CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND TOMORROW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP71B00364R000300060001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 21, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 12, 1969
• Content Type: OPEN

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E 3822 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - xtensions o emar s a 1969
We are alerted because these groups, like resource of this nation or any nation-our
their progenitors which gave them birth, are youth;
taking advantage of serious weaknesses and Two. That we exert pressures on those ad-
illnesses within our society, fomenting dis- ministrators who require a stiffening of back-
order rather than contributing solutions to bone, to establish a policy of firmness in
these problems. They are putting their ten- dealing with those on the campus, who in
acles down, obtaining every toehold they can, the name of dissent, flout the law and invoke
especially in our colleges, our universities, violence. Too long this nation has suffered
and even among our strong business, labor from the result of permissiveness. Suspension
and civic organizations. and expulsion are still effective tools of
For their coup d'etat, they are seeking to discipline if they are wisely and timely used.
wither away the crusading spirit of this coun- Our campus problems will never be solved
try by attacking the very heart of our coun- by the "namby-pamby" attitude exhibited by
try, through those we love the most, our some of our university administrators. Those
youths, and the institutions which we have who fail to take the necessary disciplinary
established to give them the best preparation action or who follow a policy of appeasement
we possibly can for their roles in life-our
colleges and universities. And, today, they
are going one step farther, even into our high
schools and grade schools, since they realize
quite analytically that thousands and thou-
sands of our youngsters will not be going on
from high school into our colleges and uni-
versities, but are preparing themselves for
lives outside the fields requiring college and
university training.
As chairman of the House Committee on
Internal Security, one of my major responsi-
bilities is to insure that this is not done.
This does not mean that the Committee will
be going into the communities of this coun-
try and onto the high school, college and
university campuses to operate programs in
opposition to these efforts.
But it does mean that we have a responsi-
bility to investigate, report and recommend
to the Congress of the United States what
the situation is, how extensive the problems
are, and what might be done to curb the
revolutionary violence which is tearing this
country apart. Those investigations are now
being conducted and have been in progress
since the Committee was established on Feb-
ruary 19th.
The .student rebellions which have para-
-lyzed our colleges and universities are not
a sudden event. They have been building up
for many years. The causes are not solely
attributable to Marxist and communist ac-
tivity but the Marxist oriented actions of the
old and new left are becoming more visible
with the occurrence of each campus disorder.
The general public has false notions about
the nature and methods of totalitarian revo-
lutionary groups, believing they operate only
secretly behind closed doors and a deep
conspiracy. But, the public, I think, overlooks
the fact that human beings are limited in
communication, for the large part, to speech
and writing-and revolutionaries, whether of
the far Left or the far Right, are human
beings. To communicate with each other they
must write and speak their thoughts and
disclose to one another their plans.
They communicate small circulation
magazines and newspapers and publicized
in direct mail appeals to groups of their
interest. Admission fees to their meetings
are always nominal-from 50 cents to a dol-
lar, rarely more than five-hence, almost any
individual or the representative of any group
has, almost for the asking, access to such
meetings where plans are made and decisions
rendered.
Toward solution of our campus problems
today, I would recommend a return to the
ideals which led to the founding of The
American Legion and urge once again:
One. That we give of our efforts so that all
students will get "a square deal" on the
college and university campuses of the
might observe that timely disciplinary action
in nearly all cases requires action long before
the campus explodes into firebombings, the
seizure of university buildings, and other
forms of violence;
Three. That we in the Congress re-evaluate
our draft laws. Personally, I have come to
believe that our policy of college deferments
are the primary underlying cause of campus
disorder. College deferments should be
abolished and those who have not fulfilled
their military obligation and fall within the
prescribed age group should take their
chances by lottery;
I make this recommendation not by way
of punishment, but to remove what I con-
sider one of the basic underlying causes of
campus disorders. The lottery method, I
recognize, as not the best way to utilize our
manpower requirements, but I believe it
should be employed at a time we are faced
with the problem of answering the question:
Who is to serve when all are not required
to serve?
Four. I call upon responsible governmental
officials, university officials, and news media
officials to work to achieve balance and per-
spective in campus coverage. There is no
doubt that there is a direct relationship be-
tween the intensity of violence in a col-
lege confrontation and the number of TV
cameras and the number of reporters on the
scene. Don't accept my word as an accurate
assessment of this phenomenon. Discuss this
problem with the intelligence units of every
police department in St. Louis, Chicago, New
York, Los Angeles, the men who work with
these problems continuously; and you will
hear the same assessment;
Five. That we listen more to the voices of
strength and reason and less to the voices
of weakness and indecision. Americans can-
not afford the luxury of living in the world
of "make believe." The world is not what
we would have it to be and unilateral action
to achieve the world of our dreams will not
bring it to pass. Those who love freedom in
Czechoslovakia today will testify to the folly
of such self-delusion;
Six. That we cease to confuse legitimate
dissent with criminal action. I am firmly
convinced that we need to improve our en-
forcement of existing laws much more than
we need new laws. This recommendation in-
cludes the necessity for many of our judges
and courts to descend from the ivory tower
and deliver us more realistic decisions that
will permit our law enforcement officers and
university officials to more effectively cope
with complex and difficult problems.
Seven. That we re-define "national secu-
rity for America," to insure that it includes
the internal as well as the external security
of this country; and
United States, that the classrooms and serv- Eight. That we re-dedicate ourselves to
ices belong properly to the majority of the promotion of 100 per cent Americanism and
campus students, not to the disduptive the combatting of the harmful aspects of
minority. This does not mean that universi- any ism-communism, nazism, fascism, so-
ties should be run by the students anymore cialism-that we re-examine the isms and
than they should be run by politicians. Uni- explore the operations of them so we can
versities should be run by experts-expert combat effectively those which would destroy
educators, who ,are charged with the respon- ouf-66 intry and the principle for which it
Bibilit of `developing 'the most important stands.
I am convinced if this Nation would give
as much intelligent and responsive attention
to controlling the riots and disturbances on
our campuses and removing the causes for
them as The American Legion has done in
solving the problems of the American vet-
eran, this country would be on the threshold
of a new era in human understanding.
With the support of The American Legion
and other organizations like it, I think we
can go a long way toward getting the job
done. This will be the "real ammunition" we
seek.
Thank
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND
W
HON. ROMAN L. HRUSKA
OF NEBRASKA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED
Monday, May 12, 1969
STATES
Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, the in-
vasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968
was a shock to the conscience of the
world and a brutal act of tyranny that
all free men deplored.
The consequences of the invasion
seemed inevitable-loss of the few free-
doms so briefly exercised, renewed po-
lice terror, and a change in government
leadership. Few thought, although many
hoped, that Alexander Dubcek would re-
main in power indefinitely and maybe
restore the lost reforms. It is true that
Mr. Dubcek sought to preserve commu-
nism in Czechoslovakia, but he also
wanted to give his people a degree of
freedom; not freedom as we know it in
the United States, but at least freedom
from arbitrary terror. Now Alexander
Dubcek has been replaced as party sec-
retary,, and a few leading figures re-
main as symbols of reform.
It is now that the people of the world
who desire freedom and respect cour-
age must remember the people of
Czechoslovakia and stand with them dur-
ing the coming period of increasing re-
pression. Person-to-person contact keeps
this memory poignant and alive.
Recently, a series of five articles came
to my'attention. They are anecdotal ac-
counts of life in Czechoslovakia, as the
author saw it during the Christmas hol-
idays of 1968. The author is Don Mil-
ler, a young administrator from the Uni-
versity of Michigan. Mr.. Miller has vis-
ited Czechoslovakia three times since
1964 and has become good friends with a
number of young Czechoslovaks. His out-
look on Czechoslovakia is that of a man
concerned for his friends' welfare but
tempered by his training as a historian.
Mr. Miller has a degree of bachelor of
arts in history from the University of
Michigan, a master of arts degree from
Brown University, and has done work to-
ward a degree of Ph. D. in history at
the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
News coverage of the invasion and oc-
cupation has mostly given us accounts of
troop movements, group -protests, and
scenes of street fighting. The world has
viewed it as a national tragedy and has
thought in general terms of the loss of
independence for the Czechoslovak na-
tion. This coverage has not brought home
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9 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
PRAISE THE LORD AND PASS
THE AMMUNITION
HON. RICHARD (DICK) ICHORD
OF MISSOURI
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 12, 1969
Mr. ICHORD. Mr. Speaker, it was a
distinct privilege for me to be the fea-
tured speaker at the 50th anniversary
prayer breakfast of the American Legion
Convention in St. Louis, Mo., last Satur-
day, hosted by Missouri's Governor, the
Honorable Warren E. Hearnes, and at the
request of the Executive National Com-
mittee of American Legion, I am insert-
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
PASS THE AMMUNITION
(Address of Congressman RICHARD H. ICH RD,
chairman, House Committee on Intetnal
Anniversary Prayer Breakfast, the Shera-
ton-Jefferson Hotel, St. Louis, Mo., May 10,
1969)
Some things are fitting and proper.
Among those most fitting and proper is
that this breakfast should be here in St.
Louis, for Missouri and St. Louis are honored
that the American Legion was founded at a
caucus here May 8 through 10th, 1919. And it
is fitting and proper that the Governor of our
State, a chief executive who stands firmly for
the principles and ideals of the American
Legion should be our host.
Let me say to my visiting fellow Legion-
naires who may not be intimately acquaint-
ed with the Governor of the State of Missouri
that your host is not only a man who voices
the call for law and order, he does not
hesitate to take the decisive action to en-
force law and order.
It is fitting, too, I believe that we should
take up the cry made famous a few years
ago, when a beleaguered chaplain shouted
out the words, "Praise the Lord and pass
the ammunition." For it is time, past time, I
would emphasize, for us to "praise the Lord"
for this great nation which is ours, the great
institutions which we have built, and then
to "pass the ammunition" to those who
would defend this nation and its institutions,
including our great colleges and universities.
We do not have a perfect nation. We have
our ills and deficiencies, serious ills and de-
ficiencies, but we can still thank our Cre-
ator for the privilege of living in a nation
which has given more people greater free-
dom and more material comforts than any
other country in the history of man.
When I speak of "ammunition," I speak
not of shells and bullets, nor of mortars and
men on the firing line. I speak of "ammuni-
tion" which can help us to establish the kind
of internal structure that makes and keeps
a nation worthy of its people.
Today, this country is fighting a great in-
ternal battle-a battle which has sprung up
because of the gap between ideal and fulfill-
ment, principle and opportunity, spirit and
power. It has become most difficult to find
the valid relationship between these ex-
tremes. The battles being fought are perhaps
not as clear cut as the ones in which the men
of the American Legion have been involved
t
1
Vietnam conn"~fic$s,-"T u -alreead`y #bere ll ye i
fulfillment, but at least we should not "kill
ourselves off" in our struggles to accomplish
this end.
And, if I may be so blunt, though the
battle lines aren't so clearly drawn, the issues
are requiring the same kind of decision-
making as was necessary at Verdun, the
Battle of the Bulge, the 38th Parallel and
Khe Sanh. As one of our past Presidents once
said, "When hours may decide the fate of
generations, the moment of decision must
with the campu f our colleges and unt-
versities th ttlegrounds today, the play=
grounds our high schools and grade schools
the J~attlegrounds of tomorrow-unless we
as s the problem quickly, decide upon what
sibly.
Toward solving our problems we could do
much worse than look at the techniques used
by the American Legion to serve the return-
ing veterans of America's wars.
When the American Legion was founded
there were three major ideals uppermost in
the minds of the men who made up the
titularly the disabled, th
orphans;
a universal military trainig program
prevetion of future world conflicts;
fascism, socialism and all other foreign isms.
No organization ever lived up to its ideals
so well as has The American Legion. It or-
ganized a Veterans Bureau to consider the
needs of the disabled veterans resulting from
the unwieldly mass of laws and regulations
governing them. Through the efforts of The
Legion, 'Congress has enacted law after law-
born out of the efforts of The Legion to aid
the returning veterans.
With the establishment of the Veterans
Administration in 1931 to handle veteran
benefit programs, The Legion's continuous
campaign for justice to the war-disabled and
for equalized treatment of widows and or-
phans began'to show results. Pension legisla-
gan to be provided. Medical programs e
expanded. Education services were a ged.
Home, farm and business loans a made
possible. Veterans employment has been pro-
tected. Readjustment allowances have been
provided for the unemployed. Child welfare
programs have been improved.
The American Legion has provided a home
base for its members to get things done. The
American Legion Child Welfare Foundation
filled The Legion's need for an organized
method in which grants could be made in
the future which would bring the best re-
sults to the greatest number of children.
The National Legislative Committee, now
Commission, was established early, in the
life of the Legion when it became obvious
a central legislative unit was necessary
if legislative programs and proposals of
the Legion were to be presented effectively,
if they were to compete with the proposals
of others interested in the same issues.
The Legion has made a few decisions wiser
han that, for it has enabled the American
s his due off? tom , Ag erican scene. ,Throu,,gh
been loss of life, maiming, great destruction the e or's o the Le ion, such great legisla-
of property, continuing chaos, riots and re- tion as the National Defense Act of 1920
bellion. Perhaps we shall never succeed in was passed. This act, for example, gave the
fully bridging the gap between ideal and U.S. its first workable plan for a small Reg-
ular Army, augmented by a large National
Guard and Organized Reserve.
The recommendations of the American
Legion, made principally through its Na-
tional Security Commission, have had a pro-
found effect on our Nation's history.
Three of the Legion's activities have long
been of interest to me, and truly of vital
interest to the entire nation. I speak of the
Legion's interest in Americanism, in anti-
subversive activities and in youth activities.
Since the inception of the Legion, Ameri-
canism has been one of the Legion's great
concerns. At the caucus here in St. Louis 50
years ago, among the things those assembled
considered were: "relief work, employment,
and Americanism." At the charter conven-
tion in Minneapolis that same year, the
Americanism Commission was established
by convention action.
In the beginning, the Commission was
charged with the task of combatting anti-
Americanism tendencies, educating citizens
old and new in the ideals of true American-
ism, distribution of information about "the
real nature and principles of American gov-
ernment," and fostering the teaching of
Americanism in all schools.
This mission sometimes led the Ameri-
canism Commission over difficult routes. For
example, as many of you know, early in the
1920's unemployment and other conditions
contributing to national unrest coincided
with an upsurge of communism and other
subversive isms. Through the years the Com-
mission served yeoman duty in helping to
solve these problems through education and
action.
Much of the Commission's work was con-
erned with the problems of unemployment
ti al Economic Commission of The Amer-
ica Legion.
I the field of anti-subversive activities,
The American Legion continues to be the
outs nding opponent of communism and
othe divisive dogma. Throughout the years,
the mericanism Commission has gathered
data which has been filed and catalogued,
so at now any Legionnaire, through his
pox and department, has at his command
on of the best library and information serv-
o s on subversives and subversive activities
ailable anywhere.
per cent Americanism" The Legion has chan-
neled much of its efforts into education of
our youths-for their roles as leaders of to-
morrow.
Hundreds of programs with literally
thousands of participants have benefitted
from the generosity and the foresight of The
American Legion-Junior Baseball, Boys
State, Boys Nation, Oratorical Contests,
School Awards to youths outstanding in
honor, courage, scholarship, leadership and
service. All these have helped to make
America strong. I, myself, am a beneficiary of
the programs initiated by the men, we honor
this morning, the founders of the American
Legion. As a 14-year-old participant in the
American Legion's oratorical contest, I had
my first experience with the Legion.
All these efforts, so brilliant and so capa-
bly administered, have done much to help
this nation adhere to the principles and phi-
losophies on which this nation was founded.
Today, this nation is battling new isms,
isms which I am sure are outgrowths of old
cancers breaking out anew with new charac-
teristics, attracting new leaders and a new
cadre of supporters. These isms are emerging
as indigenous, radical, partly revolutionary
groups, apparently controlled neither by
Moscow or Peking but infiltrated to a con-
siderable degree by their agents.
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the feeling of fear, rage, and frustration
from broken dreams that was shared in-
dividually by millions of Czechoslovaks.
Mr. Miller's articles help to bring these
feelings home.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent to have printed in the RECORD the
entirety of the five articles entitled,
"Czechoslovakia: Today and Tomorrow,"
written by Mr. Miller.
There being no objection, the articles
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND TOMORROW-I
(By Donald E. Miller)
Since the Russian invasion this past Au-
gust, and during the days of the Dubcek
liberalization in the months before, thou-
sands of articles, and perhaps millions of
words, have been written about Czechoslo-
vakia. They have sought to examine the
country and its people politically, econom-
ically, socially-and in every other conceiv-
able way.
Yet few articles have discussed Czechoslo-
vakia in human, or individual, terms. We
know about groups cheering, fighting, pro-
testing, and demanding. But we have read
little about individuals In Czechoslovakia.
Assuming one of the purposes of the liberal-
ization was to re-assert the dignity and
worth of the individual-and that of the
Soviet invasion to suppress individual free-
doms-what is the individual in Czechoslo-
vakia thinking about these days? What does
he think about the events of the past year?
How does he regard the future?
I recently spent two weeks in Czechoslo-
vakia, my third trip there in the past four
years. During my visits I have come to ad-
mire the people greatly; perhaps, too, I even
understand them just a little bit. I hope
that in this forthcoming series of articles
you will gain a greater understanding of the
people of Czechoslovakia, whose fight for free-
dom has lasted almost a thousand years and
may perhaps last a thousand more.
As my plane, a sleek British European Air-
ways jetliner, broke out of the cloud cover
and approached the runway of Prague's Ru-
zyne Airport, I had mived feelings. I couldn't
help being excited at the thought of being
back in Czechoslovakia; but this excitement
was tinged with the normal amount of ap-
prehension, in view of the events there these
past months.
My excitement mounted as the plane came
to a halt before the main terminal building.
I looked out the window at it-new, modern,
and functional like so many thousands more
around the world. Above the building in huge
block letters I could read the word PRAGUE.
I wondered how much Prague had changed
from my visit three years before. It wasn't
long before I would find some answers!
My first few hours in Prague were crowded
with what seemed like a million impressions.
A few things stand out above the rest: the
friendliness and interest of the people-it was
there and strong-exactly as I remembered
it from my last visits; at the airport, my lug-
gage hadn't been inspected or opened; on the
way from the airport into town, I saw the
names of the Czechoslovak leaders, Dubcek
and Svobocla written literally a hundred
times on the sides of apartment buildings,
grocery stores, and fences. On many build-
ings, writings had been already white-
washed-I could only wonder what these had
said.
After registering and settling in at my ho-
tel, I teak a short walk on Prague's Wence-
Las Square, the main street of the city, a com-
bination of New York's Fifth Avenue and
London's- Piccadilly Circus. At the head of
tween the Russian tanks and the Czechs took
place-and it is very evident.
The Museum is a dull implacable gray-
much like many of the buildings in Paris
before the French embarked on a govern-
ment program to white-wash them. The Mu-
seum had, in fact, had a white-washing of
its own-not by a government program as in
France, but by the guns of Russian tanks.
The front of the Museum, facing on Wencelas
Square, had been riddled by thousands of
Russian bullets. In a thousand places, the
dull gray of the Museum had been chipped
away by Russian gunfire, leaving gaping
white holes. It was an awesome sight. I will
never forget it. The Museum became the
symbol to me of the Russian presence and
power in Czechoslovakia. If life on the street
had gained a semblance of normality once
again, as indeed it really had, one had only
to look at the National Museum to under-
stand the magnitude of the problem lying
beneath the normality in the streets.
To understand how the Czechoslovaks were
facing up to this problem you didn't have
to walk very far from the National Museum-
in fact, only about one hundred and fifty
steps to be exact, to the base of the statue
of Good King Wencelas. (Wencelas had been
one of the most famous kings of Bohemia,
which encompasses Prague and the western
part of Czechoslovakia; and many years ago
this statue had been erected here in his
honor.) The Czechs had turned the Wencelas
btatue into a memorial for those who had
died during those first days of the occupa-
tion. The first to die was a 14-year-old boy,
killed near the statue, and people began
bringing flowers and laying them at the
base of the statue as a memorial to him.
Others died in Prague, and they were simi-
larly honored with flowers at the base of the
statue.
Soon the statue became more than a me-
morial honoring the dead of the Soviet In-
vasion. It became the focal point of passive
Czech resistance and defiance to the Russian
presence in Czechoslovakia. Today, the statue
is always crowded with people looking at the
flowers placed there daily and reading mes-
sages of sympathy and support placed there
by Czechoslovaks and foreigners. One wreath
placed there especially touched me. It was
placed there by Americans. On one side was
the Czechoslovak flag; on the other, the
American flag. The message, in bold large
black letters, read simply:
"We are with you.
"We care about you.
"Signed Two USA STUDENTS."
Before I left Prague, I decided to place a
tribute of my own. I took my luggage tag-
red, white, and blue American Tourister-
reversed the address side and had some Czech
people I had met write in Czech: "Our sym-
pathies and our Admiration. From one Amer-
ican and from All Americans." I was given a
commemoration wreath free of charge by a
florist when I happened to mention to him
what I was planning to use it for. Slowly,
carefully, on Christmas Day, with many per-
sons watching, I placed the wreath and the
tag carefully wrapped around it, at the base
of the statue. This was not only my tribute
but the tribute, I thought, of the many
Americans who could not be there with me.
I think often of this tribute. I wonder if it
is still there and what people think as they
read it.
In the United States, just prior to my trip,
I had taken some Czech lessons. In Czecho-
slovakia, I determined to, and did, speak
Czech. One of those with whom I spoke was
a very-pretty young girl, a student at Charles
University in Prague. After talking with her
for some time, she called her home and then
invited me to spend Christmas day with
her and her family. This was something I
3823
invited into Czech homes to share it with
them.
To spend Christmas with a Czech family,
less than four months after the Russians
had invaded their country, would be a very
special experience. I wondered, as we drove
there, what it was going to be like.
First of all, I can say it was charming. In
the corner of the living room, was a huge
Christmas tree. Instead of multi-colored
electric lights, there were real candles and
sparklers on the tree-an enchanting sight.
A while later, one of the lighted candles fell,
setting fire to a part of the tree. We put it out
with wine.
Christmas dinner was delicious. Fish is the
traditional Christmas fare in Czechoslovakia,
with potatoes, salad, chocolate cakes, and
wine. All very special, and very fattening, I
thought to myself, as I let my belt out a
notch.
After dinner came the exchange of pres-
ents. This especially touched me, for the
presents were simple and the family feeling
strong. (Bars of soap for the daughter, a
scarf for the son, cigarettes (Kent) for the
father.) At least, superficially, Christmas in
Czechoslovakia 1968 did not seem so differ-
ent from Christmas elsewhere in the Western
world. Later on, when we began discussing
politics, I realized how different it really
was.
Our discussion began humorously. I
learned that this year in Czechoslovakia,
people were sending one another special
Christmas and New Years greetings. Instead
of the traditional "Merry Christmas and a
Happy New Year," Czechs were wishing one
another: "Merry Christmas and a Better
New Year."
The Soviet invasion, all thought, was a
sign, not of Soviet strength, but of Soviet
weakness. From the Czech point of view,
perhaps the invasion's most telling and long-
lasting effect would be its impact upon
Czechoslovak youth. Until now, the Germans
had been looked upon as the great enemy.
Though the Russians were never exactly
considered buddies, it had generally been felt
that they weren't such bad guys and that
it benefitted Czechoslovakia to have them
around looking after Czechoslovak Interests.
Today, this had changed. The Russian in-
vasion and the continued Russian presence
in Czechoslovakia is considered by the coun-
try's youth to be the act of a mortal enemy.
This they will never forget, and this is bound
to have a telling effect on Russian-
Czechoslovak relations far into the future.
On the streets, Czechoslovak kids still
plays their favorite cowboys and indian%
game. But it is now has a new twist. The
cowboy now says to the villain, "You're a
Russian-soldier, and when I say 'Bang,' you
fall down dead."
On August 20, 1968, Russian tanks crossed
the border into Czechoslovakia. Life there
would never again be the same.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND TOMORROW-II
(By Donald E. Miller)
Presov, not far from the Russian border, is
about 400 miles east of Prague; yet it is as
different from Prague as it is from Chicago.
Presov is a provincial town with about 40,000
inhabitants. Its people, a mix of Slovaks,
Ukrainians, Hungarians, and gypsies, tend
to be gay, extroverted, and interested in fun
and the good life, whereas those in Prague
are dour, hard-working, and materialistic-
not much different, in fact, from people in
most big cities in the West.
It is almost as if Presov and Prague exist
in two different worlds, let alone one coun-
try. Yet, there is one thing uniting the peo-
ples of Prague and Presov-hatred of the
Russians and unflinching support for
Czechoslovakia's liberal leaders.
I arrived in Presov at eight in the morn-
ing after a grueling thirteen-hour train ride
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E 3824 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Extensions of Remarks May 12, 1969
from Prague. If the Czechs could survive In Bratislava and everywhere else in Czech- Czechoslovakia today is in transition. The
their trains, I thought to myself as the train oslovakia, the communications media still Russians want to turn back the clock; the
pulled into the station, they could survive seemed free. Perhaps, as one American later Czechoslovaks want to push ahead. There is
anything. said to me-it is a verbal catharsis. Per- a giant tug of war going on there and the
I wasn't in the best mood as my friend haps, it is something more. Let me relate prize is Czechoslovakia itself It would be
Richard and I greeted one another after an some of the incidents, in any case. difficult to predict the ultimate winner.
absence of more than two years. My mood One night in Bratislava., Richard and I What is certain is that during the contest,
changed, though, as we walked from the went to see "Fiddler on the Roof" In the the Czechoslovak people will suffer greatly.
railroad station to his apartment, for there Slovak language (In Bratislava, Slovak is
was much on the way to interest me. As in spoken, and in Prague, Czech. They are quite CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND TOMORROW-III
Prague, pictures of Dubcek and Svoboda different languages, though someone speak- (By Donald E. Miller)
were everywhere. They were in the shop and ing Czech in Bratislava can be understood.)
dwelling windows. A poster of a smiling It was one of the most magnificent and un- I spent much of my time in Presov at the
Dubcek called for unity from a fence. usual musical comedy productions I have university.
Fifteen minutes-and one thousand Pic- ever seen-and no doubt would probably be Czechoslovakian universities, like their
tures of Alexander Dubcek and Ludvik Svo- a sensation in the United States performed counterparts in the United States, France,
boda later, Richard and I reached his apart- exactly as it was. Aside from the brilliant and Japan, are in ferment. Students are in
ment. We were greeted warmly by his wife production, the highlights of the evening against old ideas, the Establishment,
g the Russians. Students throughout the coun-
Natasa and their two sons, Vladko (6 years were certainly two political jokes, relevant
old) and Milanko (one year old) and were to the current Czechoslovak political scene. try were, f fact, in the vanguard of the
ushered into the living room. There in the "Fiddler on the Roof" is about Jewish life Dubcek liberalization drive. They were in
living room were the inevitable photos of in Russia, under the threat of Russian per- the front lines of those who fought the Rus-
in
and Svoboda-but with a difference. secution. (I felt that this alone had some scan invasion; they protest and demonstrate
Between Dubcek and Svoboda, there was a political significance.) In one scene, the and agitate to this very day.
photo of me. What an unlikely triad-Dub- family, threatened by the Tsar's police, de- I learned that in Presov, university stu-.
cek, Svoboda and Miller, I thought to myself. cides to leave their little town to emigrate to dents had organized demonstrations and
Richard told me why I was up there. "You America. Before leaving, the old father offers sit-ins, in protest against the Russian in-
see, Don, Dubcek and Svoboda are the hope a prayer. Looking up into the sky, he says: statinoned and in the the e city. t garrison uof Soviet cing my troops
of Czechoslovakia. They are here; we know statiNow, visit, "Oh them and we respect them. But America, too, dience, won't you help ca now." The au- however, the university was s comparatively
though it is so far away, remains one last , catching the political significance of quiet.
hope. Your picture there reminds all of us the line, cheered and applauded wildly. I had hoped, while in Presov, to talk with
about America. We like to think that you In another scene, a young couple promise many people at the university. This I did.
care about what is happening in Czechoslo- to marry only each other-against the wishes I remember, in particular, one young pro-
vakia. Besides, your big American smile helps of the girl's father, who alone has the power fessor of English. I talked with him more
when the going gets a little rough here some to decide whom she will marry; and he wants about American problems than Czechoslovak
days." her to marry an old but rich Jewish man. problems, for after all, as he exclaimed,
Later in the day, Richard and I walked The father, hearing of the couple's vow "What is there, after all, to discuss about
around Presov. It is an attractive and an to one another, confronts them and says: Czechoslovakian problems. Our future is set-
interesting town, but the most critical thing "So you have promised that you will marry tled, we have no choice. We never did. We go
about it is its location. It is on the high road only one another. What good are your prom- with Russia."
from the Russian border, about 60 miles to ises? Where do you think you are-in Mos- He was interested and curious about Viet-
the east, into the heartland of Czechoslovakia cow?" The applause was deafening! nam, America's racial problems, America's at-
and is the first town of any size in Czecho- The next night in Bratislava, we saw "Ma- titude toward Russia and Czechoslovakia.
slpvakia west of the Russian frontier. Hun- dame Butterfly" at the National Opera. In But most of all, he showed his greatest in-
dreds and thousands of Russian military the opera, Madame Butterfly falls in love terest-and he was the rule, not the excep-
vehicles had poured through during the with an American sailor, and three or four tion-in the Kennedys-John, Robert, Jackie,
Soviet invasion and many stayed. Still, times in the musical scoring one could. easily and Ted. Adulation of the Kennedys is not
through the first difficult days of the inva- detect the first two lines of "The Star confined to the United States alone.
sion, Presov had remained relatively quiet. Spangled Banner." I still wonder whether the Though we spent some time talking about
There were demonstrations in the streets, playing of "Madame Butterfly" In Bratislava John and Ted Kennedy, his interest focused
sit-downs at the University (hearing this at this particular time was coincidental. mostly on Robert Kennedy and Jackie.
made me feel at home), and work-stoppages Later on, I was told that the program sched- "Why?" he asked, "was he killed? He was
at the factories. But the Russians had the ule of the National Opera in Prague, which a good man." This comment I heard at least
power, and the people of Presov knew it. up until that time had been determined by six or seven times during my stay in Czecho-
It was a far different story in Bratislava, the opera administrators, was to be from slovakia. "He was a good man." I think about
Czechoslovakia's second largest city, I learned now on'dictated by the government. it often.
some days later when Richard and I visited Nor was it any different on radio and tele- And Jackie Kennedy! His comments on her
there. The city had been in turmoil for days. vision. One night in Presov, we listened to marriage were much the same as in the
According to whichever rumor you chose to Radio Bratislava, the official government United States. "Why did she marry that old
believe, from five to two hundred people radio, from eight until eleven o'clock. If you guy?" Did she marry him for his money?
were killed in Bratislava, and at least 15,000 didn't know you were listening to Czecho- But why? She had enough of her own, didn't
fled the city for the Austrian border, less slovak radio, you might think it was WJR she?"
than an hour away. in Detroit. For three straight hours. Radio Another of the people I met that day at
During my visit, Bratislava was quiet, but Bratislava played nothing but American the university, who made a great impression
scars of the invasion days remained. There music. The most popular song in Czechoslo- on me, was an administrative secretary, a
were two memorial plaques in the city cen- vakia today is a ballad called "Massachu- woman in her forties. She had little cause
ter-one was near the University-listing setts"-in effect, a New England "I Left My to love the Russians. Her father, a doctor,
those, mostly young, who had died. As in Heart in San Francisco," California was rep- had been sent to Siberia by the Russians at
Prague, flowers were placed on the tablets resented by "Do You Know the Way to San the end of World War II and had come back
daily. Jose" and "San Francisco." Nor should I for- in 1950 or 1951 a broken man. The Russian
At the Slovak Parliament Building, near get to mention "Give My Regards to Broad- invasion for her was simply one more sad
the Technical University, one could spend an way" and "Back Home Again in Indiana." saga in her life sponsored by Russia. Still
interesting few minutes watching workers The big thing on Czechoslovak television she radiated courage a}id humor. I admired
plaster over the many bullets pock-marking during my visit was the Apollo Eight mis- her greatly.
the front of the building. sion. Coverage was complete, from lift-off to I was also taken on a short tour of the
Visible reminders of the invasion and oc- splash-down. Borman, Lovell, and Anders liberal arts building of the university, by
cupation remain in Bratislava; but in truth were hailed as warmly throughout Czecho- my friend, who at 27 years of age was Chair-
you have to look for them. For life in Brati- slovakia as in the United States. Along with man of the university's Department of Eng-
slava, as in Prague, or Presov, or Olomouc or the Apollo Eight coverage were broadcast lish. It was unprepossessing by American
any one of a hundred other Czech cities reports out of Moscow to the effect that the standards and rather dirty (like most build-
and towns, has in fact returned to some- mission was reckless and unsafe. People ings in Czechoslovakia). A foul smell per-
thing approaching normality, smiled at these reports, and prayed for the meated the building. But the most impor-
But the people haven't. I heard them dis- success of the mission and the astronauts. tant impression I left with was this: where
cussing politics heatedly in the streets and Before Dubcek, such TV coverage of an Amer- It counted, the building's facilities were ex-
r mission would have been com- cellent. For example, I saw a language lab-
~e f5e , unusual before icon space
four a months after oratory there second to none. I saw an ex-
u ce era7 za al freeato wr e Na atm le$el1M.-M. unheard oi. Tod
y i 'vason e "~mer2can space e-elfen' sd1Fn_& ~'1a, 'and'vreIT ligl fed, well-
News a ers, still bass
p p
'they think, stimulate their thought-as do spectacular was covered in the greatest equipped classrooms. And, the ratio of stu-
radio, television, and the theatre. detail. dents to teachers at the liberal arts faculty
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MayJ 12, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -Extensions of Remarks E 3825
of the university, I was told, was only 10 to 1.
It gave me something to think about.
My conversation with Richard, as we toured
and later talked, inevitably got around to
student unrest. The target of student dis-
content, he told me, in Czechoslovakia, as in
most other countries around the world, was
the established order. Students, in fact, had
been agitating for many years. They were
idealists. They wanted to change things, to
make a better life for themselves and for
those who followed. And, he smiled and
nodded, there was much that needed chang-
ing. Could you blame them for trying?
For example, he told me, admission to the
university was not necessarily based on abil-
ity. He had several times been forced to admit
unqualified students who were the sons and
daughters or relatives of Communist party
members. Though a practical man, Richard
still clings to the idealism of his youth. Tell-
ing this story upset him.
Students, he said, also wanted a voice in
the running of the university. They demand-
ed a vote and a voice in the highest admin-
istrative councils of the university and
backed this up by class boycotts and sit-ins.
Eventually they got what they wanted. It
was still too early, he said, to judge their per-
formance, but he was clearly for giving them
a chance-if only because he felt they
couldn't do any worse than those already
wielding power.
As if to support this conversation, I had
noticed a sign on one of the university bul-
letin boards during the tour. It anounced
a meeting of one of the student governing
groups. "Come to the next meeting of the
Student Government Council. Participate.
Speak your mind. Vote. this isn't like for-
mer Student Government Councils. We're no
longer a rubber stamp. We have the vote;
we have the power. And we want to use it
for you."
Later on in the evening, Richard and I
went to the Dean's Office. This was not the
Dean's Office at the University, but it was
the name of a nearby tavern, very popular
with students. We talked, and we drank.
Mostly, I guess, we drank. And after we had
drunk enough, we sang. Richard would sing
a Czechoslovak song and I would follow with
an American song. So it went into the early
hours of the next morning, I was told. I
didn't remember.
Nor did I recall the songs I had sung, on
behalf of America. Later on, I was told that
I had sung stirring renditions of the na-
tional anthem, "America The Beautiful,"
"This Land Is My Land," "Rudolph The Red-
Nosed Reindeer," and "Moon River." Much
of the singing elsewhere in the Dean's Of-
flee-for singing in Czechoslovakia always
accompanies drinking-had stopped, and the
other people in the tavern watched and lis-
tened to the American songs being sung
less than 60 miles from the Russian border.
A couple of times, I was told, they ap-
plauded. I'll just have to believe it, I guess,
for I honestly don't remember.
This day in Presov, as I reflect upon it,
was most unusual. I had learned a great
deal about Czechoslovakia that day, and
about what it meant to be a citizen of
Czechoslovakia.
As I thought further about it, I also had
probably learned a good deal more about
what it meant to be an American. I thought
about my country and its problems and I
felt, that day in Czechoslovakia, that we in
American could and would solve our prob-
lems. I felt good..
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND TOMORROW-IV
(By Donald E. Miller)
There is a big joke,in Czechoslovakia these
days that in Communist countries, "nothing
works." And it's almost literally true. On the
train from Br Preso_y the cenna'
d wor and-I f'roze On an-
other rafn, t saw one of the pull Ian beds
completely collapse when a young guy
jumped in too enthusiastically.. The home
water supply is equally erratic; now you have
it in your apartment, now you don't. It's as
mystifying as the magician's magic rabbit.
The funniest thing that "didn't work",
though, occurred during the performance of
"Madame Butterfly" in Bratislava. Butter-
fly's great love, the American naval officer,
has just sailed his ship into the harbor and
an ecstatic Butterfly, singing a beautiful
aria, rushes over to the sliding Japanese door
in her home overlooking the bay, so that
she might see the ship for herself. She pushes
open the door-or rather tries to, because it
"didn't work." So she completed the aria
leaning on the door which had only opened
a few inches or so.
So, on and on. I would like to think that
nothing does work in a Communist coun-
try-not even a Russian Invasion. But, in
fact, I do not know. It is still too early to
tell. I can draw some conclusions, though,
from what I observed among the people, and
from what people themselves told me.
I'll never forget a news feature I saw in a
movie in Presov. It described graphically the
events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia, from the
heady and happy days of the Dubcek liberal-
ization drive through the Russian invasion.
As Russian tanks poured across the border
and through the Czechoslovak heartland,
women were crying. I felt the tears well up
in my eyes too.
Life on the street seems more or less nor-
mal. People-laugh and smile again. Lots of
them scowl, but it's not really so different
anywhere else in the world. It's hard to tell
that anything extraordinary happened in
Czechoslovakia, much less a Russian invasion
and occupation by half a million troops.
But when you talk with people, when you
spend time with them in their homes, then
you begin to realize the seriousness of their
situation. For beneath the "normal" sur-
face, it is evident that they are deeply wor-
ried, and more than a little frightened and
concerned about their future and the future
of Czechoslovakia.
They wonder when, not if, Dubcek will go.
The most popular leader in Czechoslovakia
since the days of its founder Thomas
Masaryk, Dubcek is a legend almost in his
own time-streets have been named after
him, even a breakfast roll. Alexander
Dubcek's days are numbered, and everyone
in Czechoslovakia knows it. The only ques-
tion is how many more days does he have
left. It might happen by some miracle or
other that Dubcek will be able to hang on
and salvage his liberalization drive, but no-
body I talked to in Czechoslovakia really
believed it.
They wonder, too, how long it will take
before the freedoms acquired during the
Dubcek days will be totally taken away from
them. For if, as I have said before, Czecho-
slovaks still seem as free to say what they
think, they also seem more cautious when
they speak. A Czechoslovak will talk to you
quite willingly about the political situation
in his country, on the street or in a train
or in any other public place, but, as he does,
he'll now glance over his shoulder from time
to time. If he sees a policeman, and even if
the policeman gets close enough to hear the
conversation, he will go on talking. Perhaps,
he'll say something about how stupid the
police are; but the important thing, I think,
is that he is thinking about them once again
and is being conditioned little by little to
their presence again.
In truth, the secret police are beginning
to make their move again. They are not
moving quickly; they are not moving effec-
tively. Today, they are only a minor irritant
more or less, and few seem really afraid of
them. But tomorrow-it's hard to tell.
1GIos ' `tfioug T Vul and realistic zechosIo=
vaks think that little by little their freedoms
will be taken away. Czechoslovakia today is
not quite the place it was during the golden
days of Alexander Dubcek. There is a differ-
ence. It's perceptible enough, and as time
passes, the difference will be greater.
Not much time has passed since the So-
viet invasion-not enough time to consoli-
date the conservative ends of the Russian
invasion. There will be resistance to conser-
vatism and it could be considerable. But few
people think that the resistance can or will
be strong enough to stop the inevitable re-
turn to more repressive days. .
Czechoslovaks are considered a practical
people. More than one forecast the doom of
freedom in Czechoslovakia, not without a
tear or two in their eyes. But this isn't the
first time freedom has been crushed in
Czechoslovakia, and if history is any judge, it
won't be the last.
Czechoslovakia, however, does not exist in
a vacuum. Where it goes from here depends
not only upon itself and Russia, but also to a
certain extent upon China and the United
States.
The Chinese have never been terribly pop-
ular in Czechoslovakia-until now, that is.
Czechoslovaks, it is evident, share many of
the same color prejudices as Americans or
Englishmen. There is little sympathy for the
Negroes in America, for example. And the
many students from Communist China who
have come to Czechoslovakia to study have
never really been accepted into the society.
Heaven help the young Czechoslovak girl who
brings home a Chinese date to meet Mom
and Dad!
But now this has changed. Russia, Czecho-
slovaks realize, must contend on three fronts:
Eastern Europe, China, and America. Now,
Russia has its hands full in Eastern Europe
(i.e. Czechoslovakia) and has the freedom to
do what it feels necessary to secure its posi-
tion there. America is still occupied In Viet-
nam, so will give the Russians little trouble
at least, until the Viet-nam conflict has been
resolved.
But the Chinese-that is another story. The
Chinese-Russian border, extending thousands
of miles, now seems relatively quiet, although
if you want to believe the rumors, there has
been serious and bloody fighting along the
border for many years. If this fighting does
get worse, and Czechoslovaks consider this
inevitable, then Russia would have to switch
its military emphasis eastward, leaving
Eastern Europe free to . . . Well, it's hard
to say.
Today, then, Czechoslovaks look upon the
Chinese as a kind of yellow saviour. Until
now, the Chinese have been unsuccessful in
gaining any kind of foothold in Eastern
Europe-with the lone exception of tiny
Albania. The Russian invasion of Czecho-
slovakia may have changed all that.
What about America? America has always
been popular in Czechoslovakia. Over one
million Czechoslovaks emigrated to the
United States, and rare is the Czechoslovak
family which doesn't have a relative or know
people in America. Moreover, Woodrow Wil-
son, back in 1918, was in effect one of the
founding fathers of the Czechoslovak re-
public.
There is a great reservoir of good will for
America in Czechoslovakia-something I will
discuss in greater detail in my next and last
article. Nobody in Czechoslovakia expected
America to come to her aid after the Rus-
sian invasion; but most Czechoslovaks be-
lieve that Russia Informed America before-
hand of the invasion, and that we said we
would not oppose it. This is disturbing, it
may even be true. Who knows?
Still, America's reaction, or inaction if you
will, has not emptied this reservoir very
much. Czechoslovaks are tied to America and
Americans by strong emotional bonds. They
admire us and would like to be more like
us. America is Czechoslovakia's uljmate
hbjse-in an emotional, not a political sense.
There are things we can do, under'these
present and difficult circumstances to help
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E 3826 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - Extensions o f emar s May 1 , 1969
Czechoslovakia. First and foremost, Czech-
oslovakia's door on the West must be kept
open-and widened if, and as far as, possible.
The most important and critical wedge we
have to do this is economic. Communism, in
addition to everything else it has done to
Czechoslovakia, has shattered its economy.
One of the most prosperous nations in Eu-
rope, and in the world, between the two
world wars, Czechoslovakia, under Commu-
nism, has plunged into an economic abyss. It
has fallen so far, that it is now behind East
Germany, Hungary, and Poland in Eastern
Europe, in terms of its economic productivity.
And this, for the proud people of Czechoslo-
vakia, is humiliating.
One of the bases of the Dubcek reforms
was, In fact, economic. Dubcek had promised
to get Czechoslovakia moving again eco-
nomically, a promise which brought him
strong support from most segments of Czech-
oslovak society.
Today, as a result of the Russian invasion,
Czechoslovakia remains in the economic dol-
drums, tied to Russia, with little hope of
extricating itself. In such a situation, West-
ern currency, especially American dollars,
through trade, become highly desirable and
important. Some may say that increased trade
between Czechoslovakia and the United
States can only help international Com-
munism. This may be true in some few
instances, but it is essentially a naive com-
ment. Increased trade between Czecho-
slovakia and the United States, and increased
economic contact will, in point of fact, open
Czechoslovakia's door on the West wider. And
if you want to consider this from a political
and psychological standpoint, this helps us
more than it helps international Commu-
nism.
Increased cultural exchanges and stepped-
up student and faculty contacts and ex-
changes are of critical importance. Czech-
oslovaks hunger for contact and news from
the West and from America, and such con-
tacts supply them.
I save for last my thoughts that more
travel by individuals to Czechoslovakia would
be of great benefit to Czechoslovakia, to
America, and to the individual. In my next
article, I will give you a few hints on how
to travel in Czechoslovakia. You won't have
to know very much; just tell them you're
American.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA: TODAY AND TOMORROW-V
(By Donald E. Miller)
if you have seen most of the world and
are looking for a rewarding experience on
your next trip-or if you have seen nothing
and want to make your first big trip one to
remember-why not consider a trip to
Czechoslovakia. The country is beautiful be-
yond description and what is more, has not
undergone the ravages of commercial tour-
ism. Its people are hospitable to all visitors,
but their interest, curiosity, and warmth for
Americans is exceptional. American prob-
ably has no greater ally and supporter in
the world than the people of Czechoslovakia,
and American tourists in Czechoslovakia
benefit greatly from this fact of Czecho-
slovak life. Let me give you a few examples.
In Bratislava, Czechoslovakia's second larg-
est city, "Fiddler On the Roof" was being
performed on stage. I was dying to see it.
There was only one performance which I
could attend, however, and it was com-
pletely sold out. Here's what happened when
my friend Richard and I tried to get tickets:
RICHARD. Could we please have two tickets
to tonight's performance of "Fiddler On The
Roof?" a
~cKr.Spk1 ER. Ism sorry, but tonight's
orma2 ce s so d~~u~~t
RICHARD. Ten t t Ereny h g b`tanding
room? This is our last night in Bratislava,
and we'd like very much to see it.
TICKET SELLER. I'ln sorry, there's nothing
left, We've had to turn away hundreds of
people.
ME (aside) : Richard, tell her I'm Ameri-
can.
RICKARD. Excuse me. I forgot to mention
that my friend over there is American. He
saw the play in New York and would like
very much to compare it with this produc-
tion here in Bratislava.
ME (in the Czech language), If it's pos-
sible, I would like to see "Fiddler On the
Roof" please. Thank you.
This was already too much for one poor
Czechoslovak ticket seller to talks. She
picked up the phone and talked with her
boss. That night, Richard and I watched
"Fiddler On The Roof" from two of the bet-
ter seats in the house. It was a magnificent
production.
Lest you think that example was the ex-
ception rather than the rule, here's what
happened in Presov, when Richard wanted
to buy for me some Czechoslovak records to
take back to the United States:
RICHARD. I'd like to have a copy of "Mas-
sachusetts" (the biggest current hit in
Czechoslovakia) on a 45 r.p.m., please.
STORE CLERK (gruffly). So would fifty other
people. We're out of it. We don't know when
we'll have it in. (He then walked away.)
RICHARD. Excuse me. It's not for me. It's for
my friend over there. He's an American and
lives near Massachusetts.
ME (in the Slovak language). Hello. How
are you?
STORE CLERK. You're American! I have a
brother in America. He lives near Chicago.
So, again, the defenses caved in. He left
his other customers (there were six or seven
of them, as I recall) and spent a half-hour
with us. Not only did he "happen" to find
a copy of "Massachusetts," but he selected
five or six others "that I am sure you would
enjoy listening to back in America."
It has been my experience, in my travels,
that Americans do not often get "favored na-
tion" treatment in many countries around
the World. In Czechoslovakia, such treatment
is regarded as our national, and natural,
right.
Such treatment in a country which is lit-
erally a still undiscovered tourist paradise
should make for an unforgettable vacation.
Here are some of the things you might want
to see on your trip to Czechoslovakia.
Prague, Czechoslovakia's capital and larg-
est city, is the most beautiful city in Czecho-
slovakia, and perhaps one of the most beau-
tiful cities in Europe. Wencelas Square,
Prague's main street, is worth seeing in its
own right. The fact that Wencelas Square
has played a major role during and now,
after the Russian invasion makes it for me
the single most fascinating tourist attrac-
tion in Prague. On the Square are located
the National Museum and the Statue of
Good King Wencelas.
Of great beauty and interest in Prague,
as well, is Hradcany Castle, high above the
city. Hradcany Castle today is the seat of
the Czechoslovak government and the home
of the president of the republic. Also; see
Charles Bridge. Spanning the Vltava River,
which runs through Prague, Charles Bridge
is one of the most beautiful, most interest-
ing, and historic in all of Europe.
Just outside Prague is the small village of
Lidice, scene of a German massacre in 1943.
In retaliation for the assassination of the
German governor of Prague, the Germans
shot all the men and women of Lidice, buried
them in a common grave, and sent the chil-
dren of the town off to camps in Germany.
They then levelled the town to the ground
with bulldozers. After the war, the Czechs
erected a monument in the former town and
"built a new Lidice nearby. A trip is a remind-
er of mans inn-uumanity-to 'man-and a
good one at that.
Not far from Prague are Carlsbad and
Marienbad, two famous watering-spots of the
past and two excellent vacation towns of the
present. `The famous spas of Carlsbad and
Marienbad are just as good as ever.
South of Prague is the small city of Ceske
Budejovice (in German, Budweis), one of the
beer capitals of Czechoslovakia. Besides beer,
there is history in Ceske Budejovice. It is
called by many the Florence of Czechoslo-
vakia and is considered one of the most
beautiful Rennaissance cities in Eastern
Europe.
Not far from Ceske Budejovice is Hluboka,
a perferct reproduction of England's Wind-
sor Castle in the heart of Southern Czecho-
slovakia. The grand tour of Hiuboka is inter-
esting and great fun, as you have to shufe
around the castle in over-sized house slip-
pers.
In the vicinity, too, is the town of Ceske
Krumlov, one of the most beautiful little
towns I have ever seen. The main attraction
in Ceske Krumlov is a castle, but as far as
I'm concerned, the whole town is the attrac-
tion.
Having covered the western part of the
country, let's move east to Slovakia.
Slovakia, comprising over one-half of the
country In area, is, I think, one of the more
beautiful and varied tourist areas in Europe.
Bratislava, its caiptal, is, in effect, a river
town on the Danube. High above Bratislava
sits its castle, commanding a superb view of
the city and the river. On a clear day, you
can't see forever, but you can see Austria-
not far away.
For skiers looking for something new, ex-
citing, beautiful and cheap, why not try the
High Tatras of Eastern Slovakia. The Tatras
are called the Alps of Eastern Europe, the
Tatra area, Little Switzerland. In 1969, the
World Skiing Championships will be held in
the Tatras, bringing this area to the atten-
tion of the ski world. The High Tatras are a
year-round vacation resort.
In addition to visiting the main tourist
attractions of Czechoslovakia, may I also
suggest, after my own experiences, that you
consider visiting one or two of the small
towns. It is in the small towns and cities
that you will have the best chances of meet-
ing and talking with people.
I don't know if any, or how many, of you
will actually visit Czechoslovakia. If you do,
you'll enjoy it and you'll remember it.
And if you do, will you do me one favor:
speak with the people. Try to get to know
them. Your efforts will pay off one thousand
fold-for you, for America, and for Czecho-
slovakia. In these days of rapid travel and
instantaneous communication, person-to-
person and face-to-face contact is still one of
the most effective means of fostering inter-
national understanding,, and each of us has
the opportunity to be our nation's unofficial
ambassador to the world.
A CORPORATE PATRIOT: THE DOW
CHEMICAL CO.
HON. JAMES HARVEY
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, May 12, 1969.
Mr. HARVEY. Mr Speaker, perhaps
more than any other American com-
pany, the Midland Dow Chemical Co.,
headquartered in Midland, Mich., has
been a chief "whipping boy" by certain
groups regarding its manufacturing of
napalm for use by U.S. military forces
in Vietnam. Dow Chemical has been
maligned, criticized, belittled, and set
upon.
In recent days, the courage, of this
company has been tested again. And,
once again, Dow leadership placed their
country above an easy way out. Other
Approved For Release 2001/03/02 : CIA-RDP71 B00364R000300060001-8
 S18684pproved For ReleaSl n ei LQ1PRme7.4B 1U4R00030GQ6 p89, 1969r
TOMATOES, FRESH MARKET-F.O.B. PRICES IN THE POMPANO, FLA., AREA, 1968-69 SEASON-Continued
]Dollars per carton, f.o.b. shipping point, at packinghouses]
Vine ripes, 20-lb., 2-layer cartons, 85 percent
or more U.S. No. 1
Vine ripes, 20-lb., 2-layer cartons, "lower"
in 10 lots
tan. 30, 1969----_----------- ---------------------------------
4.00
--------------------------------
33.00
------------------------------------------------
an. 31, 1969----------------------------------------------------
34.00
--------------------------------
3 3.00
------------------------
Feb.3, 1969.... -------------------------------------- ----------
4.00
-----------_----------
3.00
-------------------------------- 1.70
Feb. 4,1969----------------------------------------------------
4.00
----------------------- --------
3.00
------ --------------- ------------------- -------
Feb. 5,1969---------------------------------------------------
4.00
------------------------------
3.00
-----------------------------------------------
Feb. 6,1969----------------------------------------------------
4.50
-------------------------------
3.50
----------------- -------------------------
Feb.7,1969----------------------------------------------------
4.50
---------------------- ---......
3.50
----------------------------
Feb.10,1969--------------------- ----------- -------------------
5.00
--------------------------------
34.00
-----------------------------------
Feb.11,1969------------------ --------------------------------
5.00
----------------- ---------------
34.00
Feb. 12, 1969------------ ----------------------- --------------
5.00
--------------- -----------------
34.00
Feb.13,1969---------------------------------------------------
5.00
--------------------------------
34.00
------------------------------------------------
Feb.14,1969---------------------------------------------------
5.00
--------------------------------
3 4.00
Feb.17,1969---------------------------------------------------
35.00
--------------------------------
4.00
1 Harvest curtailed due to low temperatures.
2 Offerings very light; too few to quote prices.
3 Mostly.
4 Few.
E Too few sales.
e Holiday.
7 Few sales; mostly.
e Insufficient.
DEPUTY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
DAVID PACKARD
Mr. GORE. Mr. President, last month
when the Senate was considering con-
firmation of the nomination of Mr. David
Packard to be Deputy Secretary of De-
fense, the Secretary of Defense, Mr. Mel-
vin Laird, advised the Senate that he
would issue an order that matters affect-
ing the Hewlett-Packard Co., of which
Mr. David Packard was the largest stock-
holder and proposed to continue so to be,
would be diverted to some other official
for decision, so that, as Senators under-
stood it, Deputy Secretary Packard
could not participate in a decision affect-
ing the Hewlett-Packard Co., which com-
payn has vast multimillion-dollar con-
tracts to furnish electronic equipment to
the Defense Department.
On yesterday, according to press re-
ports, Secretary Laird announced the as-
signment of Deputy Secretary David
Packard to a key role in the decision
upon the deployment or nondeployment
of the anti-ballistic-missile proposal.
I know of no matter that will come be-
fore the Defense Department that will so
vitally affect the prosperity and value of
the stock of electronics companies, in-
cluding the Hewlett-Packard Co., as this
one. This leads me to wonder whether
Secretary Laird did, in fact, issue such
an order, and if so, what the contents of
the order were.
This is not to imply, Mr. President,
that the senior Senator from Tennessee
thinks that Secretary Packard will give
preference to his personal interests in
making such a decision. That is not the
question. It was not the question with
respect to the confirmation of his nomi-
nation. Indeed, on page S837, the RECORD
shows that in the debate I made the
following statement:
This is not to question the honesty and
integrity of Mr. Packard. That is not the
question. It is not to allege or even to sus-
pect wrongdoing. That is not the case.
In dealing with the question of conflict
of interest, in considering the nomination of
an appointee to a high Government posi-
tion, we are not dealing with wrongdoing.
We are dealing with public confidence. We are
dealing with appearances. We are dealing
9 Few sales.
10 Too few to quote.
It Not permitted.
Source: Daily reports of Fruit and Vegetable Market News Branch, Consumer and Marketing
Service, Department of Agriculture; Vegetable Branch, Fruit and Vegetable Division, Consumer
and Marketing Service, Jan. 16, 1969.
with circumstances which, conceivably, could
constitute a conflict on the part of the offi-
cial between his personal interest and the
public interest on the one hand, or circum-
stances which, on the other, would give rise
to suspicion and loss of confidence on the
part of the people.
Mr. President, many people will won-
der, unfortunately, how objective a judg-
ment can be and will be, by one whose
career, whose success, whose involve-
ment, whose environment have been sur-
rounded by success in and association
with "the very heart of the industrial-
military complex on a question involv-
ing deployment of anti-missile-missile
systems.
I repeat, this is a question of appear-
ances. It does not look good, and it will
not look good to millions of Americans.
It is not a question of wrongdoing, but
a question of circumstances that can
give rise to doubt or suspicion, circum-
stance that could shake the confidence
of many people in the Defense Depart-
ment.
Public officials should abstain from
appearances of evil, as well as from evil
itself.
Incidentally, it was only last week that
Miss Willie Mae Rogers, formerly of
Jackson, Tenn., was asked, according to
published reports, to give up her liveli-
hood, a job with a magazine, in order to
remove her conflict of interest with re-
spect to a position of public trust for
which she had been selected.
NATO ALTERS POLICY AFTER CZECH
INVASION
Mr. HRUSKA. Mr. President, the in-
vasion of Czechoslovakia last August was
a sobering demonstration that freedom
and communism are incompatible.
The citizens of the free world who be-
lieved that there was a new spirit of co-
operation between the Soviet Union and
the West had their illusion dispelled.
The era of detente was revealed in Czech-
oslovakia as little more than a glittering
delusion for a harsher reality, and in
Eastern Europe detente still meant de-
tention and the bars of the Iron Curtain
remained intact.
After the invasion of Czechoslovakia, I
called on the floor of the Senate for a re-
vitalizing of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. In those remarks on Sep-
tember 5, 1968, I said in part:
Mr. President, the deliberate, indefensible
attack on Czechoslovakia has shown each of
the premises (of detente) to be wrong or
misinterpreted. The conclusion drawn from
them was a miscalculation. Russia has not
been forced to follow peaceful ways.
It is these premises, nonetheless, that have
guided the detente mentality of our relations
with the Soviet Union in recent years. Al-
ways fearing to offend, we pursued foreign
relations and national security from a posi-
tion of self-effacing courtesy rather than a
,position of strength and firmness.
It is under the protective umbrella of de-
tente that we have allowed NATO to deteri-
orate, that we have redeployed military forces
in Europe, and that we have considered sub-
stantial troop reductions.
It is under the protective umbrella of de-
tente that our nation has announced and
pursued a program and policy of building
bridges from West to East.
On August 20, 1968, it became fatefully
obvious that the umbrella was illusory. The
premises on which our detente policy was
based were swept way when Warsaw Pact
troops crossed the borders of Czechoslovakia.
As a member of the U.S. delegation
to the Atlantic Assembly meeting in
Brussels in November of last year, I felt
that a new spirit had been generated in
NATO. The Assembly adopted a number
of resolutions demonstrating a renewed
determination to maintain a strong mil-
itary deterrent in Europe and a willing-
ness to accept a more equitable sharing
of the costs of a strengthened NATO
force.
President Nixon's decision to visit
West Berlin and the capitals of our al-
lies in Europe this month, shows his
clear determination to rebuild our ne-
glected relations with our European
allies and to strengthen NATO. This
courage and conviction of our President
is another welcome sign that as the
United States enters, in the words of
President Nixon, the "era of negotia-
tion," it will do so with a clear view of
reality and from a position of strength.
Mr. President, a feature article ap-
peared in the Omaha World-Harald on
Approved For Release 2001/03/02 : CIA-RDP71 B00364R000300060001-8
 February I ppr ed For R R UPI OU PRE) Y 364R000300060001 867
TOMATOES, FRESH MARKET-F.O.B. PRICES DADE COUNTY, FLA., 1968-69 SEASON
[Dollars per carton, f.o.b. shipping point]
Greens, 40-lb. cartons, 85 percent or more U.S. No. I Greens, 40-lb. cartons, U.S. No. 2 Greens, 40-lb. cartons, 65 to 80 percent U.S. No. I
6x6 and 6x6 and. 6x6 and
Date, 1968-69 larger 6x7 7x7 5x6 larger 6x7 7x7 5x6 larger 6x7 7x7
I
Dec. 23, 1968 --------- 8.00 5.00 22.75-3.00 . 09.00 ' 5.50 3.00 3.50 1.50-2.00 --------------------------------------------------------
D ec.24,1968_________ 8.00 5.00 2.25-3.00 x9.00 5.35-5.50 3.00-3.35 1.50-2.00 ________________________________________________________
Dec. 25,19683 = ?----------------------------------------- -----------------
Dec.26,19684----------------- --------- -------------- ----------------------------------
Dec.27, 1968--------- 7.00 4.00 -22.00 7.00-8.011? 4.50-5.00 2.25-2.65 1.OQ-1.35 -------------------------- _-----------------------------
Average -------------- 7.67 4.67 2.60 8.78 5.17 2.96 1.56 --------------------------------------------------------
Dec. 30, 1968 5______ --------------------------------------------------------
Dec. 31, 1968_________ 5.00-5.50 3.50 3.50 5.00-6.00 23.65 2.25-2.35 --------------------------------------------------------------------
Jan. 1,19693----------- -------- ------ -----------------2--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
~1
------- ' 2.25-2.35 1.35-1.50 --------------------------------------------------------
75
.
50
.
3
-----
--
-
-------- -----
1969
Jan
2
-5-0--
,
.
23.35-3.50
--------------4 50Jan. 3, 1969___________ 4..50-5.00 3.50 21.75 86.00
Au gust 5 00 3.50 2.33 - .67 3 50
Jan.6, 19697__________
Jan. 7, 1969 8 ----------------------------------------------------------*
Jan.8,19698_----------------- _----------------------------------------
7.00 5.00 ___________________________ 3.35-3.65
Jan
----
9
1969
.
,
-------
----- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
196910
-
Jan. 10,Jan. 13, 196911 ------------- r? ---
------------------------------------------- :---
Jan. 14, 1969---------- 7.00-8.00 5.00-6.00 ------------- 9.00 4.65 5.00
Jan. 15, 1969 27.50 5.00-0.00 ----------------------+. 4.65 5.50
Jan. 16,1969---------- 27.50-8.00 5.50-6.00 -------------------------- 5.00-5.35
17 1969 27.50 5.50-6.00 ---- ' 5.00-5.35
------------------
Jan
.
----
---
T
22.25-2.35
81.25-1.40
--------------------------------------------------------
2.30
1.38
------ ------------------------
___--------
_
______________---- 2
DO
2.25-2.65
1
96.00 5.00 3.50 .75-2.
3.35..4.00
3.35-4.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------
3.50-4.00
---------------------------------------------------------------------
23.50-4.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------
r -------------
Jan. 2d, 196912---------------
--------------------------
21, 1969---------- 7.00 5.00-6.00 --------------------- ------------------ 25.00 3.35-4.00 -------------------------------------------------------
Jan. 22, 1969---------- 7.00-8.00 6.00-7.00 ------------------------------------------ 5.00-5.35 3.35 4.65
Jan. 23, 1969 - 6.00 7.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 3.50-4.00 --------------------------------------------------------
---------- ------------------------- ------ --------- - ---------------------------------------------------
Jan. 24, 1969--------- 27.00 5.00-6.00 --------------------------r--------------- 5.00 3.50 4.00
------------------------------------------------------------------
Jan. 27, 196911------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
Jan. 28, 196913------ ------ --------------- ------------------------
. 29, 1969 ------ 146.00 -------- ? 3.50-4.00 --------------------------------------------------------
Jan. 4.00
Jan. 30,1969---------- ------------- 146.00 --------------------------- --------------------- ----- 2
Jan. 31, 1969----------------------- 146.00 ------------------------------------------------------ 3.50 4.00
Feb. 3,196915---------------------------- ----- -------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feb. 4, 1969------------------------ 146.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 24.00 ----------------------------------------- ---------------
Feb. 5, 1969---------------------- 146.00 ------------------------------ -------------- 24.00 --------------------------------------------------------
b. 6, 1969----------------------- 26.00 ------------ ---'------------------------ 24.00
Feb. 7 1969 2117.00 ----------- 4.5 ------
Feb. 1b, 196918-------------- --------------- ------ --------------------------------------------------------------
Feb. 11, 1969 28.00 6.00-7.00 25.35 4.65 -- ------
--------- ------------------
Feb. 12, 1969--------- 7.00-8.00 26.00 ----------------- --------- 4.65-5.35 24.00 --------------------------------------------------------
Feb. 13,1969--------- 28.00 6.00 -------------------------------- - 25.35 4.00
Feb. 14, 1969--------- 178.00 6.00 ------------------------------------------ 4.65-5.00 4.00 --------------------------------------------------------
Feb. 17, 196916 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Prices not established.
2 Mostly.
8 Holiday
4 Most booked open; prices to be established later:
5 Prices generally not established.
4Very few.
?Weekend rains; no packing, insufficient.
Offerings light; prices to be established later.
eFew.
10 insufficient quantity (slightly stronger tendency).
11 Offerings light; prices not established.
12 Prices generally unsettled.
IS Offerings increasing; prices mostly not established.
146 x 7 and larger.
15 Prices generally unsettled and billed open bases-f.o.b. prices established Tuesday.
16 Prices to be established later.
17 Best mostly.
Source: Daily reports of Fruit and Vegetable Market News Branch, C. & M.S., U.S.D.A.
[Dollars per carton, f.o.b. ship ng point, at packinghouses[
Vine ripes, 20-lb., 2-layer c rtons, 85 percent Vine ripes, 20-lb., 2-layer cartons, "lower"
or more U.S. Na. 1 in 10 lots
6x6 and larger x7 70 6x6 and larger 60 7x7 8-lb. carton
Dec. 16, 19681 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- j -------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Dec. 17, 19681 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------3 ------------------------------------
Dec. 18, 1968--------------------------------------------------- 6.00 .00 4.00 5.00 4. 00 3.00-3.25 ----------------
Dec. 19, 1968--------------------------------------------------- 36.00 .00 3.50-4.00 4.50-5.00 34.00 3.00-3.25 ----------------
Dec. 20, 1968__________________________________________ 36.00 3 .00 3.50-4.00 4.50-5.00 34.00 3.00-3.50 ----------------
Average -------------------------------------------------------- 6.00 .00 3.80 4.80 4.00 3.17 ----------------
Dec. 23, 1968___________________________________________________ 550-6.00 4.50-1.. 00 3.50-4.00 4.00-4.50 3.00-3.50 42.00-2.50 ----------------
D ec. 24, 1968 5----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dec. 25, 1968 ?---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ , --------------------
Dec. 26, 1968--------------------------------------------------- 3 5.50 4.50 3.00 34.00 3.00 2.00 ----------------
Dec. 27: 1968--------------------------------------------------- a 5. 00 34.00 33.00 3.50-3.75 3.00 --------------------------------
5.25 :4.25 3.00 3.75 3.00 2.00 ----------------
Dec. 30, 1968-------------------------------------------------- 4.00 3.00 32.00 33.00 2.00 31.50 ----------------
Dec. 31; 1968--------------------------------------------------- 3 3.50 3. 00 72.00 2.50-2.75 4 2.00 (3) ----------------
Jan. 1, 1969 ? ---------- _ -----9 ----- ------- --------------- ----------------------
----------------
Jan. 2, 1969--------------------------------------------------- 8 3.50 2. 3. 00 1.50 -2. 00 2.50-2.75 ( ) ( )
Jan. 3,1969 ----------------------------------------------------- 3.50 r 3.00 2.00 33.00 02.00 ----------
3 62 2 90 1 90 2 75 2.00 1.50 ________________
Jan. 6, 1969-----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 7, 1969- --------------------------------------------------
Jan.8,1969-----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 9, 1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 10, 1969---------------------------------------------------
Average
Jan. 13, 1909----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 14,1969---------------------------------------------------
Jan.15, 1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 16,1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 17, 1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 20,1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 21, 1969 ----------------------------------------------------
Jan.24,1969 ------------------------ ----
Jan. 27,1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan. 28,1969----------------------------------------------------
Jan.29,1969----------------------------------------------------
3.50 3.00 2.00 33.00 2.00 --------------------------------
3.50 3.00 2.00 33.00 2.00 --------------------------------
3.50 -------------------------------- 3.00 ------------------------------------------------
3.50 ---------
3.50-4.00 (11)
s.uU ----------------------------- - - - - - -
3.00
------------------------------------------ - - - -
3.00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3.00
------------------------------------------------
3.00
---------------------------------------- - - - - - - -
3.00
------------------------------------------------
3.00
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3.00
------------------------------------------------
3.00
------------------------------------------------
3 00
------------------------------------------------
3.00-3.50
_ 1.90
0330
------------------------------------------------
33.00
------------------------------------------------
4.00 --------------------------------
4 . 0 0 --------------------------------
4 . 0 0 --------------------------------
4 . 0 0 --------------------------------
4.00 --------------------------------
4 . 0 0 --------------------------------
4.00 --------------------------------
4 . 0 0 --------------------------------
4.00 --------------------------------
4.00 ------------------------
4.00-4.50 ----------------------- - -:.:-
4.00 --------------------------------
4.00 --------------------------------
Approved For Release 2001/03/02 : CIA-RDP71 B00364R000300060001-8
 Februa OPq For Rel : RDP74 O..Q' '64R000300060001-8 S 1869
February 12, 1g68, entitled, "'Tanks and
Terror' Weakened West." The World-
Herald military affairs editor, Mr. How-
ard Silber, wrote this excellent and de-
tailed study of the possible rebirth of
NATO. Mr. Silber is a responsible, com-
petent, and thorough journalist, and his
article deserves the attention of my col-
leagues in the Senate.
Mr. Silber comments, in part:
Just as the Soviet takeover of Czechoslo-
vakia in 1948 helped make the Marshall Plan
a reality, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslo-
vakia in 1968 shoved Article 13 of the North
Atlantic Treaty out of the minds of Western
diplomats.
Article 13 would open the way for any of
the original signatory countries to withdraw
from the alliance after 20 years-after April
4, 1969. Now none is expected to withdraw.
The situation today is comparable to the - went well beyond the narrow limits of Soviet
post-World War II period which gave birth tolerance for change in Eastern Europe."
to NATO. To say that the invasion of Czechoslovakia
and the resulting presence of Soviet forces
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con- across the border from Bavaria was the cata-
sent that this informative, well-reasoned lyst which reversed the dissolution of NATO
article by Mr. Silber be printed in the might not be the whole truth.
RECORD following these remarks. But disintegration does appear to have
There being no objection, the article been halted. NATO is adding to its military
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, strength. NATO countries are taking a fresh
as follows: look at their alliance. With the possible ex-
ception of France, there is a renewed belief
"TANKS AND TERROR" WAKENED WEST: NATO in the need for a closeknit, powerful Allied
ALTERS POLICY AFTER CZECH INVASION military force in Europe. More men and more
(By Howard Silber) money are being invested.
BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.-The North Atlantic No longer is there any real doubt here that
Treaty Organization was in an unhappy state NATO, which will observe Its twentieth an-
last summer. The 15-nation alliance appeared niversary April 4, will move into its twenty-
to be dissolving in a pool of indifference and first year. There was serious doubt until last
false security. August 20.
France had withdrawn its military forces Uncertaintly had spread to Washington,
from the NATO high command as President where it was nourished by the arguments of
Charles de Gaulle continued to pursue his two influential members of Congress, Sena-
go-it-alone policy and his determination to tor Mike Mansfield of Montana, the majority
weaken American Influence in Europe. leader, and Senator Stuart Symington of Mis-
The United States, traditionally the prin- souri, who wanted to withdraw all American
cipal supporter of NATO, was pumping more troops from Europe. August 20 put an end
of its resources into Southeast Asia, and was to the argument.
faced with an unchecked outflow of gold. Just as the Soviet take-over of Czechoslo-
So the Pentagon was withdrawing some 35 vakia in 1948 helped make the Marshall Plan
thousand troops from Europe. a reality, the Soviet invasion of Czechoslo-
Britain decided to pull about six thousand vakia in 1968 shoved Article 13 of the North
troops from the continent as part of its econ- Atlanti' Treaty out of the minds of Western
omy campaign. diplomats.
There was bickering. France, which con- Article 13 would open the way for any of
tinues its political participation in the alli- the original signatory countries to withdraw
ante, never missed an opportunity to fling from the alliance after 20 years-after April
barbs at the United States. Denmark and 4, 1969. Now none is expected to withdraw.
Norway were increasingly critical of the mill- The situation today is comparable to the
tary dictatorship in Greece. Portugal, because post-World War II period which gave birth
of its African policies, was all but ostracized. to NATO.
BLISSFUL THEME When the United States and other coun-
tries of the West were doing everything pos-
But, in spite of the surface disharmony, sible to return to the ways of peace, the
the alliance was busily pursuing its new pol- Soviet Union of Josef Stalin remained on a
icy of combining detente with defense. The wartime footing.
blissful theme was co-existence with the So- STRONG REACTION
viet Union and its Warsaw Pact partners. In late 1946, Allied forces in Europe sweetness-and-light attitude was man- pe had
ring aggression and insuring the defense of
Western Europe."
The command was established In April,
1951, with Supreme Headquarters-Allied
Powers Europe at Rocquencourt near Paris.
FIFTY-FOUR DIVISIONS
After de Gaulle announced his decision to
withdraw France from the NATO integrated
military command, SHAPE was moved to a
new 32-million-dollar facility in a French-
language rural district about 30 miles south-
west of Brussels. NATO's own separate ad-
ministrative headquarters is at the edge of
Brussels.
The various units committed to NATO re-
main under the control of their own govern-
ments. Only during periods of emergency
would the forces shift to the command of
United States Army Gen. Lyman L. Lem-
nitzer, Supreme Allied Commander.
NATO lists about 54 army divisions, 24 of
them in or near West Germany. There are
believed to be about 125 Warsaw Pact divi-
sions arrayed against the West.
But not all divisions are alike. NATO di-
visions have about 50 per cent more men
than their Communist counterparts.
The quality of NATO units varies. Some of
the Greek and Turkish outfits are consider-
ably weaker than units of Norway's small but
excellent army and air force. By the same
token, NATO military men speak much more
respectfully of the Soviet military than of
the armies and air forces of other Warsaw
Pact countries.
The emphasis today is on better and conse-
quently stronger NATO forces.
Ambassador Cleveland warned that "if the
Soviets are ready, NATO had better be
readier." He pointed out that "every NATO
ally has lately been below NATO standards
of manning, equipment and training."
SUBSTANTIAL INCREASES
After August 20, every major NATO de-
fense participant agreed to attempt to meet
the standards requested by General Lem-
nitzer.
The NATO mobile force, one of the com-
mand's biggest sticks, is to be enlarged. The
NATO-committed tactical air forces, which
were largely prepared for the use of nuclear
weapons, are being converted more rapidly
for non-nuclear roles.
Reforger I and Crested Cap, the United
States Army and Air Force redeployment
exercises which were highlighted by war
games near the border between West Ger-
many and Czechosolvakia, were part of the
NATO muscle-flexing program.
Last year, the major participants in NATO
spent about 4.5 per cent of their gross na-
tional product on defense needs. The United
States committed about 10 pert cent. Much
of that, of course, went to meet the burdens
of the Southeast Asia war. Last November
the European Allies pledged substantial in-
creases.
HAND STILL OFFERED
ifested last Juno when the NATO foreign been reduced to 880 thousand. But the Soviet What about detente? Is the concept obso-
ministers, meeting at Reykjavik, Iceland, in- Union had more than four million men in lete in the face of the Soviet occupation of
vited the Warsaw Pact nations to negotiate uniform. Two years later, the Kremlin had Czechoslovakia and NATO's resulting body-
mutual and balanced military force reduc- control of 390 thousand square miles and building program?
tions in Europe. more than 90 million people outside Russia. Cleveland said he is still hopeful that
Then, on the night of August 20, 1968, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hun- bridges can be built and used.
United States and West German defense gary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia had "The Soviet action in Czechoslovakia was
radar operators suddenly found their "views" come under Soviet domination. a deep wound to the agreed Western policy
of large areas behind the Iron Curtain The reaction of the West strong. of pursuing detente between East and West,"
blocked. NATO was formed by 12 countries-the he observed. "During the last 10 days of
Communist aircraft were dropping curtains United States, Canada, Belgium, France, The August every NATO country hastened to
of chaff, the metallic ribbons which resem- Netherlands, Britain, Denmark, Norway, Por- dampen contacts, postpone political visits
ble Christmas tree tinsel, to mask activities. tugal, Italy, Luxembourg and Iceland. The 12 and generally defer the building of East-
Czechoslovakia was being invaded. agreed that "an armed attack against one or West bridges.
By breakfast time on August 21 It was more of them . . . shall be considered an "The Minnesota Band did not visit the
clear to most NATO leaders that the Soviet attack against them all." Turkey and Greece Soviet Union, and the Red Army Choir was
Union and others of the Warsaw Five were joined the alliance in 1952. West Germany not heard in England. The Mayor of Moscow
not willing to accept detente. was admitted in 1955. was shipped hurriedly out of The Hague.
Detente, an almost untranslatable French The treaty was implemented in 1950 when Ministers in half a dozen Western countries
word, is described by Harlan Cleveland, the NATO Council of Ministers announced who had been preparing trips designed to
United States Ambassador to NATO, as the plans to create "under a centralized com- bolster their personal contributions to peace
process of building bridges. mand, an integrated force capable of deter- suddenly discovered urgent business at home.
"Only when the Western Europeans and
their transatlantic NATO partners began to
talk in earnest about bridge-building, did It
begin to dawn on the leaders of Russian com-
munism that detente was bound to be deeply
disruptive to the status quo in Europe,"
Cleveland raid.
"The more the Eastern Europeans learn
about Western Europe, the my:e-they want
some of that freedom, toq,5e more the East
Germans learn about - a miracle of West
Germany, the more We Easterners want some
of that Western pr sperity.
TANK AND TERROR
"Since the Soviets didn't want change,"
Cleveland declared, "they decided that real
detente was too dangerous.
"And in August in Prague they made it
plain with tanks and terror that the efforts
of Dubcek's regime to build a 'socialist hu-
manism' at home and freer relations abroad
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"Diplomatic parties celebrating Polish
Army Day, the Bolshevik Revolution, and
the like, were boycotted by all but minor
Western officials.
"The Italian Fair in Moscow went on, but
when, in a show of business-as-usual, the
top Soviet leaders turned up as visitors, they
found that no Italian official of comparable
rank had made the trip."
Cleveland said that "on August 20, NATO's
hand was outstretched, holding a proposal
to talk seriously with the Eastern allies about
arms control in Europe.
"The desire for detente is so deep," he
,continued, "that this welcoming hand will
probably not be lenched into a fist. But the
staff work on 'balanced and mutual force
reductions,' the building of models, the de-
velopment of concrete proposals are bound
to be accorded a low priority within Western
governments and in NATO until the Soviets
give some sign that they are thinking about
them, too."
LESSON IN FEAR
The Ambassador said "the most far-reach-
ing lesson of the brutal action in Czecho-
slovakia is that Soviet leaders are afraid of
detente, afraid of the contagion of com-
petition with the West-still, after 50 years
of communism, afraid of bringing out the
best, which means the freest, in their own
people."
In short, said Cleveland, "it takes two to
tango and the Soviet Union is still a wall-
flower."
Until Russia agrees to dance, NATO is
prepared to maintain a strong defense um-
brella over the 520 million people of the
West.
RE-REFERRAL AND CORRECTION
OF BILL
Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent to have S. 121, a bill
relating to the recognition of Vincent J.
Burnelli for his contributions to the
growth of aeronautical science and tech-
nology in the United States, re-referred
from the Committee on Aeronautical and
Space Sciences to the Judiciary Commit-
tee.
This has been cleared with the chair-
man of the Committee on Aeronautical
and Space Sciences, and it meets with
his approval.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. HOLLAND. I also ask unanimous
consent that at the next printing of the
bill, the award to Mrs. Hazel Burnelli,
widow of Vincent J. Burnelli, a typo-
graphical error be corrected at line 9
to provide the sum of $100,000 in lieu of
$10,000 which appears in the bill as a
typographical error.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without
objection, it is so ordered.
THE REORGANIZATION OF THE OEO
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, the Pres-
ident today has issued a statement mak-
ing known his intentions with regard
to the Office of Economic Opportunity
and the war on poverty.
Some in my State will recall that I
made it clear in my campaign last fall
that I would have to oppose rigorously
even a new President from my own
party, if he set out on a course which I
thought damaging to the antipoverty
programs which are so critical in solving
the crisis of the cities.
Accordingly, I reviewed the President's
statement today with some anxiety and
great care. Having analyzed the state-
ment, I can now say that I believe many
of the previous fears have proved to be
unfounded and that statesmanship and
foresight characterize the President's
message. Indeed, the President's state-
ment is far more important for its posi-
tive approach and tone than for the rela-
tively few organizational changes it
makes.
With regard to these organizational
changes, or.spinoffs of programs to other
agencies,;the statement is far more im-
portant-for what it leaves intact than for
what i takes away.
In other words, I think it may be
propjrly said that this statement is vital
not kmy for what it does, but also for
what it says. And it is also vital for
what it does not do.
The President's statement today gives
muh needed stability to the antipov-
ertt program and puts these fears that
have been raised at rest. The heart of
the?statement is, I believe, the commit-
ment of the new administration to retain
the ;central community action program
and =;to seek an immediate extension of
the present authority for the OEO for an
additJonal year beyond its June 1969 ex-
pirati'pn date. If there is one thing that
the 040 and the community action pro-
gram lave lacked it has been a sense of
some life expectancy and confidence in
their on future. This they now have.
The President proposes to send up
more detailed legislative recommenda-
tions to Congress in the late spring, to
take effect at the beginning of fiscal year
1971. But, by coupling that with a 1-
year extension of the present authority,
he gives Congress the opportunity to act
with deliberate speed without, at the
same time, interrupting program opera-
tions.
In this statement, the President an-
nounces his intention to delegate the
Headstart and Job Corps programs as
of July 1, 1969, to the Departments of
Health, Education, and Welfare and La-
bor, respectively. There will be people
who will seize upon this act as deleterious
to the war on poverty.
But this is no more than the original
plan called for in the war on poverty,
for it was then thought that mature pro-
grams would be spun off to established
agencies for continued operation and
that the innovation would continue to be
left in the Office Of Economic Opportu-
nity. There is no truer adage in the
Federal Government than that which
states that program operations drive out
planning and innovation. So if we want
the OEO to innovate-and we certainly
do-then we have to take mature pro-
grams and put them in other agencies.
I would further remind critics of what
President Nixon is about to do that they
did not object when President Johnson
took the much more serious step of dele-
gatingthe antipoverty program's man-
power training efforts to the Department
of Labor some years ago, when it was
not nearly as ready for transfer as these
programs are now.
I raise two items of caution in regard
to the President's message.
First, I am concerned with his instruc-
tion that "preparations be made for the
transfer" of the comprehensive Health
Center program to the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare. The
Health Center program, incidentally,
has been a very special care of the
Senator from Massachusetts (Mr. KEN-
NEDY). That program is not yet well
enough established, in my judgment,
and involves the need for extensive com-
munity organization support. I would
hope that the President, notwithstanding
his message, would reconsider and still
leave it in the OEO for a time.
Second, I would hope that the assign-
ment to the Vice President's Office of
Intergovernmental Relations of the
working out of antipoverty roles for State
and local officials will not hamstring the
independence of the OEO. Under the
Green amendment, Congress made it
possible for State and local governments
to assume a much greater role in com-
munity action programs; and I do not
believe that any greater legislative au-
thority is necessary in this regard.
Finally, I point out that the Presi-
dent has wisely protected the role of
the community action agencies in con-
tinuing operation of Headstart. I am
very pleased to note that the community
action agencies which have any such
programs in hand like Headstart will
be permitted to continue to operate them.
Mr. President, the real payoff in the
entire message, in my judgement, is the
degree of stablility and recognition which
it gives to the OEO. For example, the
President wishes to give the OEO a seem-
ingly expanded important role in the
area of community-based economic de-
velopment.
He also promises, which I believe is
clearly extremely important, I should like
to read this into the RECORD:
From the experience of OEO we have
learned the value of having in the Federal
Government an agency whose special concern
is the poor.
He also indicates very clearly-and
this should be very reassuring to the pro-
gram-that to do the job which he ex-
pects to have done by the OEO takes
money. He recognizes that, and that is
critically important.
Mr. President, the President not only
provides an innovative role for the OEO
but also points out that it is a natural
home for economic development activi-
ties. I join with the President in that re-
gard, and also in his determination to
which I pledge my own very best efforts,
to tighten up on management and integ-
rity. As the President says, when money
is lost to the program because of defal-
cation or even inefficiency, that is the
worst blow to the poor, because they are
deprived of that money hence, the crit-
ical importance of keeping a tight rein
in respect of management and other
techniques.
So I close, Mr. President, as I opened :
I believe that the fears of many that
President Nixon and the new adminis-
tration would dismantle the antipoverty
program have proved to be baseless. I
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equipment, supplies, and living organisms
into space was among that same set of
goals. We have gone far beyond simply
sending living organisms into space. Our
astronauts, whom we honor today, dem-
onstrated that man has a serious and sig-
nificant role in the operation of these
vehicles as well as their development.
This same Space Act in 1958 called
for the establishment of long-range
studies of the potential benefits to be
gained and the problems involved in
the utilization of the aeronautical and
space activities for peaceful and sci-
entific purposes. Our astronauts have
continued to demonstrate the open-
ness and peaceful intent of our nation-
al space effort and serve as an example
of what may be done by these astronauts
to further science in this new environ-
ment.
In 1958 the National Aeronautics and
Space Act called for the preservation of
the role of the United States as a leader
in aeronautical and space science and
technology and in the application thereof
to the conduct of peaceful activities
within and outside the atmosphere. The
Apollo program has pursued this course
with dedication. Yet we find that in this
moment of great achievement we are in
danger of losing this leadership. It is to
be hoped that the example of the men
whom we honor today will spur us to re-
dedicate ourselves to leadership in space.
As part of the obligation of the Space
Act of 1958, NASA was called upon to
make available to the agencies directly
concerned with national defense dis-
coveries that have military value or
significance, and to civilian agencies
established to direct and control non-
military and space activities information
as to discoveries which have value or sig-
nificance to that agency. NASA has gone
far beyond this. The technology which
allowed Astronauts Borman, Lovell, and
Anders to orbit the moon and return
safely to earth has found many and di-
verse applications in our industry. Many
of the contributions of our national space
effort will, over the next few years, find
.their way into the daily lives of the
American people. Again our astronauts
represent not only the achievement of
the day, but the potential for the future.
Our Space Act of 1958 also called for
the cooperation by the United States
with other nations and groups of nations
in peaceful application of the results. The
successful Apollo 8 mission was truly
an international effort. People from
around the world participated in the suc-
cessful flight. The people of the world
rode with Astronauts Borman, Lovell,
and Anders throughout this complex un-
dertaking. One can only hope that this
and other international programs of
NASA will grow and provide the basis
of better understanding between nations
in the future.
Finally, the National Space Act of 1958
called for the most effective utilization of
scientific and engineering resources of
the United States with close cooperation
among all agencies of the United States
in order to avoid any unnecessary dupli-
cation of effort, facilities, and equipment.
The Apollo program and the most re-
cent flight of Apollo 8 continue to show
W i;'r wik
that the United States can successfully
undertake large, complex technological
programs with continuing benefit to our
country and to the world. As the Nation
reaches the peak period of activity in
the Apollo program, it is important that
we conserve these scientific and engi-
neering resources of our country and
continue to utilize them effectively for
the future benefit of our country and the
world. As Astronauts Borman, Lovell, and
Anders set an outstanding example for
all of us in the flight of Apollo 8 we
should all be reminded that the support
and utilization of these resources are
a must if we are to continue to 'be suc-
cessful as a technologically progressive
nation.
Surely we honor these outstanding men
today in recognition that they represent
not only the NASA industry team, but
the entire Nation in their quest of ex-
cellence as a people.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND NATO
HON. PAUL FINDLEY
OF ILLINOIS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 9, 1969
Mr. FINDLEY. Mr. Speaker, the Daily
Telegraph in London on November 18
published a perceptive editorial con-
cerning the impact of the Czechoslovak-
ian invasion and occupation on NATO.
It also deals realistically with the ques-
tion of nuclear weapons and such
guarantees to Western Europe. Here is
the text:
NATO's LATE AWAKENING
Tremble, ruthless aggressors in the Krem-
lin, with your vast conventional superiority,
your obedient masses of brain-washed can-
non fodder, your nuclear parity, your servile
satellites and your strategic central posi-
tion. Heterogeneous, under-manned, under-
trained, pinch-penny and now, it seems,
half-awake NATO, after years of neglect and
facile optimism, has at last given you a stern
and long-overdue warning. If you touch
Jugoslavia, Austria, or perhaps Rumania,
or even Albania, then by golly that would-
er, well, "create an international crisis with
grave consequences."
Better late than never. This might mean
that from now on the Russians will not be
allowed to practise aggression with one hand
and detente with the other. But public
opinion in the NATO countries should
know, as it is to be hoped that the culpable
NATO Governments know, and as both the
Russians and the countries they are threat-
ening certainly know, that NATO is power-
less to give any effective aid. It is an illusion
to think that NATO's great but dwindling
air and naval superiority in the Mediter-
ranean might somehow be brought to bear.
Russia's strength on land, and in land-based
aircraft, would be overwhelming at the cru-
cial points. Furthermore, along the whole
line of confrontation with NATO, from Nor-
way to Turkey, Russian conventional prepon-
derance is so great that she could in re-
taliation smash through to the West's vitals
in a few days in many places simultaneously.
Would America then risk nuclear war, in
Which she and the West would be devastated
as much as Russia, for Yugoslavia and the
others? Would the various European mem-
bers of NATO wish her to do so? The answer
is clearly, no. It is, in fact, no more than a
ak. It, & 01-
possibility that America would use nuclear
weapons in retaliation for a clear-cut ag-
gression against Berlin or West Germany.
So, after we all went through, we are
back again where we were in the spring of
1939, only worse. Then our guarantee to
Poland was credible, and she accepted it. Now
we would not embarrass Yugoslavia and the
others by offering them a meaningless alli-
ance. Then, by dint of blood, sweat, toil
and tears we were able to hold out until the
strength of the free world could victoriously
be brought to bear. Now, if there were war,
it would probably all be over in a few days.
So what is to be done? Bring NATO forces
up to maximum efficiency within the severe
limits of their inadequate size; make all pos-
sible provision for emergency home defence
forces (instead of disbanding them as the
British Government has done) so as to leave
the soldiers free for military duties; and re-
arm while America's nuclear umbrella deters
the Russians from interfering with the
process.
THE OTHER FACE OF CONSERVA-
TION
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, January 9, 1969
Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, pursuant
to permission granted, I insert in the
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD an extraordinary
statement on conservation by Mr. Wen-
dell Bever, the able and articulate direc-
tor of the Oklahoma Department of
Wildlife Conservation, who shortly will
be taking office as a regional director for
the National Wildlife Federation, which
was recently published in the November
issue of Outdoor Oklahoma.
This excellent article points out some
of the problems in conservation of our
natural resources now afflicting this land
and urges some intelligent remedies
therefor. The article follows:
THE OTHER FACE OF CONSERVATION
(By Wendell Bever)
I am an angry man! I've had 25 years to
build a full head of steam. I detest the word
"compromise" with a passion. We've used
the word as a vehicle to sell wildlife down
the river.
Tell me, how do we compromise pure water,
clean air and wild creatures?
I am impatient! Impatient with conserva-
tion lip service, impatient with the attitude,
"Let's wait till next year," and impatient
with laws that provide the authority but no
teeth or funds.
I am irritated. Irritated with just plain
people who stand to gain or lose the most.
We got a problem, friend. Take a long,
hard look!
Oklahoma is losing 100,000-plus bobwhite
quail each year and South Dakota is trying
desperately to shore up a sagging pheasant
population. In Saskatchewan and the north-
central states, the ability of the prairie
marshes to produce ducks decreases about
80,000 birds each year.
In Wyoming and Montana, antelope show
a precarious trend and may be living on bor-
rowed time. South Dakota's pheasant popu-
lation once numbered a whopping thirteen
million birds and today, about three million.
Pesticides, herbicides, bulldozers, plow-
shares, drainage ditches, reservoirs and even
such things as woven wire fences are playing
havoc upon our wild environments.
Some of the best saltwater, ecologists in
the country tell us the Mississippi River
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drains the chemically polluted waters of All of those wild birds, animals and fish So, what do we do?
thousands of tributaries into the gulf. Here are declining because of free use of pesti- We bulldoze the dead trees littering the
many of the more stable chemical compounds cides, environmental pollution, clean farm- ground into neat windrows and we plant
threaten to break the basic food chain neces- ing, drainage and going hog-wild on the evergreens to speed up nature's processes. At
sary to maintain the gulf as one of the manipulation of water. Even such things as the end of a few years a beautiful stand of
world's great natural fish traps. forest management and the control of fire pine develops-the chokecherry and aspen
Some say It's already beginning to happen. have in many instances created more wild- can no longer compete and they fade out of
North America's largest cesspool, Lake Erie, life problems than they help to solve. the picture.
is well known to all of us. Why not the gulf? Have we got problems? You can't imagine. From game range to pulpwood in a decade.
Most of us are acutely aware of the dangers Hunters take a harvestable surplus which Was it a good trade?
of a poison when consumed by living crea- has almost no effect, other than beneficial, It's a simple function of economics It's
tures, but how many of us have ever stopped upon wildlife. It is true that some big game a sight easier to place a price on r, board foot
to consider the even greater threat-the seasons are designed to reduce populations of pine than a cubic foot of water or a ruffed
changing of whole environments. A poisoned and this is necessary. grouse.
"wild" forests, we
critter can get well but destroy his home and But, remember, most range and forest We no longer manage
nothing will save him-except a zoo! management plans are designed to grow trees farm them. In time, perhaps, we may even
We farm the land clean. We no longer and grass-not wildlife. A hundred animals farm game birds and animals. Perhaps the
tolerate the sunflower, the thistle or pigeon or a hundred fish, there is still a surplus to word "wildlife" will have little meaning in
grass. With clean farming we create a new be harvested. Sportsmen should stop fighting that future decade.
environment of hundreds of thousands of ghosts and learn who the real enemies are. It's a well-documented fact that modern
acres of single kinds of crops-perhaps wheat, Study the Prairie State of South Dakota. and scientific wildlife management, paid for
corn, soybean or cotton. We create an ideal Look at a good example of the problem. by the hunters, has restored more wildlife
situation for that particular insect that Just a few years ago this state carried 300 than has ever been lost, but only in those
specializes on certain types of crops. pheasants per square my1e'Wi`th1n'fTfebettel- areas where the habitat is suitable. Unfortu-
Because the threat of damage is increased range. The populatio$$$$'''' skid started in the iiateJ~y we are losing habitat a whale of a lot
so profoundly we flood our fields with chemi- 1940's and plunged t/ a low of bout two faster titan we can adjust or find solutions.
cal sprays-sometimes once, sometimes eight million birds by 196 the lowesat level in Wildlife 4 as always needed crusaders-peo-
to ten times a year. We keep the detrimental 30 years. The decline was classed as a public pie willing to stand up and be counted. It's
insect problem in hand, but along with him disaster. so easy to say "a little bit of pollution or
we destroy the beneficial insects also. What happened? , habitat destruction won't hurt." But remem-
The young of bobwhite quail, or pheasants, Upheavel in the gamie department. Accusa- her, tens of thousands of "little bits" can add
or grouse, simply cannot survive without the tions and counter-accupations. Irate citizens, up to a catastrophe.
supercharged protein foods that insects alone irate legislators. You ''name it, everything Few people realize the tremendous effect
can provide. Thus, even though we Hind only that could happen did happen. upon the environment that man is inten-
minute traces of an insecticide in the young You can't drop from thirteen million birds tionally causing. We no longer manage tim-
bobwhite, he may ultimately die. to two million without blaming somebody, her stands in our national forests. We liter-
Insecticides and herbicides accomplish two even if it's the wrong man\,or animal. It just ally farm them with tremendously efficient
things-they eliminate insect life at a critical `ain't' done in our great society. But who to and sophisticated tools that can treat thou-
time of year and they transform a habitat blame? sands of acres in a day. The true wild en-
made up of many parts into a habitat made Since the game department was the han- vironment is fast disappearing and I dread
up of a single part. diest, they were raked over the coals just on to see its going.
Wildlife cannot survive in a single-purpose general principles. Because the' little red fox The United States contains some two-
environment anymore than it can survive in eats a pheasant once in a wh\le, he got a thirds billion acres of public lands for the
your living room. good going over too. And, of co se, the old recreational use of Its citizens. I've got a
In Wyoming and other western states, standard-the cotton-picking hting sea- saddle horse and a pack mare and each
chemical sprays are being used to convert sons were just too liberal. year I see a little bit of these 770 million
hundreds of thousands of acres of sagebrush Finally, after a long drawnout l\assle, we acres. A couple of years ago it was the Gila
to prairie grasses-the death knell for ante- came to the real culprit. And a feeblO,voice of Wilderness area in southern New Mexico, and
lope, sage grouse and even the mule deer. the minority out of hundreds of thousands last year the Popo Agie River in the Wind
In the Rocky Mountains a subtle change of sportsmen, tourist promoters anti land- River Range. And each year I find the land
Is in the making. From New Mexico to Can- owners suggested that, perhaps, clean' ,farm- a little less wild.
ada, mule deer and elk are being subjected ing with it multitude of chemical spray just only in the most distant muskeg or lonely
to the old squeeze play. In one mountain "might" be the problem. mountain ranges of northern Canada do we
range after another, populations are begin- Might be? Hell, it was the problel }! It find the stillness and loveliness of the true
ning to level off, and some ecologists are dis- always has been! There are enough data` and untrammeled wilderness. The wild country
turbed by the marked decline in ability of facts floating around to sink a battleshi ! is a symbol of man's earliest ancestry when
some former great': game ranges to cary even As Director of a game department, it Isn't he stepped from the pages of the past. What
a static population easy to keep my composure when confrolted sportsman really wants to let go of this her-
In the Rocky Mo ntains we plant produc- with people who contaminate or change lthe itage?
tive old burns to pi e, skipping the natural environment with one hand and yell blopdy We face a problem, friend. We can't afford
brushlands which n mally follow. And we murder about limits being too liberal or to argue economic values and exchange a
wind up with sawdust Band 2 by 4's-but no seasons too long on the other. bobwhite with an acre of bermuda grass. We
game. Oklahoma annually plants 200,000 It's time we recognized that, all over athe simply cannot continue to compromise wild-
acres of native rangelan to bermuda grass- United States, with all kinds of wildlife,ithe life-again and again.
the perfect formula for liminating about clean, antiseptic, manicured and single-jur- The list of species in trouble grows an-
100,000 bobs each year. pose environments-all under the guide of nually and the problem compounds itself. Is
Even the wily trout has a oblem, In the good wildlife conservation-is dest yang it because wildlife is not worth saving? If we
Black Hills of Wyoming and th Dakota, wildlife conservation-is destroying ldlife accept the idea that we can't favorably equate
2,600 miles of trout stream has lined to ten times more efficiently than rifles shot- a bobwhite with a pound of beef or a
less than 200. And in other states, d dling guns ever did. I pheasant with a bushel of corn, then per-
stream flows give evidence of future prob S. In the US we spent 20 years pots ing every haps we are lost.
26
tched our The cure concerns a universal problem. It
As long as we raise more people, we wor prairie dog in sight. Then we s a
the lands harder-always trying to close the ective heads wondering at happened is not local but national in scope. It is deeply
food gap-and we never will. In the mean- tot ack-Footed ferr a beautiful, lithe involved with a sky-rocketing human popu-
time, Mister Bobwhite and his wild com- little aniffl-m-that ends almost wholly on lotion, abroad as well as at home, As the
panions dwindle and dwindle until one day the prairie dog as its basic food source. world of people grows, the more home. try to
it's, "Do you remember the good old days Can you live without food? his means more intensive
end-use them at ho and m t
when ?" Throughout much of Texas and north feed
Mister Sportsman, we are in trouble. through the Dakotas to the Canadian line, l If we are h
essful in keeping more peo-
Do you know the culprit? The problem programs are being designed by federal, as lI alive, then we must place greater and
rides under the guise of "good conservation," well as private interests, to change a varied pl demands , then upon our basic resources to
the dollar sign and a booming population of habitat of shrubs, trees, forbs and grasses greater alive,
people. to pure waving stands of introduced and do- feed more people in the future. And this
means less wildlife. We are fitting people into
Don't hit the panic button! Not yet. whltefgrasses. It's a beautiful sight a cities like sardines in a can and the general
Don't pressure your game department whiteface cow but the death th knell l for or ante-
agreement is that `expansionism' is good for
restrict hunting and fishing seasons. This is lope, deer and sage grouse.
doesn't help It actually compounds the Further west, in our Rocky Mountains, old u is it?
~pT1~1 em b creating an illusion that by sav- forest fire burns with their unsightly dead
ing Is
weave foiiridtIze solution. This snags, nothing but grasses, chokecherry, kin- Are we really interested in 'quality' exist-
kind of misconception just clouds the Issue. iiikinnick and aspen glades offend the eyes ence? Are we on a run-away course of more
Look at the facts! of forest managers. and more people crammed into compart-
Approved For Release 2001/03/02 : CIA-RDP71 B00364R000300060001-8