por-
tunity.
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February 25, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks
freedom meant so much to him. Remember
the ditches, dirt, machine guns and mustard
gas that surrounded the men at Verdun and
Argonne? They too knew the mood, felt the
magic of their freedom permeate their liv-
ing?and because they knew that mood, be-
cause they felt that magic, nothing, not even
death could shake it loose from them.
Remember the marines who raised that flag
over Iwo Jima? That was no baseball game,
but a place where men fought and died for a
thing that they believed in?where men
went beyond feeling and knowing to giving.
And that's freedom's challenge?to feel
freedom, yes, but to care about it so much
you'd even die for it.
For the half-million men who have died
for this nation in war, freedom was more
than just a word. Like baseball to Charlie
Brown, it was the focal point of their lives?
something they wept over, lost sleep over,
got stomach aches over?a something whose
loss would be infinitely worse to them than
losing their own lives. They knew what
freedom meant to them and they cared about
it so much they even died for it. Knowing,
caring, and giving?does it mean as such
to you?
THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
CITATION
HON. HENRY BELLMON
OF OKLAHOMA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNI.LELD STATES
Tuesday, February .25, 1969
Mr. BELLMON. Mr. President, the
cause of world peace is uppermost in the
minds of all Americans at this critical
time in our Nation's history. Perhaps at
no previous time has there existed a
greater need for understanding among
the peoples of the world.
It is heartening to know, therefore,
that many of our educational institu-
tions are contributing to that kind of
exchange of ideas between nations that
builds the foundations for peaceful and
progressive relations. I am proud that
my alma mater, Oklahoma State Uni-
versity, holds an outstanding position in
this field.
Seventeen years ago, under the leader-
ship of the late Dr. H. H. Bennett, one
of the most noted and respected educa-
tors of our time, Oklahoma State began
a program in Ethiopia which has resulted
in the establishment of an agricultural
college and research station.
These efforts were recognized in the
designation of Oklahoma State Univer-
sity to recevie the 1969 Institute of In-
ternational Education-Reader's Digest
Foundation Award for Distinguished
Service in the field of international ed-
ucation and cultural relations. The
award was presented February 19, 1969,
in Washington.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that the citation accompanying the
award be printed in the Extensions of
Remarks.
There being no objection, the citation
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION CITATION To
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
To thousands of students in remote towns
and villages all over the world, the campus of
Oklahoma State University surely must seem
to be the source from which the "fountain of
knowledge" emanates. Each year?for almost
twenty years?groups of teachers, consult-
ants, researchers, and advisers have spilled
forth iii a steady stream from the town of
Stillwater, Oklahoma, taking with them to
newly developing lands their accumulated
skills and a common desire to share their
specialized talents.
The African nation of Ethiopia, in par-
ticular, has welcomed its association with
Oklahoma State University since 1952 when
the first group of experts arrived to estab-
lish and operate a technical high school at
Jimma. In succeeding years the university
has worked?with the help of U.S. aid, the
Rockefeller Foundation, and the National
Science Foundation?to establish a college
of agriculture at Alemaya and an agricultural
research station at Bishoftu.
The highest compliment to the over 180
participating university staff members is the
fact that most of their jobs now can be held
by the local personnel they have trained.
This, after all, has been the chief goal of their
educational assistance program?whether it
be in Ethiopia, in Pakistan, in Thailand, or
in Latin America?"to create independent
and self-reliant world neighbors."
Fortunately for the students and teachers
who remain on the Oklahoma State campus,
the international exchange of people and
ideas has been a two-way flow. Over the past
two decades, the number of foreign students
has increased over 'eight-fold to more than
500 visitors this year.
In presenting the distinguished service
award to Oklahoma State University, IIE and
the Reader's Digest Foundation heartily
commend the university for demonstrating
the diversity of international education pro-
grams and for proving first-hand the mag-
nificent results of enabling others to help
themselves.
U.S.S. "PUEBLO"
HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 25, 1969
Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks in the
RECORD, I include the following letter and
newspaper article.
The letter is one which I sent to Secre-
tary of the Navy John Chafee.
DEAR MR. SECRETARY: What were the
"rather long and learned dissertations from
other sources" that reversed the Navy's posi-
tion from the original ruling that the Mili-
tary Code of Conduct did not apply to the
crew of the USS Pueblo?
According to the February 21, 1969, issue
of the Washington Post and Washington
Evening Star a startled reporter told Navy
Captain William R. Newsome, Counsel for the
Navy Court of Inquiry, "that sounds like a
reversal." With a smile the Navy Attorney
replied simply, "It does."
Who were the "other sources?" Who is
calling the shots on how this case is being
handled?
Earlier in the Inquiry, January 23, 1969,
Captain Newsome had ruled, with the re-
ported advice of the Navy's judge advocate
general's office, that "the Code of Conduct
is inapplicable in this present situation. We
had an opinion that the crew members on
the Pueblo were not prisoners of war; they
were illegally detained. We are not in a state
of hostilities at the present time with the
North Koreans. Consequently, they are not
the enemy, of course we don't have prisoners
of war. And when we don't have prisoners
of war, we don't have the application of the
Code of Conduct. . . ."
E1341
Does the Court of Inquiry contend that
because Commander Lloyd Bucher wanted to
save the lives of his crew by signing a phoney
confession that he is more guilty of violating
the code than US Army General Gilbert H.
Woodward, who, acting on orders from the
highest government level, knowingly signed a
false confession to obtain the release of the
Pueblo crew? I think not.
As one who has been extensively involved
in the Pueblo affair, I cannot accept this
double standard. To do so would make a
mockery out of the Navy Court of Inquiry.
Please provide me with the reasons for this
abrupt reversal of the Navy's decision.
Sincerely yours,
WILLIAM J. SCHERLE.
"PUEBLO" HELD SUBJECT TO RULE
(By George C. Wilson)
CORONADO, CALIF., February 21.?The Navy,
in a reversal of opinion, has decided the
American fighting man's code of Conduct ap-
plies to the Pueblo crewmen after all.
Capt. William R. Newsome, attorney for the
five admirals who comprise the Naval Court
of Inquiry looking into the Pueblo seizure,
confirmed the change of opinion last night.
He told reporters, however, that no legal
action is contemplated against Pueblo crew-
men for breaking the code while in captivity
in North Korea.
The code, he said, "is like the Ten Com-
mandments," which can be violated "spiri-
tually" but not "punitively."
APPRAISAL OF CODE
The court's focus instead, he said, is on the
1955 code itself and its viability in today's
environment. He called the inquiry "an ex-
cellent vehicle" for appraising the code and
recommending changes.
He would not say who or what reversed his
earlier, opinion that the code did not apply
to the Pueblo men because they had been
"Illegally detained," as distinguished from be-
ing taken as prisoners of war.
Newsome does not set policy for the Court
of Inquiry hut acts as its hired legal hand.
Vice Adm. Harold G. Bowe Jr., president of
the court, and his four fellow admirals on
the court obviously decided to focus on the
code.
Questions all this week were framed to de-
termine if the Pueblo crewmen knew about
the code and why they had violated it. Their
testimony will influence the Navy Depart-
ment in Washington, which right now is try-
ing to come up with a position on the code
in advance of Congressional hearings on the
subject.
ALL ADMIT BREACH
To a man, the Pueblo crew admitted to
breaking paragraph five of the code: "When
questioned, should I become a prisoner of
war, I am bound to give only name, rank,
service number, and date of birth. I will evade
answering further questions to the utmost of
my ability. I will make no oral or written
statements disloyal to my country and its
allies or harmful to their cause." Another
part of the code directs the man to "resist by
a means available" and "make every effort to
escape.
The six officers, 74 enlisted men and two
civilians on the Pueblo gave the North Kore-
ans more than that minimum amount of in-
formation. Many of them also signed confes-
sions of spying and they participated in
propaganda press conferences and petitions
while in captivity.
The Pueblo crewmen have told the court
they could not hold out against the physical
and mental torture. They added that, the
Koreans already had answers to most of the
questions they were asking during severe
beatings.
The Pueblo was captured with many of the
records of the men and the ship's mission
intact. The crewmen contend their plight
therefore was different than that envisioned
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t 1342 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks February 25, 1969
by the code. They said they were not like a
soldier captured with no detailed inferma-
"tion about him or his outfit on his persbn.
Newsome conceded the Pueblo was $, Spe-
cial case in another way?two civilian Were
aboard the ship serving as oceanographers
for the intelligence center. This raises the
cjuestion, Newsome said, of what code they
were supposed to follow.
For purposes of comparison, here is what
Newsome said in his earlier statement and
fist night about the applicability of the code
to Pueblo crewmen:
Jan. 13?". . . the Code of Conduct ,is in-
applicable in this present situation. We have
had an opinion that the crew members on
the Pueblo were not prisoners of war; they
were illegally detained. We are not in a state
Of hostilities at the present time with the
North Koreans. Consequently. they are not
he enemy. Not being the enemy, of course,
e don't have prisoners of war. And when
e don't have prisoners of war, we don't have
the application of the Code of Conduct . .
He said the legal opinion had come from the
Navy's judge advocate general.
WARNING BY SUPERIORS
, Feb. 20?"It has become Obvious that the
Code of Conduct is applicable in this situa-
tion. First of all, because the understanding
Of the people themselves, and second of all,
because of certain things which -transpired
board the ship at the time of its capture."
Ie apparently was referring partly to the
Warning passed to the men by their American
Superiors not to tell the Koreans anything
more than name, rank, service number and
date of birth.
"One of the tasks of the court is to ex-
amine that code and see whether or not it
meets our present needs . . . I think we have
an excellent vehicle for doing that light
WAR PRISONER CODE APPLIED TO "PUEBLO"
(By Robert Walters)
CORONADO, Ceare.?The counsel far the
Navy court of inquiry investigating the cap-
ture of the USS Pueblo unexpectedly has
changed his position and melee that the 'Jill-
tary Code of Conduct is applicable t< the
82 surviving crew members of the in
gence gathering ship.
Prior to the convening of the-five-admiral
court one month ago, its counsel, Capt. Wil-
liam R. Newsome, said the code was "in-
applicable" because the Pueblo crew members
Were "illegal detainees" rather than ''pr son-
ers of war" during their 11 months cif cap-
tivity in North Korea. _
But under questioning by reporters yes-
terday, Newsome said: "It has beconn ob-
vious that the Code of Conduct is apt Ilea-
'tee in this situation."
One startled reporter teed the atto Rey:
'That sounds like a reversal." With a =
Newsome replied simply: "It does."
The code, promulgated by Pres dent
Dwight D. Eisenhower in 11155. is design ,e1 RS
a guideline for United States troops cap ured
by enemy forces. It was initially lasers d by
the White House as an exeeutive order and
subsequently incorporated in Navy ee eula-
tions as a "general order."
ANSWERS RESTRIC IED
Of the Code's six provisions, the one which
has emerged as most applicable to the ac-
tions of the Pueblo crew reads as follows:
"When questioned, should I become a pris-
oner of war; I am bound to give only name,
rank, service number and date of birth. I
will evade answering further questions to
the utmost of my ability. r will make no
oral or written statements disloyal to my
country and its allies or harmful to their
cause."
Similar references to "prisoners of war"
appear throughout the code, and it was on
that basis, Newsome said yesterday, that
the code was initially held to be inapplica-
ble to the Pueblo case.
The term "prisoner of war," as defined by
the Geneva conventions on the subject, re-
quires, among other elements, a declaration
of war?a conditioa which does not exist
between the United States and North Ko-
rea.
But Newsome said that since,. this initial
ruling the court of inquiry has received
"rather long and learned dissertations from
other sources that indicate that the Code
of Conduct has wide applications." He de-
clined to identify the "other sources" or to
elaborate.
IN A MURKY AREA
The full impact of the decision remained
unclear because Newsome acknoenedged that
the area Was a murky one. "There's a big
question with respect to the code's applica-
tion," he said.
- He rejected, repeatedly and emphatically,
suggestions that members of the Pueblo's
crew might face punitive action for viola-
tion of the code's provisions. "The Code of
Conduct is a moral code; it's not something
you can violate punitively," the attorney
said. ?
That apparently ruled out the possibility
of any serious legal rebuke for the Pueblo's
six officers and 76 crew members, all of whom
signed an open letter to President Lyndon B.
Johnson "admitting" that the Pueblo vio-
lated North Korea's territorial waters and
was engaged in espionage activities at the
time of its capture.
Newsome apparently also rejected the pos-
sibility of a reprimand for violation of the
code, explaining that "reprimand" is a for-
mal military legal term with limited appli-
cation. "A reprimand is an administrative
action?a non-punitive form of punishment"
applied only to those who fail to follow ad-
ministrative regulai,ions, he said.
The court counsel said the Uniform Code
of Military Justice does contain _specific pro-
hibitions against many of the acts which
the Code of Conduct warns about in "moral"
terms.
Failure to comply with these regulations is
punishable by court marital, and Newsome
said that Article 1C4 contained several such
proscriptions 'under the heading of "aiding
the enemy."
However, Newsotne added: "Conceivably
you could find some offense under the UCMJ
. . But it's not a direct step."
Every member of the Pueblo crew to tes-
tify before the court has said that he has a
basic understanding of the provisions of
the code and that, in theory at least, he re-
garded it as an important document to be
respected and obeyed.
CODE ABANDONED
However, the crew members said, in the
particular circumstances surrounding their
capture, the code had to be soon abandoned
as a guide for two reasons:
1. The North Koreans captured hundreds
of pounds of highly classified documents
when they seized the Pueblo, and thus had
access to papers describing much of the
ship's intelligence work. To deny what al-
ready was in the form of printed reports
would only be foolhardy, they said.
2. During the armed conflict in their coun-
try in the early 1950s, the North Koreans had
exceptional success in "brainwashing" cap-
tured American fighting men, breaking their
minds and forcing them to "confess" against
their will to numerous "crimes."
Determined resistance to the N.orth Ko-
reans last year would only have led to a sim-
ilar situation, the crew member said. In the
end, the North Koreans would have secured
their "confessions" anyhow?and would have
inflicted serious mental or physical damage
on their captives in the process.
Recent questioning has coneentrated on
the code, attempting to have each witness
explain in detail why he freely acknowledged
violating its provisions.
"WOULDN'T POLLOP7 RULES"
Yesterday's questioning of Lawrence W.
Mack, photographer's mate first class, was
typical. "These people had an unsavory repu-
tation, and it was clear to me that they
wouldn't play by the rules to get the in-
formation they wanted," he testified.
Explaining that during the interrogation
the North Koreans frequently displayed doc-
uments captured from the Pueblo, Mack said:
"I had the impression that they never asked
a question unless they knew the answers
themselves."
He added: "What informIttion they wanted
they were going to get one way or another,
and they could get it frorn Joie hard or get it
from me easy. . . . But they were going to
use torture or whatever was necessary to get
it."
In describing the method used by the Ko-
reans to elicit information from him. Mack
Said he was forced to kneel on the floor of an
interrogation room and hold a chair above
his head for as long as 90 minutes.
MENACED BY BAYONET
"You can hold that chair up for only so
long, and after a while your arms get pretty
tired," said Mack, explaining that'every time
he lowered the chair a guard "kept poking his
bayonet in my face. I was worried that if he
wasn't careful he might take my eye out by
accident."
Mack added: "All I could see was unend-
ing torture. So I told the Korean officer, "Why
don't you tell this guard to shoot me and
get it over with?' " He said he "went through
a period of considerable mental torture" be-
fore finally providing the information de-
manded.
Crew members also testified yesterday that
11 months of malnutrition, inadequate medi-
cal care and severe beatings left some of
them with permanent physical disabilities.
The Pueblo's chief quartermaster, Charles
B. Law Jr., for instance, had perfect vision
when he was captured, but began "going
blind" because of malnutrition and now suf-
fers from "central blind spots" and is ex-
tremely nearsighted.
Law, the crew member unanimously ac-
claimed by the Pueblo's officers for his ability
to provide leadership and keep morale high
among the enlisted men during the deten-
tion period, said that prior to the Pueblo's
ill-fated mission, he had better than perfect
vision-20-13 in one eye and 20-14 in the
other. But "about the first part of August
(of 1968) my eyes started to go bad, he said.
A North Korean physician attempted to
treat the disorder with numerous injections,
but Law said that after the crew's repatria-
tion and return to this country he Was told
by Navy doctors that his vision had per-
manently deteriorated to ,20-200.
In addition, Law said he was told by doc-
tors that he had "central blind spots" and
that his vision problems were uncorrectable
by glasses" because he sustained an "in-
fiamation of the optic nerve" as the result of
Malnutrition.
Another witness, Radioman 2.C. Lee Roy
Hayes, said he was stricken by hepatitis
while a prisoner and "also had my jaw bro-
ken by the Korean guards."
Hayes said that in a letter the North Ko-
reans forced him to write to Ohio's Gov,
James A. Rhodes, he tried to signal his de-
sire that the United States retaliate for the
Pueblo's capture by dropping an atomic
bomb on North Korea.
Hayes said the letter to his governor in-
cluded the line: "I long to behold the great
and glorious light of mit fatherland." He
explained: "By this, I meant that they should
drop the atdra bomb on North Korea."
Like virtually every other crew member to
testify, Hayes said he not only expected but
hoped for some form of ITS. military retalia-
tion although all of the nfen knew that such
action would undoubtedly lead to their
death.
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February 25, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions
Hayes-said one of the "signals" he included
in letters from the prison camp to his par-
ents was to capitalize the word "right" each
time he used it. He explained: "They're very
conservative, they're right-wing in their pol-
itics, like I am?and I tried to make it clear
that I wanted this thing settled from that
point of view."
SEEING US IN LONDON
HON. VANCE HARTKE
OF INDIANA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
? Tuesday, February 25, 1969
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, a bril-
liant young American, William Janeway,
now contributes a column of observa-
tions and reflections on the American
scene to the British journal, the Spec-
tator. I was especially struck with his re-
marks published January 10, 1969, and
in order to be able to share these with
my colleagues I ask unanimous consent
that Mr. JaneWay's column be printed
in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the column
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the Spectator, London, England,
January 19691
AmEnicA: A NEW Y ORK DIARY
(By William Janeway)
Last week Sir Denis Brogan confessed him-
self able to identify only one event of "any
general interest" which made news in Britain
during the past year: the resignation of
George Brown. New Yorkers have had a sur-
feit of news: the war and the riots; the as-
sassinations and the election. Given the pres-
ent stalemate in the Vietnam fighting and
talking plus the constitutional interregnum
between the election and inauguration of the
new President, one might have expected the
Christmas season to offer some relief, But New
York managed to celebrate the holidays in
appropriate 1968 fashion: a strike of fuel
oil delivery drivers cut off the heating in
more than half the city's homes and offices
just as the Hong Kong flu attacked in full
force. As a fitting side effect, the extra school
days, scheduled to allow students to catch
up on the weeks missed during the teachers'
strike of October and November, had to be
cancelled for lack of fuel to heat the class-
rooms.
The specifics of New York's accelerating
disintegration have more than parochial sig-
nificance. The fundamental issues in the
teachers' strike, for example, provide a Useful
perspective in which to judge Powellite
demagogy on the British racial situation. The
struggle in New York is between the black
leaders of the city's various harlenas, who
demand a decisive say in how ghetto children
are to be taught and by whom, and the
teachers' union, which since the last war has
passed beyond issues of pay and job security
to virtual control of education policy. (That
the union is predominantly Jewish has added
a further explosive ingredient to the brew.)
The city administration is caught in the
middle between the two most self-conscious
of New York's bloc votes: Mayor Lindsay's
poll ratings make Harold Wilson's look good.
The strike is likely to break out again at any
moment, as are boycotts of non-community
controlled schools.
The teachers' strike in New 'York is only one
outcome of the broad and bitter drive by
ghetto inhabitants to gain a measure of con-
trol over the institutions which have been
the instruments of their systematic exclu-
stem from the political, economic and social
life of the country. As a result, the racial con-
flict in New York now completely overshad-
ows the relevant issue of education policy per
se: how best to provide meaningful oppor-
tunities for personal growth and social mobil-
ity for all deprived children. In Britain, by
contrast, education policy can still be the
prime means of preventing the highly diverse
immigrant minorities ever being forced into
the homogenous damnation of Harlem-style
ghettos.
The alarums and excursions of 1968 have
had one definite impact upon social inter-
course across the Atlantic. Whatever the level
of conversation seems on a wholly different
level from that in Britain. Enoch Powell and
the Editor of The Times may be playing to a
great hush in John Osborne's refound land;
in New York the Tiber runs red with blood
through every cocktail party and around
every dinner table. It is not Just the intensity
of discussion of the Great Issues that is strik-
ing?and the prospect of one's city burning
down, one's head being cracked by a passing
police nightstick, or one's son, husband or
self being called to defend freedom in Viet-
nam does add a certain intensity to the dis-
cussion. War-talk, race-talk, student rebel-
lion-talk is never-ending, Item: drunken
businessman to previously unknown travel-
ing companion on the three-hour delayed
Boston to New Haven 'express': 'I say we
ought to clear them out of there. Declare war
and use the bomb.' Pause. 'I don't know what
the hell we're doing there in the first place.'
The unmistakable sign of a successful Nixon
Administration would be the return of public
discourse by private persons to the level of
triviality experienced in America in the 1950s
and in Britain today. Some chance.
Now is the time, of course, for full-blooded
speculation over the purposes and prospects
of the incoming Administration. One aspect
of Nixon's cabinet-making is clear, at any
rate. For the first time since the pre-FDR
1920s, the Republicans are preparing to build
their own Washington establishment of
power brokers and inside operators. Unlike
the ideologues and outsiders who held office
under Eisenhower, men like the new Secre-
taries of State and Defence, William Rogers
and Melvin Laird respectively, are political
pros. Their archetype is the man whom Lyn-
don Johnson called in as receiver-in-bank-
ruptcy for the Itusk-McNamara-RostoW
policy in Vietnam, Clark Clifford. In the yet-
to-be-written history of the age, Clifford will
surely receive credit second only to Eugene
McCarthy's for saving the 'System' from the
folly of its managers by stopping the escala-
tion of the war. Clifford has been the legend-
ary master-operator of the System's Wash-
ington nerve-centre for a generation. As
Secretary of Defence, he put first things first
by restricting the bombing, by refusing rein-
forcements by moving towards negotiations,
and by expressing a clear willingness to
sacrifice the Saigon government in the in-
terests of American political and social sta-
bility. During the last nine months he has
given an object-lesson to the new adminis-
tration in self-interested American pragma-
tism at its most enlightened. The great big
question of the next four years is whether
Nixon and his pros will have the shrewdness
and the skill to pursue continuity with Clif-
ford's pragmatism, rather than the conntinu-
ity with LBJ's megalomania and with Rusk's
dogmatism that Nixon espoused during the
campaign.
The political acumen of President Nixon
and his advisers will be tested to the full as
soon as the Inaugural ceremonies are over.
In addition to the great issues of war, law
and order and inflation, the F-111 scandal is
about to blow up again. The project is by
now an undoubted failure, at the cost to
date of some $10 billion of US money (not to
count the extra cash conned out. of Britain
and Australia). The navy version has al-
ready been cancelled and the air force ver-
sion keeps falling down when they let it fly.
of Remarks E 1343
On all accounts, a perfect tar baby to stick
to Las's bedraggled coat-tails as he heads
home to Texas. But Nixon has given a
mighty, and all too characteristic, hostage to
fortune. Three days before the election, in a
vain effort to carry Texas, he went to Fort
Worth (where the plane is produced) to
pledge that he would make the F-111 "one of
the foundations of our air superiority." At
the end of the year, he compounded the po-
tential embarrassment by naming as Under
Secretary of Defense a director of General
Dynamics (which makes the F-111). Now
the relevant Congressional committees are
getting geared .up to reopen hearings on the
whole mess, with final cancellation looming
in the background. One suggestion for get-
ting the new President off the hook: back up
his pledges to protect Israel's security by
giving F-ills to Nasser.
The past year has seen the consolidation of
one aspect, and not a minor one, of the last
decade's social upheaval. The progressive in-
tegration of educated, middle-class Negroes?
tokenist as it may be?has become dramatic.
The active recruiting of black students by
prestige, private universities barely raises a
growl from reactionary alumni any more;
there was one American Negro in the class
which entered Princeton in 1961; more than
eighty were accepted for admission in .1968.
The professional schools and the professions
are following suit. Television confirms the
change: perhaps a quarter of the announcers,
newscasters, etc. on New York's seven chan-
nels are black, virtually all television adver-
tising is integrated, and Diahann Carroll's
friendly, formula, middle-middle-middle-
class series is in the Top Ten.
But the irony is stark. As the room for
movement within or beyond middle-class
America has expanded for those who can
break out of the ghetto, the noose around
the ghetto itself continues to tighten. Dur-
ing this same decade, the number of people
on New York's welfare rolls, overwhelmingly
black and Puerto Rican, has risen from
slightly more than 200,000 to over one mil-
lion. A knowledgeable estimate is that an-
other one million qualify for relief which
they have not applied for. The city's budget
is now greater than California's or that of
New York State, and welfare is the largest
item. The low skill jobs are disappearing and
the craft unions, the next step up in a city
without heavy industry, are bastions of the
white backlash. The roads out are few: edu-
cation to the professional level for a tiny
elite, employment in the public sector for
more (but the near-bankruptcy of the city
has cut back opportunities sharply). Hence
the demands for Black Unions, Black -Capi-
talism, Black Power.
Outside of the ghetto, the cost of living in
central New York is following the astronauts
to the moon, with no likelihood of re-entry.
Rents are up more than 40 per cent. A first-
run cinema ticket now costs more than two
pounds. One new house-owner, around the
corner from the Metropolitan Museum in the
heart of Upper Middle Claes Manhattan dis-
covered that the cost of installing a complete
burglar alaYm system, with private, armed
police on automatic call in radio cars, was
more than offset by the saving on insurance
premiums. New York Magazine put the pre-
tax income necessary for a family to live in
Manhattan in the style to which television
has accustomed us at over $100,000 per year.
No wonder that a measuria of de facto hous-
ing integration is taking place, with white
graduates finding feasible rents only on the
fringes of the ghetto.
In the meantime, financial and artistic New
York constitutes to run wide open. The
'action' on Wall Street is wilder and woollier
that ever; further uptown, the off-off-Broad-
way theatre, playing to an increasingly un-
epatayable bourgeoisie, is less self-censored
and more exciting than post-LordlChamber-
lain London. A dance to the music of chaos?
At the least, the 'contradictions' of American
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E 1344 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks February 25, 1.969
society have, in New York, reached a 'world
.bistorical. extreme: the 'West's economic and
cultural capital towering over a humah refuse
heap.
CLEAN WAThei,S: A CONTINUMG
GOAL
HON. RICHARD D. McCARTHY
OF NEW YUAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRmsENT.arrivEs
Tuesday, February 25, 1969
Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. Speaker, I in-
tsoduce today on my behalf and that of
my colleagues, Mr. Arnifitis, Mr. ADDARBO,
Mr. ANDERSON of California, Mr. BING-
HAM, Mr. BLATNIK, Mr. CONYERS, Mr.
DULSKI, Mr. EDWARDS Of California, Mr.
FARDSTEIN, Mr. FRASER, gr. HALPERN Mr.
HASTINGS, Mr. HECHLER of West Virginia,
Mr. HELSTOSKI, Mr. Hofesae, Mr. ,3osiss
lei' Alabama, Mr. KmicZYNsxf, Mr, Mc-
KNEALLY, Mr. MIKVA, Mr. OTTINGEk, Mr.
lzio of New York, Mr. Reims, Mr. Rosa/s-
lam, Mr. SCHEUER, and Mr. Wolar a
Comprehensive water quality bill.
I Much of this bill is the unfinished work
of the last session of Congress?legisla-
tion that did not reach final passage
before adjournment. Both branches of
the Congress had passe slightlydiffer-
ing versions of water piglution control
bills by overwhelming majorities. But,
unfortunately, minor ditterences in the
tWo bills were not ironed'out in time to
enact a final version. It Is up to us to
complete that work, to make this needed
Water pollution control legislation ?nu of
t e first orders of businaas of the last
ngress.
This bill goes beyond the major points
r ised in last year's discus ,-,ions. It to-
cises on the problem of lateral sewers,
t e part of a sewerage astern that is
most important in our rapidly grow .ng
metropolitan areas. It simplifies adram-
is ration of our water potution control
p ograms. And it makes some minor
anges that can speed up progres$ in
ths field and insure that those States
t at do move rapidly are treated fairly
in the legislation.
The United States facet many major
problems today, the threat of nue,ear
war, the crisis in our the tensions
of I racial coniliot, and a growing pros-
pe 'ty that has bypassed puts of our so-
city. Each commands our attention, the
f commitment of our mental and
ph steal resources. But even while we
strive to find solutions in these areas, we
mast conserve our rich natural heritage
of lands, waters, and seashores, for is
the foundation on which Our econoinic
and esthetic wealth rests. Enhanced' it
is a source of strength; blighted it irLli
slow and cripple us.
Our land is rich in rivers and 1 4s
arie seashores. Majestic rivers flow to the
s 3a: The Hudson, the Ohio, the Chat a-
haochee, the Mississippi, the Missotiri,
the]I Columbia, the Rio Grande, and
Colorado. Great inland seas wash
shores of our northern States: Super'
Michigan, Huron, Erie, wad Onta
Each serving as channels qt commer
as Sources of pleasure to millions, II
giving rise to generations of sailors t
have sailed their reaches. Magnificent
ocean beaches shoulder the Atlantic, the
Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific, each
beach with its individual character,
beauty, and form. And the great bays
lining our coas.'s: Boston, New York,
Chesapeake, Charleston, St. Petersburg,
Galveston, San Diego, San Francisco, and
Puget Sound, each an arm of the sea
serving as a gateway to a major city. In
the mind's eye one can see these rivers
and lakes, bays and beaches in sparkling,
unspoiled beauty.
The true picture is something else
again. For in a century we have- defiled
our waters in a way that early genera-
tions could not conceive. Our growing
population, our indiscriminate indus-
trial activities, our callousness toward
the human values of our environment
have turned our major waterways into
sewers, have polluted our beaches, and
threaten the very existence of some of
our major lakes. 'This should be a source
of shame for all Americans.
Fortunately, Congress has recognized
the importance of water pollution con-
trol and has emoted legislation to aid
States, cities, and towns in constructing
sewage treatment systems. The authori-
zation bills for Federal funds in this field
have passed by overwhelming margins in
both branches of the Congress.
But the appropriations have not
matched the authorizations; there has
been a gap?a gap that has seriously
hampered progress on construction of
needed treatment plants and sewers. A
total of $581 million was authorized for
sewer systems in fiscal year 1968. We
appropriated $296 million. A total of $836
million was authorized for fiscal year
1969. We appropriated $303 million. Our
appropriations were more than $800 mil-
lion below the amoint authorized. In the
meantime our towns and cities are un-
der legal orders to construct sewage
treatment systems. It is no wonder that
they sometimes fa:1 to comply.
There has been some justification for
the failure to appropriate the ameunts
of money that have been authorized. The
demands of the Viesnamese conflict have
hampered progress in this area as it has
in so many others. And until there is a
lessening of the conflict, there will con-
tinue to be a shortage of funds. This
shortage has forced us to look for other
means to meet our pollution problems.
First, this bill is designed to make the
limited funds that are available go as far
as possible. By shifting from an individ-
ual grant approach, one in which the
total Federal sum is given to each proj-
ect, to a capital :financing approach,
available funds can be used to start many
more projects. The capital financing ap-
proach is one hi which the Federal Gov-
errunent enters a 3t-year contract with
a town or city that has an approved con-
struction project. The Federal Govern-
ment pays its share of the costs, as much
as 55 percent, over a 30-year period rath-
er than in one lump sum, The Federal
Government pays both for the principal
and the interest costs associated with the
bonds issued by the town or city for the
Federal portion.
This is a key provision of this bill; it
will allow us to start on many more water
pollution control projects than we are at
present. It eliminates a major bottleneck
in the search for clean waters.
Second, this bill establishes_ controls
for the critical problem of oil pollution.
No American needs to be reminded of
the threat that oil poses to our ocean
beaches, our harbors and our rivers. The
Torrey Canyon, the Ocean Eagle that
spilled oil on the beaches of San Juan in
Puerto Rico, the Hess oil barge at Reho-
both, Del., the catastrophe in the Santa
Barbara Channel, the 1,000 oil spills that
the U.S. Navy is responsible for each
year, and the thousands of oil spills from
industrial operations on our rivers and
harbors must be controlled if we are to
restore the quality of our waters.
The oil spillage provisions of this bill
were drafted before the major Santa
Barbara incident. There is no question
that the committee hearings may cause
us to revise these provisions to more
adequately meet this threat.
Third, this bill deals with the problem
of thermal pollution. Thermal pollution
is a new threat, a threat rising from the
growth in the number of nuclear power
plants that are now being constructed
around the country. Nuclear power plants
operate in a manner that releases much
more heat than the conventional power-
plant. This heat must be distributed, and
it is usually done with cooling waters.
The cooling waters become a problem,
however, because the heat reduces the
capacity of the water to handle other
pollution. Plants must be designed to
either store the cooling waters until the
heat is lost into the atmosphere or to use
cooling towers to dissipate the heat.
This bill requires that any Federal
agency responsible for licensing of in-
stallations insure that the installation'
will not be a source of water pollution.
The Atomic Energy Commission licenses
each nuclear power plant; pollution con-
trol will be a part of its licensing func-
tion under this legislation.
Fourth, this bill addresses the ques-
tion of avid mine drainage from mining
operations. Waters draining from aban-
doned mine shafts are so acidic that they
destroy any animal life in the streams
and rivers they enter. Techniques must
be found to control this source of dam-
age. This bill provides assistance in
meeting this problem.
Fifth, this bill eliminates a provision
in the current bill that would deprive
some States Of Federal funds to which
they are entitled. A prepayment clause
in the present bill says that States which
start projects approved by the Federal
Government but for which funds are not
available at the time can be paid for
these projects at a future date, should
these funds become available. This pay-
ment clause expires on June 30, 1971.
This provision will discriminate
against those States which have begun
work on water pollution control projects
In good faith. They will lose considerable
sums of money should this clause expire.
My bill removes that expiration date.
This is important to New York State,
where a considerable number of projects
have been started with some expecta-
tion that Federal assistance would be
available at a later date.
Sixth, and perhaps of most signifi-
cance, is a new provision bringing lat-
eral sewers under the control of the Fed-
eral Water Pollution Control Adminis-
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at least, these people have a God-given right
to pursue their freedom.
Lastly, it will be necessary for the State
Department to distinguish between 'involve-
ment" and "intervention." It is true that the
United States cannot spread itself thinly and
risk its own national security by intervening
in all of the world's disputes as an interna-
tional policeman. Nobody has suggested this
In the case of Biafra. It would be equally
dangerous, in this small world of today, how-
ever, to ignore confict like the one in west-
ern Africa because there, as in the Middle
East and in Southeast Asia, the communists
are pursuing a policy of colonization which
is part of their overall plan of world con-
quest. At long last, we have learned of the
necessity to become "involved" in the Middle
East crisis. We have shipped arms to the
Israelis to counterract the massive Soviet
military subsidy of the Arab nations. In the
Middle East, we have also learned the art of
"involvement" without the kind of "inter-
vention" which has cost us the lives of 80,000
American boys in Vietnam and Korea. If the
Soviet drive in western Africa is to be
stopped, if Moscow is to be denied control of
that area's rich oil deposits which are essen-
tial to the security of the NATO nations, and
if the Soviet Union is to be blocked in its
campaign to acquire a seaport on the Atlan-
tic Ocean (Lagos) , it will require a consider-
able amount of U.S. "involvement" in the Ni-
gerian-Biafran struggle. Such "involvement"
now will preclude the necessity of "interven-
tion" later,
THE IMPORTANCE OF
CONSERVATION
HON. SILVIO 0. CONTE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 19, 1969
Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, one of my
constituents, Wescott E. S. Moulton, of
Williston Academy, Easthampton, dis-
cussed the importance of conservation
and the very serious problems our indus-
trial society has created for our natural
environment. Because of the importance
of this subject, I place this speech in the
RECORD:
WILLISTON ACADEMY CHAPEL,
February 1, 1969.
My text this morning is taken from various
parts of the Bible.
Genesis, Chapter 1, Verse 1: "In the be-
ginning God created the heaven and the
earth." 115th Psalm, Verse 16: "The heaven,
even the heavens, are the Lord's: but the
earth hath he given to the children of men."
In September 1870, on the banks of the
Yellowstone River in Wyoming, an exploring
party of 19 men sat around their campfire
discussing what should be done with this
unbelievable country they had been travel-
ing through. Some wanted to stake personal
claims for their own advantage, but Cornelius
Hodges, a judge in Montana Territory, pro-
posed the idea that Yellowstone's unique
natural, spectacular beauty not be owned
by a few individuals. He said, "I feel it should
be a national park."
Thus a wonderful new concept was
given its birth. The other men present on
that historic night were persuaded and each
promised to urge the proposal as vigorously
as they could. These men kept their word
and such was their prominence, their energy,
and their followthrough that Congress two
years later, in 1872, established Yellowstone
as the first national park in the world.
The idea grew and prospered?You know
their names: Sequoia (1890), Yosemite
(1890), Crater Lake (1902), Grand Canyon
(1919), The Everglades (1947), and Many
others all over the country even in Alaska
and Hawaii.
If ever you have camped and visited such
places as the Petrified Forest, White Moun-
tain National Park, hiked the Appalachian
Trail (fromfrMaine to Georgia) and other
such wonderful nature centers, you have a
first-hand idea of how much these parks
mean to you and will mean to your children.
If you have been to them recently you
know how overcrowded they are.
The danger and the urgency are great. As
those men planned way back in 1870, on the
banks of the Yellowstone, we not only
should protect these parks, we must ex-
plore new possibilities for the millions of
Americans yet unborn.
I return to the Bible:
Psalm 104, Verse 24: "0 Lord, how mani-
fold Thy works: In wisdom hast Thou made
all: The earth is full of Thy riches.
And Ecclesiastes, Chapter 1, Verse 4: "One
generation passeth away, and another gen-
eration cometh: But the earth abideth for
ever."
But does it? Listen to these words.
The speed in which our world is being
altered is incredible.
Forests are taken down, hillsides eroded
and bulldozed. Waters filled in, and air and
water polluted.
The hidden danger, the mistaken assump-
tion is that Man is the Master of Nature.
If we so alter our environment eradicate
that so it of ingredients we need for life,
then we will surely pass the way of other
life forms that have become extinct.
Man needs oxygen to live.
It wasn't until green plants and certain
ocean plankton had evolved that the natural
process was begun by which oxygen is main-
tained in the atmosphere. This life-giving
process is called photosynthesis.
In the United States alone, oxygen-pro-
ducing greenery is being paved over at a
rate of one million acres per year.
The oceans have become the dumping
ground for as many as a half million sub-
stances, few of which are tested to see if the
plankton vie need can survive them.
New factories, new automobiles, new
homes, and new Jet airplanes have incred-
ibly increased the rate at which combustion
takes place which results in oxygen being
used and replaced in our atmosphere by car-
bon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
When and iS we reach the point where
the rate of combustion exceeds the rate of
photosynthesis, the oxygen content of the at-
mosphere will decrease. Indeed there is evi-
dence that it may already have begun to de-
cline around our largest cities.
U.S. and Russian meteorologists agree that
air pollution is already causing colder win-
ters.
Recently, deposits of D.D.T. have been
found in human beings all over the world.
Its extreme danger is -that its residue lasts
longer and is more deadly than scientists
had previously held.
The evidence has become overwhelming
that effective pesticides of much lower gen-
eral toxicity are now available and that the
use of D.D.T. should be outlawed.
No one in the world knows, when we aim
at a particular pest, which other organism
may be eliminated by a ricochet.
If some pesticide, herbicide or defoliant
should by inadvertence kill too many of the
nitrogen-living organisms?those organisms
that enable living things to make use of the
nitrogen in the atmosphere?then life on
Earth could end.
It is that simple. It is that dependent. It
is that fragile.
What can you as an individual do about all
this?
You can write your Congressmen. The most
effective way to present your view and. con-
cern is to write your Senators and Congress-
men in your own words by personal letter.
A couple of weeks ago, our teacher, The
Reverend Douglas L. Graham, because he
was concerned about the nomination of
Alaskan Governor Walter J. Hickel to be
Secretary of the Interior, wrote to Massa-
chusetts Senator Eward W. Brooke about his
concern.
Mr. Graham received a four-page letter in
reply.
You, too, can make known your ideas and
each one will be counted.
Ecclesiastes, Chapter 5, Verse 9: "More-
over the profit of the earth is for all: The
King himself is served by the field."
Here is one urgent example where you can
test your importance, influence, and follow-
through.
The Everglades National Park in Florida
was established in 1947. Now it is facing ex-
tinction. Here is 11/2 million acres of the
largest sub-tropical wilderness in the U.S.,
with a tremendous variety of plant, animal
and bird life.
The Everglades needs water if it is not to
become a dump.
It took thousands of years to create the
Everglades. Now men have the ability, the
machines, and the will to destroy it quickly.
The draining of land for buildings and now
the proposed new Jetport in Florida could
kill this wonderful recreation area.
The Lord gave us this world, but what we
do with it is up to us.
If the Bible teaches us anything, it points
the way to keep ourselves and our world
livable.
Let us pray?
Oh Lord, give
future.
Give us the
follow-through
Ideas known to
And help us
ours.
In Thy Name we ask it?Amen.
us the wisdom to plan for the
will, the courage and the
to make our constructive
the leaders of our country.
to preserve your world and
THE GREATER SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE "PUEBLO" CASE
HON. LOUIS C. WYMAN
OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 19, 1969
Mr. WYMAN. Mr. Speaker, the awe-
some scope of the problems involved in
the Pueblo case is sharply presented by
Herbert W. Armstrong writing in "The
Plain Truth Issue" of January 1969. I
commend the reading of this article to
the thoughtful review of Members of
Congress and others who are deeply con-
cerned to assure nonrepetition of such
disastrous incidents in the future:
WHAT PRICE HONOR?
(By Herbert W. Armstrong)
Of course we all rejoice that the crewmen
of the U.S.C. Pueblo are back home safe?
even if not as sound as they might have been
had they not been subjected to almost un-
believable beatings and inhuman torture.
But many are overlooking the other side of
the coin. I'm not a military man. I person-
ally do place the value of human life far
ahead of the value of materiel ships, and
military equipment. I did not vote to make
the United States a military power. But it
Is a military power?in a world of military
powers. And as such it must conduct itself as
military powers are conducted?or lose face,
lose honor?and, in the end, lose all free-
dom!
And this poses some serious questions:
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks February 20, 1969
To what depths of disgrace is the most
powerful nation in the world willing to stoop?
The United States stood disgraced before the
,world when it allowed the U.S.S. Pueblo to
be captured, or to be in such position that
it could be taken.
WHAT SHOULD HAVE SEEN DONE
To maintain honor and prestige in the
world the U.S. Navy should have: (1) either
protected the Pueblo so that it coUld not
have been taken, or (2) sent superiol naval
forces immediately after it and taken t back
at any cost?even to obliterating all North
Korean naval forces. This nation had the
power to do it. But that power is not worth
much when held in disrespect and cord erapt
by even little nations.
The manner of release of the Puebla erew-
peen after 11 months of torture and into iman
treatment was one of the most disgraceful
and bizarre diplomatic episodes in the his-
tory of international affairs. Orientals would
die before they would lose face.
If they knew the truth, no nation need
ever go to war. But they do not knoW. And
they do go to war. If America is goleing to
be part of such a world, participating in its
ways and its wars, it cannot continue to
endure as a free country if it is willing to
Cringe and crawl before little pip-squeek na-
tions like North Korea. De we not stippose
North Vietnam, the Kremlin, and the Chi-
nese Communists are watching and new are
laughing contemptuously at us?
Yet big, powerful United States, with the
Mightiest military power any natiolt ever
had, has lost all pride in that power. It
eigned a document drafted by North Korea
meekly apologizing for offenses it says em-
phatically it did not commit. It is like sign-
ing an unconditional surrender to a con-
queror in time of war. The very lac that
the United States repudiated the contents of
the document, branding its statements as lies
before signing, dishonors this natiob the
ore.
If this nation has so little honor left that
it publicly confesses to signing officially to
4 lie, it brands itself as a liar! Military men
enlist, or are drafted, as men risking their
lives for the honor and freedom of their
country. When the United States did have
onor, it often lost a hundred times as neatly
Men to win a single battle. Military men
have taught that human lives in certa n in-
stances are more expendable than mflitary
equipment or ships. Repeatedly in past wars
that policy has been acted on.
But now the weak excuse is that they
saved the lives of the men. The men who were
not required to sacrifice their lives, are borne.
But the ship is not. The North Korean$ still
have it.
Had Theodore Roosevelt been President,
the ship would have been rescued imrnfdi-
ately after capture. Authorities today protest
that to have gone in after the ship vec uld
have cost the crewmen their lives. Of ?Curse
we don't want to sacrifice those lives r But
when a U.S. Naval ship was attacked and
captured by an enemy naval force, thai was
an act of war. And right or wrong, thi
tibn has adopted the means of war?or in-
taining and using military force--to pr tect
eta honor, its freedom, and its sovereign y as
a free nation. And to accept military d eat,
when attacked in an act of war, on th ex-
ctise that we were saving the lives oil our
military men, is to surrender in battle r titer
than fight and risk the lives of soldie s, or
sailors. To carry that policy out to its iti-
mate conclusion, in repeated aurrencleils, is
to lose not only honor, but nitimatel all
freedom.
UPHOLDING NATIONAL HONOR I
In previous wars, the United States has
sacrificed hundreds of thousands of liv s in
uniform?for what purpose? Why, offi ials
weuld answer, to protect the Nation's h nor,
and its freedom! No military nation can op-
erate a military force, by accepting defeat ha
an enemy attack, on the excuee we wanted
to save the lives of men who had offered
those lives to protect our honor and our
freedom!
The United States military saved those
lives. We are glad they are home. But at what
cost? First, they are home in obvious mental
and moral exhaustion. They report having
suffered inhuman tortures and beatings, pro-
longed isolation, attempts at brainwashing.
But how many more lives will yet be lost in
future battles because enemies will now be
emboldened by tins display of weakness to
anticipate easy victories over a United States
that is afraid to fight?
Those lives were put on the block when
those men donnee. their uniforms. If men
sacrifice their lives for the honor and free-
dom of their country, then, even at cost of
their lives?the way things are done in this
world?the nation's honor should have been
upheld before the world. It should have been
an example that shouted to the world:
"Don't tread even lightly on U.S. honor?be-
cause any nation who dares to do so will
suffer the consequences." Then we should
have been respected.
I have mentioned before how I was stand-
ing not more than six feet from former Pres-
ident Theodore Roosevelt, during President
Wilson's campaign .for a second term in early
autumn of 1916. President Wilson was run-
ning for re-election on the campaign slogan:
"He kept us out of war."
Mr. Roosevelt repeated the slogan con-
temptuously. Mr. Wilson had been sending
the Kaiser note after note, protesting the
sinking of United States ships by German
submarines.
"I was President for seven-and-a-half
years," said Mr. Roosevelt. "And if I were
President now, I would send the Kaiser just
one note?and he would know that I meant
it! I did send the Kaiser a note when I was
President. A German battleship was steam-
ing toward Manila Bay to take the Pteilip-
pines, then a United States possession. I sent
a note to the Kaiser demanding that he turn
his battleship back immediately! The Kaiser
did not act. Immediately I sent a second
note. But I did not send the second note to
the Kaiser. I sent Jt to Admiral Dewey, in
command of the U.S. Pacific fleet. My note
ordered Dewey to steam full speed upon the
German battleship, fire once over her, and
order her to turn back. 'And if she does not
turn back, sink her!' my note said. The
Kaiser learned that I meant it!"
Yes, the United States had PRIDE in its
power then. Today we have multiple times
that power, but we are afraid to use it.
Not only did this country lose face the
world around by this incident, that disgrace-
ful release was made to look like a heroic
act. What a travesty on honor!
Of course we are glad these men are back
and alive. We would also like to have thou-
sands of others back alive who died in battle
to protect their country's honor and its free-
dom.
Many, many centuries ago, the God of our
fathers promised unconditionally to Abra-
ham the overwhelming national greatness,
wealth and power that has come to the
United States and Britain. In Moses' day it
was promised to the children of Israel of that
day?IP they would be ruled by His laws and
statutes. Otherwise, penalties would follow
naturally for disobedience, and this great
promise would be held back for a duration of
2,520 years. That 2,520 years came to its end
in 1800-1803. Since the promise to Abraham
had been unconditional, God was bound, and
such vast national wealth and greatness as
no nations had ever enjoyed came quickly?
first to the British, then to America.
But if we disobey God's right laws and
reject Rim, once He has kept His promise by
bestowing on us that promise, He foretold
multiplied national punishments, and a com-
plete FALL 01 our nations. Britain already has
been reduced to a third-rate world power.
Among the punishments- was this: "And I
will break the pride of your power" (Lev.
26:19).
This nation has rejected God in its schools
and institutions of learning. Science has re-
jected God (though some scientists as indi-
viduals still profess Him) , and set itself up as
the Messiah to lead us out of our troubles.
Our morals have hit a toboggan slide. Our
homes and family life are breaking down.
Our juveniles are delinquent. A tenth of us
are mental cases. We are rapidly becoming a
nation with crime running rampant. Our
people are taking to stirntilants, depressants,
drugs, narcotics, In alarming proportions.
Respect for law and order is breaking clown?
and, though we don't seem to know it, our
Nation is breaking down!
And here is another example: God has kept
His word?He has broken the pride of our
power!
HUNGER IN AMERICA
HON. ROBERT 0. TIERNAN
OF RHODE ISLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, February 19, 1969
Mr. TIERNAN. Mr. Speaker, following
Is the fourth installment of the current
series of "Hunger in America" which is
running in the New York Times:
HUNGER IN AMERICA: MEXICANS AND INDIANS
/TS STOICAL VICTIMS
(By Homer Bigart)
SAN ANTONIO, TEX.?Tacked on the wall of
the inner City Apostolate were four new slips
from hungry Mexican-American families
for food.
The Rev. Ralph H. Ruiz, who runs the
mission for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese
of San Antonio, glanced at the slips and ex-
claimed angrily: "The whole welfare system
in Texas stinks."
The mission is on the fringe of Alazan-
Apache Courts, the city's oldest public hous-
ing project, where some 6,000 Mexican-
Americans live in wretched poverty and fre-
quent hunger. Of all the nation's ethnic
groups?white, black, brown or red?the
"Mexicanos" are suspected by nutritionists
of being most vulnerable to hunger.
For although there are nearly five million
of them scattered through the Southwest, the
Mexican-Americans have generally been un-
demonstrative about their misery, complain-
ing so seldom of empty stomachs that the
"Anglos" (the non-Mexican whites) give
them scant attention. "Brown Power" has not
yet taken to the streets of San Antonio.
Hungrier even than the Mexican-Ameri-
cans, but less obtrusive because they are
smaller in number and confined mainly to
isolated wastelands, are the reservation In-
dians. Of the more than 300,000 Indians liv-
ing on reservations by far the largest tribe
is the Navajo of northeastern Arizona. Alto-
gether, 115,000 Navajos exist on an arid
plateau bigger than the whole state of West
Virginia.
THE LAST FRONTIER
The western half of this remote region, the
state's last frontier, was not opened up by
roads until about 13 years ago. Even today
there are Navajos who live 50 miles from the
nearest improved road. Last year 20 infants
were brought in dead at medical stations, ac-
cording to Dr. George E. Bock, the United
States Public Health Service medical director,
and 18 of those deaths were attributable to
delay in reaching medical aid.
At Tuba City, administrative center for
the western half of the reservation, Dr. Jean
Van Duzen, chief of pediatrics at the Indian
Hospital, reported 27 cases of marasmus
(calory starvation) and 17 cases of kwa-
shiorkor (extreme protein deficiency) among
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H 1122 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HU r eoruary 20, 1969
would never travel by bus. Higher air
travel rates would force the student
group to the private automobile. Student
highway casualty rates would multiply.
The 6 million student travelers in 1968
filled seats that would otherwise have
been vacant.
The benefits of reduced air travel fares
should be extended to the elderly on a
standby, or seat-available basis. Most
elderly citizens living on retirement in-
come cannot afford to travel at regular
rates.
Several years ago, the commercial air
carriers imposed a penalty on travelers
who canceled air travel plans without
ample notice. Such penalties do not now
exist and today the airlines suffer great
expense because of passengers who either
make multiple reservations or do not
show at all.
The standby traveler who uses airline
carrier space on a space-available basis
fills a seat which would be otherwise va-
cant. He takes his chances on travel. He
travels at times of low travel density.
The reduced standby travel rate pro-
motes more efficient use of the airlines
which today operate half-vacant air-
craft much of the time. The revenue pas-
senger miles are less than one-half of
the available seat-miles.
The elimination of reduced standby
fares will only create more vacant seats
in aircraft which at present have twice
as many seats as there are passengers.
The reduced fare schedule for standby
passengers is good for the airlines and
good for the general public.
THE "PUEBLO"
(Mr. GROSS as.Vcr arrinwas given per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include a
letter.)
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I have a
letter from a good friend?an ordinary
everyday citizen?who expresses discern-
ingly and well his sentiments concerning
the tragic and sordid case involving the
Pueblo and her crew.
I am sure he bespeaks the sentiments
of many, many Americans who find this
whole affair incredible and who demand
that never again will honorable citizens
of the United States, military or civilian,
be abandoned to a fate which in some
respects is worse than death.
The letter follows:
As I read in the newspaper the proceedings
of the Navy court of inquiry into the affair of
the Pueblo, I feel a deep sense of resentment
about the treatment of the officers and men
of that ill-fated ship, not only at the hands
of the North Koreans but at the hands of
their own Government. A sense of shame
sweeps over me as I become ever more deeply
aware of how these poor souls were allowed
to slip away into an environment of Commu-
nist torture and hopelessness by the same
Government that once nurtured the face of
John Paul Jones, and:that is today acknowl-
edged as the most powerful in the world.
Why do we persist in publicizing the
Navy's exhaustive cross-examination of the
Pueblo crew? All we are doing is exposing
the weaknesses of our Government, the ti-
midity of our leaders, the pathetic rational-
izations of our patent inability to react to a
real threat, our obvious unpreparedness, OUT
failure to recognize that the chain of our
world-wide defenses is no stronger than its
weakest link. Certainly, the examinations
taking place at Coronado, California, do not
reflect on the men of the Pueblo except to
show their status as sacrifices offered up to
the Red enemy in favor of "not rocking the
boat" or not creating a more serious crisis
which might call for firm and truly American
action.
Just what are we afraid of? And if we are
so afraid of the possible consequences of
fast and forceful action on our part, why is
it that little nations like North Korea are
not similarly afraid? Just how can we ex-
pect our military men to carry on in unsel-
fish and dedicated performance of their du-
ties when incidents like the Pueblo demon-
strate no real intention to back them up
and to move heaven and earth, if need be,
In the process. These men of the Pueblo were
not cloak and dagger types, operating covert-
ly behind enemy lines. They were not of
the sort who, if captured, must never be
acknowledged. They were military men, uni-
formed personnel, performing their mission
(even if one of intelligence) in an overt
manner. They should have been able to ob-
tain a response to their call for help from
any U.S. military capability within range,
immediately and without question. The plain
truth of the matter is that they were aban-
doned by their own, shamefully abandoned,
and this travesty is still being pursued
through the .medium of a public court of
Inquiry.
I wonder and so does many another Ameri-
can what this court of inquiry hopes to
prove? So far it proves nothing except ab-
ject failure on the part of our civilian and
military leadership to deal courageously with
a bunch of bandits in North Korea. And in
the process it demonstrates beyond belief the
failure of our Government to plan in depth
an efficient intelligence operation and to
effectively protect the interests of the United
States abroad.
Hail to the men of the Pueblo! I honor
them for enduring their trial of fire?I sym-
pathize with them for what they are going
through now?I hope no other Americans
will ever have to share their experience?I
hope no other American will ever have to
feel so alone, so left to his own devices by a
country he was born and bred to trust and
love and expect great things of.
APPOINTMENT AS MEMBERS OF U.S.
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION ME-
MORIAL COMMISSION
The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro-
visions of section 1, Public Resolution
32, 73d Congress, the Chair appoints as
members of the U.S. Territorial Expan-
sion Memorial Commission the follow-
ing Members on the part of the House:
Mr. HAYS, Mrs. SULLIVAN, and Mr. CAMP.
APPOINTMENT AS MEMBERS OF
THE LEWIS AND CLARK TRAIL
COMMISSION
The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro-
visions of section 3(b), Public Law
88-630, the Chair appoints as members of
the Lewis and Clark Trail Commission
the following Members on the part of
the House: Mr. HUNGATE, Mr. REUSS, Mr.
BERRY, and Mr. CUNNINGHAM.
APPOINTMENT AS MEMBERS OF
COMMISSION TO STUDY MORT-
GAGE INTEREST RATES
The SPEAKER. Pursuant to the pro-
visions of section 4(b), Public Law 90-
301, the Chair appoints as members of
the Commission To Study Mortgage
Interest Rates and the Availability of
Mortgage Credit at a Reasonable Cost to
the Consumer the following Members on
the part of the House: Mrs. SULLIVAN and
Mr. BROCK.
COMMUNICATION FROM THE CLERK
OF THE HOUSE
The SPEAKER laid before the House
the following communication from the
Clerk of the House of Representatives:
The Honorable the SPEAKER,
U.S. House of Representatives.
DEAR Sin: I have the honor to transmit
herewith a sealed envelope addressed to the
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
said to contain a message from the President
wherein he transmits a special study regard-
ing the administration of the Headstart pro-
gram. This envelope was received in the
Office of the Clerk at 3:55 p.m. on Wednes-
day, February 19, 1969.
Sincerely,
PAT JENNINGS,
Clerk.
SPECIAL STUDY OF HEADSTART
PROGRAM, OFFICE OF ECONOMIC
OPPORTUNITY?MESSAGE FROM
THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES (H. DOC. NO. 91-75)
The SPEAKER laid before the House
the following message from the Presi-
dent of the United States, which was
read and, together with the accompany-
ing papers, referred to the Committee
on Education and Labor and ordered to
be printed:
To the Congress of the United States:
Section 309 of the Vocational Educa-
tion Amendments of 1968 directed the
President to make a special study of
whether responsibility for administering
the Head Start program should be left
with the Office of Economic Opportunity,
or whether it should be delegated or
transferred to another agency. Congress
asked that a report of this study be sub-
mitted by March 1, 1969.
I am submitting the report herewith.
This report has been prepared in con-
sultation with the heads of the Executive
departments and agencies concerned.
The study concludes that Head Start
should be delegated to the Department
of Health, Education and Welfare. It
leaves for later determination the ques-
tion of whether the program should
eventually be transferred. As I have in-
dicated in a message to Congress today,
I will present a set of recommendations
before the end of the current fiscal year
on a permanent status and organiza-
tional structure for the Office of Eco-
nomic Opportunity. At that time, I will
make a recommendation on whether
Head Start should be transferred, or
whether it should remain a delegated
program.
Section 308 of the same Vocational
Education Amendments of 1968 directed
the Commissioner of Education to make
a special study of the means by which
the existing Job Corps facilities and pro-
grams might, if determined feasible, be
transferred to State or joint Federal-
state operation. The Commissioner was
directed to report his findings to Con-
gress by March 1, 1969.
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February 20 NCi-KESS.R_NAI: RECORD ? HOUSE 111121
before World War n, so the Pentagon e,x-
perts do not really know whether it can be
done or not.
The history of the 1947-48 effort to do
aWay with the draft tends to support the
President's theory. You get that story in
the accompanying article, on the next Page.
ENLISTMENT UNDER PRESSURE
What is known for sure, as a result of
elaborate manpower studies by the Pen a-
goi in the past two years, is this:
he hot breath of today's draft amanita
for a large share of the manpower nova in
uniform. Many more youths are prodded into
vo unteering by the threat of the draft th in
are actually drafted into the service.
'the most recent Pentagon study snows
th t 38 per cent of the enlistees in all serv-
icea would not have volunteered without
the pressure of the draft?including 43 per
cent of all Army volunteers, 23 per cent of
the Navy volunteers, 43 per cent of the Air
Force and 30 per cent of all Marines. In the
Wilber corps, the comparable figure is 41 per
cent.
Draftees actually comprise oily 20 te 26
per cent of the Army's strength. There are
no ldraftees in the Air Force or Navy, only a
fevr in the Marine Corps from time to time.
So the basic problem in ending the draft is
to find another way to keep volunteering
high.
HOW 1V/ITCH MORE PAY:.
An increase in military pay, the Pentagon
studies conclude, may not be enough, by it-
self, to replete the spur of The draft. yet
better pay is at the top of the list of possIble
incentives. The big question is how large pay
raises must be to lure the needed recruits add
re-aniistrnents.
To maintain a force of 2.6 million meal fit
l963, the service required an "input"
abo t 800,000 men during that year, cou
ingl inductions, enlistments and re-enl
me
What it would take to raise that numher
of Volunteers each year without a draft, the
manpower experts say, will dcaoend on the
state of the nation's economy -just holy
har4 it is to get a good job in civilian life.
Depending on the unemployment rate,
Pentagon estimates show that added mili-
taryspayroll coats would range from 4 to Ht
billian dollars a year.
Ir a year when unemployment reached it
per pent?compared with the current 3.3 per
cent?the most likely minimum cost is given
as about 8 billions. Other studies carry more
optirnistic price tags of from 5 tO 7 billions
yearly.
Bait a vital point, Military experts note, is
that, even outlays such as the would not
guarantee an adequate supply Of the better-
eduaiated manpower needed by a force of 2.6
million men in this era of sophisticated war-
fare.
In, particular, they stress, itwould be cum.
cult to induce 3,000 or more paw icians an-
nual)y?nearly 50 per cent of th,C)be graduat-
ing I from medical schools each year?to
volunteer for military service through itt-1
armlet' pay alone.
'117 same problem is likely to be met, tie
auth rities add, in the case of computer prt
grammers, intelligence analysts, missile r -
pairmen and electronic technicians. Any vo
unteer plan that is adopted is thus expectd
to allow forcontinued drafting of physicia
and certain other highly skilled people.
Harold Wool, a top manpower official in
the Pentagon for nearly 20 years, gives h s
view I as follows, in a just-published boo
"The , Military Specialist":
"Exclusive reliance upon wage incentives
as a inea,ns or tncreasing the supply of high
qualilied volunteers would prove very costly.
and probably impracticable, in. a high-
ployment economy."
No halfway system of incentives will wor ,
either, in Mr. Wool's judgment. He puts t
this Way:
"A comprehensive voluntary recruitment
effort must encompass the whole range of
living and working conditions which shape
the image of military service. . . . It is un-
likely that any partial program that does
not substantially alter the image of mili-
tary service can hope to succeed."
Besides higher pay, Mr. Wool sees the need
for "better use of individual Allis and
abilities; opportunities for upward mobility
from enlisted to officer ranks; improved hous-
ing; and Increased emphasis On Measures to
enhance the status of military personnel" in
the American society.
AN ALL-EL ACK FORCE?
Would all-out efforts to lure _volunteers
turn the armed forces tnto mercenaries, most-
ly black? This has been suggested by some
authorities.
However, a Pentagon study indicates that
an all-black military aorce Wziot o_real pos-
sibility. There are not enough Negroes in the
U.S., according to this-Study, to fill up the
armed forces, even ie every qualified Negro
enlisted.
Of the 200,000 inale Negroes who turn 18
each year, the aliglifily more than half qualify
i
for e arnae forces under present stand-
ards. If all t alifying Negroes volunteered
and stayed in, service for six years, their num-
bers then yr uld account for only about one
quarter of ? armed fcrce of 2,6 million men.
On the .- .er hand, if nearly all Negroes
concentra in the Army, and that branch
were fixed t a size cf 1 million men, Ne-
groes woul soon comprise more than half
of all U.S. ?idlers, under the assumptions
stated abov
As a eta in efforts to reduce reliance on
the draft, D ense Secretary Melvin It. Laird
announced bruary 4 he will seek "major
revisions" in Unary pay to stimulate vol-
unteers.
- CON TONAL HEARINGS
Changes in e way the draft _operates,
even if on a at. dby basis, also are in the
wind. Chairman . Mendel Rivers (Dem.),
of South Carolina, f the House Armed Serv-
ices Committee, se ? :February 10 that his
Committee willhold earings this-spring and
reopen the draft la to congressional re-
view, to Include possi ly a lottery selection
system.
With firm White H se backing, and a
growing mood for draft ?ges in Congress,
a trial of the "volunteer rmy" idea is con-
sidered certain. But its timing depends on
events in Vietnam and Ale need :or U.S.
forces elsewhere.
THE LAST alma THE UNITED ST#ESTRIERTO XXVI'
ON VOLTJ VTEMAS
The U.S. sought to get atong without a
military draft soon after Wor d War II ended
In 1945. The effort was Hinit , and it failed.
Late 1945 and all of 1046 was a time of
chaotic demobilization for th armed forces.
They dropped from 12 million-men tO 2 mil-
lion by the end of 1946. The elraft went on,
but calls were low, with none at all called
in several months.
On March 3, 1947, President Truman told
Congress the armed forces were dotan near
the level of 1,641,000 that was the goal for
the year starting July 1, 1947. _
"The only assured MeallS of maintaining
the Army and Navy at their required
strengths . . . is through resort to Selective
Service," the Preaident said, but added:
"I have decided however . .. with the ear-
nest desire Of placing our Army and Navy on
an entirely volunteer basis at the earliest
possible moment, that I should not recom-
mend an extension of the Selective Service
and Training Act at this time."
As a result the draft law, which 4prpireci
on March 51, 1947, WRE not renewed. The
Selective Service System was abolished, its
records put in storage.
The armed farces laaanched a recruiting
campaign. The Pentagon got special au-
thorny to hire civilians to replace enlisted
men.
With no draft, however, volunteering
lagged. The civilian economy was booming.
Jobs were plentiful. Many people, including
high officials, thought atomic weapons had
made soldiers obsolete, with no future. And
there was no pay raise for the military, de-
spite much talk about changes to make serv-
ice careers more attractive.
By January, 1948, the armed forces had
dwindled to 1.4 million men-15 per cent
below the authorized levels, which President
Truman had described as "absolute require-
ments" for "reasonable assurance of secu-
rity."
In March, 1948, Mr. Truman told Congress
this:
"I believe that we have learned the im-
portance of maintaining military strength as
a means of preventing war. We have found
that a sound military system is necessary in
time of peace if we are to remain at
peace. . . . We have paid a terrible price for
unpreparedness."
The President recommended a system of
universal military training, obligating youths
'to serve at age 18 for 12 months, followed by
a period in the reserves. A renewed draft was
urged for those already past 18.
Congress rejected unlVersal service but re-
newed the draft. Volunteering picked up im-
mediately. First draft calls for the period
from November, 1948, through January, 1949,
were cut back, and only 35,000 were inducted.
From mid-January, 1949, through June,
1950, no one was drafted. But the machinery
kept going. Youths were registered, classified,
deferred, "kept on the hook" through all of
this year and a half of "standby draft."
Then came the Korean War, which ended
the draft lull and talk of an all-volunteer
military system.
In 1951, Congress even adopted the name,
though not the substance, of a universal
military training law. It set up the draft sys-
tem still in use today--and under increasing
attack is outmoded after 18 years and the
onset of new conditions.
REDUCED AIR FARES
(Mr. VANIK asked and was given Per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. VAN1K. Mr. Speaker, I am today
joining my distinguished colleague from
New York (Mr. SOMMER) in efforts to
amend the Federal Aviation Act to au-
thorize the Civil Aeronautics Board to
continue youth fare reductions on com-
mercial aircraft for students under 22
years of age and military Personnel. In
addition, this legislation authorizes the
Civil Aeronautics Board to extend re-
duced fares to retired senior citizens.
The current policy of reduced youth
fares and military fares are under attack
in the Federal courts as discriminatory
to the general traveler_ This litigation is
fostered by interstate bus operators who
complain about the shift of passengers
from bus to air transport. Some of the
major air carriers also seek a termina-
tion of these reduced rates which have
filled otherwise vacant seats on commer-
cial aircraft.
The low-paid serviceman is entitled to
ride commercial aircraft at reduced
rates--otherwise a 4-day pass would be
meaningless. The morale at the soldier
Is best fortified by a visit to his home.
Reduced air fares for students have
served to divert millions of students from
the highways to the airplane. They
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February 19, E 1143
Against a muted background of traffic
horns echoing outside on Chase Manhattan
Plaza, Rockefeller, a PhD. in economics from
the University of Chicago, folded his six feet
of height onto a sofa and replied to questions.
Q. Do you think there is likely to be an-
other dollar crisis this year?
A. Well, I must say I don't think you can
rule it out as it passibility. But I think that
the position of the dollar is a great deal
stronger than it was six months ago. There's
no question about that.
Whereas nine months ago there was a real
crisis of confidence in the dollar around the
world, I think the combination of our tax
bill and the troubles in France served to
change that very dramatically.
The result is that today the dollar is very
much in demand, and of course there's a
tremendous flow of long term investment into
this country.
Q. But do you feel, sir, that we have our
house in order, on our domestic economy?
A. No. I think we've taken the first steps.
I think that the new team in the Treasury
is absolutely first rate.
Q. Of course we have a Chicago man in
Treasury Secretary David Kennedy.
A. lie was a candidate of mine. But to
answer your question: Have we put our house
in order? We have not yet dealt with infla-
tion. And although our balance of payments
appears superficially to be much improved,
we haven't yet dealt with the most funda-
mental aspect which is our trade balance,
which has continued to decline.
So until we get our inflation down to a
very minimum, manageable amount?which
I would hope would be under 2 percent, and
until we improve our trade balance (what
is called the current account), I don't think
we can feel comfortable about our situation.
TAX AND suarAx
Q. Regarding the inflation, are you sug-
gesting that the 10 percent surtax should go
on for at least into the next fiscal year?
A. In effect, yes. It's very hard for me to
see how the situation could change suffi-
ciently between now and the middle of the
year to justify removing the surtax.
Q. What about agitation in Congress to
Increase the tax burden on upper-bracket
incomes?
A. Well, certainly from a political point of
view, it is appealing. But the importance
from a revenue point of view of the (federal)
income that could be derived if you took 100
percent of the highest brackets would be
minimal.
It really would be insignificant . . it has
political appeal, but from a purely tax point
of view, I don't think it's that important.
Q. This might be an indiscreet question.
Of 'course there are no indiscreet questions,
only indiscreet answers. But what about the
agitation regarding the oil depletion allow-
ance and the tax setup for oil income?
A. Well, that's quite different. There, the
tax that could be derived would perhaps be
more significant, although I honestly don't
know exactly what it would mean.
I think that there it is a question of what
one thinks is good policy in terms of the de-
velopments of our petroleum resources.
If we don't think it's important to main-
tain our known reserves of oil, why, then, a
very easy way to eliminate those reserves is
to eliminate the depletion amount. If we do
think it's important to. maintain them, then
depletion (allowance) is naturally the essen-
tial thing,
SPACE BUDGET
Q. Would you stretch out?that is, slow
down?spending in the space budget, for
example?
A. I would be inclined to look at that area
pretty hard. And I think probably some of
the highway programs?again they could be
stretched out. They're certainly important,
but probably less urgent than some others.
I'm sure a lot could be done in the field
of agricultural price supports. Economically,
this would certainly be desirable. Whether
it's politically possible is another question.
Q. How do you weigh the priorities of full
employment and inflation?
A. At the present time we have over-em-
ployment in many respects, particularly in
the skilled trades. There's a real shortage of
people?we feel that in the bank. We have
hundreds of unfilled requisitions for people.
Q. What does that mean in bank terms?
economists?
A. No, just typists, computer operators,
and so forth.
I think that an easing up of the economy
would take the pressure off the employment
market, and I think we're going to see some
Increase in unemployment as we measure it.
My guess is that when the figure gets below
4 percent (it has ranged around 3.3 percent
lately) , that the pressures of inflation are
apt to be very great.
But that is not to say that we shouldn't
continue to work with that portion of the
population which is unemployed and which,
for all intents and purposes, now are unem-
ployable.
JOB TURNOVER
Q. You are speaking of Negroes, hard-
core . . .?
A. Yes. Essentially the groups with the
largest percentage of unemployment are peo-
ple under 25, Negro, and in the large cities.
And I think we should do a lot of work
with them and bring them into the labor
force. But this is something entirely apart
from monetary and fiscal policy.
Q. I'm trying to think concretely. Who are
going to be the unemployed when you go up
a couple of percentage points to over 4 per-
cent? Who will they be if you're having suc-
cess, hopefully, bringing these hard-core
people in?
A. I suppose what it means is that there's
a little bit more time between jobs, that kind
of thing . . . that the turnover period is not
quite as rapid as it is now.
Q. Are you saying that this is such a big
economy that there is room for a few rough
edges in that machinery?
A. Right. I'm afraid we had three years of
considerable inflation, and I'm afraid that
it's not possible to eliminate that, without
some price.
And the price means the slowing down of
the rate of growth of the economy, and some
moderate increase on a temporary basis in
the percentage of unemployment.
Q. Do you think Federal spending on prob-
lems of the cities ad poverty must be in-
creased, despite anti-inflation priorities to
hold down the Federal budget?
A. I'm certainly very much in favor of care-
fully developed and selected programs in
terms of job training, education and aid to
construction of housing for the lower income
groups.
These are the three areas that particularly
need help. But I don't think we can afford
unlimited expenditure.
Q. Would you include on that list tax relief
for businesses that are doing a lot in a train-
ing way or are building special plants in the
inner city locations?
A. I think there are instances where tax
abatement can be a useful tool. Obviously
one has to use it sparingly, or else you lose
your source of revenue.
DEFENSE BUDGET
Q. How do you feel about the defense
budget?
A. Of course, hopefully, the war in Viet-
nam will come to an end, and this should
bring some significant relief.
But I'm afraid we can't look for drastic
cutbacks in the general defense budget at the
present time. I'm afraid that the action of
the Soviets in Czechoslovakia and the Middle
East and the Mediterranean and elsewhere
is an indication that we're not yet at the
?
point where we can look for a major cutback.
Q. How do you see the problem of adjust-
ing the economy, when the Vietnam war
budget is phasing out?
A. I don't anticipate that being an acute
problem, or one that would be of long dura-
tion. I think I have seen the figure that it
would involve a readjustment of the labor
force, something on the order of 2 percent.
This is hard on the 2 percent, but this isn't
a sufficiently large number so as to cause
general disruption in the economy. So I think
this need not be a serious thing for us.
Indeed . . . it could be a little bit helpful
in slowing up the pace of the economy and
helping us cut back during the process of
readjustment.
Q. Do you see the gross national product
going up over $1 trillion? (It was $860 bil-
lion for 1968.)
A. Oh, I think it will, in a year or 18
months.
FURTHER IN RE U.S.S. "PUEBLO"
HON. JOHN 0. MARSH, JR.
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 18, 1969
Mr. MARSH. Mr. Speaker, whether
it represents a blunder or embarrass-
ment?or something more or less seri-
ous?the incident of U.S.S. Pueblo, now
under inquiry by the Navy, has troubled
many citizens.
In a column of recent weeks in the New
York Times, James Reston raised the
question of how national blunders and
embarrassments might be evaluated dis-
passionately for the record of history.
Without specific comment, I include
the text of this column, as follows:
COMMANDER BUCHER: WHO WILL INVESTIGATE
THE INVESTIGATORS?
(By James Reston)
The Navy Board of Inquiry in the Pueblo
spy ship case raises some interesting ques-
tions about how we investigate official blund-
ers in the United States.
Obviously, the Navy had to look into the
ships mission, its activities off the North
Korean coast, its inability to destroy the
enemy or itself, and the consequences of its
capture, but was this inquiry conducted by
the right people, at the right time and in
the right manner?
Not only Crndr. Lloyd M. Bucher, the
Pueblo's skipper, is suspect in this tragic inci-
dent, but the Navy and the Defense Depart-
ment are also under suspicion, and the latter
are in effect sitting in judgment -on them-
selves.
BUCHER'S ORDEAL
Commander Bucher and his crew clearly
had to be questioned quickly and in private
on the intelligence aspects of the case while
their memories were still fresh, but why a
public inquiry before Commander Bucher
had regained his composure and under con-
ditions which raise serious doubts about
whether the spirit of due process was being
followed?
The Navy's handling of the pUblic in the
open hearings is also very odd. It concedes
the public's right to know what is going on
in the open part of the board's hearings and
it keeps a transcript of the proceedings, but
it refuses to allow the public transcript to be
published, or permit the reporters in the
open hearings to take down their own tran-
script. Thus a news reporter who knows
shorthand can record the Q and A while an-
other reporter who does not know shorthand
can not.
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RECORD?Extenszons of Remarks February 19, 1969
THE LARGE QI7ESTION
The main question here, however,
it not
about the transcript or even about the Navy.
The Navy Is at least following a tredition
all too often ignored in Other parts of the
Government?that is to say. it does inVesti-
gate error. The question is whether it can
really be objective about its own errors,
whether in thit case it is being fair tto Com-
mander Bucher, and even more important,
whether we have in this country an adequate
system for reaching objective judgments on
major policy blunders much more serious
than the Pueblo case.
There is, of course, the right of investi-
gative review in the Congress, which in many
cases is highly effective, but in some eases is
unavoidably political and subjective. The
President has the power to set up investigat-
ing commissions, as President Kennedy did
after the Cuban Bay of Pigs disaster, but
again there is the problem of the actuaed
passing judgment on himself.
The British have more effective instru-
ments for dealing with this sort of thing.
Being older and therefore knowing More
about human weakness, political cutting,
and the slippery slopes Of truth, thy have
created the device of the Royal Comnitasion,
which can call upon men and wo n. less
subject to the usual frailties of bition
and suspicion to sit as a Committee Of in-
quiry on the really momentous blunders
that trouble a nation.
The United States has recognized the need
for some such committee of elders to help
us through supreme crises. The Pueblo case
Is not in this category. It merely rapes the
questions of right and wrong procedures.
But Pearl Harbor and the murder of Presi-
dent Kennedy did force us to experiment
with something like the Biltish Royal Com-
mission--something that could minhnize
doubt in a doubting age, something laeyond
polities to investigate great politica] ques-
tions. ,
We did set up a kind of committee of
elders to investigate Pearl harbor and the
Kennedy assassination, and, while the pres-
tige of the elders did not _avoid controversy,
they probably minimized It and suggested a
way to deal with such problems in the
future.
TIME FOR REAPPRAISAL
Probably the militant young of the present
day would reject the whole idea of an out-
side committee of elders, since presumably
some of its members would be over thirty,
but even so, something 1.11 the investigative
procedure is missing, some group of our citi-
zens who would command the maxilla= of
respect, to find out what went wrong on the
really spectacular mistakes of national
policy.
Even now the nation does not knew how
we lost our way before the Bay of Pigs, and
It is obviously too early to look into the
blunders of Vietnam, whisk have cost us the
lives of over 30,000 of our fellow ceuntry-
men. But there should be some better way
than we have now of studying the pot to
learn for the future, and the tragic case of
Commander Bucher merely reminds i that
our procedures of investigation nee4 to be
re-examined.
A TRIBUTE TO IEDTJARD
MONDLANE
HON. DONALD M. FRASIIIR
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTNIfIVES
Tuesday, February 18, 196
Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, cne of
Africa's exceptional leaders, Dr. Eardo
Mondlane, president of the Mozaljhbique
Liberation Front, was assassinated Feb-
ruary 2. Dr. Mondlane gave his life to
the cause of freedom and self-determi-
nation for his people.
In a resolution adapted 2 days after
Dr. Moncilane's death, the Board of
World Ministries of the United Church
of Christ passed the following resolution,
a fitting tribute to the fallen leader:
The United Chu:Th Board for World Min-
istries expresses gratitude for the life of
Dr. Eduardo Mondlane for his service to his
country, for his ex f maple of steadfastness and
courage, for his leadership and for his Chris-
tian witness to al: mankind. This Board is
proud to have had a small share in his train-
ing and to have been associated with him
as a student, as a worthy staff member of
the United Nations, as a member tof the
faculty of a great university and latterly as
a far-seeing leader of his people in their
struggle for freedom. He excelled and excited
the admiration and love of many.
We sorrow over his tragic death and ex-
tend to his wife, Janet, and their children
our deepest sympathy.
. MEETING THE CHALLENGE
HON. DON EDWARDS
or CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, 17ebruary 18,1969
Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr.
Speaker, there is much discussion about
the failure of our institutions to provide
students with skills that will equip them
to take their place in the labor force once
they have completed their formal edu-
cation. Unemployment and the resultant
social and economic problem it presents
often can be traced directly to the lack
of skilled training necessary to gain em-
ployment. With a vocation comes pride
and dignity, and feeling of achievement,
and the chance to direct one's life that a
person who is unskilled and unemployed
does not have.
In our technological society there is
an increasing demand for skilled work-
ers. This is a challenge that must be met
by our cities and schools. I am proud to
say that the city of San Jose Unified
School District Is doing just this. On
January 30, 1969. I had the honor of at-
tending the dedication ceremonies at the
San Jose Regional Vocational Center and
in a speech Mr. Henry T. Gunderson, a
member of the board of education of the
San Jose Unified School District, told the
audience how San Jose is meeting the
challenge through vocational education.
I now include Mr. Gunderson's timely
comments in the RECORD, as follows:
MEETING THE CHALLENGE
(By Henry T. Gunderson)
Today we hear a great deal about meeting
the challenges thar, face our schools, and the
changing times We are living in, and how
we must adjust to keep abreast. This is true,
but it is the tempi) of change that has been
thrust upon us by events over which we had
no control that is responsible for the prob-
lems to which we now seek solutions. This
tempo has greatly accelerated in recent years,
due to man's new fund of knowledge and
means to apply it, and whether our scientific
and technical development was motivated by
Sputnik or the arms race, the problems con-
fronting us are no leas real.
To fully appreciate this tempo of change,
permit me to go back in history and trace
a few events that have affected our lives.
Please note the time lag ever decreasing, from
the time an idea was advanced, to its devel-
opment and ultimate use.
Hero of Alexandria built a boiler about
150 B.C., and used the steam generated to
drive a crude turbine. However, it wasn't
until 2000 years later that steam was used
to usher in the Industrial Revolution that
brought a great change in people's lives. The
Industrial Age started a movement from the
farms to the cities, and the need for indus-
trial skills.
The first principle of electricity was dis-
covered by Thales in 600 B.C. However, it
wasn't until 1894, through the combined
genius of Tesla-Edison, Steinmetz, and
others, that the first commercial power gen-
erating plant was put into service.
In the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci
drew plans for an aeroplane, which looked
remarkably like contemporary planes, and
400 years later the world moved into the air
age.
In 1895 the X-ray was discovered, and only
24 years later, Rutherford split the nitrogen
atom by alpha rays. Then, 26 years later, the
atomic bomb became an awesome reality.
In 1926 experiments were made with liquid
fuel rockets, and in 1957, came Sputnik. Our
national attention and energy focused on
catching up in the missile race and we moved
into the space age.
At present, plans for equipment, jets, and
spaceships are becoming almost outmoded
before they are built, due to the acceleration
of man's fund of knowledge and his ability
to store, retrieve, and analyze said knowledge
at will, through the use of the computer.
Many of you present here tonight in your
life have witnessed more technical and scien-
tific development than in all the rest of the
history of the world. We have seen great
strides in the field of electronics, transpor-
tation, communication, and the conquering
of outer space, just to name a few, and with
even greater predictions for the future. Each
of the events I mentioned has brought with it
a constant demand for new skills and knowl-
edge that must be acquired, not only to build
and to construct what our engineers design,
but to service and maintain them as. well.
The 20th century has brought with it fantas-
tic developments, and in its wake has created
many major problems for which solutions
must be found.
The days are gone when man was permit-
ted a slow gradual change, when simple basic
skills were handed down from father to son
for centuries on end. The problems of present
day society permit us no such luxury. Like
Alice in Wonderland, we must run twice as
fast just to stand still. Vocational training
has a greater role to play than ever before, if
we are to fully meet our responsibilities to
our youth. We must provide them with the
skills which will enable them to organize
their lives?develop positive goals?and pro-
vide for themselves and their families?a life
of dignity, fulfillment, and achievement.
Those of you assembled here tonight, that
received your first occupational skills at a
Vocational school recognize its value. Yet
today a large percent of our students are
dropping out, or terminating their formal
education upon graduating from high school,
with no specific skills. Too often they become
unemployed statistics, present many of our
social problems, and endure needless years
of frustration. The Federal government, in
response to these problems, has authorized
the expenditure of high sums of money for
many programs that have one thing In com-
mon: to provide the necessary- education and
acquisition of skills to gain employment.
Skills that might have been acquired at
schools such as this and must be provided if
such conditions are not to be perpetuated.
This new Regional Vocational Center is
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family home was destroyed. His late father,
John W. Evatt, was a career officer on the
San Francisco Police Department.
OTHER POSTS
After his retirement from Mare Island,
Mr. Evatt served as an assistant Solano
County probation officer for five years, then
served part-time with the U.S. Marshal's
office.
He was the husband of the late Mary A.
Evatt, who died in 1960; the father of Edward
Vincent Evatt and Mrs. Beverly Ann Whor-
ton, both of Vallejo. Five grandchildren also
survive.
Mr. Evatt's community activities included
nine years of service on the Vallejo Planning
Commission, with terms as chairman; as a
member of the board of directors of Catholic
Social Service, and as chairman of the 1960
March of Dimes in Solano County.
ELKS MEMBER
He had been a member of St. Vincent's
Parish since coming to Vallejo in 1919. From
1943 to 1946, as a member of Vallejo Elks
Lodge 559, Mr. Evatt was director of the
lodge's canteen for servicemen and for this
voluntary work, he was presented with an
Award of Merit from the Grand Lodge of
Elks.
Mr. Hyatt was a member of the Last Man's
Club of Solano County, an organization
formed in 1937 with a roster of 37 veterans
of World War I who have met annually for
a reunion on Armistive Eve. He also was a
past commander and adjutant of American
Legion Post 104, a member of Carl H. Kreh
Post 1123, Veterans of Foreign Wars; and of
the Association of the 363rd Infantry Regi-
ment, Co. C., 91st Division, American Expedi-
tionary Force.
He was a member of Solano Chapter 16,
National Association of Retired Civil Em-
ployees, and of Samoset Tribe 22, Improved
Order of Red Men.
A popular master of ceremonies through-
out his years in Vallejo, Mr. Evatt was a
member of American Guild Variety Artists,
an organization of show business people. He
also was a life member of Eagles Aerie No. 5,
of San Francisco.
GIVE PRIORITY ON POSTMASTER
JOBS TO CAREER POSTAL WORK-
ERS
HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 18, 1969
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, I favor
taking the selection of postmasters out
of politics and I have developed far-
reaching legislation toward this end in
the postal reform bill?HR. 4?which I
introduced on the opening day of the
91st Congress.
At the same time, I believe that we
should give initial consideration to our
career employees in selection of post-
masters?even as the Department has
been doing for years with its noncom-
petitive examinations for postmaster
candidates. In more and more cases,
in recent years, our new postmasters have
come from the ranks.
However, in announcing his policy on
selecting postmasters, Postmaster Gen-
eral Blount has eliminated the "promo-
tion" prospect for career postal workers.
He would have only the open competitive
examination. This is a mistake.
I am introducing legislation today
which will give priority to career postal
workers in selecting postmasters.
It requires that a competitive exami-
nation be given first to career postal
workers when a postmaster vacancy
develops. If there is no qualified postal
worker, then an open competitive ex-
amination can be given to all who wish
to apply.
The examinations would be given by
the U.S. Civil Service Commission as they
have been right along.
The Postmaster General would be re-
quired to select for appointment the top
qualified individual from the list which
would be certified by the Commission.
Political clearances would be barred.
It is my firm belief that selection of
postmasters should be on the basis of
merit and experience.
U.S.S. "PUEBLO": MISTAKES THAT
6IffMT BE IGNORED
HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 17, 1969
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, the
temporary relief which came at the re-
lease of the men of the U.S.S. Pueblo has
now been replaced by an anxious con-
cern. Across the Nation people are ex-
amining reports from the inquiry by the
Navy and expressions of interest by var-
ious congressional committees.
No greater interest in the men of the
Pueblo and the ramifications of the in-
cident has been indicated than by the
Newark, Ohio, Advocate. Their constant
probing for answers, their constant re-
minders, and attempts to distill facts
from contradictory reports, have been
helpful to the people of their area and
have also provided a fine standard of
journalistic interest and expression.
This newspaper recently published
three editorials on the incident. Three
more in a long series. First, a comment
of December 23 following release of the
crew. Second, a statement of January 14
which calls for an investigation by Con-
gress. Third, a statement 1 year after the
seizure directed at an examination of the
roles played before and after the sur-
render and seizure.
The concern of the paper and the peo-
ple of that area has also been brought to
the attention of the distinguished chair-
man of the House Armed Services Com-
mittee, in a continuing attempt to have
the problems clarified and the answers
given.
The point of it all is simple: mistakes
of this magnitude over such a long pe-
riod cannot be ignored.
I insert the editorials at this point:
HONOR VANQUISHED
The men of the Pueblo are free.
That is good.
Eighty-two of them are still alive.
But that is where the goodness stops. From
there, negligence, incompetence, cowardice
in the face of the enemy and humiliation
take over. It is time for investigation.
We have bemoaned the fact that a fourth-
rate power like North Korea could so easily
defeat the United States of America.
Well?look at the facts and the mystery
disappears:
1. North Korea showed greater nationalistic
pride and purpose than our leaders judged
them to have when they approached the
Pueblo with armed ships.
2. Their military men showed more per-
sonal courage and national dedication than
U.S. fighting men when they captured by
force of arms an American ship on the high
seas.
3. North Korean leaders showed superior
dedication, planning and tactical ability
when they delivered the Pueblo to a North
Korean port while our leaders wallowed in
indecision and self-pity.
4. Once they had our ship, our men and
our national pride, North Korean leaders
proceeded to out-negotiate us with a deci-
siveness of purpose, which has become for-
eign to our own diplomats and military lead-
ers.
5. In the final humiliation, our leaders
agreed to a statement that could have been
signed months ago. North Korea made the
United States dance to its tune until it was
tired of playing.
6. They have our ship, our national defense
secrets and a big chunk of our national pride.
7. That makes North Korean a fourth-rate
power with first-rate national pride, courage,
decisiveness and dedication. The United
States of America is stuck with the role of
being a first-rate power with fourth-rate mil-
itary and diplomatic leaders.
Shame on us.
These seven points make one thing very
clear: The incompetence, cowardice and in-
decisiveness must be removed from our mil-
itary and diplomatic services, for another
Pueblo can never happen.
The role of our leaders?from the highest
general to the officers of the Pueblo?must
be investigated by Congress. Congress alone
knows the dedication, courage and pride of
the American people. Let it act swiftly to
remove those military and diplomatic lead-
ers who do not truly reflect these great quali-
ties.
We dare not lose time. If these Do-called
leaders had been men of honor, they would
have resigned their commission by now. In
the absence of honor, let us at least have
justice and safety for the American people.
INVESTIGATION, NOT VENGEANCE
The Advocate is seeking congressional in-
vestigation of the Pueblo fight. We single
out military and diplomatic leaders simply
because they are responsible. Regardless of
who did what in the fight, those who accept
the honor of their positions must accept the
responsibility when things go wrong.
Top Navy and Pentagon officials are pres-
ently preparing a "court of inquiry" involv-
ing the Pueblo's crew. Well, the Pentagon
can have its little witch hunt, It's not the
Pueblo's men who need investigating in this
fight. America needs to investigate the in-
vestigators?and the sooner the better.
The Advocate does not seek vengeance. We
seek information on behalf of the people, just
as we do when local public officials refuse
the people public information. The Advocate
has gone to court on many occasions to es-
tablish the "People's Right to Know." We
can do no less on matters of national or
international injustices. In that area we are
indeed a small voice, but that does not ex-
cuse us from speaking.
Only Congress can get at these men of
high position because they have built buffers
and platoons of "yes men" to keep the public
Ignorant of their weaknesses, fears and mis-
takes. They often treat the public like em-
ployes who are given information when or
if they feel it is necessary.
As most Americans, The Advocate is an-
gered by the seizure of the Pueblo. We were
concerned about the fate of the 82 deserted
Americans. We were ashamed by the treat-
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February KMAACIJ ? Extensions 01 emar s
negotiate and it wouldn't call the cops: 7't
just went limp.
Altho the university did refuse the rebel
deMand for amnesty, and altho it has M-
stitilted disciplinary proceedings aged fit
soniJe members of the occupation force, th re
is iinplicit in its attitude some suggestion
that students are a privilegeci class, exe pt
trona the processes of authority and law
whieh govern all others.
This outlook is reflected in some rather
muzzy rhetoric with which President lid-
ward H. Levi saluted the encL of the sit-In.
He said that universities are different "films
other institutions of modern life." By exten-
sion, we suppose, students also are to be
considered different from the common herd,
whOse actions are governed by a healthy
respect for the arm of the law.
AS the distinguished Charles B. Huggins
said, the hard-core revolutionaries who seek
to bring America to its knees seized univer-
sity property and engaged in other criminal
acts. Dr. Huggins was almost alone among
the members of the administration and
faculty to voice censure of this behavior in
unMistakable language.
If any ordinary person had tried to take
pos4ession of someone else's property the haw
wo d be breathing down his neck in an
instant. But the university, with vast for-
bearance, put up with this intolerable act of
aggression for 15 days. We have said re-
peatedly that any institution or official with
a decent respect for law and property rigfits
would not have stood still before this chill-
lenge but would have cleared the building
without delay. A threat of expulsion nipried
a siMilar invasion of the university's admln-
istrition building within 20 minutes list
May.
We do not see any material difference lie-
tween the invasion of the premises of a pri-
vate university and the invasion of a private
home. Both are acts of lawlessness, and they
invite the penalties written into law that
appy to everyone.
By turning the other cheek the university
enc urages a repetition of these tactics, abel
the revolutionists promise to satisfy ttis
dea h-wish, The rebel circular announcing
the nd of the sit-in said, "It's over for no*."
The operative words are "for now."
The intention was repeated by a leader of
the &quatters in saying, "But let the univer-
sity know this: We will be back. We must
regroup and plan new strategies. We May
wait until spring or this fall, but we will be
back."
T
to
ere is one thing the university can do
to protect itself against the threat, and that
Is throw the book at everyone who had t
hand in bringing disgrace to the instituticir.
The lot of them should be sent packing. AtlY
other university which wants them can have
them, but it is warned what to expect.
A GEN. DOUGLAS MAcARTHUR
COMMEMORATIVE STAMP
HON. MARIO BIAGGI
OF NEW YORK
I/s1 THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 17, 1969
r. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, I wish ith
urg the issuance of a Gen. Dougllai
Ma Arthur commemorative stamp.
Is ing such a stamp would be but a
sinal tribute to a man who was in eve
sense a heroic American. Our count
will not soon produce another man
MadArthur's greatness. He belonged
an age which acknowledged the imPera.
tivesi of duty, honor, and country.
We can find no better words to live by,
this side of, Scripture,, than his, given at
his last public appearance at West
Point:
The shadows are lengthening for me. The-
twilight is here My days of old have van-
ished?tone and tint. They have gone glim-
mering through the dreams of things that
were. Their memory is one of wondrous
beauty, watered by tears and coaxed and
caressed by the smiles of yesterday. I listen
vainly, but with thirsty ear, for the witching
melody of faint bugles blowing reveille, of
far drums beating the long roll . . . But in
the evening of my memory . . . always there
echoes and re-echoes: Duty, Honor, Country.
A stamp would be an appropriate trib-
ute to the memory of Douglas Mac-
Arthur, but the record of his he will
always be his finest memorial. Gradu-
ated from West Pant in the -elass of
1903, he had a 4-yea.:' average of 98.14?:
a scholastic record unequaled for
years. He won his "A" in athletics and
the rank of first captain of the corps.
As a young officer in Mexico, MaGAr-
thur was with the U.S. expedition that
seized Veracruz in 1914. He led a scOut-
ing mission so daring that he was recom-
mended for, but not awarded on that
occasion, the Medal of Honor.
In World War I he was wounded twice
and decorated 13 times. He was called
the "greatest leader of troops we have'
by the commander of the American Ex-
peditionary Force, Gen. John J. Persh-
ing.
After serving as the Army's youngest
Chief of Staff, MacArthur arrived in the
Philippines in 1935 to map defenses for
the islands. On orders from Washington,
MacArthur turned over to Gen. Jona-
than Wainwright the task of defending
Bataan and Corregidor and moved to
Australia to direct the war in the Pacific.
He vowed: "I shall return." He did.
On October 20, 1944, the General
waded ashore with his troops at Leyte.
Nine months later, liberation of the
Philippines was completed. On Septem-
ber 2, 1945, aboard the battleship Mis-
souri in Tokyo Bay, General MacArthur
accepted the Japanese surrender and
embarked on a new career which some
say was his greatest.
As the Supreme Commander in Japan,
he wrote the constilaition that shaped
that country's democratic future. He
transformed a feudal, militaristic nation
into a peaceful democracy and a staunch
ally.
At '70 years of age, MacArthur again
commanded troops. His defeat of the
North Koreans was brilliant. Then Red
China entered the war, and MacArthur
was forbidden to carry the initiative into
China.
The general passed away in 1964. How-
ever one judges his rale in history, none
would deny the impressive impact he
made on all by his outstanding qualities
of leadership, his pro:round dedication to
whatever he undertook, his sense of jus-
tice, his high principles, and his firm
Ideals.
So that this Old Soldier will never die
in our memory, let us urge the approval
of the issuance of a s Amp to commemo-
rate proudly the memory of one of our
Nation's greatest military leaders.
E 1.01r
MILT EVATT OF CALIFORNIA: WAR-
RIOR, ENTERTAINER, MARSHAL,
PLANNER, SHIPBUILDER, AND
RIEND
HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 18, 1969
Mr. LEGGETT. Mr. Speaker, on Jan-
uary 28 last the wonderful career of my
friend, Milton J. Evatt, came to a close.
Uncle Milt was a little-sung hero but
one of those rare individuals who in one
lifetime could Manage a dozen separate
careenseand bring a little guidance and
lightrinto the lives of those he touched.
Milt was an unsung hero of a gen-
- ration of very talented people?self-
taught?not by any college or any train-
ing school. He many times mused over
his teenage tenor 3-hour night club en-
gagements when his repertoire would
extend from Irish lullaby& to Yankee
Doodle Dandy.
A soldier during World War I, he not
only entertained the troops but ended
up in the hospital, a poison gas victim.
After the war he returned to Vallejo
where he started at the bottom in ship
construction and rose to assistant man-
ager of the progress section, a position
he gallantly filled during World War U.
He voluntered to emcee the Elks USO
show during the war years when he
matched wits entertaining troops with
e best acts of the last generation. He
orked for many years on the Elks Sick
Committee having a main concern for
'
hL,buddies and comrades of World War
I. Ie also served as Commander of Amer-
ican'Legion Post 104. He retired with 30
years', service from the Navy yard in
1952. \
No man to retire before his time, Uncle
Milt wee, recruited as Assistant Solano
County Probation Officer where he
worked far another decade with hard-
to-handle ?'uveniles?his advice was 14
carat.
He work d for years in civic develop-
ment, risim to the position of chairman
of the Vaijejo Planning Commission.
Upon reaching mandatory county re-
tirement,. he worked for a half dozen
years as an assistant Federal marshal
In San Francisco,
He was later to emcee my first orga-
nizational dinner in my bid to this seat
in the U.S. Congress.
An adviser to my office for many years
on the problems of the elderly, his coun-
sel a will missed and his friendship
treasured.
/Part of his newspaper epitaph reads
-as follows:
MILTON J. EVATT TAKEN BY DEATH
Milton J. (Milt) Evatt, 77, of 301 Butte St.,
Vallejo resident prominent in community
activities for the past half-century, died
Monday night in a local hospital after a
brief illness.
Mr. Evatt, a native of San Francisco, came
to Vallejo in 1919 following Army Service in
Europe in World War I. He was employed as
a pipe fitter at Mare Island, and retired in
1952 as a progressman.
He was a survivor of the San Francisco
earthquake and fire of 1906 in which his
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ment we got and accepted at the hands of
an outlaw nation?treatment that was
greeted by silence or glee by other nations of
the world.
But we are horrified at the thought of such
a blow to our national safety happening
again or even becoming commonplace. We
know the military and diplomatic leaders
who let the Pueblo fight happen did not al-
low it on purpose?that they are sorry. We
know that all men are subject to mistakes
and many can be ignored or forgiven.
But mistakes of this magnitude over such
a long period cannot be ignored. They must
be probed until all the weaknesses and fears
have been fully bared and defined. Only in
this way will we and other nations of the
world know that it will not be permitted to
happen again.
Only then can we safely announce in ad-
vance what we will do if any outlaw nation
tries it again. It is childish to expect the gen-
erals of the Defense Department or the dip-
lomats of the State Department to wash their
dirty linen in public.
Career men run those departments and
they would already have resigned if they in-
tended to dash their own careers and those
of their associates in weakness and fear.
It has come down to this: Only one man
and his associates can protect America
against the threat of such fights in the fu-
ture. He is most emminently qualified.
This man is Cong. L. Mendell Rivers of
South Carolina, chairman of the House
Armed Services Committee. Our plea for in-
vestigation rests with him because Congress
is where our hope lies.
Write to Cong. John Ashbrook and Cong.
Rivers, House Office Building, Washington,
D.C. Tell them in your own words why Amer-
ica must have this investigation.
SCAPEGOAT?NO, NO, NO
It is fitting for The Advocate, and every
concerned American, to make special note of
this date?the first anniversary of the Pueblo
fight. It is not a time for breast-beating
about our loss but rather a time for reasoned
investigating into causes and preventive
measures.
The Navy and the Pentagon are at this
moment trying to make Commander Lloyd
M. Bucher scapegoat of the whole affair with
the dishonest hope that this will satisfy the
American people.
Well it won't.
The investigators need investigating.
We believe they should and will be. We are
not qualified to make a judgement or even
comment upon the guilt or innocence of
Commander Bucher. But we know for certain
that the full responsibility for this shameful
incident in American history does not rest
upon the shoulders of one frail man.
The most shameful roles in this incident
were played before and after the surrender
and seizure.
FFA WEEK
HON. MARK ANDREWS
OF NORTH DAKOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 17, 1969
Mr. ANDREWS of North Dakota. Mr.
Speaker, as a recipient of the FFA hon-
orary State Farmer Award, I wish to call
to the attention of my colleagues that
February 15 to 22 is FFA Week in Amer-
ica. The theme of National FFA Week is
"An Opportunity for You."
FFA provides an opportunity for youth
in agriculture to learn, to do, to earn,
and to serve. The FFA organization does
not make these young people great. But
rather it provides them the opportunity
to excel, to grow, and become outstanding
youth leaders for agriculture in America.
Experience in leadership, citizenship,
and cooperation, and the pursuit of vo-
cational and educational objectives pro-
vide these young people with opportuni-
ties for personal growth. Participation by
members at local, State, and national
levels within the organization is the basic
plan.
An FFA member begins his career as
a student of vocational agriculture. He
has thus elected to begin his career in
agriculture. He and the others like him
find common goals and objectives in FFA.
His opportunities in FFA are many;
much more than the awards or contests
which are important in providing compe-
tition, experience, incentive, and en-
couragement. The member can apply
what he learns in the classroom to his
personal agricultural situation. Through
active participation, the member can
demonstrate his ability in public speak-
ing, parliamentary procedure, or live-
stock judging. He also takes part in es-
tablishing chapter goals, and just as im-
portant--helps accomplish them. Many
typical chapter activities include earning
their own resources and providing com-
munity services.
Through the FFA, a member can de-
velop skills and prepare himself for his
vital role as an adult leader in American
agriculture. Millions of young people have
grasped these opportunities and pro-
gressed. Many more will find opportuni-
ties in FFA to learn, to do, to earn, to
serve.
MID-DECADE CENSUS BILL
HON. THOMAS L. ASHLEY
OF oxxo
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 17, 1969
Mr. ASHLEY. Mr. Speaker, today I am
introducing a bill which provides for a
mid-decade census of population, unem-
ployment, and housing in the year 1975,
and every 10 years thereafter.
This legislation is not new and, in fact,
passed the House of Representatives in
August of 1967 but, unfortunately, it
failed enactment by the Senate during
the 90th Congress. I urge its adoption
by both Houses as quickly as possible,
because there appears to be universal
agreement that an inventory at 10-year
intervals of the most important resource
of our country?its people?is altogether
too infrequent. We are in fact now pay-
ing the price for failure to act years ago
to provide for a 1965 census by having to
use obsolete 1960 figures in appraising
our condition and needs, and in the plan-
ning and conduct of vital programs in
education, poverty, roadbuilding, and
many other fields. Not only the Federal
Government, but State and local govern-
ments, business and other interests, are
suffering from a lack of timely and re-
liable data. Much money has been spent
to fill in the statistical gaps with surveys
and estimates but the results fall short
In comprehensiveness and reliability of
what a mid-decade census would have
produced.
Other national censuses?agriculture,
manufacturing, retail and wholesale
trade and services, mineral industries,
transportation, State and local govern-
ment?have by law been placed on a
5-year basis. This bill would restore the
most important and widely used census
to an equal footing with the others in
terms of frequency.
I would like to cite some events which
have taken place in Toledo, Ohio, in the
Ninth Congressional District which clear-
ly illustrate the need for a mid-decade
census.
Toledo, Ohio, has grown by 20 percent
since the last census was taken 8 years
ago. This is one of the fastest growth
rates in the State of Ohio, and the city's
largest population boom in nearly half a
century.
But because most Federal and State
programs returning tax dollars to local
communities are funded under formulas
based on the 1960 census?the only re-
cent official figures available?this tre-
mendous growth has cost the city of
Toledo hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Toledo's largest documented loss is the
forced return of more than half a million
dollars in local government fund pay-
ments because the census did not show
that 81 percent of the residents of Lucas
County live in incorporated areas. The
last census figures showed 79 percent of
the county's population living in incor-
porated areas, 2 percent less than the
number required by law to enable the
city to get a 70-30 split of the local gov-
ernment fund.
After 1963, when city officials knew
that the 81-percent figure had been
passed, largely by virtue of annexations,
it began claiming a 70-30 split and the
money was granted by the State. How-
ever, the county filed a claim for return
of $377,831 on the basis that the city-
county fund had to be based on the latest
census figures and the county won in
court. The city was therefore ordered to
repay the money.
The dispute over the funds has taken
on many additional arguments on both
sides and the city has been ordered to
repay $445,000 and $176,000 in fund over-
payments. But the basic dispute goes
back to the census figures and based on
four appeals, court decisions have gone
against the city in the past 15 months.
These rulings have gone against the
city despite the fact that the Toledo-
Lucas County Plan Commission has said
that by 1964 as many as 85 percent of
the county's residents were living in in-
corporated areas. The Commission esti-
mates that 90 percent of all Lucas Coun-
tians live within incorporated areas now.
In addition to the money the city has
been ordered to repay, the outdated 1960
census figures have cost Toledo and other
incorporated communities in the county
thousands more than could have been
claimed if the official figures were up to
date.
Another example of the need for a
mid-decade census is illustrated by the
results of the Supreme Court's one-man,
one-vote edict in 1962 requiring redis-
tricting of congressional districts and re-
apportionment of State legislatures. In
Ohio, as in other States, officials used
estimates of current population in get-
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ting in line with the equal vote dictim.
But those plans using the current popu-
lation estimates were overturned when
justices ruled that official figuresH-even
though outdated?had to be used
In the past 8 years we have witnessed
a dramatic rise in the number of Fed-
eral programs designed to aid States and
localities and various segments of our
population in such areas of education,
health, regional development, housing,
transportation, urban renewal, and re-
source development. We have appro-
priated millions of tax dollars to these
all-important efforts to improve ciur do-
mestic welfare. It is imperative that,these
tax dollars go where they are needed and
planners can only assure that this is
done if they have the official statistical
data giving them an accurate pictUre of
where the need lies.
As the Congress strives to enact the
programs which will improve the en-
vironment and opportunities of a our
citizens, we must be certain that we act
on the most up-to-date and accurate in-
formation available. We do not have this
data now. With the dynamics ef eco-
nomic and social change constantly ac-
celerating, the need for timely aCCurate
statistics will be even greater in future
decades. It is Our responsibility to see
that this data is at our fingertip that
it is available for use by all pu offi-
cials and planners?and as we seek the
assistance of private industry and ;orga-
nizations in efforts to make this cOuntry
a better place in which to live surely
we have an obligation to give theta the
facts as they are.
RELEASE OF LT. JOSEPH P.
FROM RED CHINA
DUNN
HON. SILVIO 0. CONTE
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, February 17, 19619
Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, under leave
to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I
include the following resolution by the
Commonwealth of MassachusettS:
RESOLUTIONS URGING THE PRESIDENT AND THE
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OBTAIN
THE IMMEDIATE RELEASE OF LT. J aSPH P.
DUNN, OF RANDOLPH, FROM RENctaiNA
Whereas on February 14, 1968, L . Joseph
P. Dunn of Randolph, a 'U.S. Navy pilot, was
shot down in the China Sea and has been de-
tained by the Red Chinese govern got, al-
though Peking has acknowledged phiblicly
only the fact of his crashing; and
Whereas the unreasonable detentitoe, of Lt.
Dunn tends to heighten the aireauy tense
relationship between Red China Old this
country while his family and friends! attempt
to endure the agonizing wait for inftrination
as to his well being: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the IVIassaehusetta ,Senate
respectfully urges the President and 'tile Con-
gress of the United States to use all reason-
able means to obtain the immedia5e,release
of Lt. Joseph P. Dunn frOm the control of the
Peking government; and be it further
Resolved, That a copy of these re olutions
be transmitted forthwith by the Se etary of
the Commonwealth to the Preside t of the
United States, to the presiding officel? of each
branch of the Congress and to the members
thereof from the Commonwealth.
Senate, adopted, February 5, 1969.
NORMAN L. PIDGEON,
Clerk.
Attest:
Jor-IN F. X. DAVOREN,
Secretary of the Commonwealth.
OUR FORMER COLLEAGUE,
BARRATT O'HARA
HON. RAY J. MADDEN
OF INDIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 18, 1969
Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, Rabbi Har-
old P. Smith, of Congregation Agudath
Achim of South Shore, 7929 Yates, Chi-
cago, fll., extends a great tr ute to our
former colleague, Barratt 0' ra, Rabbi
Smith is a formfU" chairman o the Rab-
binical Council of America witk a host
of friends in the House of Reprwnta-
tives where he was former acting Vap-
lain. He was invited by the Chicago NilY
Calumet on January 24, 1969, to write, a
"Viewpoint" column for the religious
community of the Calumet area. I take
pleasure in extending my remarks to in-
clude this column which pays tribute to
our former colleague, Barratt O'Hara:
APPLAUSE FOR O'HARA
(By Rabbi Harold P. _Smith)
I have been invited to write this "view-
point" column today, and although I am an
Orthodox rabbi I want to follow the unor-
thodox procedure of dedicating this column
to one faithful individual in public life
whose unmatchable faithful service to our
Southeast area constitutes, in itself, a very
beautiful chapter in public service. I do so
because all too often we take such rare indi-
viduals for granted.
I refer to the outgoing Congressman of our
Second Congressic nal district, Barrett O'Hara,
You should know if you don't already
know, that Barrett O'Hara has been one of
the most beloved and most revered men in the
United States Congress. Having been chair-
man of the Rabbinical Council of America,
I have been in position to observe, often
from close quarters, how deep and abiding
has been, and still is, the reverence and love
with which the legislators regard Barratt
O'Hara.
It is not merely because he is one of the
few still surviving veterans of the Spanish-
American war. It AS not merely because he has
been one of the most informed, most intelli-
gent men in the United States Congress and
has remained remarkably alert and knowl-
edgeable despite his 87 years. It is not Merely
that he is such a very loveable man who
constitutes a personal embodiment of the
Biblical ideal alit "Thou shalt love" thy
neighbor as thyself. It is all of these things
and many more.
But the big quality I would point out here
Is the remarkable and extraordinary sense of
loyalty and faithfulness which Barratt
O'Hara has mamfested to every single citi-
zen who has been one Of his constituents.
I would assert with confidence and without
fear of contradiction that no citizen of our
Second District, however unimportant he
may consider hirnself, has ever gone to Bar-
ratt O'Hara's office in Washington without
getting the highest possible level of atten-
tion, courtesy, and friendship from Barratt
O'Hara himself, personally.
What has all this to do with religion? A
great deal! The quality at gratitude is the
very essence of religion, and ingratitude
nothing short of religious desecration.
Prayer, in its highest form was never in-
tended to be exclusively petitionary, i.e., ask-
ing the Good Lord for things we want. Much
more was it intended to provide us an oppor-
tunity to give expression to our feelings of
thanks and gratitude for the blessings which
are Divinely bestowed upon all of us.
The proper development within us of the
fine human quality of gratitude and appre-
ciation is, in a very real sense, as religious a
process as prayer.
As Barrett O'Hara leaves office after all
these years of loyal and faithful servioe far
beyond the call of duty, I am wandering
whether there is in our hearts an adequate
measure of gratitude.
I don't think we ought to let such .a ven-
erable man merely fade out of office without
any expression of public thankfulness. It is
my "Viewpoint" that we ought to have a
public testimonial dinner in our district
where nobody wants anything from any-
body?no fund raising, no political motiva-
tions, nothing?only to express appreciation
to a wonderful human being who has faith-
fully and capably served our area.
I am hereby making the first reservation.
CORALVTT,T ,F DAM
HON. FRED SCHWENGEL
OF IOWA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, February 18, 1969
Mg. SCHWENGEL. Mr. Speaker, when
spring draws near in Iowa, especially
after a severe winter such as the State
has exerienced this year, thoughts natu-
rally Wm to the problem of possible
floods. n can be a frightening time of
Year for those who live in areas subject
to flooding. The personnel of the Corps
of Engineers and other State and Fed-
eral officials concerned, assure me that
their contIngency plans are in order, and
that they Will be ready and able to cope
with any problems which may arise.
In this respect the Iowa City Press
Citizen recently featured an excellent
editorial on the background and func-
tion of the Coralville Dam, which relates
to this problem. Under unanimous con-
sent I include the editorial in the RECORD,
as follows:
ANOTHER TEST?
The Coralville Dam and Reservoir have
been in operation about a decade now. That's
long enough for it to become accepted as a
part of the landscape, long enough to make
it difficult to recall when the river in Iowa
City wasn't turned on and off like the water
from a spigot. It's even long enough so that
the bulk of controversy about water levels
years.
But
rates is confined to election
But what is the reservoir? It is:
At summer level, 680 feet above sea level,
it is the second largest body of water now
existing in the state of Iowa--only Spirit
Lake is lsrger?with a surface area of 4,900
acres. (Completion of the Red Rocks and
Rathbun Dams and Reservoirs soon will take
the Coralville Reservoir down a couple of
places in the rankings.)
During the summer months, June 15--
tpt. 25, the reservoir holds more than 171/2
llion gallons of water which, its operators,
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It was his selfless parents who turned
tragedy into hope when they suggested
that the young boy's heart might be used
for a transplant.
Without it, doctors believe young
Christine could not have lived much
longer. She was suffering from a serious
heart defect since birth.
Mr. Speaker, I know that all of my
colleagues join me in wishing this coura-
geous young girl and her family the very
best.
We offer our best wishes to the talented
team of doctors and professionals who
performed the operation and have cared
for Christine.
I believe the feelings of most Cincin-
natians are well captured in the following
Cincinnati Post & Times-Star and Cin-
cinnati Enquirer editorials:
[From the Cincinnati Enquirer,
Feb. 10, 19691
Two CHILDREN, Two MIRACLES
Two modern-day miracles touched the col-
lective conscience and heart of Greater Cin-
cinnati this past weekend.
One, the successful transplanation by a
surgical-medical team at Children's Hospital
of the heart of William Michael Becker,
seven-year-old Loveland lad who suffered
fatal brain injuries in an auto accident earlier
last week, into the body of six-year-old
Christine Corhn, suffering from a congenital
and incurable heart defect, is a surgical mir-
acle that, to the amazement of the lay mind,
has become an accepted technique in medi-
cine's rapid advancement. But when the mir-
acle occurs almost at one's doorstep its mean-
ing becomes all the clearer.
The second miracle is the unfaltering con-
cern and empathy for others so nobly demon-
strated by Mr. and Mrs. William Becker, the
parents of William Michael, in their time of
deepest grief. Upon being informed that their
dying son's heart could offer hope for a nearly
normal life to a little girl who herself was
faced with the prospects of an early death
without a new, strong heart, the Beckers hesi-
tated not a whit.
By giving new hope to Christine Corhn,
they have memorialized their son in a fashion
whose meaning is beyond the power of the
written word to convey. Though the discipline
of surgery may cause doctors to view the hu-
man heart as just another organ or muscle,
we feel constrained to think that Mr. and
Mrs. Becker have caused their young son to
live for them through their unselfishness.
The Beckers' total commitment to their hu-
manitarianism was further demonstrated by
their allowing William Michael's skin, kid-
ney's and eye parts to be taken in science's?
and humanity's?cause.
The hopes of everyone for her continued
improvement and eventual recovery go out to
Christine Corhn.
Along with heartfelt sympathies, Mr. and
Mrs. Becker are extended everyone's emo-
tional sharing in a miracle of which only
they can be fully aware.
[From the Cincinnati Post & Times-Star,
Feb. 10, 1969]
TRIUMPH OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT
A great human drama is unfolding in Chil-
dren's Hospital and the community is gripped
by it.
The hopes and the prayers of all of us are
centered on pretty little Christine Colin and
the doctors and nurses who watch over her
in her battle for life.
And the hearts of all of us go out to Mr.
and Mrs. William Becker who have turned a
personal tragedy into a triumph of love for
humanity. They donated the heart of their
little boy, killed by a traffic accident, to Chris-
tine that she might have a chance for a
normal life.
The whole community honors the Beckers.
We hope their grief is lessened by the knowl-
edge that they tried to help Christine Corhn.
We pray that help will be successful.
ONE-BANK HOLDING COMPANIES
POTENTIAL THREAT TO DEPOSI-
TORS
(Mr. BENNETT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, the House
Banking and Currency Committee has
published a staff report on the one-bank
holding companies in our country, which
presents a p6tentially dangerous situa-
tion to banks and their depositors.
In 1933, the Congress adopted a very
sound principle, which I believe should
be upheld today. That is, it is against
the public interest for banks and non-
banking businesses to be controlled by
the same ownership.
In 1956, the Congress enacted the Bank.
Holding Company Act to prevent undue
concentration of control of banking by
bank holding companies. Included in this
legislation were several exemptions, and
on signing the law, President Eisenhower
said:
The legislation falls short of achieving
these objectives . . . The exemptions a,ncl
other special provisions will require the
further attention of the Congress.
The most glaring loophole in the 1956
law was the one-bank holding company
exemption.
The significance of this loophole?
The new House Banking Committee
report states?
has been dramatically illustrated in the
United States.
The report points out this includes
nine of the 12 largest commercial banks
in the country, and since 1956 the num-
ber of known one-bank holding com-
panies has grown from 117 to 783. In
bank deposits, the increase has been from
$11.6 billion to $108.2 billion, a growth of
over 800 percent.
In light of the committee's excellent
staff report, it is obvious that something
must be done to guard against continued
monopoly, concentration of business
power and conglomerates of big business
and big banks.
Mr. Speaker, my bill, H.R. 946, which I
have introduced over the'last two Con-
gresses, would remove the exemptions to
the Bank Holding Company Act, includ-
ing the one-bank and the labor and agri-
cultural organization provisions.
In 1965, when this legislation was be-
fore the House of Representatives, my
amendment to a bill which would have
removed the long-term trust exemption
from the 1956 act, was passed on a record
vote of 199 to 179. This amendment
stripped the Bank Holding Company Act
of all its loopholes, but only four exemp-
tions were removed in the Senate.
I believe the Congress should and will
act this year to remove all exemptions
from the 1956 act. I have written to the
distinguished chairman of the House
Banking Committee of my interest in
assisting him with this legislation.
Chairman WRIGHT PATMAN has said:
This issue concerns the question of the
proper relationship between the business of
banking and all other businesses. It is not
strictly a banking issue at all, or even an
issue only involving the relationships among
different segments of the financial commu-
nity. It is, in essence, a question whose answer
could shape the ultimate structure of the en-
tire American economy for many years to
come.
OUTSTANDING RECORD OF NA-
TIONAL PROGRESS UNDER PRESI-
DENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON
(Mr. ALBERT asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include an editorial.)
Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, well-de-
served recognition and praise for the out-
standing record of national progress
during Lyndon B. Johnson's 5 years as
President of the United States continues
throughout the country. Perhaps, a re-
cent AFL-CIO News editorial best ex-
presses the feeling of Americans in all
walks of life with a simple, but deeply
felt "Thank you, Mr. President." Under
unanimous consent, I place the editorial
in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, as follows:
THANK You, MR. PRESIDENT
In the final days of the Johnson Admin-
istration the news media?especially the
press?are apparently trying to redress the
torrent of criticism, and in some cases abuse,
that they have aimed at Lyndon Baines
Johnson.
In summing up the five years of the John-
son presidency the editorialists, the inter-
preters, the columnists have discovered?or
perhaps rediscovered?the tremendous John-
son record on civil rights, education, fighting
poverty, conservation, consumer protection,
health, aid to the cities, manpower and the
real increase in income and purchasing power
that stemmed from government economic
policies.
The AFL-CIO was proud to have had a
hand in helping build that record. It repeat-,
edly called attention to the breakthroughs
and benchmarks set by the Administration
on behalf of all Americans. But the critics
waved that aside along with the concrete
accomplishments, and concentrated on a
negative, carping theme geared to a dislike
for the President's style, all the while ignor-
ing or downplaying the substance.
An editorial in Memo from COPE notes
that "the quieter facts of the Johnson presi-
dency are without equal in our history." It
adds that. "no single administration will or
can clear up all the problems of a society as
vast and complex as our own. But Pres.
Johnson was willing to challenge our prob-
lems on more fronts than anyone who has
served in the office, and his success in many
fields has been remarkable."
The Johnson record is imprinted in bold
letters in the nation's lawbooks. Over the
next few years that record will have an in-
creasingly important impact on the develop-
ment and the quality of American life.
The belated recognition by the news media
of the substance of the five years of the
Johnson presidency is welcome now because
it will provide a yardstick to measure the
new Administration.
For his dedicated efforts on behalf of all
Americans we join the nation in a heartfelt
"Thank you, Mr. President."
"PUEBLO" BLAME MUST BE SHARED
The SPEAKER. Under a previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Illi-
nois (Mr. FINDLEY) is recognized for 30
minutes.
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, there can
be no denying that Commander Bucher
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Febmary 17, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE
educate the know-it-alls today?in spite of
themselves.
It is 'up to the public sector to define and
defend that line that separates dissent from
disruption. But it is up to the private sec-
tor?and especially to the family--to pave
the way for a peaceful society. A lack of
discipline in the home ultimately results in
an undisciplined citizenry. The public sector
cannot act in "Locus Parentis."
Our 'colleges and universities have an ob-
ligation here, too. College administrations
must do more than offer courses on Democ-
racy; they must assure their students the
"due process" which is an integral part of
our Democratic system. This means where
abuses exist, ready avenues of redress must
be available.
Student participation, where it can con-
tribute, to the quality of education, should
be encouraged. But this must be developed
in a manner that is constructive rather than
disruptive.
We can take a lesson from history observed.
Our university tradition began with two me-
dieval universities. In Paris, faculty set up
shop nci students were the consumers. In
Bologx4a, students set up shop and hired
their tefachers. The Bologna student-eentered
Systen lacked stability and, interestingly
enougli, educational "relevance." Ultimately,
the TIrlversity at Bologna survived by switch-
ing to the Paris system, putting the scholar
in conamand.
A solciety as sophisticated as ours can es-
tablish practical, workable degrees of stu-
dent participation. We can navigate some
midcll course without students locking
teachers up or administrators locking stu-1
dents out.
Another middle-ground which must be
found is the place of the college In the com-4
munitV. Higher education can Only benefit
from 8, close, introspective look at such poll
Icies as "publish or perish"?; an insistence
on relevancy in curriculum; a voice for fac-
ulty below the professorial level; the proper
balande in decisions between administrators
and abadernicians. The middle-ground ap-
pears to be somewhere between ivory tower
retreat and settlement house. Immersion.
There should be strong ties between the coil,
lege and the community.
Certainly if our institutions of higher ed.4.
ucation have an obligation to re-think their
relationships with students, all levels o/ goy}
ernm nt have an equal responsibility and
op -unity here too.
Our young people are not only our great,
est product, but our most promising resouma
I don't mean this poetically for some poieLt
in the future, but for today.
If Our local governments could but 1
to harness the volunteer power of high sch
and college students they would have an ens-
thusiastic work force money couldn't buy.
As Governor of Maryland, I sought to ene
ergize and mobilize our Student resource.
Our nucleus came from student groups seek-
ing a voice in setting state college budget*.
Quite often, young people fail to appreci-
ate the budgetary dilemma of a Governqr
with infinite good causes and finite resource*.
Abraham Lincoln brought home this point
with humor when he described a struggle
between his sons Willie and Tad. What was
wrong between them, he said, was limit
what'S the matter with the whole world. I'vle
got three walnuts and each wants two?'
I Urged the students to help their state
and their campuses by doing their bit for
the community. With student volunteers
providing manpower on priority inner city,
projects, we could reallocate funds to higher
education programs.
I sOught to establish a youth corps with
older students helping younger ones as tii
tors and recreational counselors,_as big broth-
ers and sisters. I feel it's not just enough to
demeind a say?you have to deserve it. Go17-
erninents should make a way for students to
pa.rtieipate and students should participate
in a way that earns their say in state govern-
ment. We want youth advisors and we want
them to be more than armchair experts.
We're looking for civic activists.
Every leVel of government would benefit
from a student internship program compar-
able to the federal government's.
Acttially, at the state level, I favor an even
broader program extending from post-grad-
uate to pre-college youth. State governments
are generally small enough to tailor summer
work programs to the student's potential and
will find it a valid investment. A good part-
time internship experience in the present is
a means of recruiting good full-time per- unconscionable, and could well destroy
sonnel in the future. the U.S. chance for a favorable balance
At the federal level our work is cut out for of trade in 1969 and years ahead.
us. The first thing we should do is lower the Mr. Speaker, Kansas farmers have pro-
voting age to eighteen. Not only becau_se,--eittee.d soybeans in increasing amounts in
they're old enough to fight?but b lase recent years. In fiscal 1968, Kansas
they're smart enough to vote. I thin, is il-
logical that in most states a girl X consid-
ered mature enough to er,ter a lifetime con-
tract of marriage at eighteen, IAA not ma-
ture enough to vote. .
Once our young people can sound off at the
polls, I believe there will b a WO need to sound
off in the streets. They'll have the chance
to be counted where it counts;
Finally, L think we as s m 'ral community
must take heed of the disiluaionment and
disenchantment of our you g. The young
have a way of looking at r ality with an
honesty and freshness we nnot fail to
appreciate. Hans Christian An erson under-
stood this when he wrote the wc1iderful story
of the emperor's new clothes. emember?
no man in the kingdom, includi the em-
peror, dared to admit he could n!2t see the
handsome cloth suit w:aich the con-man
tailors said was invisible to those ho were
selfish, vain and stupid. Only a lit e child
in delightful candor piped up: " e em-
peror is naked." -.
Well, we have a veritable children' cru-
sade telling us America can be an eveil bet-
ter country. They are ready to go to work,
and we must be ready to accept their con-
tributions and to listen to their respon-
sible criticism. .
We must prove our syrtem can change pur
world; and we must welcome all -those who
would change our world into our system.
President Nixon has put priority on includ-
ing every American, young and old, in our
system. White House Staffers are already
working on the ways and means to mobilize
those who would serve as well as seek a bet-
ter America. But let me make it clear that
while the volunteer movement may ,be
sparked by the federal government, it mnst
be managed by the communities ?Ind
H 899
nations of the European Economic Com-
munity have proposed to impose on im-
ported oilseed products.
These proposed taxes do not techni-
cally violate the letter of the agreement
reached between the United States and
the EEC, but they do violate the spirit of
that agreement. /f imposed, these taxes
could destroy a third of the $1.4 billion
agricultural export market which the
United States negotiated, at great sacri-
manned by the private citizens.
We may propose ways to serve but only the
people can dispose. For our young itiineans
doing their own thing in their own e*,ay, on
their own time. It means doing 9,* well as
demanding. It means contributipn as well
as confrontation.
Freedom depends on order-on laws, not
violence. And to any who would destroy our
freedom, I will take a lesscar from the minis-
ter friend of Abe Lincoln", who sermonized:
"I'm prepared to defend this union till hell
freezes over, and then fight on Ice."
We cannot afford sell-delusion or delay.
For as President Jbion says, "The American
dream does n come to those who fall
asleep."
MIZE INTRODUCES RESOLUTION
OPPOSING EEC ACTION ON SOY-
BEAN TAX
farmers exported over $14 million worth
of soybean oils and meals to the EEC.
This market, and the market upon which
farmers depend in over 30States, could
be destroyed by the precipitous action
under serious consideration in Europe.
I firmly believe that Congress must
speak out on this issue as a body. There-
fore, I am today introducing a House
concurrent resolution which, if passed
by this body, will put the House on record
as opposing the internal taxes on oilseed
products. The concurrent resolution
which I propose clearly states that the
United States cannot afford to ignore
foreign action which would destroy sub-
stantial trade, carefully constructed over
the years. Further, American farmers
who have depended upon U.S. trade nego-
tiators to assure them a market in Europe
must also depend upon our European
trading partners to conform to the spirit
of resulting agreements.
I urge the Members of the Congress to
support this resolution. I am encouraged
that similar legislation has been intro-
duced in the House and is under con-
sideration by certain Members of the
Senate.
A decision by the Council of Ministers
of the EEC can be expected within 30 to
60 days, I am informed. It is imperative
that the Congress speak with one voice
In opposition to the proposed action, be-
fore it occurs.
TWO CHILDREN, TWO MIRACLES
(Mr. TAFT asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute, to revise and extend his remarks,
and to include extraneous Matter.)
Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, the miracle
of life continues in Cincinnati, Ohio, to-
day.
Christine Corhn, the 6-year-old girl
who received the transplanted heart of
a 7-year-old auto accident victim, con-
tinues to improve at the Children's Hos-
pital.
She has done well since she underwent
the heart transplant operation, Febru-
ary 8.
Christine's was only the fourth trans-
plant attempted on a child; and doctors,
who performed what was the first heart
transplant in Cincinnati, are-encouraged
(Mr. MIZE asked and was given per- about Christine's chances.
mission to extend his remarks at this The miracle of life, however, has
point in the RECORD.) another side to it. The 7-year-old boy,
Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, on February 6, William Michael Becker, whose heart
I announced my profound concern over now keeps Christine alive, was fatally
the "internal taxes" which the member injured in an auto accident February 5.
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February 17, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? Hou SE H901
permitted the U.S.S. Pueblo to be taken.
Likewise, he failed to scuttle the vessel.
But, in all fairness, a closer examination
of the situation shows that he had neither
the means to defend his ship or to scuttle
It. If indeed he must assume blame, he
is by no means alone in this regard. The
military traditions he violated were small
by comparison with those violated by
much higher authority.
In fact, in some respects, Commander
Bucher can be even viewed as an inno-
cent victim. He is the victim of fate; he
found himself in a bad place at a bad
time. Furthermore, he appears to be the
victim of an attempt by his superiors to
place the blame for this tragic and hu-
miliating affair on his shoulders alone.
Most important, the commander joins
other courageous men as the latest victim
of the failure of recent American military
policy. Foremost among our failures are
those which involve the new doctrines of
flexible response and gradualism.
As formulated in 1961, flexible response
was viewed in its broadest application to
be the maintenance of military force suf-
ficient to respond to enemy aggression at
any level of conflict, up to and includ-
ing nuclear war. Flexible response was
necessary, proponents argued, becaue the
doctrine of "massive retaliation" left the
United States prepared to either sur-
render or instigate a nuclear holocaust.
It was argued that since the threat of
nuclear weapons was not credible to
Communist nations engaged in small and
ambiguous steps, a substitute would have
to be found.
That an unarmed, unescorted, tin-
protected vessel of the U.S. Navy?inap-
propriately called an intelligence ship?
should be sent on such a sensitive mis-
sion as "eavesdropping" on a hostile
Communist power shows the complete
bankruptcy of the military doctrine of
flexible response.
The question of whether flexible re-
sponse is an adequate military doctrine
is one of judgment, but the fact is, as the
Pueblo incident, among others, clearly
reveals, the weapons, men and material
necessary to implement flexible response
were not available.
In this latest of incidents, a vessel of
the U.S. Navy was sent on a sensitive
mission close to the shoreline of a hostile
power. Ordinary prudence would have
required under the doctrine of flexible
response that sufficient force or man-
power be available to come to the aid of
the ship if necessary. Yet, what were the
facts?
There were only four jet fighters
available for duty in Korea; all of them
were armed with nuclear weapons. In
order for the jets to be effective in dog
tights, the nuclear weapons had to be
removed. Time did not permit such re-
moval.
The U.S.S. Enterprise was 600 miles
away at the time of the seizure; the near-
est 'American destroyers were a full day's
sail away.
The Pacific Command, in other words,
was unprepared to defend the Pueblo.
Commander Bucher had only two pos-
sible responses, and neither was very flex-
ible: he could surrender his ship, or sink
it with heavy risk of American life. It
was like a, one-sided flip of a coin, and
Bucher was the loser either way.
Nor was the Pueblo the only incident of
the past 18 months which reveals the
hollowness of our flexible response capa-
bilities.
In January 1968, the Vietcong launched
the surprise Tet offensive and succeeded
even in violating the security of the U.S.
Embassy in Saigon.
In June 1967, the U.S.S. Liberty was
attacked and sunk by units of the Israel
Air Force.
In August 1968, the military warning
system of NATO did not perceive the So-
viet and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czech-
oslovakia.
The Senate Prepardness Investigating
Committee has reported that the 'U.S.
Armed Forces in Europe are not sufficient
to repulse a conventional Soviet attack.
The failure. of "flexible response" in
Vietnam was hardly reassuring and its
effect as a deterrent to further trouble
in Southeast Asia is therefore highly
questionable.
Another of the questionable doctrines
pushed upon us during this decade that
has seen America appear to be a "paper
tiger" is that of gradualism. Sometimes
called measured response, it meant a
slow, step-by-step increase of military
force?never enough to defeat the
enemy, but sufficient to keep the conflict
raging. Others before Cominander
Bucher paid heavily for the failure of
this doctrine.
Let us not forget that seizure of the
Pueblo was accomplished by a govern-
ment with which our country was re-
cently engaged in a costly but undeclared
war, and it occurred in the environs of
another costly, but undeclared war, this
time in Vietnam.
Through the doctrine of gradualism in
both the Korean and Vietnamese wars,
the greatest, most hallowed traditions of
the United States were violated in a
fundamental way. To illustrate:
In neither war was defeat of enemy
forces established as our objective.
In neither were the resources of the
United States ever mobilized behind our
men in battle.
In neither were field commanders
given traditional freedom to direct
operations.
In neither was a declaration of war
enacted by Congress or even asked for by
the President.
In both wars, military commanders
were denied permission to broaden attack
on the enemy in order to shut off its
sources of supply and replacement.
Enemy sanctuaries were permitted.
Our military operations in Vietnam
have been repeatedly described as a lim-
ited war with limited objectives. Presi-
dent Johnson refused to grant permis-
sion to field commanders to close Hai-
phong Harbor, invade North Vietnam or
engage in "hot pursuit" into Cambodia.
Although our Government in 1965 offi-
cially determined that South Vietnam
was under attack from the north, only an
air and sea response was ever per-
mitted?and only then under sharp lim-
itations which severely curbed its effec-
tiveness.
Later, even this response was stopped
completely, although no determination
was made that attacks from the north
had either ceased or lessened.
Never was any serious effort made to
employ, sanctions against nations supply-
ing the enemy, much less to quarantine
North Vietnam.
Indeed, the Johnson administration re-
sisted congressional attempts to impose
modest sanctions. An example was ad-
ministrative efforts, partly successful, to
override the clear expression of Congress
which I authored in 1966 which sought to
block benefits under Public Law 480 from
going to any nation making shipments
of any kind to Hanoi.
Thus, if Commander Bucher must bow
in shame, other more prominent heads
should, be bowed too. Chief among these
are the political and military leaders who
were the architects, proponents, and exe-
cutors of flexible response and gradual-
ism;
Those who allowed our defenses to de-
teriorate to a point where not only was
our response not flexible, but nonexis-
tent;
Those who cast aside and violated the
great military traditions of the United
States;
Those who sent a half-million U.S.
troops into combat without declaration
of war or other proper legislative sanc-
tion;
Those who shackled field commanders
and refused to impose economic quar-
antine on the enemy;
Those who announced to the world, in-
stead of leaving in doubt, that our super-
weapons would never be used; and
Those who proceeded with business-as-
usual attitude at home as well as in in-
ternational policy. Business as usual ap-
plied even to the Soviet Union, heartland
of Hanoi support.
Among these must be former President
Johnson, who cannot escape primary re-
sponsibility for establishing the empty
doctrine of flexible response and the
fallacious one of gradualism. Also, to
blame are the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
chaired by Gen. Earle G. Wheeler,
who acquiesced in the doctrine. Each
could have resigned over the course of
our Nation's military policy and thus
likely forced a reassessment. Or, each
could have publicly protested. None did.
Each accepted, and went along, execut-
ing the policies with all their grim con-
sequences.
How ironic it was that just a few days
before Commander Bucher went on trial
for violating military tradition, General
Wheeler, under whom flexible response
and gradualism flourished, received from
the President the Distinguished Service
Medal.
Is it just for these military leaders to
continue in command with scarcely a
word of censure while Commander
Bucher is in the dock?
And my colleagues in the Congress
who, like myself, served while the doc-
trines of flexible response and gradual-
ism were being bandied about and car-
ried out, can we escape judgment?
Despite the clarity of our constitu-
tional responsibility to provide for the
proper maintenance of the Armed Forces,
we failed to establish that our ships at
sea were not safe from capture by the
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H 902 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE February 17, 1969
smallest of nations. We sat back and
Permitted the enlargement ar combat
forces in Vietnam without clear legisla-
tive sanctions. We shunned cur funda-
mental responsibility. We failed to face
squarely the question of war declaration.
We thus denied to our military forces,
and to the Nation as a whole, the uni-
fying force the war-making decision
would bring. We failed in our duty to
delve into the hollowness of flexible re-
sponse and gradualism doctrines.
So move over, Commander Bucher.
You are not really the only One who
should be in the dock. Ther are lots i
more of us who must share he blame
and the shame. You just happea to be a
convenient whipping boy.
Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, will
the gentleman yield?
Mr. FINDLEY. I ant glad to yield to
the gentleman from Nebraska.
Mr. CUNNINGHAM. I have Spoken out
on many occasions, as the gentleman in
the well is doing today, regarding the
handling of the Pueblo matter. I would
like to add a side light to what the gen-
tleman has mid.
I do not know if the Ameridan people
are aware that Commander Eicher was
an orphan. He was brought a -Father
Flanagan's boys' home in mfr district
known as Boys' Town, Nebr., wliore Com-
mander Bucher lived for ma4nt years.
He was graduated from Boys van High
School at Boys' Town, Nebr. 4fter that
he enlisted in the Navy and erved his
tour of duty and then cam back to
Omaha and married an Omaha girl and
worked his way through the University
of Nebraska, after which he Was 1grad-
uated, and the Navy became hi career.
The people of my congress onal dis-
trict, knowing Commander B cher was
taken in by Father Flanagan's boys'
home and was a star athlete and an out-
standing citizen of Boys' Town, are over-
whelmingly outraged at the seemingly
Inhumane treatment that is being given
Commander Bucher.
I am sure that affects not only my
own district. I know for a fact that this
is the feeling of the people of he entire
State of Nebraska and the fee nig is in-
tense not only in the State of $?aska,
but in the entire Middle Wes. I know
now also that the feeling i.$ intense
throughout the United States.
So, aside from the military spects of
which the gentleman speaks, I did want
to bring out this personal skellght in
this discussion, so the people Will know
that Commander Bucher was an out-
standing individual. As I said be was
an orphan and took his ,:choolin at Boys'
Town under the leadership and rection
of Father Flanagan and Monsi or Weg-
ner, the present director. He w s one of
the outstanding students and athletes
in that great "City of Little M a." Cer-
tainly people from our area a d hope-
fully from all over the Unite1 States
will bear that in mind as we d ctiss this
sorry affair in the history of our country.
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, I am
glad to have the gentleman's Contribu-
tion. There certainly is the human side to
this. In speaking today, I do not want to
leave the impression that I minttn1ize the
gravity of whatever shortcomi Corn-
mander Bucher had, and it appears quite
plain that he failed in measuring up to
the great traditions of the U.S.
Navy. I feel very bad about that. I regret
the boyhood experiences he had. How-
ever, I do not think we should overlook
the gravity of this episode.
My main purpose is to point out that
even though Commander Bucher violated
military traditions, they are small by
comparison with the military traditions
that our very highest political and mili-
tary leadership have violated in recent
years.
Mr. CUNNINGHAM, Commander
Bucher had no shortcomings. He is a
great man and a credit to our country.
Mr. CART:E.R. Mr. Speaker, will the
gentleman yield?
Mr. FINDL:EY. I yield to the gentleman
from Kentucky.
Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, certainly
it has been a sorry incident in the history
of our country. It seems to me our Navy
at least should have had a destroyer on
the horizon to protect this spy ship?if
that is what it was, and we recognize
now that is what it must have been. If
not a destroyer it should have had air
cover.
Of course, there are many reasons ad-
vanced why these things were not pro-
vided. For instance, there is no doubt
that we have overextended ourselves in
South Vietnam, that most of our military
might and muscle is in that area. Our
flexible response was not available in the
Pueblo incident.
Neither is it available now in Europe.
I feel that even the recent maneuver
which we carried out, in which we trans-
ported 15,000 troops over to Germany,
was carried out slowly and not effectively
done, showing again that we are con-
centrating on a distant area in Asia
which really does not mean that much to
our future.
Again it casts a reflection upon the
character of the American people that
the crew of the Pueblo was forced to sign
a document admitting what was said was
not the truth. And then a major general
of the U.S. Army also signed a document
saying that we were in enemy waters
when actually we maintained that we
were not. This involves problems of great
significance. It involves the character of
the people of the United States.
Certainly I believe we should return
to the thinking of great men who have
lived in history and have provided great
- leadership?for instance, Lincoln, who
said:
Let us have faith that right makes might;
and in that faith let us to the end, dare to do
our duty as we understand it.
Mr. FINDLEY. I thank the gentleman
for his comments.
As I understand the facts, the com-
mander and the crew of the Pueblo had
no information that they were sent on
any kind of suicide mission. They had
every reason to expect if they got into
trouble they would have support.
I am sure the gentleman, like myself,
had some part in World War II. There
was never any moment during my serv-
ice with the U.S. Navy when I doubted
that the full resources of the United
States, whatever they might be, were be-
hind me and would seek to advance my
safety and the success of my mission.
Yet, out of what has happened with
the U.S.S. Pueblo, arises the question as
to Just how far we have departed from
these traditions of yesterday.
Mr. CARTER. How weak we have be-
came in our action.
It reminds me again of the President
who said: "Speak softly and carry a big
stick."
How far have we gone from that tradi-
tion?
Mr. FINDLEY. I thank the gentleman.
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
Kocn) . Under a previous order of the
House, the gentleman from Ohio (Mr.
MINSHALL) is recognized for 5 minutes.
[Mr. MINSHALL addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.]
ThANSJ'.bE OF SPECIAL ORDER .
Mr. CArealitY. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the special order
granted to the gentleman from Pennsyl-
vania (Mr. Flom) for tomorrow, for 1
hour, be transferred to February 19.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there
objection to the request of the gentle-
man from Louisiana?
There was no objection.
BANK HOLDING COMPANY AMEND-
MENTS?CRUCIAL TO THE CON-
TROL OF FINANCIAL CONGLOM-
ERATES
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
Previous order of the House, the gehtle-
man from Texas (Mr. PATMAN) is recog-
nized for 15 minutes.
Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, today I
am introducing a bill which seeks to stop
the dangerous trend toward mixing the
business of banking with all other busi-
nesses.
In the wake of the great stock market
crash of 1929 and the subsequent great
depression, Congress, in its wisdom, de-
cided that commercial banking should
be divorced from all other businesses.
This principle was established in what
is known as the Glass-Steagall Act of
1933, an amendment to the Federal Re-
serve Act. It was further strengthened
by the passage of the Bank Holding Com-
pany Act by the Congress in 1956.
However, many loopholes remain in the
Bank Holding Company Act and, because
of this and other trends in economic
structure, such as the rise of financial
and other conglomerates and the merger
movement, present law is inadequate to
control the situation.
Therefore, I am introducing legisla-
tion today which I feel will meet this
problem in a straightforward and ade-
quate way.
At this point in the RECORD I insert a
press release issued this morning on my
intention to introduce the bill, along
with the bill itself and a section-by-sec-
tion analysis of this bill:
Wasanarcaon, D.C., February 17.?Chair-
man Wright Patman (D. Tex.) of the House
Banking and Currency Committee, will in-
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Intelligence Officer Testifies
He Saw. No Threat to Pueblo
CORONADO, Calif.?The sen-
ior naval intelligence officer in
the command to which the
o reported when it was
ed has told a military
Of inquiry that he was una-
of two North Korean
Is broadcast in the weeks
ediately prior to the cap-
official Navy summary of
's testimony, heard in
session by the board of
y, quoted Capt. Thomas L.
as saying he "had not
warnings broadcast by the
Koreans Jan. 6 and 11,
first broadcast came
e the Pueblo was still in
n, preparing for its mission.
second warning of "deter-
Mined countermeasures" on the
afirt of the North Koreans came
:he day the Pueblo left Japan. It
vas captured less than two
?leeks later, on Jan. 23.
Dwyer was assistant chief of
staff for intelligence under the
=nand of U.S. Naval Forces
Japan at the time of the
itnadcast warnings and the cap-
ure of Pueblo. He now is assis-
ant to the commander of the
taval intelligence command for
cean surveillance and intern-
;ence operations.
His testimony before the five
dmirals conducting the court of
nquiry tended to support the
:ontention of Cmdr. Lloyd M.
3ucher, captain of the Pueblo,
hat he never received any indi-
:tation of concern about enemy
Mack from his superiors at any
line prior to or during the intel-
igence mission off the North Ko-
Tan coast.
English Broadcast
two
roadcast
On Jan. 6, 70 South Korean
fishing craft were attacked and
five captured by three North Ko-
rean ships. On Jan. 11, an incur-
sion was made by two fast North
Korean ships into a group of 200
South Korean fishing boats, one
of which was sunk in a collision
and three forced to head north.
The North Korean broadcasts
were virtually identical. The
first said:
"The United States imperialist
aggressor army, which has been
incessantly committing provoca-
tive acts lately on the sea off the
Eastern coast, from 6 a.m. to-
day again dispatched many
armed boats, mingled with fish-
ing boats, under the escort of
armed warships into the coastal
waters of our side on the east-
ern coast to perpetuate provo-
cative acts.
"Detained Vessels"
"Our naval ships on patrol
duty on the spot took necessary
countermeasures and detained
the vessels involved in the hos-
tile acts. As long as the United
St a tes imperialist aggressor
troops perpetuate provocative
acts, our People's Army units
will take more determined coun-
termeasures against the enemy
in the future, too."
Bucher, testifying in open ses-
sion last week, said that during
the briefings prior to his depar-
ture from Japan on the intelli-
gence mission he never received
any information "that would in-
dicate that there was any dan-
ger of my ever coming under
attack."
Dwyer also told the court of
inquiry that the type of ship-
board "destruct devices" which
al News A Bucher said he requested for the
monitored by e United Pueblo several times but never
e
received was now? being devel-
oped for future use on intelli-
gence ships.
The Navy transcript of the
closed hearing quoted Dwyer as
saying "that he was not aware
of any destruct devices at that
time or now, although he under-
stood that one was in the off-
ing."
Lack Cited by Bucher
Throughout his testimony last
week, Bucher said the lack of
any such destruct device to keep
sensitive electronic intelligence
equipment and classified publi-
cations from falling Into the
hands of the North Koreans pre-
vented his men from destroying
all of the classified mAdrial and
hindered his efforts to aVold cap-
ture.
The navy said Bucher told the
court Friday that 80 to 90 per-
cent of all classified information
and equipment under his juris-
diction was destroyed before the
ship fell into North Korean
hands. He also said he was not
aware of how successful the de-
struction effort was in the ship's
intelligence quarters.
Dwyer concluded his testimo-
ny at a closed session yesterday,
and was followed to the witness
stand by Capt. Forrest A. Pease,
chief of staff for the commander
of United States Naval forces in
Japan.
None of yesterday's testimony
was disclosed by the Navy. The
court is in recess today, and is
expected to resume closed hear-
ings tomorrow.
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E 978 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions of Remarks February 7, 1969
the central, the top-management, task. The
purpose is to make it possible for top man-
agement to concentrate on decision-making
and direction, to slough off the "doing" to
operating managements, each with its own
mission and goals and with its own sphere
of action and autonomy.
If this lesson were applied to government,
the other institutions of society would then
rightly become the "doers." Decentralization"
applied to government would not be just an-
other form of "federalism" in which local
rather than central government discharges
the "doing" tasks. It would rather be a sys-
tematic policy of using the other, the non-
governmental, institutions of the society?
the hospital as well as the university, busi-
ness as well as labor unions?for the actual
"doing," i.e., for performance, operations,
execution.
LEARNING tk4OM "PUEBLO"
HON. R. LAWRENCE COUGHLIN
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, February 7, 1969
Mr. COUGHLIN. Mr. Speaker, the
plight of Comdr. Lloyd Bucher and the
crew of the Pueblo has touched all of
us in this country deeply. The many
questions arising from the capture of
the Pueblo, the treatment of Command-
er Bucher and his crew by North Ko-
rea, and their subsequent release dis-
turbs the conscience of our Nation.
? While we cannot undo the circum-
stances of this national tragedy, I think
there are lessons to be learned. I present
for inclusion in the RECORD an editorial
that states in commonsense words what
so many of us feel. The editorial was
printed in the February 5, 1969, edition
of the Norristown Times Herald, a daily
newspaper published in Norristown, Pa.
The editorial states:
LEARNING FROM "PUEBLO" -
Things would be SJ much simpler if this
were an either-or world?if people were al-
ways either all good or all evil, either all
right or all wrong, either all wise or all stu-
pid.
The impression emerging from the Pu-
eblo is that there is no one villain respon-
sible for the loss of the ship, and perhaps
no villain at all.
Based on past experience, the Navy was
not acting from deliberate stupidity in hav-
ing "on call" rescue forces that existed on
paper only.
According to Rear Adm. Frank L. Johnson,
who commanded U.S. naval forces in Japan
at the time of the Pueblo seizure, 16 spy
runs were made off the coasts of Red China,
Russia and North Korea during hip tenure'.
While there had been numerous acts of har-
assment of U.S. ships by the Russians and
Chinese, the North Koreans had never both-
ered them.
Apparently, an unwritten law of this par-
ticular espionage game makes it permissible
to make things as miserable as possible for
your opponent, bet not cricket to employ
outright violence. Until North Korea changed
the rules, that is.
Anyway, said Johnson, he had little or
no authority to take rescue action.
As for the Pueblo being armed with only
two .50 caliber machine guns, Cmdr. Charles
R. Clark, former skipper of the USS Banner,
sister spy ship of the Pueblo, testified that
he did not want even these aboard his ship.
He felt they were not only useless but pro-
vocative.
Still unexplained, of course, is why the
Pueblo was not provided with the where-
withal to enable her crew to destroy the
ship's electronic gear and other secret cargo.
Common sense would seem to dictate that
not just enemy attack but any number of
chance events, such as being blown aground
on a hostile shore, might make such action
necessary.
No one is being done proud by the revela-
tions coming from the Pueblo inquiry. But
while the Navy brass ale busy passing
the buck among themselves, the man in
the street fervently hopes that someone in
the Pentagon has learned and is applying the
lessons that have been taught by the sorry
incident.
AMENDMENTS TO THE SOCIAL
SECURITY ACT TO PROVIDE
NATIONAL MINIMUM WELFARE
STANDARDS AND ELIGIBILITY RE-
QUIREMENTS
HON. HUGH L. CAREY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, February 7, 1969
Mr. CAREY. Mr. Speaker, I have today
introduced legislation that would amend
the public assistance provisions of the
Social Security Act to require the estab-
lishment of nationally uniform minimum
standards and eligibility requirements for
aid and assistance.
The welfare situation in our major
cities has, indeed, reached the critical
stage. Other services, such as police, fire,
sanitation, education, and transit have
been and are being shortchanged because
of the burgeoning welfare costs. It is now
time for the Federal Government to act
before the situation becomes totally un-
manageable and the local tax base is
eroded even further.
We have long recognized that needy
persons, particularly dependent children,
are a national responsibility. Neverthe-
less, the new budget request of the New
York City welfare commissioner is $1.7
billion, an increase of $400 million over
the current level and the largest single
item in the expense budget. Much of this
can be attributed to the disparity between
the level of welfare payments in our city
and those in the nonurban areas. The
average monthly payment for aid to de-
pendent children in New York City, for
example, is $61.70 per month as compared
to only $8.40 in Mississippi.
An editorial in the January 3 issue of
the New York Times, entitled "Welfare
Quagmire" sets forth some of the welfare
problems confronting our metropolitan
areas. I include the full text of the article
at this point in the RECORD:
WELFARE QUAGMIRE
The necessity for a basic shift in welfare
policy is painfully underscored by the re-
quest of the Department of Social Services
for a monumental $1.7 billion to finance aid
to New York City's needy in the fiscal year
beginning July 1. This represents a rise of
nearly $400 million over the budget the de-
partment originally requested for this year;
It is four times the budget for 1964-65, the
last full year of the Wagner administration.
What makes the astronomic upsweep in the
city's outlay for the relief of human misery
doubly dismaying is that it occurs in a period
of unparalleled general prosperity. As Mayor
Lindsay noted in a cheery New Year state-
ment, the over-all level of unemployment in
the five boroughs declined last year to 3.2
per cent?a rate he described as "the lowest
in the city's history."
It becomes increasingly clear that the wel-
fare rolls have a life of their own detached
from the metropolitan job market. Twenty
years ago there were a quarter-million people
on relief in this city. By 1965 the number
had risen to a half-million. Now it is Just
short of a million, and it is expected to go a
quarter-million higher in the next fiscal year.
The most tragic statistic of all is that the
rolls include nearly 600,000 children, growing
up in homes bereft of hope. The great bulk
of the rest in this roster of social casualties
are mothers, the aged and the disabled. Apart
from 25,000 receiving wages so low they re-
quire supplementary aid, the rolls contain
only 42,000 men listed as eniployables?
among them alcoholics, addicts and others
with physical or emotional infirmities.
A great part of the increased caseload in
this city results from the technological re-
volution in agriculture that has uprooted
millions of Southern Negroes and sent them
cascading into Northern cities in search of
jobs. The first need in a new welfare policy
is acceptance by the Federal Government of
responsibility for the full cost of this ex-
ported misery.
National welfare standards are an essential
part of such a shift so that people would be
encouraged to seek new lives in their own
home states instead of coming to strange
cities without skills, schooling or friends. The
New York 'State average payment for aid to
dependent children is $61.70 a month, as
against $8.40 a month in Mississippi.
But no restructuring of the welfare system
will eliminate all the demeaning features
that lead to a cycle of inherited dependency
and withdrawal from a work-oriented society.
That means a priority matter for the new
Administration in Washington must be the
development of a new system of income
maintenance, through some such device as a
negative income tax or universal children's
allowances, that will bring the welfare popu-
lation back into the mainstream of American
society and provide incentives for their res-
toration to self-support.
Mr. Speaker, in the legislation I have
introduced today, which is being co-
sponsored by many of our colleagues,
the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare will be given the power to set
minimum standards and uniform cri-
teria for all States, subject, of course,
to congressional review. This policy was
recommended in 1966 by the Advisory
Council on Public Welfare in its report
to the Secretary. More recently the task
force organized by President Nixon to
study public assistance made a similar
recommendation and last week, Secre-
tary Finch endorsed the concept.
This measure, therefore, represents an
important and long overdue step by the
Federal Government in its recognition of
the welfare situation throughout the
Nation. It would attack the problem in
two fundamental ways: First, by es-
tablishing a uniform system in all the
States, the current migration of needy
persons from rural to urban areas would
be greatly abated. Second, by setting
uniform acceptance standards whereby
persons are declared eligible for bene-
fits, the present State-by-State shopping
for the most liberal requirements would
be curtailed.
Expert knowledge indicates that better
education, training, housing, and employ-
ment opportunities can be made avail-
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Febrdary 7, _1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- Extensions
the unproductive. All of man's institutions?
and for that matter, all men?are commit-
ted to what they are used to and reluctant
to accept that it no longer needs doing or
that it des not produce results. But govern-
ment is tinder far greater pressure to cling
to yesterday than any other institution. In-
deed, the typical response of government to
the failUre of an activity is to double its
budget and staff.
Nothing in history, for instance, can com-
pare in futility with those prize acts ities of
the American Government, its welfare poli-
cies and its farm policies. Both policies are
largely responsible for the disease they are
supposed to cure. We have known this for
quite sonae time?in the case of the farm pro-
gram sinee before World War It; in the case
of the welfare program certainly since 1950.
The preblem of the urban poor is undoubt-
edly vast. No city in history has ever been
able to absorb an influx of such Magnitude
as the American cities have had to absorb
since the end of World War II. Wherever it
happened in the past, there was the same
collapse Of family, community and local gov-
ernmen in the cities of England in the late
18th cen ury when the Irish came in; in the
cities of North America around 1840, again
with the corning of the Irish; in the cities
of eontin ntal Europe later on, as for instance
when th Czechs started to migrate in large
numbers into the Vienna of the Hapsburgs
in the ceasing years of the 19th century.
The influx of almost two million rural Ne-
groes an Puerto Ricans into New York City
alone in tess than a 15-year period exceeded
any of t ese earlier migrations. It is unpre-
cedented in the history of cities. But we cer-
tainly coned not have done worse if We had
done not ling at all. In fact, the 19th century
cities th
these las
which, i
illiterate
nothing-
York Cit
t did nothing, did better. And so,
20 years, has Sao Paulo in Brazil,
ndated by similar floods of rural,
Negroes fresh from serfdom, did
and is in better shape than New
Our we?are policies were not designed to
meet this problem. They were perfectly ra-
tional?and quite effective?as measures for
the temporary relief of competent people who
were unemployed only because of the catas-
trophe of the Great Depression. Enacted in
the mid-1930s, the relief policies has essen-
tially finiehed their job by 1940. But being
government programs, they could not . be
abandoned. Far too massive a bureaucracy
had been built. The emotional investment in
these programs and in their slogan: had be-
come far too great. They had become "sym-
bols" of the New Deal.
Small Wonder, then, that we reached for
them when the entirely different problems
of the 1960s arose, that is, when the rural
Negro moVed into the core city in large num-
bers. And small wonder, that these programs
did not vork, that instead they aggravated
the probl m and increased the helplessness,
the depe dence, the despair of the Negro
masses. Th it all we could do when relief failed
to relieve was to double the budget and to
double the number of people engaged in fill-
ing out forms.
AN OPPOSITE RESULT
The farin program tells the same etery. It
was designed?also in the 1930's?to save the
family fa?mer and to restore his economic
and socia health. Instead it has subsidized
his replacement by large, heavily capitalized
and highly productive "industrial farms."
This may well be a more desirable result
than the one the farm program was meant?
and is stil meant?to produce. But it was an
abysmal ailure in terms of the programs
announcei objectives. Yet the program goes
on, with n increased budget and increas-
ingly perverse consequences.
Lest this be read as a criticism of the
American Government, let me add that this
experience knows no distinction of race,
creed or I nationality. The depressed-areas
policy in Great Britain detes back to the
1920s. In all that time, it has not restored to
economic health one single "depressed area."
But it has effectively penalized the shift of
labor to areal of higher productivity, higher
wages and better jobs. It thereby has slowed
growth in the healthy regions. Yet when-
ever it is realized that the "depressed areas"
are still depressed, the budget goes up. ,
Government is a poor manager. It is of
necessity, concerned with procedure, just as
it is also, of necessity, large and cumbersome.
Government us properly conscious that it
administers Public funds and must account
for every penny. It has no choice but to be
"hureaucratic"?in the common usage of the
term. -
: every government is, by definition, a "gov-
ernment of paper forms." This means in-
evitably high cost. For "cor.trol" of the last
10 per cent of any phenomenon always costs
more than the first 90 per cent. If control
tries to account for everything, it becomes
prohibitively expensive. Yet this is what gov-
ernment is always expected to do.
And the reason is not just "bureaucracy"
and red tape; it is a much sounder one. A
"little dishonesty" in government is a cor-
eesive disease. It rapidly spreads to infect the
Whole body politic. Yet the temptation t
dishonesty is always great. People of m s
trieans and dependent on a salary ancile
1.ry large public sums. People of m est po-
ition dispose of power and ewer contracts
oci privileges of tremendots importance to
%her people--construction jobs, radio chan-
els, air routes, zoning laws, bililding codes
Od so on.
, To fear corruption in goverisseent is not
irrational. This means, however, that gov-
rnment "bureaucracy"?and is consequent
i
leh costs?cannot be eliminated. Any gov-
raiment that is not a "govemenent of paper
cames" degenerates rapidly ihto a mutual
tooting society.
POLITICS LOOKS ELSE HERE
The generation that was i love with ,the
-Mite 30 and 40 years ago belie ed fondly that
deernment would be econos cal. Eliminat-
reg the "profit motive" was hought to re-
ece costs. This was poor eco mics, to begin
Ith. It -is worse public admi istration.
'The politician's attention oes not go to
he 90 per celet of money an effort that is
devoted to existing programs and activities.
They are left to their own de ces and to the
ender mercies of medioe ty. Politics?
ightly?is primarily concer ed with "new
regrams." It is focused on risis and prob-
ems and issues. It is not fi used on doing
job. Politics, whatever the form of govern-
,i
ant, is not congenial to lanagerial orga-
ie,ation and makes govern ent defective in
,
anagerial performance.
We have built elaborate/ safeguards to pro-
ept the administrative s ucsure within gov-
raiment against the Mica' process. This
the purpose of eve civil service. But al-
b.ough this protec the going machinery
rem the distortion'and pressures of politics,
:aieo protects t e incumbents in the agen-
iee front the 4e1nands of performance.
Of course, We maintain officially- that civil
Setvice tennee is compatible with excellence.
tit if wee-had to choose, we would probably
ay that mediocrity in the civil service is a
leeeee evil than "politics." As far as the Judi-
(eery is concerned?Where we first created
ridependence"?this is certainly true. How
t- it is true in administrative agencies is
ciehatable. A good many people have come to
401eve that we need some way of rewarding
performance and of penalizing nonperform-
anoe, even within civil service.
I
still, the premium Within government will
beon not "rocking the, boat" in existing agen-
eies, that is, on no innovation, no initiative,
but rather on doing with proper procedures
that has been done before. Within the polit-
ical process, attention will certainly not be
paid to the on-going routine work unless
of Remarks E 977
there is the publicized malfunction of a
"scandal."
As a result, management of the daily work
of government will remain neglected, or be
considered a matter of following "procedure"
and of filling out forms. By excelling as a
manager, no one in politics will iget to the
top unless at the same time he builds his
own political machine, his awn political fol-
lowing, his own faction.
We can?and must?greatly improve the
efficiency of government. There is little rea-
son these days to insist on "100 per cent
audit," for instance. Modern sampling meth-
ods based on probability matheniaties ac-
tually give us better control by innecting a
small percentage of the events. But we need
something much more urgently: the clear
definition of the results a policy is expected
to produce, and the ruthless examination of
results against these expectations.
This, in turn, demands that we spell out in
considerable detail what results are expected
rather than content ourselves with promises
and manifestos. In the last century, the audi-
tor general became a central organ of every
government. We learned that we needed an
independent agency to control the daily
process of government and to make sure that
smovaegs appropriated was spent for what it
was intentle_cl for, and spent honestly. Now
we may have-to develop an independent gov-
ernment agency that compares the results of
policies against expectations and that, in-
dependent of pressures from the executive
as well as from the legislature, reports to the
public any program that does not deliver.
AUTOMATIC CUTOFF
We may even go further?though only a
gross optimist would expect this today. We
may build into government an automatic
abandonment process. Instead of starting
with the assumption that any program, any
agency and any activity is likely to be eternal,
we might start out with the opposite as-
sumption: that each is short-lived and tem-
porary.
We might, from the beginning, assume
that it will come to an end within five or
ten years unless specifically renewed. And
we may discipline ourselves not to renew any
program unless it has the results that it
promised when first started. We may, let us
hope, eventually build into government the
capacity to appraise results and systemati-
cally to abandon yesterday's tasks.
Yet such measures will still not convert
government into a "doer." They will not
alter the main lesson of the last BO years:
government is not a "doer."
The purpose of government is to make
fundamental decisions and to make them
effectively. The purpose of government is
to focus the political eneegies of society. It
Is to present fundamental choices. The pur-
pose of government, in other words, is to
govern. This, as we have learned in other in-
stitutions, is incompatible with "doing." Any
attempt to combine government With "do-
ing" on a large scale paralyzes the decision-
making capacity.
There is reason today why soldiers, civil
servants and hospital administrators look to
business management for concepts, princi-
ples and practices. For business, during the
last 30 years, has had to face, on a much
smaller scale, the problem that government
now faces; the incompatibility between "gov-
erning" and "doing." Business management
learned that the two have to be separated,
and that the top organ, the decision-maker,
has to be detached from "doing." Other-
wise he does not make edecisions, and the
"doing" does not get done, either.
In business, this goes by the name of
"decentralization." The term is misleading.
It implies a weakening of the central organ,
the top management of a business. The true
purpose of decentralization, however, is to
make the center, the top Managernent of
business, strong and capable of performing
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E 980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions Of Kemal& 1969
CENTERS OF 'TERRORIST OPERATIONS
Jordan
Complete freedom of movement, activity
and recruitment is permitted to the ter-
rorist groups in Jordan. Their bases and
camps exist openly along the cease-fire lines.
In some areas they are in complete control?
as was shown by documents captured during
the Israel raid on Karameh, where the Fatah
in this town have their own police force and
jails.
Iraq
The Iraqi task force stationed in the Mifraq
area of Jordan supplies the saboteurs with
arms and equipment, including Russian 120
mm mortars.
Officers and men of the 421st Palestine
Commando Battalion, part of the regular
Iraqi Army, lead units infiltrating into Israel.
Many members of this battalion were killed
and others captured during the Karameh
raid.
A fixed allocation has been made in the
Government budget for "strengthening the
movement of the armed struggle."
Syria
Until several months ago the major bases
and headquarters of the infiltrator bands
were located in Syria. On the eve of the
Karameh operation, several hundred officers
and men were transferred to Jordan, to join
the terrorist organizations in that country.
A number of captured terrorists have said,
in open court, that they had undergone mili-
tary training in Syria. Others have proved to
be officers in the regular Syrian Army.
Egypt
In January, 1968, senior Fatah officers vis-
ited Cairo and reached an agreement for the
training of saboteurs in regular Egyptian
army camps. According to documents cap-
tured at Karameh, more than 100 have al-
ready received such training.
On April 25, a unit of infiltrators in-
tercepted near Beer-Ora carried documents
issued by the Egyptian Embassy in Amman.
They had completed a special sabotage course
in a military camp near Cairo and were then
transferred to Jordan.
In recent weeks the same pattern of am-
bush, sabotage and shelling has been initi-
ated by units of the regular Egyptian Army
on the bank of the Suez Canal.
HOPE FOR PEACE IS THE VICTIM
Although the campaign of terror has borne
some fruit in the mounting toll of dead and
wounded Israeli Jews and Arabs, it has proved
totally futile in its primary purpose. It has
not, at any level, affected the administra-
tion of the occupied areas, nor does it pose a
threat to the survival of Israel. The danger
of a major conflict still constitutes the basic
problem for those who are concerned with
the maintenance of peace in the area. But it
is worth noting that the wars of 1956 and
1967 came as the culmination points of a
deliberately escalated policy of terrorist war-
fare.
The past year has proved that terrorists
from across the border can be contained and
prevented from establishing a foothold
among Arabs in the occupied areas. Counter
measures against marauders have so far re-
sulted in almost 900 terrorists dead and 800
wounded, with several thousand more serv-
ing prison terms in Israeli jails.* The
casualty figures for the period from August 1
to October 10, 1968, amounted to 109 killed
and 206 wounded.
In one area, however, the effects should
not be minimized. Recent attacks on citizens
in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv provoked spon-
taneous outbursts against Arabs who were
near the scene, and pressure on the Gov-
ernment to? review its liberal policy in the
administered areas was increased. Although
the Government has strongly resisted any
?
*September, 1968.
such change, a continuation of such inci-
dents can only work to weaken and destroy
the contact and daily intercourse which has
developed between Israelis and Palestinians,
in Jerusalem and in the other areas.
END NAVAL INQUIRY OF CAPTURE
OF U.S.S. "1:2a1.3.19:
HON. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, February 7, 1969
Mr. BINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, the cap-
ture and detention of the U.S.S. Pueblo
and her crew by North Korea and the
action of the U.S. Government to obtain
the crew's release, raises many serious
questions. I have been particularly con-
cerned with the prospect that Captain
Bucher and his men might be subject to
persecution and punishment for alleged
violations of the Code of Military Con-
duct and other Navy regulations govern-
ing the behavior of military men, in com-
bat or encounters with hostile forces. On
the basis of what has appeared to date,
I feel strongly that for several reasons
Captain Bucher and his men should not
be subject to prosecution. First, the Code
of Military Conduct is quite new in
American law, and its applicability to
situations of warfare and international
tension is untested. Second, the code was
issued by Presidential decree, and has
never been passed upon by the people
through their elected Representatives in
Congress, as I believe it should be.
I am particularly disturbed with the
effects of the provision in the code that
American soldiers held by hostile govern-
ments can give no more information than
"name, rank, and service number." I have
outlined why I feel this provision is un-
fair and unwise, and what I think should
be done about it, in a letter to President
Nixon urging him to change it as soon as
possible.
I have received such a large volume
of correspondence, from my own con-
stituents and people across the country,
expressing interest In the proposal set
out in my letter to President Nixon that
I feel it useful to insert the letter at this
point for the readers of the RECORD:
TEXT OF LETTER BY CONGRESSMAN BINGHAM
TO PRESIDENT NIXON CALLING FOR REVISED
MILITARY CODE OF CONDUCT
JANUARY 27, 1969.
Ma. PRESIDENT: The mental and emotional
torture suffered by Commander Lloyd M.
Bucher and members of the crew of the USS
Pueblo at the hands of their North Korean
captors shows (in addition to the inhumanity
of the current government of North Korea)
the shameful and ludicrous inadequacy of
the Code of Conduct for Military personnel,
The rule that requires American prisoners,
under threat of court martial, to give their
captors nothing more than "name, rank, and
service number" must be drastically revised.
The mistreatment American prisoners are
forced to undergo to avoid signing false
"statements" and "confessions" does not
prevent their captors from using such state-
ments for propaganda purposes. If death or
sheer stamina under torture permits an
American prisoner to resist snaking or sign-
ing statements dictated by his captors, it
Is easy enough for them to use similar treat-
ment on other prisoners until someone sub-
snits. Even if no prisoner can be forced to
make or sign trumped-up statements, hostile
captors can forge prisoner's signatures, or
simply issue whatever propaganda statements
they wish to promulgate without a pris-
oner's submission.
In short, American prisoners are forced, by
the "name, rank, and service number" limita-
tion, to trade severe mental and physical mis-
treatment, and sometimes their very lives,
without in any way frustrating the enemy's
goals?to suffer and often to cite for nothing.
The probability that American prisoners
would be subjected to this kind of severe
mental and physical torture could be greatly
reduced if the following steps were taken
immediately:
1. Revise the "name, rank and service num-
ber" provision of the Code of Military Con-
duct to permit any American soldier impris-
oned or detained by a hostile government to
sign or make any statement or confession
Which does not contain any factual informa-
tion that would be useful to the hostile power
and that, to the best of the prisoner's knowl-
edge, is not already known to the hostile
government.
2. Announce through all available diplo-
matic and public channels, including the
United Nations, that American military per-
sonnel have been so instructed, and that no
statement or confession signed by any Amer-
ican military person held or detained by a
hostile government can be believed.
These changes would be consistent with
our international commitments under the
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment
of Prisoners of War. American captives would
not be allowed to give any real assistance or
factual information to hostile governments,
any more than they are permitted to do so
under the current Code. What these changes
would do is remove one of the major excuses
used by hostile captors to torture and kill
American military men, reduce the proba-
bility that American soldiers would have to
suffer such torture and death, and reduce
the propaganda usefulness of false enemy
statements and confessions attributed to
American captives.
I strongly urge you, as President of the
United States, to make these changes in the
Code of Military Conduct by Executive Order
before any more American military men are
forced to suffer and perhaps die under the
senseless "name, rank, and service number"
rule.
JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
Member Of Congress.
Public response to this statement has
been nearly unanimously favorable. A
few examples of the many letters I have
received are included below:
LONGPORT, N.J.,
January 27, 1969,
Hon. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN BINGHAM: I was very
much interested to read in the Atlantic City
Press this morning your proposal to Presi-
dent Nixon on the Code of Military Conduct.
These have been my thoughts for some time.
I have wanted to express them to someone
who could remedy this situation which I feel
would beat the communists at their own
game. I have never written to a Congressman
or Senator before but after following the case
of the Pueblo and Cmdr. Bucher, I feel that
I must speak out. I have written to any
state senator, Senator Clifford Case and asked
him to support your proposal. This is of great
concern to me as I have three young sons.
Two of them will probably be in the service
in a few years. As I told Senator Case, I
don't want them to be traitors to their coun-
try, but I don't expect the impossible from
them either. I feel this is the case with Cmdr.
Bucher and other American prisoners. It is
impossible to endure this inhumane suffering
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February 7, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions
able on a more equitable basis in non
urban areas. If the Federal Governmen
will act now to reform the system, it wil
be nrUch easiersto assist the poor in thei
present environment than try to provid
for them in our large cities where it
beconting increasingly difficult to affo
the programs they require.
The enactment of this legislation wil
not have an adverse or regressive effec
on the present level of assistance in any+
State. In States with low levels of per
capita income, Federal support grants
will Make it possible for them to attain
the national minimum standsvd while'
keeping the present State and local ef-
fort requirements.
I ant hopeful that the Ways and Means
Committee will give early attention to
this legislation and that action can be
secured in the present session in order
that steps can be taken to reverse the
trend ' toward ever-increasing welfare
costs.
BACKGROUND ON THE FATAH
HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
I Friday, February 7, 1969
Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, Israel
contimies to be harassed by Arab terror-
ist groUps. Because these raids occur
with suet' tragic frequency, many Amer-
icans have become blunted to these in-
cursione and threats to Israel's existence.
The following description of El Fatah
activities appears in the January 1969
edition Of the Middle East Information
Series and vividly documents the fre-
quent attacks of terrorist bands on Israel
communities?a reminder to all of us of
the daily loss of lives in the Middle East:
13ACMGROUND ON THE FATAH
Since the end of the Six Day War some
236 Israelis have lost their lives and 870
have been wounded as a result of "border
incidents''. The terrorists make no distinc-
tion betWeen civilians, soldiers, Jews, Druse
or Arabs.)
In September alone, for example:
On September 4, hand grenades set off in
the crowded Central Bus Station in Tel Aviv
killed one 65 year old man and injured 51
others, beth Jews and Arabs.
On September 9, an explosive charge set
off under a truck in the market place in
Gaza, wonnded the Israeli Arab driver and
15 other people.
On Sep ember 13, three Druse watchmen
were murdered by a marauding band in the
Negev. I
Innocent bystanders are not the only tar-
gets , in the campaign. The shelling of the
string of settlements in the Jordan ami Belt-
shan vens has become so frequent that in
some kibbutzim (communal farm settle-
ments) the younger children sleep in under-
ground shelters. Farmers working in their
fields are fired on, dirt roads are mined night-
ly and frontier patrols come under bazooka
and mortar attack.
Almost daily the news headlines carry
stories of Soldiers killed or wounded, either
on routine I patrols or in unexpected artillery
duels. Altliaugh the incidents may be pro-
voked by one of the terrorist groups, it is the
*As of September, 1968. These figures have
risen sharnly within the last two months.
regular Jordanian Army, according to on the
spot observers, which provides covering fire
for the retreating saboteurs and sets up the
heavy artillery barrages.
Until recently, terrorist activity operated
exclusively from bases in Jordan and Syria.
However, recent incidents along the Suez
Canal?implanted mines, ambushing of
Israeli soldiers, sniping and shelling?In-
dicate the opening up of a "new front" in
the operations.
WAR BY OTHEB MEANS
Official statements of the Arab Govern-
ments and speeches delivered at the United
Nations term the terrorists' activities a direct
consequence of the June War and the Israeli
occupation of Arab territory. However, for in-
ternal consumption, cor sistency is aban-
doned and a different purpose and goal of the
campaign is generally conceded. For instance,
the Egyptian governmens paper "Al Com-
houriya" stated, on November 17:
"These events are not a result of the ag-
gression of June 5 and ot Israel's conquest
of part of the Arab lands. Mmost three years
ago and more, several Palestinian organiza-
tions began armed operations in vccupied
Palestine; their activity wag4nerely istepped
up after the aggression." ,
Even more explicit isine editorial of the
Saudi Arabian paper " -Jailed" of March 18:
"The Arab Fedayee activities are simply
the preparatory gro network for the next
Arab round and the, aunching of the victory
campaign."
In other words.ft.errorisrn is to be used as
a "softening up' stage to demoralize Israel
and weaken its onomy until such time as
the Arab States an reach a level of military
competence tha will enable them to under-
take the final n uidation.
RESIS NCE OR TERROR?
The employniet of these methods is no
few feature in th area. They were used as
far back as the 192's and 1930's, both against
Jewish settlers and hose Arabs who opposed
the policies of their eadership. But in those
days the terrorists di ? ot call upon the ghost
of Che Guevara; thei leader and source of
inspiration was the e Mufti of Jerusalem,
Raj el-Hussein, ally of itler and friend of
the Balkan fascist lead s. His support de-
raved from the ultra-na onalistic elements
ho opposed all forms o Jewish-Arab co-
?aeration and rejected a p ceful solution to
the conflict based on coe :istence. Despite
the invocation of the name Che and other
"freedom fighters", the pone of the existing
ti rrorist groups has changed fttIe. They still
c: ing to their former slogans nd appeal for
*aamther round".
I To compare the activities of t e Fatah and
Sinner groups with those of the national re-
etstance movements of the past, s to make a
transparently false analogy. Su cessful re-
ist;tance movements, whether In ireland, Cy-
plus, Cuba or Algeria, were alwa s based on
mass support of the peaple, seeking to
lil)erate themselves.
This is far removed from th situation
Which exists in the Israeli oceupi d areas to-
day. The success of the Vietcong s based on
lilar support it receives from the /local popu-
-often undertaken at gr at personal
risk. The Fatah has failed to ke any sub-
stantial headway in achievi g this basic
rerequisite.
ra
) Part of this failure can be/credited
Army. Mi-
nor
to the
two-pronged policy of the
nor frictions are avoided ;raid the edge Is
taken off hostility by a pplice of giving the
local Inhabitants a free hind in the running
o their own affairs. There are today less than
3 Israeli officials engaged in the total ad-
nistration of the occupied areas. The lift-
/ ,g of travel restrictiens and permitting a
certain amount of Riede between the East
and West Banks of the Jordan have also
served as stabilizing factors.
a
of Remarks E 979
Terrorism is countered by tough measures
and those caught harboring active Fatah ele-
ments face the prospect of having their
houses blown up. Capital punishment, how-
ever, is not invoked, since it has been abol-
ished under Israel law. Collective punish-
ment is not meted out to a community, as
was practiced by the British in pre-1948 Pal-
estine. Not only have the terrorists failed to
bring about a popular uprising but the lo-
cal population of the West Bank and Gaza
have clearly demonstrated their reluctance
to provide either shelter or support for the
operations of the saboteur bands. Much of
the information which has led to the capture
of saboteurs has been supplied to the army
by local citizens.
The Palestinians of the West Bank and
Gaza want an end to the Israeli occupation
Mit, from all available evidence, the ma-
jority looks neither to total war nor to ter-
rorist aotivities to achieve this goal. The
people appear to be willing to come to terms
with the reality of Israel's existence, and to
seek some form of political accommodation
and settlement.
While this applies to the majority, there
remains a part of the population that un-
doubtedly sympathizes with the terrorists
and from these circles are recruited the small
groups of militants who form the terrorist
cells operating in East Jerusalem, Gaza,
Hebron and Nablus. But one indication of
the extent to which they have to go in re-
cruitment was the announcement by Fatah
on May, 1968, that its ranks are now open to
"non-Palestinians". Even the Vietcong?
whose name is often invoked--has never been
obliged to resort to foreign volunteers, and
the FLN was never dependent on recruits
from other Arab countries.
BASES OUTSIDE PALESTINE
Faced with inadequate support from the
local Palestinian population, the terrorists
have been compelled to depend on bases
across the borders. From these centers they
can infiltrate at night, lay their Mines and
return by daybreak.
Prior to June 1987, the terrorists' head-
quarters were based in Syria, with Jordan
providing a transition point. Today the op-
erations are conducted from camps in Jor-
dan. No longer absolute master in his King-
dom, it is doubtful whether King Hussein
could control the Fatah, even should he wish
to do so. The result could well be the down-
fall of the regime, an eventuality which
neither Egypt nor Syria would view with
regret. One .direct consequence of the Fatah
operations from bases in the Jordan valley
has been the abandonment of the villages
in the area by the local population, result-
ing in a substantial loss, which the Jor-
danian economy can ill-afford.
Not only has the base of operations
changed in the past year, but a radical trans-
formation has taken place in the training
and composition of the saboteur bands and
in their relationship to the Arab States.
Frustrated by political state/nate, in-
ternal disaffection and military weakness, the
Arab governments have turned to open sup-
port and encouragement of terrorism as part
of their overall strategy against Israel?the
"old" war is being conducted by other means.
Speaking at El-Mansura (Radio Cairo,
April 18, 1968), President Nasser stated:
"We recognize the terrorist' movement . .
we will support add give aid to this move-
ment . . . the activities of the Asifa com-
mandos and the Fatah are a positive element
in our campaign."
In support of this policy, funds, arms,
training facilities, shelter and covering fire
when required are all being provided di-
rectly by the Arab Governments. Although
most of the rank and file terrorists?among
whom the casualty rate has been about
90%?are Palestinians, many of the officers
are Syrian, Egyptian, Iraqi and Jordanian.
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February 7, 1969 CONGREgSIONAL RECURD ? Extensions of Kemarks E 981
over a period of time. I wish you every suc-
cess in your endeavors.
Sincerely,
MrS, MARGUERITE PACENTRILLI.
ROCHESTER, MINN.,
February 1, 1969.
Hon, JONATHAN BINGHAM,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
, --
DEAR REPRESENTATIVE BINGHAM: Than.. you
for your interest in the plight of the military
man, beholden to say only "name, rank, and
serial number" to an unreasonable captor.
The Navy, with which I have had recent
acquaintance, makes no effort to prepare its
men for imprisonment by a hostile power; no
preparation for interrogation or "brain-
washing".
Why can't we learn from our experiences
in Korea? Is the military incapable of pre-
paring its soldiers for an eventuality as real
as combat?
Someone with interest, understanding, and
compassion should review this difficult area
with the Armed Services.
Sincerely,
DONALD SWITZ.
THE GEORGE W. HENRY
FOUNDATION, INC.,
New York, N.Y., January 26, 1969.
Hon. JONATHAN BINGHAM,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
SIR: I hope you will not consider it pre-
sumptuous for me to write to express whole-
hearted agreement with your proposal to
amend the rules relating to the conduct of
members of the Armed Forces who may have
been taken prisoner. I am greatly and gravely
concerned by the circumstances that neces-
sitated your introduction of such a Bill. This
concern arises out of the circumstances sur-
rounding the Naval inquiry into the loss of
the 17.5.5. Pueblo, from which it might ap-
pear that the Navy is primarily in search of
a scapegoat to bear responsibility for the
ship's loss. Certainly others than Com-
mander Bucher, especially after hearing his
testimony that he besought the Navy to pro-
vide him with electrical equipment that
would speedily destroy the secret parapher-
nalia over which there is so much pother,
must bear this burden. Someone, seemingly,
was penny wise and pound foolish. Hence I
think the Bill might profitably include pro-
vision that Commander Bucher and his crew,
now, according to report, threatened with
court martial, should be held blameless for
the ship's capture or their conduct under
trying conditions.
The rule that a man need give only his
name, rank and serial number is little more
than the proverbial scrap of paper. Certain-
ly in our wars with civilized (?) Germany
and Japan, enemy interrogators sought to
find out much more than that; and we are
told that their efforts to obtain information
were accompanied by both physical and psy-
chological pressures?not too different from
the police "third degree". Were our and our
Allied interrogators altogether blameless?
You are wise in suggesting that our Gov-
ernment should make proclamation that
prisoners may feel free to sign anything, from
a statement that the moon is made of green
cheese, up or down, to be left unmolested. As
to the turncoats. I feel each case should be
investigated on its own merits. Young people
are not superhuman. Only the Lord knows
how much pressure they can stand; and a
great deal of mercy should be available even
to a repentant defector who was tortured or
"brain washed" into telling more than his
prayers.
With regard to Commander Bucher and
the Pueblo crew, I believe that, instead of
their being court-martialed, they should be
welcomed in the words of the old gospel
hymn:
"Home again, home again,
From a foreign shore.
And, oh, it makes our hearts rejoice,
To see our friends once more."
Instead of a court martial, they would
seem deserving of Purple Hearts, and even
some sort of commendatory medal, as their
country's evidence of appreciation of their
ordeal.
We are told in the scriptures to make unto
ourselves friends of the mammon of un-
righteousness. Does it not follow that, in
dealing with an unscrupulous enemy, the
Marquis of Queensbury rules must be sub-
ject to a great deal of interpretation?
In hope that your Bill will speedily become
law, I am,
Your obedient servant,
ALFRED A. GROSS,
Executive Director.
NEW YORK, N.Y.,
January 26, 1969.
CONGRESSMAN JONATHAN BINGHAM: Con-
gratulations on your asking Nixon to inter-
vene in Bucher situation. Have gotten 100
signatures on letter which you will get copy
of soon.
HARRY J. UFLAND,
MCALLEN, Tax.,
January 29, 1969.
Hon. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. BINGHAM: I am enclosing a clip-
ping from The Dallas News of a day or two
ago, telling of your letter to President Nixon
proposing a revision of the military code of
conduct to allow captured servicemen to
confess to "anything so long as the confes-
sion 'does not contain factual information
that would be useful to the hostile power'."
May I commend you on this!
About two years ago, when the very first
American soldier to ever escape from the
Viet Cong was given great publicity and I
learned of the things they tortured him for
because he would not admit to things or sign
things, I had the great thought that every
American ,s ?idler should be instructed to
sign anything, say anything. Thus, what
a laughing stock it would make of any
enemy, flaunting "signed statements" . . .
when all the world would know that
U.S. soldiers had been instructed to sign or
say anything! (any idiot knows that he
would not be fighting for his country if he
felt "that way" about it!) Thus, he could
say he hated his country, he could say he
loved Communism, he could say he thought
"we" in the wrong . . . and sign the paper?
and all would automatically be discounted?
not only by us, but by the world!
Suddenly I realized, "Why haven't the
people who know military not thought of this
before!" I had a great urge to "take pen in
hand" and write Johnson, or the Defense
head, or a senator or representative, or
somebody! My husband said, "If you feel
this strongly about this, by all means, write!"
But?I thought?"who am I, a mere house-
wife, to enter into things military!" . . also,
I just didn't put in motion my fine thought.
And now you have come up with this great
idea . . . and, my thanks to you!
Remember, if a gunman held you at bay
and said he'd kill you if you didn't say you
hated your wife, or your children, or your
country . . . you'd say it! (Not that that
would mean you did! . . . it's as simple as
that!
Sincerely,
Mrs. GORDON KETHLEY,
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.,
January 27, 1969.
Congressman JONATHAN BINGHAM,
U.S. House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR SIR: I was pleased to note in the news
this weekend the position you have taken
with regard to the amendment of the Uni-
form Code of Military Justice. In fact, I was
about to write to you to ask that you take
some action in that regard. It is quite in-
equitable to permit diplomats ta sign con-
fessions and disclaim their validity while de-
nying the men in the military the same
privilege. It is particularly ludicrous in view
of the fact that the latter rather than the
former are most likely to be in the most
Immediate physical and psychological peril.
I am therefore in complete agreement with
you, and if possible, I would like to see the
proposal that you have made.
Sincerely yours,
CAROLYN GENTILE, Esq.
JESSUP, MD.,
January 27, 1969.
Hon. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
U.S. Representative,
New York.
SIR: Congratulations on recommending a
revised code of conduct for captured service-
men.
We should, in my opinion, announce to the
world that we are instructing our servicemen
to, should they become captive, tell any tale
(true or false) that pops into their mind.
Then, the enemy would never know whether
they were receiving reliable information or
not.
It is completely unrealistic to expect cap-
tured servicemen to remain silent (or to give
only their name, rank, and serial number)
while being tortured or threatened with
torture. Any "brave" politician or other critic
who expects this should volunteer to trade
places with the captive.
I wish you well with your recommendation.
Sincerely,
KENNETH A. STEVENS.
SIDNEY, KY.,
January 31, 1969.
Representative JONATHAN B. Bmonam,
Democrat,
New York.
DEAR SIR: Support you in your support con-
cerning Commander Lloyd M Bucher, Pueblo
Skipper.
Please stop persecution immediately. He
is to be honored for bravery in my opinion.
Respectively,
Mr. & MTS. WAITER M. ARROWOOD.
SAN MAR/NO, CALIF.,
January 30, 1969.
Hon. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. BINGHAM: I was delighted to see
in the Los Angeles Times last Monday a
report that you have urged a change in the
code of military conduct "to allow American
prisoners to make meaningless confessions,
and that such confessions be branded as
false by the government . . (to the effect)
that no statement or confession signed by
any American military person held or de-
tained by a hostile government can be
believed."
In "Modern" warfare as practiced by our
Communist enemies, torture and starvation
of prisoners held by them indeed makes the
present code a desertion of our armed forces
by their government.
I trust you have made your recommenda-
tion a resolution.
Sincerely yours,
ROMAINE L. POINDEXTER.
RESEDA, CALIF.,
January 30, 1969.
HOD.. JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR M. BINGHAM According to the in-
formation printed in a recent newspaper--a
copy of which is attached?you have writ-
ten to President Nixon urging him to change
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E982
ithe Code of Military Conduct to,
iallow American prisoners (of w to
imake meaningless confessions and th4tRuch
iconfessions be branded false in adv Oa by
the government."
In effect, you are suggesting that we teach
icor fighting men to lie in certain situations,
ii.e., when they are prisoners of war. When
docs the lying stop? Are we to stop t aehing
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RESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks February 7, 1969
the men the meaning of honorable co
lunder any circumstances? Who is ti
them right from wrong?for each "sit
It would be much better if our le
and I presume you come unclor this c
in some dubious fashion?would set g
envies of honorable conduct in out daily
lives?under all circumstances. Do not teach
Our fighting men to "give up" and Be and
cheat their way out of a tight spot.
For your information, I served in tte U.S.
Navy?submarine service?during World War
II and the Korean War; and, I have a draft-
eligible son who has not been taught- -
either by precept or example- to lie or cheat,
tinder any circumstances. I expect him 1: ) live
by the "right" and "wrong" attitudes I have
taught him.
Stop running down the moral fibre of our
youth by such suggestions you have -v :need
to the President.
Yours truly,
duct?
teach
non."
ders?
Usgory
,c1 ex-
ANTHONY PAOLANT5 CO.
Mr. Speaker, the current hearin ;- at
Which Commander Bucher and his men
are being required to appear is ri :A a
formal trial. It is a preliminary ir ves-
tigation to find out what happened and
whether there is any catise to proSc cute
Bucher, or any of his crew. As I ha', , in-
dicated, and as my letter to Presiient
Nixon implies, I do not believe that these
men should be brought to trial.
It is unfortunate that the men 01 the
Pueblo must suffer the anguish and
Strain of a full-scale inquiry, but, I feel
that a full disclosure of all the facts
is necessary, and can bring nothing but
1resirable results. I believe that the facts
ill justify the actions taken by Com-
ander Bucher and his men. Further-
ore, and no less important, a complete
iring of all the facts should make it
lear to our military and political lead-
rs, and to the public, that major and
astic changes must be made in the
bode of Military Conduct, and that the
Content of the code must be deterthined
not by Presidential decree but by the
congress.
, The first several sessions of the inquiry
Conducted by the Navy in California I 'on-
firmed what many observers suspected
before the inquiry opened?that more
Was at issue in the Pueblo case than
Merely the behavior of Commander
Bucher and his crew. It is now clea that
the behavior of high Navy official and
the structure of the Navy comman ' are
also at issue. It is an elernenta rule
hoth of law and commonsense tha it is
nniust for any person or- organizati n to
Stand in judgment of the facts of a mat-
t r in which that person or organi il tion
is itself involved. But that is exactl, the
position in which the Navy finds tself.
he Navy, in its inquiry on the P eigo
incident, is in a position to pass jud ent
on its own case.
' For that reason, and because I feel the
men of the Pueblo should not have to
endure more than one full-scale inVesti-
gation, I have called upon Secretary of
Defense Laird and Secretary of the Navy
Chafee to cancel the Navy inguiry until
such time as a joint congressional corn-
mittee can be appointed to resume and
conclude the inquiry which the Navy
began, but is not now in a fair position to
continue.
I have also urged the chaittaen of sev-
eral congressional committees which
have indicated interest in conducting in-
vestigatory hearings into the Pueblo
incident to consolidate their investiga-
tory efforts by supporting a resolution to
appoint a joint congressional committee
to carry on the Pueblo inquiry. My letters
to Secretary of Defense Laird, Secretary
of the Navy Chaf?.e, and the chairman of
the Senate Armed Services and Foreign
Relations Committees, and the House
Armed Services Committee, follow:
Hon MELvrN R. LAIRD,
Secretary of Defense.
Hon. JOHN H. CHAFEE,
Secretary of the Navy.
GENTLEMEN: I respectfully urge that you
cancel the current Naval inquiry into the
capture of the USB Pueblo by North Korea.
It has become clear, as the Navy inquiry has
progressed, that the Navy is in the position
of adjudicating what may turn out to be a
case against itself. The behavior?the action
or inaction?of the Navy Command nowtseem
to be as much at issue as the behavior of
Commander Bucher and his crew. Since this
is so, to permit the Navy to continue this
Investigation at this time would be improper.
The inquiry now being conducted in Cali-
fornia by the Navy should be cancelled, to be
resumed and completed by a more impartial
and representative body. The men of the
Pueblo should not have to endure more than
one full-scale investigation.
Several Congressional Committees have In-
dicated an interest in convening Pueblo in-
vestigatory hearings after the Navy inquiry
is over. I am calling on the Chairmen of
these committees to consolidate their efforts,
and to support a resolution calling for forma-
tion of a joint Congressional investigating
committee to conduct the inquiry hastily
and, I believe, ill-advisedly begun by the
Navy.
Cordially yours,
JON. THAN B. BINGHAM,
Member of Congress.
Hon. JOHN C. STENNIS,
Chairman, Senate Committe on Armed Serv-
ices.
Hon. J. W. FULBR/GET,
Chairman, Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations.
Hon. MENDEL RIVERS,
Chairman, House Committee on Armed Serv-
ices,
GENTLEMEN: The men of the Pueblo should
not have to endure more than one full-scale
inquiry. Such an inquiry is already being
conducted by the Navy, but it Is now clear
that the behavior of high Navy officials and
the very structure of the Navy Command are
at issue. This puts the Navy in the position
of passing judgment on the facts of a case
in which it is itself deeply implicated. For
these reasons, I have today called upon Sec-
retary of Defense Laird to terminate imme-
diately the Naval inquiry currently in
progress.
Your Committee, among others, has ex-
pressed interest in 3onducting investigatory
hearings on the Pueblo incident. I wish to
enlist your support for the consolidation of
Congressional investigatory efforts by the
formation of a single, joint Congressional in-
vestigating Committee to resume and com-
plete the inquiry begun by the Navy. I will
introduce a resolution to provide for the se-
lection of such a joint committee when the
House reconvenes or: February 17, and I hope
that my resolution--or a similar one?will
have your support.
Cordially yours,
JONATHAN B. BINGHAM,
Member of Congress.
PRIORITIES FOR PROGRESS OF
CHICAGO
HON. ROMAN C. PUCINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN ilia HOUSE Or REPRESENTATIVES
Friday, February 7, 1969
Mr. PUCINSKI. Mr. Speaker, yester-
day more than 2,000 leaders of industry,
government, science, education, and
commerce attended the 65th annual
meeting of the Chicago Association of
Commerce and Industry at which was
unveiled an imposing program of priori-
ties for progress or Chicago.
The president of the Chicago Asso-
ciation of Commerce and Industry, Mr.
M. P. Venema, outlined the progress
made by Chieago to date and outlined a
breathtaking program of priorities des-
tined to make Chicago the most impos-
ing and impressive metropolis in the en-
tire world.
Mayor Richard J. Daley of the city of
Chicago acknowledged the huge oppor-
tunities that lie ahead for Chicago in
the next decade and pledged his effort
toward those goals.
I am today placing in the CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD the entire statement of
Mr. Venema; Mayor Daley; George W.
Dunne, president of the Cook County
Board of Commissioners, and Mr. George
L. Dement, chairman of the Chicago
Transit Authority.
I think it is important for the Nation
to see the impressive progress which has
been made in Chicago and equally im-
portant for our friends throughout the
country and the world to see what excit-
ing plans lie ahead in the continued
growth of metropolitan Chicago.
The Chicago Association of Commerce
and Industry is to be congratulated for
the leadership it has provided in work-
ing with all levels of government toward
a better Chicago.
I should like to call my colleagues' at-
tention particularly to the acknowledge-
ment Mayor Daley gave to the Federal
Programs and assistance which have
made a great deal of the progress so
meaningful.
Mayor Daley and all of those attend-
ing the meeting yesterday joined Gov.
Richard B. Ogilvie in expressing a united
dedication to the fact that government
at all levels and industry working to-
gether can solve the great crises of
America's urban areas.
I am also including the list of the
leaders of Chicago who have worked so
closely together toward the common
growth of our city.
This is the kind of team that is deter-
mined to make Chicago the greatest in-
dustrial complex in the entire world.
The impressive speeches follow:
THE 65TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CHICAGO
ASSOCIATION OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY?
PRIORITIES FOR PROGRESS?WHO WILL PAY?
SPEAKERS TABLE
W. Stanhaus, Chairman and President,
Spector Freight System, Inc.; New Director,
CACI.
Sidney Epstein, President, A. Epstein and
Sons, Inc.; New Director, CACI.
Otto L. Preisler, President, Home Federal
Savings & Loan Association of Chicago; New
Director, CACI.
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Fe r ary 7, 1969Approved EigeluggiFfnefElpoSktbRD1364R000300150001-8 11881
1VIINORITY EMPLOYEE
Mr. GERALD R. FORD. Mr. Speaker, I
offer a privileged resolution (H. Res. 238)
and ask for its immediate consideration.
The Clerk read the resolution, as fol.
lows:
11. RES. 238
Resolved, That pursuant to the Legislative
Pay Act of 1929, as amended, Robert T. Hart-
mann is hereby designated a minority em-
ployee (to fill an existing vacancy) until
otherwise ordered by the House, and shall
receive gross compensation of $28,000 per
annum.
The resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on the
table.
CONGRESSIONAL SALARIES
The SPEAKER. Under a previous
order of the House, the gentleman from
Washington (Mr. FoLEY) is recognized
for 10 minutes.
Mr. FOLEY. Mr. Speaker, the Decem-
ber 1968 Report of the Commission on
Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Sal-
aries recommended salary increases for
the top officials of the three branches of
the Federal Government. The Commis-
sion is chaired by Frederick R. Kappel,
retired chairman of the board of direc-
tors of the American Telephone az Tele-
graph Co., and is established by the Fed-
eral Salary /tot of 1967. Before President
Johnson left office his recommendations,
pursuant to the Salary Act, were sent to
Congress. The President lowered this ad-
visory Commission's original recommen-
dation of $50,000 to $42,500 per annum
for Members of Congress.
Mr. Speaker, I want to make my posi-
tion quite clear in this matter. I believe
that this House avoids its responsibility
when Presidential recommendations of
this kind are submitted to it and when
Members do not vote on such recom-
mendations one way or the other within
the 30 days required by the Federal Sal-
ary Act of 1967. I believe that the advis-
ory Commission's study was useful and
that the President's amended salary rec-
ommendations were essentially sound
but the House should have acted for-
mally with respect to them before the
time expired.
Mr. Speaker, I think the recommenda-
tions were essentially sound because:
First. We cannot get enough top-flight
people today from the private sector to
serve as administrators of the Federal
executive agencies unless the salary level
is raised over the present rates for Cab-
inet and sub-Cabinet officials.
Second. Unless the Congress is to tend
more toward becoming the domain of
Members with independent incomes, sal-
ary increases are necessary. As the ad-
visory Commission said:
It is our feeling that Members' salaries
should be adjusted to compensate for the
substantial and unique responsibilities they
bear, to meet the cost peculiar to elective
rather than appointive office, and to mini-
mize the need to rely on other means of aug-
menting income.
But notwithstanding these considera-
tions, the U.S. House of Representatives
cannot, with any justification, complain
about the erosion of its own power unless
It has the candor to go on record for or
against this and other Presidential rec-
ommendations of similar import. If the
House of Representatives wishes to main-
tain its national authority, it must meet
this responsibility.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, I intend to
introduce an appropriate resolution to
facilitate the House expressing its sup-
port of, or opposition to, any future
Presidential recommendation made pur-
suant to the Federal Salary Act of 1967
for pay raises for top officials of the ex-
ecutive, legislative, and judical branches
of the Federal Government. I believe that
this House must have an opportunity to
vote as a body on such Presidential rec-
ommendations within a reasonable pe-
riod?if necessary, irrespective of the
action of the concerned committees.
Furthermore, in view of the Commis-
sion's suggestion that the income for
Members of Congress is needed in part to
"minimize the need to rely on other
means of augmenting income," I believe
this is an appropriate time to consider
legislation requiring more complete dis-
closure of outside income and assets by
Members of the House, and I also intend
to introduce legislation to this end.
For my own part, I wish to announce
that, had the President's salary recom-
mendations come to the floor of the
House for action, as should have been the
case, I would have voted against a resolu-
tion disapproving these recommenda-
tions.
"PUEBLO" INCIDENT NEEDS FULL
INQUIRY
The SPEAKER. Under a previous or-
der of the House, the gentleman from
Ohio (Mr. ASHBROOK) is recognized
for 60 minutes.
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, all
Americans are watching the U.S.S.
Pueblo inquiry with the greatest concern.
- I am sure each Member of this body has
received the great volume of mail I
have?and it runs very nearly 100 percent
in favor of Comdr. Lloyd Bucher and
against the military-executive estab-
lishment. Above all, the individual
thoughts expressed in these letters is
the indication that we have entered a
period in the history of the Pueblo af-
fair when the vast majority of the peo-
ple truly believe they are about to be-
come the victims of the "closed Gov-
ernment." They are about to be thrown
into the ranks of the uninformed be-
cause of bureaucratic coverup. The peo-
ple are concerned that having waited
patiently through 11 months while
the men they supported were tortured
and their Nation humiliated, they will
now be treated to an exhibition of how
government in error merely pulls the cur-
tain from public view and buckpasses all
the problems away.
In times such as these, the "people's
right to know" is paramount. But this
right is not always observed. We have
had coverups following blunders; we
have had our national pride and prestige
slandered by the demands of self-serv-
ing bureaucrats. And many people be-
lieve it is about to happen again, pri-
marily because they have had too many
bad experiences not to expect it.
Looking back just a few years reveals
the massive coverups in the Billy Sol
Estes, Otto Otepka and Jerry Jackis
cases, where loyal employees were axed
by the bureaucratic system while their
tormentors were untouched and in some
instances were awarded promotions. The
strange circumstances of the Bobby
Baker case are closed as far as the light
of public scrutiny is concerned; the TFX
contracts, a multibillion-dollar blunder
with enormous political implication is
now accepted by many as history; the
Walter Jenkins-L. B. 3.-Don Reynolds
Incidents are now nearly forgotten. All
these have one common denominator.
They represent the type of government
above the people, government beyond
their view, which threatens to subvert
the truth in the search for the facts con-
cerning the U.S.S. Pueblo.
I have been as concerned as anyone
about the men of the Pueblo and the na-
tional and international ramifications of
this piracy. And I am sure I have been as
vocal as anyone. A look at the index to
the daily CONGRESSIONAL RECORD will re-
veal that as early as January 25, 1968,
within hours after capture, and as late
as January 30, 1969, I spoke out to the
public and to my colleagues. And be-
tween these times there have been many
other occasions when I have forcefully
stated the positions of the people whom I
represent and my personal views.
Nearly 6 months after the ship and
crew were seized, my eighth annual pub-
lic opinion questionnaire indicated the
feelings by the people that the Govern-
ment had taken the wrong tack. Asked
if they favored an immediate retaliatory
move when the ship was captured, nearly
80 percent of those answering said "Yes."
Asked whether we should continue
diplomatic activities?this was June
1968?or issue an ultimatum and go get
ship and crew, 70 percent of those with
an opinion selected the latter.
THE PEOPLE SPEAK
I indicated the concern of many people
when, on April 17, 1968, I forwarded to
President Johnson telegrams, letters,
notes, and petitions. In this letter I
stated:
There are nearly 700 names here and they
represent an equal number of incredulous
Americans?men, women, and children, wives,
mothers and sisters, who are ashamed of the
lack of success in bringing about the return
of these men and their ship.
The apparent abandonment of the Pueblo
and her crew is a frightening and shameful
precedent and one which, as these letters
pointedly indicate, a great number and I
believe a great majority of Americans find
totally alien to our time-honored standards
and beliefs.
I was among the many millions who
urged the President to take action. As the
letter stated, two areas should have de-
manded attention:
Take whatever action is necessary to secure
as quickly as possible the return of the U.S.S.
Pueblo and her crew;
Explain, in full, to me and to the American
people, what actions have been taken, what
policy is being followed, and why.
The thousands of bumper stickers and
the activities of many thousands of peo-
ple, alone or in quickly organized groups
indicated at the time that this was a
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11882 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE February 7, 1969
nationwide concern of a magnitude sel-
dom seen in our history.
There can be no doubt that a critical
need exists to conduct a detailed, wide-
ranging, organized investigation, There
were too many contradictions from Gov-
ernment spokesmen when the Pueblo was
seized, and the responsibility has been
shifted and reshifted too often. The de-
lay in informing the President of the
harassment anclboarding of the ship has
not even today been finally pla0ed.
Our Government's response vVas mud-
dled and totally ineffective and our di-
plomacy disastrous. We have had a con-
sistently weak?indeed, foolish?policy
vis-a-vis world Colinnullism so the Pueblo
disaster was part of a larger sordid pic-
ture. With a strong sounding voice we
took the weakest of stands. "We cannot
tolerate this piracy," we said, but we
stooped to the absurdity of hallifig then
Secretary of State Rusk appeal the "good
offices" of the Soviet Union for l help. By
refusing, the Soviets added inenit to the
absurdity. This double blunderfirst of
assuming that the Communists ,were not
the same tyrants of old and Second of
hoping they would aid us rather than
their ally, was the type of pot which
allowed 83 Americans to survi as best
they could in the horrors of Nbrth Ko-
rean prisons.
The American people and the people
of the entire world were asked to swallow
a diplomatic lie in order to achieve the
political?not humanitarian kr mili-
tary?expedient of seeing the captured
men returned for Christmas. Again our
policy in dealing with the CoMmunists
was based on weakness rather than
strength, falsehoods, and colnpromise
rather than truth.
Now, the people of America fwatch as
a board of inquiry examines. The thought
across the Nation seems to be that
Comdr. Lloyd Bucher is to be made a
scapegoat. This was the thought until the
people and their Representatives in Con-
gress began to protest.
It is now obvious that any full and
final resolution to all the questions will
come only from Congress. And the only
way a full and final as well as 4 reason-
ably public inquiry can be had iS through
the operation of a joint bipartisan con-
gressional committee. Secrets should be
protected but we should not allow a
coverup to be accomplished by simply
stamping "secret" on the inquiry.
Admittedly, there are several options.
We can rely solely on the inv stigation
being conducted by the Navy b t this is
incomplete and of questionable bjectiv-
ity. This sort of agency intros ection is
valuable to some degree but th re is still
the built-in limitation of havin the ac-
cused sit as judge of what ma well be
his crime. We might also take s a sup-
plement the correlative exami ation by
the Deputy Secretary of Defen e, but to
a great extent the same limita ions ap-
ply; the people in the Depart edt sup-
plying the information today were to a
great extent also present when lie blun-
ders occurred and undoubtedlr were a
party to them. At least, they lave been
responsible for his policy of appease-
ment. In addition, neither of these in-
vestigations is directed at the probable
liability of the White House, the State
Department or the interwoven patterns
of the National Security Agency.
We might also rely on the various com-
mittee investigations which are being
conducted or which have been an-
nounced. These, however, are approach-
ing the total question in a segmented
Manner, on a nearly random basis and
are not coord.tnated either within their
Houses of Congress or between the House
and the Senate.
MY ENQUIRY PROPOSAL
I propose an alternative. Along with
other Members of the House, I have in-
troduced legislation to establish a joint
House-Senate committee to conduct a
full investigat.ion. Its 16 members would
be divided equally between the two polit-
ical parties. It would have no other duties
than to investigate all ramifications of
the capture of the Pueblo. Eight of the
members would be appointed by the
President of the Senate and eight by the
Speaker of the House.
This bill, House Concurrent Resolu-
tion 109, lists the function of the com-
mittee as:
SEC. 2. The joint committee shall under-
take a full and complete investigation and
study of all circumstances leading up to the
capture of the United States ship Pueblo and
all events pertaining to the vessel and her
crew after its capture until the time of the
crew's release. The investigation and study
shall give special attention to the policy and
actions of the military departments con-
cerned with respect to the preparation of
the United Stats ship Pueblo for its mission
and the military response of such depart-
ments during the period immediately pre-
ceding the vessal's capture. Such investiga-
tion and study shall, in addition, examine
in detail the activities of the Department
of Defense and the Department of State with
respect to the negotiations (including of-
ficial statements issued to the public re-
specting such negotiations) undertaken to
effect the release of the crew of the United
States ship Pueblo.
The committee is charged with sub-
mitting an interim report as soon as pos-
sible and a final report not later than
the end of the present session of Con-
gress. It is a:.so charged with making
specific recommendations, including
"specific recommendations for legisla-
tion." It will have the power to subpena
witnesses and papers and reports as
needed.
Granted, the naval inquiry now in
progress in Coronado, Calif., into the
capture of the Pueblo is a procedural
matter which follows serious events and
tragedies invo]ving naval personnel and
material for the most part. In this light,
the inquiry has been productive so far
in revealing information regarding the
operational aspects of the Pueblo affair.
If, however, the inquiry ends up by
oversimplifying and placing responsibil-
ity for the capture of the vessel on a
solitary naval officer, I am sure there will
be a reaction from the American public
loud and clear which will demand a
complete expo.3e of the whole mess from
top to bottom.
Take, for example, the question of
whether Commander Bucher violated
Navy regulation No. 0'730, which forbids
surrendering command to a foreign state
"so long as he has the power to resist."
Either the j.njection of this question
into the inquiry is a diversionary tactic or
.the testimony of former Secretary of De-
fense Robert McNamara before a Senate
_
committee in 1968 is in error. On Feb-
ruary 1, 1968, Secretary McNamara, along
with Gen. Earle Wheeler, chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, testified before
the Senate Armed Services Committee on
a bill to authorize Defense Department
appropriations for fiscal year 1969. When
asked if the Pueblo and similar ships
with their electronic gathering equip-
ment were not one of the most important
types of craft at that time, Secretary
McNamara responded with specific refer-
ence to Commander Bucher:
Yes, and may I add there that his first re-
sponsibility was not to attack the harassing
vessels but rather to destroy his equipment.
Several sentences later the Secretary
again emphasized this point:
But I do know that his orders were that
under such circumstances his first objective
was to destroy equipment and associated
documents.
Let me repeat a very key passage from
the above statement:
. . . his first responsibility was not to at-
tack the harassing vessels but rather to'
destroy his equipment.
From the testimony of Commander
Bucher and others, we learn that the
Pueblo skipper set out to do just that?
destroy the electronic equipment and as-
sociated documents. PossibLy he did not
perform this duty well, but to charge him
with policy errors is unfair.
Evidently, the responsibility for the
capture of the ship lies with those much
higher in authority than the commander
of the Pueblo. General Wheeler, when
asked during the Senate hearing if we
had learned anything from the Pueblo
affair, responded:
Certainly, we must take a look at the in-
structions to the captains of these vessels.
[Deleted.]
If, as Secretary McNamara has stated,
Commander Bucher's first responsibility
was not to fight back if the enemy closed
In but to destroy the intelligence equip-
ment and data, then we might possibly
have the spectacle of an inquiry board
endeavoring to establish why one of its
officers did not disobey, rather than obey,
his first and most binding operating or-
der.
I realize the danger of oversimplifying
in complex cases of this nature, and this
is precisely why a congressional investi-
gation is urgently needed. Incidentally,
such an investigation could review the
Pueblo's operating orders which, of
course, is classified information but
which could well throw considerable
light on the prioritiec under which Com-
mander Bucher operated.
A MISMANAGED MISSION,
An even broader aspect of an investi-
gation concerns the placing of respon-
sibility for the pathetic mismanagement
of the mission from its initial inception
to the signing of the false statement late
in 1968. The overall responsibility for the
mission lies, as is to be expected, right
here in Washington. Secretary McNa-
mara, during the above-cited Senate
hearings, stated:
The basic purpose of the mission was re-
viewed at the upper echelons of the Gov-
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ernment in Washington. It is true that it
had been recommended by field commanders,
but it is equally true that I am certain other
high officials in Washington must assume
responsibility for it.
What role, for instance, did the highly
secretive National Security Agency have
in the Pueblo operations? Here again we
have highly classified information which
would have to be handled by a commit-
tee behind closed doors, the results of
which might never be revealed to the
public. This was precisely the case when
the House Committee on Un-American
Activities probed the security procedures
and practices of NSA several years ago
when two top echelon employees defected
to the Soviet Union. These resulted in
extensive overhaul of certain aspects of
that agency's operation. The hearings in
that case were behind closed doors?they
were never published?but nevertheless
many changes and the enactment of a
Federal statute resulted thereby correct-
ing serious deficiencies in that Agency.
At this point, one can only wonder
why the Pueblo was allowed to begin its
mission with highly secret intelligence
gathering equipment but lacking the nec-
essary destruct equipment to destroy it
upon confrontation by the enemy. Possi-
bly the answer is simple: our naive for-
eigh policy planners do not believe that
the Communists are our enemy. The in-
telligence sector of the Pueblo operation
was under the jurisdiction of NSA which,
in turn, is under the direction, authority
and control of the Secretary of Defense.
Should the NSA, which has both a secu-
rity mission and an intelligence mis-
sion, bear the blame for not insisting on
adequate destruct equipment to destroy,
if necessary, the reams of secret docu-
ments which eventually did fall into the
hands of the North Koreans? This cer-
tainly appears to be a relevant ques-
tion when one considers that a function
of the NSA is to prescribe security policies
and procedures for the U.S. Government.
In addition, it organizes, operates and
manages certain activities and facilities
for the production of intelligence infor-
mation, areas which certainly appear to
be pertinent to the Pueblo operation.
One thing is certain: one would be hard
pressed to hang the blame for the loss
of the sensitive equipment and docu-
ments on Commander Bucher who tried
a number of times to have the necessary
destruct equipment installed on the
Pueblo. Who did make the judgment that
time and money would not allow the
installation of such equipment which,
belatedly, is available today?
Another question which poses itself as
the result of the hearings by the Naval
Board of Inquiry is why the Pueblo was
allowed to travel undefended in hostile
waters. As I understand the chronology
of events, up until June 1967, two de-
stroyers had escorted the U.S.S. Banner
in its sorties into unfriendly waters.
Thereafter, the destroyers were with-
drawn, leaving the Banner and later the
Pueblo, virtually at the mercy of hostile
forces. The need for protection was fur-
ther increased when one considers that
prior to the Pueblo's arrival, the North
Korean Government had publicly pro-
tested by radio that American surveil-
lance ships were operating in the vicinity
of Korean waters and that the North
Korean Government intended to take ac-
tion.
As to the possibility of air cover for the
Pueblo, the military airfield at Osan,
South Korea, was, I understand, less
than 30 minutes by air from where the
Pueblo was accosted. Yet, there were only
four U.S. fighter planes at Osan, none of
which could have been called upon for
help; one was being repaired and the
other three were armed with nuclear
weapons.
The question arises as to why the Ban-
ner at one time had the protection of two
destroyers which were later withdrawn.
We know from Secretary McNamara's
testimony before the Senate Armed Serv-
ices Committee that there were no con-
tingency plans for the Pueblo. He stated:
I think the point is that we don't maintain
contingency plans to react to hijacking on
the high seas in all the situations in which
that is possible, and there wasn't such a plan
here.
This could explain why Rear Adm.
Frank L. Johnson, commander of the
naval forces, Japan, said, according to
Commander Bucher, that if the Pueblo
"got into trouble there would probably
be no help forthcoming."
The question still remains to be an--
swered as to what factors were in-
volved in the change of policy whereby
the Banner at one point in time required
a two-destroyer escort when, in con-
trast, no protective provisions were made
for the Pueblo. Was it some cold war
"deal" with our enemies?
Finally, there remains the problem of
what to do about future seizures. As I
have previously indicated, adequate de-
struct equipment has been installed in
other intelligence ships around the
world. Also, according to Wayne Thomis
in the Chicago Tribune of January 29,
some of the newer recoilless guntubes in
the 75-millimeter and 105-millimeter
classes were probably added.
This, unfortunately, is but a minor
step in our efforts to prevent further
Pueblo recurrences. What will be our
diplomatic policy in similar cases in the
future? Shall be allow our men to rot in
Communist prisons until Christmas rolls
around, sign a false statement and hope
to get them home for the holidays?
Or should we, perhaps, explore ways to
persuade the allies not to trade with
those regimes which hijack ships of
other nations in international waters. Or
should we totally revise our cold war
strategy in this battle for survival?
The handling of the Pueblo incident
will give some indication of whether we
continue our same losing policies of the
past decade or learn by our mistakes,
clean house, and work to restore the
United States to its position of prestige.
The resolution follows:
H. Cox. RES. 109
Whereas there is deepening public interest
and concern with respect to the capture of
the United States ship Pueblo by North Ko-
rean forces; and
Whereas, although the open sessions of the
court of inquiry have given the public a par-
tial account of the circumstances surround-
ing the capture of the vessel and the treat-
ment of the commander and crew during
captivity, there remain many vital questions
to be answered, particularly concerning the
actions of the military and other agencies
with regard to the preparation of the United
States ship Pueblo and crew for its ill-fated
mission, the response made to the calls for
assistance from the vessel upon the approach
of hostile forces, and the manner in which
the ultimate release of the crew was effected:
Now, therefore, be it
Resolved by the House of Representatives
(the Senate concurring),
ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMITTEE
SECTION 1. There is established a joint con-
gressional committee to investigate the
United States ship Pueblo affair (hereafter
in this concurrent resolution referred to as
the "joint committee") to be composed of
eight Members of the Senate appointed by
the President of the Senate, four of whom
shall be members of the minority party ap-
pointed after consultation with the minority
leader, and eight Members of the House of
Representatives appointed by the Speaker,
four of whom shall be members of the mi-
nority party appointed after consultation
with the minority leader.
FUNCTIONS
SEC. 2. The joint committee shall under-
take a full and complete investigation and
study of all circumstances leading up to the
capture of the United States ship Pueblo and
all events pertaining to the vessel and her
crew after its capture until the time of the
crew's release. The investigation and study
shall give special attention to the policy and
actions of the military departments con-
cerned with respect to the preparation of the
United States ship Pueblo for its mission and
the military response of such departments
during the period immediately preceding the
vessel's capture. Such investigation and study
shall, in addition, examine in detail the ac-
tivities of the Department of Defense and the
Department of State with respect to the ne-
gotiations (including official statements is-
sued to the public respecting such negotia-
tions) undertaken to effect the release of
the crew of the United States ship Pueblo.
REPORT
SEC. 3. The joint committee shall submit
an interim report to each House of Congress
as to the results of its investigation and
study as soon as possible after the date of
approval of this concurrent resolution, and
not later than the close of the current ses-
sion of Congress shall submit a final report
to each House of Congress with respect to
its activities, investigations, and studies un-
der this concurrent resolution, together with
such recommendations (including specific
recommendations for legislation) as it deter-
mines appropriate in the light of the investi-
gations and studies conducted under this
concurrent resolution.
VACANCIES; SELECTION OF CHAIRMAN AND VICE
CHAIRMAN
SEC. 4. Vacancies in the membership of
the joint committee shall not affect the
power of the remaining members to execute
the functions of the joint committee, and
shall be filled in the same manner as in the
case of the original selection. The joint com-
mittee shall select a chairman and a vice
chairman from among its members.
HEARING; SUBPENA POWER
SEC. 5. For the purpose of carrying out
this concurrent resolution the joint commit-
tee, or any subcommittee thereof authorized
by the joint committee to hold hearings, is
authorized to sit and act at such times and
places within the United States, including
any Commonwealth or possession thereof,
whether either House is in session, has re-
cessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hear-
ings, and to require, by subpena or other-
wise, the attendance and testimony of such
witnesses and the production of such books,
records, correspondence, memorandums, pa-
pers, and documents, as it deems necessary.
Subpenas may be issued under the signature
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II 884 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE February 7, 1969
of the chairman of the joint cqmrnittee or
any member of the joint committee desig-
nated by him, and May be served by any
person designated by such chairman or
member.
PERSONNEL AND IITILItAT ION OF SERVICES OF
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
SEC. 6. The joint committee is 'empowered
to appoint and fix the compensation of such
experts, consultants, technicians, ehd clerical
and stenographic assistants, to procure such
printing and binding, and to make such ex-
penditures, as it deems necessary and advis-
able. The joint committee is authorized to
utilize the services, information, and facili-
ties of the departments and establishments
of the Government, and also of private re-
search agencies.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 7. The expenses of the joint commit-
tee shall be paid from the contingent fund
of the House of Representatives On vouchers
signed by the cahirman or vice chairman
of the joint committee.
TRIBUTE TO THE LATE JAMES P.
GRIFFIN ,
(Mr. McCORMACK (at the request
of Mr. McFALL) was granted permission
to extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD, and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
? Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I rise
to pay my respects to the life and service
of the late James P. Griffin. I
Since the year 1911, "Jimmy" or
"Griff" was a familiar and popular per-
sonality here on the congressional scene.
I am sorry, indeed, to note that his death
will deny us that association here in
the future.
Jimmy began his employment as a
Page in 1911. In the ensuing years he
held several posts in the empldy of the
Republican leadership, but such was
Jimmy's devotion to the House of Repre-
sentatives that he gave of himSelf will-
ingly, generously, and ably, to all Mem-
bers regardless of party affiliation
Those who knew Jimmy only in his
later years of some infirmity cannot
remember the sprightly, eager, cheerful
young James Griffin who contributed so
much to this Congress during his 910 years
of service. But all of us were Vounger
once, and, God willing, we may be older,
yet. I am sure nothing enriches the
"golden years" like the knowledge that
our friends remember the earler miles
we have walked together.
As I participated at the M g cele-
brated for our departed frie4id, Jim
Griffin, I was impressed by th sincere
feeling of those who had com to pay
their respects, and who would, like my-
self, be missing Jimmy in the day ahead.
To his sisters, to whom my del friend,
"Jim" Griffin was devoted, I ex end my
deepest sympathy.
I include in the RECORD at ths point,
the obituary from the Washing n Eve-
ning Star of January 13, 1969:
JAMES P. GRIFFIN, PAIRS CLERK roe ROUSE
GOP UNTIL 1961
James P. Griffin, 75 who retired in 1961 as
Republican pair clerk after 50 years of serv-
ice with the House of RepresentatiVes, died
x,
Friday in Georgetown Hospital afte a heart
attack at his home, 2262 Hall Place .
Griffin, whose career spanned nine Rouse
speakers from Joseph Cannon to Sam Ray-
burn, was known as "the historian Of Capi-
tol Hill". because of his minute knowledge of
congressional lore.
His memory was such that he once floored
? an elderly excongressman by recalling not
only his name, district, and term of service,
but the subject of his maiden speech.
Born in Baltimore, Mr. Griffin spent his
youth in New Jersey. He came to Washing-
ton in 1911 to be a House page. Known to
House members as "Griff," he subsequently
became chief page, deputy sergeant-at-arms,
and minority clerk on the Republican side.
In his final job as pair clerk, Mr. Griffin
was responsible for pairing congressmen on
opposite sides of a question so that the votes
of absent members could be recorded.
Although this required speedy footwork
when a vote was scheduled in a matter of
minutes, Mr. Griffin, despite the 275 pounds
supported by his 5-foot 9-inch frame, always
managed to come through.
After his retirement, Mr. Griffin continued
to be a frequent visitor to the House press
gallery.
He leaves three sisters: Mrs. Agnes At-
tredge, who lived with him, Mrs. Marie Buck-
ley of Washington, and Mrs. Catherine Mack
Of Springfield, Va. ?
Friends may call from 2 to 4 and 7 to 9
p.m. today at Lee Funeral Home, 4th Street
and Massachusetts Avenue NE. A rosary will
be said at 8 p.m- tonight in St. Peter's Catho-
lic Church, 313 2nd St. NE, and a requiem
mass will be said at 10 am, tomorrow in the
church. Burial will be in Mount Olivet Ceme-
tery.
INTRODUCTION OF A BILL TO
AMEND THE AGRICULTURAL ACT
OF 1949 REGARDING THE SUP-
PORT LEVEL OF CIGAR-BINDER
TOBACCO, TYPES 51 AND 52:
The SPEAKER. Under a previous order
of the House, the gentleman from Con-
necticut (Mr. DADDARIO) is recognized for
5 minutes.
Mr. DADDA RIO. Mr. Speaker, I am to-
day introducing a bill to amend the Agri-
cultural Act of 1949 to revise the support
level of cigar binder tobacco?type 51,
broadleaf, and type 52, Havana seed.
This bill, am convinced, would
breathe new Ale into the Connecticut
Valley cigar binder tobacco business iri
order to introduce an element of stability
by placing a realistic support level or
floor under the market for Connecticut
tobacco.
It should be noted that the growers
themselves voluntarily requested the Sec-
retary of Agriculture to reduce the price
support level from the then existing level,
in an effort to prevent further accumula-
tion of surplus cigar binder tobacco. This
was a time of complexity in the fields, as
a result of the development of synthetic
sheet tobacco, variously known in the
trade as homogenized cigar binder, re-
constituted cigar binder, and other trade
names. The use of sound leaves for
tobacco binder had lost much of the
market, for which growers had been pro-
ducing fine quality cigar binderleaf since
early colonial days. The growers found
the impact of this technological develop-
ment to be disastrous, and tremendous
surpluses developed. ,
The present price support level has be-
come ineffective in giving the grower the
support of proection intended by the
law. The enclosed bill would meet the
need to restore an element of stability
to this situation. I hope it can be passed
promptly so that the growers can be
made aware of it in time to formulate
their spring seedbed and growing plans
for the 1969 crop.
RECESS
The SPEAKER. Without objection, the
House will stand in recess for a few
minutes while we await a message from
the Senate.
There was no objection.
Accordingly (at 12 o'clock and 14 min-
utes p.m.), the House stood in recess sub-
ject to the call of the Chair.
AFTER RECESS
The recess having expired, the House
was called to order by the Speaker at
12 o'clock and 30 minutes p.m.
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by Mr.
Arrington, one of its clerks, announced
that the Senate had passed without
amendment, joint and concurrent reso-
lutions of the House of the following
titles:
H.J. Res. 14. Joint resolution making a sup-
plemental appropriation for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1969, and for other purposes;
H. con. Res. 124. Concurrent resolution
providing for an adjournment of the two
Houses of Congress from Friday, February 7,
1969, to Monday, February 17, 1969; and
H. Con. Res. 133. Concurrent resolution
commending the leadership of the Boy Scouts
of America for their fine work and contribu-
tion to American youth.
? PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY
The SPEAKER. For what purpose does
the gentleman from Iowa rise?
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I rise to
propound a parliamentary inquiry.
The SPEAKER. The gentleman will
state his parliamentary inquiry.
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, since sev-
eral House resolutions have been passed
today by unanimous consent, my ques-
tion to the distinguished Speaker is
whether it would be in order at this time
to call up House Resolution 133 disap-
proving the pay increase for certain
officials and employees of the Federal
Government?
The SPEAKER. The Chair will state
to the gentleman from Iowa that it has
already been announced that there would
be no legislative business today. Under
those circumstances, and without deter-
mining the merits of the resolution, the
Chair could recognize the gentleman.
Yet the Chair in its discretion will not
recognize the gentleman for that pur-
pose.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permission to
address the House, following the legis-
lative program and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
Mr. FoLEY, today, for 10 minutes; to
revise and extend his remarks and to
include extraneous matter.
(The following Member (at the request
of Mr. MCCLURE) to revise and extend
their remarks and to include extraneous
matter:)
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E 880 Approveg?rGINMVE,2/ffebieriA-ARIVONs3etritigaM50011714ruary
he will make a good President of our coun-
try. He seems like a good man. He has a
very nice family. He has a big job. I think he
is a very special man, and he made a very
good speech. I hope he will stop the war.
This is the first time I saw a President get
sworn in, and I am glad we have a TV in our
room. We made hats in our classroom and
put Nixon on them. We wore them while we
watched TV. We stood at attention while
they played the National Anthem. It was an
exciting day for all of us."
MY OPINIONS OF THE INAUGURATION
David Cooper: "In school today we saw the
Inauguration and I liked it.
"It's too bad Mr. Johnson had to leave.
But he was in the White House long enough.
"I don't see why any new President has to
open a bubble and stick out his head and
wave his arms around. They should just sit
in the car and wave to people.
"And I don't see why they need bubble
cars either."
MY FEELINGS OF THE INAUGURATION
Judy Yankelunas: "January 20, 1969 was
a very exciting day for everyone. For Mr.
Johnson it was probably a sad and a happy
day for him. For Mr. Nixon it must have
been a very happy day for him. In the next
4 years when another man is elected to be
President of the United States will Mr. Nixon
feel the same way as Mr. Johnson did?"
WHAT I LIKED ABOUT THE INAUGURATION
Nancy Corteville: "When the cars go down
the road and the secret service men ran along
the sides of the cars. And listening to the
speeches and watching the balls in color
seeing all the pretty dresses. And watching
everybody get sworn in. The parade is fun
to watch especially in color because it really
is very pretty.
"And then they sometimes show pictures
like of the White House at night with its
light shining on it. It really is very pretty.
"When they are showing pictures of the
President and where he is, It's just a day
when almost everyone is happy."
UKRAINIAN-AMERICAN COMMU-
NITY MARKS ANNIVERSARY
HON. GLENN CUNNINGHAM
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 6, 1969
Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, the
Ukrainian-American community in
Omaha recently observed the 51st anni-
versary of Ukrainian independence and
the 50th anniversary of the Act of Union
In a fitting and solemn celebration.
The glorious days of Ukrainian inde-
pendence are not forgotten. I am proud
to pay tribute to the Ukrainian people in
my district and those behind the Iron
Curtain and fervently hope they will
again be free of the Communist yoke.
I include as part of my remarks the
following letter from Dmytro Wijtek,
chairman of the Ukrainian-American
Association, Inc., of Omaha, Nebr.:
January 22, 1969 marked the 51st anniver-
sary of the Proclamation of Independence of
Ukraine, and the 50th Anniversary of the Act
of Union, whereby all Ukrainian ethnic lands
were united into one independent and sov-
ereign state of the Ukrainian nation. The
independence of Ukraine was proclaimed in
Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, on January 22,
1918, and the Act of Union took place a year
later, on January 22, 1919, also in Kiev.
The young Ukrainian democratic republic
was immediately recognized by a number of
foreign governments, including that of So-
viet Russia. The latter, however, almost si-
multaneously with recognition, began a
large-scale invasion of Ukraine. By 1920,
Ukraine alone and unaided, succumbed to the
superior forces of Communist Russia, and in
1923 had become a part of the Soviet Union.
The freedom-loving people of Ukraine have
not accepted Soviet Russian domination and
have been fighting for the reestablishment
of their independence by all means at their
disposal.
During World War II, the Ukrainians or-
ganized a powerful underground resistance
movement, known as the Ukrainian Insurgent
Army (UpA), which fought not only against
the Nazi regime, but against the Soviet Rus-
sian occupation as well.
Bloody and relentless persecution of
Ukrainians continued after the death of
Stalin, and it continues now under Breshnev-
Kosygin.
Briefly, the Russian rule in Ukraine can
be summarized as follows:
Exploitation of Ukraine's economic re-
sources for the benefit of Moscow and its im-
perialistic ventures in Asia, Africa and Latin
America;
Continued deportation of Ukrainians to
Central Asia, replacing them with Russian
settlers for the purpose of augmenting the
Russian ethnic element in Ukraine;
Arrests and trials of "Ukrainian bourgeois
nationalists," who in fact are Ukrainian pa-
triots fighting for freedom of their country;
Terror and assassination of Ukrainian
leaders outside Ukraine, such as the assassi-
nation of Dr. Lev R. Rebet, a noted Ukrainian
writer, and Stepan Bandera, head of the Or-
ganization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN),
both of whom were slain by KGB agent Bog-
dan Stashynsky in Munich, in 1957 and 1959,
respectively;
Persecution of all religions in Ukraine, de-
spite the fact that Moscow claims that "reli-
gious freedom" is assured to all Soviet citi-
zens;
Enforced Russification, aiming at the cul-
tural and linguistic genocide of the Ukrainian
people. A number of Ukrainian intellectuals
were arrested, tried and sentenced at hard
'labor for advocating more freedom for the
Ukrainian people. Among them are Such
known writers as Vyacheslav Chornovil, Svya-
toslav Karavansky, Ivan Dzyuba, and many
others. In December 1968, the U.N., in defi-
ance of the destruction of Human Rights in
Ukraine, awarded a "Human Rights Award"
to Prof. Peter R. Nedbailo, a representative of
the Ukrainian SSR in the U.N. Human Rights
Commission, thus making a mockery of Hu-
man Rights Year, 1968.
Today, more than ever, Ukraine is a colony
of Communist Russia.
Both the U.S. Congress and the President
of the United States expressed their concern
over Ukraine by enacting the "Captive Na-
tions Week Resolution" in 1959, whereby
Ukraine is enumerated with 21 other non-
Russian captive nations in the USSR.
THE SAD "PUEBLO" STORY MUST
NO1 ISE it.N.VEATED
HON. DANTE B. FASCELL
OF FLORIDA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 6, 1969
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, all Amer-
icans were disheartened by the capture
of the U.S. vessel Pueblo by North Korea
and the subsequent mistreatment of
Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher and his crew.
We are glad that Commander Bucher and
his men were eventually released after
lengthy diplomatic pressure and nego-
tiations. The outcome of the current
Navy hearings on the matter is yet to be
known, but certainly there will be few
plaudits growing out of this sad episode
in our history.
While it is fortunate that the explosive
Incident did not touch off another Ko-
rean war, it appears necessary that Con-
gress also hold hearings and examine the
facts concerning the Pueblo seizure. We
must take whatever actions are justi-
fied to insure that there are no future
repetitions, and I will be personally con-
cerned with seeing that this is the case.
In the meantime, the Nation will be
watching the Navy hearings which delve
so deeply into our national pride and
military tradition. I am pleased to call
the attention of my colleagues to an edi-
torial from the Miami Herald of Janu-
ary 23, 1969. This editorial asks penetrat-
ing questions about the "sorry naval
affair" which it says has many of the
undertones of the Pearl Harbor fiasco of
more than 27 years ago. I believe that
many of my colleagues will be interested
in its contents, as follows:
THE SAD "PUEBLO" STORY MUST Nor BE
REPEATED
All hands must be heard before public
judgment is passed, of course, but the early
testimony of the skipper of the intelligence
ship Pueblo is disquieting. What Comdr.
Lloyd M. Bucher told a Navy court of inquiry
in California has many of the undertones of
the Pearl Harbor fiasco of more than 27 years
ago.
Whatever its political origins, the Japanese
attack on Hawaii was successful largely be-
cause U.S. commanders had poor communi-
cations and improper liaison. The intelli-
gence system broke down.
Cmclr. Bucher has testified that the Pueblo
was outgunned by the North Koreans who
waylaid her at some point offshore as yet to
be determined. He did not resist because,
properly, he "saw no point in senselessly
sending people to their deaths."
His first warning message to naval head-
quarters in Japan took 12 to 14 hours In
transmission, "as we had feared."
The ship contained few or no "destruct
devices", and critical equipment was limited.
During the capture, the day after Pueblo
had been detected by North Korean fishing
vessels, the radio antenna was shot off. Ap-
parently there was no substitute gear.
According to Cmdr. Bucher's testimony,
his fears about inadequate communications
and a shortage of destruct devices was passed
on to his superiors in Japan, where the ves-
sel was based, before he sailed. But nothing
happened.
Again there must be no prejudgments.
But if the witness is telling the truth it is
clear that Pueblo was a sitting duck for the
enemy. The ship could not be defended.
Neither could her commander alert head-
quarters ashore in time to get help.
It had been disclosed earlier that only
nuclear bomb equipped planes were available
to go to Pueblo's help. Would the extra 12
to 14 hours have enabled the Navy to bring
up air support of a conventional nature?
fighter-bombers, say, from somewhere in the
_Pacific?
That is only one of the many questions
which must be asked about a sorry naval
affair.
This nation is deep in the intelligence busi-
ness, as are most nations, for its own defense.
It will continue that posture, which it is
learning with difficulty. Thus there must be
no more Pueblos. The public has a right to
assurance on that score, and we trust it
will come out of the humiliating inquiry
into the plight of a brave man and his'
valiant crew.
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Febltuary 6, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks E 879
TELEGRA/VL
I join you in strenuously proteAing thel
Iraqiovernment's execution of fourteen'
1,.1
perso accused of spying. The United States.
and e United Nations, I feel. should,
promptly and formally condemn this barba-1
rous att. It seems questionable, to say the
least, that the UN should condemn Israel
for the destruction of a few airpktnes and ,
remain discreetly mute at the public hang- '
ing of nine Jews and the violent murders of .
scores of others by Arab terrorists operating I
within Israel's borders. I hope and pray that ;
Israel will achieve her goal of ending blood- i
shed in the Middle East and of est-iblishing 1
a just and meaningful peace there. Please ,
inform me of any resolutions adopted at the i
protestnieeting and I will make them known ,
to the President and the Secretary of State.
A NE* THOUGHT, A NEW POSTURE
HON. HENRY C. SCHADEBERG
-OF WISCONSIN
IN TIE HOUSE OF 1:2PRESENTA1'IVES
i"hursday, FebrzAry 6, 1969
Mr. SCHADEBERG. \Mr. Speaker,
much has been written abdut the dignity
and calmness surrounding the inaugu-
ration on January 20 of our 1,;?tw Presi-
dent, Richard Nixon. Few, h ever, in
commenting or writing about this great
and stirring event, have touched on the
real sphit of the occasion with more:in-
sight than the writer of an article in the
Chicagct Sun-Times. I urge my colleagues
to refresh their minds and spirits after
this lapse of time since that event by
reading the article and sharing tile im-
pact it made on Charles Bartlett, the
writer.
The article follows:
A NEW THOUGHT, A NEW POSTIEZE
(By Charles Bartlett)
WAsnnstcror.r.?A nation straining for an
expression of Richard M. Nixon's leadership
found it IMonday in the calm, measured dig-
nity of his inauguration. Even the skies co-
operated to furnish a cathedral-like gray
cast which gave the occasion an aura that
was solenan but not grim, cold but reai?nring.
The Democrats contributed by the gen-
erous style in which they departed. Lyndon
B. Johnsen was rarely friendly, more formal,
or moreiresidential than he seemed as he
l
gave up is office. The transfer bore no traces
of the se ring politics that produced it.
The onlookers seemed to catch quickly the
spirit that Mr. Nixon has in mind. The
absence f sparkle and jubilation was no
more important than the presence of the
hippies. The tone of the accession lay some-
where between protest and celebration, and
the event gained its quality from its absorb-
ence of b th moods.
The impact of the new spirit stemmed
from the consistency with which Mr. Nixon
applied it The cautious pace of his appoint-
ments, the low key of his pre-inaugurol pro-
nouncements, the unprecipitous fashion In
which he debarked from the aircraft that car-
ing as he stood on the inaugural platform,
car-
ried him to Washington, his unexcited bear-
and his abstention from ringing rhetoric as
he addresied the nation became manifesta-
tions of a leadership intent on launching an
interlude instead of an era.
The key was the assertion "We cannot
learn froi#one another until we stop shouting
at one anoher, until we speak quietly enough
so that our words can be heard as well as
our voices" That was the new thought, the
new posture that the new President offers, a
challenge less stimulating than the New Deal
or the New Frontier or the Great Society,
but nonetheless a response unarguably ap-
propriate to the times.
Mr. Nixon spoke of "the long night of the
American Spirit," but he _eft it to the evan-
gelist, Billy Graham, to lash the society for its
materialistic and permissive inclinations and
the erosion of its values.
He spoke of the measures the government
must take in more emphatic and precise
terms than his ambivalent campaign had
promised. But he also rnade it clear the
government cannot do all that needs to be
done.
The sense of balance which Mr. Nixon is
prescribing for the country was contained
with his speech. It reached out to the young,
the Democrats and the hostile, and it weighed
the causes for hope against the sources of
concern. His words leaned more upon reason
than exhortation and they made themselves
felt because they were clear and strong and
not because they were eloquent.
The test of the occasion will not come in
the immediate reaction to it. The test will
be Mr. Nixon's success making his inaugura-
tion a turning point in popular attitudes. If
he can kindle a new readiness to face the
harsh dynamics of swift change in a more
constructive and less contentious spirit, he
will have contributed as much to this mo-
Ment in history as he possibly could have.
An interlude cannot be the total theme of
a Nixon Presidency because it is not in it-
self enough to carry the country on a progres-
sive course. But an interlude calculated to
summon character and composure can be a
healing respite and a prelude to something
greater and more positive. That seems to be
the spirit in which Mr. Nixon intends to ex-
ert his calming influence.
CENT EDWIN FUMO II
HONJHN H. DENT
OF PENLVANIA
IN T HOUSE OF REPFESENTATIVES
HE
Thursday, FebruarYX, 1969
Mr. DENT. Mr. Speaker, rzote with
great happiness an event of February 1.
Ifi the early hours of that day,nt Meth-
dist Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa., Vincent
win Fume II was born to Vin ent J.
d Susan Ann Fumo. The child is the
st for the young couple. ,
Mr. Speaker, the joy of this oceasion
first reserved to the proud parents and
elatives. But I wanted the occasion to
acknowledged in the RECORD for at
east two reasons. First of all, because
he child may grow up to become Presi-
ent of the United States and this pub-
ic mention of his birth may endear roe
? him to the point where he will then
ppoint Me Chairman af the Tariff
ammission--where I sometimes in frus-
tion thirst to serve. Second, and most
eriously, however, because his parents
re fine examples of the best our society
aHis41 produce,
, with whom I have had
nit a professional and new social asso-
iation for some time, is .% teacher and
1$0 studies law at Temple University. In
&Mimi, his passion for participation in
ood government should someday lead
ifn into active public service, where I
w he will serve with distinction. The
c ild's mother is a beautiful young
? moan who has chosen the full-time
?Ofession of wife and mother, the most
able among the rest.
I know young Vincent is already sur-
rounded with all he needs, and especially
with the abundant love of his parents.
I will only add my congratulations and
the best wishes of us all.
OPINIONS OF INAUGURATION
HON. FRANK HORTON
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, February 6, 1969
Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, there is
nothing so sincere as the words which
express the feeling of youngsters. I would
like to share with my colleagues short
essays written by a group of fourth
graders from my district at the William-
son Central School in Williamson, N.Y.
If anyone should think that cere-
monies get to be old hat, they should
read what these youngsters have to say.
The feelings they express assure me that
the youngsters of today do share a sense
of history.
These letters appeared recently in the
Williamson Sun, a weekly newspaper.
OPINIONS OF INAUGURATION
The Williamson Central School students of
Mrs. Marjorie McCleery's fourth grade
watched the inauguration of President
Richard Nixon on TV January 20. Mrs. Mc-
decry had her students write their opinions
of the inauguration. A few of these are pub-
lished here:
NIXON
Cindy J.:
"I wonder what Nixon did when he was a
boy. Did he have a dog? Mr. Nixon how is
Mrs. Nixon? How are you? I like Mr. and
Mrs. Nixon and the dogs. Do you have one or
two dogs? Do you have a horse? Do you like
Snoopy? He likes you. Do you like me?"
FROM THE OLD TO wtax New
Jackie Weaver:
"Today is a very special occasion. Mr. John-
son is our old President. Nixon is our new
one.
"I liked the Inauguration very much. I
can't remember having seen one before.
"I liked the bands. There is one thing I
dislike about the Inauguration, they have
too long prayers."
THE INATIGURATION
Jefferi Covington:
"It was a nice Inauguration.
"I missed Agnew Inauguration because I
had to go get milk and ice cream for my
class, and that is why I missed Agnew get
inaugurated. I saw Nixon get InaUgurated.
I liked his speech as well as the Sen. speech.
I liked the parade very, very, very much."
MY FEELINGS OF THE INAUGURATION
Bob Verbridge: "It was like New Year's
Eve. I felt the thrill go up and down my
spine. After lie took his hand off the Bible, I
said amen, Lord, let this man go into his
work safely and come back alive 4 years
from now, safely, Amen. As Mr. Johnson left
the white house, I could almost feel the joy
of sadness go through me. As the office went
from hand to hand. May the be light on
the roads to come ahead. May it choose to go
on getting men like this for all the years to
come. I must say one more thing. This man
will lead our country onward.
"He will always be a great American."
THE INAUGURATION
Lori Warren: "I thought that it was a very
interesting Inauguration. I think that Mr.
Nixon will keep our country at peace, and
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Ap_proved_For Release 2002/10/09 : CIA-R1:9411430M4R000300150001.15,,LLo_
VV A SHINUT ON POSE
Pro
ays Allilitary
Is Deficient
By Richard Homan
WEtsilington Post Staff WrIter
The massive high-level cbn-
fusion and indecision that fol-
lowed attacks on the USS
Pueblo and the EC-121 spy
ane lead to the "inescapable
conclusion" that the U.S. "niil;
itary command structure is
neW simply unable" to re-
spond swiftly to a major crisis,
a House subcommittee said
yeaterclay.
In an era of nuclear missiles,
the subcommittee warned, the
shortcomings brought to light
by the two incidents have
"frightful implications."
The special Armed Services
Uhconimittee formed-to inVes-
tigate the two incidents said
the inquiry "has resulted in
the unanimous view that there
exist serious deficiendies In
the organizational and admin-
iStrative Military cob-Una/1d
structure of both the Depart-
Merit of the Navy and the De-
partment of Defense. '
The absent or slugLh re-
e by military c o TriTiftl-
the emergencies evident
'Pueblo and BC-fl iiici-
clibefistrate the ' riad
comPlete revievr ofThur
Fitary-civilian c o m in a-n d
_ _
ucture and its caliabilify to
'e ope With "ernergerce? 5M-ra-
tions."
In a scathingly-worded and
painstakingly-documented 77-
page report, the Committee
also:
? Accused the entire intelli-
gence community of making
no more than a "token effort"
to scrutinize the potential haz-
ards involved in the Pueblo
mission and said its "failure
? . . to provide essential and
available information to poten-
tial consumers in a timely
fashion necessarily raises seri-
ous questions concerning the
effective operation and admin-
istration of these organiza-
tions."
? Recommended immediate
steps to modify the rigid Code
of Conduct governing 'activi-
ties of U.S. servicemen held
prisoner, providing A"clarifica-
tion" and "latitude."frIPProved For Release 2002/10/09:
? Went far heyond official
Pentagon staternelits in dis-
closing that the capture of the
Pueblo resulted in "a serious
compromise of our Nation's in-
telligence capabilty" and the
"compromise of a great deal
of classified information in-
vblving naval operations."
? Recommended that the
full Armed Services Commit-
tee "monitor more closely" the
Defense Intelligence Agency
and the National Security
Agency, requiring that each
"provide the Committee with
a detailed report concerning
the scope of their activities,
their personnel and their total
expenditures." Because of
their super-sensitive activities,
both have been spared close
scrutiny in the past.
? Accused the Defense De-
partment of a "demonstrated
lack of candor," of making "a
deliberate effort to bury and
obfuscate," of giving the sub-
committee "half truths" and
of being "less than forthright"
in their testimony about the
Pueblo incident.
? Acknowledged the need to
continue such missions but
said it was "not convinced that
the magnitude of this intelli-
gence reconnaissance activity
is completely justified."
Scuttling Devices
Defense Secretary Melvin R.
Laird announced yesterday
that U.S. spy ships, under new
orders, are now directed to
use wall measures available to
protect the ships from search
and seizure," and have been
given "new scuttling devices,"
smaller crews and a lesser
amount of classified material.
The report of the nine-man
subcommittee's findings and
recommendations were re-
leased a day after transcripts
of its hearings.
The committee warned that
major weaknesses exist in the
U.S. military's ability to trans-
mit operational messages rap-
?
idly to commanders with au-
thority to act, in the com-
manders' willingness to act de-
cisively and in the procedures
or prior approval of intelli-
gence-gathering missions.
Chart i in the report show
that the message from the
Pueblo reporting it was being
boarded reached the Pacific
Command headquarters 1
hour, 17 minutes after it was
sent and notification of the
downing of the EC-121 did not
reach Washington?either the
Pentagon or White House?un-
til more than an hour elapsed.
Because of communications
delays, lack of readiness and
proper equipment, indecision
and uncertainty about U.S.
treaty restrictions at Japanese
bases, no combat aircraft were
available to aid the Pueblo
until several hours after it
was seized.
"The advantages of speedy,
modern and sophisticated com-
munications equipment were
often more than offset by the
indecisive and inefficient han-
dling of these communications
by the various commands in-
volved," the report said.
No Time
The committee noted that
President Nixon recently said,
"when a war can be decided in
20 minutes, the nation that is
behind will have no time to
catch up."
"The reluctant but inescapa-
ble conclusion finally reached
by the subcommittee is that
because of the vastness of the
military structure, with its
complex division into multiple
layers of command, and the
failure of responsible authori-
ties at the seat of Government
to either delegate responsibil-
ity or in the alternative pro-
vide clear and unequivocal
guidelines governing policy in
emergency situations?our
military command structure is
now simply unable to meet the
emergency criterion outlined
and suggested by the Presi-
dent himself."
The report disputed a U.S.
Navy decision after the re-
lease of the Pueblo's crew that
no changes were needed in the
code of conduct.
"At the very least, clarifica-
tion is required as to the appl-
icability of the code of con-
duct in those instances in
which detainees are not pris-
oners of war and are not ac-
corded the protection of the
Geneva Conventions," the re-
port said, and when a prisoner
Is not given such protection,
"the code of conduct should
0 latitudeo 3 6 4 for ot3hoe
gav&gonie Rl B
The report itself did notj
judge Cmdr. Lloyd Bucher's ,
decision to surrender the
Pueblo without a fight.
Subcommittee chairman
Otis G. Pike (D-N.Y.) and Rep.
William G. Bray (R-Ind.), the
ranking Republican, indicated
in a press conference that
they were not pleased with it.
"I believe I would not have
reacted in the same way,"
Pike said, but he would go no
further.
"Very frankly," Bray said, "I
would have shot it out. Cmdr.
Bucher simply did not want to
take the responsibility that
the old-time kind of officers
took."
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House Panel Accuses Military of Serious Defects
By HEDRICK SMITH
special to The New York Times
WASHINGTON, July 28?
A House subcommittee charged
today that the North Koreans'
capture of the intelligence ship
Pueblo and their shooting down
of an EC-121 reconnaissance
plane showed that the United
States' ability to react to na-
tional emergencies was imper-
iled by "serious deficiencies"
in the military command struc-
ture.
In a sharply worded 77-page
report, the nine-man subcom-
mittee of the House Armed
Services Committee asserted
that the American military
command structure was so
cumbersome and the responsi-
bility sometimes so unclear that
it "is now simply unable" to
respond swiftly enough to
crises.
Representative Otis G. Pike
of Suffolk County, the subcom-
mittee chairman, told a news
conference this would affect
the President's ability to deal
with a nuclear war. Mr. Pike,
asked if there would be enough
opportunity for the President
to get enough information and
react, replied, "My answer
would be a flat no."
Time Lag Feared
"We have never demonstrat-
ed any capability to get a mes-
sage from The scene of a crisis
to the President and get a mes-
sage back from him on what
to do about it in the time
frame necessary to act," Mr.
Pike said.
The subcommittee report,
equally sweeping and critical,
charged that the "absent or
sluggish response by military
commanders to the Pueblo inci-
dent and North Korea's down-
ing of an American EC-121 in-
telligence plane last April dem-
onstrated the need for "a com-
plete review of our military-
civilian command structure and
its capability to cope with
emergency situations."
The subcommittee proposed
a blue ribbon panel of civilian
and military experts, Repre-
sentative Pike said that he
hoped the panel already ap-
pointed by Secretary of De-
fense Melvin R. Laird to inves-
tigate over-all Pentagon opera-
tions would "look hard" into
this question.
The subcommittee, which
held public and secret hearings
last March and April, put much
of the blame for thArgiltEON
seizure Jan. 23, 1968, on the
defense establishment, from the
American naval commander in
The New York Times
Representative Otis G. Pike
Chiefs of Staff and their aides.
The report, approved unani-
mously by the subcommittee,
found fault with the Navy and
Defense Departments for inad-
equately assessing the risk of
the Pueblo mission off the
North Korean_ coast, for not
preparing adequate contingency
plans in the event of emer-
gency and for "unacceptably
long delays" in relaying the
Pueblo's distress messages to
higher echelons.
Commander Criticized
The report was critical of
Read Adm. Frank L. Janson,
former commander of American
Naval forces in? Japan, having
called for the risk of the Pueb-
lo mission "minimal" but said
that the ultimate responsibility
for this critical evaluation rest-
ed with the Defense Intelligence
Agency headed by Lieut. Gen.
Joseph F. Carroll.
The report also noted that a
warning on Dec. 27 from the
National Security Agency urg-
ing a consideration of protec-
tive measures for the Pueblo
was rejected by the staff of
Adm. Ulysses S. Grant Sharp,
former commander in chief of,
American forces in the Pacific,
and overlooked by D. I. A. dur-
ing the Christmas holiday
weekend.
The committee members also
took issue with the Navy De-
rim enaniarAnarcitorno9
NIREn?tolt FS
by contending that menacing
broadcasts from North Korea,
cited by the N.S.A. nieSSZIffe.
The Congressional investiga-
tors also disputed official con-
tentions that there had been
contingency plans if the Pueblo
ran into an emergency.
"No one on the staff of [Ad-
miral Johnson] had the faintest
idea of what forces might be
made available to them in an
emergency, and what appears
to be more disturbing is the ap-
parent total absence of any
prior concern over this possi-
bility," the report said.
Bucher Not Evaluated
The subcommittee made no
attempt to evaluate the respon-
sibility of the Pueblo's skipper,
Lieut. Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher.
Mr. Pike said its concern had
been with higher echelons be-
cause Commander Bucher was
acing a Navy Court of Inquiry
at the time of its hearings.
But with North Korea's treat-
ment of Commander Bucher
and his crew obviously in mind,
the subcommittee urged a "re-
vision and clarification" of the
military Code of Conduct that
required captured servicemen
to give only information about
their identity.
Where the captives are not
being protected by the 1949
Geneva conventions on the
treatment of war prisoners?
which was the case of the
Pueblo crew?the subcommit-
tee suggested that "the Code
of Conduct should provide
some latitude."
Mr. Laird's respOnse to the
report was an announcement
that the Pentagon had already
taken steps to "correct a num-
ber of deficiencies in the area
of military intelligence."
In a letter to Representative
L. Mendel Rivers, the South
Carolina Democrat who heads
the Armed Services Committee,
Mr. Laird said the Defense De-
partment had done the follow-
ing:
cInitiated a study in depth
of world-wide reconnaissance
missions to determine the de-
gree of risk, value, cost, means
of protection and other matters.
41Made arrangements for es-
corts and contingency support
forces for patrols entering sen-
sitive areas and set up survival,
evasion, resistance and escape
training for crew members sent
on such hazardous minims.
11Reduced the number of
such personnel to the Minimum.
The letter also said that the
Pentagon had given the As-
sistant Secretary of Defense for
Administration new responsi-
bilities "to improve the over-all
coordination and effectiveness
of Defense Department Intelli-
gence activities."
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? HOUSE July 28, 1969
Increasing GI Bill utilization is the prin-
cipal purpose of the PREP program which
would be established by the bill. This pro-
gram would seek to reach the Veteran before
his discharge by involving him, in the last
year of his military service, in education or
training which would prepare him to pursue
education or training under the GI Bill.
Joseph Cannon, the acting director
of the veterans' affairs division of the
Urban League has stated:
Two major problems his organization faces
are?
The inability of emerging servicemen to
get information in regards to pursuing edu-
cation and available education program; and
The failure of the average Negro GI to
obtain skills in military service which can
easily be transferred to any civilian jobs
which offer upward mobility in either pay
or status.
Although the PREP program is not
limited to people from disadvantaged
backgrounds, it is clear that they are the
ones who are most in need of the assist-
ance which PREP would provide. It
would involve them in the program and
then guide them in taking advantage of
continuing aid available under the regu-
lar GI bill following their discharge.
The PREP program would operate as
an extension of Project Transition pres-
ently run by the Defense Department.
Project Transition was established in
1967. It is primarily for individuals who
most need vocational training or educa-
tion in order to make the change to
civilian life. The in-service training is
provided during the serviceman's last 6
months of duty and emphasizes counsel-
ing, training, education, and placement.
Thus far, the program has not reached
its potential. Of the 940,000 men and
women separated from the armed serv-
ices during this period, only 60,000 were
reached. Only 26 percent of the partici-
pants in the program have not finished
high school. This is only slightly higher
than the overall military level of 21.4
percent. Most of the training under Proj-
ect Transition has been undertaken by
the military services themselves. PREP
would fill a link here by providing funds
to entice private instruction, counseling,
and guidance.
All members of the Armed Forces who
have served at least 1 year of active duty
and have 12 months or less of active duty
remaining would be eligible. The Vet-
erans' Administration, working jointly
with the Secretary of Defense and the
Commissioner of Education, would pay
the expenses necessary for the program.
It is important to note that the service-
men enrolled in PREP may only take
courses required for, or preparatory to
the educational training or vocation they
plan to pursue following their release
from active duty. As with the other pro-
visions in the bill, the funds will be paid
directly to the educational institution.
These four programs which provide
educational and training assistance rep-
resent a giant step in repaying our obli-
gation to our veterans and helping de-
velop them into worthwhile citizens of
peace. Senator KENNEDY expressed this
feeling recently when he said:
This nation has a rare opportunity to assist
and benefit from the men who have broken
out of disadvantaged background; and ma-
tured in the service. If we follow through
with full veterans programs, including edu-
cational services for veterans, we can insure
that returning servicemen will not revert to
unproductive lives in ghettos or other areas.
Rather, veterans whose horizon and aspira-
tions have broadened in the service can con-
tinue to contribute to our national welfare
as constructive, well-educated citizens. We
have an obligation both to the' men as in-
dividuals, and to society as a whole to give
them a chance.
It is my feeling that the enactment of
H.R. 13006 would be an investment in
these men which would reap a profit for
all the citizens of America.
JULY 25 IN PUERTO RICO
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the Resi-
dent Commissioner from Puerto Rico
(Mr. CORDOVA) is recognized for 15 min-
utes.
Mr. CORDOVA. Mr. Speaker, the 25th
of July is a date which has long been
significant in Puerto Rico. Its original
significance, while Puerto Rico was part
of the once vast Spanish domain in
America, lay in the fact that it is the
feast day of the patron saint of Spain,
the Apostle James?Santiago. It ac-
quired a very special significance in 1898,
when Gen. Nelson Miles and his troops
landed at Guanica on July 25 and
brought with them the Stars and Stripes
which have ever since flown in Puerto
Rico. A third dimension was added in
1952, when July 25 was selected, precisely
because of its already significant im-
portance in Puerto Rican history, as the
date on which the Constitution of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico should be-
come effective.
In a very real sense, the 25th of July
symbolizes not only some of the most
significant elements of the history of
Puerto Rico but also some of the most
significant elements of its culture and
its spirit. For Puerto Rico is proud of
the Spanish heritage, the Christian faith,
which are recalled on this date in the
celebration of the feast of Santiago
throughout the Spanish-speaking world.
Puerto Ricans are proud of the citizen-
ship which they share with 200 million
other Americans in the 50 States of the
Union. Puerto Ricans are proudly bear-
ing the Stars and Stripes in remote re-
gions of the world, in the service of their
country, as they have previously done in
all of the conflicts in which our Nation
has been involved since the First World
War. And Puerto Rico is extremely proud
of the democratic tradition, and the prin-
ciples of individual dignity and integrity
which are embodied in the Constitution
of the Commonwealth.
In observing this anniversary, Puerto
Rica is particularly happy to salute the
three men who have successfully termi-
nated the most momentous journey in
the history of man, and to give thanks
to God for their safe return.
U.S.S. "PUEBLO"?A TRAGEDY OF
ERRORS
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Indiana (Mr. BRAY) is recog-
nized for 10 minutes.
Mr. BRAY. Mr. Speaker; after 5
months' work and extensive hearings, the
Special Subcommittee on the U.S.S.
Pueblo and the EC-121 of the Committee
on Armed Services has finished its re-
port. I had the honor to serve as ranking
Republican member of this subcommit-
tee. The result of long, painstaking work,
the report, in its own words, lays bare
"serious deficiencies" with "frightful
implications" for our national security.
The subcommittee felt it was beyond the
scope of the report to make specific
recommendations for solutions to the
problems uncovered. But the subcom-
mittee does recommend, to quote from
the report: "that the President establish
a special study group of experienced and
distinguished civilian and military per-
sonnel to approach this problem on an
emergency basis and make such recom-
mendations for changes in both the Na-
tional Security Act and the military
structure itself that will provide our Na-
tion and its military forces with a genu-
ine capability to respond quickly and
decisively to emergencies of a national
security nature."
The report, quite lengthy, reflects the
unanimous view of all nine members of
the subcommittee. The consequences of
the Pueblo are that the incident de-
stroyed a 150-year-old image of prestige
and invincibility, and did incalculable
harm to our diplomatic credibility, as
well as to our reliability as military al-
lies. It is an extremely serious compro-
mise of our Nation's intelligence capabil-
ity. Following are some of the highlights
of the report.
U.S.S. "PUEBLO" INADEQUATELY PREPARED
Loss of the ship itself, and its equip-
ment, was relatively harmless. But, over-
all, considering loss of the documents
aboard, as the report says:
We have sustained a most serious intel-
ligence loss, a loss which could have been
precluded entirely by appropriate planning
for the intelligence collection mission.
There was inadequate preparation;
this was the first intelligence-gathering
mission directed against North Korea,
but the Pueblo did not have adequately
trained personnel. The ship had no pro-
vision for storage of registered publica-
tions, nor did it have a proper inciner-
ator. A request by Commander Bucher
for emergency destruction devices was
turned down.
The security group detachment was
never formally inspected. Its state of
readiness was only assumed. The officer
in charge of the detachment knew that
the North Korean linguists on Pueblo
were not qualified, but he failed to in-
form Commander Bucher of this. The
linguists were incapable of obtaining and
passing on information that might have
been monitored from North Korean
radio broadcasts, and this fact alone
may have contributed materially to the
situation.
The Navy had not allowed for delays
in outfitting the ship before it left, and,
as a result, many of Commander Bucher's
requests for outfitting ? were never ap-
proved. And, although the Navy had
some months earlier ordered installation
of defensive armament on all ships, save
hospital ships and submarines, the Com-
mander Naval Forces Japan never re-
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July 28, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? HOUSE
State, local, and institutional codes would
involve a Federal force of campus policernen
nsmber1ng in the thousands and wOuld
cobstitute an administrative nightmare de-
vOid of criteria for rational judgment.
One final objection?and this one per ape
the most fundamental of all. Such ch-
nirmes of repressive Federal interver4tion
into the affairs of each local campus vi late
the most deep-dooted, the most honOred
traditions of American adlication?tand
would, in the end, destroy its essential
nature.
We want our universities to be centers of
diVersity . . . creative, independent, compo-
nents of a vigorous pluralism. We do not want
a ' monotonous and monolithic imposes
unity?in which all our educational institu-
tiOns conform to a Federal code of conduct,
to a stifling Federal intervention.
rro advocate such intervention, in my View,
is a form of radical extremism- fatal, indeed,
to the perpetuation of our free and pi-drill-
istio society.
COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM IfOR
VETERANS EDUCATIONAL ASSIST-
ANCE
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House. the gentle-
man from New York (Mr. i iALPERN) is
recognized for 10 minutes.
Mr. HALPERN. Mr. Speaker, to Cor-
rect the deplorable circumstances which
cause returning Vietnam veterans ndt to
take advantage of their GI bill of rights,
I have introduced H.R. 13006 to proVide
added educational and training ineen-
tives for returning veterans and to es-
tablish a predischarge education pro-
gram.
The blatant inadequacies in the Cur-
rent veterans' law are disgraceful. Only
one out of every 10 veterans are using the
GI bill benefits today and those who need
it the most?the disadvantaged and high
school dropouts?are ignoring it.
Certainly we have an obligation to
metivate these men and women to be
jut as valuable to their country in Civ-
ilian life as they were in military life.
Twenty-three percent of the 1 millisn
men and women in the Armed Forces
who will be discharged this year are high
school dropouts, yet only 2.4 percent are
participating in GI bill education pro-
grams.
The bill I have introduced is identical
with the goals of similar legislation in-
traduced by Senator ALAN CRANSTON,
S. 2668. It would establish four programs
administered by the Veterans' Adminis-
tration. They are:
First. Educational assistance payments
for college preparatory or academic de-
ficiency courses in other than secondary
schools.
Second. Direct allowances for expeilises
for refresher courses, tutorial or remedial
aid, counseling or other special aid for
veterans already enrolled in school.
Third. Allow noncredit defielencY
conrses to be counted toward full-time
st tus to enable veterans to secure a run-
t e educational assistance payment.
Fourth. A predischarge educatiOnal
program?PREP?providing veterans
with education or vocational training
prior to their discharge from active Mil-
itary duty.
The program would be financed by VA
payments to the eligible veterans or on
their behalf to educational institutions.
The VA would also sonsult with the Sec-
retary of Defense and would draw upon
the experience of the Office of Educa-
tion in establishing these programs.
Before explaining how each of these
programs would operate, I want to say a
few words about the failure of the exist-
ing GI bill which was amended in 1967
to help educationally disadvantaged vet-
erans. One of the reasons the program
has failed is because benefit allowances
are not sufficient for today's cost of liv-
ing. Following World War II 50 percent
of the eligible veterans utilized the cols?
lege and vocational aid avail%Jle1inder
the GI bill. But since Ja ry of 1966,
only 21.4 percent of t Vietnam vets
have utilized their euiefits. One of the
reasons for this i/the lack of funding
available for prospective college students.
At the presentAime only $130 a month is
available fois'a single man who wishes to
continue s education. With the increase
in price ince World War II, this amount
is gra ly insufficient. The gentleman
from exas (Mr. TEAGUE) has introduced
H.R. 1959, which would raise these al-
lotme ts. I heartily support his bill, as
well as y own bill, H.R. 12461, which
proposes even larger increase in fund-
ing?a 50- ent increase to $190 a
month.
But the real ma, for the failure of
the GI bill today is of motivation.
The average 22-year-oh turning vet-
eran today does not look fa ably upon
the prospect of returning high
school?especially if he already as a
family or plans to get married, and ? st
of these programs until now have n
really met the needs of returning GI's.
This is evident from the statistics on
veteran utilization of GI benefits. After
World War II, 50 percent of the veterans
used their rights; after Korea, 42 percent
used their rights. Today a little over 20
percent are using their rights.
Today, almost a quarter of the over
70,000 returning Vietnam veterans each
month have not finished high school.
Only a tenth are taking advantage of the
existing programs available under the
GI bill. Many of these young, men are
from disadvantaged backgrounds--from
from the Nation's ghettos as well as its
rural wastelands where they have be-
come alienated from the mainstream of
American life.
It is essential that the country now
does not lose the energy of these young
men. President Nixon recognized this
problem when he said, upon establishing
his Committee on the Vietnam Veterans:
Veterans benefits have become more than
a recognition for services performed in the
past, they have become an investment in the
future of the Veterar. and his country. The
time has come for a careful re-evaluation of
this investment. Just as there is a_clifference
between the kinds of battles fought at Nor-
mandy in 1944 and in South Vietnam in
1969, so there is also a difference in the kinds
of problems faced by the returning veterans
of these battles. Therefore, we must be cer-
tain our programs are tailored to meet the
needs of today's veterans.
The first of the four programs estab-
lished under H.R. 13006 tries to help
motivate veterans to use their educa-
tional benefits under section 1678 of
title 38 of the United States Code. This
H 64(n
program permits refresher courses to be
taken at any appropriate institution off-
ering such courses, including junior and
senior colleges. At present these courses
can only be taken at secondary schools
which usually are not sensitive to the
needs of veterans with records of failure
in high school.
Under the 1967 GI bill amendments,
the veteran who needed additional high
school or equivalent training was en-
titled to receive full educational assist-
ance allowances without having it
charged against his entitlement. But the
veteran was required to take these
courses at a secondary school. The low
utilization level-10 percent?which I
previously mentioned has arisen from
multiple causes which could be offset by
this new program.
Presently, a veteran who needs a re-
fresher or deficiency course in order to
qualify for admission to an educational
institution for which he is otherwise
qualified, must take these courses at a
secondary school. My bill would permit
these courses to be taken at any quali-
fied institution offering precollege assist-
ance. This would include junior colleges,
preparatory schools, community colleges,
and special programs under the auspices
of universities.
The second provision in H.R. 13006
provides for direct payment to the edu-
cational institution for expenses of re-
fresher courses, remedial assistance, tu-
torial, counseling, or other assistance or
training the veteran may undertake
while enrolled there. This provision also
falls under section 1678 which covers
special training for the disadvantaged
veteran. As in the first program, the pay-
ent is made directly to the educational
i Minion involved and no charge is
m e against the veterans period of en-
title ent under the GI bill.
Th third provision would provide that
noncr -dit courses, which the veteran
must ke because of some deficiency in
his e ucational background, may be
counte toward full-time status, so that
he ca receive the full-time educational
assis flee allowance.
Fdr instance, if a veteran started col-
-lege before entering the service and now
wants to change his major, but he is
deficient in certain areas, the noncredit
prerequisite courses he would have to
take would count toward his full-time
allowance eligibility. This would not ap-
ply to any noncredit courses which the
Veterans' Administration would be pay-
ing for under the second provision in
this bill.
The veteran would be allowed to take
the number of noncredit courses neces-
sitated because of a deficiency, which
when added to his credit hours would be
the equivalent of a full semester load.
The final provision envisioned in the
bill is the most far reaching. It estab-
lishes a predischarge education pro-
gram?PREP?to provide educational
vocational training to veterans prior to
their discharge from active military duty.
This would represent the farthest step
yet taken to speed the assimilation of the
veteran into civilian life.
As Senator CRANSTON SO well stated,
when introducing his bill:
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uly 28, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE
ceived the directive. As a result, the
Pueblo only received two .50-caliber
machineguns; the least any ship was to
receive was 20-millimeter cannon.
The Pueblo was inspected by higher
authority at Japan, before it sailed, to
check the effectiveness of destruction ca-
pability of classified material, but the
inspection was found to have been "in-
formal and cursory" and Pueblo's capa-
bility was obviously inadequate. Com-
mander Bucher was told in Japan that
his mission was probably to be off North
Korea, and that, if he was attacked, U.S.
forces were prepared to act. But he was
also told any rescue help would be too
late to save the ship.
A POSSIBLE NORTH KOREAN REACTION TO
"PUEBLO" IGNORED
The report is especially critical of
failure of high defense authority to
realize the high risk involved in the
Pueblo's mission, The risk was classed
as minimal on the grounds that the
ship would be operating in international
waters, and on the very shaky and thor-
oughly unjustified assumption that
North Korea would respect and observe
international law in this regard. But, at
the time Pueblo sailed, North Korea had
been giving ample demonstration in vari-
ous trays, for some time; of an increas-
ingly hostile and belligerent attitude.
The National Security Agency, alone,
deserves special praise for being alert to
the risk. NSA, on December 29, 1967, sent
a message to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and
to the Joint Reconnaissance Center
which, and I quote from the report:
"questioned the minimal risk assessment
assigned the U.S.S. Pueblo mission,"
The report continued:
This message recited a history of North
Korean incidents and suggested that in view
of the evident increase in hostile actions
taken by the North Koreans, it might be
considered desirable to establish ship protec-
tive measures for the 13.5.5. Pueblo mission.
THE LOST MESSAGE
This message never got from the Joint
Chiefs, to the Chief of Naval Operations.
It was lost somewhere in the Pentagon. A
copy was sent to the Defense Intelligence
Agency by the Pentagon's Special Com-
munications Center but DIA took no ac-
tion. When our subcommittee asked why,
the explanation given was that the mes-
sage came in at night over a holiday.
As the report says, about the handling
of this message:
At best, it suggests an unfortunate coin-
cidence of omission; at worst, It suggests
the highest order of incompetence.
The existence of such a message was
never even hinted at when the Pentagon
briefed congresional committees im-
mediately after the incident, and no
mention was made of it until March 4,
1969. The impression is that there was a
deliberate attempt to conceal the fact the
message had ever existed. Handling of it
was bad enough, but trying to cover it up
Is worse yet.
NORTH KOREA OPENLY BELLIGERENT
In addition to this, North Korea's Radio
Pyongyang, on January 8 and Jan-
uary 11, 1968, acused the United States
of committing provocative acts along the
east coast of Korea, and the North
Koreans threatened retaliatory action.
The Pueblo was seized on January 23,
1968; neither the commander in chief,
Pacific Fleet Headquarters, nor com-
mander, Naval Forces Japan, had been
made aware of these newest North
Korean threats.
Now, it has been know for Some time
that North Korea's Premier Kim Il-Sung
is a reckless and quite possibly unstable
man who will stop at nothing to get what
he wants. A fellow-Korean has called
him:
A Stalinist dictator whose fanatical dedi-
cation to revolutionary objectives is sur-
passed only by his brash audacity in seeking
to carry them out in the face of all obstacles.
THE COMMUNICATION GAP
The Navy had no contingency plans
for rescue of the Pueblo in case of an
emergency. To compound this lack, the
only forces on call that could have
helped were air, but there was no pro-
vision for communication between the
Pueblo and aircraft; the provisions were
only for ship-to-ship transmission.
The report expresses great concern
over, and uses the term "human in-
efficiency" to describe the delays in the
two critical messages getting from Pueblo
to higher authority, which could have
acted. The report, incidentally, carries a
full log of messages from the Pueblo and
. others, showing timelag until receipt.
I would like to cite some of these
timelags. With the first message, it
ranged from 23 minutes?to commander,
Naval Force, Japan?up to 2 hours and
34 minutes?to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
With the second, it reached commander,
Naval Forces Japan in 4 minutes, bin did
not get to the JCS for 1 hour and 39
minutes.
Lacking of emergency telephone proce-
dures meant a 40-minute delay in the
Navy's asking help from the Air Force.
The Navy had a carrier about 1 hour's
flight time away, but did not use it. At
the same time, of the many Air Force
bases in Japan, not one was alerted, nor
was aid sought from them, by responsible
authorities.
Air Force planes were eventually dis-
patched from Okinawa, but they did not
have enough fuel, were diverted to South
Korea, then kept from taking off again
because of darkness. It seems the respon-
sible commanders had both the author-
ity and opportunity to act if they could
have done so at once. But they could not,
for the reasons outlined above.
REACTION OF COMMANDER BUCHER
I want to comment specifically on
Commander Bucher's role when the ship
was first threatened, then boarded. Our
subcommittee studied transcripts of the
messages sent to and from the Pueblo,
from the time of the first threat to ac- -
tual boarding. A complete log of these
messages, wtih their content, and time of
transmission, is included in the report.
It is obvious from the text of the mes-
sages Commander Bucher sent, and from
those going back to him, that he did not
intend to resist, and that higher author-
ity did not react to this, nor did they
ordec him to take any other course of
action.
Again, to quote directly from the
report:
116403
Therefore, the failure of Commander Naval
Forces Japan and higher naval authority to
officially respond to these communications
and direct the Pueblo to take more aggres-
sive and positive actions constitutes, in the
view of the subcommittee, a tacit endorse-
ment and approval by Commander Naval
Forces Japan of the actions taken by the
Pueblo.
EC-121
The subcommittee was also given re-
sponsibility for investigation of the EC-
121 incident, when an air reconnaissance
plane was 'shot down by North Korean
planes in international air space, over
the Sea of Japan, on April 14, 1969. Our
response to this was quick, but, again, we
found preparations had been lacking.
CONCLUSION
I wish to conclude by quoting directly
from the "Summary of Findings and
Recommendations" in the subcommit-
tee's report:
The inquiry made by this special subcom-
mittee into the 0.5.5. Pueblo and the EC-
121 incidents has resulted in the unanimous
view that there exist serious deficiencies in
the organizational and administrative mili-
tary command structure of both the Depart-
ment of the Navy and the Department of De-
fense. If nothing else, the inquiry revea's the
existence of a vast and complex military
structure capable of acquiring almost in-
finite amounts of information, but with a
demonstrated inability, in these two in-
stances, to relay this information in a timely
and comprehensive fashion to those charged
with the responsibility for making decisions.
As President Nixon recently said, 'When a
war can be decided in 20 minutes, the na-
tion that is behind will have no time to catch
up.'
The reluctant but inescapable conclusion
finally reached by the subcommittee is that
because of the vastness of the military struc-
ture, with its complex division into multiple
layers of command, and the failure of re-
sponsible authorities at the seat of govern-
ment to either delegate responsibility or in
the alternative provide clear and unequivocal
guidelines governing policy in emergency
sivations?our military command structure
is now simply unable to meet the emergency
criterion outlined and suggested by the Pres-
ident himself.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-
man from Texas (Mr. GONZALEZ) is rec-
ognized for 10 minutes.
[Mr. GONZALEZ addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.]
FEDERAL CONTRACTING
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a
previous order of the House, the gentle-.
man from New York (Mr. FARBSTEIN)
is recognized for 20 minutes.
Mr. FARBSTETN. Mr. Speaker, I have
today introduced legislation which would
bar for a 2-year period Federal contract-
ing and procurement officers from tak-
ing jobs with contractors or other direct
beneficiaries of the contracts that they
have participated in granting, awarding,
or administering. It is the companion
measure to legislation introduced by Sen-
ator PROXMIRE, of Wisconsin, last Thurs-
day.
The country has increasingly become
aware of the fact that prime military
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? HOUSE July 28, 1969
weapons systems contracts normally ex-
ceed their estimates by 100 to 10 per-
cent, that deliveries can be dela ed for
' years, that the quality of the nihed
, product is frequently quite po, and
that defense contractors in m y in-
stances enjoy huge levels of pro s.
' By taking effective steps now toIelimi-
' nate this kind of waste, billions of dol-
lars could be slashed from the defense
budget annually without affecting na-
tional security or reducing funds for the
Vietnam war. A former official Of the
Defense Department's Office of the Con-
troller puts the figure that can be saved
for fiscal 1970 at $9.2 billion.
The Congress and the American peo-
ple have the right to ask why the De-
fense Department not only has allowed
this situation to develop but has at-
tempted to cover it up once it was
brought into the open.
I do not believe there is a conspiracy
th defraud the American, people tn the
past many of the officers have performed
Valiant and even heroic service on behalf
ef the United States. The country is in-
deed grateful to them for their pastserv-
ice and for their patriotic endeavors.
, But what can be said, and should pr0P-
Orly be said, is that there are inherent
factors in the present system of defense
procurement which contribute tek the
waste and inefficiencies.
Primary among these is the fact that
less than 10 percent of defense contacts
are handled through open bidding), The
advanced state of technology, we are
Old, has left the checks and balance of
pe free enterprise system inoper
e highly specialized nature of mi
technology today has meant that
a few contractors, and in some
only one, have the capacity to unde
many defense contracts. Turning
figure around, this means that eve
percent of the $40 billion in defense
tracts annually let are negotiated
ting DOD personnel on one side
table with personnel of the defense
on the other.
A second major fact is the conglo
ate nature of the defense industr
l
Ittive.
tary
only
Mee
ake
this
' 90
On-
f a
ken
er-
. , A
handful of American firms control the
overwhelming majority of the persotirkel
and facilities needed to successfully in-
plate a defense contract. The result,
that
that only 10 defense contractors du .tkg
fiscal 1968 accounted for 30 percen of
all defense contracts.
But what makes these two facts so crit-
ically important is that so many Defence
Department personnel end up wor
for defense contractors when they le ye
the Department. According to a reyort
prepared by the Department in Ma
there are 2,072 retired military offlct
of the rank of colonel or Navy captip
and above employed by the 100 contr
tore, which do the most business with
the Defense Department.
I am sure this most dangerous edtd
sholcking situation is not a question of
deliberate wrongdoing, but rather a
question of what can be called the ld
school tie"?a community of interest 6-
tween the Defense Department offlcIal
and the defense contractor which worci
to the benefit of the large contractors
who employ a large number of retired
Defense Department personneL
1
Former high-ranking military officials
have access to the Pentagon that others
do not have. Former high-ranking aft-
dais have personal friendships with
those still at the Pentagon.
And in some Gases former officers may
even negotiate contracts with, their
former fellow officers. Or they may be
Involved in developing plans and speci-
fications, making proposals, drawing up
blueprints, or taking part in the planning
process or proposing prospective weap-
ons systems. And they may be doing this
In cooperation with their former fellow
officers with whom they served and by
whom in some cases even promoted.
In addition, there it le subtle or un-
conscious temptation to the officer still
on active duty, After all, he can see that
over 2,000 of 'is fellow officers work for
big companies. How hard a bargain does
he drive ith them when he is 1 or 2
years awe, from :,etirement?
Witness the case of five. former Air
Force orcers who blocked efforts to cut
costs o the Minuteman missile guid-
ance and control system. In so doing they
were helping the contractor. Subse-
quently, these officers accepted execu-
tiveipbs with the system's manufacturer,
Nor American Rockwell. According to
the. Justice Department, these officials
vitted no current law.
What we have is a 1969 version of the
5 ifercenters of the Korean war era?
forrner Government employees who ped-
dlell their "influence" to contractors for
a f e?usually 5 percent of the contract.
e bill I am introducing today would
long way toward remedying this
tion by making this type of activity
tion of Federal law, subject to
enalties.
d bar an employee who
y and substantially
'ng, or admin-
from tak-
ing a job within 2 years of te Mating
his Federal employment with anyone Who
has a direct or substantial interest in\
the contract or grant. The penalty for
violating this bar would be a maximum
fine of $10,000 and/or a maximum prison
sentence of 2 years,
This legislation is designed to cut down
on the incentive for Federal contracting
and procurement officers to make lucra-
tive awards to private companies and
then leave the Federal Government to
accept a generous job offer from one of
those companies. The ultimate effect
should be to cut down substantially on
the tremendous cost overruns that the
Federal Government has been experienc-
ing on its contracts.
The bill will apply to those individuals
who play an important role in the deci-
sional process which confers a financial
benefit upon a contractor, grantee,
claimant, or any other beneficiary. How-
ever, I do not intend to prevent any Fed-
eral officer or employee who works for
the procurement or grant office, or who
has responsibility over it, from taking
subsequent employment with any bene-
ficiary of Federal largesse. My bill would
only prevent such employees from taking
jobs with those contractors or grantees
who have benefited directly from some
action on their part--the participation
must be personal and it Must he sub-
go
situ
a
crimin
My bill
participated per
In the granting, aacd
istration of a contract or g
.h ?
stantial, The pro forma signature of the
Secretary of Defense on a procurement
authorization, for example, would not,
in my opinion, constitute personal and
substantial involvement such as to bar
subsequent employment under this bill.
The text of H.R. 13138 follows:
Hit. 13138
A bill to amend Public Law 87-849, approved
October 23, 1962, to strengthen provisions
relating to disqualification of former Fed-
eral officers and employees in Matters con-
nected with former duties and official re-
sponsibilities, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and Rouse of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. Subsection (a) of section 1 of
Public Law 87-849 approved October 23, 1962
(76 Stat. 1123), pertaining to disqualification
of former officers and employees in matters
connected with former duties or officials re-
sponsibilities, and disqualification of part-
ners, is hereby amended by inserting after
the word "responsibility" at the end of sub-
paragraph (b) a new subparagraph (c) as
follows:
"(c) Whoever, having been an officer or
employee of the executive branch of the
United States Government, or any independ-
ent agency of the United States, or of the
District of Columbia, including a special
Government employee, and who, having par-
ticipated personally and Subst an tiall y dur-
ing the last two years ,of such employment
as such officer or employee, through decision,
approval, disapproval, recoinmendation, the
rendering of advice, investigation, or other-
wise, in the granting, awarding, or admin-
istration of any contract, bid, grant, or
procurement authorization whose total value
exceeds $10,000, is employed in any capacity
within two years after his employment has
ceased by anyone other than the United
States who has a direct and substantial in-
terest in the contract, bid, grant, or procure-
ment authorization in which he participated
personally and substantially while SO ern-
ployed?".
SEC. 2. Subsection (a) of section 1 of Pub-
lic Law 87-849 is hereby further amended
by?
(a) striking, after the word "responsibil-
ity" at the end of the second subparagraph,
the dash, and inserting in lieu thereof " or"'
(b) inserting after the words "That noth-
ing in subsection (a) or (b)" in the third
subparagraph, -the words "or (e)";
(a) striking the period after the word "em-
ployee" at the end of the third subpara-
graph), inserting in lieu thereof a semicolon,
craided further, That
and ibcroviso: "Prrting further the following addi-
tionalnothing in subsection (a) or (b) or (c) pre-
vents a iormer officer or employee from be-
coming ehiployed by an agency of any State
or local tovernment or any educational in-
stitution Al the head Of his former depart-
ment or 'agency shall make a certification. In
writing, !published in the Federal Register,
that 1, national interest would be served
by suqti employment, and that such former
officerror employee may act as agent or at-
torriey during such employment on any mat-
ter formerly within his official responsibility
or in which he has personally and substan-
tially participated if the certification shall
so state."; and
(d) striking at the beginning of the fourth
subparagraph the clause designation "(c)"
and inserting in lieu thereof the clause desig-
nation "(d)".
MACHIASPORT
(Mr. CLEVELAND asked and was
given permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD and to in-
clude extraneous matter.)
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Approved For Release 2002/10/09 : CIA-RDP71600364R000300150001-8
1
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(47)
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Approved For Release 2002/10/09 : CIA-RDE'7113003fi4R000300150001-8
June 26, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- Extensions of Kemarks
25. Forrester, Carl, Mercer.
26. Funelli, Richard, Farrell.
27. George, Michael, Erie.
28. Good, Paul, Sharpsville.
29. Harmon, Robert, Erie.
30. Hedglin, Miles, Grove City.
31. Henry, Leonard, Erie.
32. Higgins, Merle, Jamestown.
33. Hill, David, Erie.,
34. Hymers, Charles, Erie.
35. Jarzenski, James, Cochranton.
35a. Julius, William, Erie.
36. Kahler, Charles, Meadville,
37. Kaspaul, Alfred, Fairview.
38. Kelly, Gregory, North East.
39. Kennedy, Thomas, Erie.
40. Klaric, Terrence, Farrell.
41. Kranonczyk, Richard, Erie.
42. Krupinski, Raymond, Erie.
43. Logue, John, Franklin.
44. Martin, Ronald, Erie.
45. McNeish, Richard, Mercer.
46. Millison, Dennis, Sharon.
47. Mitchell, David, Erie.
48. Neidrick, Jack, Erie.
49. Nelson, John, Erie.
50. Nichols, Colin, Spartansburg.
51. Niemann, David, Conneautville.
52. Norman, Gary, Erie.
53. Parobek, Silas, Albion.
54. Phillis, Donald, Titusville.
55. Powers, William, Erie.
56. Probst, Delmar, Erie.
57. Rahn, Donald, Erie.
58. Rauber, William, Wheatland.
59. Reagle, John, Titusville.
60. Reynolds, Jack, Erie.
61. Reynolds, John, Linesville.
62. Rudd, James, Meadville.
63. Russo, Augustine, New Castle.
64. Santone, Joseph, Erie.
65. Shaffer, William, Erie.
66. Shields, Robert, Erie.
67. Smith, Olen, Erie.
68. Snell, Marc, Erie.
69. Stearns, Allan, Girard.
'70. Suvara, Frank, Erie.
71. Szoszorek, Gerald, Erie.
72. Tinko, Donald, Corry.
73. Trypus, Frank, Meadville.
74. Walter, Clifton, Erie.
75. Westfall, Robert, Meadville.
76. Vandervort, William, Erie.
77. Vaughn, John, Erie.
78. Yeast, John, Edinboro.
THE ROLE OF GOLD IN CONTRIB-
UTING TO INTERNATIONAL MON-
ETARY STABILITY
HON. HASTINGS KEITH
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 25, 1969
Mr. KEITH. Mr. Speaker, the past
few years have seen a deterioration of
confidence in the international monetary
system. Compounding this problem, in-
flationary pressures have eroded the po-
sition of the dollar, the cornerstone of
world currency stability.
Concerned with this serious situation,
Mr. Charles Sevigny; of West Hanover,
Mass., has written me a series of articu-
late and thoughtful letters on the role
of gold in contributing to international
monetary stability. For the benefit of my
colleagues in their deliberations on this
issue, I include Mr. Sevigny's latest let-
ter here under unanimous consent:
JUNE 16, 1969.
Hon. HASTINGS KEITH,
House Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR HASTINGS: This morning I received a
notice from the South Shore National Sank
announcing that they are increasing our
interest rate to 11%%. This reminded me
abruptly of our previous discussion con-
cerning economics in this country.
You mentioned in your last letter that
since you are now several years out of col-
lege you do not have a clear or sharp recol-
lection of your course in Economics. I am
sure that if you look back, or if you were
to ask any college sophomore, that you
would find that it has been a well estab-
lished fact that no economy can survive
without gold behind its currency or govern-
ment as a stabilizing factor. The history of
world government has proven this and 1st
has been taught in all the schools and col-
leges.
We have two great basic problems in this
country. I am not now talking about the
social problems and all the racial and col-
lege upheavals but rather about basic prob-
lems. These two problems are shortage of
manpower and unstable currency because it
is not properly backed by gold and because
we are unrealistically trying to buy gold in
1969 at 1935 prices.
Just for a moment let's talk about man-
power. I am sure that you feel the pinch as
well as we do, since the last time I talked to
you you asked me if I knew where you could
get some people to join your staff. The same
applies everywhere no one has enough help,
no one can get enough help. Every company
that I know of, and I am sure you realize
that I know a great many, are being forced
to curtail their operations because they can-
not get enough help to expand into the new
fields that are opening up. In the meantime
we are exporting our manpower at a rate
that is beyond belief. We have over 100,000
civilians working in Vietnam and from all
reports that I hear they are Just in the way
of everyone over there and adding to the
troubles of that already unhappy country.
The State Department employs at least an
equal number of people around the world
within most offices about three people doing
one persons work. We have military men
spread everywhere you can think of. We are
supporting the military effort of former
enemies that we defeated 25 years ago and
are now well able to take care of themselves.
In the meantime we are dying for help at
home. Essential services like getting your
roof fixed, having someone repair your oil
burner, shoveling snow, painting your house,
you cannot hire a plumber or an electrician
all these things and thousands of others are
going undone because we do not have the
people and those people that we do have are
not elarning manual skills. We have a huge
gap between college trained people and un-
skilled labor that is not being filled by
trained people simply because there are no
people to train for these positions. In the
meantime all of this employment of Ameri-
cans in foreign countries is contributing to
our deficit of payments by the money that
they spend overseas which is usually equal
to Just about their pay.
Add to the above the fact that we are not
realistically facing the gold problem and you
will find a combination of effects and side
effects that can easily draw us into a very
bad serious situation at home while we are
busy trying to run the affairs of the rest of
the world. This does not mean that I am an
isolationist because I am not. It is however
my experience that governments, like people,
like to lead their own lives in their own way
and they do not like to be helped until they
ask for help. Then and only then should we
offer our help and in such an instance it
should be offered on a very limited scale. In
this way other nations become self-sufficient
not rather than dependent upon us.
I like to use the expression "increase the
price of gold" rather than the negative term
of "devalue the dollar". In my opinion the
Republican Party, and in fact everyone in
government, should use the positive expres-
sion rather than the negative. In connection
E 5299
with this I have some very definite ideas.
As you know any fool can criticize, however,
I think that before one should criticize they
should have a workable plan as an alterna-
tive ready to suggest. My suggestion would
be that: Congress should pass a new Law
governing the price of gold. This law should
tie the price of gold to the world market
value which is the true value of the metal.
The Treasury should be authorized to buy
gold only from domestic producers as long
as it is available. In other words they should
not be permitted to buy foreign gold until
the domestic supply is exhausted unless or
until some specific situation arises which
would make the need for additional gold im-
portant to us. We should pay world gold
prices for domestic gold and about $1.00 an
ounce less for foreign gold landed here.
I believe that I told you in my previous
letter that Goldfield Corporation, one of the
largest owners of gold producing property in
this country, tried within the past two or
three years to.produce gold at the Treasury
price of $35.00 an ounce using the most
modern possible methods. It was found that
it was impossible to do so and they therefore
shut down their operation. I hope you realize
that I have no axe to grind in this other
than good government. I do not own stock in
Goldfields or any other mining company nor
do I own a gold mine of any kind myself. I do
think however that we are being very un-
realistic trying to buy gold in 1969 at 1935
prices which were too low even for 1935.
The Republicans in Congress should get
behind the increase in the price of gold in
order to bring about a stable currency and
therefore a stable government. This going
off the gold standard was one of the great
frauds imposed on the American public by
the New Deal. We have only had one or two
opportunities since the days of the New Deal
where a Republican president could reverse
this serious mistake. To me it is the only way
that we will get enough solid valuable cur-
rency into circulation to meet the demands
of a greatly expanding economy. If we do not
take such a step as this the only alternative
will be to print money with no backing and
contribute seriously to the inflationary spiral
that we are now in since the money will be
nothing but paper. By using the method I
recommend every dollar will then be backed
by hard money at Fort Knox.
These two problems are tightly coupled
together. The one on one hand drains our
manpower reserves and creates tremendous
deficit in our balance of payments thus con-
tributing to the inflationary spiral and the
other effects that I stated above.
I would be extremely grateful if you would
give these facts your serious attention and
do whatever is possible to spread the gospel.
Yours very truly,
SEVIGNY'S CANDY, INC.,
CHARLES P. SEVIGNY, President.
U.S.S. " EBLO" SEIZURE CALLED
S SCHEME
HON. JOHN R. RARICK
OF LOUISIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 25, 1969
Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, the current
issue of the Reader's Digest publishes the
story of Communist Gen. Jan Sejna of
Czechoslovakia, one of the highest rank-
ing officers ever to defect to the West,
regarding the participation of the Soviet
Union in the hijacking of the U.S.S.
Pueblo, and the value to the enemy of
the intelligence obtained in that venture.
The accurate assessment of our spine-
less response is a matter to which we
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L KLCOKll? Extensions of Remarks June 26, 1969
Should give Our Serials attention Per-
haps our total incompetence to defend
the U.S.S. Liberty, a SinWar ship, against
Israeli attack in the Mediterranean Mg-
' geSted to the enemy the feaSiblity of
the Second Operation. The obvidua im-
plication is that it is open season on
Americans. This Canna be tOlerated.
I include the article, together alth a
news Clipping frOill the Washington
Daily News, following in remarks:
[From the Washington Daily News, *lune 23,
1969]
CZECH DEFECTOR BARES Darams?"Pormo"
CALLED SOVIET PLOT
(By Mike Miller)
, A former Czechoslovakian general who de-
fected to the United States said today that
:Russia planned the seizure of the U.S. Intel-
ligence ship Pueblo andi collaborated with
'North Korea in carrying it out.
1 Gen. Jan Seine, writing In Reader's Digest
said Soviet Defense Minister Marshal Andrei
Grechko told him eight menths price:1 to the
Incident that Russia was geing to "h Mate"
the United States by grabbing one ofj its spy
ships.
The defector said the Russian els andi-
cated the seizure would take place some-
where in the Pacific in eollaboratiab With
the North Koreans.
, Gen. Seine was the Czech Cornidunist
1Party's senior secretary aseIgned to the Min-
istry of National Defense prior to his defec-
tion in February, 1968, the month after the
Pueblo was seized.
1 INFORMATION GAINED
1 He said Russian generals also told Czech
Ricers following the incident that "im arise-
y valuable information" was obtained from
.,h
e ship, including a detailed analysis1 or the
deployment of U.S. Naval forces in t 4 Pa-
cific. Codes obtained from the spy sh j also
were enabling the Russians to read previ-
ously indecipherable 'U.S. messages which
they had recorded on tape, he wrote.
The defector quoted Gen. Grechko as' Say-
Mg:
1 "It is absolutely insolent the way the
Americans sail their damai ships arotirld as
if they owned the water.
, "Their espionage ships Come right Up to
Our shores to spy on our coiranunications.
But I can tell you this: We have decided to
humble the Americans. Just as we hturaili-
ated them in the air by shooting dovin the
17-2, we are going to humiliate them at sea
by grabbing one of those ships.
Asked about the danger Of a U.S. reaction,
Gen. Grechko replied: "Don't worry about
that. The Americans haven't dared to bliack-
ade Haiphong (North Vietraainese port), be-
cause they know that our aups would shoot
their way thru. They won't do anything altrout
an incident like this, either. We are not afraid
of them, and that is what thewhole 'vlAarld
Will see."
Gen. Sejna wrote that Gen. Grechk4 aid
the Soviets had ruled out a seizure i ;wa-
ters where the incident Might prov ISO a
Confrontation between the Warsaw Pact
countries and NATO. The Mack Se 1Was
eminated because it was regarded as a
" ussian lake," but the Pacific was c (wen
because it- was considered an "Am Haan
preserve," the Czech said.
On Jan. 24, 1968, the morning afte the
Pueblo was seized, he quoted Soviet C lOtiel
General Aleksandr Kushchev, senior W inaw
Pact representative in Prague, as tell1n a
gathering of officers:
"During the night we learned that. With
the collaboration of our ICsaaan corn des,
we have achieved a great success. Th an-
tire operation went off smoathly?incr ibly
smoothly. The Pueblo crew, to a man ea-
pitulated. They did not fire a shot.
'We've all heard what a great communi-
cations and command system the Americans
hare.
'Vela yesterday it took Washington liter-
ally hours to pull itself together and even
begin to react. This is a precise example of
ho* the most advanced military technology
cannot compensate for a lack of will and
leadership."
A GOMMUSIIST GENERAL'S STARTLING CHARGE:
RUSS/A PLOTTED THE "PUEBLO" AFFAIR
(By Gen. Jan Sejna)
? (Norz.?General Jan Sejna is one of the
highest-ranking communists ever to defect
to the West. Until February 1968 he was the
Czechoslovak Communist Party senior sec-
retary assigned to the Ministry of National
Defense, charged with political control of
the-Czechoslovak Ministry and General Staff.
As such, he dealt almost daily with the So-
viet marshals, generals and agents who rule
Eastern Europe as a Soviet colony, and was
privy to many military and political secrets
of the Warsaw Pact nations.
During 1967 and early 1968, in the strug-
gle for control of the Czechoslovak Commu-
nist Party, he was accused of siding with the
forces of arch-Stalinist Antonin Novotny.
The general contends that he represented a
groin) of politicians and young officers op-
posed to hard-line military men seeking their
owa, gain in the political intrigue that has
characterized the turmoil in Prague. Never-
theless, when Novotny lost, Sejna fled to the
United States?bringing with him a perspec-
tive of the communist world rarely before
available to the West.
(The following article, the first he has re-
leased since his flight, is excerpted from
Sejna's forthcoming book. Much of what he
reports here canna; be confirmed because of
the rarefied circles in which he moved. But
he has been interv:ewed at length by Digest
editors, anti specific references that could
be cross-checked have been painstakingly
Investigated. No contradictions have been
discovered.)
I first learned in May 196'7 that the Rus-
sians were planning to capture an American
intelligence ship?eight months before the
USS Pueblo was selaed off Korea. Some dozen
Czechoslovak and Russian generals had
gathered at the state guest villa in Prague
for a luncheon honoring the Soviet defense
minister, Marshal Andrei Grechko. I remem-
ber that the meal of delicate Czechoslovak
fish, beef soup with liver dumplings, veal
roulade, cream tarts and fruit was especially
excellent. Our thres-hour conversation was
fueled by Italian aperitifs, Russian vodka,
red and white Bulgarian wines, and some
truly fine French cognac which we had liber-
ated from the Germans.
Marshal Grechko, whom I had of ten en-
countered at Warsaw Pact conferences and
during private visits in Prague, is taciturn
to the point of rudeness when _sober. But
when he consumes too much vodka and
Cinzano, he becomes a belligerent, loose-
tongued braggart. Drinking heavily that
afternoon, he embarked on his favorite sub-
ject?the invincibility of the Soviet armed
forces?with emphasis this time on the
multiplying might of Russian sea power.
He admitted that the Soviet Union had
been powerless to intervene during the
Cuban and Middle East crises because of the
supremacy of American naval forces. The re-
fusal of Nikita Khrushchev to allot enough
money to develop a powerful Soviet fleet was
a primary reason why the Russian military
supported his ouster. But now Soviet naval
strength was growing and would soon chal-
lenge the Americans on all the oceans of
the world.
"It is absolutely insolent the way the
Americans sail their damn ships around as
if they owned the water," Grechko declared.
"Their espionage ships come right up to our
shores to spy on our coraznunications. But I
can tell you this: we have decided to humble
the Americans. Just as we humiliated them
in the air by shooting down the U-2, we are
going to humiliate them at sea by grabbing
one of these ships."
Marshal Grechko did not specify when,
where or how the Russians expected to
commandeer a U.S. ship. But he indicated
that the seizure would be accomplished
somewhere in the Pacific, in collaboration
with the North Koreans. The Russians, he
said, did not want to stage an incident in
waters which might involve the Warsaw Pact
in a confrontation with NATO. The Black
Sea also had been ruled out because the
world looked upon it as "a Russian lake";
loss of an American ship there would not be
sufficiently "sensational." The Pacific had
been chosen because it was considered an
American preserve.
As I listened to Grechko talk, it became
apparent that the Russians were almost as
intent upon hurting the Chinese as upon
hurting the Americans. "Our Korean com-
rades, of course, are not capable of carrying
this off without us," Grechko said. "But we
will guide and protect than. This will again
show them that it is we, not the Chinese,
upon whom they can depend. They will see
that we act while the Chinese simply bray
and posture."
General Josef Vosa,h1o, deputy minister in
charge of the Czech air force, asked, "Is there
not a danger that the American reaction
could cause serious complications?"
"Don't worry about that," Grechko re-
plied. "The Americans haven't dared to block-
ade Haiphong, because they know that our
ships would shoot their way through. They
won't do anything about an incident like
this, either. We are not afraid of them, and
that is what the whole world will see."
Grechko's arrogance made me privately
want to doubt anything he said that day.
Still, I wondered. I had disbelieved Khrush--
cher/ in 1961 when he secretly let us know
that within a few months a wall would be
erected to seal off West Berlin. I now also re-
called a conversation I had had in March
1966 with Grechko's predecessor, Marshal
Rodion Malinovsky, a much more prudent
man. He had confided that the Russians sus-
pected American ships of being extremely
effective in ferreting out Soviet secrets.
"Mark my word," he had vowed, "we are go-
ing to do something about those ships."
In the months following the Grechko
luncheon, nothing related to his boasts came
to my attention, and I almost forgot about
them. Then, on the morning of January 24,
1968, I received a call from the secretariat of
the National Defense Minister, informing me
that "an unusually important announce-
ment" would be made at the morning brief-
ing. In the ministry council chamber, Soviet
Colonel General Aleksandr Kushchev, the
principal Warsaw Pact representative in
Prague, rose.
"During the night we learned that, with
the collaboration of our Korean comrades,
we have achieved a great sUccess," he began.
We all were stunned as he announced that
the Pueblo had laeen hijacked and was at the
moment in communist custody.
"The entire operation went off smoothly?
incredibly smoothly," Kushchev reported.
"The Pueblo crew, to a man, capitulated.
They did not fire a shot. Frankly, we thought
it would be much more complicated. The
Americans were so bewildered that they
failed to destroy thousands of documents. It
will take our experts quite a while to analyze
them. We may have a gold mine.
"We've all heard about what a great com-
munications and command system the Amer-
icans have," Kushchev went on. "How they
use computers, how they can respond in-
stantly to an attack. Well, yesterday it took
Washington literally hours to pull itself to-
gether and even begin to react. This is a
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E 5301
June 26, 1969
precise example of how the most advanced
military technology cannot compensate for
a lack of will and leadership."
Kushchev bragged on about the propa-
ganda triumph. "On the one hand, it is a
humiliation for the United States: we have
made clear that the Americans do not rule
the seas anymore, On the other, this is a dis-
grace for China. It proves to the entire so-
cialist camp that the Soviet Union helped
North Korea gain stature, while the loud-
mouthed Chinese could do absolutely
nothing."
No one in the room doubted that capture
of the Pueblo was a great coup. However, I
and some of my fellow officers could not
quite accept Kushchev's account of it. Accus-
tomed as we were to Soviet propaganda ex-
aggerations, we simply could not believe that
the crew had not attempted some resistance
to prevent the capture of thousands of val-
uable documents.
In the next few days, though other Soviet
officers confirmed Kushchev's version. Also, I
began to see indications that the intelligence
information the Russians were extracting
from the Pueblo was immensely valuable.
. At the weekly general staff briefing on Feb-
ruary 23, we heard an extraordinarily de-
tailed analysis of the deployment and opera-
tions of American naval forces in the Pa-
cific. The source was identified as the Pueblo.
Furthermore, we were told that, by using
codes found aboard the ship, the Russians
now were able to reach previously inde-
cipherabIa American messages that they had
been recording on tape.
I derive no pleasure in recounting this
American defeat and Soviet victory. I re-
port these details now because I think they
carry with them a Message of importance
to the people of the United States and the
West:
The Soviet Union today is increasingly
dominated by a militaristic clique of mar-
shals who, with few exceptions, are peril-
ously ignorant of the West. These narrow-
minded hard-liners understand and react
only to the prospect of superior force. Signs
of weakness tempt them to risk ever more
irresponsible adventures.
Unless they are convinced that the Amer-
ican government and the American people
are prepared to resist future aggression, then
more aggression is inevitable. On the basis
of my personal experiences with these men,
I know that each time one of their military
gambles pays off, they edge cloSer to the
brink. And by recklessness and miscalcula-
tion, they are likely to plunge the world
into war that ordinary men everywhere des-
perately want to avert.
(Norz.?General Sejna's assertions were
made available to The Reader's Digest last
April 13, Just two days before North Korean
MIGs shot down a U.S. Navy EC-121 recon-
naissance plane in the Sea of Japan. No evi-
dence exists at this writing that the Soviet
Union had a hand in this second act of pi-
racy perpetrated by the North Koreans within
15 months.)
DR. ROMAN SMAL-STOCKI: DEDI-
CATED AMERICAN PATRIOT OF
UKRAINIAN ANCESTRY
HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, June 25, 1969
Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, as
many Members know an American of
Unusual stature and background passed
away recently. I refer to Dr. Roman
Smal-Stocki, who died in the George-
town University Hospital at the end of
April. He left us a legacy of literary
works and experiences which, I have no
doubt, we will greatly profit by as the
aggressive forces in Moscow determine
the next round of conflict with us.
Those who knew him personally es-
teemed him for his rich past of diversi-
fied experience as scholar, diplomat, and
freedom activist. His roots were in East-
ern Europe, and he was one of the first
to witness the irnperalistic onslaughts of
the Soviet Russians into his beloved
Ukraine. But his principles and dedica-
tion to a life in the cause of world free-
dom, and primarily for the sustained
freedom of his adopted country, led him
to the United States, for which, since
the end of World War II to the day of
his death, he defended with all his heart
and mind as the last bastion against the
forces of Soviet Russian imperio-colo-
nialism.
As other Members have, I pay lasting
tribute to this truly great man and dear,
personal friend. His wit, his insights, and
his wisdom we shall sorely miss. How-
ever, his truths and convictions have
been transmitted by generations of stu-
dents who today are working in diverse
fields in the spirit of their venerable
teacher. In my tribute, I include the fol-
lowing in the RECORD as a humble ex-
pression of his traits and works: First, a
brief eulogy by Dr. Lev E. Dobriansky of
Georgetown University, titled "The Great
Loss of a Patriot, Christian, Scholar";
second, the obituaries in the Evening
Star of April 29, "Roman S. Smal-Stocki,
Ukrainian Scholar, Dies," in the Wash-
ington Post of April 29, "R. S. Smal-
Stocki, Slavic Expert at CU" and the
New York Times of April 29, "Dr. -Ro-
man Smal-Stocki Dies; Ukrainian Edu-
cator was 76"; third, a complete release
on the man by the Shevchenko Scien-
tific Society, of which he was president;
fourth, a memorial in the Ukrainian
Weekly, Svoboda, dated May 17, by Dr.
Clarence A. Manning, professor emeri-
tus, Columbia University, titled "The
Stream of History"; and fifth, the speech
of Representative MARTIN B. MCKNEALLY,
of New York, who was the last to appear
before the Ukrainian Studies Center in
Washington, D.C., which the late Pro-
fessor Smal-Stocki directed and at which
I and others had the privilege and pleas-
ure to address in the past:
THE GRAVE Loss OF A PATRIOT, CHRISTIAN,
SCHOLAR
(By Lev E. Dobriansky, Georgetown
University)
In the evening of Sunday, April 27, Dr.
Roman Smal-Stocki died at Georgetown Uni-
versity Hospital in Washington, D.C. He
passed away quietly. The last to visit him
and to receive his courageous "thanks" and
"good-by" were the Very Rev. Constantine
Berdar, Rev. M. Makukh, Rev. Maletius Woj-
nar, Dr. Bohdan Skaskiw, and the UCCA
President. With extraordinary strength of
mind and moral fortitude to the last, one
of Ukraine's greatest sons extended his arms
to clasp the hand of each, then faintly ut-
tered his final expression of friendship, and
lapsed into a coma preceding his death.
These final moments typified the genuine
greatness and towering stature of the man.
For Ukrainians in particular, but for all free
men in general, the death of Dr. Smal-Stocki
Is a grave loss to the ceaseless cause of free-
dom. It is truly the grave loss of a patriot,
Christian, and scholar. Selflessly and with
unparalleled devotion, he dedicated his entire
and long adult life to the cause of a free and
independent Ukraine and later, through it to
the preservation of the freedom and security
of his America. Personal glory, money, even
the advantages of a marital existence were
alien considerations to his unique and price-
less dedication. Through all the stages of his
rich and varied life?as a student, an ambas-
sador, a professor, an author, an intellectual
leader, and a staunch defender of the Faith?
he was wedded to the vital and promising
cause of a free Ukraine.
As an internationally renowned scholar,
the good and ever-witty Doctor has left the
world an invaluable legacy of books and writ-
ings not as a monument to himself but to
the life-giving cause that he served so bril-
liantly and incomparably. The interminable
fears and anathema expressed by Moscow
and its totalitarian offshoots toward his
works are in themselves a measure of their
power of ideas and spiritual force. As the
President of the world-esteemed Shevchenko
Scientific Society, he excelled all others in
his writings to defend the erection of the
Shevchenko Memorial in our Nation's capital.
His warm humanism, his breadth of know-
ledge and understanding, and his Christian
humility are immortally imprinted in this
legacy.
Only relatively few might understand
fully, but this tragedy is an irreparable loss
to the freedom of all the captive nations in
the USSR, and thus a heavy loss to man's
struggle for freedom.
In tribute to the lasting memory of one
of Ukraine's greatest servants, The UCCA
president will initiate at the coming UCCA
executive meeting the dedication of the 10th
Congress of Amerioans of Ukraine Descent to
the immortal spirit, works, and contributions
of our departed intellectual leader. Also, this
proposal will extend to the autumn issue of
The Ukrainian Quarterly.
As he would have us remember?Three
Cheers, our dearly beloved friend. Erne,
Domine, animam ejus, Requiescat in pace.
[From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star,
Apr, 29, 1969]
ROMAN S. SMAL-STOCKI, UKRAINIAN SCHOLAR,
Dins
Roman S. Smal-Stocki, 76, director of the
Ukrainian Studies Center at Catholic Uni-
versity, died Sunday of cancer at Georgetown
University Hospital. He lived at 201 Taylor
St. NE.
Born in 1893 in Czernowitz, Bukovina, now
a part of the Soviet Ukraine, Mr. Smal-Stocki
studied at the universities of Vienna, Leip-
zig, and Munich. In 1917 he lectured at the
Oriental Academy, a foreign service school in
Berlin.
In the early 1920s he was associate profes-
sor of Slavistics at the Ukrainian Massaryk
University in Prague and later was a guest
professor in English Universities.
He taught Slavistics at the University of
Warsaw in Poland from 1925 to 1939, and
then was a prisoner of the Nazis during
World War II.
Coming to the United States after the war,
he was professor of Slavic history at Mar-
quette University from 1947 and director of
its Slavic Institute from 1949 until becoming
professor emeritus. He had been a visiting
professor at Catholic University since 1965.
Mr. Smal-Stocki was a leader in the fund-
raising campaign to erect a statue of the
Ukrainian poet-hero Taras Shevchenko in
Washington. The statue, dedicated several
years ago, is at 22nd and P Streets NW.
He was also curator and a director of the
Byzantine Slavic Arts Foundation here. From
1915 through 1960 Mr. Smal-Stocki-published
11 books?in Ukrainian' German and Rus-
sian. He also had written more than 70 schol-
arly articles.
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E 5302 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions of Remarks June 26, 1969
Outside his literary career, Mr. Stri
served as an envoy and minister
Ukrainian Democratic Republic in
and Great Britain in the early 19
was deputy premier and foreign mi
the Ukrainian National government
irom 1937 to 1940.
He was' active in several socie
voted to the works of Shevchenko
pa historical and other arts and
Prayers will be offered at 7 o'clock tonight
at the Ukrainian Catholic Seminary, 201
Taylor St. NE.
A mass will be offered tomorrow in Phila-
delphia at the Cathedral of the Imniaeulate
Conception, the mother church of the
Ukrainian Catholic Metropolitan Province in
the United States.
It is requested that expressions ef 'sym-
pathy be in the form of contributions to the
Smal-Stocki Memorial Fund at the Ukrainian
Catholic Seminary.
-Stock'
Of the
&many
OS, and
ister of
in exile
is de-
asWell
sciences
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post,
Apr. 29, 19691
1,
I R. S. SMAL-STOCK/, SLAVIC EXPERT Al CU
I Roman S. Smal-Stocki, 76, a Ukrioaian-
I born Catholic University professor who es-
i caped death sentences in both Hitler'S Ger-
many and Soviet Russia, died of cancer
I Sunday at Georgetown University HoSpital.
I He was condemned to death in eibbentia
I in the 1920s by a Russian tribunal Ifor his
I activities in the Ukranian indepeindence
movement, but he had fled to Poland.
' From there he went to Prague, Czechoslo-
vakia, where he was arrested by Nazi troops
I after Germany's occupation of that coun-
try. Ukranian guerrilla fighters freed' him,
however, and he escaped a Nazi death war-
rant by taking refuge in a monastery_
From there he went to Prague, Czechoslo-
Inow in the Soviet Ukraine, the son of a
I Ukranian count. He studied at the Universi-
ties of Vienna, Leipzig, and Munich, receiv-
Iing his doctorate from the last in 1914,
' After World War I, his native Ukraine won
I a brief interval of independence arid Mr.
',Smal-Stocki become envoy to Great Britain
I for the short-lived Ukrainian Deniocratic
IRepublic from 1920 to 1922.
, When the Russian armies retoek the
'Ukraine he fled. He taught at universities in
I both countries before being arrested by the
IGermans,
' After World War II, with the help bi sev-
eral high American officials who w re ac-
quainted with his career, includingthen
ISecretary of State Edward R. Stettin us Jr.,
'he came to the United States. From 1947 to
1965 he taught Slavic history at Marquette
University, before coming to Catholin Uni-
versity. Mr. Smal-Stocki authored 151 books
,and many articles, most of them on Slavic
'history, his specialty.
' In Washington Mr. Smal-Stocki Was a
Ileader in the effort to bring to this c ty the
Istatue of Ukranian hero Taras Shev benko
Ithat now stands at 22d and P Street nw.
' During his life he had known ElOsely
Winston Churchill, Georges Clemeinceau,
Thomas Masaryk, and other world le4ers.
' He was a member of the American istor-
lea' Society, American Catholic Hi tOrical
Society, and numerous other profeSsional
groups, many of which he served as an
officer. He was curator of the Byzantine
Slavic Arts Foundation in Washington
[From the New York Times, Apr. 29 19691
DR. ROMAN SMAL-STOCKX DIES; UKRA/N/AN
EDUCATOR WAS 76 .
Dr. Roman Smal-Stocki, philologist &In-
'cater and author, died Sunday at Georgetown
University Hospital in Washington. He Was
76 years old and was a former leader cr. the
Ukrainian National Republic, an indeperdent
State from 1917 to 1920.
Dr. Smal-Stocki, who was born under
Austro-Hungarian rule, received a PhD.
degree, summa cum laude, from the Uni-
versity of Munich in 1914. He was active in
the establishment of the independent
Ukrainian state and was the councilor of its
legation in Berlin. Later he Was Minister
of Its Government-in-Exile in Berlin and
London. He was also formerly deputy premier
of the exiled government.
Between the two world wars
Stocki was associate professor he history,
language and culture .of e Slavic peo-
ples at the Ukrainian M yk University in
Prague and at the Uni'' -ity of Warsaw.
After the conquest f Poland he was ar-
rested by the Ge ? ans and interned in
Prague until the en of the war.
He came to the inited States in 1947 and
was associate prc essor of Slavic history at
Marquette Univ rsity and later directed
Marquette's Slavic Institute.
At his death 4w. Smal-Stocki was a visit-
ing professor of the history, language and
culture of the Mc peoples and the his-
tory of the Sovi Union at the Catholic
University of AME a and the head of the
Ukrainian Stndies ter at the Ukrainian
Catholic Seminary of t. Joshaphat, both
in Washington.
He was president of thi American Shev-
chenko Scientific Society, h headquarters
in New York. The society is n4XIed for Tares
Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet.
Surviving are a brother, Dr. tor Smal-
Stocki, and a sister, Mrs. Irene Luclf,4j.
PROF. ROMAN f.3MAL-STOCKI, UHR N/AN
SCHOLAR, EDUCATOR AND STATESMAN, Ddse IN
WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON, D.C.?Prof. Roman Sinai,:
Stocki, outstanding Ukrainian scholar, edu-
cator and statesman-diplomat, died on April
27, 1969 at Georgetown University Hospital,
after a short illness, at the age of 76.
He was a Visiting Professor at the Catholic
University of America for the past few years,
and resided at the Ukrainian Catholic Semi-
nary, 201 Taylor Street, N.E., Washington,
D.C.
Prof. Smal-Stocki was born on January
9, 1893 in Cherniviel (Czernowitz), Buko-
vina, then under Austria-Hungary (now part
of the Ukrainian SSR). He came from a
prominent and distinguished Ukrainian
family, holding tbe nobility title of von
Rawicz, bestowed upon the family in 1685.
His father, Dr. Stephan Smal-Stocki, a pro-
fessor at the University of Chernivtsl, was
an outstanding Ukrainian philologist, mem-
ber of the Provinc:.al Diet of Bukovina, and
a leader of the Ukrainian national rebirth in
Bukovina; his mother, Emilia, nee Zarevych,
was born into a Ukrainian priestly family.
Upon his graduation from a gymnasium,
Prof. Roman Smal-Stocki studied at the
Universities of Vienna, Leipzig and Munich,
where he specialized in Slavic studies under
such prominent scholars as W. Wondrak, E.
Bernecker and A. Laskin, in comparative
Indo-European philology and philosophy un-
der A. Kulpe and W. Wundt. In_ 1914 he re-
ceived summa cum laiede his Ph.D. degree
at the University of Munich.
SCHOLASTIC CAREER
Dr_ Smal-Stocki began his academic career
in 191' became j3ecame a lecturel? at the
1
Orientalische A carrate ('GeErian Foreign
Service School) in Berlin. From 1921 to 1923
he was Associate Professor at the Ukrainian
Masaryk University in Prague, and in 1924-
25 he was a guest professor at King's College
of London University, the School of Eco-
nomics, and Pembroke College of Cambridge
University. Subsequently, from 1925-1939 he
was Professor of Slavistics at the University
of Warsaw, Poland, where he was also very
active in Ukrainian cultural arid political
life. With the outbreak of World War II, he
was arrested by the Gestapo and was detained
as a civilian internee for the duration.
In 1947 he emigrated to the United States
and joined the staff of Marquette University
In Milwaukee, Wisc., where he taught Slavic
history until his retirement in 1965; he was
also Director of Marquette's Slavic Institute
since 1949. From 1965 until his death he was
a Visiting Professor at Catholic University
of America and Director of the Ukrainian
tudies Center at the Ukrainian Catholic
Sc nary, both in Washington, D.C.
P OLIFIC AUTHOR, DEDICATED EDUCATOR
Prof'. Smal-Stocki's contributions to the
studies of Ukrainian and Slavic linguistics
are enormous. Early in his scholastic career
he published New Educational Trends (4
volumes, 1917-1919, together with Prof. W.
Simovych), Studies on Ukrainian Linguistics
(together with Prof. I. Ohienko) and Travaux
de l'Institut Scientifique Ukrainien (6 vol-
umes). In 1929, with the establishment of
the Ukrainian Scientific Institute in War-
saw, Prof. Smal-Stocki became its secretary
and editor; under his direction, 40 volumes
of Ukrainian studies had been published.
He also participated in the publication of a
complete edition Of works of Tares Shev-
chenko, and was editor of its 15th volume in
Warsaw.
In the United States, under his direction
there appealed 6 volumes of the Marquette
University Studies and 18 volumes of Mar-
quette University Slavic Institute Papers
(edited jointly with Prof. Alfred Sokolnicki).
Prof. Smal-Stocki wrote many books in
Ukrainian, German and English, among
them: Outline of Word-Building of Ukrain-
ian Adjectives (1921), Significance of Ukrain-
ian Adjectives (1926), Primitive Word-Build-
ing (1929), Ukrainian Language in Soviet
Ukraine (1935), Shevchenko in Foreign Lan-
\guages (1936)?all in Ukrainian; Abriss der
-Ukrainischen Substantivhildung (1915) and
rmanisch.-Deutsche Hulturinfluesse in
Sp gel der Ukrctiniichen Sprache (1938) --in
G an; and Slays and Teutons: The Oldest
Ger nic-Slavic Relations (1950), The Na-
tionaUt,y Problem of the Soviet union and
Russia Communist Imperialism (1952), The
Captive ations (1959), and The History of
Modern lgarian Literature (1960, with Prof.
Clarence Manning). In addition, over 78
scholarly akticles and papers were written by
Prof. Smal tocki in Ukrainian, Polish, Bul-
garian, Ge an and English.
As presid4it of the American Shevchenko
Scientific So4iety (since 1951) and president
of the Sup're4ve Council of Shevchenko Scien-
tific Societi (Europe, Canada, Australia and
the United tates), Prof. Smal-Stocki con-
tributes' gre tly toward the prolific activities
and expansi n of the Shevchenko Scientific
Society in t e United States, which in fact is
a free Ukrafinlan Academy of Sciences.
Under hI presidency, the Society organized
two World Congresses of Ukrainian Free Sci-
ence and hundreds of scientific conferences
and lecgures, dedicated to Ukrainian history,
language, culture and science. The American
section of the Society under his direction is-
sued 18 volumes of Proceedings, 18 volumes of
Ukrainian Studies, 31 volumes of lectures, 21
volumes of monographs, 9 volumes of Pro-
ceedings of various sections of the Society, 3
volumes of Ukrainian Archives, and 2 vol-
umes of Ukrainian Literary Library, and sev-
eral non-serial publications. He was the
founder in 1956 and president of the Com-
mittee of American Slavic Learned Societies
In New York and served as its president since
that time.
POLITICAL LEADER, STATESMAN AND DIPLOMAT
Prof. Smal-Stocki was one of the great
and outstanding Ukrainian political leaders.
statesmen and diplomats who took an active
part in the establishment of a free and in-
dependent Ukrainian state in 1917-1920. His
political career began in 1915 when he joined
the "Union for -the Liberation of Ukraine,"
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June 23, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions of Remarks E 5145
right, fair, reliable, and highly profes-
sional.
He is not only a great commentator,
but a fine gentleman, and an the occasion
of his 25th year of broadcasting in tlite
political arena, it is a pleasure to join
the many friends of Joe McCaffrey in
saying?you are more than a "household
word"; you are the voice of Capitol Hill.
keep up the good work.
LEGISLATION TO EXTEND THE
GOLDEN EAGLE PASSPORT
HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 23, 1969
Mr. BROYHILL of Virginia. Mr.
Speaker, last year the 90th Congress in
amending the Land and Water Conserva-
tion Fund Act repealed the annual Fed-
eral recreation area permit, known as
the Golden Eagle passport. The Federal
agencies still have authority to collect
recreation fees, but after March 31, 1970,
there will be no annual permit which
may be used at all Federal recreation fee
areas.
The Golden Eagle passport, of which
692,300 were issued between 1965 and
1968 and 403,100 so far in fiscal 1969, per-
mits the bearer and everyone within a
private vehicle and attached camper or
trailer, to use one or all of the over 3,000
national parks, forests, and refuges, as
well as other federally operated recrea-
tional areas, with the payment of a
single $7 fee.
I am convinced that the people in my
district in Virginia, as well as for the
many hundreds of thousands of other
Americans, who enjoy the wanders of
nature, the national parks, the national
forests, and other Federal recreation
areas, the Golden Eagle passport is an
unsurpassed bargain in outdoor recrea-
tion. I think there is no doubt as to the
Interest in preserving this simple method
of collecting this fee, either for the Gov-
ernment or from its user citizens. As per-
sonal opinion, if for no other reason than
its simplicity, it ought to be maintained
as an example that all acts of this Gov-
ernment are not confusing and compli-
cated. Not only does the Golden Eagle
passport benefit the hundreds of thou-
sands of our citizens who travel across
the breadth of this land in campers and
trailers, it users also put revenues into
the land and water conservation fund.
This revenue helps finance such projects
as Federal acquisition of additional au-
thorized areas, multipurposes metropoli-
tan parks, snow-ski areas, campgrounds,
swimming pools, and bicycling paths in
all the 50 States, the District of Colum-
bia, and our territories.
After a slow start in 1965, when only
$633,600 in fees were collected, ever-in-
creasing acceptance and demand has
increased estimated receipts in fiscal 1969
to $5,200,000. The Golden Eagle pass-
port has proved its value and popularity.
We must not let it expire.
Mr. Speaker, it is for these reasons
that I offer for introduction legislation to
extend this program. My bill will estab-
lish separate fee programs for entrance
to and use of areas administered for out-
door recreation and related purposes by
the Secretary of the Interior and the
Secretary of Agriculture, and for other
purposes. This bill will extend the Golden
Eagle passport indefinitely. One small
change wil be made to the fee now in use;
the present fee is to be increased from
$7 annually to $10. This increase is ac-
ceptable to the users as reasonable and
the funds collected are to be used di-
rectly for the users benefits. I have been
told it is still a bargain.
Mr. Speaker, I urge early consideration
and action on my bill.
RUSSIA AND THE "PT.......2a3.4ct"
HON. JACK EDWARDS
OF ALABAMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 23, 1969
Mr. EDWARDS of Alabama. Mr.
Speaker, when the U.S. Navy ship Pueblo
was hijacked by the North Koreans about
/8 months ago, there was considerable
opinion in some places that Moscow was
terribly embarrassed by such a rash act,
and that the North Koreans had com-
mitted this piracy in spite of Russian
efforts to prevent it.
Opinions such as this come from the
same people who are flabbergasted when
a few months later Russian armies in-
vaded Czechoslovakia. In the view of
these people the Soviet Union was sup-
posed to have renounced the use of
power.
Insofar as information is available to
the public today, there is no certainty
that the Soviet Union played a role in
seizure of the Pueblo.
However, a news item pointing in this
direction appeared today, and I include
it at this point in my remarks as a devel-
opment of real interest to those con-
cerned with this issue:
CZECH DEFECTOR SAYS RUSSIA SPARKED
SEIZURE OF PUEBLO
A high Czechoslovakian defense official
who defected to the United States last year
said yesterday that the Soviet Union collab-
orated with North Korea in the capture of
the U.S. intelligence ship Pueblo.
The assertion by Gen. Jan Seine in a
copyrighted article in the July issue of
Reader's Digest runs counter to the official
position in Washington that the Russians
had little?if anything?to do with the Pueb-
lo's capture.
Seine based his contention primarily on
remarks he said were made by Soviet De-
fense Minister Andrei Grechko while Grechko
was drinking heavily at a party in Prague in
May, 1967, and on the words of a Soviet
general who announced the Pueblo's seizure
to the Czechs the day after it happened.
Sejna quoted Grechko as saying:
"It is absolutely insolent the way the
American sail their damn ships around as if
they owned the water. Their espionage ships
come right up to our shores to spy on our
communications. But I can tell you this: We
have decided to humble the Americans.
Just as we humiliated them in the air by
shooting down the U-2, we are going to hu-
miliate them at sea by grabbing one of these
ships."
Seine, said Grechko did not say when,
where or hew this would occur but that he
indicated the Pacific area had been chosen
because it was considered an "American
preserve."
He quoted Grechko as saying: "Our Korean
comrades, CrY course, are not capable of car-
rying this off without us. But we will guide
and protect them."
He heard nothing more, Seine, said, until
Jan. 24, 1968, when Soviet Col. Gen. Alek-
sandr Kushchev, the chief Warsaw Pact
representative in Prague, announced the
seizure at a meeting at the Czech Defense
Ministry.
"During the night? we learned that, with
the collaboration of our Korean comrades, we
have achieved a great success," Kushchev was
quoted as saying. He then told?with an air
of surprise, Sejna said?how the Pueblo had
"capitulated" without firing a shot, leaving
thousands of undestroyed documents, a,nd
how "it took Washington literally hours to
pull itself together and even begin to react."
Sejna said other Soviet officers later con-
firmed Kushchev's account, and subsequent
briefings indicated that "the intelligence in-
formation the Russians were extracting from
the Pueblo was immensely valuable."
Until February, 1968, Sejna was the Com-
munist Party official In charge of political
control of the Czech Defense Ministry and
General Staff, and frequently saw Soviet and
Warsaw Pact officials. He flew to the United
States when Antonin Novotny lost power in
the 1968 Czech political crisis.
REPORT OF SOUTH VIETNAM
STUDY TEAM
HON. RICHARD D. MCCARTHY
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 23, 1969
Mr. McCARTHY. Mr. Speaker, a U.S.
study team made up of eight prominent
individuals recently visited South Viet-
nam. The team was sent there by a
group of well-known churchmen con-
cerned about the war and by reports of
political repression in South Vietnam.
The members included our distinguished
colleague, the gentleman from Michigan
(Mr. CONYERS) and a noted Jesuit, the
Reverend Robert Drinan, S.J., dean of
Boston College Law School.
I found the report of the U.S. study
team illuminating as well as disturbing.
I was, for instance, surprised to learn
that although most Catholics in South
Vietnam support the Thieu government,
a significant segment is critical of the
war and of the present Government. The
team found Catholics who want a closer
tie with the Buddhists, who are actively
seeking an early peace. Many of these
Catholics are seeking what some call a
"third solution"?between communism
and militarism. Father Hoang Quynh,
for instance, who is an active member of
the All-Religion Citizens' Front, has
worked with Buddhists in trying to pre-
vent further friction between the Budd-
hist and Catholic communities. There are
other Catholics who are close to Pope
Paul's VI's views on negotiations and
Peace. They have won the confidence of
Buddhist leaders.
Mr. Speaker, I believe the study team
our colleagues will study its report and I
Join with others in praising the gentle-
man from Michigan for his part in this
important effort.
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E 5146 CONGRESSIONAL
NEVADA CHAPARRAL TEA, A POS-
SIBLE CANCER CURE?
HON. WALTER S. BARING
OF NEVADA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 23, 1969 '
Mr. BARING. Mr. Speaker, with all the
talk and debate about cigarettes alleged-
ly causing cancer and with the keen in-
terest this past week in House passage
of a cigarette bill, I feel research under-
way in my State of Nevada and neighbor-
ing Utah deserves attention nationwide
in regard to the drive of mankind to cure
disease.
Therefore, I offer for the REcohn to-
day a report from the Nevada Ranh and
Home News about a "tea" made from a
evada bush which the Indians haVe ap-
arently been using for years as a ' sort
of cure-all. This Indian habit has drawn
the attention of some doctors in Reno
land Utah at the respective universities
with the thought being that perhaps the
s.o-called "tea" may be a cancer curt.
' I submit the news release for inc Usion
p,t this point in the REcortn:
pESERT CREOSOTE BUSH SHOWS PRONitSE AS
CANCER CURE
A little "Chaparral" or "Indian" tea brewed
from the leaves of the desert creosote bush
just might cure cancer.
, Sound like an Indian medicine man talk-
ing or maybe a barker for patent renfedies?
If current research proves fruitful, itai Could
ae a highly trained and eert medic 1 doc-
"I've kidded some of my students that
maybe the intricate and sophisticated World
of medical science is catching up wit the
medicine men," said Dr. Ronald P rdini,
associate professor Of biochemistry at, the
University of Nevada, who is engaged in re-
search concerning the creosote tea. Dr. Par-
dini delivered a paper last Friday, June. 18 at
a regional meeting of the American CheMical
Society in which he discussed phases Of the
research into a derivative of the creosote bush
leaves that has indicated some promise, as an
anti-cancer drug. The meeting was held in
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Staff members of the Biochemistry Depart-
Ment, College of Agriculture, at the Uni-
versity of Nevada including Dr. Pardini, Dr.
Dean C. Fletcher, chairman of the Depart-
tient, and James C. Heidker, a graduate stu-
dent working toward the Ph D. have now
been conducting research on the creosote
bush derivative for a number of months,
I Dr. Fletcher related an intriguing story
about how the research got started. Interest
Was first generated, he said, at the U ver-
sity of Utah Medical School eoncerni g an
elderly patient Who was suffering fram a
melanoma or cancer of the face whici had
metastasized or spread. Previous su eries
had not helped. A radical surgery was r com-
mended for the removal of a consid fable
amount of tissue but the person, due his
advanced age, refused. The disease wa felt
terminal and the old man Went back jio bis
home in St. George, Utah to wait. Some
months later he returned to the Univrsity
of Utah and exhibited a miraculous ree very.
When questioned the only deviation froni
his normal routine was the drinking each
aay of the "Chapparal" tea as recommended
by an old Indian friend. 4 any rate, the
Man's story intrigued th* at the 'Utah
iikedical School enough to seriously look into
the tea.
I Researchers at Utah, according to Dr. Flet-
cher, were able to isolate the active ingredi-
ent in the creosote leaves Which appeared to
RECORD ? Extensions
of Remarks June 23, 1969
be the only material which might inhibit
cancer growth. This was "Nordihydroguaiartic
Acid" or NDGA. When extracted this ap-
pears as a white powder that can be chemi-
cally synthesized in the laboratory and ad-
ministered in capsule form.
Dr. Fletcher, who is a member of the
cal faculty of the School of Meiie, Utah
University, became acquainte.4ith the drug
and decided to experiment th it in Neva-
da. So far only the Uni sity of Utah and
Nevada are working wi the "tea". The two
university's are coop ating in the research.
Dr. Pardini'a part ular phase of the study,
and that which he eported upon at the Salt
(
Lake meeting, is to determine the site of
-action of the d g or where in the cell it
works and how t works. Previous to coming
to Nevada, Dr. ardini had been associated
with the Stanfo Research Institute where
he had worked o screening tests for anti-
cancer drugs. Spec: ally he had researched
the phenomenon o:f tochondrial functions
within the cell. This is e portion of the cell
where energy mtabolism kes place. He had
worked with various dam which inhibit
mitochondrial functions, an n turn inhibit
cancer cell growth. Dr. Pardin ound NDGA
to be a potent inhibitor of mit ondrial en-
zymes. It also appeared to work ? cifically
on diseased or cancerous cells an not on
other cells. His wcrk also showed t t the
inhibiting action of NDGA was specic to
the compound and not a nonspecific nti-
, oxidant effect. He also postulated how it an
N
work to inhibit tumor growth.
Meanwhile, Dr. Fletcher has been worki
with the medical fraternity in Reno in ac
tualiy administering the drug to patients.
Similar work is also being done in Salt Lake.
In addition, researchers at Utah are gather-
ing case history sf5udies on Indian people
who have traditionally taken the tea to de-
termine how this might have influenced or
effected incidence of cancer or certain types
of cancer.
"All we can say at this time," said Dr.
Fletcher, "is that the drug appears extremely
Interesting and interesting enough that we
are continuing study on it."
In the "Chaparral Tea" derived from Lar-
rea Divaricata, one of the creosote bushes of
the Southwest and found in Nevada, may be
some hope in the fight against cancer. In-
dians in the country have had faith in It for
a long time.
THE ACCOMMODATING
ASTRONAUTS
HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE
OP TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF' REPRESENTAT ES
Monday, June 23, 19
Mr. TEAGUE of Mr. Speaker,
on Monday, May 19, 1969, the Washing-
ton Daily News carried an editorial de-
scribing the flight of Apollo 10 and the
contribution of Astronauts Stafford,
Young, and Cernan to the Apollo pro-
gram and to the future of manned space
flight. The key facts of this editorial are
that these astronauts place the impor-
tance of space exploration above their
own aggrandizement. I commend this
editorial to your reading:
THE ACcoMmo SATING ASTRONAUTS
The trio of astronauts now on their way to
the moon in the Apollo 10 spaceship have
got to go down as tame of the most accom-
modating men in history
Their predecessors in Apollo 9, who blazed
the trail to the moon two months ago, had
the thrill of looking back across space and
seeing Earth as a bright blue ball of life.
And in mid-July of the three astronauts
aboard Apollo 11 two will have the incom-
parable experience of being the first human
beings ever to set foot upon another celestial
So the "tree men now flying Apollo 10 are
sort of mi 1e men, short on glamor?rela-
tively?but lpng on the services they are
called upon to perform. For their flight is the
dress rehearsal for the planned moon land-
ing. They are to make the final checkouts of
the lunar landing craft by twice descending
to within nine miles of the moon's surface,
and they are to take a close look at the land-
ing sites targeted for July's history-ntaking
moment.
Yesterday, everything seemed to go off "on,
the tick"?blastoff from Cape Kennedy, the
long rocket "burn" that headed them racing
for the moon, and the needle-threading link-
up of the command ship with the lunar
landing vehicle.
We pray that the rest of the trip will go
without a hitch and that the three?Tom
Stafford, John Young and Gene Oernan?will
return safely from their most obliging
service.
HONOR PLEDGE OF FOUNDING
FATHERS
HON, MARGARET M. HECKLER
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, June 23, 1969
Mrs. HECKLER of Massachusetts. Mr.
eaker, "Honor Pledge of Founding Fa-
t rs" was the title of a very incisive edi-
to al by the Taunton Gazette recently.
In time of considerable confusion con-
cer g the spirit of the more radical
me ers of the younger generation, this
edit ial speaks to a key issue which has
often been overlooked. It addresses itself
to th problems of method and mental
attit ? e which are so important in deter-
mini g the character of any movement
for c ? ange. I offer the full text of the edi-
tori for consideration by all my col-
leag es, who share my concern over the
cri of spirit in our society:
ONOR PLEDGE OW FOUNDING FATHERS
e revolts taking place on the nation's
mpuses are a "symptom of the serious
oral duplicity in ottr history and culture as
well as the perversion of values in our so-
ciety," says a psychiatrist.
The students are wise to the "say one thing
and do another" attitude that pervades so-
ciety, says Dr. Charles de Leon, assistant pro-
fessor of psychiatry at Case Western Reserve
University in Cleveland, Ohio.
"They know that two of our greatest
heroes, George Washington and Thomas Jef-
ferson, their flowery rhetoric bout democ-
racy and justice notwithstanding, were
simple slaveowners."
This is, to be sure, fact of history. But
before anyone condemns the American ex-
periment as a monumental sham and elossal
fraud, perhaps we May be permitted to ask
a silly question.
If Presidents Washington and Jefferson
were slaveowners, why is not President Rich-
ard Nixon a slaveowner?
Perhaps it Is because Nixon is a Quaker,
as was Benjamin Franklin, who spent the
last years of his life vainly petitioning Con-
gress to abolish slavery.
Well, then, why is not former President
Lyndon B. Johnson, a southerner, a slave-
owner?
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The seilstio: Who Is to j-u4e the Judges?
By JAMES RESTON
Secretary of the Navy Chafee
says the Pueblo case is "closed,"
but an Interesting philosophic
question remains. Who is to
judge the judges? The men who
make decisions about war and
the men who carry them out live
by different rules. The first vol-
unteer for political office and
most of the second are drafted
to fight, and both, being human,
make mistakes; but the fighters
must answer for their missions
and the men who ordered the
missions do not have to answer
and even sit in judgment on
their men.
It is easy to understand why
the senior officers of the Nagy
recommended a court-martial
for Commander Lloyd Bucher.
He broke the Navy's tradition of
going down with the ship, and
tradition is important. It is also
easy to understand why Secre-
tary Chafee rejected the court-
martial, for the Pueblo was not
only a naval and political dis-
aster, but a rebuke to the United
States as well as to Commander
I3ucher. And Secretary Chafee
clearly wanted to bury it as
soon as postible,
Any reasonable man would
have done the same thing, but
after the legal and political
problems of the Pueblo are over,
everybody Is still vaguely un-
easy. It is out of the headlines
but not out of sensitive minds.
For Commander Bucher, while
he may have been a weak and
blundering captain, has become
a symbol of the helpless indi-
vidual directed and even hu-
miliated by the judgments and
power of the state?and this
is almost the central conflict
in our society today.
Ihe 301 Committee
Consider, for example, the
303 Committee in Washington,
which very few people, and
probably not even Commander
Bucher, have ever heard of,
even now.
This is the committee charged
with approving intelligence mis-
sions all over the world, such
as the Pueblo mission off the
North Korean coast. It is com-
posed of the Deputy Secretary
of Defense, the Under Secretary
of State, the Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency and
the Presidential Assistant for
National Security Affairs in the
White House, among others.
These are human beings, too,
subject to human error. They
have primary responsibility for
recommending these spy mis-
sions. They are above even the
Joint Chiefs of Staff and the
commanders in the Pacific, let
alone Commander Bucher or
his superior officers in Japan.
They approved the Pueblo
mission They made the judg-
ment that even a spy ship out-
side territorial waters would
not be attacked, or at least that
the advantage of the spy mis-
sion was greater than the risk.
In the perspective of history, it
was not an unreasonable recom-
mendation to the President, but
it proved to be wrong?and was
even repeated by the 303 Com-
mittee and by the President
after the Pueblo incident when
they approved sending an un-
guarded spy-plane into the same
area, only to have it shot down.
All made mistakes of judg-
ment, but only Commander
Bucher was held accountable
and put through a medieval
trial which exposed his agony
and broke his spirit.
Maybe he was unfit for com-
mand. Maybe this orphan boy,
pushed beyond his capacities,
was too weak to be strong
enough to risk the resentment
of his crew. But other men
chose him for command and
pushed him into a situation be-
yond his capacities?and they
are invisible, unidentified and
uncharged.
Kennedy's Reflection
"Life is unfair," President
Kennedy said, and this is the
only point of the story. The
misjudgments in the Pueblo in-
cident were general. No one
man was to blame, but every-
body was to blame, and only
Commander Blucher waablamed
in the end.
"A time will come," H. G.
Wells wrote many long years
ago, "when a politician who has
wilfully made war arid pro-
moted international dissension
will be as sure of the dock and
much surer of the noose than
a private homicide. It Is not
reasonable that those 'Who gam-
ble with men's lives should not
stake their own."
It is a hard philosophy and
one wonders whether it will
ever come true. But the Pueblo
Case dramatizes the inequality
between the men who give the
military orders arid the men
who have to carry them out.
There were politicians and naval
officers who tried to prove that
all would have been well if
only Bucher had carried out the
old tradition, and gone down
with his men and his ship, but
he defied the tradition and has
now taken his rebuke.
It is the old Billy Rudd dil-
emma of duty and conviction
all over again. The individual
has been punished and the in-
stitution has been spared. Sec-
retary Chafee tried to soften
the tragedy by saying: "They
have suffered enough and fur-
ther punishment wotrld not be
justified," so the novelists arld
dramatists will have to take
it from here.
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May 7, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-Extensions of Remarks E 3735
RESULTS OF THE MINSHALL
OPINION POLL
HON. WILLIAM E. MINSHALL
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 7, 1969
Mr, MINSHALL. Mr. Speaker, under
leave to extend my remarks I wish to
insert in the RECORD a copy of my May
Washington Report in which are given
the results of my recent opinion poll, a
copy of which was sent to every home in
the 23d Congressional District.
WASHINGTON REPORT: MAY, 1969
Results of the 1969 Minshall opinion poll
reveal that the more than 25,000 people who
returned their questionnaires were almost
evenly divided over the controversial ABM
. . . overwhelmingly in favor of a national
popular vote and suspending federal funds
to colleges which tolerate continued flagrant
disorders . . . strongly opposed to the SST,
10% surtax and guaranteed annual in-
comes . . Law and order-in all phases in-
cluding civil strife-head the list of problems
facing the nation, according to nearly a third
of those polled, Taxes and inflation rank sec-
ond, the war in Vietnam third ... Percentage
of returns this year reached an all-time
high: I welcome this enthusiastic response
and only regret that time and staff limita-
tions prevent my personally answering each
of you who added comments to your return.
All were read with great interest. Results of
the poll follow:
[In percent'
No
Yes No opinion
1. Do you favor 1 year of compulsory
training for all young men? 67.7 30.4 1.9
2. Do you approve of the proposed
limited antiballistic missile
system? . 45. 4 45.2 1 4
3. Does the U.S. space program justify
its cost? 43.9 50. 8 5. 3
4. Should the voting age be lowered to
19? 43.7 54.6 1.7
5. In cases of continued flagrant
campus disorder, should Federal
funds for the college involved be
suspended until order is restored?_ 78.6 18.8 2.6
6. Should the electoral college be re-
placed by a national popular vote
for the Presidency? 96.0 11.9 2.1
7. Do you favor financing the research
and development of a supersonic
transport aircraft at an estimated
Government cost of approximately
$1,500,000,000? 20.6 76.5 2.9
8. Are you in favor of continuing the
10 percent income surtax? 20.3 77.4 2.3
9. Should the Government subsidize a
guaranteed annual income? 15.5 81.1 3.4
10. Do you think the fl'xon administra-
tion has made a good start? 63.9 26.5 10.5
11. If the Paris peace talks do not succeed
in ending the war in Vietnam, what alterna-
tive would you suggest?
Percent
Escalate the war and win 30. 0
Get U.S. troops out of Vietnam now 27.6
Phase out, turn war over to the South
Vietnamese 14. 4
"Win or get out" 8.6
Negotiate elsewhere or call in U.N 3. 9
Miscellaneous suggestions 4. 3
No opinion 11.2
12. What do you think is the principal
problem facing the Nation today?
Percent
Law and order 30. 9
Taxes and inflation 23. 1
Vietnam 13.7
Race relations 9.4
Big Government/excessive Federal
spending 6. I
Percent
Poverty 3.2
Communism in the United States 2.2
U.S. Supreme Court decisions 1.0
Miscellaneous 6. 3
No opinion 5. 1
abin
THE NAVY WAY
HON. EDWARD P. BOLAND
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 7, 1969
Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, the Secre-
tary of the Navy, John H. Chafee, yester-
day announced that he has overruled a
board of inquiry recommendation seek-
ing a court martial for Comdr. Lloyd M.
Bucher, captain of the Pueblo. The Sec-
retary's decision, I think, is eminently
just.
Secretary Chafee pointed out that the
entire Navy-the chain of command
stretching all the way from the Pacific to
Washington-shares responsibility for
this incident. Circumstances that the
Navy's high command did not anticipate
thrust Commander Bucher into this cruel
dilemma: surrender his ship, or sacrifice
the lives of his men. Commander Bucher,
I feel, made the wise and humane choice.
Armed with only a few small machine-
guns, surrounded by a vertitabIe flotilla
of North Korean speedboats bristling
with armament, Commander Bucher
realized that to resist would be to invite
certain disaster. It seems plain, too, that
armed resistance would have given the
Pueblo's crew even less time to destroy
classified documents and devices.
The officers chiefly responsible for this
task-Lt. Stephen R. Harris and Lt. Ed-
ward R. Murphy, Jr.-have also been
exonerated from the board of inquiry's
allegations. Caught up in the chaos of a
sudden armed attack, lacking adequate
equipment for the destruction of secret
material, unaware whether the North
Koreans meant to seize their ship or
merely harass it, these two melt reacted
predictably under the circumstances. It
is easy-after months of pondering their
plight and analyzing their options-to
second guess Harris and Murphy. It is
far less easy to carry out, in the midst of
battle, a mission made virtually impos-
sible by the Navy's lack of foresight.
If anyone is responsible for the
Pueblo's seizure, it is the Navy's high
command itself. The Navy failed to equip
the Pueblo adequately, failed to brief her
officers on the latest relevant intelligence
reports, failed to prepare defense plans
in the event of an enemy attack.
Yet the board of inquiry placed little
emphasis on the Navy's failures, prefer-
ring to level charges at the victims of
these failures. I am delighted that Secre-
tary Chafee has ruled against the board's
recommendations. I am delighted, too,
that Defense Secretary Melvin Laird has
made assurances that the records of the
Pueblo's officers will not be blemished by
this incident.
With permission, Mr. Speaker, I put in
the RECORD at this point a Washington
Post editorial dealing with the Pueblo
incident:
[From the Washington Post, May 7, 1969]
THE NAVY WAY
It figured that the Naval Court of Inquiry
into the Pueblo case would render a stern
and starchy judgment, recommending court-
martials for the two principal officers-in-
charge on the ship, and reprimands or ad-
monitions for failures of one sort or another
on the part of three other officers intimately
involved in the affair. Orders must be obeyed
and ancient traditions served for the sake of
military discipline. And it also figured as
the case moved up for review, first by the
Commander in Chief, Pacific, and then the
Chief of Naval Operations, and finally the
Secretary of the Navy, that justice would be
tempered by compassion and a keen aware-
ness that there was blame enough to spread
rather liberally up through the higher eche-
lons to the top men of the service.
This is the Navy way, or more correctly the
military way, and it is understandable, as far
as it goes. Down the line there is morale to
think about; and at the top there is an in-
stinct for self-preservation that is by no
means unique among military men.
So there would be much to be said for for-
getting this whole unhappy affair were it
not for the fact that its ending somehow
doesn't satisfy. "I make no judgment re-
garding the guilt or innocence of any of the
officers of the offenses alleged against them,"
Secretary Chafee was careful to say, in setting
aside the court's recommendations-and
there is something to his argument that, If
punishment were indicated, the three who
were actually captured by the North Koreans
have suffered punishment enough. The fact
remains, however, that a cloud of sorts has
been cast over them and not dispelled; the
real test of the Navy's compassion will there-
fore come in the effect this cloud will have
on their careers.
Secretary Chafee is a good deal less per-
suasive in his argument that the two other
officers-and by implication, even more
senior officers who had a hand in this the
Pueblo mission-should not be punished be-
cause their "failure to anticipate the emer-
gency that subsequently developed" resulted
from the "sudden collapse of a premise which
had been assumed at every level of responsi-
bility and upon which every other aspect of
the mission had been based-freedom of the
seas."
If this was in fact the premise upon which
the whole project was based, it is hard to
see how the Court of Inquiry could then
have found' any grounds for recommending
a letter of reprimand against Rear Admiral
Johnson, for "failing to plan properly for
effective emergency support forces for con-
tingencies . . ; and negligently failing to
verify effectively the feasibility of rapid
emergency destruction of classified equip-
ment and documents . : ." Apparently there
was some planning for the worst, some con-
sideration that "freedom of the seas" was
not protection enough; it just wasn't done
properly.
Secretary Chafee put it rather well. The
charge of failure to anticipate the emergency,
he said, "could be levelled in various de-
grees at responsible superior authorities in
the chain of command and control and in
the collateral support structure." And he
added: "The consequences must in fairness
be borne by all, rather than by one or two
individuals whom circumstances had placed
closer to the crucial event."
Amen, Mx. Secretary. But is that an argu-
ment for letting the matter drop? There ob-
viously is more here than has met the public
eye-more about how these missions are
cooked up, how they are reviewed by higher
authority, how the risks are weighed, and
what has been done to improve the odds
that this sort of thing doesn't happen again.
We are told by Mr. Chafee that "a variety of
corrective actions have flowed and will flow"
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E 3736 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks May 7, 1969
from the Pueblo incident. But we n't told
what they are and it is not all th4 easy, any
more, to take these things on fait Perhaps
Congress can elicit more light. P rhaps the
Defense Department min, on its oWle accord.
The one interest that hasn't yet been ade-
quately served in the Pueblo affair is the
right of an uneasy public, long sinee grown
skeptical, to know.
SMOTHERED BROTHER'S
HON. EDWARD L KOCH
OF NEW ToRK ,
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 7, 1960
SsiONAL *WORD Et
Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, oillApril 8
I placed in the CONGRE
letter which I sent to Dr. Franki tanton
of the CBS network registering my ob-
jections to the dismissal of th panoth-
ers Brothers by CBS. / should 11 Oat this
point to place in the REcoan h reply:
COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM, Iso.,
New York, N.Y., April 1 ,..1969.
Hon. EDWARD I. KOCH,
House of Representatives,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR CONGRESSMAN KOCH : By ydur letter
of April 8 concerning the cmcellatiOn of the
"Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" you ac-
cuse CBS Television Network "ce ors" of
having "little respect for the Intel' gence of
the 33 million Americans who regularly enjoy
these talented and irreverent ent Wieners"
and you charge "that a few cant oils and
humorless men can decide what political or
religious satire can be televised on air waves
that belong to the American peoplO in the
first place." ,
The action of the CBS Televisionretwork
was taken precisely because of its ? ligation
to the public?not despite that obligation.
The central issue involved here is rwhether
a broadcast organization has a resp eibility
to the public with respect to quettpfls of
taste and, if so, whether it is en tied to
1 establish reasonable procedures in oxder to
1 exercise that responsibility. The Smothers
' Brothers made it abundantly clear tut they
: were unwilling to accept the criteri estab-
lished by the Network. Moreover, th y:failed
to observe their contractual oblig tIon to
I deliver tapes of their programs in itne for
1 review by the Network and for pre 1k1W by
1 closed cieuit to stations affiliated iliz the
1 Network.
In the larger question of taste, w recog-
nize that there are no simple, a,er se-the-
board standards that will be approp late to
all audiences or all time& What is rip good
'taste for one individual may offend " .ther.
,
And certainly of all art forms, topic satire
and parody are the most difficult to assess.
At the same time there is also the ? rablern
:of reconciling two distinct resporisi ? Cities.
On the one hand, we have an oblig 'on to
1the ideals and purposes of creative t, and
lwe try to do everything we can to xpand
creative freedom and encourage arti tie ax-
pression. On the other, we have an ?taiga-
tion to the audience?and to its nee of
i
decency, propriety and morality.
In your letter you seem to sugge tf that
we should eliminate all standards 0 taste,
and let the viewers fend for themsel els. As
a mass medium that seeks to info ? 4 and
entertain, television must maintain tend-
ards, as must other mass media. Sta dards
of taste are basic to any civilized eiety,
and it is the main function of th mass
media to refiect those standards. If tel vision
Were to eliminate such standards, I sitspect
that you?as a public official and a con-
cerned citizen?would be among the first
to deplore broadcasts you feund offensive.
An editorial in the current Tv Guide
(copy enclosed:, puts it this way?"The issue
is: Shall entertainers using a mass medium
for all the people be allowed to amuse a few'
by satirizing religion while offending the
substantial majority? The issue is: Shall a
network be required to provide time for a
Joan Baez to pay tribute to her draft-
evading husband while hundreds of thou-
sands of viewers in the households of men
fighting and dying in Viet Nam look on
In shocked resentment? . . For all the
Smothers Brothers' pseudo-intellectualism,
it seems doubtful that they have encoun-
tered George Bernard Shaw's statement that
'Liberty means responsibility,'"
At CBS we try to be constantly aware of
that responsibil.ty. And the vast majority of
the public, I am certain, would have it no
other way. The CBS Television Network affil-
iates?who, under the law, must bear the
ultimate responsibility for what they broad-
cast in their communities and surrounding
areas?have endorsed the Network's cancella-
tion of the "Smothers Brothers Comedy
Hour."
In light of these considerations. I trust
you will understand my dismay at your
letter.
Sincerely,
Dr. FRANK STANTON.
EUGENE TIMOTHY KINNALY
HON. THOMAS P. O'NEILL, JR.
OF MASSACHUSETTS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 6, 1969
Mr. O'NEILL of Massachusetts. Mr.
Speaker, it was less than 10 months ago
that we gathered in the House on a very
happy occasion. We were honoring a
great and noble American and a very
dear friend on his 50th anniversary as a
congressional aide in the House of Repre-
sentatives. We were joyous in our trib-
utes to Eugene liinnaly and were happy
to have the opportunity to honor him.
Today we join once again to pay trib-
ute to Eugene Kinnaly, but this time in
great sorrow for he has left us. I am
doubly glad today that we did pay trib-
ute to Eugene Kinnaly on July 18 of last
year, for all too often it is only after
death that appropriate tribute is made to
great men and great friends. We were
fortunate to have known Eugene Kinnaly
and it was our fortune to be able to honor
him while he lived.
For more than 50 years this excep-
tionally good and kind man served as the
confidant of legislators and administra-
tors. For 50 year's he was a behind the
scenes technician of legislation. For 50
years he was a dedicated public servant.
-But more than that, Mr. Speaker, he was
a loyal, able, and devoted friend. He was
a man of great responsibilities who never
tired. He was a iran of tremendous tasks
whose energy never diminished. He never
sought the fame and praise that was due
him. His only goal was to serve the
Speaker, the Commonwealth, and the
Nation. This he always did, and he did
It with such great knowledge and ability
that all who came near him benefited
from his assistance, his intelligent ad-
vice, and his great kindness.
He had a multitude of duties that cov-
ered the entire range of our beloved
Speaker's endeavors, but throughout his
hectic day he was never too busy to take
time to give someone a reassuring smile
or a kind, encouraging word. He was a
patient listener who always gave sound
and thoughtful counsel to those who
sought it. He was loved on Capitol Hill
as he was loved in his home city of
Boston. He was respected not only for
his great ability but also for his magnifi-
cent virtue, for he was one of the most
charitable and religious men I have ever
encountered. He was considered a living
saint by his friends and relatives and this
was entirely justified for he had none of
the vices and all of the virtues.
Ralph Waldo Emerson said that virtue
was its own reward. This must be true.
for Eugene Kinnaly sought no other and
his goodness was increased by the good
he did for others. Emerson also said that
the only way to have a friend is to be
one, and Eugene Kinnaly had so many
friends because he had befriended all he
encountered.
I mourn his passing and I grieve at
our loss. I will miss his great warmth
and understanding, his sincere friend-
ship, and his kind and noble character.
I extend my heartfelt sympathy to his
family and to our beloved Speaker and
also to us, for we have all lost a dear and
trusted friend. May God be with his
family in their time of sorrow,
LEGISLATION TO PROVIDE TAX AID
TO SERVICEMEN IN KOREA
HON...MICHAEL A. FEIGHAN
OF 01110
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 7, 1969
Mr. FEIGHAN. Mr. Speaker, I am
proud today to join my distinguished
colleague from New York (Mr. WOLFF)
in sponsoring legislation to provide
American servicemen in Korea with the
same tax benefits enjoyed by servicemen
in Vietnam.
Our enlisted men in Vietnam are cur-
rently entitled to exclude all income re-
ceived for services performed in and
around that country in computing their
taxes. Officers are permitted to exclude
up to $500 per month from their
gross income when tabulating their tax
returns. This exemption also applies to
income received by a serviceman while
hospitalized as a result of injuries re-
ceived in a combat zone. As my colleagues
are aware, the Vietnam area is presently
the only area designated as a combat
zone.
Our American soldiers serving in
Southeast Asia are highly deserving of
these tax benefits for their hazardous
duty but the distressing fact is that such
severe hostilities are no longer confined
to Vietnam. The capture of the U.S.S.
Pueblo and the recent fatal attack on an
American EC-121 by the North Koreans
are strong indications of the growing
perils faced by our servicemen stationed
in and around Korea.
Here in the House we will shortly be
considering legislation that exempts
from taxable income, the salaries re-
ceived by the Pueblo crew during their
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be free and take its rightful place among
the peace-loving nations of the world.
We should note today the heritage
which the Rumanian people who have
come to the United States have so will-
ingly shared with us. We are all richer
because of the contributions Rumanian
Americans have made to this country.
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE'S 200TH
ANNIVE1-1,SARY
SPKECH OF
HON. DAVE MARTIN
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, April 29, 1969
Mr. MARTIN. Mr. Speaker?
An Institution?
Wrote Emerson?
is the lengthened shadow of one man.
Of no place may this be said with
greater truth than of Dartmouth and
Eleazer Wheelock. Alone among the pre-
Revolutionary colleges in America, Dart-
mouth owes its existence to the vision,
the energy, and the tireless effort of one
man who, in the finest American tradi-
tion, journeyed to the frontier, to what
was then truly a wilderness, and brought
into being a college whose name has en-
tered significantly into the pages of our
national history.
Born of the enthusiasm generated by
the great awakening, the first truly
American major religious movement,
Dartmouth's origin as an Indian charity
school reflects the lifelong zeal of its
founder for the upraising of the Ameri-
can Indian. Indeed, the special associa-
tion of Dartmouth with the North Amer-
ican Indian lasted more than 15 decades
until well into the 20th century,
Perhaps the most notable feature of
Dartmouth's beginning is the absence
from Governor Wentworth's charter in
1769 of any kind of religious test for
student, teacher, president, or trustee, a
truly remarkable provision for the age
and wholly in tune with Dartmouth's
long championship of freedom of speech
and inquiry.
The Dartmouth College case of 1819,
argued by Dartmouth's greatest son,
Daniel Webster, before the Supreme
Court of the United States, "did more
than any other single act," wrote Chan-
cellor Kent, "proceeding from the au-
thority of the United States to throw an
impregnable barrier around all rights
and franchises derived from the grant
of government, and to give solidity and
inviolability to the literary, charitable,
religious, and commercial institutions of
our country." Little wonder the inscrip-
tion over the entry to Webster Hall to-
day reads:
Founded by Eleazer Wheelock, Refounded
by Daniel Webster.
The story of Dartmouth over the past
two centuries is at once a vital part of
American history and a significant chal-
lenge to the present. At a time when
universities and colleges across the land
are in turmoil, crucial elements in Dart-
mouth's past appear strikingly relevant,
from the peaceful action of the under-
graduate body, which, in 1824, per-
suaded the trustees to admit Edward
Mitchell, a Negro from Martinique, to
the firm stand taken in 1830 by Presi-
dent Lord against student rioting?
Go, young gentlemen, if you wish; we can
bear to see our seats vacated but not our
laws violated.
Not without reason has one observer
of Dartmouth through many decades?
Prof. James Linn of Chicago Univer-
sity?speaking metaphorically of uni-
versities and small colleges as the de-
partment stores and gift shops respec-
tively of American culture, described
Dartmouth as "the great American col-
lege; vivid; the one Rubens in our col-
lection."
While few today might share the belief
of Eleazer Wheelock that Dartmouth's
location "was not determined by any
private interest or party on earth, but
the Redeemer's," none could deny the
beauty of her physical setting in the New
Hampshire hills, nor the extraordinary
aptness in context of her venerable
motto, Vox clamantis in deserto: "A
voice crying in the wilderness." In a day
when the humane and civilizing func-
tions of our colleges and universities
seem threatened, these words, spoken by
President Hopkins some 3 decades ago
have special pertinence:
Ill nature, intellectual arrogance, and
churlish intolerance are but sorry concom-
itants of any movement, but they are sin-
gularly out of place and tragically harmful
in association with any movement which de-
sires to be recognized as liberal.
For two centuries, Dartmouth has
served this Nation and the larger human
community as a voice in the wilderness,
calling men to heed those counsels of
reason, tolerance, and understanding
without which civilization itself will
surely perish. Never was her mission
more needed nor her message more
timely.
LAW AND ORDER: A MORAL
RESPONSIBILITY
HON. HERMAN T. SCHNEEBELI
OF PENNSYLVANIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 7, 1969
Mr. SCHNEEBELL Mr. Speaker, it
gives me great pleasure to announce that
the winner of the Pennsylvania Ameri-
can Legion's annual essay contest is Miss
Debbie Skiba of 4859 Londonderry Road,
Harrisburg, who wrote on "Law and
Order: A Moral Responsibility."
Debbie is a member of the National
Honor Society and editor of her school
paper. She will be awarded a $250 schol-
arship and a trophy at the American
Legion's State convention on July 17.
Although she is quite talented in the
literary field, Debbie is planning her
future career in medicine. Her achieve-
ments to date point to a promising
future.
It is gratifying to know that young
people of Debbie's caliber actually make
up the majority of our youth and if this
were not so we would be living in a state
of anarchy with no hope for the future.
The leaders of tomorrow will come from
today's youth and I strongly feel they
should be given every encouragement
possible, rather than relegate their ac-
complishments to the back pages of the
newspapers.
In her essay, Debbie has projected
some very astute observations about the
turmoil and dissension, given so much
attention these days. She has expressed
wisdom beyond her years and her ad-
monitions are thought provoking.
Congratulations, Debbie, on a job well
done.
THE DECISION OF THE SECRETARY
OF THE NAVY REGARDING THE
"PUEBLO" INCIDENT
HON. NICK GALIFIANAKIS
OF NORTH CAROLINA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, May 7, 1969
Mr. GALIFIANAKIS. Mr. Speaker, I
rise to comment on the announcement
made yesterday by the Secretary of the
Navy, the Honorable John H. Chafee. I
am referring to the Secretary's decision
not to try or otherwise punish anyone
involved in the seizure last year by North
Korea of the U.S.S. Pueblo.
The Secretary carefully reviewed the
findings and recommendations of the
court of inquiry, of the Commander in
Chief of the Pacific Fleet, and of the
Chief of Naval Operations. He then
reached his own decision that all had
suffered enough, that there will be nei-
ther trial nor punishment for the
Pueblo crew, their commanding officer,
Comdr. Lloyd Bucher, nor any of his su-
periors in the chain of command.
The Secretary made this decision even
though it amounted to overruling some
of the recommendations made by each of
the lower reviewing authorities. But, Mr.
Speaker, the basis for Secretary Chafee's
decision is probably of greater signifi-
cance than the decision itself. I should
like to quote from his statement of yes-
terday:
The major factor which led to the Pueblo's
lonely confrontation by unanticipatecily bold
and hostile forces was the sudden collapse of
a premise which had been assumed at every
level of responsibility and upon which every
other aspect of the mission had been based?.
freedom of the high seas. At that particular
point in history, the common confidence in
the historic Inviolability of a sovereign ship
on the high seas in peacetime was shown to
have been misplaced. The consequences must
in fairness be borne by all, rather than by one
or two individuals whom circumstances had
placed closer to the crucial event.
Mr. Speaker, I believe Secretary
Chafee's decision was eminently correct.
I also believe that his reasoning is
sound and well founded.
But, certainly, Mr. Speaker, we must
be able to derive some indirect benefit
from his shattering and tragic incident.
The disregard of some and the lack of
other international treaties has led virtu-
ally every coastal nation to the point of
unilaterally establishing its own bound-
aries for territorial waters. As is well
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks May 7, 1969
known to all Members of Congress, the
Pueblo has not been the only American
ship recently involved in seizures 3y for-
eign nations well beyond the ter itorial
limits recognized by this country.
As an essential concomitant t World
peace is certainly mutually este fished
and uniformly recognized intern tonal
maritime boundaries. And I submit that
the longer the family of nations waits to
address this growing problem, the nore
difficult it will be to resolve.
Therefore, Mr. Speaker, I am ipday
Introducing a resolution oxpressiifig the
sense of this Congress that the Pr sent
lof the United States consider anPr riate
steps leading to the convening of ti in-
ternational conference for the p rpose
of establishing a uniformly reco razed
boundary for the territorial seas ot all
coastal nations.
I sincerely hope that all of m col-
leagues who agree that this step i Seri-
ously needed without delay will jo ri me
by introducing similar resolutions ank1 by
supporting an effort to obtain early pdop-
tion of this resolution by the Congress.
REMARKS OF DEPUTY DIRECOR
HARTHON L. BILL, NATI NAL
, PARK SERVICE, AT DEDICA ON
, OF RESTORED SUPREME C LIRT
ROOM, INDEPENDENCE HALL,
PHILADELPHIA, PA? APRIL 28,
1969
HON. JAMES A. BYRNE
or asasasesaavatua
IN THE HOUSE OF REPESgNTATflTS
Wednesday, May 7, 1969
Mr. BYRNE of Pennsylvania. Ur.
Speaker, on April 28, as a member o the
National Historical Park Advisory ? em-
ission, I had the honor of attend On
pressive ceremony in Philadel siia
w en the restored Supreme Court oom
was dedicated at Independence Ha l' in
Independence National Historical k.
Oh this important occasion the de Tidy
director of the National Park Service the
Honorable Harthon L. Bill, ;.;ave the fel-
lowing eloquent address, which I tad
like to bring to the attention of my Icei-
leagues :
REMARKS OF DEPUTY DIRECTOR HARTH041 L.
laILL, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AT EDI-
CATION OF RESTORED SUPREME COIIRT ROCiA2,
INDEPENDENCE HALL, INDEPENDENCE ' NA-
TIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, PHILADEL
PA., APRIL 28, 1969
in his epitaph which Ben Franklin -
poSed?at a relative early age--he referr to
hlinself as "Benjamin Frantlin, Prin er,"
One of the greatest men this nation lies
prOduced, Franklin's list of aeloievemen in
so many diverse fields reflects the scope
depth of his mind.
nd yet, throughout his Ring and di4lli
gu shed career, he retained his interest in the
craft of printing, installing a private pss
in his Paris residence and reporting bac to
America on new printing methods which he
en ountered in Europe. ,
or a number of reasons, the careeeS of
Franklin seems to me to epitomize our lila--
poses in gathering here today.
Franklin was first a craftsnian, who never
lost his love for the work of has skilled hones.
And part of our appreciation today shotild
go to the many skilled craftsmen whose cern-
bined talents have set a stage in this room
which will help us recall, vividly, the events
of a dramatic era of our history. Through
them, we see this courtroom today much as
it looked when the Supreme Court of the
United States cams here to meet in 1791.
Whether as scientist, philosopher, diplo-
mat, or printer, Franklin pursued excellence.
Much is being written these days about the
quest for excellence, and sometimes you get
the idea that if one were to put his mind to
it, he too could achieve excellence.
Unfortunately, to pursue excellence cans
for a degree of devotion a Da patience which
Franklin had, but which is seldom encoun-
tered.
John Gardner, you will recall, turned a
memorable phrase a few years ago when he
declared that we much recognize there can
be excellence or shoddiness in every line of
human endeavor, and that we must honor
excellence, however humble the activity, and
scorn shoddiness, however exalted the activi-
ity. Or, Gardner wryly observed, we could
end up as a society with neither plumbing
nor theories holding water.
Franklin has a relevance, also, because he
was a consequential participant in many of
the events which took place in Independence
Hall.
The National Park Service has, as you
know, uncovered pertions of the foundation
of Franklin's home, and I have appointed a
special committee ao recommend how best
the Franklin Court remains can convey to
park visitors the contribution of Franklin.
Before we can decide, for example, whether
or not to reconstruct Franklin's home, we
must answer the creation, "why"?
Why, indeed, do we painstakingly restore
historic buildings such as Independence Hall,
or entire districts such as Society Hill?
The Colonists, who declared their indepen-
dence here, fought the Revolutionary war
in pursuit of an idea, a concept best expressed
by Christopher Gadsden, that "There ought
to be no more New England men, no New
Yorkers ? . . but all of us Americans."
We have been engaged in a search for na-
tional identity ever since the arrival of the
first settlers, by which time Shakespeare had
already portrayed the British character.
Franklin himself had begun to note "Amer-
ican Traits," during the Revolution.
It is in the preservation of the important
sites of our cultural heritage that we help
our children to appreciate their Identity as
Americans.
But there is, perhaps, an even more critical
reason for the saving of historic buildings
and urban districts. The preservation of a
great historic monument is one thing. The
integration of such a project into a major
effort to improve the quality of the urban
environment and to enhance the life of each
citizen is quite another. This, perhaps, is one
of the greatest contributions of Indepen-
dence National Historical Park.
Not too long ago, when most Americans
lived in rural areas, conservation, was con-
cerned almost completely with preserving
natural resources and landscapes.
Today, when nearly three out of four Amer-
icans live in cities, the most effective conser-
vation work Is being done in urban areas,
by organizations such as the Old Philadelphia
Corporation, the Philadelphia Redevelopment
Authority, and your City Planning Commis-
sion.
Arnold Toynbee reduced his whole theory
of history to a basic equation: How has this
come out of that?
The answer to this question should deter-
mine what this natio:a will do to Celebrate
the 200th anniversary of its founding here in
Philadelphia in 1976. What has truly been the
flowering of the spirit .of the American Revo-
lution?
A few years from now, in 1972, the National
Park Service will celebrate the 100th anniver-
sary of the establishment of Yellowstone as
the world's first national park. We, too, must
answer the question: How has a National
Park System of 275 separate areas come out
of the Yellowstone idea?
It has evolved in response to the needs of
people. It is a long way from busy Chestnut
Street in Philadelphia to the wilderness back
country of Yellowstone, but both are part of
the single fabric of our natural and cultural
Inheritance. And in a world of change, na-
tional parks must maintain their relevancy
to the needs of the nation,
The completion of this Supreme Court
Chamber of Independence Hall is another
milestone in fulfilling the dream of men such
as Judge Lewis for the Independence Square
group of buildings which served as the seat
of the Legislative and Executive Branches of
our Federal Government, As funds become
available, we hope to complete the second
floor of Independence Hall so that concerts
and other social activities, once a part of the
life of the city, can be resumed,
I am delighted that the Chairman of the
Independence National Historical Park Ad-
visory Commission, Arthur Kauffman, is pro-
viding the leadership for a fund raising drive
to reconstruct the Graff House, where
Thomas Jefferson wrote the draft of the Dec-
laration of Independence. As you know, the
Federal Government has agreed to provide
matching funds.
We live in a highly technical age which
threatens to submerge the Individual, and to
root out or cover over the elements of beauty
and tradition in our lives.
The face of America, the nature of the
environment in which we live, these are the
standards by which historians at the 300th
anniversary of the Declaration of Independ-
ence will rightly judge us.
Changes in our lives and in the face of our
cities and our countryside are inevitable. But,
let such change reflect the consensus of a
deeply concerned and widely informed nation.
GENE KINNALY
HON. DOMINICK V. DANIELS
05' NEW JERSEY
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, May 6, 1969
Mr. DANIELS of New Jersey. Mr.
Speaker, it is with great sorrow that I
learned of the passing of Eugene T.
Kinnaly, administrative assistant to the
Speaker of the House, and one of the
finest men who has ever served the Con-
gress of the United States.
A kindly and modest man who was as
completely loyal to Speaker MCCORMACK
as it is possible for any man to be,
"Gene" Kinnaly was the very model of a
congressional assistant.
Like Speaker MeCosmacw, he was a
native of South Boston, a peninsula
which juts out into Boston Harbor and
is one of this Nation's greatest incuba-
tors for public servants.
Fifty years ago last summer, he came
to Washington to serve as the right hand
of the late Congressman James Ambrose
Gallivan who then represented the Ninth
Massachusetts District.
He served with Mr. Gallivan until the
latter's death in 1928 and such was his
own popularity that there were many in
South Boston and Dorchester who urged
him to seek election to Congress in his
own right.
It is a matter of history that instead
of seeking elected public office, he of-
fered his support to a young attorney
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sponse of "All right, sir," Brother Pea-
cock would always have a rejoinder, "My,
what a handsome jacket you have on,"
and the like, and so it always went on
each Sunday morning.
You can see why it is that we love
Carl Peacock. To know him is to trust
him and respect him?as a man, as a
teacher, and as a minister.
He demonstrates by Biblical example,
the ministry he teaches and preaches.
Henry Adams once said:
A teacher affects eternity. He can never
tell where his influence stops.
Certainly this is true of the Great
Teacher. It is also true of those who
follow in His footsteps.
THE NEED FOR AN INCREASE IN
SOCIAL SECURITY THIS YEAR
(Mr. VANIK asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker-, as a Mem-
ber of the 91st Congress, as a member
of the Ways and Means Committee, and
as a member of the Democratic caucus,
I expect to use every strength I can mus-
ter to ensure action this year on an ade-
quate increase in social security bene-
fits.
The critical inflation-created needs of
our elderly retired must be considered in
this session of Congress. The will of the
majority of Congress to meet these crit-
ical needs must not be suppressed.
Our elderly retired should not be al-
lowed to become the scapegoat for an
inflationary condition which engulfs all
segments of our e'conomy. They must not
be left out.
Next year is too late to prevent mil-
lions of our elderly retired to fall from
levels of self-sufficiency to despair and
poverty. The inflationary impact of the
last 2 years has driven several millions
of our senior citizens below poverty levels
of subsistence.
(Mr. MADDEN asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks
and to include extraneous matter.)
[Mr. MADDEN addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.]
MR. EUGENE T. KINNALY?A GRA-
CIOUS MAN, A KNOWLEDGEABLE
ADMINISTRATOR
(Mr. PEPPER asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his remarks
and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, it is a sad
occasion today in which I join with my
colleagues in expressing my sincere sense
of sorrow for your loss of an able assist-
ant and a devoted friend, Mr. Eugene T.
Kinnaly. The only solace to come from
the passing of a trusted and loyal ad-
viser is through the remembrance of as-
sociation. I am mindful that the 41 years
in which Gene Kinnaly served yourself
and this House faithfully will remain
with is forever. He was a gracious man
and a knowledgeable administrator.
More qualities than these you cannot
ask. I share your loss.
A COMPARISON OF MODERNIZATION
OF RAILROAD SYSTEMS
(Mr. WEICKER asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his re-
marks.)
Mr. WEICKER. Mr. Speaker, it was
interesting to see a recent news release
from the World Bank and the Interna-
tional Development Association an-
nouncing a $17 million loan for the mod-
ernization of the Tunisian railroad sys-
tem. Since our total share of World
Bank-IDA funds is about 33.8 percent,
it would seem that our contribution
toward improvement of Tunisia's rail-
roads is on the order of $5,670,000.
Of course I am delighted to hear that
this fine north African country will soon
have the most modern of transportation
facilities, but it does seem ironic that
while the desert will flower, commuters
in Connecticut and New York are but
crushed petals doing battle to gain Fed-
eral assistance for modernization of rail
facilities.
Mass transit in the Northeast is a na-
tional disgrace. I wonder if Connecticut
could apply to the World Bank for a
railroad modernization grant.
THE SUPREME COURT QUESTION
(Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois asked and
was given permission to address the
House for 1 minute and to revise and
extend his remarks.)
Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois. Mr. Speak-
er, the shocking disclosures this week re-
garding a member of the U.S. Supreme
Court have already stimulated great pub-
lic controversy. I certainly have no desire
to use this incident as a weapon with
which to bludgeon the entire Court for
its actions of the past, present, or future.
It seems to me that the really funda-
mental question is whether we will take
any action or attempt any action to
prevent a recurrence of such incidents.
What is truly sad in the aftermath of
the Fortas affair is that doubts inevitably
have crept in and been created in the
mind of the public as to the integrity of
the judicial process itself. This is some-
thing that far transcends partisanship
or even the reputation of any single
member of that Court. It is doubly tragic
because it must be viewed in the context
of the crisis of our times, which is the
growing disrespect for law and contempt
on the part of some for our basic insti-
tutions. Therefore I am today introduc-
ing legislation which would have the ef-
fect of repealing the tax-exempt status
of any foundation which makes or offers
to make a payment of any kind or de-
scription either under the guise of hon-
orariums, grants, payment of trips, re-
tainers, fees, and so forth, to any public
official either at the Federal or at the
State level or to any member of the
courts, either Federal or State courts,
while such public official is in office, or
which makes any such payments to a
Federal or State official during the 2-
year period following his retirement from
such public office or position on our
courts.
It seems to me that the public expects
some affirmative action from the Con-
gress and that this is one direction in
which we can and should move.
fat
SECRETARY OF NAVY DECISION ON
"PUEBLO" AFFAIR
ger?.?????????
(Mr. MAYNE asked and was given per-
mission to address the House for 1 min-
ute, to revise and extend his remarks and
include extraneous matter.)
Mr. MAYNE. Mr. Speaker, as a Navy
veteran of World War II, I have followed
the Pueblo affair very closely and read
this morning's statement by Secretary of
the Navy Chafee with great interest.
I concur with the Secretary's conclu-
sion that no useful purpose would be
served by further legal proceedings
against the personnel of the Pueblo,
either individually or collectively. The
facts surrounding the loss of the Pueblo
have been fully aired, and our principal
concern should be to make sure that such
a tragedy is not repeated. The court of
inquiry was properly convened, and
should be commended for proceeding in a
thoroughgoing yet dignified manner,
leaving no stone unturned to insure a
complete historical record. However, I
agree with the Secretary of the Navy that
to carry out the court's recommendations
as to punishment would merely protract
and inflame this unfortunate chapter in
our otherwise proud naval history.
? JUSTICE SHOULD ACT NOW
(Mr. GROSS asked and was given
permission to address the House for 1
minute, to revise and extend his re-
marks and include extraneous matter.)
Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, according
to the newspapers, Louis Wolfson, whose
family foundation gave Associate Su-
preme Court Justice Abe Fortes $20,000,
which Fortes nursed for 11 months be-
fore returning, has made some state-
ments which ought to be of prime con-
cern to the U.S. Department of Justice.
According to the Washington Post,
Wolfson, only days before beginning a
1-year Federal prison sentence for his
financial manipulations, alleged that his
Federal prosecution had been full of
"shocking double standards and injus-
tices," and that he had turned down
high-level offers of political assistance.
The Wall Street Journal says:
If Louis Wolfson is to be believed, he could
have obtained a Presidential pardon last
December, sparing him the anguish of a
one-year jail sentence . . . for the illegal sale
of stock.
According to the Journal:
Through political connections, the mil-
lionnaire industrialist says he could have
secured a pardon from President Johnson
if he had asked for it. Wolfson says he re-
ceived this assurance "from somebody who
is as close as anybody could be" to Mr.
Johnson.
I trust, Mr. Speaker, that the Justice
Department will move immediately to
answer the charge that it is guilty of
"shocking double standards and injus-
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about which he will have to suffer long. Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ap-
But I want our Speaker to know that preciate the very thoughtful remarks of
those of us who knew Gene Kinnaly loved my distinguished friend, the gentleman
him, Oven as our Speaker loved him, be- from Texas.
cause he was selected by the Speaker and Mr. BOLAND. Mr. Speaker, it was very
he lled that confidence of the sad to hear this morning of the death
Speaker with a distinction seldont of your dear friend and long-time ad-
equaled and which he never failed. ministrative assistant, Eugene Kinnaly,
I eXtend the sympathies of Mrs. RiverS who so competently served his congres-
and myself to the family of Gene Kin sional district, the Comm9gwealth of
naly, and also to our beloved Speaker. Massachusetts and the--Irgion for more
Mr 4 McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I than a half ceMff on Capitol Hill.
value' very much the thoughtful remark a I know w a tremendous loss this is
of mY distinguished friend from South for you, . Speaker, and for your be-
Carolina. loved w e; because Gene Kinnaly was
Mr! Speaker, I now yield to the gentle not o your loyal and efficient assist-
man from Georgia, (Mr. FLYNT). ant,teut a warm and constant compan-
Mr, FLYNT. Mr. Speaker, I would like ion you and Mrs. McCormack.
to associate myself with the remarks CiOne Kinnaly loved the House of Rep-
that have been made on the occasion of resdntatives and Capitol Hill where he
the death of the administrative assist. had labored for 51 years. He first came
ant ta the Speaker of the House of Rep, here in 1918 as secretary to the then
resentatives, Mr. Eugene T. IC onaly. Congcressman James A. Gallivan, and re-
Gene Kinnaly served the gentleman main here with you after Mr. Gal-
e%
from Massachusetts as a Member and in van's th in 1928.
the capacity as administrative assistant Over is long period of years, Gene
to the majority leader, and as adminis. Kinn-sly ekned the liking, respect, and
trative assistant to the Speaker of the the admiratran of his friends and asso-
Hous of Representatives, long and well, elates on Capital Hill and in the execu-
Throitigh serving the Speaker he alsd tive departments downtown. His loyalty,
served all the Members of this body and tact, warmth, poi ia arid dedication will
the House of Representatives, long be remembered.,
Mi. Speaker, I share the grief and A brilliant man, Gehe was remarkably
sense' of sadness expressed by the gent well versed In all matbe,rs touching on
tleman from Massachusetts, our beloved Government and polities.Ve was a mem-
Speler, (Mr. McCoamAcx). ber of the Massachusetts 'bar, and was
Mr McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, / admitted to practice before Ne Federal
value very much the very thoughtful re-4 courts and the U.S. Supreme urt.
markS of my distinguished friend front Gene Kinnaly had a breadt of ex-
Georgia. perience and depth of understanding of
I row yield to the gentleman froth the problems of constituents and' col-
Oklahoma (Mr. EmumrsoN). leagues, of his beloved city of BoNn,
Mr EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I joi4 and of the Commonwealth of Massachtk-
my eolleagues in extending our dee setts. At his fingertips was a wealth cr4
sympathy to you and to your Iamily an4 = knowledge about what makes Washing-
to the many friends and loved ones o ton run and the intricacies of dealing
GenelKinnally. with Federal agencies. He had a genius
Fran my first visit in your office, M1 for getting things done which endeared
Speaker, and my first experience with hi him to everyone beset by the complexi-
kindness and with his consideration, I ties of Government.
have treasured the relationship that I Every visitor to the Soeaker's office was
had lth this fine man. I know he wa4 greeted by Gene with the same friendly
a maii of great heart and a man of coin smile and warm welcome. I never kn.e
passi n and of great understanding? him to turn away anybody who had
man Who accepted responsibility and me problem. He listened patiently and
his rdsponsibilities bravely and tireless very manner gave quiet assurance t at
ly. I 1now how much of a role he playe every effort was being made to anjwer
In th4 important business of the Affic I each request, resolve each issue, o solve
of th Speaker of the House of Represen each problem.
tativ s, and I join my colleagues in Through the years Gene Ki aly was
extending our deepest sympathy to all dependable, trustworthy, smote, always
who loved him, willing to lend a hand to tj new Mem-
Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I ap bers of the Congress, a always quick
preciate very much the thoughtful re- to offer his time, talesIS and encourage-
mark, of my distinguished friend, the melt in behalf df at5ers.
gentl man from Oklahoma. Mr. Speaker, it was a great privilege
I y L eld to the gentleman from Texas and a pleasure to have known and
(Mr. oakars). worked with Gene Kimaly. He was a
Mr. ROBERTS. Mr. Speaker, I ap- devoutly religious mai, who attended
preciate the distinguished Speaker of the daily morning Mass and strolled away
House yielding. from the busy clamor of the Speaker's
office each noontime for private prayer
In nearby Saint Peter's Church on
Capitol Hill.
Mr.' Speaker, I first met Gene Kinnal
when 1 came here in 1940 with Speake
Rayburn and my first instructions wer
to see Gene Kinnaly and let him tell mel Although we shall miss him and we
what II ought to be doing for Speaker' mourn his death, Gene has gone to join
Rayburn. his beloved wife, Alice Louise?Mulhol-
He was my friend and close associate land?Kinnaly, who was separated from
during all these years. I deeply appreciate him by death in 1948.
the cantributions he made to this coun- Mr. DONOHUE. Mr. Speaker, like all
try, and particularly to the Speaker of of my colleagues here, I was deeply
the Hause of Representatives, grieved to learn of the sudden passing of
H 3383
that great, good, and kind gentleman,
Eugene T. Kinnaly, who spent some 50
years in dedicated service to his country
and to the U.S. House of Representatives.
For some 40 of these 50 years, he was
the chief assistant to our beloved Speak-
er, and if ever there was a supremely
capable, intensely loyal, and devotedly
patriotic congressional assistant, it was
Eugene Kinnally.
To tb.e great majority of us, he was
affectionately known as "Gene." He
personified the highest traditions and
ideals of patriotic service; his superior
talents, his modest personality, his
kindly nature and cooperative disposition
have become a legend on Capitol Hill.
He has left, for all of us to follow, an
inspiring example of honor and excel-
lence in memorable service to his coun-
try and his fellow man. No man can do
more and each of us should strive to do
as much. We pray that the Lord will
grant him eternal peace.
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, I was
shocked to learn of the death of Gene
Kinnaly and I am proud to join with my
colleagues in paying tribute to this out-
standing public servant. ...
I have known Gene since coming to
the Congress and I always found him to
be knowledgeable, resourceful, and above
all cooperative. He was not only a strong
right arm to our Speaker in his congres-
sional career of 41 years, having also
served Mr. MCCORMACK'S predecessor for
11 years, but he also rose to the rank of
personal and affectionate friendship and
I commiserate with the Speaker in the
knowledge that Gene's passing is a per-
sonal loss to him much more than a pro-
fessional one.
There is one other facet of Gene's
character which bears reference. In a
world which is increasingly dominated by
material considerations and regard fhr
wealth and temporary things, Gene re-
tained the religious devotion unfortu-
nately more characteristic of another
day. I have often seen him at noontime
making his way from the Capitol to near-
by St. Peter's church where he paused
each day in the midst of his busy load to
attend a service of divine worship.
This then was the friendly, devoted,
and saintly man whom we allremember
with such affection. His passitig is a loss
not only to the Speaker and his family,
but to the House of Representatives itself.
REV. CARL PEACOCK, PH. M.
(Mr. BRINKLEY asked and was given
permission to address he House for 1
minute and to revise and extend his
remarks.)
Mr. BRINKLEY. Mr. Speaker, may I
express the appreciation of the House to
our visiting Chaplain, Rev. Carl Pea-
cock, Th. M. He serves at Edgewood Bap-
tist Church in Columbus, Ga., and is my
friend, as well as my pester, there.
His love for people dominates his life
and is the pilot for his ministry. When
I think of him, the picture which comes
to my mind most clearly is of him stand-
ing in front of the Sunday school build-
ing and leaning over to shake hands with
my 8-year-old perpetual motion ma-
chine, Freddie, and saying on a man-
to-man basis, "How are you today,
Freddie?" And to Fred's standard re-
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March 26, 1969
all age groups in both the fatal and non-
fatal accident categories. Their rate was
only one-third that of the rest of the
licensed drivers.
In rilinois, a high-population State,
not only do senior drivers enjoy the low-
est accident involvement rate, but their
accident propensities are less than half
those of the youngest age group, and 12
percent better than that of the next best
group.
Indiana's senior drivers have the low-
est frequency of accidents of all age
groups;
Kentucky's senior motorists boast the
best accident avoidance records of all
age groups, both with respect to the "all
accident" category and to injury or
fatality-producing collisions;
Senior drivers in Maine have propor-
tionately fewer accidents than other age
groups;
In Maryland, senior drivers excelled
all other motorists as the most accident-
free drivers;
Minnesota, where senior citizens rep-
resented 12.28 percent of the driving
public?the highest proportion of any
State surveyed?they are on record with
the best accident avoidance performance
of any age group in the State; also, the
safety record of these senior drivers
ranked third best among the 31 jurisdic-
tions analyzed, after Washington, D.C.,
and New York;
Montana's senior drivers enjoy the
lowest accident involvement rate among
that State's motoring public;
Senior drivers lead New Jersey's
safety parade both with regard to "all
accidents" and injury-accidents; they
average about the same as all other
drivers with regard to fatal crashes;
The senior 8.8 percent of New York's
drivers boast the second best accident
avoidance record among the 31 jurisdic-
tions studied;
In Ohio, another highly populated
State, senior drivers outranked others in
regard to accident avoidance;
Oklahoma's senior drivers ranked tops
among the six age categories with regard
to involvement in accidents;
Senior drivers ranked most favorably
In Oregon both as to "all accidents" and
Injury-producing accidents;
South Carolina's senior drivers are
Involved in proportionately fewer acci-
dents than any other age groups in the
State.
Virginia senior motorists rank tops in
accident avoidance among the State's
drivers;
Washington senior motorists enjoy the
finest accident avoidance record among
all Washington drivers, Finesilver noted
that these findings "parallel and con-
firm" an earlier noteworthy study, the
Crancer report, on older motorists in
Washington State.
Wisconsin's senior citizens also rank
lowest in accident involvement among
the State's six age groups.
The District of Columbia study shows
that there is a direct correlation between
an increase in age and a decrease of
responsibility for accidents. ,The highest
accident involvement in the District of
Columbia is with the teenagers-78 out
of every 1,000 are responsible for an
accident. The midd/eage driver ranks
medium in accident involvement-50 out
of every 1,000; and the sein,or driver
enjoys the lowest accident responsibility
factor-31 out of every 1,000.
These remarkable findings confirm
that the older driver is certainly not the
hazard some would portray him. Quite
the contrary, drivers past age 65 repre-
sent a rational, responsible, and reliable
segment of the motoring public. Insur-
ance practices ought to reflect that fact.
The Washington Evening Star pub-
lished a report of the University of Den-
ver study at the time it was released.
I ask unanimous consent that the article
be printed in the RECORD as a vivid re-
minder of the excellent safety marks
earned by the Nation's older drivers.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
DRIVERS OVER 65 RATED AMONG SAFEST
ON ROAD
? DENVER?Motorists over 65?long a scape-
goat in analysis of the nation's spiraling ac-
cident ratc actually are among the safest
drivers on the road, a University of Denver
study showed yesterday.
The study, covering 31 states in all re-
gions of the country, showed senior drivers
averaged 37 percent fewer accidents than the
proportion of accidents to numbers of driv-
ers would indicate.
Although senior drivers represented 7.4 per-
cent of all drivers in the states surveyed,
they were involved in only 4.8 percent of
the accidents.
Denver fist. Judge Sherman G. Finesilver,
head of the study team said it "will be piv-
otal in refuting current popular thinking
about older drivers."
Senior drivers averaged the lowest of all
age groups in frequency of injury-producing
accidents. Older motorists averaged 40 per-
cent below their proportionate share of the
driving population.
Senior drivers also averaged slightly less
fatal accidents?about 7 percent?than their
proportion would dictate. Finesilver said it
was possible the difference in fatal accidents
was less surprising because older persons are
less able to recover from injuries.
Commissioner William Mechill of the Fed-
eral Administration on Aging said he hoped
the study will eliminate misconceptions
about licensing and insuring senior drivers.
"I hope that it will lead to a cessation of
arbitrary practices and attitudes directed to
older drivers and ultimately create fairer,
more enlightened practices in licensing and
insuring of older drivers," Bechill said.
The study was financed by the Department
of Health, Education and Welfare.
SMOG CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA
Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, on
March 17 the Oakland Tribune did an
editorial urging the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare to grant
to the State of California a waiver which
is required under my amendment to the
Air Quality Act of 1967, unless the Sec-
retary proves that the California stand-
ards are not technologically and econom-
ically feasible.
I submitted a statement to the Depart-
ment urging that the complete waiver
as requested by the State of California
to implement the State's pure air act
of 1968 be granted.
Mr. President, because of the impor-
tance of this issue, I ask unanimous con-
sent that this editorial be printed in the
RECORD.
? There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
SMOG CONTROL STANDARDS
The Federal Government assumed primary
jurisdiction for establishing and enforcing
automobile smog control standards when
Congress passed the Federal Air Quality Act
of 1967.
Because California's scheduled standards
were stricter and were aimed at a more crit-
ical smog problem than exists elsewhere,
Sen. George Murphy secured passage of an
amendment authorizing the granting of a
waiver for this state.
The Federal Government is required to
grant the waiver unless the Secretary of
Health, Education and Welfare determines
that California's proposed standards are not
necessary and are not technologically and
economically feasible.
A series of public hearings have been held
on California's request for the waiver. When
these formalities are concluded and when
the testimony presented is fairly evaluated,
we trust that California's request will be
granted.
The Murphy amendinent was passed be-
cause Congress acknowledged that the spe-
cial conditions existing in California might
require tougher state smog control stand-
ards than those incorporated in federal reg-
ulations. The State must and should have
the authority to establish its own air pollu-
tion standards so long as they do not fall
below the federal minimums.
THE "PUEBLO" INCIDENT?GEN-
ERAL McKEE DOES ANSWER
Mr. HANSEN. Mr. President, on
March 4, 1969, I referred to views of the
distinguished and able Senator from
Colorado (Mr. Dommicx) which sug-
gested publicly raising some pertinent
questions regarding the Pueblo incident.
It was suggested that the Government
respond to these questions, and there has
been some response in the testimony of
Lt. Gen. Seth J. McKee, U.S. Air Force
Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, formerly
commander of the U.S. 5th Air Force at
the time of the Pueblo incident.
Also on March 4, 1969, the Senate gave
its unanimous consent that an editorial
entitled "Let the Senate Investigate"
from the Cheyenne, Wyo., State Tribune
of January 25, 1969, be printed in the
RECORD. The editorial noted that a Long
Island newspaper, Newsday, had alleged
General McKee made a decision not to
send Air Force fighters to assist the
Pueblo. The Cheyenne newspaper sug-
gested that General McKee be afforded
the opportunity to testify publicly on
what took place.
The House Committee on Armed Serv-
ices Special Subcommittee To Inquire
Into the Pueblo Incident gave General
McKee that opportunity March 20, 1969.
General McKee's testimony shows he
did, in fact, order Air Force fighter air-
craft to assist the Pueblo, but that be-
cause of distance involved the aircraft
were unable to reach the Pueblo before
darkness.
Since questions were raised earlier as
to whether General McKee did issue
proper orders in regard to the Pueblo
incident, I ask unanimous consent that
his statement before the House subcom-
mittee be entered here in the RECORD.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE
On the heels of this pronouncement came
an arrangement for the sale of lamb to U.S.
military commissaries abroad, and this ef-
fort may be extended to the Antarctic and
U.S. baSes there.
This could be the time for sheepmen in
the UMited States to discuss some sort of
an agreement.
PROPOSED REREFERRAL QF SUB-
MERGED LANDS BIM
Mr. JACKSON. Mr, President, on
Thursday, March 20, the distinguished
junior Senator from Texas (Mr, TOWER)
introduced a bill to amend the Sub-
merged Lands Act with respect to the
seaward boundary of certain States.
This measure was assigned the number
S. 1619, and was referred to tbe Com-
mittee on the Judiciary.
It will be recalled that the Interior
Committee was the unit of the Senate to
which in 1953 was referred the measure
that fOrmed the basis of the Submerged
Lands Act which S. 1619 would amend.,
This Measure was Senate Joint Resoluf
tion 13, 83d Congress, and it was spo -
Bored by the able Senior Senator fr m
Florida (Mr. HOLLAND), for himself nd
39 Senators from both sides of the 4sle.
Senate Joint Resolution 13 waatbe 1 test
in a long series of bills dealing with the
so-called, but miscalled, "tidela ds"
issue.
Under the acting chairmanship of the
Senater Guy Cordon, of Oregon, the In-
terior Committee held hearings on the
Holland bill as it had on previous sub-
merged lands bills in the 81st and 82d
Congresses. Some 13 days of hearings
were held, beginning on February 16,
1953, and concluding on March 4. The
committee met in executive session for
4 days to work out amendments to the
resolution; it was reported out with
minority views, and the text of Senate
Joint Resolution 13, as amended by the
Interior Committee, was passed by the
Senate on May 5, 1953. The House ac-
cepted the Senate amendment, and the
measure was signed by President Eisen-
hower on May 22, 1953, to become Pub-
lic Law 31 of the 83d Congress.
I cit the details of the legislative his-
tory on.]. in y to establish that at least
three Congresses measures in the Senate
respecting the submerged lands have
be en referred to the Interior Committee,
and it was the text, substantially, of the
Interior Committee's bill that became the
law that S. 1619 of this Congress would
amend.
As the Members of the Senate know,
the Submerged Lands Act was and is part
of a le islative package, so to speak, with
the Otter Continental Shelf Lands Act.
The firmer deals with the lands inside
the sea boundaries of the States, which
were clearly established for the first time
by the Submerged Lands Act. The other,
the 0 ter Continental Shelf Lands Act,
deals vith the lands beyond the States'
sea bo ndaries.
Significantly, when the very able jun-
ior Senator from California (Mr. CRANS-
Tax) introduced on February 23, 1969,
his bill, S. 1219, which concerns opera-
tions inder the Outer Shelf Act, this
measure was, properly, referred to the
Interior Committee.
Now, I am aware that the Legislative
Reorganization Act of 11)48 provides that
proposed legislation affecting "State and
Territorial boundary lines" shall be re-
ferred to the Judiciary Committee. How-
ever, Mr. President, in view of the long
and clear history of referral of submerged
lands legislation to the Interior Commit-
tee, I submit that the 4uoted provision
means, or certainly has come to mean,
boundary-line problems between a State
or a territory and another ter-
ritory?not between a,?.rtte or territory
and the Govemmfnt of the United
States.
Therefore,1?. President, in view of the
legislative Afistory and the precedents,
when S. _1'619 is called up I shall move
that it, be re-referred to the Committee
on Inferior and Insular Affairs for con-
sideration.
THE PRESIDENT'S DECISION ON
THE ABM SYSTEM
Mr. MURPHY. Mr. President, in an-
nouncing his decision on the anti-ballis-
tic-missile system, President Nixon once
again displayed those qualities of lead-
ership which have made the beginning
of his administration such an outstand-
ing success.
It is heartening to see the favorable re-
sponse which his studied and intelligent
approach to the complexities of the anti-
bItiliatimissile decision has brought
from the ,----eple.,(24such example is an
editorial in the March-11- tional Ob-
server and I ask unanimous coiTeaUt
this article be printed :n the RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE VERDICT ON ABM ?A SDVIET TEMPTATION?
The President's decision on missile de-
fenses must be viewed in psychological as
well as military terms. As such, the decision
made good sense, and could ultimately do
much to slow down the arms race.
The most vocal critics of the decision won't
see it that way. They will see it simply as a
triumph of the "military-Ladustrial complex"
over those who would strive for arms-limita-
tion agreements with the Soviet Union. But
aiay talk of conferring with the Russians
about arms or anything ease requires a good
measure of guesswork about what the Rus-
sians really intend. So any decision on an
antiballistic-missile (ABM) system?even a
decision to defer a decision?would be a gam-
ble. Mr. Nixon has made the best gamble.
First of all, Mr. Nixon's decision is less
likely to provoke the Soviets than would a
decision to push ahead with the Sentinel
'system. A decision to protect the cities, if
that were truly possible, could be interpreted
by the Russians as a way to blunt a Soviet
retaliatory attack against the American popu-
lation after a U.S. first strike.
Mr. Nixon's decision also recognizes a
brutal but apparently unavoidable fact. It
Is now not possible to provide adequate pro-
tection for the American ,aopulation against
Soviet missiles. The best defense, the Presi-
dent has concluded, remains the nation's
second-strike capability?the ability of this
country to inflict unacceptable losses on the
Soviet Union, or any other nation, should
that nation decide to launah nuclear missiles
against the United States
The United States and Russia each have
the capability to destroy each other many
times over. This raises a good question: Is a
defense system really neaessary to protect
S 3251
American offensive missiles, or aren't there
already enough?or soon to he enough?
land-based and seaborne missiles available
to survive any first strike by Russia or
anybody else?
Perhaps there are. But the arms race be-
ing what it is, the Soviet Union might easily
be tempted to increase its offensive arsenal
even more, with the goal of developing an
attack that could destroy much of the Amer-
ican offensive arsenal. A defense system to
protect U.S. long-range missiles could dis-
courage such a step-up in arms competition.
The Nixon decision also means that the
United States will go into any arms talks
with Russia having made a determination to
employ a missile defense. This certainly gives
this country a better bargaining position
than it would have had had Mr. Nixon de-
cided against any deployment, or decided
to delay a decision on deployment. A de-
cision to delay would leave great doubt in
Soviet minds about American intentions.
Mx. Nixon's decision has left the next
move in the quest for weapons control up to
the Russians. His statement last week was
conciliatory, and left plenty of openings for
the Soviets if they truly wish to slow down
or stop the arms race.
OLDER DRIVERS RANKED HIGH IN
DRIVER SAFETY
Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr.
President, last year during hearings on
automobile insurance coverage, I told
the Antitrust and Monopoly Subcom-
mittee that older drivers are being pen-
alized?because of their age?by the in-
surance companies. It seemed to me that
preliminary data confirmed what I had
long suspected: many motorists in their
seventies, sixties, and even late fifties,
left without coverage because of ar-
bitr cancellation of their automobile
insuran in spite of consistently good
driving rec. ds.
Now the ? t has been corroborated
by the final r ts of a study conducted
with funds fro the Adminiatratian on
Aging. The pled fact is that motorists
over 65 may be ong the safest on the
road. For those ho think that living
past 65 automa cally reduces an indi-
vidual's capabili es, the study should be
a revealing gli pee into the safe and
steady world the older driver.
Conducted ? the University of Den-
ver College f Law, the study examined
the drivin records of 30 States and the
District ? Columbia. It found that sen-
ior drivers averaged 31 percent fewer
accidents than expected, based on their
proportion of the driving population.
Judge Sherman G. Finesilver, head of
the study team, points out that the na-
tionwide survey shows senior drivers to
have better reords, by comparison, as
their number increases in the total driv-
ing population of a given State.
Judge Finesilver supplied the follow-
ing highlights of the State-by-State sur-
vey:
In Arizona, a State with a large senior
population, the older driver ranks sec-
ond lowest in accident involvement
among the six age groUps studied;
Delaware's senior drivers enjoy the
lowest accident rate of any of the six age
groups; namely, Under 24, 25 to 34, 35
to 44, 45 to 54, 55 to 64, and 65 and over;
In the District of Columbia, senior
drivers had the lowest accident record of
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March 26, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE S 3253
There being no objection, the state-
ment was ordered to be printed in the
RECORD, as follows:
STATEMENT OF LT. GEN. SETH J. McKEE, U.S.
AIR FORCE, ASSISTANT VICE CHIEF OF STAFF,
U.S. AIR FORCE, WASHINGTON, D.C., Fon-
MERLY COMMANDER U.S. 5TH Ant FORCE,
FUCHU AIR STATION, JAPAN, FROM AUGUST 1,
1966 TO JULY 1, 1968, BEFORE THE HOUSE
COMMI.r.u.k. ON ARMED SERVICES SPECIAL
SUBCOMMITTEE To INQUIRE INTO THE
"PUEBLO" INCIDENT, MARCH 20, 1969
Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen: I am Lt. Gen-
eral Seth J. McKee, Assistant Vice Chief of
Staff, United States Air Force. At the time of
the Pueblo incident, I was Commander of the
United States Fifth Air Force, with head-
quarters at Fuchu Air Station, Japan.
I welcome this opportunity to answer ques-
tions you may have concerning the Fifth Air
Force role in connection with the Pueblo in-
cident. Based on public media statements it
appears that two of the central questions
relating to the Fifth Air Force role are: (1)
Why were Alert Aircraft not provided; and
(2) Why were aircraft not sent to relieve
the Pueblo? Perhaps my response to these
questions will further your investigation and
provide a background for additional ques-
tions you may desire to ask.
In order that my response to the first ques-
tion may be fully understood, I believe it
Appropriate that I provide some background
regarding previous Fifth Air Force association
with this type mission.
Prior to the Pueblo mission, her sister ship
(the U.S.S. Banner) was used for this type of
mission in the waters that were in the Fifth
Air Force Geographical area. Of some sixteen
missions known at Fifth Air Force to have
been planned or conducted by the U.S.S.
Banner, Air Force Alert Aircraft were re-
quested of Fifth Air Force by the Navy for
three of them. On one additional occasion,
A request was made that air support forces
be notified of the area and time frame of the
mission, and this was done; however, no re-
quest was made for alert aircraft, and no
aircraft were committed to alert. Of the three
missions for which we planned air support,
one request for support was cancelled by the
Navy due to mission cancellation, and two
missions were supported by Fifth Air Force
With aircraft and crews on alert.
The first mission Fifth Air Force supported
was mission number nine for the Banner.
Coordination between CINCPAGAF, CINC
PACFLT, Fifth Air Force, and COMNAVFOR
Japan, established the alert requirement, the
rules of engagement, and the alert posture to
be maintained. Coordination with elements
of the Strategic Air Command was effected
to provide in-flight refueling for the fighter
aircraft. Copies of the CTF-96 Operations
Order which detailed the ship's operations
and procedures Were distributed to Air Force
units, and Fifth Air Force and subordinate
units issued implementing instructions. The
Banner was directed by the Navy to add the
Air Defense Control Center at Naha; Oki-
nawa', as action addressee on assistance re-
quests, and to perform a communications
check with the Naha Air Defense Control
Center when the ship arrived in the operat-
ing area. The Defense Control Center at Naha
was directed to forward any request for as-
sistance to my Fifth Air Force Command
Center by flash precedence, with information
copies to CINCPAC, CINCPACAF, CINCPAC
FLT, and COMNAVFOR Japan. Direct voice
communications would be used as back-up.
Additional communications procedures were
established to be used by the ship and the
alert aircraft, and standard visual and voice
identification signals were established to aid
in spotting the vessel in relation to other
surface craft. Fifth Air Force aircraft were
then committed to the alert (in Okinawa)
with the stipulation that they would be uti-
lized only when directed and as considered
appropriate by CINCPAC or higher authority.
The authority to launch aircraft was subse-
quently delegated to me as Commander,
Fifth Air Force, with the restriction that it
could not be delegated lower. Aircraft were
placed in incremental launch reaction time
of 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and
one hour, with the provision that upon call
from the Banner, or upon launch of any'air-
craft, all others would go to cockpit alert.
Reaction time from first notification to the
Banner operating area would have been ap-
proximately 45 minutes. This Fifth Air Force
alert posture was in fact maintained from
the time the ship arrived in the operating
area, until seven hours after It departed
that area.
Similar coordination between the various
command and control agencies occurred on
each of the missions for which Fifth Air
Force was requested to plan or to provide air
support. In the case of the Pueblo, no Fifth
Air Force support was requested. Therefore
no alert was provided, Just as no alert was
provided the Banner in those instances
where none was requested.
I have gone into these details, Mr. Chair-
man, and Gentlemen, to underscore the fact
that when aircraft are dedicated to an oper-
ation, and committed to an advanced alert,
these aircraft are dedicated to the specific
operation by command directive, and
brought to that state of readiness only
through carefully planned, coordinated, and
directed actions.
With reference to the second question, as
to why were aircraft not sent to relieve the
Pueblo, I would like to emphasize that con-
trary to articles that have been published in
the newspapers, no decision was made at
Fifth Air Force to not send aircraft to relieve
the Pueblo. In fact, I personally made the
decision to send aircraft, issued appropriate
orders to effect such action and Fifth Air
Force fighters were launched.
We began launching fighter aircraft out
of Okinawa (where my only operationally
ready combat units were located) as rapidly
as possible. Unfortunately, they could not
get to the scene prior to darkness or prior to
the time that the Pueblo entered the three
mile limit. Therefore after they landed in
Korea, it was too late to refuel and relaunch
in support of the Pueblo.
The first notification to my headquarters
of the Pueblo's predicament was by a secure
phone call to a member of my staff. This was
followed by two closely spaced critic mes-
sages citing the Pueblo's position and first
call for help. These were received in the
Message Center at 1357 and 1407 Local (0457Z
and 05073) respectively. Following receipt of
the phone call, my staff plotted the ship's
position, checked the availability of aircraft,
and proceeded to my office where I was re-
ceiving a previously scheduled briefing. The
staff members brought with them the mes-
sage that had been received at 1407. I was
personally notified and promptly briefed on
the Pueblo situation at 1415 Local (0515Z). I
immediately proceeded to my Command
Center which was a two to three minute
walk from my office, and placed near simul-
taneous phone calls to CINCPACAF in
Hawaii and to the 18th Tactical Fighter
Wing in Okinawa. While waiting for
CINCPACAF to get to the secure phone in
his headquarters, I directed the Commander
of the 18th Wing to prepare all available
aircraft for launch as soon as possible. Know-
ing that available aircraft would be in ?a
normal training configuration, I directed
that the first six aircraft be launched armed
with 20 mm cannon only in order to ex-
pedite their arrival in South Korea.
About this time CINCPACAF came an the
phone. I advised him of the Pueblo and its
state of stress and of actions that I was
taking. I further advised him that it was my
intent to strike in support of the Pueblo
provided I could get aircraft to the scene
prior to darkness and prior to the time the
ship reached the three mile limit. CINC
PACAF concurred in my actions and told me
to carry on with my plans unless advised
by him to the contrary. I then passed these
instructions on to the Commander, 18th
Fighter Wing, with the further instruction
that his aircraft would stage through Osan,
Korea, because the scene of action, with
recovery in Korea, was beyond the range
of the F-105s stationed in Okinawa.
I then directed all other Fifth Air Force
units (which were all in the process of
converting to a new type aircraft) to bring
all possible aircraft to operational readiness
and to prepare for deployment as rapidly
as possible. The 18 TFW on Okinawa
launched the first increment of aircraft at
1611 Local (0711Z), which was one hour and
twenty-three minutes after I gave the order
to launch. This involved recalling seven air-
craft from training flights, diverting six from
various stages of training preparation, servic-
ing all aircraft, and briefing aircrews.
A later incoming critic message reported
that the Pueblo had been boarded and had
gone off the air at 1432 Local (0532Z). At
1645 Lo-cal (0745Z) CINCPAC Headquarters
replotted the position of the Pueblo and
reported the ship was estimated to be in the
harbor at that time. It was somewhere
around this time that I came to the unhappy
conclusion that we would arrive too late to
be of assistance to the Pueblo and so ad-
vised Headquarters PACAF. The first F-
105s which were launched from Okinawa
arrived at Osan at 1735 Local (08353). Sun-
set at Wonsan was 1741 Local (0811Z) and
darkness at 1753 Local (0853Z). Obviously
later arriving aircraft were also too late
to be of assistance.
Therefore, in answer to the second ques-
tion, Fifth Air Force aircraft were sent to
relieve the Pueblo with orders to attack, but,
regrettably, they could not get there before
the ship was captured and in port.
Gentlemen, this concludes my prepared
statement. I would be happy to respond to
other questions that you may, have at this
time.
GENOCIDE: WE MUST ACT NOW?
XXIX
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President: take 5
quarts of water, 6 pounds of human fatty
acids; add 8 ounces of caustic soda. Boil
for 2 or 3 hours, then cool.
As late as 25 years ago, this formula
was practiced and perfected for the
manufacture of soap. The second in-
gredient is stated correctly?it calls for
"6 pounds of human fatty acid." A civil-
ized mind can only be disgusted by such
an unappetizing recipe.
And for the victory gardens of the
Third Reich, after wide research and ex-
periment, the perfect fertilizer proved
to be the ashes of human bodies.
Dachau, Treblinka, Belsen, Ausch-
witz?these are but a handful of the
places where Nazis flirted unceasingly
with the most precious commodity we
know, a human life. For example, at
Auschwitz alone, 17 tons of gold were
extracted from the dental fillings of
slaughtered men, women, and children.
As a caveat for those unfortunate living
dead, an infant would be torn in two by
ripping apart his legs.
Mr. President, my purpose in citing
these atrocities, these crimes against
humanity, is not to rekindle old flames
of hatred and revenge or to encourage
further retribution of those guilty, but
rather to make a plea to the living. We
must respect the sacrifice of these_ mil-
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S 3254
lions of fellow human beings, and we
must at this time male a solemn vow
that we will never again, as Vilized
people, allow such inhumane a ihila-
tion to occur on this earth.
For the last 20 years, the Genacide
1 Convention has been stalled in t 6 For-
eign Relations Committee of the Senate.
We cannot conveniently blame Our in-
action on the State Department, the Ex-
ecutive, or the House of Representatives.
1 This time, the Senate alone and each of
us as Senators must accept individual re-
sponsibility for our collective falltre to
act.
The very keystone hi the defense of
peace is universal conderimation Of geno-
cide. Let the Senate follow the .ad of
I almost 70 other countries and now, in
1969, ratify the United Nations conven-
tion on genocide.
Mr. HANSEN. Mr. President, the sub-
stantially modified anti-ballistic-missile
system proposal endorsed by President
Nixon on March 14 has given Members
1 of Congress a rare opportunity. Those
among us who have been labeled "hawks"
or "doves," either by editorialists jr self-
professed, have the unusual chance to
1shed these labels and build theinSelves
new images.
The administration's proposal bears
the mark of the statesman?the mark
of compromise, often so difficult to
achieve but often so essential for the
welfare of the United States and the
people of this planet.
At the same time, this proposal does
not compromise our national secinIty,
nor does it feed the costly fires of an
arms race. It is a realistic and reaeonable
approach. It is the best offered te ,date.
1 Mr. Saul Friedman, of the Akron,
1Ohio, Beacon-Journal has made some
observations about the administration
proposal. I ask unanimous consent that
they be printed in the RECORD at this
point.
There being no objection, the ,article
was ordered to be printed in the RACORD,
as follows:
NIXON'S "LITTLE ABM" HAS WINNEF SIGNS
(By Saul Friedman)
WssniNcrox.?Once again, President Nixon
is carrying water?or in this case anti ballis-
tic missiles (ABM) ?on both shoulders,
But in his attempts to head do n the
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE March 26, 1969
AN ABM APPROACH FOR HAWKS
AND DOVES
middle of the ABM controversy, the P
may have given his critics, especially
crate, their first real reason to fig
the new administration. In short, the
moon may be at an end.
Yet a strong argument can be ma
his plan for the deployment of the
given much more to the opponents
missile system than to its suppor
that reason it now has a better cha
approval in Congress.
At his Friday press conference, th Presi-
dent said he thought his plan wou d. pass
after a close vote. There were signs lO may
be correct.
Not only did Nixon withdraw the Missiles
from the cities, at least for the present, he
also backed off even further from the orig-
inal Johnson Administration deples ment
plan.
Here is what Nixon gave the ABM doves:
He rejected a "thick" or "thin" sysib m to
Sident
Demo-
t with
bney-
4-that
Ai, has
of the
S For
?e for
protect the cities, thus deflating critcism
that it would not work, that it would be too
costly, and that 1.*; would upset the strategic
balance between the U.S. and the Soviet
Union and begin a new round in the arms
race.
He cpt deployment of the ABM back from
15 sites in the Johnson Administration plan,
to just two sites.
The primary purpose of Nixon's plan is to
protect American Intercontinental Ballistic
Missile (ICBM) sites, rather than cities.
This would protect the U.S. ability to retali-
ate, or give a better "second stsike." The
Nixon plan strengthens the U.S. "deterrent,"
and may stabilize rather than upset the arms
balance.
Finally, Nixon has reduced by nearly $1
billion the Defense Department appropria-
tions request for work on the ABM next year.
The amount requested for the Johnson pro-
posal was $1.8 billion.
Nevertheless the hawks were more satisfied
than the doves, because they too got some
significant concess ions.
Most important, if Nixon's plan is approved,
the ABM foot will be through the door. Cit-
ing the beginning of other weapons systems
which have grown like topsy, ABM critics
expect that once started, the system will be
unstoppable and will expand into a $100
billion giant.
AN INDEPENDENT SMALL BUSI-
NESS ADMINISTRATION
Mr. WIrALIAMS of New "Jersey, Mr.
President, as chairman of the Subcom-
mittee on Tjrban and Rural Economic
Development, of be Select Committee on
Small Business, I EMI well acquainted
with the plight, of the urban small busi-
neasman.
rn my home State of New Jersey,
which is, as Senators know, highly in-
dustrialized and urbanized, I feel that
the Small Business Administration has
done a splendid job in dealing with the
many business problems racking the ur-
ban small businessman. SA, has sev-
eral excellent programs which can be
tailored to the need of either the urban
or rural small businessman. That agency
has in almost every case brought these
programs to bear effectively in resolving
small business problems in New Jersey.
I have always considered one of the
great advantages of small business to
be that a small Ehopowner or storekeep-
er has an opportunity to meet his cus-
tomers, hear their complaints, and make
sure that his business measures up to his
own high standard of excellence.
This same analogy is true with regard
to the SBA. It Is a small, decentralized,
Government agency. SBA has field offices
in every State in the Nation, and it is
highly responsive to the people and vast-
ly more effective than some of the larger
bureaucracies centered in Washington.
I am concerned over recent reports
and rumors that the SBA will be trans-
ferred to the Department of Commerce
or in some way lose its status as an in-
dependent Federal agency. I think the
majority of the Members of Congress
and the Nation's small business commu-
nity, which consists of over 5 million
small concerns, strongly feel that the
American small businessman deserves a
forum, free frora conflicting ? responsi?
bilities to the large business community;
to protect and promote his interests.
In terms of the difficulties facing to-
day's urban small businessman, I want
to see the SBA remain independent; re-
main viable; and remain ready to trans-
late its programs into responsive action
Without the lost motion engendered by
cumbersome bureaucracy.
Mr. President, this matter of SBA's
independence is not new to my colleagues
in the Senate. Several years ago there
was another effort to transfer the SBA
In-to the Department of Commerce. The
Senator from Alabama (Mr. SPARKMAN) ,
the distinguished chairman of the Select
Committee on Small Business at that
time, led the fight to preserve SBA's inde-
pendence, and now it appears that we
must once again fight this same battle.
During the previous attempt to abolish
the independency of SBA, I took the Sen-
ate floor to speak out against this pro-
posed transfer. The remarks I made then
are just as cogent today. Accordingly, I
ask unanimous consent to have these re-
marks printed following the conclusion
of my statement.
In summary, I can only urge Senators
to give serious consideration to any at-
tempt to downgrade or dilute the inde-
pendent status of SBA. This is not now,
nor has it ever been, a partisan battle.
For over a decade and a half SBA has
lived up to its mandate to aid, counsel,
and assist small businessmen throughout
the Nation. It seems highly illogical to
tamper with this proven formula for
success in these times of business uncer-
tainties.
There being no objection, the remarks
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE TALK ABOUT ABOLISHING THE SMALL
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Mr. WILLIAMS Of New Jersey. Mr. President,
continuing rumors that the Small Business
Administration will be done away with or
lose its status as an independent agency have
become a matter of great concern to New
Jersey voters and to me.
For the past 15 years there has been a
clear line of support, on a bipartisan basis,
for a program of intelligent concern for the
problems of growing and dynamic independ-
ent businesses.
This has been shown in the formation of a
Select Committee on Small Business in 1950,
the enactment of the Small Business Act of
1953, the Small Business Investment Act of
1958, several small business provisions to the
Revenue Act of 1964, and of course, the crea-
tion of the Small Business Administration.
However, the Senator from Alabama [Mr.
SPARKMAN], who has been tlie acknowledged
leader in this field during this period, was
moved recently to comment on a current
rILMOr that the Small Business Administra-
tion would be consolidated with the Depart-
ment of Commerce and thus lose its identity.
I seems to me that the 15 years of solid
support for SBA and its programs has re-
flected recognition by the Congress and the
Presidency that the self-reliance and re-
sourcefulness of independent business were
basic national values.
The founders and those who are car-
rying on the nearly 5 million of these firms
are not relying on quantities of Govern-
ment aid or creating manifold problems.
They are furnishing jobs, producing useful
goods and services, and providing tax support
for all levels of Government; and are thus
helping to resolve many problems.
From my contacts with businessmen across
the State of New Jersey, I know that the
Small Business Administration is looked to
by these people as a source of counsel, as-
sistance, and individual consideration of
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s March 17, 1969
ORDERLY AND RATIONAL PROG-
RESS AT GEORGETOWN: THE
IDEOLOGICAL GAP NARROWS
HON. CHARLES H. WILSON
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mr. CHARLES H. WILSON. Mr.
Speaker, the Nation has been made very
much aware in recent months of the
numerous disorders and violent disrup-
tions which have plagued many of the
campuses of our institutions of higher
learning, as militant groups of students
have sought to impose immediately vari-
ous kinds of drastic changes in the struc-
ture, curriculums, and administration of
these institutions. What is not generally
known, however, is that in some colleges
and universities equally important
changes are being brought about by an
Intense but quiet expression of student
activism which, because of its orderly,
rational, and patient character, lacks the
dramatic quality to be considered news-
worthy. Thus, only a few days ago, the
students of Georgetown University's Ed-
mund A. Walsh School of Foreign Serv-
ice won a significant victory in their 2-
year campaign to bring about important
reforms in the basic structure and func-
tioning of that w6r1d-famous institution.
This student achievement at Georgetown
appropriately coincides with the celebra-
tion of the foreign service school's 50th
anniversary, and the university news-
paper, the Hoya, in its March 13 issue,
has described, in its editorial of that day,
the significance of this achievement, not
only to the Georgetown community but
to universities throughout the Nation.
Under unanimous consent, I include
their editorial in the Extensions of Re-
marks:
THE SFS VICTORY
The results of the proceedings which took
place last Saturday in the Hall of Nations
will not make natoin-wide headlines, nor
merit extensive coverage by the broadcasting
media, but they are nevertheless a victory of
the greates1 dimensions for Georgetown stu-
dents in general and School of Foreign Serv-
ice students in particular. This victory is
truly unique when one considers the means
to which students on other campuses have
resorted in order to make known their de-
mands. The recent incidents at American
University and the continuing controversy at
Howard are prime examples.
The movement for a core faculty with a
separate budget for the Edmund A. Walsh
School of Foreign Service had been debated
for two years prior to passage. Since the first
proposal for such a structure was made in
The Hoya by Dr. Walter I. Giles, patience
and persistence have characterized the move-
ment, both when defeat seemed imminent
and passage assured. Victories were few at
the outset, but the students, led by the un-
tiring examples of Dr. Giles, Dr. Quigley, and
more recently Dean Mann, never gave up.
Indeed, it may be stated that Georgetown
has not seen such a display of activism and
unity on the part of her students in a long
while. When faced with the question of the
future of their school's existence in the year
of the fiftieth anniversary of its founding,
the students responded to the challenge with
a vigorous intensity that surprised everyone
but themselves. They presented their case
not with violent protest, but with intelligible
communication. By their actions and words,
they did not widen the ideological gap with
the opposition, but in fact narrowed it, to the
point where some of the proposal's earliest
critics voted in favor of final analysis.
The students of the? School of Foreign
Service may well be proud of the method by
which their victory was achieved. But the
entire Georgetown community should be
proud, too. Georgetown has presented an ex-
ample of student power to which universities
throughout the nation would do well to sub-
scribe.?R. H.
SUPPORT OF LEGISLATION TO PER-
MIT TAX CREDITS FOR HIGHER
EDUCATION EXPENSES AND TAX
DEDUCTION ALLOWANCES FOR
TEACHERS
HON. CHARLOTTE T. REID
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mrs. REID of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, our
tax laws have been used in a variety of
ways to help and encourage the business
community, but there is no business that
is more important than the education of
our young people.
Today, I am again introducing two
bills which I sponsored in the 90th Con-
gress to further education. The first
would allow a tax credit for higher edu-
cation expenses such as tuition, fees,
books, supplies, and equipment. The sec-
ond would amend the Internal Revenue
Code to permit teachers to deduct ex-
penses, including the cost of ? certain
travel, incurred in pursuing courses for
academic credit and degrees at institu-
tions of higher learning.
We all know how the cost of a college
education has risen in recent years and
will probably continue to rise in the
future. It is our responsibility as Mem-
bers of Congress to devise a solution to
this cost problem which will benefit both
moderate- and low-income families and
students, and we must also preserve the
diversity of higher education by assisting
all of our institutions. At the same time,
we must accomplish these goals with the
least amount of governmental interfer-
ence in our educational system.
While this tax credit provision ad-
mittedly is not a cure-all, it will provide
relief for strained family budgets and
allow for the continued independence and
diversity of our institutions of higher
education. It would be my hope that the
provision in the bill which allows the tax
credit to anyone who pays the expenses
of a college student regardless of the
relationship between the two individuals
would lead to increased private scholar-
ship assistance to low-income students.
This would be in line with President
Nixon's efforts to involve voluntary citi-
zen participation in meeting America's
needs.
All Members of Congress are aware of
the outstanding job being done by the
teachers of our Nation. Furthermore,
they are doing a better job every year, as
can be shown by the success the United
States has had in meeting the educational
challenges and demands of our times. To
be able to meet these challenges, how-
ever, teachers, must continually return to
colleges and universties to study new de-
velopments in their fields of academic en-
deavor and in educational devices and
methodolgy. Continuing teacher educa-
tion is an absolute prerequisite for those
who wish to become principals, super-
intendents, or other administrators. But
beyond this, teachers are in increasing
numbers, having to continue their edu-
cation merely to retain their present
status.
The purpose of the second bill I am in-
troducing today is to provide by statute
the tax deductions which are allowed
teachers for educational expenses. While
Internal Revenue Services rulings and
regulations on this question are subject
to change on very short notice, teachers
must plan their return to colleges and
universities many months in advance. It
is for this reason that I am sponsoring
specific legislation to provide for such
deductions.
SOME THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND
ABOUT THE NAVY'S COURT OF
INQUIRY ON THE "PUEBLO" INCI-
DENT
HON. CHESTER L. MIZE
OF KANSAS
IN TITE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, because some
aspects of the Navy's court of inquiry on.
the Pueblo incident have been misinter-
preted, I feel that it is 'fair to examine
an explanation of what a court of in-
quiry is and why one was convened for
the Pueblo incident. Such an explana-
tion has been provided by Adm. Thomas
H. Moorer, U.S. Navy, Chief of Naval
Operations and president of the Naval
Institute, in an address to the members
of the American Bar Foundation on
January 25, 1969.
These remarks were later circulated
as a memorandum to the members of
the Naval Institute. I have seen a copy
of this memorandum and feel that its
publication in the CONGRESSIONAL REC-
ORD will help clear the air of some of the
misunderstandings and misinterpreta-
tions.
Under leave to extend my remarks, I
insert the memorandum at this point in
the RECORD:
MEMORANDUM TO MEMBERS OF THE NAVAL
INSTITUTE
You, as lawyers, will understand why I, as
Chief of Naval Operations, and thus in the
reviewing chain of command, cannot make
comments on the substantive aspects of
testimony given during the Inquiry. I will be
ready to do this at the appropriate time.
I can, however, put the nature of the In-
quiry in proper perspective and, hopefully,
reassure the American people that the Court
of Inquiry is being conducted in a straight-
forward, legal and objective manner.
First: What is a Court of Inquiry? It is a
fact-finding body?that and nothing more.
It is not a court-martial. Witnesses at a Court
of Inquiry are not on trial. A Court of In-
quiry cannot even prefer charges. It simply
records the facts and makes recommenda-
tions to the convening authority?in this
case the Commander-in-Chief of The Pacific
Fleet. These recommendations may cover
such things as operational procedures, mate-
rial improvements, communications, train-
ing of personnel, international law?and
many other subjects?and; if warranted, the
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Li
level
of ou
ed below are parity percentage
for January and February for some
major crops.
Commodity
January FebriiM
1969
Cotton,
Wheat_
Corn
Peanut
Button t
Milk_
W001_
Barley
Flax
Oats.
Sorghu
Soybea s
Beef,.
Chicks
Eggs
Hogs
Lamb
Turkey
41 2
47 8
65
74
74
83 3
L5
44
65
67
69
64
70
78
67
83 6
74 8
85
65 2
verage 72 73
THE TEKTITE I PRQJECT
i10N. GEORGE E. SHIPLEY
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
M. SHIPLEY. Mr. Speaker, 3 weeks
ago, on February 15, 1969, at 1152 hours,
e.s.t. four brave scientists from the De-
part.. ent of Interior entered the waters
of G eat Lameshur Bay, St. Sohn Island,
In t e 'U.S. Virgin Islands. For 60 con-
tinu us days these pioneers of the last
fron er will live and work beneath the
surf ce in a four-chambered habitat de-
sign d by the missile and space division
of t e General Electric Co. headquar-
tere in. Valley Forge, Pa. Behaviorists
and ?iomedical experts from the Depart-
men of the Navy and the National Aer0-
nau ics and Space Administration will
mon tor the movements and even the
drea s of these daring Americans.
e Tektite I Project, named after a,
min ral originating in space and fo d
on arth and symbolizing the projee 's
mul !disciplines, has three primary mi
sion or programs. These are a biomed
cal rog-ram, a behavioral proitram,
a m rine sciences program. The goals
thes three programs range from ga
ing nowledge valuable to Navy missio
to 1 ? rig-range space missions to learni
how to harvest the oceans' riches.
Tlktite I is a prime example of eco
omy and teamwork which in less than
year and a half brought together foir
divergent agencies?three Federal aijd
one private industry?to begin, on sched-
ule a project which will have great
iii-
pacI on our Nation's progress in tii
oce Ins. The Navy, NASA, Department
Inte ior, and General Electric Co. are ll
equ 1 sponsors.
Tie four scientists, who are aquanauts
merely as a means to an end?explo -
lag the oceans?are Richard A. Wall r
oceanographer; Conrad V. W. Mahnke
oce nographer; Dr. H. Edward Cliftoi
geol gist; and John G. Van Derwalk r,
biol gist. In the early days of their quest
for owledge, these Americans have al-
rea y found and met the perils of the
oce n. They have had to battle a moray
eel which was blocking the entrance in-
to their habitat, and they were trapped
beneath the surface as a severe thunder-
storm ravaged the islands above them.
In the coming weeks, they will set a new
record for duration in living and work-
ing in a saturated condition. For the 60
days, they will be subjected to pressures
on their bodies equaling two and a half
atmospheres. Little is yet known of what
? this could mean to the human body.
All Americans, indeed the people of
the world, will follow with interest and
pride these four intrepid scientists. We
will anxiously await tae results of their
60-day mission with ant eye to preparing -
for future missions so that one day, loon
we will be able to use the oceans 6 help
fill the empty stomachs of starv' peo-
ple throughout the world.
COLUMNIST DAVID LWRENCE
VIEWS COURT RULING 0 NEWS-
PAPERS AS LEADING TO MORE
MONOPOLY
HON. JOE L. EVINS
OF TENN:MSEE
IN ridt. HOUSE OF R SPRESENTAT7ES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mr. EV1NS of Tennessee. Mr. Spea r,
I was recently pleased to join with oth?
in introducing and sponsoring H.R. 27k,
a bill to allow two newspapers operatin
under joint arrangement to be treated as
a single entity under antitrust laws.
The purpose of this bill is to give to
newspapers who have combined their
printing and other mechanical facilities
equal treatment with one-owner news-
paper cities where both newspapers have
been merged under single ownership with
a single editorial policy. In other words,
the purpose of this bill is to assure two
editorial voices and to afford the same
rights and privileges io two owners who
wish to preserve separate, independent
editorial voices available to single owners
who have acquired two newspapers in the
same city.
This bill is especially important in
view of the fact that ihe Supreme Court
has recently made an adverse ruling
which will tend to wipe out the two-
newspapers arrangement with joint
mechanical agreemen :s.
In this connection, I place in the
RECORD herewith a column from the
Nashville Banner, wr..tten by Mr. David
Lawrence, which outlines the impact of
the Supreme Court ruling.
The column follows:
COURT'S NEWSPAPER RUL ENG LEADS TOA TOTAL
MONOF OLY
(By David Lawrence)
WasHmeroN.?The Supreme Cour 61" the
United States has just proclaime a novel
doctrine?that two competin businesses
cannot merge unless one is,oh the verge of
bankruptcy and cannot flai'd some other pur-
chaser. What the court has unwittingly rec-
ommended is a means of awarding the
stronger business an eventual monopoly.
The case in point arose in Tucson, Ariz.,
where one newspaper WES making about $25,-
000 a year, and the other was losing about
the same amount. An agreement was reached
which provided that each paper would retain
its owns news and editorial departments as
well as its corporate identity, but the produc-
tion and distribution equipment were to be
combined, and the circulation and advertis-
ing departments operated jointly.
This arrangement has been in effect since
March 1910, and the venture proved profit-
able to both papers. In 1965, the owners of
one paper purchased the other, but con-
tinued separate news and editorial depart-
ments for each.
Now the Supreme Court calls the combina-
tion "an unreasonable restraint of trade"
and declares that there was no_real proof that
in 1940 one of the papers was "on the verge
of going out of business." The new decision
is important, because there are at least 41
newspapers in 22 cities which have entered
into similar arrangements during the last
25 years.
What the Supreme Court overlooked is the
nature of the competition faced even by a
single newspaper in a community today. It
may not have a rival in printed form within
the same city, but it has newspapers coming
by airplane and bus into its territory from
cities not far away. Likewise, television and
radio cover the area, and a daily newspaper
has plenty of competition from the "com-
mercials" used by advertisers on local broad-
casting stations.
In 1920, there were 2,042 daily newspapers
in the United States. This total, according
to the latest figures, has declined to 1,749.
There are only 327 morning papers and 1,438
evening papers, and 16 of these are "all day"
newspapers.
Many a large city has only a morning
paper and an evening paper, whereas even 20
years ago, when the population of the United
States much much smaller, they had several.
New York City, for instance, has gone from
10 dailies to only three. Boston had seven
papers, and now has four. Los Angeles today
has two dailies?half of the number it once
ad.
What most people do not realize is that
n wspapers cannot survive on the income ob-
ta ed only from the subscribers or purchas-
ers t the newsstands. Advertising revenue is
ess tial to meet expenses and furnish a
pro . Competition from other media, such
as r io, television, magazines and outside
news pers in the same area, has severely
cut d n opportunities -for the small dailies
to sta in business, particularly when pay-
rolls, e ipment and other costs continue to
rise.
The in rging on the production and busi-
ness side as saved many a community news-
paper. In most cases where a morning and
evening n wspaper are published by the same
ownershi , editorial pages are independent of
each othe .
What' not perceived by the Supreme
Court isj that when two newspapers com-
bine sorjie of their operations, they have
not by ny means stifled all competition in
the co unity. They have merely devised a
way of meeting the heavy competition they
face fyiom other sources.
Metnwhile, national labor unions, operat-
n as a monopoly with apparent immunity
in antitrust laws, impose wage scales all
er the country which have brought about
the downfall of a number of newspapers over
the last several years.
Unless Congress passes a pending bill
which would permit two daily newspapers to
enter into joint operations when one could
not otherwise snrvive, Many of these publi-
cations will go out of business. This writer,
on June 1, 1964, in discussing a similar anti-
trust case filed by the Department of Jus-
tice at that time against a combination of
two newspaper enterprises, wrote:
"Under the oldest concept of property
rights, it has never been held that an owner
should be forced to go to the borderline of
bankruptcy before he can sell a deteriorating
asset to a competitor. The Department of
Justice evidently thinks otherwise and that
antitrust laws may be used to bring about a
form of commercial suicide."
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recommendation for further legal proceed-
ings.
Next: Why are we having of Court of In-
quiry? A ship has been lost. We always have
a Court of Inquiry when this happens?
whatever the cause.
Particular emphasis is being placed on pro-
tecting the rights of the individuals, and on
lessons learned. These lessons will be of great
assistance in the future.
When the Inquiry opened its initial ses-
sion, the first witness was Commander
Bucher. He was given the legally required
advice concerning his rights as a party to the
Inquiry. Counsel for the court made it clear
that Commander Bucher was not at that time
suspected of having committed any offense
under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
Later, when Commander Bucher, in his
testimony, indicated that the North Koreans
had bordered his ship, the counsel for the
court?as required by the law you know so
well?told Commander Bucher it was pos-
sible that he had violated 'U.S. Navy Regula-
tions, Article 0730 which reads: "The com-
manding offcer shall not permit his com-
mand to be searched by any person repre-
senting a foreign state nor permit any of
the personnel under his command to be re-
moved from the command by such persons,
so long as he has the power to resist." He ex-
plained to Commander Bucher his right to
testify no further and gave him the routine,
required warning that, if he did so, the in-
formation could be used against him later.
Since this simple act of legal procedure?
basic to our legal system?caused so much
controversy, was so misinterpreted and has
caused so many to prejudge the outcome of
this Inquiry, let me emphasize three points:
First: Such a warning was not unexpected
by Commander Bucher or his counsel?here
are the words of Commander Bucher's counsel
addressed to the counsel for the court: "We
have discussed this matter with Commander
Bucher in some detail. As you know, we had
some preliminary conversations with you be-
bore this Court of Inquiry convened as to the
procedures that would be followed and the
manner by which Commander Bucher's story
and the story of the USS Pueblo could be pre-
sented to this Court. We obviously antici-
pated the situation that we find ourselves in
at the present moment. We have discussed
this in detail with Commander Bucher. In
view of your warning, Comander Bucher per-
sists in his desire to fully and completely tell
this Court of Inquiry the details of the 23rd
of January and the event subsequent thereto.
Based on that, Commander Bucher, with the
Court's permission, requests that he be per-
mitted to testify, and complete this phase of
the story. Commander Bucher, am I cor-
rectly reciting your wishes in this matter?
And do I correctly recite that you have been
adequately and fully apprised of all your
legal rights which include the right to re-
main silent on this portion?" Commander
Bucher answered in the affirmative,
Second: I would like to emphasize that a
Court of Inquiry must begin with a blank
record. Newspaper accounts, rumors, second-
hand reports or prejudgments cannot be
considered. The official record of the Pueblo's
capture and the treatment of her crew must
come from testimony and evidence presented
to this Court of Inquiry. For the Court, what
has appeared and will appear in public ac-
counts simply does not exist.
Third: Whether the Navy?or anyone in
the Navy?was pleased or displeased with
Commander Bucher's testimony could have
nothing whatever to do with that warning.
I realize I am "preaching to the choir" when
I tell you that. However, the requirement to
warn Commander Bucher is obviously not
so well understood by some.
Ladies and Gentlemen?I am deeply
troubled?that what was a routine and
totally correct legal procedure has been
widely misinterpreted.
As Chief of Naval Operations?I intend
to ensure?and the Court itself will ensure?
that Commander Bucher's rights?as well as
all others appearing before the Court?are
fully protected. Possibly there will be similar
warnings concerning self-incrimination as
additional witnesses testify. The point to
keep in mind is that the Navy is searching
for facts?not scapegoats. We are doing so?
within limits imposed by national security?
in open hearings, because I believe that this
is the way the American people would want
it done. And we are taking well-tested and
legally prescribed steps to protect the rights
of all concerned.
I earnestly request you, who are so well-
qualified, to assist me in explaining the
legal aspects of the Pueblo Inquiry to the
American people. And, I earnestly request the
American people to be patient, not to pre-
judge, and to have full trust and confidence
that the procedures used In developing the
facts surrounding the piracy against the
Pueblo are being carried out by experienced
men of great integrity who have only the
welfare of our country at heart.
THE 10TH ANNIVERSARY OF
HAWAIIAN STATEHOOD
SPEECH OF
HON. PAGE BELCHER
OF OKLAHOMA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, March 12, 1969
Mr. BELCHER. Mr. Speaker, I would
be remiss in my duty if I did not take
the opportunity which the gentleman
and the gentlewoman from Hawaii have
provided to participate in the commemo-
ration of the 10th anniversary of the
adoption by Congress of legislation ad-
mitting Hawaii to the Union as the 50th
State.
As a Representative from your rela-
tively young sister State of Oklahoma, I
think I have a special appreciation for
the meaning and importance of state-
hood to the people of Hawaii. I was born
in what was then Oklahoma Territory
and am the only member of the Okla-
homa delegation?and, I suspect, one of
the few Members of this entire body?
who can claim to have been born in a
territory-of the United States before its
admission to statehood. I recognize that
Hawaii's two very able Representatives
share that distinction with me, as do
both of the gentlemen who represent the
State in the U.S. Senate.
At the time Congress was considering
statehood for Hawaii, there was consid-
erable doubt expressed about the wisdom
of statehood for noncontiguous terri-
tories and, in some people's minds, doubt
about the island's readiness for state-
hood. I am glad to be able to say that I
was one who did not share either of those
doubts. And I share the view expressed
by other Members who have spoken that
the contribution which Hawaii has made,
as a State, to her own people and to the
Nation as a whole have surpassed even
the most optimistic expectations and
have more than warranted my support
and that of the other Members of Con-
gress who voted for admission.
I congratulate the citizens of Hawaii
upon the excellence with which they
have assumed the responsibilities of
statehood, and I congratulate the gen-
tleman and gentlewoman, upon the qual-
E 2043
ity of representation which they have
given their State. While I have differed
with them on issues, I know them as
dedicated public servants who are con-
scientious in their efforts to serve the
people who have sent them here.
May the next 10 years be as remark-
able as the past decade has been, is my
wish for Hawaii and her people.
MAKE PUNISHMENT ITT CRIME
HON. HENRY C. SCHADEBERG
Or WISCONSIN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mr. SCHADEBERG. Mr. Speaker, the
Janesville Gazette in my district is one
of the finest newspapers in the country.
Robert W. Bliss is the knowledgeable
Publisher of the Janesville Gazette. He
has written a challenging and provoca-
tive editorial on the Vietnam war which
I submit to my colleagues in the House.
It is directed to the President of the
United States. It should be read by every
Member of Congress as well.
The editorial follows:
MAKE PUNISHMENT FIT CRIME
The Vietnam War forced Lyndon Johnson
to abandon any plans he might have had for
another term as President, and now that same
issue starts Richard Nixon squarely in the
face. And events in recent weeks have sharply
reduced his maneuvering room
The Paris peace talks drag interminably on,
with progress measured in millimeters. While
the talk continues, Americans are being killed
and the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese are
strengthening their position.
President Johnson reached an "under-
standing" with the North Vietnamese last
November. Under its terms, the United States
would stop bombing North Vietnam if the
Communists would not shell population cen-
ters in South Vietnam.
That understanding has been violated at
least four times by the Communists. Saigon
was hit by enemy rockets yesterday, with 25
civilians killed and 70 wounded. The attack
came hard on the heels of Nixon's statement
that the United States "will not tolerate a
continuation of this kind of attack without
some response that will be appropriate."
The latest attack put the next move up to
Nixon, but he apparently will not make it
until Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird re-
turns next week from Vietnam. Whatever de-
cision he makes will be an agonizing one.
Nixon could resume full scale bombing of
North Vietnam, which would be nothing more
than continuation of Johnson's discredited
war policy. We bombed North Vietnam for
more than three years with little effect on the
enemy's fighting effectiveness. Even the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, when asked by former De-
fense Secretary Clark Clifford last year what
effect the bombing had, replied "Not much."
North Vietnam would gain more politically
than it would lose militarily from resumed
full-scale bombing. The bombing of the north
was the single greatest factor that turned
world opinion against the United States in
this seemingly endless conflict.
But if Nixon does nothing about the re-
cent Communist attacks, the enemy is likely
to escalate them to gain a better bargaining
position in Paris as well as a better military
position in Vietnam. Doing nothing also
would undercut Nixon's largely conservative
support at home.
One thing Nixon has on his side is the
fact that the United States has demonstrated
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CONGRESSIONAL
a sincere desire for peace. We have riot vio-
lated the "understanding." The Coz4iiumists
have
Clearly Nixon must make some eaponse,
but the punishment should fit the c
What seems to be indicated here i clear
message to North Vietnam that t fp next
attack will result in a bombing ;Mission
against a military concentration in' North
Vietnam. One attack, one bombing mission.
This limited response will demonstrate that
we seek no wider war, and at the setae time
Will serve notice on the Uommunists that we
do not intend to negotiate under the gun.
RECENT PAY RAISES uNETHICAL
HON. J. HERBERT BURKE
OF rioaro.A
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mr. BURKE of Florida. Mr. Speaker,
Ialthough I agree with the comments
which my colleague, the-gentleman from
Kentucky (Mr. CARTER) , made On the
I-louse floor on Monday, March 10, and
Ooin in his sentiments, nevertheless, I
feel that if the recent pay increase is as
he says unconstitutional, then a , court
tuit would be sufficient to determine the
alidity of the law granting the raise. I
believe, however, we should be justifiably
Sure and for this reason I have intro-
duced legislation that would repeal the
jay raise granted to Congress, the ju-
iciary, and other Federal officialS.
I I, like many of my colleagues had
trong objection to the manner by Inch
these pay raises came about, since felt
at in these trying times when in tion
threatens the very economic foun tion
f our Nation, our right to enact pay raise
1 gislation should have been debate and
assed by the vote of the Members r ther
t an by the back-door method that Was
used.
Some of us through our vote in tan-
g ess have consistently exercised re-
s raint and responsibility when voti d on
iijportant fiscal matters. The fact lillat
we were denied the opportunity t ,di-
rectly oppose the pay increase is in s irp
conflict with our past efforts to be Isure
tc help bring our financial picture into
sharper focus through our vote.
I am not a rich man and could use the
increase, but I did not think that we had
the moral or ethical right to take Ithe
method that the Congress did in milli,-
in at the figure recommended by th se-
le t Commission.
ore importantly, the method by
w ich the pay increase was unpleme ted
raises a far more serious question of
wt,at is right and what is wrong?Par-
ticularly in these times when inflatiOn
is literally robbing millions of peop14 Of
any hope for their economic future. 1
ft is my hope that through passageof
thiS legislation Congress will repeal he
pay raise. In this way, it can later br rig
the case for the raise to the floor for 4l?
bate and grant to each of us the righ to
vot as we should, either for or against.
I
I
RECORD ? Extensions
IN SEARCH OF A FUTURE
HON. DONALD M. FRASER
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 17, 1969
Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, on March
4, 1969, students and professors in col-
leges and universities throughout the
nation took time to reflect upon, to ques-
tion, and to protest the misuse of science
for military ends. When one pauses to
consider the fact that defense now ab-
sorbs 60 percent of our national budget,
and about 12 percent of the gross na-
tional product, and that the United
States and Russia between them have
nuclear stockpiled which allow for ap-
proximately 15 tons of TNT for every
man, woman, and child on earth, the sig-
nificance of this day take on tragic pro-
portions.
Dr. George Wald the 1968 Nobel Prize
winner in physiology and medicine, ad-
dressed a crowd of 1,200 on that day at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technol-
ogy. Participants there in the March 4
Movement were disturbed at the lack of
focus in the days nufnerous panel dis-
cussions and speeches', Dr. Wald pro-
vided that locus.
In what the Boston Globe said "may
be the most important Speech of our
time," Dr. Wald discusses'sre of the
most immediate issues facin our coun-
try today?the conflict in Vietnam, the
draft, the ABM system, the crisis in our
educational system, nuclear stoCkpiling,
and the increasing size of the military-
industrial complex:.
This is the profound, moving testi-
mony of a man deeply troubled by the
incongruities of life today. But, these are
also the words of a man truly aware of
mankind's potential for good?of man's
ability to create one world, a world for
all men,
I commend this speech to my col-
leagues, and I include it in the RECORD
with the sincere hope that Dr. Wald's
thought will help us all to become more
completely committed to the idea that
"our business is with life, not death."
The speech follows:
A GENERATION IN SEARCH OF A FUTURE,
(By Dr. George Wald)
All of you know that in the last couple of
years there has been student unrest break-
ing at times into violence in many parts of
the world: in England, Germany, Italy,
Spain, Mexico and needless to say, in many
parts of this country. There has been a great
deal of discussion as to what it all peens.
Perfectly clearly it means something- differ-
ent in Mexico from what it does in France,
and something different in FranceslIt'atm what
it does in Tokyo, and something fferent in
Tokyo from what it does in this country. Yet
unless we are to assume that students have
gone crazy all over the world, or that they
have just decided that it's the thing to do,
there must be some common meaning.
I don't need to go SO far afield to look for
that meaning. I am a teacher, and at Harvard,
I have a class of a,b(aat 350 students?men
and women?most of them freshmen and
sophomores. Over these past few years I
have felt increasingly ;hat something is ter-
ribly wrong?and this year ever so much
of Remarks March' 969
more than last. Something has gone sour, in
teaching and in learning. It's almost as
though there were a widespread feeling that
education has become irrelevant.
A lecture is much more of a dialogue than
many of you probably appreciate. As you lec-
ture, you kneep watching the faces; and
information keeps coming back to you all the
time. I began to feel, particularly this year,
that I was missing much of what was corning
back. I tried asking the students, but they
didn't or couldn't help me very much.
But I think I know what's the matter,
even a little better than they do. I think that
this whole generation of students is beset
with a profound uneasiness. I don't think
that they have yet quite defined its source. I
think I understand the reasons for their
uneasiness even better than they do. What is
more, I share their uneasiness.
What's bothering those students? Some of
them tell you it's the Vietnam War. I think
the Vietnam War is the most shameful epi-
sode in the whole of American history. The
concept of War Crimes is an American in-
vention. We've committed many War Crimes
in Vietnam; but I'll tell you something in-
teresting about that. We were committing
War Crimes in World War II, even before
Nuremburg trials were held and the principle
of war crimes started. The saturation bomb-
ing of German cities was a War Crime and
if we had lost the war, some of our leaders
might have had to answer for it.
I've gone through all of that history lately,
and I find that there's a gimmick in it. It
isn't written out, but I think we established
it by precedent. That gimmick is that if one
can allege that one is repelling or retaliating
for an aggression?after that everything
goes. And you see we are living in a world
In which all wars are wars of defense. All
War Departments are now Defense Depart-
ments. This is all part of the double talk of
our time. The aggressor is always on the
other side. And I suppose this is Why our
ex-Secretary of State, Dean Rusk?a man in
Whom repetition takes the place of reason,
and stubbornness takes the place of charac-
ter?went to such pains to insist, as he still
insists, that in Vietnam we are repelling an
aggression. And if that's what we are
doing?so runs the doctrine?anything goes.
If the concept of war crimes is ever to mean
anything, they will have to be defined as
categories of acts, regardless of provocation.
But that isn't so now.
I think we've lost that war, as a lot of
other people think, too. The Vietnamese have
a secret weapon. Its their willingness to die,
beyond our willingness to kill. In effect
they've been saying, you Can kill us, but
you'll have to kill a lot of us, you may have
to kill all of us. And thank heavens, we are
not yet ready to do that.
Yet we have come a long Way?far enough
to sicken many Americans, far enough even
to sicken our fighting men, Far enough so
that our national symbols have gone sour.
How many of you can sing about "the rock-
ets' red glare, bombs bursting in air" with-
out thinking, those are our bombs and our
rockets bursting over South Vietnamese vil-
lages? When those words were written, we
were a people struggling for freedom against
oppression. Now we are supporting real or
thinly disguised military dictatorships all
over the world, helping them to control and
repress peoples all over the world, helping
them to control and repress peoples strug-
gling for their freedom.
But that Vietnam War, shameful and ter-
rible as it is, seems to me only an immediate
Incident in a much larger and more stub-
born situation,
Part of my trouble with students is that
almost all the students I teach were born
since World War II. Just after World War
II, a series of new and abnormal procedures
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NEW YC.AtiprtithildiStir Release 2002/10/09 :-LOWSPVIA46614R000300150001-81jA"
Warning on Peri! to the Puebio,
Went Astray, House Unit Says
By WARREN WEAVER Jr.
&Pedal to he New Yorik 'nines
WASHINGTON, March 14 ?
The National Security Agency
issued a written warning a
month before the U.S.S. Pueblo
was captured that the danger
of its mission had been under-
estimated and protection for
the intelligence ship should be
given serious Consideration.
But, a House subcommittee
reported today, the message
never got through to any of
the top military authorities to
whom it was sent, including the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chief
of Naval Operations and the
Commander in Chief of United
States Forces in the Pacific.
The investigating committee
also reported for the first time
officially that the National Se-
curity Agency had been respon-
sible for the special intelligence
unit aboard the Pueblo and that
the Central Intelligence Agency
had had nothing to do with the
mission.
Even if the military commu-
nications system had not failed
at the critical moment, the
warning was sent, the Pueblo
and its crew of 83 might have
been seized by the North Kore-
ans on Its first intelligence
mission anyway.
The admiral who cleared that
mission as involving "minimal
risk" testified today that he
would have taken exactly the
same action even if he had re-
ceived the message from the
National Security Agency ?
United Press International
Rear Adm. Frank L. Johnson
which he did not.
"These messages come
through all the time," said
Rear Adm. Frank L. Johnson,
who was Commander of United
States Naval Forces Japan, at
the time of the Pueblo incident.
Later, Admiral Johnson said
he did not want to give the
impression he ignored messages
from the National Security
Agency, but he said that there
was "a constant flow of this
type of accusation and threats
?reports of possible enemy at-
tacks ? passing through his
Navy office.
Admiral Johnson testified for
Continued on Page 7,-tolumn
tea %.tir hours before the
House Armed Forces subcom-
mittee investigating the Pueblo.
The subcommittee is headed by
Representative Otis .G Pike
Democrat of Suffolk County.
A the opening of the hear-
ing, Representative Pike read
a three-page 'statement of
fact"?conclusions reached by
the subcommittee based on a
series of closed hearings "on th
Pueblo with intelligence offi-
cials.,
Story of the Warnhm
This statement included the
story of the National Security
Agency warning and how it
went astray, plus two more ul-
timate ironic facts: The direc-
tor of the agency never saw
the message, which had been
sent over his signature by a
staff member, until after the
Pueblo was captured; and the
agency, according to the Pike
subcommitteehad neither the
responsibilitrpr the author-
,
ty" to send -the message, in
he first place.
The Pike committee also
said its inquiry had established
the following:
(iThe Central, jaeligzice
enc did not
Pueblo mission, staff it or nky
any part in its formulation.
unit aboard the Pueblo was
under the supervision of the
National- Sestelisy,
wMh7h?d-eaTi?basic I th
e ec_r2msAuryalance___and
crystpmaphic?work.
tiThe amount of review that
the Joint Chiefs of Staff give
any one of the large number
of intelligence missions, such
ar the Pueblo's, is "necessarily
citrgorY4afitrperfunctory;"
'4"There is' a great difference
of opinion at high intelligence
levels as to whether or not
the loss of the \ Pueblo was very
serious in terms of our national
security and national in-
telligence effort.
"There was, and remains, a
great deal of confusion at high
Navy levels as to the rating
of missions in terms of risk."
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EVENING ST A?.
DATE
WaminLon uebla'
_
ever Deily red
?
By WILLIAM' GR'G The stateirient continued:
Star Staff Writer
Closed-door hearings of the
House Armed Services subcom-
mittee investigating the Pueblo
seizure have disclosed that a
National Security Agency mes-
sage to the Joint Chiefs of Staff
warned that the Pueblo might
be ,,in more danger than first
thought.
But the message never reach-
ed the Joint Chiefs, who, on
the same day, approved as low
risk the spy ship's mission off
North Korea, where it was
seized by the Communists last
year.
The subcommittee today re-
leased a summary of its closed-
session findings, which also!
said:
"There was, and remains,- a!
great deal of confusion at high
Navy -levet 'as to the rating ofl
(intelligence) missions in terMs!
of risk."
Thousands of reconnaissance
missions are approved each
year, the statement said. Be-
cause of this volume the review
and approval procedures of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff have been
"necessarily cursory and per-
functory,"
"On the same day that the
(Pueblo) mission was approved
by the Joint Chiefs, a message
was sent over the signature of
the director of the National Se-
curity Agency suggesting that
the characterization of the mis-
sion as minimal risk might
be wrong. The message did
not object to sending the Pueblo
but said consideration should
be given to protecting it.
"The message was directed
to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. No
Continued From Page A-1
member of the Joint Chiefs
received the message.
"The message was received at
the staff level of the Joint
Chiefs and redirected to the
commander in chief, Pacific..
"The commander in chief, Pa-
cific, apparently never received
the message. It was received at
the staff level in his office and
not brought to his attention.
"At the same time that the
message was redirected to the
commander in chief, Pacific, an
information copy was sent to the
chief of naval operations. The
information copy was never de-
livered."
'Although the message carried
the signature of the director of
tliel NSA, the subcommittee said
"The-re are hundreds of people
In the National Security Agency
who are authorized to send out
messages signed 'Director, Na-
tional Security Agency'."
"The director never saw it un-
til after the Pueblo was cap-
tured" by North Korea last
year, said subcommittee chair-
man Otis Pike, D-N.Y.
Pike also acknowledged that
NSA "had neither the responsi-
bility nor the authority" to ques-
i4lumu6
tioii A* ortheifueblo
-- ---
However, the subcommittee
said that, while the Pueblo's
mission was requested by the
Navy, additional tasks were
given to it by the National
Security Agency at the Navy's
invitation.
"The Central Intelligence
Agency neither requested the
mission, had any part in its
formulation nor any personnel
involved in it," the report said.
The subcommittee found there
remains a great difference of
opinion at high intelligence
levels about whether the loss of
the Pueblo also was very ser-
ious in terms of either the na-
tional security of the United
States or the national intelli-
gence effort.
None of the witnesses the sub-
committee heard said they felt
the risk to the Pueblo was in-
creased when 31 North Korean
infiltrators made an attack and
an attempted assassination of
the president of South Korea
was made two days before the
Pueblo's capture.
According to the subcommit-
tee, military intelligence mis-
sions numbering in the thou-
sands are conducted each year
approaching the sensitive areas
such as the territorial waters
and the air space of Communist
bloc countries. These range from
very simple protects strch as
weather patrols to 'more sophis-
ticated" missions than that of
the Pueblo.
"To put this into some
perspective," the subcommittee
said, "the Soviets have over 4
times as many reconnaissance
ships similar to the Pueblo as
we have."
American intelligence mis-
sions can be planned at very
high leyels or "from quite far
down" in the Navy, Air Force or
Army.
The subcommittee resumed
open hearings today with testi-
mony from Rear Adm Frank L.
Johnson, commander of U.S. na-
val forces, Japan, at the time of
the Pueblo incident.
He testified he was "sem'-
what opposed" to eveh the two
.50-calibre machine guns which
were installed on the Pueblo be-
cause these "might be consid-
ered provocative."
He said he was also opposed
because of the success of 16 un-
armed missions conducted as of
December 1967 alid because the
capabilities of sudh w4aponSare
'ilnarginal in any except limited
Circumstances such as mall
boats and personnel."
He said he also felt that the
availability of these weapons
"might encourage ill-advised
counteraction" by crew mem-
bers and "create the opposite of
the desired unopposed use of and
Safety on the high seas."
The guns were not used by the
crew when the North Korean:
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March 10, 1969 AERTNISTIMIts RPM ENOWs7 WqMigN0300150001-8 E1803
G
WHAT NEXT FOR COMMANDER
BUCHER?
dents, but was up 19 percent in cities
of only 25,000 to 50,000 people. And in
suburban areas, an increase of 18 per-
cent was recorded.
The FBI also stated that the police
were successful in clearing only 20 per-
cent of the crimes reported, a decline of
9 percent from the clearing rate for the
previous year.
And during 1968, police arrests for all
criminal acts rose only 4 percent, com-
pared to the 17-percent overall rise in
crime.
Crime is clearly a nationwide problem
rquiring action at every level of govern-
ment from the Federal level down to the
States, counties, cities, and towns. These
new FBI statistics serve to point up the
dimensions of the crime crisis. Every
State should review its own laws and en-
forcement procedures, and especially its
courts. Congressional committees should
immediately do the same.
DEPARTMENT DENIES HOOVER
RETIREMENT
HON. CARLETON J. KING
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 10, 1969
? Mr. KING. Mr. Speaker, many Ameri-
cans heaved a sigh of relief when it
became known officially that J. Edgar
Hoover does not plan to retire as Direc-
tor of the Federal Bureau of Investiga-
tion. Mr. Hoover has a tremendous rec-
ord, one which many of us feel will never
be equaled again in our history. We all
wish him continued good health, for
while he is on the job we feel we can
rest at night. The Copley News Service
printed the dential, which I am pleased
to quote:
PLANS TO CONTINUE: DEPARTMENT DENIES
HOOVER RETIREMENT
WASHINGON.?The Justice Department
Wednesday flatly denied reports that J. Edgar
Hoover plans to retire next Jan. 1 as director
of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
The report has been published in various
newspapers and syndicated columns in the
past week.
"There is absolutely no truth to it," said
a spokesman for Atty. Gen. John Mitchell.
"There is no understanding between Mr.
Hoover and the attorney general concerning
any resignation or retirement. Mr. Hoover
has not indicated any such plans to the
President or the attorney general.
"President Nixon asked Mr. Hoover to
continue in his position as director and he
agreed. That is the simple situation."
One published report, it was disclosed, was
traced to "a cocktail party conversation." The
man who wrote it did not check with the
Justice Department, officials said.
Speculation about Hr. Hoover's future has
flared from time to time for several years
in Washington.
The director is 74 years old. He will be 75
next Jan. 1. He entered the Justice Depart-
ment in 1917, became special assistant to the
attorney general in 1919 and was appointed
assistant director of the old Bureau of In-
vestigation in 1921. He became director of
the bureau in 1924 and began building the
FBI.
Associates describe Hoover's health as
"excellent."
"I have a hard time keeping up with him,"
confessed one aide many years his junior.
HON. GLENN CUNNINGHAM
OF NEBRASKA *
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, March 10, 1969
Mr. CUNNINGHAM. Mr. Speaker, to-
day, Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher is sched-
uled to testify for the last time before the
Naval Court of Inquiry in Coronado,
Calif.
But last week the man who com-
manded the Pueblo was in a different at-
mosphere. The orphan who overcame
many obstacles to gain that command
was enjoying two of the things he loves
most?his family and the sea.
Washington Post staff writer George
C. Wilson recorded this poignant return
to the sea of the the man whom we in
Nebraska are especially proud. He is one
of ours?a graduate of Boys Town and
the University of Nebraska.
Mr. Speaker, I commend to my col-
leagues Mr. Wilson's account which ap-
peared on page 1 of that paper's Sunday,
March 9, edition, as well as the Parade
magazine story, "What Next for Com-
mander Bucher?" of the same date:
[From the Washington (D.C.) Post, Mar. 9,
1969]
BUCHER RETURNS TO THE SEA
(By George C. Wilson)
"I'm about ready to go to sea again," Cmdr.
Lloyd M. Bucher of the Pueblo said as he felt
the sloop rising with the swells from the open
sea.
Point Loma?holding the Pacific back from
San Diego Bay?was dead ahead. Once past
the point, Bucher would be free again?free
of the oppressive atmosphere in that tiny
hearing room in Coronado, Calif., where five
admirals are trying to decide what to do
about this skipper who gave up the ship.
But on this day, the courtroom was well
astern of the graceful Kabala, a 29-foot sloop
chartered for the day. And "Pete" Bucher
was feeling a helm for the first time since
Jan. 23, 1968, when his ship was captured by
North Koreans off Wonsan.
It felt good. His wife, Rose, said she could
tell. "Pete wants to go to sea again," she said
even before the commander himself an-
nounced it from the bow. And Rose?though
separated from her husband for 11 harrow-
ing months while he was imprisoned in North
Korea?did not try to fight it.
She was enjoying the sail, taking the tiller
herself occasionally and grateful the whole
family was together at last.
- The Bucher's' sons?Michael, 16, and Mark,
14?were aboard, accompanied by a friend.
They worked the jib sheets and tried the
tiller when their skipper-father relinquished
It.
Bucher's eyes roved the shoreline. He
spotted the unmistakable shape of the type
of vessel he still loves most?a submarine. He
headed the Kahala right for the base where
the sub was tied up.
He got close enough: to read the numbers.
And there beside the sub he had ilibt spotted
lay the Ronquil, a submarine he knew inside
and out. He had served as her executive offi-
cer before getting command of the Pueblo.
Easing the sloop alongside the nearest sub,
Bucher asked permission to tie up. The sub's
executive officer came on deck and welcomed
the fellow submariner and his family aboard.
"Welcome home, captain," said a sailor
standing atop the long black hull of the sub.
An officer told Bucker: "I plastered my car
With Remember the Pueblo stickers."
Bucher and his family retired to the Bal-
last Tank?a club near Point Loma which
submariners built. He met a few old friends
there and relived the days before the Pueblo.
Then it was back to the sloop and back to
Coronado. On Monday he is scheduled to
testify for the last time before the Naval
Court of Inquiry there. Then maybe a big
maybe?it will be back to sea.
WHAT NEXT FOR COMMANDER BTJCILER?
(By Lloyd Shearer)
CORONADO, CALu..?Last month, the U.S.
Navy's court of inquiry, investigating the
North Korean capture of our spy ship
Pueblo?the Navy prefers to call it an Auxili-
ary Oceanographic Environmental Research
Craft?got into gear.
It is the most publicized hearing of its type
in the 191 years of American Naval history,
which began in 1775 when George Washing-
ton ordered officers and men from his Army
to man five schooners and a sloop to prey on
inbound English supply vessels.
The Pueblo court of inquiry was covered
by every major radio and television network
in this country, plus 68 journalists repre-
senting the domestic and foreign press.
One result of this intensive press coverage
and almost daily TV exposure is that Comdr.
Lloyd "Pete" Bucher, skipper of the Pueblo,
is today, in the eyes of the public, the best-
known and most identifiable man in the
U.S. Navy.
If you doubt that statement, stop any ten
pedestrians or as many as you like, ask theta
if they can identify two prominent Navy
officers, one named Moorer, the other named
Bucher.
Adm. Thomas Moorer, Chief of Naval
Operations and a member of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, IS the Navy's highest ranking officer.
But publicity-wise, he is understandably
enough, no match for Pete Bucher.
FLOOD OF LETTERS
Like it or not, and he doesn't particularly,
Bucher at 41 but looking 55, has become a
public idol. Circumstances have launched
him into a celebrity orbit where he is trying
to maintain a "standard" bearing?standard
is one of his favorite adjectives?in what is
for him a strange environment of congratu-
latory telegrams, supportive letters, and ad-
miring phone calls, all numbering in the
hundreds.
He is also, via his civilian attorney Miles
Harvey, the recipient of many lucrative offers
for books, articles, TV, radio and club ap-
pearances, none of which he can presently
accept without Navy clearance.
His wife, Rose, has already received $27,500
from McCall's magazine for an article, largely
ghost-written, describing her wifely and
frustrating efforts to free the Pueblo and its
crew. While Bucher, if he resigns from the
Navy, can easily, in the opinion of one top
Hollywood agent, "earn a million bucks or
more from the film rights to his life story.
"Bucher's biography," claims agent Red
Hirschorn, "has all the ingredients for a
great motion picture: adventure, humor,
tragedy, love, danger, and, best of all, a
happy ending.
"What I would like to see him do is to
play the leading film role himself. I'm sure
he can do it. He's intelligent, articulate,
photogenic. As an actor, he could lend au-
thority to the part. Even more important,
we could probably get him a percentage of
the profits, which I feel would be more than
sizabld. If lucky, he might earn as much as
$2 million."
Pete Bucher has 18 years of Navy service
to his retirement credit. He can retire at the
end of 20 or 30 years. The choice is his. If he
retires at the end of 20 years, he draws 50
percent of his salary or about $503 a month.
If he retires at the end of 30 years, he draws
two-thirds of his commander's salary.
There is little doubt that Bucher can prob-
ably earn more money outside the Navy than
Inside. But if there was a man who lived
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CONGKESSIUN
the service with unflagging dedication it's
Pete Bucher. Friends say it would take more
than money for Bucher to resign his commis-
sion. "A bum rap," says an old shipmate, "a
serious reprimand by higher authority might
do it. Otherwise, I'm sure Pete will pull his
20 or 30 years."
Bucher has described the Navy as "my
whole life," and has reportedly requested a
submarine command. But he probably will
have a lengthy wait before he learns of his
next assignment.
The court of inquiry, studying thousands
of pages of transcript, will first send its find-
ings and recommendations unannounced to
Adm. John J. Hyland, Commander in Chief
of the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, who origi-
nally ordered the court to convene.
Admiral Hyland's review and recommen-
dations will then be bucked along to Admiral
Moorer in.Washington. Moorer in turn will
pass his recommendation to Secretary of the
Navy John Chaffee.
That ends the Navy's immediate chain of
command. But Secretary of Defense Melvin
Laird will probably take a good, hard,
close look at the findings and then pass
them along to President Nixon, who has de-
clared publicly that he will review the entire
Pueblo affair, not only on the basis of in-
nocence or guilt of Bucher but on the basis
of preventing any other such ship loss.
In addition, the Pueblo skipper will have
to testify before the Senate Armed Forces
Committee, and will probably submit to fur-
ther questioning by Deputy Defense Secre-
tary David Packard, also charged with in-
vestigating the cause eelebre.
"I LOVE, ROSE"
In fact, Bucher is likely to spend most of
this year responding on a number of oc-
casions to the same questions put to him
by Capt. William Newsome and the five
scrupulously fair admirals who conducted
the court of inquiry. He answered these
questions in detail?honestly, forthrightly,
factually, with a minimum of melodrama
until that memorable, emotion-charged
Thursday morning when his brown eyes
welled up with tears and a lump formed in
his throat. It was the morning during which
he told the court in cracked voice of how,
When he thought the North Koreans were
about to blow out his brains, "I repeated
over and over again a phrase, 'I love you,
Rose.' I thought this would keep my mind
off what was going to happen."
The two questions the public as well as
Bucher are most interested in at this point
are (1) will he be court-martialed for hav-
ing violated Navy regulations, Article 0730?
It states: "The commanding officer shall not
permit his command to be searched by any
person representing a foreign state nor per-
mit any of the personnel under his command
to be removed from the command by such
person, so long as he has the power to re-
sist." (2) Will he be given command of an-
other U.S. Navy.ship?
During the course of the Pueblo court of
inquiry, I polled four separate groups on
these two questions. They consisted of 38
journalists covering the hearing, 18 retired
Navy officers, 30 enlisted Navy men on the
amphibious command base, and 12 Navy
wives.
These groups agreed almost unanimously,
for a variety of reasons, that Comdr. Lloyd
Bucher would never again command a Navy
ship. And of the 98 persons questioned, only
11 thought that the admirals of the court
of inquiry would recommend a court-mar-
tial for the Pueblo commander.
Most thought he would be exiled to a safe,
non-controversial shore job in some quiet,
out-of-the-way Navy installation rarely visi-
ted by journalists. There he would be per-
mitted to languish until retirement.
"My guess," said one Navy wife, "is that
Pete Bucher will be assigned to a weather
station in Key West, Fla."
"My feeling," cracked a reporter, "is that
they will send him back to Boys Town to
head the Navy ROTC there."
A yeoman second class suggested possible
transfer to the U.S. Embassy in Bolivia as
our Naval attache.
NO SCAPEGOAT
Despite what some people may think, the
Navy is not attempting to make Commander
Bucher a scapegoat. He remains sure that
the sins of his superiors, if any are revealed,
will not accrue to him. The upper echelons
of the Navy are staffed by professional, fair-
minded, and humane men, not bloodless
martinetts, and they will not permit Bucher
to suffer for the bad luck or incompetency
of others. Even if a few admirals were thus-
ly inclined, President Nixon, a former Navy
man like his two presidential predecessors,
would not countenance it.
The Navy operates on the traditional,
helpful, and valid doctrine of accountability.
A captain in command of a ship and a ship's
company is held accountable for his deci-
sions. If he lases his ship, he muat explain
its loss before the proper authoilty and be
prepared to accept praise or cofidemnation.
In the exercise of this doctrjxe the Navy's
motivation may be partially unitive?after
all, punishment serves as ft. deterrent to
carelessness and irresponsi lity?but it is
also motivated by a cons ctive search for
truth to remedy faults in ,equipment, con-
trol command and tactics.
The Pueblo was not lost n vain. The Navy
has since taken steps to i rease the arma-
ment of its intelligence slips and to pro-
vide them with destruct y systems, secret
weapons, and rapid scuttlinedevices.
hammers to destroy secret ge r and tin cans
The crew of the Pueblo to use sledge-
in which to burn secret papVs. It had no
quick way of scuttling. But Its two sister
ships, the Banner and Palm Batch, have al-
ready been improved 100 perceitk in those
departments.
Moreover, the Navy has re-examlped the
vital questions of how, where, and, when
intelligence ships should operate, what cap-
tains and crews should do in the oak of
harassment, and how communications 'be-
tween command and control forces can 41:te
bettered.
Even more important, the general public\
as well as Navy hands now know that ac-
cording to terms of the U.S.-Japan security
treaty, the U.S. is not permitted to launch
an attack from any base in Japan unless
Japan is being attacked or will grant per-
mission for the strike. This treaty comes up
for renewal next year, and Leftist elements
in Japan do not want it renewed. They want
no 'U.S. bases, Air, Army, or Naval, on Japa-
nese soil for fear they will be involved in a
war not of their making.
Several Japanese editors have been quick
to point out that if aircraft from the Enter-
prise, 600 miles away from the Pueblo on
Jan. 23, 1968, had been ordered to rescue
Bucher and his men, North Korean MI6's
would have flown out to meet them. An air
battle would have ensued. Eventually Japan
might have found herself under air bom-
bardment from North Korea.
Bucher testified at the court of inquiry
that he was expecting U.S. assistance of some
sort from American forces in Japan, South
Korea or at sea. "How about a little help
out here?" the Pueblo radioed. "These guys
mean business."
When no help was forthcoming, Bucher
dedided that hem'ined in as he was by North
Korean torpedo and gunboats, he had no
alternative but to stall the enemy while his
crew destroyed as much secret gear as
possible.
To fight back with two .50-caliber machine
guns and hand arms, he decided, would have
meant the loss of his entire crew.
What would Bucher have gained if he had
fought back to the last man, losing his com-
pany of 83 men, and in the process creating
38 Pueblo widows and causing 68 children to
become fatherless?
A large segment of the publiehelieves that
in losing both his ship and men in addition
to possibly involving the U.S. in a resump-
tion of war with North Korea, Commander
Bucher would have gained nothing but
tragedy.
Several veteran Navy officers, however, be-
lieve that by resisting, Bucher would have
gained honor. He would have been true to
the Navy tradition of "don't give up the
ship." Ile would have done his professional
duty. He would have shown the North Ko-
reans 9iitt they could not violate interna-
tional law and pirate an American ship with-
out paying some price. He would have added
to the prestige of the nation and inspired
our soldiers and sailors all down the line.
GO DOWN FIGHTING
A representative of such thinking, Adm.
Arleigh Burke, former Chief of Naval Opera-
tions, says, "A man has to die sometime, and
he should die proud. A ship is, after all, a
part of your country. A captain doesn't give
it up easily. He should go down fighting."
Adm. William Raborn, Jr. formerly in
charge of the Polaris missile project and
later chief of the Central Intelligence Agency,
is not so sure.
"When I was first asked," he says, "what
I would do if I had been in Bucher's shoes,
I said, 'I would've shot the hell out of them.
I would've made those North Koreans pay a
high price.'
"But now in restrospect," Inborn asserts,
"I think I shot my mouth off. The more I
read about the capture of the Pueblo, how
Bucher was ordered to lay low, to play it cool,
not to be aggressive, the more I realize that
no man can truly realize how he would act
under those same conditions. I would rescind
my previous statement and say that Bucher
may have done the right thing. I am not in
any position to know, and I do not want to
generalize in a spirit of bravado how I would
have fought gallantly to the last man."
FOUR MARYLAND MARINES DIE IN
VIET WAR
\ HON. CLARENCE D. LONG
OF' MARYLAND
THE HOUSE .OF REPRESENTATIVES
a
\ Monday, March 10, 1969
Mr.\LONO of Maryland, Mr. Speaker,
Pfc. Arnold Hilb, Pfc. Robert H. Trail
III, 1st Sgt. Warren R. Furse, and Pfc.
John T. Hare, four fine young men from
Maryland, were killed recently in Viet-
nam. I would like to commend their
courage and honor their memory by in-
cluding the following article in the
RECORD:
FOUR MARYLAND MARINES DIE IN VIET WAR
Four more Maryland marines, including
two from Baltimore, have been killed in Viet-
nam, the Defense Department announced
yesterday.
Listed as dead were:
Pfc. Arnold Hilb, son of Mrs. Klara Hilb,
of 5613 Cross Country boulevard, who died
February 27 from wounds received in a mor-
tar explosion near Quang Tri,
Pfc, Robert H. Trail 3rd, ward of Mr. and
Mrs. Eli F. killed in a skirmish with enemy
troops February 26 in Bien Hoa province.
First Sgt. Warren R. Furse, husband of
Mrs. Arrie A. Furse, of 811 Surly road, Aber-
deen, Md., who died February 28 in a field
camp 6 miles northeast of An Hoa.
Pfc. John T. Hare, son of James E. Hare,
of 206 Elder street, Cumberland, Md., killed
in action February 25.
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Approved For Release 2002/10/09 :,CIA-RDP71B00364R000300150001-8
WASHINCTI L)IN r".17
Message on Risk'
To Pueblo Strayed
17n1ted Press International
A. message to the Joint
Chiefs of Staff warnink that
the ill-fated last mission as-
Ninehthe ES_S_Paleblo might
be quite risky never reached
the Chiefs, Congressional in-
VeStigators charged yesterday.
The warning by the Na-
tiOnat Security Agency was
gent ,on the same day as the
Joint Chiefs approved the mis-
sion as a low-risk operation,
Rep. Otis Pike (D-N.Y.) de-
clared.
The message carried the sig-
nature of the director of the
NSA, "suggesting that the
characterization of the mission
as minimal risk might be
wrong," Pike said.
Pike is chairman of a spe-
cial House Armed Services
Subcommittee that has been
Investigating the seizure of
the Pueblo by Communist
North Korea on Jan. 23, 1968.
Re skid the NSA message did
not'object to sending the spy
ship off the coast of North
Korea but said consideration
should be given to proteclng
It.
The Pueblo carried out its
mission and was captured
without any sea or air protec-
tion.
Opening yesterday's session,
Pike said the Subcommittee
had unanimously reached
agreement on certain "facts"
*among them that the mes-
age went astray.
"The message was directed
to the Joint Chiefs of Staff,"
Pike said. "No member of the
'joint Chiefs of Staff received
the message.
"The message was received
at the staff level of the Joint
Chiefs and redirected to the
Commander in Chief, Pacific.
The Commander in Chief, Pa-
cific, apparrently never re-
ceived the message. It was re-
ceived at the staff lefel in his
office, and not brought to his
attention.
"At the same time that the
message was redirected to the
Commander in Chief, Pacific,
an information copy was sent
to the Chief of Naval Opera-
tions. The information copy
was never delivered.
"This message, over the sig-
nature of the director of the
National Security Agency, was
sent by a member of his staff.
The director never saw it until
after the Pueblo was cap-
tured."
Pike said hundreds of peo-
ple in NSA are authorized to
send messages signed "direc-
tor" and acknowledged that
NSA "had neither the respon-
sibility nor the authority" to
question the risk of the
Pueblo mission.
He added, however: "There
was, and remains, a great deal
of confusion at high Navy lev-
els as to the rating of missions
in terms of risk."
For its second open session,
the Subcommittee summoned
the Admiral who sent the
Pueblo on its final mission?
Rear Adm. Frank L. Johnson,
who was commander of Naval
Forces in Japan at the time.
Johnson, now commandant
of the 13th Naval District in
Seattle, Wash., repeated testi-
mony given before the Naval
Court of Inquiry in Coronado,
Calif. He added one new piece
of information about Cmdr.
Lloyd Bucher, the Pueblo's
skipper. Johnson said the skip-
per asked at a briefing if he
should use the machine guns
against a boarding party at-
tempt. Johnson said the an-
swer given was "yes." When
North Koreans did board the
Pueblo, Bucher did not fire
back. He told the Court of In-
quiry that to do so would have
been a futile gesture leading
to the "complete slaughter" of
his men.
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WASHING,i,e8Nry6gf or Re leal9A290,2!10?11%*14411P71600364R0003001500i344
Ships Pledged
By Bob Burchette?The Wast4gton Poet
Admirals Moorer, left, and McDevitt at Capitol Hill hearing on the ;Aka).
By Richard L. Lyons
Washington Post Staff Writer
The Navy's top admiral told
congress yesterday that fu-
ture Pueblo-like missions will
be backed by forces that could
go to their rescue at a mo-
ment's notice.
Adm. Thomas H. Moorer,
Chief of Naval Operations,
told a House Armed Services
subcommittee no rescue forces
had been placed on alert when
the Pueblo sailed to its cap-
ture 14 months ago because its
listening mission off the North
Korean coast was considered a
"minimal risk" operation.
Rep. William G. Bray (R-
Ind.) asked who had decided
there was little risk "when any-
one who read the newspapers
knew of threats and harass-
ment" by, North Koreat St
the South
. -
Moore $4;t4 the decision
was made by field command-
ers and approved here by the
Joint. Chiefs of Staff on which
he serves and by the office of
the Secretary of Defense, then
Roliert S. McNamara. A num-
ber of similar missions had
been carried out without inci-
dent, said Moorer. But it is
easy to see now that "we
I.goofed," he said.
I See PUEBLO, A8, Col. 3
-
The
ing wil
ings to
cial so
Rep. 0
up to
Pueblo
also cO
rity in
ther a ?
tive a,
whethe
in the
tured n
Much
peated
Navy C
fornia 1
Cmdr.
its ore
Moon
numbel
seSsiOn,
that as
tions ta
quiry h
prejudg
pressedNVITED
est pos(
'MING
Congre:
but sa)
hearing
more
than S
John C
swer to ?
tions submitted by the House
group last month.
Moorer met with the sub-
committee for 11/2 hours in
closed session yesterday after-
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