THE COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN CUBA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP71B00364R000300050001-9
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 10, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 4, 1969
• Content Type: OPEN

E 6582
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? Extensions of Remarks August 4, 1969
THIS UPWARD BOUND PROGRAM AT
CHAPEL HILL
HON. W. R. POAGE
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 4, 1969
Mr. POAGE. Mr. Speaker, I am just in
receipt of a letter from a respected edu-
cator from my own district who has just
returned from a so-called "Scientific In-
stitute," conducted at the University of
North Carolina under the auspices of the
National Science Foundation.
realize that both the scientific and
the educational organizations have ways
of retaliating against members who seek
to give the public a picture of what is
going on. I have, therefore, deliberately
deleted my constituent's name and his
address. I did this of my own volition
and not at his request. He put his name
on the copy which I received.
This House has just voted billions of
dollars for education and I supported the
appropriation. I know the need for edu-
cation. I know the need for scientific ad-
vancement, but I cannot believe that it
is necessary that we abandon all efforts
at what we have historically considered
common courtesy or ordinary decency. I
am not sure that a little culture is not
as important in hdrnan relations as is the
Scientific progress to which this institute
was supposedly dedicated. The letter
from my constituent is self-explanatory
and is included herewith:
Hon. W. R. POAGE,
Representative 11th Texas District,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR REPRESENTATIVE POAGE : I realize you
are busy and have 'little time for communi-
cation, but I feel that I need to inform you
of a situation concerning a federally fi-
nanced education program I observed this
summer. I was a participant in a National
Science Foundation Sumnier Institute at the
University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill
this summer. As a result of this, we were
housed in a dormitory on the campus with
a group of upward bound students.
I am a teacher and have completed nine-
teen years of teaching so I have had an op-
portunity to observe educational programs
and Judge their results before. I would like
to make the following comments about the
upward bound program at Chapel Hill.
First, if there was adult supervision, it
was not evident. I was told that there were
counselors but the adults I saw with the
group more nearly fit my description of a
pusher or hippy.
Second, as a result of the first statement,
the dorm came to resemble a flop house,
evidenced by the fact that they had to move
furniture out of the lobby; floors were al-
ways littered with trash; walls of elevators
were marked up and words usually found
only on rest room walls were quite abundant.
Third, it became almost impossible to study
In dorm any where except on upper floors.
This did not change even after repeated com-
plaints to dorm management.
Fourth, the language used by this group
become such that Very few people other
than these students ever used the snack
bar, T.V. room or other facilities in dorm.
Fifth, at least two meetings were held in
the dorm with the speaker being a known
militant from Durham, N.C. who had been
ryy outspoken in the trouble at Greensboro
Hiff ? of the ear.
After ? o Orthese mee mg's ? orm w n ? ows
and car windowd were broken and things
stolen from both rooms and cars according
to the dorm management.
Sixth, on at least one occasion I observed
a gun being passed from person to person
in lobby of dorm.
In short, I feel that the program accom-
plished a very good Job of training a group
of campus rebels. I feel that if you could
cheek, you will find many of your future
trouble makers received their training in this
and related programs. I resent any of my
tax money being used in such a poorly su-
pervised program and feel that something
should be done from a federal level.
There are many other things I would like
to tell you about this summer but I realize
you are busy and it is difficult to write about
all the things I observed. If I can provide
additional information, please let me know.
Sincerely,
THE COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN
CUBA
HON. EDWARD J. GURNEY
OF FLORIDA
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Monday, August 4, 1969
Mr. GURNEY. Mr. President, lately
we have heard many urge us to look
more favorably on the Communist Gov-
ernment in Cuba. According to the Cas-
tro apologists, the Cuban social experi-
ment is taking form, and the Cuban peo-
ple are feeling the benefits of the first
social revolution in Latin America. The
facts as presented in the U.S. News &
World Report of August 4 contradict
this illusion of social advancement and
put the Castro regime in proper con-
text: the Cuban Communist social rev-
olution is taking form, and it has turned
out to be a colossal flop.
Fidel Castro is in trouble, and he is
turning to his old friend, the Soviet
Union, for help. Consequently, it would
be in our best interests to stop the talk
of loosening the Cuban embargo and
showing sympathy for the Cuban dicta-
tor. Quite obviously, Cuba's Communist
Government is failing to meet the needs
of the people, and repressive controls
are being tightened. This does not sound
to me like the work of a social revolu-
tion, and the U.S. Government should
not be fooled into accepting this false
picture. We should do everything in our
power to help make the demise of Cas-
tro a reality.
To clear the air on the condition of
Cuba's Government and to illustrate
the need for a tightening of controls
within the embargo area, I ask all Sen-
ators to consider carefully the article
published in U.S. News & World Re-
port. I ask unanimous consent that the
article be printed in the Extensions of
the Remarks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
FOR CASTRO : TIGHTER SOVIET TIES AS
POPULARITY EBBS
Fidel Castro?who for a decade has pro-
mised the Cuban people a better life?is ap-
parently in so much trouble economically
that he is being forced to overhaul his own
policies for now.
Along with this, the popularity of the
u an dictator is at an all-time low, accord-
ing to V.S. Goveriarneflt-Sourced.
The Russians?whom Castro once courted,
then quarreled with?provided one of the
most recent signs that policy gears are be-
ing shifted in Havana.
On July 20, seven Soviet warships sailed
Into Havana harbor, cheered by thousands of
Cubans brought out to greet the vessels. The
week's visit coincided with July 26 celebra-
tions of the sixteenth anniversary of Castro's
first armed revolutionary attack.
Little more than a year ago, Havana and
Moscow were locked in a bitter name-calling
contest. And 18 months ago, Castro kicked
out two Russian and three Soviet-bloc diplo-
mats for plotting against him with old-line
Cuban Reds.
NEED FOR AID
At this time, in Castro's view, Soviet-
Cuban friendship seems the best policy, say
the experts. Castro desperately needs con-
tinued Russian aid to keep the Cuban econ-
omy going.
Though Castro?once the idol of the
Cuban people?is not held in such high
esteem at the moment, observers point out
that he remains In firm control.
Still, work slowdowns, anti-Castro wall
signs and low-level sabotage are appearing
more frequently.
These things, caused mostly by shortages
of food and other items, have resulted in
tightened police controls.
From refugees, diplomats, official Cuban
statements and various other sources come
reports of arrest and unorganized resistance.
For example:
Veteran sugar-cane workers are said to be
cutting only about 40 per cent of the amount
of cane they once cut;
A student says anti-Castro signs appear al-
most nightly on the walls inside Havana Uni-
versity, with indications that many people
are involved;
Theft, robbery, swindling and crimes
against property are officially reported to be
on the upswing. Many of these crimes are
considered to be sabotage;
Houses are being robbed when women leave
them to stand in food queues;
Troubles have increased at night, and citi-
zen bicycle patrols are being used.
As further evidence of a revamped policy,
diplomatic and other sources noted that?
at least up to the time of the July 26 cele-
brations?Castro had not, for a year or more,
called publicly for armed revolution in other
Latin-American countries.
Some, including a Castro agent who de-
fected, say the Russians demanded, in ex-
change for more aid, that Havana halt the
campaign. The thinking is that Castro was
hurting the Russians' efforts to penetrate
the Hemisphere in the role of peace lovers
seeking only trade and diplomatic relations.
Just how true this is, of course, is difficult
to determine. However, Castro has now de-
clared that there can be a real revolution
in Latin America without violence. On July
14, he said the military Junta in Peru may be
conducting such a revolution.
TURNING POINT
One U.S. expert on Hemisphere affairs de-
scribed this statement as a true "turning
point" in Cuban policy. Basically this switch
can be laid to two failures, in the view of
several American authorities. These are the
economic failure and the failure to export
revolution. Says one source:
"Castro was shaken up more than most
people realize by the failure of Ernesto
('CM') Guevara in Bolivia. Personal ties
aside, what hurt Castro was that the Guevara
effort failed even though a11 the classic con-
ditions for revolt?in the Castro ideology?.
were present in Bolivia. But it didn't work,
and that shook up Castro."
Another, in commenting on the economic
aspects, was careful to point out that, though
unrest is widespread in Cuba, "as yet, resist-
rtiVe it WAINte, riot active or orgailized."
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August 4, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks E 6581
spots the fiery glow of Apollo 11's heat shield
as it streaks through the early morning
(6:38 a.m. local time) sky.
12:39 p.m.: Radio blackout ends.
12:44 p.m.: At 23,300 feet, two drouge para-
chutes pop out to slow Apollo 11.
12:45 p.m.: Apollo 11's three' main para-
chutes open.
12:49 p.m.: Apollo 11 is at 1,50b feet, swing-
ing gently beneath its bright orange-and-
white canopies.
12:50 p.m.: "Splashdown," a rescue heli-
copter reports. "Apollo has splashdown." The
space craft plunges into the Pad& nose first,
13 miles from the recovery ship 17.8 S. Hornet.
Man's first flight to walk upon the moon ends
upside down.
A.M. & N. PROGRAM AIMS AT ELIMI-
NATING IIARD-CORE POVERTY
HON. J. W. FULBRIGHT
OF ARKANSAS
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STAT
Monday, August 4, 069
Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, Ar-
kansas A.M. & N. College, inurine Bluff,
Is currently conducting a procam to pro-
vide training, and then empWinent, for
unskilled and unemployed people from
Lonoke, Desha, and Drew Counties in
Arkansas. This program, funded by the
Office of Economic Opporturay and ad-
ministered by the Arkansv Farmers
Union, has been very successful and re-
cently was the subject of aline article
In the Pine Bluff Commercial by Miss
Janey Joyce.
I ask unanimous consent that the ar-
ticle be printed in the Extensions of Re-
marks.
There being no objection, the article
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
A.M. & N. PROGRAM Anis AT IIefNATING
HARD-CORE POVERTY
(By Janey Joyce)
"Hard-core poverty."
This is a phrase used from time to time by
sociologists and by government officials as
they despair about the steadily, rising costs
of welfare and the high numbers of unem-
ployed or underemployed people who are not
sharing in the current prosperity in the
United States.
Who are the "hard-core" poor?
They are the people who have been left be-
hind in this fast-paced technical society.
They vary from place to piece.
In Southeast Arkansas they are most often
displaced farm workers. They are the peo-
ple who were tenant farmers, sharecroppers
or field hands before the mechanical age
reached agriculture.
They grew up expecting to chop cotton
In the spring and to pick cotton in the fall.
That's all they ever expected to need to
know how to do.
Now, however, cotton is chopped with
herbicides and it is picked by machines. The
traditional agricultural jobs are no longer
available.
But many of the people who used to do
those jobs are still living in the tumble-
down paintless shacks that dot the rural
areas of Southeast Arkansas. They subsist
on welfare and the proceeds from occasional
unskilled jobs.
Their children have often grown up as-
suming that this was the only way of life
available to them as well.
Two years ago the Arkansas Farmers Union
in Little Rock began a program at Arkansas
V7V:
AM&N College in an attempt to provide
training, and then employment, for unskilled
and unemployed people living in Lonoke,
Desha and Drew Counties.
The program was funded by a grant from
the federal Office of Economic Opportunity
With in-kind services and facilities proyidecr
by the college.
AM&N already had a long e3,aii1ished com-
plete vocational arts proga11 which offered
training in autOlnobil ody repairing and
painting, automobile- mechanics, brick ma-
sonry, carpentr -'-cosmetology, electronics,
appliance repa practical nursing, secretarial
training, t oring, welding and machine
shop.
In a tion to this, the training program
ester) hed basic education courses so that
illit ates could be taught to read and write
aVl those who already knew how to read and
?ite could improve their skills in these
reas.
Transportation?via school buses?was
provided so that the new trainees could get
back and forth from their homes to the
college.
And a stipend?ranging from $30 to $50
a week?was established so that trainees
could afford to attend school.
en came the first recruiting drive. Re-
eruite urches, newspapers, city
and county officials an w
r-to-
door in some instances to find persons w
were willing to become trainees in the pro-
gram.
According to Clinton Hampton, assistant
director of the program, recruiters were not
deluged with applications from potential
trainees at first.
In fact, Richard A. Maxwell, the program
counselor, estimated that the majority of the
first trainees came into the program because
of the stipend.
They enrolled in thq program, Maxwell
said, but this didn't mesh they had any con-
fidence in it. The general attitude of the
new trainee was, according to Maxwell: "Well
It sounds good, but I have to see it first."
"So," he continued, "it was up to us to
really motivate them?to really change their
outlook on life. And this is the thing that
I feel we have accomplished more than any-
thing else. We have instilled confidence in
themselves and in us."
Maxwell noted that the 10-moht,h train-
ing program that the trainees went ough
was "almost like a cram course."
"What they learn here," he said, "the aver-
age person gets in 21/2 years. And they come
out with flying colors."
Maxwell said he was shocked to discover
so many people with native ability and intel-
ligence "just doing nothing."
John Kuykendall, placement director for
the program, said that learning new skills
solved only a part of the trainees' employ-
ment problems.
More difficult, he said, is the psychological
transition from farm work?"where you
could go to work anytime you felt like it and
lay off when you felt like it and nobody said
a thing"?to industrial work where you have
to be on time and schedules have to be met.
Kuykendall is responsible for the final
phase of the program?getting the trainees
jobs and seeing that they stay with them.
Most of the employers that Kuykendall
contacted were skeptical at first, he said. But
most decided eventually to give the trainees
a try. And, by and large, they have been
satisfied with them as employees, he said.
The trainees were skeptical at first, too.
Euykendall said. Most couldn't believe that
they could get a job with a company that
wouldn't consider employing them before
they went back to school.
A familiar refrain, according to Kuyken-
dall, was: "rye tom, liFie before. / L
won't get a job here. They'll just send me
to the employment office."
"So they were pretty impressed when 30
or 40 minutes later they had the job," he
id
"I have tried to explain," Kuykendall con-
iieff,-11t1; They
companies are looking for
trained le now. aren't looking for
people who just walk in off the street and
say they can do this and do that without
any experience or formal training."
Kuykendall spends a lot of time out in the
field talking to potential employers and in
keeping up with trainees who have already
been placed on jobs, he said.
If he lands that one of the former
trainees has Missed a day on the job, he
contacts him to find out why. And he is al-
ways available to _discuss any problems that
might arise between employer and employee,
he said.
Each trainee who has completed his train-
ing and gone on to productive employment
is a success story.
Hampton, Kuykendall and Maxwell all have
their favorite success stories.
During the routine testing done on all
trainees during the 196-7-68 training pro-
gram, Maxwell discovered a 21-year-old
woman who he felt definitely belonged in
college.
That was Helen Williams of Tiller, who
has just successfully completed her first year
ege at AM&N.
Miss arns bad done farm labor?off
and on?af her graduation from high
school in 1965. A she was not too optiinis-
program when she
tic about the tral
signed up for it.
"I expected to just en up with a certifi-
cate," she said in a recent 'nterview.
She was surprised, she aid, when Max-
well strongly urged her to enroll in college
because she had never res ded herself par-
ticularly as college material
But enroll in college s e did?with the
help of a National Studen Defense loan, an
economic opportunity g t and a summer
job doing secretarial w k?a skill learned
In the training program
This year Maxwell recommended that
two of the program's ainees go on to college
next fall. They are s. Mamie Charleston.
31, of McGehee, Linda McKinney, 22, of
Humnoke. Both at completed courses in
secretarial tr. ng.
And ope to attend AM&N next fall
same sort of assistance that Miss
Williams is getting.
Hampton's favorite story concerns a young
man who had been a migrant agricultural
worker?one who had never seen a brick
laid in his life.
He spent four months in 1967 and 1968 in
a class for brick masons. Then he was per-
mitted to lay bricks on some faculty houses
that were under construction.
According to Hampton, he quickly shaped
up into a "cracker jack" brick mason. So he
went to work for a private contractor. It
didn't take him very long to notice that the
contractor was making more money than he
was. Hampton said, and so he soon went into
business as a brick subcontractor.
Then he was drafted into the armed forces.
Hampton said. But this did not end his
brick-laying activities.
The last time the man was home on leave.
Hampton said, he contracted I'M a job arid
then drafted four of this year's brick mason
trainees to do some of the work.
As far as Hampton knows, the four new
brick masons are still working.
Hampton, Kuykendall and Maxwell feel
that the program has been a suocessful one
during its two years of operation. But they
are still not satisfied.
"You'd be surprised at the number of
people who are still out there VW?
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August 4,, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL
MORE PLEDGES
Despite all the troubles, Castro is making
new promises of plently for the Cuban peo-
ple.
Recently he pledged anew that 10 million
tons of sugar would be produced in 1970,
and said this would solve Cuba's economic
problems, On July 14, he helped get the
sugar harvest under way. This is called the
1970 harvest because the traditional starting
date of January has gradually been pushed
up by six months. More eggs, rice were also
promised.
American experts are certain these prom-
ises cannot be fulfilled?just as Castro has
failed to fulfill his "better life" pledges of
the last 10 years.
And they say, with things getting, worse,
that another year of unkept pledges could
spell real political trouble for Castro by next
summer.
Those watching developments believe that
latent resistance in Cuba could become
active, organized opposition in the not-too-
distant future.
COMMISSION ON BALANCED
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
HON. GUY VANDER JAGT
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 4, 1969
Mr. VANDER JAGT, Mr. Speaker, I
have today introduced a resolution pro-
viding for the establishment of a Com-
mission on Balanced Economic Develop-
ment. This measure is a companion pro-
posal to House Joint Resolution 168,
Introduced earlier in this Congress by
Congressman PHILIP E. RUPPE of Mich-
igan.
Congress daily is becoming more aware
of the pressure which is being placed
upon our earth resources by the expand-
ing population of the United States. Il-
lustrative of this concern is the series
of hearings now being held by the Task
Force on Earth Resources and Poptila-
tion of the Republican Research Commit-
tee, of which I am a member.
Unquestionably, the urbanization and
suburbanization processes have created
much strain upon our resources. It is not
only appropriate but also very timely
that we should undertake a compre-
hensive study of the means by which we
might achieve a greater geographic bal-
ance in the ongoing economic develop-
ment of the United States.
The Commission which we propose
would be made up to 20 persons to be
appointed by the President. Four of the
members would come from cities of at
least 1 million persons; four would come
from cities having populations between
100,000 and a million; four would come
from cities whose populations ranged be-
tween 10,000 and 100,000; four others
would come from small towns and vil-
lages. No more than half of the persons
from any one of these classes would be
from the same political party. In addi-
tion to these members, four other per-
sons Would be appointed to the Commis-
sion without regard to political or geo-
graphic criteria, but upon the basis of
excAutelonal training, experience,
and competence in the subject of
RECORD ? Extensions
investigation.
The Commission would be charged
with submitting a report to the Presi-
dent and the Congress within 2 years
after its establishment. It is our hope
that the information gained through this
study will enable the United States to
achieve a better geographic balance in
its economic development, which is ex-
pected to proceed at a rapid pace over
the next 30 years.
During the remainder of this century
America will be experiencing a profound
shaping of its pattern of population dis-
tribution. Already, people are speak-
ing of huge, identifiable urban belts
such as San-San?San Francisco-San
Diego?Chi-Pitts?Chicago-Pittsburgh?
and Bos-Wash?Boston-Washington. I
believe that America will be a healthier
place to live, work, and raise a family
if other viable alternatives also exist for
our people. Indicative of the opposition
to an America totally dominated by such
megopolises is the current discussion of
the potential development of new cities.
Perhaps the creation of new cities is
part of the answer to our problem. Cer-
tainly, the strengthening of the eco-
nomic life of many of our existing out-
lying communities is also vital. But
clearly one of the important, indeed
fundamental, objectives which we should
endeavor to fulfill is the dispersion of
our population in a manner which will
enable us to efficiently utilize our earth
resources in support of our human re-
sources.
The formation of this study commis-
sion is one vital step toward the achieve-
ment of that element of a state of na-
tional health and well-being.
OUR NATIONAL SECURITY
HON. G. WILLIAM WHITEHURST
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 4, 1969
Mr. WHITEHURST. Mr. Speaker,
early last month the Veterans of Foreign
Wars held their 14-State Southern Con-
ference in Norfolk, Va. Mr. Richard Ho-
man, commander in chief of the VFW,
made several splendid statements re-
garding our national security.
Believing as I do that his views deserve
the attention of this House, I insert in
the RECORD the comments of Mr. Homan
as reported in the Norfolk Ledger-Star
and Norfolk Virginian-Pilot:
VFW CHIEF'S VIEW: MILITARY-INDUSTRY
COMPLEX PRAISED
NORFOLK.?The commander in chief of the
Veterans of Foreign Wars brought to a close
a weekend southern conference of the VFW
with praise not only for the "military-indus-
trial complex" but also the "military-educa-
tional complex."
Richard Homan told 800 delegates from 14
states that in praising the former he was not
singling out any group, "for no such group
exists."
"I am pointing to those on call 24 hours
of each day around the globe, and to those in
industry who are giving the best years of
their natural life to build second-to-none
" he said.
of Remarks E 6583
It was the builders of Polaris submarines
and Minutemen missiles "who now believe
they can build a Safeguard defense against
missile attack and contribute still more to
our security," he said.
"Both our military servants and our Indus-
tial leaders have been irresponsibly criti-
cized for building weapons systems which
have never been used," he said. "They have
been criticized when the aim for building
such weapons systems was to make them so
awesome they would not be used."
As far as the "military-educational com-
plex," was concerned, Homan said he could
"think of no asset which contributes more
to the national sinew."-
In Tidewater, he said, tens of thousands of
young men are taught specialized skills, self-
discipline and the responsibility of citizen-
ship.
"I say without hesitation that the mili-
tary-educational complex represents one of
America's valuable assets," he said. "The
secondary benefits to our civic institutions
and to our civilian economy are plain to see."
During the conference it was announced
that Virginia was one of four Southern states
to win "All-American" honors for its VFW
posts' involvement with community pro-
grams and membership growths.
VFW HEAD SPEAKS OUT: Ho's MEDDLING IN
UNITED STATES HIT
Noayox.x.?The commander in chief of the
Veterans of Foreign Wars has accused Ho Chi
Minh of "meddling and peddling" in this Na-
tion's internal affairs.
At a press conference here Friday after-
noon, Richard Homan said that the latest in-
stance of this was his invitation to David
Dellinger to represent the United States in
the release of three prisoners of war now held
in North Vietnam.
"Dellinger, at the time of Ho Chi Minh's
cordial invitation, was under federal indict-
ment stemming from the violent demonstra-
tions at the Democratic National Convention
in Chicago," he said.
"Presumably, Ho Chi Minh wanted to prac-
tice his own expertise in U.S. domestic
affairs."
Homan said that "the U.S. State Depart-
ment has regrettably recommended that
Dellinger be free to travel abroad and to rep-
resent America's national interest in this
matter."
Homan, in Norfolk to attend a 14-state
southern conference of the VFW, also took a
swing at South Dakota Sen. George McGov-
ern who recently announced that he had held,
priyate discussion in Paris with the North
Vietnamese.
"Senator McGovern was not elected to the
U.S. Senate for that purpose," he said. "He
does not share with the President of the
United States the responsibility of dealing
with hostile nations. The role of the U.S..
Senate is clearly defined by our Constitution.
It is to advise and consent to treaties and
commitments made by the President."
Homan said that the visit by eight Russian
naval vessels to Cuba should be looked on as
"the beginning of a new expansionist phase
in Soviet naval and maritime diplomacy and
influence."
He said that the Russian Navy had pro-
gressed from "the basics" of a proponderantly
underseas Navy to guided missile cruisers and
might well be expected to continue into the
field of attack aircraft carriers.
The VFW conference here is expected to
draw between 500 and 600 members. A ban-
quet and dance is planned for tonight.
No RECIPROCATION: VFW LEADER CRITICAL OF
TROOP WITHDRAWAL
Nostor..x.?The national leader of the Vet-
erans of Foreign Wars said Friday that the
United States should not have withdrawn
any troops from Vietnam without reciprocal
'44,444644, ,60441
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E 6584 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks August .4, 1969
action on the part of the North Vietnamese.
Richard Roman, commander-in-chief of
the VFW said the United Elates has been
limiting its operations in Itletnam, hoping
the North Vietnamese would:also limit their
operations.
Homan cited the bombing pause in the
spring of 1968 and the withdrawal of troops
as examples of this country's tverational cut-
back.
Homan, here for the 14-state Southern con-
ference of the VFW which began Friday at
the Golden Triangle, charged that idealists
in the United States have supported the
limitations on operations in Southeast Asia
and thus assisted the North Vietnamese.
Homan refered to recent private contacts
with the North Vietnamese negotiators In
Paris. Homan charged that Sen. George B.
McGovern, D-S.D. should not have under-
taken a private mission to Paris for discussion
with hostile agents.
"McGovern was not elected to the U.S.
Senate for that purpose. The role of the U.S.
Senate is clearly defined by our Constitu-
tion," said Homan.
Homan said that idealists Of this type are
dupes of the Communists because they un-
dermine America's position.
"If the North Vietnamese don't begin to
negotiate, we should review our operations
and consider those alternatives available to
us," he said.
Homan said the options to the United
States include blockading the North Viet-
namese ports, removal of bombing limita-
tions, and increased military I activity within
South Vietnam.
"The people of this country don't want to
put up with political generals. The day-to-
day operations in military areas should be
left to the Pentagon.
"When we contribute to this, we contribute
to prolonging the war," he said, referring to
those who make private contacts with the
North Vietnamese.
"These political generals have assumed re-
sponsibilities outside their elected au-
thority," said the 46-year-old commander.
As soon as limitations ate placed on us,
the North Vietnamese tell their people they
are winning," said Homan, ?"end the people
believe them."
Homan said the United States should re-
main in Southeast Asia to p-Trvent the entire
area from going Communist.
SENATOR GEORGE M14/PHY MAKES
SENSE
HON. DON H. CI,AUSEN
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 4, 1969
Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN Mr. Speaker,
a much deserved tribute was recently
paid to the distinguished senior Senator
from California, my good friendand col-
league, GEORGE MURPHY, by the editor of
the Santa Rosa, Calif., Press Democrat.
Because of his distinguished service
in the US. Senate and his valuable serv-
ice to the people of the State of Cali-
fornia, I am taking the privilege of
Including this tribute to g great htungri
being and an outstanding legislator in
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD:
SENATOR MtrliblY
Doing part of his homewda in Sacramento
the other day, U.S. Sen. George Murphy was
asked for the umpteenth time if he was
going to run for re-election. next year. And
trn s aigjigo*
Why there should be any question about
it is one of the irrationalities Of politics.
George Murphy has proved to be an energetic
Senator, a highly capable one, and a com-
passionate lawmaker. On his record, he
should be unbeatable, so some of the ques-
tions raised as to whether he wilLagain be a
candidate may spring from wishful thinking
among those who might have a chance if
only Sen. Murphy would be obliging enough
to call it quits.
A successful operation to remove a throat
cancer left him with a voice that is soft, or
as the Senator puts it, "I c
as I used to."
But when Mr. M y talks, his colleagues
listen, and wha e says makes sense. That,
it seems to ? Press Democrat, is a decided
asset to C ornia in a legislative chamber
so endow with members who are long on
oratory nd short on reason that it has for
decade been known as "the cave of the
wind
A EILING ON t .h.DERAL SPENDING
SPEECH OF
HON. FRANK T. BOW
OF OHIO
HE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
iday, August 1, 1969
. Speaker, the virtue of
n sorely missing in
tives in the last
Mr. BO
consistency has
the House of Represe
few days and I fear we ar ating some
very difficult problems for oultelves and
for the country.
Ten days ago the President signed into
law a bill in which the Congress included
a ceiling on Federal spending in the cur-
rent fiscal year. That ceiling was set at
$191.9 billion?$1 billion below the total
recommended by the President in April.
During the last 3 days the House has
voted to increase spending for the pro-
grams of the Labor Department and the
Health, Education, and Welfare Depart-
ment by $1.1 billion over the amount
recommended by the President and
$922,563,000 more than recommended by
the Appropriations Committee.
It is appropriate and timely today
examine the implidations of this_ ion
in the light of the budget liffiltaton.
The budget ceiling that Congress has
imposed is flexible in two respects. First,
we exempted increases of up to $2 billion
above the April budget in certain pro-
grams for which spending is unpredic-
table. Second, we provided that the ceil-
ing will be adjusted by the net increase
or decrease voted by the Congress in the
April budget estimates of the President.
Events since April make it virtually
certain that outlays for interest and
other hard to predict programs will be
higher than was estimated in April, per-
haps by the full $2 billion, thereby rais-
ing the statutory ceiling to $193.9 billion.
President Nixon, in his July 22 state-
ment, made a strong commitment on the
part of his administration to live within
a ceiling of $192.9 billion. His message
said, in part:
I know the Congress shares my determina-
tion to make the budget an effective instru-
ment against the inflation that has wrought
so much damage to the income and savings
of millions of Americans. If thefOrigress di
itat comnitintettt twn'
Vie.i .?fijsEt-Fending ceiling. However,
this general expression of support for fiscal
restraint must now be matched by specific
acts of the Congress.
We should understand clearly what
the President means. If the Congress in-
creases one of the President's budget re-
quests, whether it be in reclamation or
hospital construction, agriculture, or ed-
ucation, then the President will act
either to avoid use of those increases or
to cut other budget items an equal
amount. If we refuse to be responsible?
if we refuse to make this choice?then
e President will make it. And some of
us may not like the results.
In his statement, the President said
he would prefer that the Congress make
these cuts. So would I. I had hoped that
most of the House also would so prefer.
If we wish to hold down spending, we
must demonstrate this desire not only in
voting for an overall spending ceiling
but also in each specific budget action
that comes before us.
No one can say that the House demon-
strated that desire during the past 3
days. Instead, we demonstrated that
while it is easy to vote for a general,
overall reduction in spending, it is much
more difficult to resist voting for in-
creases in the face of blandishments
from the supporters of individual pro-
grams.
We now have a heavy responsibility to
find the means of reducing other ap-
propriation items to compensate for the
billion dollar increase in education.
This we must do if we are to demon-
str that we truly agree with the Pres-
iden
strai
for th
inflati
We
in our
I ho
reco
ut
view that inflation must be re-
d. We said we did when we voted
ceiling as a major weapon against
n. I hope we meant it.
ave a clear duty to apply restraint
future appropriations activities.
the Appropriations Committee
izes that obligation and will do its
t. The general welfare requires
t we have the support of the House.
he extra billion voted for education will
buy very little if we allow inflation to
run rampant in our Nation.
STAND UP FOR ACADEMIC
FREEDOM
HON. JAMES B. UTT
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Monday, August 4, 1969
Mr. UTE Mr. Speaker, under unani-
mous consent to extend my remarks in
the RECORD, I wish to include an address
entitled "Stand Up for Academic Free-
dom." This address was presented to the
La Jolla Kiwanis Club of La Jolla, Calif.,
by Assemblyman John Stull who repre-
sents that portion of San Diego County
in my congressional district. It is an out-
standing address by one of the most
outstanding legislators in the United
States. I hope it will receive wide cir-
culation. The address follows:
STAND UP FOR ACADEMIC FR
teivati.irOlkiirt&
slimy and unitise. We
are aware of this in every facet o/ our lives,
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IN A ItEWK
other taxpayers, are carrying the tax load
that these corporate -eants are evading
through their depletion allowance.
Major oil corporations don't vote. They
don't pay their fair share of taxes. But they
do try to buy influence, to pose as social
benefactors who must be sheltered for the
national good; and they use the tax bene-
fits taken from our gullible society to get a
stranglehold on every facet of the oil in-
dustry, to destroy their independent com-
petition and to branch out into other busi-
nesses. Among their widening interests are:
real estate, banking, grocery stores, truck-
ing, airframe and space technology, plastics,
paint and chemicals.
We feel that the major oil companies
should be allowed to sell gasoline only at a
definite, established wholesale price free
from rebates, competitive allowances and all
other devices used by them to lower retail
markets in local areas and thereby destroy
their independent competition.
We believe the oil depletion allowance
should be carefully scrutinized by Congress,
and either abolished entirely or else regu-
lated so that it can only be used against
actual drilling costs. Further, we believe that
all oil companies receiving a depletion allow-
ance should be divested of all their holdings
that do not relate to oil production, refining
or marketing, including real estate.
We small businessmen vote, the American
taxpayers vote; we Work for our candidates
and on election day each of us is more im-
portant than the largest oil corporation.
We ask you for the protection of our gov-
ernment from destruction by these corporate
monsters; we must have it now or we will
surely perish.
Sincerely yours,
JAMES L. BEEBE.
S. E. RONDON CO.,
Pasadena, Calif., May 19, 1969.
Hon. Senator WILLIAM PROXMIRE,
New Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.
(Attention of Mr. Martin Lobel.)
DEAR SIR: Upon the suggestion of Mr.
Martin Lobel, in which I had a long distance
phone conversation May 19, 1969 12 noon
Pacific Daylight time, I am writing my com-
plaint on unfair competitive advantage of
the major oil companies in the retailing of
gasoline.
The S. E. Rondon Company has been a
gasoline jobber and distributor for 24 years
In Southern California.
The major oil companies increased the
price of crude oil 200 per bbl. and as a result
increased wholesale prices %0 of a cent to
1? per gallon. This was their justification.
This increase in price gives the majors
another increase of tax advantage, as a re-
sult, of 51/20 per bbl. on the depletion allow-
ance.
All majors in most cases have enough
crude oil to supply their own needs up to
90%. In effect they increased the crude
oil price which they are buying from them-
selves.
In Southern California retail prices of
gasoline in major stations have dropped from
a normal 34.9 to a low of 24.9. Resulting in
elimination of competition by financial
squeeze. This competitive advantage by the
major is due and only due to 271/2% deple-
tion allowance which is used to support
their drop in retail price of gasoline.
By using the depletion allowance they take
specific areas to destroy independent com-
petition of small business men who do not
have this tax advantage. After competition
is destroyed they raise the retail price and
move to another area. Small independent
business men pay a fair share of the tax
and vote. Oil corporations pay little tax and
don't vote.
ou can prevail to restore
c? on on an equal basis thou th,e.
paying public would not be footing the bill
of the major in these costly retail price wars.
Sincerely yours,
S. E. RONDON.
P.S. I'll gladly fly to Washington to fur-
ther relate my problem as a small business
man or pay your expenses to come to South-
ern California for a personal observation.
U.S. RELATIONS WITH..02.4,
Mr. DOMINICK. Mr. President, on
March 30, Mr. John Plank wrote for the
New York Times Magazine an article
entitled "We Should Start Talking With
Castro." In effect, the article urged us
to turn over Guantanamo Naval Base to
Castro; to reopen trade and diplomatic
relations; and to treat that Government
as though it were normal; instead of as
being repressive, repulsive, retrogressive,
and exporting revolution as it seems to
most of us with sound vision.
On May 11, 1969, Mr. Paul Bethel's
letter to the editor replying to Mr. Plank
was printed in the New York Times. It is,
as usual, effective, knowledgeable, read-
able, and backed by facts instead of the
wishful thinking of Mr. Plank. Mr. Bethel
is an expert not only on Cuba, but on
Castro's revolutionary activities through-
out Central and South America.
I ask unanimous consent that the letter
be printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the letter
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
[From the New York Times Magazine,
May 11, 1969]
LETTERS: A POLICY FOR CUBA
To the EDITOR:
John Plank in "We Should Start Talking
With Castro," March 30, asserts that there is
"one school of thought in the hemisphere
that, unhappy with current policy, would
turn?instead of toward accommodation
with Castro's regime?toward increased pres-
sure, military or other, against it. Paul
Bethel, who with Spruille Braden and others,
speaks for the Citizens Committee for a Free
Cuba, reflects this viewpoint. . . ." So, may
we add, does President Nixon.
In his public utterances made during last
fall's campaign, Mr. Nixon had this to say
about Cuba: "It has become the center for
external aggression and the export of revolu-
tion to the Western Hemisphere. . . . There-
fore, U.S. foreign policy requires?and foreign
policies of all other nations of the world re-
quire?that this kind of government be quar-
antined; quarantined for the sake of peace."
Moreover, Mr. Nixon said: "New leadership
is pledged to do better."
Mr. Plank also implies that it is only
through groups such as the U.S. Citizens
Committee for a Free Cuba that, in his
words, "one gets a steady stream of alarmist
reports: of Cuban caves chockablock with
missiles, of secret Soviet submarine bases
along Cuban coasts. . . ." Then he states:
"Such thinking is certainly unhelpful and
could be dangerous." Unhelpful to whom?
Dangerous to what? These are strong accusa-
tions.
Here is what Hanson Baldwin, recently re-
tired military editor of The New York Times,
had to say on the subject of missiles: "Caves
on the island are known to be packed with
military equipment of various sorts, and if
missiles are not included in these below-
ground inventories today, it is perfectly pos-
sible that they may be tomorrow." On sub-
marines, Mr. Baldwin states that the "likely
utilization of a Communist Cuba by Russia
is as a naval and submarine base or refueling
hint station."
S5519
Mr. Plank, in saying that the U.S. Naval
Base at Guantanamo ought to be turned
over to Castro, overlooks Mr. Baldwin's warn-
ing. It is only the incredibly naive who can
believe that by handing the base to Cuba we
would not, in fact, be turning it over to the
Soviet Navy?and Bayles Manning, dean of
the law school at Stanford University, Henry
Wriston and many others hit hard at the
thought of relinquishing control. In the face
of this formidable array of expertise, Mr.
Plank flatly asserts: "It is legitimate to ask
who would be more disturbed, the United
States Navy or Fidel Castro, if we were to
decide to turn the base back to Cuba. A per-
suasive case can be made that our presence
at Guantanamo is more useful to Fidel than
to us." If such a case can be made, Mr. Plank
has failed to present it.
As for the indirect threat to the hemisphere
and the United States itself, Mr. Plank states
that we should not "exaggerate" Castro's ca-
pacity to export wars and subversion. He also
finds Soviet diplomatic and economic pene-
tration of Latin America to be a wholesome
development. As to the latter point, there is
abundant evidence that the Soviet Union
Is using its trade missions and diplomatic
establishments to advance Communist pene-
tration, as well as to help Castroite guerrilla
wart s.
Ishould therefore be a matter of concern,
not of subdued elation by Mr. Plank, who
notes a "growing number of serious voices
. . . calling for a fundamental reassessment"
of the isolation of the Castro regime. It is not
difficult to imagine, since the missile crisis
resulted in the lodgment of Soviet power in.
the Caribbean, that Mr. Plank's "serious
voices" actually are frightened voices, de-
escalating in their determination to maintain
their free domain inviolate.
Another point regarding the Russian-
Cuban combination is this. Castro's alle-
giance to Moscow is strong, perhaps irrevers-
ible. Knowing this, Mr. Plank solves the
problem by simply inviting the Russians to
take a seat in hemispheric affairs, advancing
the obvious fiction that they are merely
"regularizing" their diplomatic ?and trade
relations and no longer are acting like Com-
munists. The Kremlin knows that its office
is to wait upon events and policies such as
those advanced by Mr. Plank to gain recog-
nition of its position in Cuba.
Should the United States accommodate the
Castro regime, it would result in an intoler-
able bipolarization of power in Latin Amer-
ica. The left would see in it a license to
seize power; the traditional right would move
to prevent it; weak political institutions in
the middle would be overwhelmed. Capital
investments would simply disappear, along
with the Alliance for Progress.
From the Marxist-Leninist point of view,
the Cuban "revolution" can be considered
successful only to the extent that it envelops
Latin America and isolates the United States.
Only by submitting ourselves abjectly to
Castro's wishes (actually proposed in detail
by Mr. Plank) would even a frail coexistence
be possible. It would break whenever we re-
fused to do so. This was true in 1959; it is
even more true in 1969.
I have not taken the time to challenge Mr.
Plank's assertion that Castro enjoys "vast
popular support," simply because Mr. Plank
saved me the trouble by writing, "he has
exported or imprisoned most of his poten-
tial and actual effective opposition," quite
obviously the mark of an unpopular and
oppressive regime.
A policy of rapprochement at this time
could have no effect other than to rescue
Fidel Castro from the wrath of his own, peo-
ple and advance him along the road of con-
quest.
I might add that the quotes of Hanson
Baldwin and the positions cited by Bayles
Manning and Henry Wriston appeared in a
book of essays published in 1967 by the
lostormalial**estifoollowg
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S5520 ? CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE May 23, 1969
Brookings Institution, "Cuba and U.S. Pol-
icy." The editor, curiouslysliough, was John
nu,.li
. BETHEL,
Erceniittee c
.Direetor, ens Committee
for ef Fi*e tuba, Inc Washington. -
Plank. _
FOURTH INTER-
FERENCE or TIM
ALLIANCE--A
MAN CO*-
11TNESS drP
AJOR
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, Salt
Lake City recently waT host to the
Fourth Inter-Arnerican-ronference of
the Partners of the Alliaiee. All Utahans
joined me in the antiCtion that the
Partners Conference, 10-14, would
be a productive and successful meeting
of peoples representing 'ate private sec-
tor in North, Central, aria South Amer-
ica. I am pleased to rep or to the Senate
today that the conferenc was a major
success.
From the reports that have seen fol-
lowing the conclusion orthe conference
In Salt Lake City, I aln conVinCed the
working sessions In whicTi- more than 3-00
U.S. and Latin Americair delegates, rep-
senting 37 U.S. States-in partnership
With 37 areas in 16 Latin American
countries, reflected a dirertnination on
the part of the deIegaterto develop spe-
cific action-oriented protects designed to
make an impact on thL fields of agri-
culture, education, pu health, and
business and industry.
any /avorable re s have also
reached ine regarding outstanding
leadership displayed by e cochairman
of the Fourth Triter-Ancan Partners
Cimfereoce, Mr. RoYeen__ G. Derrick,
president of Western SArl Co., of Salt
Lake City; and Dr. iedg,ar Barboosa
Ribas, outstanding physean of Curitiba,
Brazil, who joined, In exemplary part-
nership fashion, to corialt an outstand-
ing conference of cliBens who are
Voluntarily giving of their time and t@.-
ents collectively to attack the basic prob-
lems innieding the economic and sodal
development of this hernisphere.
One of the highlights of the Partners
Conference Was an address by the As-
sistant Secretary of State for Inter-
American Affairs and the U.S. Coordi-
nator of the Alliance for Progress, Hon.
Charles Appleton Meyer, who addresied
the banquet session on May 13, 1969. In
his speech, Mr. Meyer praised individual
and group initiatives in the field of for-
eign re4tions, stating that such initia-
tives are perhaps "the is rtest descrip-
tion possible for the Partners of the
Alliance." He added:
In fact, you and hopefully more like you,
may be the great ingredient that, together
with science and technolcsy, enables Latin
America to close the gap between what are
called less-developed nations and developed
nations.
At the beginning of his remarks, Mr.
Meyer delivered a message from Presi-
dent Nixon who charaeterized the pir-
ticipants in the Partners of the Alliance
program as "the vanguard of voluntarism
In the Americas." I ask 'unanimous con-
sent that the text of the 'President's mes-
sage to the delegates be printed in the
RECORD.
*--1005* megivir
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There being no objection, the message
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
TEE WHITE HOUSE,
Washington, Noy 12, 1969.
I want you to know the great importance
that I attribute to your work. The Partners
of the Alliance exemplify the best of the
Hemisphere's joint efforts. Any working Al-
liance for Progress which has set challeng-
ing goals such as ours must be a partnership
of people as well as nations. You have rec-
ognized this, and you are meaningfully ad-
vancing our common objectives.
Productive international cooperation must
be between partners?partners who listen to
each other, who share a cause, and pursue it
with equal vigor. Your continuing success
in furthering such cooperation is rewarding
for all of us.
The creative potential of our societies can
be fully realized only if individual citizens
exercise initiative and are willing to rein-
force the work of their governments. It is
imperative that we realize this full potential
if we are to deal effectively with our immense
problems and achieve the kind of progress
we seek.
As civic-minded individuals and groups,
the Partners of the Alliance are in the van-
guard of voluntarism in the Americas. You
are using your talents and your time con-
structively for our benefit, and for that of
all our Sister Republics.
I send you my warmest best wishes for
unstained achievement.
RICHARD NIXON.
Mr. BENNETT. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the address de-
livered by Secretary Charles A. Meyer be
printed in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
ADDRESS BY CHARLES MEYER, ASSISTANT SEC-
RETARY OF THE STATE FOR INTER-AMERICAN
AFFAIRS
Jim Boren, aided by two of my associates,
Datus Proper and Hoyt Ware, labored
mightily to write a speech for me to deliver
to you tonight. It is a good one and it chal-
lenges you Partners with ideas. I don't know
that you need challenges with ideas. You
may be like the U.S. farmer who wrote to the
Department of Agriculture and said: "Please
don't send no more of your manuals on how
to farm better. We ain't farming as well as we
know how right now."
In honesty I should have been here all day
Monday and Tuesday to learn more about
your successes, your disappointments (if
any) and your plans. Had I, I would not run
the present risk of saying the unnecessary.
Given my preferences, my wife and I would
have sneaked out of Washington Friday,
spent the weekend in our house at Vail, Colo-
rado, and been here late Sunday night, 50%
courtesy of Uncle Sam! Instead we looked
for, found, and on Monday made a down pay-
ment on a house in Washington.
Six weeks ago today I was sworn in but
not paid for; our house in Philadelphia was
sold but not paid for; our house in Washing-
ton is found but not paid for. I am in the
process of exchanging offices with Him
Fowler, Deputy Assistant for AID, and re-
doing both. Not only am I committed by
personal conviction but when Uncle Saw pays
the bill for the revised office arrangement, he
can't afford to hire me without at least a
second thought.
So dames y caballeros?
Here we are on May the 13th. Yesterday
Governor Nelson Rockefeller began his series
of four survey trips to each of the twenty-
two nations represented by my bureau.
President Nixon, in his address to the Pan
Amer]. wit ,clovernbil
Rockefelier's report (or reports) would weigh
heavily in this, the president's decisions re
Policy for us.
As many of us present know, President
Nixon has been interpreted as disenchanted
with the Alliance.
I am learning the dangers of interpretive
reporting. It seems that if the president were
to say:
"Today is absolutely beautiful", he could
be interpreted as follows:
"Nixon criticized yesterday and cast some
serious doubts on tomorrow."
The fact remains that the administration
has not leapt into the first 100 days with
policies on everything?including us.
The fact is that I agree with this deliberate
technique one hundred per cent.
Everything in my experience points to the
fact that anything important and construc-
tive involving millions of others that is done
quickly is wasteful or worse.
The old saying, "Rome was not built in a
day", is still valid. Brasilia may be an ex-
ception.
We are, in short, too important to be
rushed into programs. Time is important too,
but relative. One hundred days or two hun-
dred days invested in deliberative analysis
of the future of 456 million North, Central,
Caribbean and South Americans?with as
much as 400 years or countless centuries of
past history on these continents and, God
willing, a limitless future, seems to me a
good investment.
There is, however, impatience in the air.
Our U.S. press reflects this. Our U.S. Congress
feels it. All of us have been so conditioned to
motion, to a cult of "instantaneouslsm", to
a new model every year that we feel adrift
without a pause (except for coca cola).
If this is true, it is not applicable to peo-
ple-to-people relationships as exemplified by
you, the Partners of the Alliance. Or it need
not be. Flying West today (and it has been
an absolutely beautiful day), it kept oc-
curring to me that there would be little or
perhaps nothing between Washington D.C.
and San Francisco of the U.S. Government
had had to plan it all. It kept occurring to
me that Central and South America are a
land area two and one half times the size of
the U.S.A. and that our governments have
been involved in developmental planning for
this massive area with increasing intensity
for about 20 years.
The extraordinary complexity of the de-
velopment task loomed bigger and bigger and
it occurred to me somewhere in Kansas that
programs only accomplish what people ac-
complish. No organizational chart is worth
a damn?only the people it represents, and
people with a defined objective can do won-
ders with no organizational chart at all.
In short, r honestly believe it would have
been impossible to build the 'U.S.& with a
master plan. The U.S.A. with its strengths
and weaknesses is only the sum of all its
parts, which parts are almost wholely the
sum in turn, of individual and group initi-
atives, aided, abetted and regulated by gov-
ernment.
Individual and group initiativese?perhaps
that is the shortest description possible for
the Partners of the Alliance. In fact, you and
hopefully more like you may be the great
ingredient that, together with science and
technology, enables Latin America to close
the gap between what are called less-
developed nations and developed nations.
It may be that you and more like you can
plant or have planted the basic ingredient
of motivation without which no individual
can believe he or she can succeed.
Admittedly, in the human race, given
equality at any grade on the scale from none
of the advantages to all of the advantages,
some humans just aren't motivated. I have
just read of (and have asked one of sly rl
arms to , o ur
gel ariiducted
-
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May 20, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? HOUSE 11 3871
Harvey Silbert, secretary of the Los Angeles
based Foundation, said it sold its remaining
21,791 shares in the Parvin-Dohrmann Co.
in early March. The firm owns three Las
Vegas casinos.
Silbert said a mortgage on the Flamingo
Hotel and gambling casino, from which the
Foundation has derived Income, also has
been paid off within the last few months.
Douglas first came under criticism in Con-
gress three years ago after the Los Angeles
Times revealed he was being paid $12,000 a
year by the Foundation, which drew sub-
stantial income from the gambling industry.
This arrangement with the Parvin Foun-
dation was recalled by newspapers and Con-
gressmen during the recent controversy that
forced another member of the high court?
Abe Fortas?to resign last week.
Spokesmen for the Foundation had said
all along that they knew of no appreciable
change in the organization's assets. How-
ever, Silbert, in discussing the stock sales yes-
terday, said the Foundation's board?which
Includes Douglas as president?decided to
dispose of its Parvin-Dohrmann stock "be-
cause we thought it was a good price at the
time."
The Foundation sold its shares through a
New York brokerage house for $1,999,324, or
more than four times the value assigned to
the stock on its 1967 Internal Revenue Serv-
ice return. The selling price was $91.75 a
share.
ANNIVERSARY OF CUBA'S
INDEPENDEN
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr.
HANNA) . Under previous order of the
House the gentleman from Florida (Mr.
FASCELL) is recognized for 60 minutes.
Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, 65 .years
ago today, on May 20, 1904, a great mo-
ment came to pass in the history of the
Cuban people:
The flag of the sovereign Republic of
Cuba was unfurled in Havana, marking
the success of one of the longest, most
costly in human terms, and tragic strug-
gles for liberty in the Americas.
On that memorable day, Spain's co-
lonial empire in the Western Hemisphere
reached its end.
And the history of the free Cuban Re-
public began.
Like the records of much of mankind's
progress through time, that history has
been filled with different, at times con-
tradictory, passions and emotions?joy
and tragedy, hope and despair, exhila-
ration and disillusionment.
Yet at all times, the history of the
Cuban people has been characterized by
a certain air, a certain style: It has been,
above all, the history of a people who
passionately love life and freedom, who
delight in a song, beauty and excite-
ment; who work hard and achieve much;
but who also know how to enjoy the
fruits of their labor.
Unfortunately, their moment of free-
dom was short. History, which has a
habit of repeating itself, came the full
circle. Tyranny once again reestablished
its sway over the beautiful island of Cuba
and its people.
In Fidel Castro, the Cuban people
came to experience the embodiment of
ril the dictators, demagogs, petty ide-
ologists and other assorted tyrants who
have had their moment on the Latin
-.Amerjcaja,, li ? '_?.cene?.-_-and then, in
the words o 1 lanTSTIEEespeare, /7-were
heard of no more."
Propped up and supported by his
shadowy masters in the Kremlin, thinly
disguised in the garb of a self-pro-
claimed "liberator," Castro has occupied
the center of the stage in Cuba for near-
ly a decade?talking, haranguing, op-
pressing, squelching the people's initia-
tive, stamping out freedom.
In many respects, therefore, this is a
sad day?because Cuba's present condi-
tion is tragic.
But it is also a day to honor and cele-
brate?for the cause of freedom con-
tinues alive, dwelling in the heart of
every true Cuban, be it in Havana, Mi-
ami, Fla., or in some distant part of the
world.
We must recognize this fact as we
commemorate the anniversary of Cuba's
independence.
And because of that factor, the day
will ?comc when the political and spiritual
heirs of such great Cuban patriots as
Maximo Gomez, Antonio Maceo, and
Jose Marti will once again feel at home
in Havana and in every hamlet and
town across the length and the breadth
of the island of Cuba.
Thousands of Cubans, in and out of
Cuba, are longing and working for that
day. Here in Washington today are Jose
R. Julia, president of the Cuban Crusade
for Relief and Rehabilitation and other
representatives who join in this com-
memoration and pledge undying zeal for
the restoration of liberty to Cuba.
To those of us who share their love of
freedom and liberty, the course before
us is-clear:
We must continue to do all in our
power to hasten the day when the legit-
imate aspirations of the Cuban people?
for freedom, justice, and a better life?
will be realized.
The United States of America has sup-
ported that goal. I am confident that
under the new administration of Presi-
dent Richard Nixon we will continue to
work with freedom-loving Cubans, and
all the sons of liberty in our hemisphere,
for the achievement of the goal of Cuban
liberation.
Mr. Speaker, in closing I want to read
the following communication from Jo-
seph R. Julia, president of the Cuban
Crusade:
CUBAN INDEPENDENCE DAY, 1969?CRUSADE
1969-70 MESSAGE HONORING PRESIDENT
THEODORE ROOSEVELT'S MEMORY
His Excellency, President Richard M. Nixon
and administration, Hon. Speaker John
McCormack, Congressman Dante B. Fas-
cell, and Members of the House and
Senate.
May 20th Anniversary of the liberation of
Cuba, gained through the payment of Amer-
ican and Cuban blood, spilt purchasing free-
dom and liberty to live as free men under
God is the very symbol of American hemis-
pheric brotherhood. For the first time in
United States history, its citizens volun-
teered offering their lives to defend the
birthright of every north or south American,
it being, life, spiritual and material, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness unhampered
by any colonel system of oppression.
Today, more than ever, Americans and
Latin-Americans have an urgent call to heed,
the distant cry of the Spanish-War American
and Cuban dead to remember the first vic-
tory won by Hemispheric brethern fighting
as one to win..fr - ? ? ?? ? : 0
Cuban?American or a n? er can
idarity Day is the Anniversary of the very
first day of Hemispheric Brotherhood.
We honor today, the late Theodore Roose-
velt, President of the United States, leader
of the American Rough Riders, who aided
their Cuban brothers win their liberty and
who once stated, "Speak softly, but a big
stick". This message should be remembered
and heedd by all of our hemispheric peoples,
especially Axnricans on this date. We should
extend charity to all wherever possible, but
always be prepared to defend yourself and
way of life at all times against aggressors.
JOSEPH R. JULIA,
President.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, May 20, 1969.
Mr. MoCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, to
the Cuban people freedom and independ-
ence came the hard way, and after suf-
fering under the oppressive Spanish co-
lonial government more more than 400
years. Even after they had attained full
freedom in 1902 by the withdrawal of
the U.S. military authorities and the es-
tablishment of the Cuban Republic, the
people of Cuba did not enjoy their free-
dom in peace, because political disturb-
ances and the resulting rise of dictatorial
regimes made a mockery of freedom.
This large island with an area of 44,000
square miles, rich in natural resources
and fertile soil, was part of the overseas
Spanish empire from its discovery by
Columbus in 1492 until 1898. During that
time the Cuban people worked hard and
were exploited by their overlords. At
times they rebelled against their rulers,
but were not successful in their fight
until they were aided by the interven-
tion of the United States in 1898. When
the short Spanish-American War ended
by the Treaty of Paris in December 1898,
Spain agreed to relinquish Cuba to the
United States "in trust for its inhabi-
tants." From January of 1899 until May
1902 Cuba was governed by U.S. military
rule, though most of the offices were
filled by Cubans. After this brief period
of tutelage and training, on May 20, 1902,
the U.S. authorities granted full and un-
conditional freedom to the Cubans. That
day marked the Cuban Independence
Day and became a memorable date in its
history.
After that historic event Cubans be-
came masters of their national destiny,
and their government became a member
of the community of free and sovereign
states. They made good use of the riches
of their island homeland and lived in
prosperity. But they have not always
lived in peace. Political disturbances
have 'been frequent there, and often
these have given rise to dictatorial re-
gimes. And the freedom for which the
Cuban people fought and which eventu-
ally they won, became a casualty under
such regimes. That was true for certain
periods before the last war, and has been
true since the end of that war, especially
since the establishment of Fidel Castro's
Communist regime in 1959.
In today's Cuba Castro's dictatorial re-
gime is the master of Cuba's destiny, but
some 8,000,000 Cubans do not enjoy the
freedom which is their inalienable right.'
Today they are almost as cruelly treated
and exploited by Castro's tyrannical gov-
ernment as were their ancestors by the
colonial rulers of Spain. They are prison-
ers in their island homes, and at present
y are una &To better their political
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD? HOUSE May 20, 1969
lot. But on the observ
dependence Day, let us
a way will be found to
tunate Cubans from.
tyranny.
of Cuban ip-
hope that son
e these unfq-
idel
Mr. PEPPER. gr.S,46,- ke it Is tad
and tragic that Cuban le In exile are
forced to observe the Ii anulverjarf?f
Cuban Independence Da today removed
from the native land they love end
Cherish. I am reminded of the verses:
Yo soy un hombre stucero
de donde crece la pahila,
y antes de morirme miler?
echar nits versos del aria.
Cuitivo una rosa b1t?12c
en Julio como en enerP,
para el amigo sincero
que me da su mano
Y para el cruel, qui' me arranca
el corazOn con que vVo,
carddni ortiga cultivo;
cultivo la rosa blanc,
The Cuban patriot i.mderstands well
the meaning and longing of these verses
for its author, Jose Marti, was as revered
In Cuba's struggle for Independence as
was George Washington-in this country.
Marti, called the Apostle of Cuban In-
dependence, still commands the wide-
spread devotion of the. Cuban people,
who consider him the gxeatest hero of
their independence movement.
The Cuban Revolution of 1895 began
With the Grito of Bake- a town near
Santiago in eastern Cuba--on February
24. Maceo from the Domlnican Republic,
and Marti and Gomez 4pem the United
States, set sail for Cub* with recruits
gathered in the United,tates, Mexico,
Central America, and the Caribbean is-
lands. Gomez and Martrlanded on the
Cuban coast on April 11,1895, and began
a march to Santiago to unite the revolu-
tionists. On May 19, en -route to Santi-
ago, the group was atta&ed by a Span-
ish patrol, and Marti wAs killed in the
skirmish. Of Marti's death, a Cuban his-
torian wrote, "Jose M4ti died, but a
people was born." The loss of the beloved
leader fused the people kt Cuba into an
adamant struggle for them freedom. The
revolution had been his Sreation, and he
remained the first among_ many martyrs
and heroes of revolutivary Cuba.
It is regrettable that -Mere is today the
need for further struggte and a call for
more heroes to challenge the Communist
dictatorship that has qen entrenched
for a full 10 years just off our southern
shores.
We, as Americans,st pledge and
dedicate ourselves to thegsk of working
with the Cuban patrlq,ts in exile to
achieve the liberation of our island
neighbor.
Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, 67
years ago today a new leeling of hope
and encouragement aoread through
Cuba as that nation convened its first
all-Cuban congress and jareclaimed itself
? a republic.
Today that feeling of encouragement
Is gone, but for many there cemains hope
that they will overcome aw yoke of Com-
munist domination which suppresses
their individualism/1.
As we rejoiced in their cess 67 s
ago, so we join in the sorrow today that
they are unable to express that freedom
for which rhey fought so long.
But we must marvel at the strength
.and cleterignation of the ma,tority of the
Cuban population who continue to strive
-to return liberty to their nation.
There have been many, who, fearing
death because they disagree with the
present gavernment, have fled to the
United States.
Twice a year in Birmingham, on Law
Day and Thanksgiving, naturalization
ceremonies are conducted in the United
States District Court. In nearly all of
these sessions, former Cuban citizens dis-
avow their homelands to embrace U.S.
citizenship. The story behind these
'changes is,evident in their expressions as
they verbally renounce allegiance to
their native lands.
For, many fled their homeland?a
country which they dearly loved but one
in which they Qould no longer live be-
cause of the suppression' of freedom.
Each has a story to tell of his happiness
In at last Ending liberty, but each also
carries the sadness of friends and family
left behind to live in oppression.
There are many thousands more, how-
ever, who remain in Cuba to take what
action they can to restore the hope their
nation held in 1902 as the first republic's
flag was raised.
The Cuban Government, under Fidel
Castro, cannot deny that its citizens are
unhappy. Last year incidences of sabo-
tage against the Castro regime rose to
28,000 according to official Cuban Gov-
ment reports. And so far this year, the
rate is known to be even higher.
Cuba's population is increasing at a
tremendous rate and is expected to reach
8.35 million by next year and 18 million
by the year 2000.
Although it is a rapidly growing coun-
try, it faces many economic problems?
difficulties -which have led to the ration-
ing of almost everything from shoes to
gasoline and, cigarettes.
But Premier Castro has been quoted as
saying:
With technology and science it is possible
to produce enough so that a large popula-
tion can receive everything it needs.
He made no mention of the freedom of
expression and political belief that his
countrymen need and for which they
have so long striven.
Their struggle has been a continuous
one. In recent years it has taken tanta-
mount strength on the part of non-Com-
munist Cubans to merely survive. But,
the spirit of independence which the na-
tion revelled in in 1902 persists in the
hearts of many and urges them forward
today to recapture their now lost liberty.
It is fitting today that we pay tribute
to the thousands of Cubans who fought
several bloody wars to overthrow the
domination of a foreign nation. The
parallels to today's Cubans are evident,
but this time they seek to eradicate
domination by an internal power.
And so, although Cuba obtained its in-
dependence 67 years ago, its people are
still fighting today to maintain that free-
do age it
Is my hope and belief that they will
prevail.
Mr. MALLLIARD. Mr Speaker, I want
to join my distinguished colleague from
Florida, the Honorable DANTE B. Fasmr,
chairman of the Subcommittee on Inter-
American Affairs, in commemorating
Cuba's Independence Day.
Many of us, I am certain, greet this
occasion with mixed emotions. While we
rejoice with freedom-loving Cubans in
honoring their country's long and suc-
cessful struggle for liberty, we cannot ig-
nore the tragic plight of their country-
men today.
What Maximo Gomez, Antonio Maceo,
and Jose Marti fought for, what another
generation of Cubans was able to wrestle
from Spain, is no longer being enjoyed
by the people of Cuba.
They are neither free, nor well-to-do,
nor content- with their present condition.
As much as Castro may try to deceive
the world and the Cuban people them-
selves with his endless diatribes about
the Communist paradise which he is at-
tempting to fashion for Cuba, the facts
of life in that country stand out for all
to see.
Under Castro's regime, most of the
people who possessed the skills and tal-
ents necessary to develop a nation have
been decimated and driven from Cuba.
? The average Cuban worker lives today
in a condition of enforced labor and per-
sistent want?rarely able to secure even
ordinary articles of clothing and foot-
wear for his family.
And the entire "socialist" experiment?
and I use that word in quotes?survives
on two key factors: the reign of terror
instituted by Castro to do away with all
political opposition; and the massive out-
pouring of Soviet dole which props up
the faltering economy and enables it to
stagger along.
We should not mistake these facts. No
matter how much Castro may try to
flaunt his "Independence," he remains a
stooge of the Kremlin, critically depend-
ent on the Soviet Union for his very
survival.
Similarly, his ruthless elimination of
all opposition makes a lie of his claim to
be the vanguard of a democratic, social-
ly-oriented revolution in Cuba and else-
where in Latin America.
All of us, I am certain, are aware of
these facts.
We decry them?and we extend our
profound sympathy to the people of Cuba
who have been isolated from their broth-
ers and friends in this hemisphere, and
forced to suffer their present condition,
by Castro's shenanigans.
Mr. Speaker, the spirit of liberty which
sustained the Cuban people during the
bitter decades of the 19th century while
they struggled to shed the Spanish colo-
nial yoke, will again sustain them in
their hour of trial.
I am certain. that all Cubans, where-
ever they may be for the present, cherish
the dream of one day living again in a
free and independent Cuba, ruled by a
government responsive to the aspirations
of the Cuban people.
I know that we, in the United States,
will _coatinje canio hell)
therft realizethat theam.
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E 1630 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks March 4, 1969
and the inhuman exploitation of the workers
by the government (which controls all the
jobs) reveals either a, lack of knowledge of
the real situation or a willful design to mis-
lead the readers,
Before Castro all the workers had the 44
hour week with payment equivalent to 49
hours; enjoyed one full month vacation, with
pay, for every 11 months of work; they were
paid time and half for any work in excess
of 44 hours a week, and could not be dis-
missed, except for the causes specified in the
law, after a six-month trial period.
Today, under Castro, workers must work
12 hours a day in order to be paid the equiva-
lent of 8 hours, and must devote most of the
off days and holidays doing "voluntary work"
(which means for free) for the government.
HERDED 'LIKE CATTLE
Castro's regime is relying more and more
on "voluntary work." Whenever it is needed,
the government literally herds hundreds
and thousands of workers who are trans-
ported like cattle in trucks to where they
are needed, and there they are subjected to
an inhuman exploitation which is tanta-
mount to slavery by any standard.
Public elementary education was free be-
fore Castro (including textbooks and free
breakfasts). The tuition at public high
schools was as low as $12 per academic year
and at the state universities (there were 5)
the average as $60 per year. In addition to
that, 15 per cent of the total number of stu-
dents enrolled was admitted entirely free of
charge, and there was no distinction as to
race, creed, economic or social standing or
political sympathies. Today the students are
indoctrinated rather than educated (one
compulsory subject is hating the U.S.A.) , and
the minute anyone shows any lack of en-
thusiasm toward the+ regime, out he goes.
Electricity and local telephone service are
not free. Electricity is rationed but must be
paid for. What is free is the use of public
telephones. But whoever uses them must be
extremely cautious, because there is always
a G2 agent eavesdropping.
FREE FUNERALS
--And as to funerals, well, that is the very
least that Castro could give to the Cubans
after underpaying them and over working
them to deaths.
The other benefits?a banquet for wed-
ding guests, tickets to sport events and the
use of public bicycles ( ?) ?are really so ri-
diculous that they do not deserve any fur-
ther comment at this moment.
But this point is that even accepting those
"benefits" as such, the showing of the Cas-
tro regime, after 10 years of absolute rule,
at the cost of destroying the Cuban nation
physically, politically, economically and so-
cially, is a very poor one indeed.
On the other hand, the Cubans would
gladly pay for all the things they could
have before Castor (today everything is ra-
tioned), and are most willing to exchange
the few free things that Castro has given
them for all the rights and freedoms he has
snatched from them, such as freedom of ex-
pression, freedom of assembly, freedom of
worship, freedom of movement, the right to
FREE elections, and the most cherished of
all freedoms, that of being a FREE nation,
for one of the achievements of Castro-com-
munism has been to transform Cuba into
the first Soviet satellite in the Americas.
THE BOUNDARY LINE
Those freedoms?the lack of which the
Castro panegyrists avoid mentioning?are
precisely the boundary line between living
as "slaves" under a dictatorship or as "hu-
man beings" in a democracy. And those are
the freedoms that disappear the minute
communism captures any place, for commu-
nism and freedom are incompatible.
But even assuming that Castro has
brought some benefits to some part of the
Cuban population, the fact is that he is a
dictator. He has been 10 years in power. By
election and reelections? No. The free elec-
tions he promised time and again during the
struggle against Batista (and which were
the main goal of said struggle) have never
been held. He introduced communism in
Cuba by sheer deceit and has remained in
power by ruthlessly suppressing any form of
Opposition.
REJECTED BY MAJORITY
The majority of the Cuban people strug-
gled against Presidents Machado and Ba-
tista the very minute they became dictators,
and pust because Castro is a dictator, he is
rejected by the majority of the Cuban peo-
ple. Why then do not those self-styled pane-
gyrists instead of praising Castro on this
tenth anniversary in power, tell him "Stop,
Fidel, step out and let the Cuban people
freely elect their own leaders and their form
of government?"
And if conditions are so good in Cuba ac-
cording to Castro's propaganda, why are the
Cubans so desperate to leave the island,
which is much easier to say than to compre-
hend? For Cuba had never been a land of
emigrants but of immigrants, and never be-
fore, not even during the depression of the
1930s, or during the dictatorships of Ma-
chado and Batista, had there been such an
appalling exodus.
Furthermore those who leave Cuba have
not only to endure countless inconveniences
and humiliations, but do so at the price of
relinquishing everything they possess?I re-
peat, everything?to the Castro regime. And
at this point I ask you: Would you be willing
to leave your country under such circum-
stances? And perhaps you would say: "No,
unless some unendurable situation compels
me to do so."
FLIGHT CONTINUES
Yet, since Castro took over, more than
600,000 Cubans have abandoned the island;
about 4,000 are leaving regularly every month
by means of the Freedom Flights; over 1,300,-
000 have already applied for permission to
leave the country, and an average of 100 leave
each month through clandestine means, us-
ing anything that floats. And all that out of
a population of 7.8 million people. Appar-
ently 10 years of intensive propaganda have
not been enough to convince the Cubans that
they are living in a paradise:
And if the Castro-Communist regime has
been so beneficial, why the need of the 2,400,-
000 members?out of a population of 7.8 mil-
lion people?of the "Comites para la Defensa
de la Revolucion," that is to say, "Commit-
tees for the Defense of the Revolution,"
charged mainly with spying on their neigh-
bors?
KNOCKING AT DOOR
This country has always been ready, no
matter the price, to help other countries
preserve their freedom, in Europe, in Asia and
other parts of the world.
But how about preserving your freedoms?
Do not think that communism is still 90
miles away. It is knocking at your door. Do
not be deaf to those knocks. Answer them by
fighting Communism.
The place is here and the time now. Do not
wait until the "Comites para la Defensa de
las Revolucion" knock at your door! Fight
now. Later it might be too late!
P.S.: At this writing I read in the news-
papers the details of the most recent mass
escape to freedom: That of 81 Cubans to the
U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo.
Those who succeeded told stories of up to
100 persons who recently failed to make it
over the six-foot high fence encircling the
Base. But they keep fleeing. . . .
And Willis Jessie, who hijacked a plane
last August and fled to Cuba with his three-
year-old daughter, has returned to the
U.S.A.! West Virginia Congressman Ken
Hechler, who negotiated Jessie's release, said;
"Jessie decided almost immediately upon ar-
riving in Havana last August that he would
rather risk prosecution as a plane hijacker
than have his three-year-old daughter raised
in a Communist land."
VIRGINIA RADIO STATIONS APPEAL
TO FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
HON. JOEL T. BROYHILL
OF VIRGINIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 4, 1969
Mr. BROYHILL of Virginia. Mr.
Speaker, as most Washington area resi-
dents are aware, radio stations WAVA-
AM and WAVA-FM, in Arlington, Va.,
have for some years operated a special
news format completely different than
the programing of other area radio sta-
tions.
United States Transdynamics Corp.,
which owns the WAVA stations, took a
long gamble hi 1962 by converting to an
all-news format over advice that no one
would listen to continuous news. But not
only the response in Washington but the
subsequent decisions of stations in other
cities to begin similar broadcasting is
testimony of their success.
Now the Washington Post Co., which
during the past few years has acquired
the Washington Times-Herald news-
paper, radio stations WTOP-AM and
WTOP-FM, television station WTOP-
TV, and Newsweek magazine, with eco-
nomic power that can only strangle any
competition, intends to move into the
all-news programing field via its radio
stations.
The owners of WAVA have protested
to the Federal Trade Commission, Mr.
Speaker, against the intent of the Wash-
ington Post Co. to force this small news
broadcaster into competition with a con-
glomerate broadcaster which will in-
evitably result in its failure. I have
joined their protest, and I ask permis-
sion to insert a letter I have addressed
to the Commission as well as an editorial
broadcast recently by the president of
WAVA, at this point in the RECORD:
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington, D.C., February 12, 1969.
Hon. PAUL RAND DIXON,
Chairman, Federal Trade Commission,
Washington, D.C.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: As you know, I have
long been mindful of the problems of small
business, the preservation of which I con-
sider vital to a free and competitive business
society. Especially in this era of increasing
economic concentration, its problems have
been compounded, and the importance of
the role of the Federal Trade Commission as
an arbiter of commercial conduct has corre-
spondingly increased.
In this connection, it has come to my at-
tention that an application for a complaint
---,4t-wOitioatemitmoK
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March 4, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD?Extensions of Remarks E 1629
of 5,000. That will mean t e size of the
city of Pryor will be at leas doubled.
Mr. Speaker, this success: story is the
result of farsighted men hi Oklahoma
and Washington who had .an idea and
turned it into a success. Rugsell Hunt, of
Tulsa, has worked tirelessly on this proj-
ect since the time it was or4.- an idea. He
was named chairman of the Oklahoma
Ordnance Works Authority v lien it was
created, and still holds that7post. _ _
Mr. Redden has been with the author-
ity since its creation, as has another
member of the board of trustees, Burke
Webb, of Oklahoma City., Robert H.
Breeden, director of the Oklahoma In-
dustrial Development and parks Depart-
ment, is a member of the board, and
Philip H. Viles, of Claremore, represents
the Grand River Dam Authority on the
board.
Mr. Speaker, we owe thesegentlemen a
salute for providing the inlative, effort,
and energy to create this guccess story
at Pryor. It is one of the fiwt examples
of local, State and Federar,ceoperation,
making constructive use Of a Federal
program, that I have seen grlywhere.
S.
CONFRONTING THE CV4AN. ISSUE
HON. JOHN M. ASHOROOK
OF OHIO
IN THE HOUSE OF REPREIENTATIVES
Tuesday, March 4, j969
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. baker, with
the nonproliferation treaty it subject of
current debate, a nuclear agreement be-
tween Havana and Moscoy signed on
January 8, 1969, should be given serious
consideration. Ostensibly icr oceano-
graphic and meteorological research,
Cuba's new endeavor is being aided by
the Soviet Union which is supplying not
only scientific material but also tech-
nicians. According to John F. Lewis, co-
ordinating editor of the Arne/ ican Secu-
rity Council's Washington Iteport, there
are now a total of 231 top Rsaian scien-
tists now serving in Cuba, 1. 222 more
due to arrive at the end o is year. In
addition, an estimated 300 ntific
spe-
cialists in all fields of adv_a ed research
have settled in Cuba from,e Commu-
nist satellites in Eastern _ .
Cuba's aspirations in thepuelear field
make it all the more imperative for us
to consider *What steps we should take
regarding the increasing Cuban threat
to our security. My good frifind, Meldrim
Thomson, reminded us o this urgent
issue in an editorial in thkuanchester,
'?--
N.H., Union Leader of Feiguary 10. In
addition to Offering a number of recom-
mendations, Mel directed our attention
to an article on Cuba by IX Bernardo
Figueredo, formerly office manager in
Cuba's leading law firm of Lazo y Cubas
and now residing here in the United
States. We are fortunate in having
knowledgeable sources such as Dr. Figue-
redo who will not let us fOrget that a
very real danger faces this ration not
many miles off our Southern shores. No
longer can we afford the luxury of let-
ting the Cuban question drift unattended
by an aimless and directioBless foreign
policy.
We can -begin a positive program of
coping with the Cuban threat by per-
suading our allies to joint in a trade
quarantine of Cuba. It is indeed ironic
that we have joined in military alliances
with nations which in -turn carry on
trade with Cuba as usual. It seern,s to me
that this is a sensible first step in even-
tually returning that beleaguered island
to its rightful owners?the Cuban people.
I insert in the RECORD at this point
the above-mentioned editorial by Mel-
drim Thomson, Jr., along with the arti-
cle by Dr. Bernardo Figueredo entitled,
"The Other Side of Cuba."
From the Manchester (N.H.) Union Leader,
Feb. 10, 19691
A NIXON DOCTRINE URGENTLY NEEDED
When President Kennedy junked the Mon-
roe Doctrine during the Cuban missile crisis,
he deprived the Americas of a mighty inter-
national doctrine that had effectively guarded
the New World for more than a century
against the piratical intrusions of Old World
nations.
Even worse, President Kennedy, because of
what many believe to have been a secret
agreement made with Khrushchev, at the
time of the missile crisis, consigned millions
of helpless Cubans to a living death of slav-
ery under Castro by preventing Cuban Free-
dom Fighters from organizing in the United
States.
FTOrn the missile crisis we have reaped a
full blown conspiracy to frock Castro in the
spurious robes of a benefactor of mankind
while, in the admonitory words of Dr. Mario
Lazo, great Cuban lawyer and tireless worker
for Cuban freedom, he holds a dagger in the
heart of America.
Evidence of a concerted effort to dupe
Americans into believing that Castro is the
essence of bearded benevolence in the pearl
of the Antilles, is graphically told and its
insidious propaganda eloquently refuted in
the important article appearing today at the
top of the back page by Dr. Bernardo
Figueredo, formerly of Havana and now liv-
ing in Oxford.
On December 28th Dr. Figueredo noted an
article appearing in a New Hampshire paper
entitled "A Full Decade of Castro" by Rich-
ard Spong, a professional columnist whose
work is distributed by Editorial Research
Associates of New York City. The identical
article, excepting only the first two para-
graphs, appeared on December 26th in the
Wilkes-Barre Record (Pennsylvania) as an
editorial.
Dr. Figueredo was office manager in Cuba's
leading law firm of Lazo y Cubes before he
was compelled to flee from Cuba with his
wife and three children, leaving behind all
of their worldly possessions.
He and his wife have started life anew in
New Hampshire where they have applied for
American citizenship. They know first hand,
as few people in our state do, that there
never can be any compromise with tyranny,
no matter what guise it wears. As an intelli-
gent and concerned student of the Cuban
and American scenes, Dr. Figueredo has had
the courage to speak frequently of the men-
ace to us of a Communist Cuba.
In the presidential campaign of 1960 Rich-
ard M. Nixon had an opportunity to speak
out against the Castro evil which by then
was apparent to American leaders, but for
political reasons best known to him he re-
mained silent.
Now as President, Nixon has an opportu-
nity to take postive action against the con-
tinuing and deepening menace of Castro.
One of his first official acts should be to
repudiate all secret agreements with Russia
that might have been made during the mis-
sile crisis. He should make it clear that our
government will not in the future nterfe
they in no way violate any laws of our
country.
And, most important of all, President
Nixon should announce his own protective
doctrine for the Americas?a doctrine to
supplant the discarded Monroe Doctrine.
He should tell the world that under no
circumstances Will the United States tolerate
the existence of atom or hydrogen missile
bases in any part of the New World.
Such a Nixon Doctrine would make it clear
to all that the United States means to live
in peace by eliminating the danger of having
an atomic holocaust ignited in the New
World.
DEADLY BENEFITS or CASTRO GOVERNMENT:
THE OTHER Sism OF CUBA
(By Dr. Bernardo Figueredo)
In the Dec. 28, 1968 Issue of a local news-
paper I read an article by Mr, Richard Spong
titled "A Full Decade of Castro," and a few
clays later I recerved a photo-copy of an edi-
torial titled "Castro's Tenth Anniversary"
taken from a newspaper of Wilkes-Barre, Pa..
which circumstances would be of little sig-
nificance were it not for the fact that ex-
cepting the two opening paragraphs of Mr.
Spong's article, the rest of his article and
the Wilkes-Barre editorial are exactly alike.
It seems that, in the best of the cases,
somebody is copying someone, which would
be a very ugly thing; or it could be a con-
certed propaganda in favor of Castro, which
could be a very grave thing. -
But?be it just a coincidence or a con-
certed effort?that is a fine example of the
type of propaganda, based on half-truths and
distorted facts, that is being carried through-
out the United States (perhaps with the
hope that in many places there is no one
who knows, or who dares to expose, the other
half of the truth) with the purpose of alien-
ating the friendship and the trust of the
American people in favor of Castro-commu-
nism in particular and communism in gen-
eral. And that might be very dangerous, for
a friendly and -unsuspecting people is an
easier prey than an alert people. Remember,
Khrushchev's dictum "We will bury you"
has not yet been written-off from com-
munism's blueprint for world conquest!
I answered at length Mr. Spong's article
and the local newspaper published my answer
in its Jan. 3, 196a edition?for which courtesy
I am most grateful to it?and for that reason
I am not going to reproduce my answer fully.
However I want to comment on two or three
of the supposed benefits that, according to
Mr. Spong's article and the Wilkes-Barre edi-
torial, the Castro regime has bestowed upon
the Cuban people. But before doing that I
feel it is my duty to correct one gross mis-
statement contained in those writings,
MORE MISSILES
There are in Cuba, today, more missiles
than during the so-called 1962 Cuban missile
crisis, with a striking capability that poses a
real threat to large areas of this country (to
the north as far as Washington, D.C.). There-
fore, Castro's Communist Cuba, in its 10th
anniversary, is not, as Mr. Sponge and the
Wilkes-Barre editorial say, a thorn in the
flesh of the United states, but a veritable
dagger dangerously aimed at the heart of
this country.
And, by the way, the foregoing constitutes
a flagrant breach of the "Kennedy-Khru-
shchev" agreement: You remove the missiles
from Cuba and we will see that Castro is
not molested.
And now let us examine some of the bene-
fits, namely, "jobs for almost everybody
throughout the year" and "free of charge,
education at all levels (including textbooks)
. . . electricity, local telephone service . .
and a funeral."
CASTRO'S JOBS
To say that in Castro's Cuba there ar o
Ni
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S 3560 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE Aptil?,.....?2?1. 969
cent occurred during the past 12 months.
Of the 33,641 who have been killed in
Vietnam, 38.2 percent met their death
during the past year.
During the first 3 weeks of the last
month?as recently as that?the United
States had more men killed in Vietnam,
and more men wounded in Vietnam, than
in any 3-week period during the history
of the war.
From the beginning, I have felt that
U.S. involvement in a ground war in
Asia was a great error of judgment. But
since our Government decided to draft
men and send them to Asia to fight, I
feel we must give them full support.
That is why I want to emphasize and
reemphasize the severe casualty figures
In the hope that this will focus attention
on the difficulties facing our troops in
Vietnam.
NATIONAL GOALS AND THE
MILITARY
Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, on
Tuesday of this week, the Joint Eco-
nomic Committee filed its report. I think
It was a good report, one which has re-
ceived substantial consideration by the
press.
There is one segment of the report es-
pecially significant, which may easily be
overlooked, because it was not empha-
sized in the releases, and because it is a
long report and the segment appears
back in the body of the report. I am re-
ferring to the defense-related recommen-
dations in the committee's report which
I think are the toughest in this field in
the committee's entire 23-year history.
I rise today, Mr. President, to urge Con-
gress to give special attention to those
recommendations. The committee has
called for a substantial increase in the
critical scrutiny gvien the defense budget
both within the executive branch and in
Congress.
In our annual report, we urged the
Council of Economic Advisers and the
Bureau of the Budget increase substan-
tially their efforts to analyze and evalu-
ate issues related to defense spending.
And we urged that the Executive Office
of the President undertake ongoing and
comprehensive investigations of defense
procurement matters and submit their
findings to the Joint Economic Commit-
tee as part of the annual economic re-
port.
As our report states:
The Bureau of the Budget should
strengthen its defense review capacity so
that it can adequately scrutinize Defense
Department budget requests. The Council
of Economic Advisers should focus its at-
tention on defense expenditures and their
impact on the economy. Agencies such as
the Department of Labor and the Depart-
ment of Commerce should begin studying
the effects that defense spending is having
on wages and prices. The annual economic
reports to Congress should present the re-
sults of these analyses.
There is now substantial evidence that
improved efficiency in defense spending
could free much needed resources for
reallocation to higher priority civilian
programs.
elo ing policy to resolve in a
e collision of demands
for investment in education, cities, labor
retraining, and the elithination of pov-
erty as against the unquenchable desire
of the military establishment for more
weapons systems and more sophisticated
armaments, it is necessary that the Fed-
eral Government establish a meaningful
set of national priorities. To do this Con-
gress must have an explicit set of pri-
orities and objectives to guide it in shap-
ing new legislation and making appro-
priations.
That means Congress must have im-
proved infOrmation on the economic ef-
fects of both existing programs and new
proposals. Data on both benefits and
?costs and the distribution of these among
groups in our society is now being gen-
erated on an ongoing basis by the plan-
ning-programing-budgeting system. But
so far the Congress has not obtained
access to this information.
It is obvious that this data is essen-
tial to Congress for distinguishing pro-
ductive expenditures from those of little
worth when all agencies and interests
claim that their programs and projects
are essential to the Nation and of high-
est priority.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that excerpts from the report on
National Goals and Priorities be printed
In the RECORD at this point.
There being no objection, the excerpts
were ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
PART IV?NATIONAL PRIORITIES AND EFFECTIVE
PUBLIC POLICY
NATIONAL GOALS AND PRIORITIES
The budget of the Federal Government
accounts for over 20 percent of the Nation's
total output of final goods and services. The
allocation of this nearly $200 billion budget
among the multitude of Federal programs has
an enormous influence on both the structure
of outputs produced by the U.S. economy and
the distribution of the Nation's income. Be-
cause of this impact of Federal revenues and
expenditures on the society, it is essential
that allocation decisions be based on a clear
statement of national goal and priorities.
This necessity is reinforced by the rapid
growth in Federal expenditures over the past
several years,
* *
We urge that the Congress, with guidance
from its leadership, and the administration
undertake a formal and comprehensive study
of national goals and priorities with a view
to establishing guidelines for legislation and
expenditure policy.
We recognize the serious difficulties which
plague efforts to seek general agreement on
these basic questions of national direction.
Indeed, the vitality of this Nation's political
system stems from the diversity of opinions
and values held by the populace. We have,
however, recently witnessed a period of in-
tensive study of a large number of issues
which pertain to national goals. While many
of these issues were related, the task forces
which were responsible for the analysis and
recommendations properly viewed their man-
date as being limited in scope. It is now time
to seek a broader perspective: an overview
in which the urgency of the individual de-
mands generated by these reports can be
subjected to a comprehensive appraisal. We
believe that the following considerations are
basic to any serious discussion of national
priorities.
I, The study of goals and priorities should
determine the dollar costs required to at-
tain each of the substantial number of ob-
jectives which are often cited as being pri-
mary social goals. It is important that pub-
lice decisionmakers have before them an esti-
mate of the costs of each item in the array
of social objectives, all of which would be
chosen if they could be afforded. This in-
formation, by demonstrating that the devo-
tion of resources to one objective implies
a foregone opportunity to support another,
leads to improved public decisions by clarify-
ing the real costs associated with any deci-
sion.
2. The study of goals and priorities should
evaluate the output and financial resources
which the economy and the Federal Gov-
ernment can call upon in attaining social ob-
jectives. It is now possible to project with
some accuracy the future output of the econ-
omy and, given the existing tax structure,
the budgetary resources which will become
available to the Federal Government. More-
over, it Is possible to estimate confidently the
future expenditures in a substantial number
of Federal governmental programs which, for
all intents and purposes, are beyond the an-
nual control of the appropriations process.
By ascertaining the difference between these
two flows?projected revenue increases and
increases in unavoidable Federal outlays?we
obtain what is sometimes called the fiscal
dividend. This figure provides both the Con-
gress and the executive branch with mean-
ingful information on the future availabil-
ity of resources which can be allocated
among the various social objectives. Such
estimates should be develtaied for a range of
plausible assumptions and should be updated
and published on an ongoing basis. This in-
formation, it should be noted, is the comple-
ment of the data on the total costs required
for attainment of each of the objectives.
3. The study of goals and priorities should
focus on the allocation. of Federal revenues
between the military and civilian budgets.
Because the defense budget is substantially
less visible than budgets for civilian pro-
grams and because of our past experience
with national security costs which have sub-
stantially exceeded initial estimates, this al-
location question should not be neglected in
an analysis of national priorities. Informa-
tion concerning the budgetary implications
of a number of possible national security
postures is essential to meaningful public
policy decisions and a rational allocation of
the Federal budget among its competing
claims.
THE ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS
Quantitative information of the economic
effects of the expenditures which we are now
making is as essential to an effective and
efficient government as a clear sense of pri-
orities and objectives for future action. Be-
cause of the rapid rise in Federal expendi-
tures in the last decade, the experimental
nature of newly legislated social programs,
and the current period of budget stringency,
implementation of procedures for the ac-
curate economic analysis of spending pro-
grams is most urgent. It is also essential that
Information on program effectiveness now
possessed by the administration be trans-
mitted to the Congress.
This committee welcomed President John-
son's Executive Order issued in August of
1965, establishing the Planning-Programing-
Budgeting System. In our judgment, the
PPB System provides a meaningful frame-
work for improved policy analysis and pro-
gram evaluation. From information pre-
sented to the committee's Subcommittee on
Economy in Government, we judge that a
substantial amount of valuable economic
analysis and information has been generated
by the operation of the system in the execu-
tive branch. Many expenditure programs can
now be evaluated by decisionmakers in terms
of the relationship between social benefits
and social costs. Moreover, the social char-
acteristics (race, income level, age) of the
people who receive the benefits of Govern-
ment programs are now known by decision-
makers in the administration in substantial
detail. As President Johnson stated in his
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? SENATE
S359
the lot of the average peasant ig better than
ever.
Said I =sweet: "While the quality of life
in Cuban towns has plummetotio the Feet
10 years, the lot of the eampesinig in the Cu-
ban countryside has uriquestjonably im-
proved. If nothing else, the coustry's small
farmers and cane cutters are heralthier to-
day than ever before."
Echoed the New York Times Magazine:
"Outside Havana everyone eata better and
the students and farm workers age well fed:'
The fact of the matter is that this is
annply not so.
Writing hi the Jan. 6, 1969, imac of the
'U.S. Department of Agriculture's Periodical
"Foreign Agriculture," food eitgiart Wilbur
P. Buck says: "When the Castro gegnne came
to power in 1959 the Cubans were one of
the best-fed peoples in Latin America. Ex-
Missive and indiscriminate nvestec.k slaugh-
ter in 1959 and early 1960, howilitr, Caused
a sharp drop in meat supplies, 4 decline in
the otit-pot of food crops, especially rice,
during Castro's early years in Wilco was pre-
eipitated by rapid na.tionalizathin of farm
properties and the shift in direction of trade.
"The past decade has witnessed a deterio-
ration in the average Cuban's digt, particu-
iSzly in its quality, as grain pronen has re-
placed much of the animal protein,
"Food production in 1968 is estimated to
have been about 10 percent le el Chan the
057-5S average. But food production per
Capita has declined some 25 to WO per cent,
recta that of a decade earlier, nageasiiating
heavy imports of food products such as
Wheat and wheat flour from Canada on So-
viet account."
Castro's troubles at home, however, are
not solely economic. For quite some time
there have been indicatiods of _social and
domestic discontent in Cuba. CAstro him-
self confirmed these rumors in a speech last
year marking the eighth anniversary of the
estabushment of his comnaitteas for the
Defense of the Revolution. In this talk he
spoke of a wave of sabotage and of the ris-
ing rate of prostitution among girls in the
14 and 15-year-old age bracket.
He spoke of the opposition of many Cu-
ban university students to his polica,s, spe-
cfrically his backing of the RUSS1aLL invasion
of Czechoslovakia. He cited their destructicui
of photographs of Che Guevara and their
burning of the Cuban flag.
And although the Cuban government offi-
cially announced only four acts of sabotage
during the six-month period prior to u'astro's
speech, Castro himself admittet In this
speech that there had been more than 70.
It is true that under Castro, illiteracy has
been reduced. But what good will it do for
one to learn how to read, then die IX starva-
tion or malnutrition?
This point was made most succinctly on
a radio show in the Dominican Pi:public,
"You Be the Jury," in which a CuLan ex-
ile asked about life under Castro_ replied:
"Under Fidel's regime, despite what he says
about the peasants, it is not so. Things are
not the same as he tells the peasants. There
Is no clothing, no shoes, no nutrition, no
entertainment. Then what does it matter if
the literacy rate is increased? There is no
freedom, no money to spend and nothing to
read but Communist propaganda."
OTTO OTEPKA
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, it has
come to my attention that a_ major
newspaper is in the Process of Writing
a lengthy article or articles on the nomi-
nation of Otte Otepka to the Subvirsive
Activities Control Board. Acconling to
reports Which have reached me from
many sections of the country, it is obvi-
ous that this newspaper is leaving no
stone unturned in a fruitless endeavor
nesniveleaseillesellissileetamelialawasesagellin
to find material which could be twiste
somehow so as to reflect adversely upc,
Mr. Otepka's eharacter and judgmen
The scone of this effort the length
time which the newspaper has allotte
ne it, and the number of reporters i
volved all suggest that this newspape
suddenly is attaching great inaportan
to the Otepka case.
This same newspaper recently de-
scribed the Otepka appointment edi-
torially as "revolting," and said that his
name "recalls immediately some of the
worst abuses of the Joseph R. McCarthy
era?particularly the reckless use of raw
security files." This is a most remark-
able statement from a supposedly re-
sponsible newspaper. Mr. Otepka was
never in any sense an associate of the
late Senator McCarthy, whatever one's
opinion of that Senator's goals and
methods. Furthermore, Mr. Otepka is
the last person who might be charged
with the reckless use of raw security
files, since he was precisely the person
in the State Department who was
charged with the statutory responsibility
of evaluating raw security files?which
he did entirely within the closed confi-
dentiality of the security system. Mr.
Otepka has never at any time discussed
security cases in eohlie, nor did he ever
testify or transmit information concern-
ing specific cases to any unauthorized
agency.
If anything, Mr. Otepka's name recalls
another era and the problems associated
with security in that period. Certainly
no one would sanction calling our late
colleague, Senator Robert Kennedy, a
McCarthyite when, as is well known, he
was a longtime associate and prominent
staff member of the McCarthy investi-
gating committee? Yet, how much more
Plausible it would be to refer to someone
as an associate of Senator McCarthy
who was actually an associate of Sena-
tor McCarthy, rather than someone like
Mr. Otepka who never had any connec-
tion with Senate McCarthy in any re-
spect whatsoever. There are some who
define "McCarthyism." as "guilt by asso-
ciation," yet this newspaper finds Mr.
Otepka guilty without any association
whatsoever.
it is, therefore, disturbing when a
neWspaper that lacks common decency
and truthfulness suddenly awakens to
the need for "in depth" coverage of Mr.
th
Otepka, and at e very moment when
? Mr. Otepka's actions have been vindi-
cated by appointment to one of the high-
est security posts in the Government.
This same newspaper never showed great
interest when the substantive matters of
the Otepka case were being played out
in the drama before the Senate Internal
Security Subcommittee. At that time, its
coverage was perfunctory, or nonexist-
ent, when matters of great concern to
this Nation's security were being re-
vealed. Instead of spending its money in
transcontinental telephone calls and
putting a crew of reporters to work, this
newspaper would be better off examining
the printed hearings of the Senate In-
ternal Security Subcommittee, and mak-
ing up for lost ground.
In these hearings, this newspaper
would find much which should be of
d fesses liberal attitudes. This newspaper
n would find there documented eases of
t. wiretapping and eavesdropPine., a prac-
of tice which has been roundly condemned
d in its editorial columns on nearly any
n- ether occasion.
This newspaper would find document-
ce ed cases of the statutory rights of civil
service workers abrogated contrary to
law, a practice which I doubt would find
editorial approval.
This newspaper would find document-
ed cases of apparent perjury by high
Government officials, another situation
which should raise its journalistic ire.
This newspaper would find documented
cases of denial of due process, and other
fundamental constitutional rights, a
subject which has always caused its edi-
torial writers to whet their lips.
This newspaper would also find docu-
mented cases of the collapse of the State
Department's security system. However,
judging from its recent editorial, the
newspaper could not be better pleased.
Its unreasonable prejudice on this issue
seems to have caused blindness on every
other aspect of the case.
Mr. President,. Mr. Otepka has long
suffered at the hands of those who be-
lieve our security systems should be de-
stroyed, and it is time that he received
the justice due to him as a faithful civil
servant and loyal Patriot. It is time also
that his country makes good use of the
special talents and loyalty which he has
brought to Government service in the
past. I am confident that, whatever at-
tacks are made upon him now by irre-
sponsible journalism, the Senate will
speedily confirm him when his nomi-
nation is brought to the floor.
AMERICAN CASUALTY FIGURES IN
virrNAm
Mr. BYRD of Virginia. Mr. President,
it was 1 year ago this week that Presi-
dent Johnson ordered a halt in all bomb-
ing north of the 19th parallel in North
Vietnam. In October he eliminated all
bombing of North Vietnam,
President Johnson's reasoning for his
April restrictions and his October pro-
hibition was the hope that this would
result in a negotiated peace.
Peace talks began in Paris in early
May. It was only recently that the con-
ferees came to agreement on the shape
of the table. So far as is known, no other
conclusions have been reached. There is
no evidence that peace is any nearer
today than it was a year ago.
Yet while this country has eliminated
all aerial action against North 'Vietnam,
American casualties continue to mount.
It has been my belief for scene months
that the Paris talks have lulled the
American people into a false sense of
security?and have caused our troops to
become the forgotten men.
Let us look at the facts,
During the 1-year period beginning
last April, the United States has suf-
fered 05,879 casualties in Vietnam, of
which 12,866 were killed.
This is 32 percent of all the casualties
the United States has suffered during
Its long involvement in Vietnam.
To statesturaUt tawwa>flee total
_
Vietnam, 39 per-
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S 3558
even rafts made of the inner-tubes of truck He said he would eliminate Havana Uni-
tires, in the greatest mass migration in the versity (a stronghold for anti-Castro student
history of the Western Hemisphere. Another leadership) by splitting it up and scattering
million and a half are waiting to get out. As its various schools throughout the country-
applied to the population of the United side where, he said "students can more easily
States, this is the equivalent of the flight of fulfill their work and study responsibilities."
between 40 and 50 million Americans. In fact, he has eliminated the name "Havana
Of the 87 Cubans who made it to freedom University," in an attempt to destroy its tra-
through a hail of Castro bullets last January dition as a center for intellectual opposition.
6, three-quarters of them were Negroes and The resistance these recent changes will meet
mulattoes and most of those were youths. Al- from aroused Cuban youths is not difficult
most exactly one year ago?on April 14, 1968? to imagine.
18 Cubans hijacked a train, drove it close to Likewise, assertions made by "eyewit-
our Guantanamo Naval Base and, dodging nesses" that the Cuban farmer is better off
machine-gun fire from Castro guards, made it _ than ever before are open to serious chal-
to safety. All were Negro youths. lenge.
What is the root cause of these desperate Why doesn't the on-the-Spot reporter ask
flights, this mass migration? The answer is to why it is necessary for the regime to empty
be found in the lack of food and clothing, a schools, factories and shops and even close
sta nant economy, terror in the form of the down whole cities and herd the population
tffilaM5faCEIMPETYWAVIC0003000500014.9Yril -3, p,e9
Approved Foratail
most repressive policy apparatus known to
this hemisphere and no future in a life being
drained away in unending slogans dedicating
the individual to the service of the state.
Using a scale of 100 for the year 1958,
Cuban industrial production 10 years later
stands at 63.9; beef and pork production
stands at 46 per cent of the 1958 figure?and
so it goes.
The much-touted youth support for the
regime has been placed in doubt by none
- other than Fidel Castro. When 1.5 million
youths were forced to work in the sugar
cane fields, their reluctance to do so was
scored by Castro, who accused them of "not
having shown the revolutionary fervor ex-
pected of them."
They have been found by people tearing
down or despoiling pictures of "Che" Guevara
and have come under vicious and increasing
attack in Verde Olivo, EZ Mundo, Revolueion
y Cultura and other government organs for
"capitalist corruption," "apolitical tenden-
cies" and many other "crimes" in Castro's
totalitarian Communist state.
Escapees from Cuba tell of anti-Commu-
nist slogans which appear with increasing
frequency on the walls of high schools and
at the University of Havana. El Mundo news-
paper was burned to the ground a few weeks
ago. Journalism students operated the paper
and in the aftermath of its destruction,
many were arrested on suspicion of sabotage.
On January 5, Castro revealed that the liquidate bands [of guerrillas], 179 in to a ,
malaise of youth had reached significant pro- has cost us the precious lives of our youths
portions. Students seem to have little inter- and the equivalent of between 500 and 800
est in school and, according to the Cuban million U.S. dollars."
dictator, 621,000 elementary students out of It is not known how many of the groups
a total of 1,444,000 failed to pass to the next merely disbanded and still remained on the
grade. With only 172,000 students attending alert, as was the case with "Yayo" Estevez,
secondary (where is Castro's vast education- and how many were actually "liquidated" in
al program, anyway?) Castro revealed that the literal meaning of Raul Castro's term,
more than half failed to pass. Furthermore. But by halving or even quartering the num-
he admitted, another 400,000 school-age chil- ber of 179 anti-Castro guerrilla bands, it is
dren are not going to school at all, obvious that organized resistance existed on
Cuba's youths are becoming a serious a very large scale and may, in fact, exist to-
threat to the Castro regime (as youths were day. Certainly, things are worse in 1969 than
to the Communist regime in Hungary in the in 1967.
mid-1950s). Despite the mobilization of spy Further evidence of latent anti-Castro re-
h school s s- sistance came out at the famous trial of
ick
out to cut sugar cane, harvest rice an p
coffee? This massive and nonsensical disloca-
tion of a precarious economy is often roman-
ticized as "volunteer labor." But behind this
phenomenon lie some facts that need explor-
ing. Cuba has traditionally suffered from a
surplus of farm labor, the eampesinos. What
it may logically be asked, has happened to
them?
The answer is as simple as it is obvious.
When Castro reneged on his promise, made
back in 1959, to give each campesino his own
piece of land, they rebelled en masse and
have not worked for the regime in any sig-
nificant number since. As a result, they are
persecuted and harassed through every con-
ceivable method available to the government.
A typical monthly "ration" allowed to these
stout rebels is 16 plantains (or the equiva-
lent in sweet tubers) a month, supplement-
ed by sugar mixed with water to give them
energy!
Indeed, Cuba's eampesinos provide the core
of the anti-Castro rebels. Among their guer-
rilla leaders were Thondyke, "Machetero,"
"Yayo" Estevez, "Chungo" Ramirez, "Perico"
Sanchez, "Cara Linda," Bernardo Corrales
and others. As they were captured or shot,
others took their places. Four of them were
Negroes.
As late as July 22, 1967, Armed Forces
Minister Raul Castro made this eye-opening
statement regarding internal resistance: "To
scribed by most intelligence sources as "mas-
sively against the regime," conscriptees
(about 150,000) are given only close-order
drill. Their real job is to work in th fields
doing only slightly disguised slave labor
(they are paid $7 a month.)
Here is a partial list of recent sabotage,
and government directives to deal with it:
January 23, a shipyard was destroyed by
fire at the southern Camaguey port of Santa
Cruz del Sur. Radio Havana placed the loss
at $400,000.
January 25, the government announced "a
45-day revolutionary vigilante drive" against
sabotage and mingled agents of the G-2
(secret service) into the civil population
forced to cut sugar cane.
January 25, Havana Radio called "for in-
formation by revolutionary vigilantes leading
to the discovery and unmasking of enemies
of the revolution...."
January 26, a warehouse containing
machine parts was burned in Santiago. A Ley-
land bus (from England) was also burned.
February 12, a government machine shop
at Macarene sugar mill was burned out. Two
weeks later a warehouse filled with sugar
bags went up in smoke. On March 1, Radio
Havana revealed another fire in a warehouse
at Senado sugar mill.
February 19, the government announced
even more stringent measures "for intensify-
ing collective revolutionary vigilance . . .
the prevention of counter-revolutionary,
anti-social and criminal acts against the
state. . ."
February 20, El Mundo newspaper burned
to the ground.
Many small railway stations in the interior
of the island have been burned down.
The point is that "evidence" produced by
some reporters in on-the-spot investigations
is not accompanied with more serious re-
search to examine their conclusions that the
Communist regime of Fidel Castro is solid.
The regimes of Juan Peron, Rafael Trujillo,
Marcos Perez Jimenez, Gustavo Rojas
Fulgencio Batista, Joao Goulart and
many others disappeared with lightning-like
suddenness, typical in Latin America, with
less evidence of popular discontent and
rebellion than exists in Cuba.
cadres whichope
tivities" of the students, and despite get- Escalante was accused of leading a coup we have been, but now well prepared we are
tem and inform on "counterrevolutionary ac- Anibal Escalante one year ago.
tough orders to the police in dealing with against Castro. Russia's top security chief in to help them.
suspected sabotage activities, the defiance of Cuba, Rudolf Shliapnikov was quoted by Now there is something positive that a
Cuba's youth is growing, not diminishing. Raul Castro in the course of the trial as huge, tax-free foundation might undertake
Castro's reaction to this increasing oppo- follows: "In Cuba, conditions are present for to study! Or are they, and a certain element
sition among Cuba's youths exploded in a a new Hungary . . . dissension is great," and, in our press, trying to forestall a revolt by
March 13 speech at Havana University. So "in Hungary it was not the peasants that salvaging Castro before it happens?
that he can punish minors under the adult crushed the revolt . . . it fell on the State
penal code, he lowered the age of maturity Security forces," which, in Cuba, Shliapnikov
from 21 to 16, an age, as he put it, "where noted, was filled with "petit bourgoise."
they Will face penal responsibilities." Minors There are two points here: One is that
who are "delinquents" (a term used to de- Cuban eampesinos cannot be trusted (Raul
scribe anyone who disagrees with him) , he Castro needed no reminder that this is so);
thundered, "raises the possibility that we'll the other is that Shliapnikev registered
have to eliminate them, radically!" doubts about the loyalty of Cuba's police
be clearer than
Actually, Castro owes his continued exist-
ence, more than anything else, to the fact
that agreements made at the time of the
missile crisis prevent his opposition from
receiving either arms or encouragement.
However that may be, the history of revolt
in Communist countries warns us that even
Cuba's status as a sanctuary against attack
may not save Fidel Castro. The revolts in
East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Czecho- _
slovakia teach us that after a certain length
of time, people under the heel of a Commu-
nist dictatorship do rebel.
At some not-too-distant date-In the future,
we can almost predict that the Cuban people
will join their European brothers in trying
to throw off the yoke of their oppressors. The
point then will not be to lament how wrong
HOW CASTRO'S RECORD IS DISTORTED
Du PRESS
(By John D. Lofton, Jr.)
In their stories about life in Cuba after 10
years under the dictatorship of Fidel Castro,
most national news magazines told it as it
One means of controlling rebel youths, apparatus. Nothing could
is. But a couple did not and, just for the
Castro continued, will be for the government
record, they ought to be corrected.
to incorporate the military into the senior It may be significant, in this regard, that Both Newsweek and the New York Times
stem thus turning his propa- Castro's militia and his Vigilance Committees Magazine, while acknowledging such things
gan a ne a les have had their arms taken away from them, as a decline in per capita income from $422
into schools" to converting schools into bar- While those- Mhatripted into the Obligatory a year in 1958 to $415 in 1968, felt constrained
racks). Military Service never even see a rifle. De- to point ottt that despite this drop in income
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SSIONAL RECORD ? SENATE S 3557
QUM-
Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, i
recent weeks there has been a rising tid
of pro-Castro propaganda in our new
media which alleges that things are bet
ter in Cuba than ever before and tha
we might as well accept Castro as a per-
manent fixture and recognize his govern-
ment.
The object of this propaganda is to
convince the American public and to ap-
ply pressures against the administration
to legitimize the Communist government
off our shores. Thus, 10 years of waiting
is supposed ? to accomplish for Castro
what he could not do by force and with
the aid of the Soviet militarY Power. I
cannot see how the passage of time affects
the legitimacy of a totalitarian govern-
ment.
Two articles in the current issue of
Human Events give able refutation to
the thesis that Castro's revolution is a
success and is welcomed by the people.
An article by Paul Bethel entitled "The
Rising Tide of Pro-Castro Propaganda"
gives ample detail which shows how the
pro-Castro elements in the United States
are conducting this campaign, and which
also shows what the current economic
situation is in Cuba.
Of particular interest is Mr. Bethel's
catalog of recent instances of arson and
sabotage against the Castro regime.
Within a period of 1 month, he cites at
least eight significant cases.
Mr. Bethel points out that many of
the totalitarian regimes of Latin Amer-
ica disappeared with lightning -like sud-
denness with less evidence el popular
discontent and rebellion than exists in
Cuba. Why is it then that Castro stays
In power? I quote Mr. Bethel's conclu-
sion:
Castro owes his continued existence more
than anything else to the fact that agree-
ments maae at the time of the missile crisis
prevent his opposition from receiving either
arms or encouragement.
The article by Mr. Lofton cites figures
from the U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture's periodical Foreign Agriculture. He
shows how food production in 1968 was
10 percent les than the 1957-59 average.
He points out that food production per
Capita has declined 25 to 30 percent.
Mr. President, I would like to congrat-
ulate Human Events for publishing these
fine articles giving information which
has seldom appeared in print. This is an
example of fact-filled journalism which
attempts to give an objective appraisal
of a serious situation. ,
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that these articles be printed in the
RECORD at the conclusion of my remarks.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
THE RISING TIDE OP PRO-CASTRO PROPAGANDA
(By Paul Bethel)
Only the deaf and the blind can be un-
aware of the rising tide of pro-Castro prop-
aganda appearing everywhere in recent
months. And it just happens to coincide with
President Nixon's preoccupation with ending
the war in Vietnam and shoring up our ne-
glected NATO alliance. Apparently the main
purpose of the propaganda is to pressure the
new Administration into reopenii relations p
with Communist Cuba. A secon y objec-
t ,-ttedle,OVAISAIWAennilataits
tive is to stay President Nixon's hand i
dealing more effectively than in the pas
n with the threat posed by the Soviet bridge
e head in this hemisphere.
S The February 14 issue of Life, for example
- carried a long piece on Cuba written by Car
t Oglesby, former president of Students fo
a Democratic Society. Oglesby is said by Life
to represent a "radical American view." But
FBI Director .7. Edgar Hoover sees the. po-
litical direction of the SIDS in quite a differ-
ent light. In his year-end report, Mr. Hoover
notes that at the organization's conference
last summer, "two of the newly elected na-
tional officers publicly identified themselves
as Communists. . . ." The FBI chief also
states that the SDS has been "moved from
an anarchistic outlook toward a Maoist-
oriented, Marxist-Leninist approach."
First-hand reports on Cuba appearing on
the television networks and in such news-
papers as the Wall Street Journal and the
Christian Science Monitor have also tried to
turn the clock back 10 years to revive the
mythologies purveyed by Herbert Matthews
of the New York Times. But Matthews' per-
sonal assessment that Castro wasn't a Com-
munist nor even a Communist sympathizer
suggests that on-the-spot reports can be
tragically wrong in their conclusions.
Nevertheless, the myths remain; only the
message has been altered to reflect the
changes wrought by a decade of Castro-
Soviet rule. That message is this: The "rev-
olution" may not be a social or economic
success, but it is unshakable.
Shortages and misery that cannot be
hidden from view (the result of disastrous
Communist economic planning and civic re-
sistance) are often explained away as the
vestiges of pre-Castro "Yankee imperialism."
Reporters are quick to allege that the earn-
pesino is living better than before Castro
came to power. This excuses everything else?
the brutalization dr both government and
the Cuban people.
Huge, tax-free foundations are playing a
key role in spreading myths about the Cuban
regime. The Ford Foundation, for instance,
is the principal source of funds for National
Educational Television, whose programs on
Cuba have been very favorable toward Cas-
tro's rule.
The Center for Inter-American Relations
Of New York, recipient of a $500,000 Ford
Foundation grant, is also caught up in the
resurging Castro myths. The Center is run
by William ID. Rogers, former deputy assist-
ant secretary of state for Inter-American
Affairs. His assistant is David Bronheim, who
also served under Rogers at State.
At a meeting held on February 11, a study
group of the Center was briefed by Lee
Lockwood and Jose Yglesias on Cuba's
cultural and economic advances. The com-
mitment of these two gentlemen to pro-
Castro causes is a matter of public record.
Earlier, the forum had listened to the British
ambassador to Cuba extol the virtues of
Castro (he could hardly do otherwise and
remain ambassador).
The most important meeting took place on
February 25, when a "working paper" was
presented on Cuba by Prof. Richard Fagan
of Stanford University.
The group which was assembled to hear
and approve Fagan's thesis seems to have
been packed with members from the Left
Though he belonged to the forum, Jay Love-
stone, head of the international division of
the AFL-CIO, was not invited to attend. At
a previous meeting Lovestone had discerned
the conscious leftist purpose of the meetings
and denounced them, saying that no such t
purpose could meet with the approval of the 1
AFL-CIO. Former, Ambassadors Robert C.
Hill and Spruille Braden also did not receive b
invjtations. Other members who
ideals of softening our stance toward_ Cuba
40.4teijipaiiajaiumit??..? b
n Suffice it to say that the composition of
t the February 25 meeting was not one to in-
- spire confidence in its probity or objectivity.
Among those attending were four members
, of the New York Times reporting staff (in-
1 eluding Jose Yglesias), Lee Lockwood, three
r Professors, a member of the Ford Founda-
tion, an unidentified and Went observer
and a lone businessman with widespread ex-
perience in Latin America. Thus the cards
were all stacked on the Left. Prof. Fagan's
paper, removed all doubt.
Here is what Fagan proposed:
1. Lift the ban on travel by U.S. citizens
to Cuba;
2. Lift the U.S. economic blockade of the
island;
3. Let the Organization of American States
ease both travel and trade restrictions
against Cuba.
A fourth point, which came up in the dis-
cussion in the context Of trades which U.S.
diplomats might be willing to make, was
the return of the Guantanamo Naval Base
to Cuba.
Points 1, 2 and 3 of the Fagan paper are
a collective aberration. Fagan theorizes that
if the Castro regime, in his words, "was to
be enlaced throughout the hemisphere
through trade, travel aud diplomacy," then
Castroite subversion would diminish. In fact.
obviously, by extending aid in the form of
trade and facilitating the travel of Castro
agents (only Castro determines which
Cubans may travel), subversion would not
diminish, but increase.
In a transparent effort to gain the support
of the U.S. business community, Fagan said:
"Arrangements for trade fit well with the
American business ethic," drawing a re-
sponse from one of those present that
Fagan's views represented a (=lions disre-
gard for ethics as well as for American
business.
Regarding any "diplomatic trade" of the
U.S. Guantanamo Naval Base, only the
stupid or naive could doubt that by handing
the base over to Castro we would, in fact,
be handing it over to the Soviet navy.
The intellectual community (in this in-
stance, as represented by the paper of Prof.
Fagan) and much of our news media gloss
over the threat which is posed to our security
by Fidel Castro and his Soviet masters. From
the very beginning, Fidel Castro's goal was
to seize and exercise uncontrolled power.
He has not changed. Indeed, his goal is to
extend that totalitarian control, by means
of his subversives and with Soviet help, to
Latin America. For, from the Marxist-
Leninist point of view, the Cuban "revolu-
tion" can be considereda eucceas only to the
extent that it succeeds in enveloping Latin
America and isolating the United States in
its own hemisphere.
The size and power of the United States
always cast a shadow over Castro's ambitions.
He hates the capitalist system which lies at
the heart of our power and influence. Upon
seizing power, capitalism, American and
Cuban, became the subject of his fury and
the object of his attack. Only by our sub-
mitting to Castro's wishes and whims would
even a frail coexistence with Castro become
possible; it would break whenever the United
States refused to do so. This was true in 1959;
it is true in spades in 1969. -
What are the realities of Fidel Castro's sup-
posedly "unshakable" regime? Th
e current
myth is that the people of Cuba, particularly
its youth and Negro population, are solidly
behind him. It is important to Castro that
this message be accepted by U.S. news media
and our intellectual community, since it jus-
ifles the argument that we might as well
earn to live with Castro.
Some of the news media refuse to be moved
y obvious facts, treating them in passing as
lere Irrelevancies. One fact is that 500,C410
Cubans have Dad Into exile; /0,000 of them
raVing the cruel seas in 1,017 small boats,
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E 278 ApprovwmcRE?9?FgAnziet5itsiLwhig91939,913a9295?Miatary 15, 1969
. aliundantly clear. It is high time our horse-
and-buggy election procedures be overhauled
and updated. The antiquated Electoral Col-
lege must be replaced with an effective sys-
tem which will let the people decide who will
lead them.
It's not for lack of trying that there have
been no reforms in the Electoral College since
1804. Despite inaction, more amendments
have been proposed to reform the system than
for any other single provision of the Con-
stitution.
Since Jan. 6, 1797 when Congressman Wil-
liam L. Smith of South Carolina offered the
first Constitutional amendment proposing
election procedure reforms, more than 500
amendments have been proposed. More than
200 have been offered since 1947 alone.
In reviewing nomination and election pro-
cedures over the past 180 years, I have kept
in mind three principal goals:
Elimination of blatantly undemocratic ele-
ments of the present system, such as deny-
ing meaningful participation by the people
In the selection of party nominees and their
election; independent voting by members of
the Electoral College and run-off procedures
in the House of Representatives.
Preservation of our traditional two-party
system without eroding the strength of state
and local parties. Without imposing un-
reasonable Federal controls party nominating
procedures must be maintained, strength-
ened, and legalized under the Constitution.
Preservation of state responsibility for elec-
tions, where it has resided since our nation's
founding. Only where essential uniformity
and the principles of democracy demand
should Federal standards be imposed.
This study has shown the need for ten
basic changes to meet these goals. I will offer
these proposals to amend our Constitution,
which must be viewed as a living set of laws
requiring occasional updating to meet the
needs of an advancing society.
The Horton proposals include:
Abolishing the Electoral College.
Dividing the electoral vote, one vote for
each Congressional District in each state, pro-
portionally among the candidates based on
the popular vote in individual states.
Requiring a 40 percent electoral vote mar-
gin, rather than a majority for the victor.
A run-off election for the top two candi-
dates one week following the general election
? if no candidate received 40 percent of the
electoral vote.
polling the 50 state legislatures to deter-
? mine voting age for persons voting for the.
Presidency. The majority decisibn would then
become law under an act of Congress.
A Federal Election Commission to review
election procedures, recommend changes and
settle contested election results involving the
Presidency.
Permitting persons to vote for the Presi-
dency in the state where they were last eligi-
ble to vote regardless of local and state elec-
tion residency requirements.
Equitable electoral vote for the District
of Columbia.
Establish basic rules for National Party
Convention, binding delegates to first ballot
votes and providing for a run-off primary
When no candidate receives a majority of
delegate votes.
Five year population census to assure ac-
curate figures to determine proportional as-
signment of Congressional Districts and elec-
toral votes to the states.
At the time our Constitution was drafted,
the Electoral College and its accompanying
election procedures were the most demo-
cratic the world had ever seen. But that was
In 1787. Now, 180 years later, with the great
advancei In education and communication
Our people have matured politically and the
system is outdated.
These proposals will offer a more modern
and responsive mechanism enabling the voice
o le to be heard more effectively.
As with any proposed Constitutional
Amendments, it is essential to develop a plan
agreeable to two-thirds of the members of
each house of Congress and to 38 State Leg-
islatures. In effect, 13 states can kill any
amendment attempt. Thousands of amend-
ments have been proposed for changes in the
Constitution but only 25 were accepted.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
In creating the Electoral College system,
the authors of the Constitution intended
that each State should choose its most dis-
tinguished citizens as electors. Once the elec-
tors had been selected it was expected that
they would deliberate and vote as individ-
uals in choosing the President.
With the early emergence of politieal
ties, it quickly developed that electors were
chosen to represent those parttes. Designa-
tion as a candidate for elect6r by the party
leadership became an le1ior to those who
had served the party yll. By 1800 independ-
ent voting by elec s had almost, but not
entirely, disa.ppe d
Responding t pressure for popular con-
trol, the pract e of choosing electors by pop-
ular vote q kly developed. By 1832, direct
election was,1 the rule in all States except
South Carona, which made the change at
the time of Ihe Civil War.
The practice of giving all the electors to
the party w ich wins the most votes in the
States, the 'general ticket" or "unit rule"
system, is als a product of the early 1800's.
THE 1kOVEMENT FOR REFORM
From the st , the method of electing the
President has b n a subject of debate and
discussion. At th Constitutional Conven-
tion, a few key ixmbers, including James
Madison, Benjamin anklin and Gouverneur
Morris, favored direct 'popular election. Oth-
ers preferred to see th President elected by
Congress or the State Go ernors.
One of the argument for the Electoral
College system was that t ough the provi-
sions for at least three elec rs regardless of
population it gave the small S tes some pro-
tection against domination b large States.
It was felt that to preserve our ederal sys-
tem of Government, this was an important
consideration and the argument went far
in swaying the Convention.
Another important argument wa. that it
placed the choice of the President n the
hands of persons presumably able tocome
acquainted personally with the various res-
idential candidates, as the mass of peo e at
that time were not.
The mass media, particularly televis ?n
have changed this drastically. Today's Pr -.i
dential candidates are exposed, analyzed a d
Interpreted to a degree never conceived
the Founding Fathers.
Numerous criticisms have been directed
the existing election system. Custom and tra
dition have greatly altered the operation
the system as it was originally created. So
criticism is directed at the original syste
others at the aspects of its development.
Three major areas of criticism ? ye
evolved:
The office of Presidential elector, p tau-
larly the prospect of the so-called "F thless
Maverick," an elector who votes a nst the
mandate of the voters who else i him.
The unit-rule giving a e's entire elec-
toral vote to the candidate with the most
votes, be it a one-vote plurality or a 2,000,000
vote majority.
Prospects that an election could be thrown
Into the House of Representatives where each
state would have one vote regardless of pop-
ulation.
ELECTORAL PROCESS CONFUSING
The presence of electors in the electoral
process is confusing to some voters. Thirty
five states, including New York, do not even
carry the names of the electors on their bal-
lots. A few states provide for listing only the
names of the electors and not the actual
candidates.
Reform proposals have included direct vot-
ing, proportional voting, district voting and
automatic or "non elector" plans.
Proposals for the direct election of the
President of the United States date back to
1826 when Congressman William McManus of
New York offered the first amendment on
direct voting. Since then more than 100
proposals have been made. In the 90th Con-
gress lone 15 amendments were offered to
establish a direct voting system.
The seriousness of the electoral college
crisis becomes obvious when we realize that
15 of our 37 presidents have been elected
less than a majority of the vote. Most
direct voting proponents urge a 40 percent
plurality requirement.
On November 5, 1968, we elected Richard M.
Nixon as President with 43.4 percent of the
vote, a mere .7 percent margin over Vice
President Hubert H. Humphrey. Third party
candidate George Wallace polled 13.5 percent
of the vote. Despite the closeness of the
popular vote Nixon had a clear electoral edge:
302-191-45, in the unofficial tally.
MINORITY PRESIDENTS..
The term "minority" President is loosely
used and creates an erroneous impression.
Actually we have had only three minority
Presidents?that is, a candidate elected Presi-
dent with a smaller number of popular votes
than his closest opponent.
In 1824, Andrew Jackson received more
electoral votes and more popular votes than
did John Quincy Adams but the election fell
into the House of Representatives, which gave
a majority of its votes to Adams, electing him
President.
In 1876, Samuel J. Tilden received a ma-
jority of more than 250,000 popular votes over
Rutherford B. Hayes. The returns from
Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Caro-
lina were contested. An electoral commis-
sion, created by Congress to settle the dispute,
decided the contested returns in favor of
Hayes, who won by one electoral vote.
Grover Cleveland received a popular plu-
rality of about 100,000 votes over Benjamin
Harrison in 1888. Cleveland obtained only 168
electoral votes, and Harrison with 233 elec-
toral votes was elected President.
Twelve other Presidents failed to obtain a
majority of the popular vote but all these
men, execpt Abraham Lincoln, did receive a
plurality of 40 percent or more.
In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected
President with only 39.79 percent of the
popular vote. 'U.S. Senator Stephen A. Doug-
las had received 29.40 percent and Vice Presi-
dent John C. Breckinridge 19.2 percent.
Lincoln had 180 electoral votes, a clear ma-
jority; Breckinridge, 72; and Douglas 12.
Fourth party candidate John Bell had 39
electoral votes with 12.6 percent o.f the vote.
James K. Polk was elected President in 1844
with 49.56 percent of the vote compared with
48.13 percent of the vote for Henry Clay. Four
years later Zachary Taylor received 47.13 per-
cent of the vote in beating Lewis Cass who
had 42.47 percent.
Woodrow Wilson was elected in 1912 with
41.85 percent of the popular vote. He led
Theodore Roosevelt who had 27.42 percent
and then President William H. Taft who had
23.5 percent.
The Presidential race in 1960 saw John F.
Kennedy win with 49.71 percent of the vote
while Richard M. Nixon had 49.55 percent.
Kennedy, however, had 303 electoral votes to
219 for Nixon.
Harry S. Truman, Grover Cleveland, James
A. Garfield, and James Buchanan also were
elected with a plurality but less than a ma-
jority of the vote cast.
The major argument in favor of direct vot-
ing is that it would give more meaning to the
individual vote. Direct election would elim-
inate the "unit rule" under the present elec-
toral system and prevent a candidate from
?ftimidiakeditabionisot
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January 15, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ? Extensions of Remarks E 277
ticular physical conflguraion?*ho coverage
we get is excellent."
Midnight, the police horse, WOrks only in
the summertime. During the' winter be
spends his time at a local pastille enjoying
life. On a recent visit to cheektim, Porteus
laughed when asked about the array of
leather straps and pieces of metal in the rear
Of his cos. "I'm Probably the an police chief
around," said Porteus, "with pounds of
horse bridle in his car." M1dniil seemed to
recognize the thief, and snor an 'official
greeting.
U.S. FOREIGN AID FOlt CUBA?
HON. JOHN R. RARICK
OF LOUISIANA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRE?TATIVES
Wednesday, January 4, 1969
Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, Castro has
successfully exploited U.S. hijacked
planes into a sizable profit?foreign aid
of $32,000, And once more The expense
and inconvenience of tolerating com-
munism at our back door cOihes home to
haunt us.
Mr. Speaker, I insert Stephen M. Aug's
column in the Evening Star for Decem-
ber 25, 1968, as follows:
FEES OF $32,000 PAID CUBA IN IS IIIJACKINGS
THIS YEAR _
(By Stephen M. Aug)
The nation's airlines have p4td the Cuban
government about $32,000 thi6 ,. ear in as-
sorted fees requiting from h aeking inci-
dents?and so far, apparently, nobody is
complaining the price is too high, a Star
-,..
survey finds.
Following each of the 13 instances in which
a United States commercial airtatr has been
forced to Cuba, the airline has received a
carefully itemized bill signed by William R.
Joclthasen, chief of the State ,, partment's
Protection and Representation 1leion, call-
ing Mr "a remittance in the fogie of a certi-
fied check, bank draft or monqy ,rder made
' payable to the Department of State."
The remittances are averagi4g $2,500 and
the airlines are,paying it promptly.
The State Department, of curse, doesn't
set the fees. They are determined by the
Cubans and forwarded to the 4wi-s Embassy
in Havana, which handles ,s affairs in
Cuba. The accounting is fortiarled to the
State Department. -
But the $2,500 average takes ii,to account
only the direct charges for lanaleg in Cuba.
There are other costs?overtim0,,r the crew,
a plane out of service for 15 ifeurs or more,
substitute 'planes to handle Other regular
flights in this country, the costs of additional
accoramedations for passengerii, the cost of
flying them back to this country.
One published figure?attrifiuted to Part
American Airways?puts the Zest of a hi-
jacking at $35,000 to $50,000. But Pan Am
officials could not confirm this vice. An East-
ern Air Lines official says the s44,1;r1 . 20 hijack-
ing of its San Juan-bound Boeing 720 with
53 persons aboard cost $10,787.$?) just in cash
expenses.
The charges for landing a hijacked plane
in Cuba, however, vary. East, .1 lists the
. charges as $2,348.50 for the Eqpt. 20 hijack-
ing; $3,277.92 for the Nov. 23 hij leking, and
$2,472 for the one on Nov. 30. 1
Pan Am has received a bill fin $2,745 from
the Cuban government for the needs of its
crew and plane hijacked with_I/6 passengers
on Nov. 24. National Airlines, Which has had
four hijackings this year, sayi it has paid
bills ranging from about e2,500 to $2,700.
The assorted charges levied * the Cubans
can range from $5.05 for weather forecasting
from Cuban airports to $749.22 for the cost of
lunch for the hijacked plane's passengers
and crew. In the case of Eastern's Sept. 20
-hijacking, this amounted to $14.13 per person
for lunch and the same for dinner.
But both airline and State Department offi-
cials say the charges are not excessive?al-
though they are in some instances nonsider-
ably higher than charges made in this coun-
try for airport-related services. A State De-
partment official notes that "fuel in Cuba
could be expensive?not for political reasons,
but for economic reasons.
"Acceptable items of food would be more
costly than we would believe reasonable, but
only because they are out of the ordinary
items of food available in the general
markets."
The domestic airline with the most expe-
rience in hijacking is Eastern. It has had five
In 1968?four of them going all the way to
Cuba?and all originating at or destined for
Miami.
Despite this, the chances of being aboard
a hijacked plane are slim. astern has a Plane
entering or leaving Miami every six Minutes,
making the odds 100,000 to 1.
Other domestic airlines having planes hi-
jacked this year are?Delta 2, although one
attempt was stopped; Southeast 1; North-
west 1; Trans World 1 and 1 unsuccessful
_attempt; Pan Am 1.
AN PTEMIEED HIJACKING BILL
Here is the bill from the State Department
to Eastern Air Lines detailing the payment
to be made to the Cuban government for the
September 20 hijacking of a Boeing-'720 jet-
liner (English translation is approximate):
"Derechos de aterrivaje (landing
fee)
Bervicios de handling (handling
costs)
Derechos de estacionamiento
(parking)
Derechos por servicios de aduana
(duties)
Derechos por servicios to meteor-
- ologia (weather services)
Servicios de comisaria (commis-
sary)
Servicios de comisaria
Servielos de restorant (almuerzo)
(lunch)
? Bervicios de restorant (comida)
(dinner)
15 percent recargo per operacion
nocturne (night operations sur-
charge)
$225. 00
354.00
31.25
12. 50
5.05
132.55
19. 00
749. 22
749. 22
70. 80
Total 2, 348. 50
NO PRAYERS IN OUTER SPACE?
HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK
OF ouzo
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 15, 1969
Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, for
Members of Congress one of the high-
lights of the Apollo 8 adventure was the
_appearance of the astronauts before a
joint session of Congress last week. In
his remarks Col. Frank Borman, remem-
bering the confusion caused by the Su-
preme Court In ruling on the issues of
Bible reading and prayer in the public
schools struck a chord of contention
among American citizens if the instan-
taneous reaction of those present in the
House Chamber is any indication.
Human Events, the Washington news-
weekly, led off its Washington news
column in its issue of January 18 with
this tongue-in-cheek qhery: "No Prayers
In Outer Space?" I include this short,
incisive item in the RECORD at this point:
NO PRAYERS IN OUTER SPACE?
The Apollo 8 astronauts?Col. Frank Bor-
man, Capt. James A. rd.:0a. Jr. and Lt. Col.
William A. Anders--were hailed as heroes
when they appeared before a joint session of
Congress last week. While tales of their
Superman exploits intrignied the lawmakers,
Col. Borman, taking notice of the Supreme
Court justices in the front row, made a re-
mark that brought down the house.
"Now, as you all know" said Borman, "the
flight has been very well coveted, but there
was one significant accomplishment that has
gone rather unnaiced, and I would like to
take note of it today if / may.
"I think that one of the things that was
truly historic was that we were able to get
good Roman Catholic Bi tt Anders to read the
first four verses of the lang James version."
"But now that I see Ur gentlemen here in
the front row," Borman remarked of the jus-
tices, "I am not sure we should have read
the Bible at all."
RESEARCH PAPER ON ELECTORAL
REFORM
HON. JAMES C. O'HARA
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, January 15, 1969
Mr. O'HARA. Mr. Speaker, events of
the past year once again demonstrated
the need for reform of the process by
which we select our Chief Executive.
Fortunately we were able to avoid?this
year?the shoals in the electoral college
system. The fact remains that every
presidential election is a gamble with
chaos.
Recently one of our colleagues, the
distinguished Member from New York
(Mr. Hortrox) prepared a series of ar-
ticles for distribution in his congres-
sional district in which he discusses the
dangers and inadequacies In the pro-
cedures by which we nominate and elect
the President.
In these articles he outlines a 10-point
program of electoral reform, encompass-
ing the nominating process as well as the
general election..
I think that you will agree with me
that this is a monumen_ tal NOP rk. The ar-
ticles of the gentleman from New York
cover the history of our electoral process.
And while we may have differing ideas
about the specifics of reform, his pro-
posals make up one of the most compre-
hensive plans I have studied.
In total, this work is an excellent re-
search paper on electoral reform, and
the proposals lay the foundation for fur-
ther discussion.
Our colleague from New York deserves
our commendation frc his work, and I
recommend his articles to you. I insert
them in the RECORD at this point:
HORSE-AND-BUGGY ELECTION PROCEDURES NEED
OVERHAULING SAYS CONGRESSMAN HORTON
(NorE.?A paper prepared by Congressman
PRANK HORTON, of New York, outlining ex-
tensive details for updating U.S. election and
nominating procedures.)
The election of the 37th President of the
United States in 1968 has made one thing
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CONGKES KECURD ? Lxtensions of
tion in municipal, County and State govern-
mental area's. Our organization has consist-
ently and actively supported the Minnesota
Department of Highways in its policy of
dual public hearings and early public in-
volvement. The record proves conclusively
that Minnesota Good Roads, Incorporated,
far from questioning or condemning public
involvement in the location of highways,
aggressively encourages said involvement.
That being established, I now wish to state
that our organization and, in view of my
special experience in highway matters, I,
particularly, are unalterably opposed to the
addition of the proposed new Part 3 to Title
23, Code of Federal Regulations. Unalter-
ably, Sir!
We gravely question the constitutionality
of the proposed super-imposed regulations,
and are shockingly upset by the likely so-
cial, political, economic, and public safety,
consequences if these ill-advised regulations
are forced upon the citizens and taxpayers
of the United States of America.
I am not a constitutional lawyer, nor yet
a lawyer at all, but my training and experi-
ence enable me to detect the ominous sig-
nificance of proposed Section 3.1 applica-
bility:
"A. This part applies to all Federal Aid
Highway projects."
Gentlemen, that is the meat of it: meat
for the bottomless appetites of Federal bu-
reaucrats.
These proposed regulations are a gross
invasion of the reserved and inherent powers
of the several States of the Union. They
would usurp a primary responsibility of the
State Highway Commissioners by placing
final authority for virtually all highway lo-
cation and construction in the hands of
the Federal Highway Administrator. They
give him control of intrastate as well as in-
terstate construction, and this must not be!
Governor Volpe of Massachusetts, Secre-
tary-designate of the Department of Trans-
portation, puts it in a nutshell. The pro-
posed rule would "remove the power of loca-
tion selection from the States and place it
in the hands of Federal authorities who are
s removed from the many intricacies of each
project."
Gentlemen, surely you are even more
aware than I that these proposed regula-
tions probably violate the Constitution of
the United States and surely violate the
intent of Congress. I beg you to abandon
this reckless, headstrong course of action.
Should you, in fact, activate these pro-
posed regulations, I foresee chaos.
I speak from peculiar and painful experi-
ence.
Minnesota is unusual in that it is one of
a handful of States with a law absolutely
requiring that any highway construction
contract entered into within or immediately
adjacent to a municipality must be con-
sented to by the governing body of that
municipality. We now know that Minnesota
motorists have paid a high price indeed for
the absolute right of a municipality to veto
any non-interstate highway plan. The price
has been paid in such expensive coin as de-
lay, disruption, inconvenience, bickering and,
all too often, death.
By injecting these new rules promulgated
by the Federal Highway Administration into
our already restrictive situation, there will
be many roads, streets, and highways, now
desperately needed, that will never be built
because of lack of agreement between dif-
ferent levels of government. When I inform
you that Saturday, December 14th, 1968, Min-
nesota, for the first time in its entire history,
recorded its 1,000th highway traffic- death
within a calendar year, you can understand
the depth of my concern.
We need more roads, better roads . . , and
+40'. A a erduLudd-
bona ureau aye
It has wisely been said that: "Justice de-
layed is justice denied". Highway construc-
tion delayed is more than highway con-
struction denied; it is transportation denied;
it is social justice denied; it is economy de-
nied; it is public safety denied!
Yet the appellate provisions of 3.17 vir-
tually seek out objections and delays by per-
mitting but one disgruntled person to halt
any construction project. As you well know,
the filing of such an appeal with the Federal
Highway Administration would automati-
cally stop further progress until the appeal is
settled. To make matters worse: the pro-
posed regulations impose no time limit on,
the Federal Highway Administrator within
which to make his decision on an apPeal.
This, gentlemen, is indeed a mockery of
justice!
Under the seductive disgui i'of affording
"effective public participat n in the con-
sideration of highway 1 ation and design
proposals", the propo d new regulations
would effectively cri le State, County and
local highway const ction while robbing the
several States of heir constitutional heri-
tage.
As Edmund rke remarked in 1784, "The
people never gi e up their liberties but un-
der some delu ion". Your proposed regula-
tions, gentlem , are the great delusion of
this decade.
Again, I beg to withdraw these pro-
posed rules and re: : tions.
THE CASTLE VALLEY trb CORPS
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION`CcENTER
NEAR PRICE, UTAH
HON. FRANK E. MOSS
OF UTAH
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Tuesday, January 14, 1969
Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the Castle
Valley Job Corps Civilian Conservation
Center near Price, Utah, operated for the
Office of Economic Opportunity by the
Bureau of Land Management, is now
over 3 years old. The Salt Lake City
Tribune has aptly stated:
An unwanted stranger in town has an
uphill fight to establish a good reputation.
I am pleased to note today, over 3
years later, that the people of our State
have welcomed the Job Corpsmen into
the community to the point where the
city council of Price adopted a resolu-
tion praising the Castle Valley Conte/
corpsmen and staff and recommending
its continuance. I concur with the state-
ment in the editorial "The Image Is
Mended" to the effect that?
They are increasingly being welcomed is
a credit to the Job Corps and the home folks
alike.
I ask unanimous consent that a- copy
of the editorial and the resolution be
inserted in the Extensions of Remarks in
the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection, the editorial
and resolution were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[From the Salt Lake City (Utah)
Tribune, Sept. 21, 1968]
AN IMAGE IS MENDED
An unwanted stranger in town has an
uphill fight to establish a good reputation.
This has been the experience of more than
one Job Crops center throughout the
country.
Many communities initially resented
-having a center dropped in their midst.
Sometimes incidents involving corpsniCn
and local citizens or police added to the
resentment. But as center administrators
liep0/210A0500101- 9
January 14,, 1969
and personnel became more experienced
in guiding their youthful charges into
projects benefitting the host communities
ugly incidents declined and resentment
has many times turned to appreciation.-
Not long ago the mayor and City
Council of Price adopted a resolution
praising corpsmen at nearby Castle Val-
ley Civilian Conservation Center, operated
by the Bureau of Land Management, for
their _good conduct and many material
Contributions to the city. Similar commen-
dation for other centers has come from
various civic and government bodies.
This change in community attitude is
testimony of what can be accomplished by
mutual respect and willingness to rserve
judgment: Job Corpsmen come to town
under many disadvantages. That they are
increasingly being welcomed is a credit to
the Job Corps and the home folks alike.
RESOLUTION OF PRICE, UTAH, MUNICIPAL CORP.
Whereas, the Job Corps located south of
Price, Utah, has been of substantial economic
benefit to the people of this community and
the citizens of Price, Utah, in that much use-
ful work has been done by the Job Corps of
lasting benefit to this area and the economy
of the County has been advanced thereby,
and
Whereas, the Job Corp has provided needed
schooling and training for the members, thus
improving their education and ability to
later to be of help to the welfare of our
society and to earn their own way and raise
their living standards, and
Whereas, the members of the Job Corps on
the whole have been law-abiding and have
shown respect for the laws and the rights of
the people of this community, and
Whereas, they have assisted in doing use-
ful and necessary work for the benefit of
this community when their assistance has
been requested,
Therefore, be it Resolved that the Mayor
and City Council of Price, hereby commend
the Job Corps and its Officers and members
for the excellent work it is doing for the
betterment and improvement of this area
and the advancement and development of
its members and the moral and spiritual
uplift it is providing for its members in
addit on to all of the economic improvement
whic is derived from the Job Corps, and
Be it further resolved that we recommend
theicontinuance of this program.
, MURRAY MATHIS,
Mayor.
HAROLD 0. PATTERICK,
WALTER T. AXELGARD,
JAMES FAUSETT,
GUIDO RACHIELE,
MACK BUDGE,
Councilmen.
SIMPLE JUSTICE FOR CONSCIEN-
TIOUS FEDERAL EMPLOYEES
HON. HENRY B. GONZALEZ
OF TEXAS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 14, 1969
Mr. GONZALEZ. Mr. Speaker, I am
today reintroducing a bill which gives
simple justice to the many conscientious
Federal employees who use their sick
leave only when they are ill. At present,
the sick leave accumulated by the major-
ity of civil servants who retire without
disability saves their Government a con-
siderable sum, but does not benefit them
at all. My bill would permit these em-
ployees the_option of receiving full credit
for each day of accumulated sick leave
in computing their retirement henefits,
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January 14 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ?Extensions of Remarks
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS
THE UBAN MISSILB.pnisis
HON. FRANK CH CH
OF IDAITO
IN THE SENATE OF THE UN D STATES
Tuesday, January 141969
Mr, CHURCH, Mr. Presi&nt, several
weeks ago, there appeared in the maga-
zine Commonweal an artic* comment-
ing upon the book "13 Day' authored
by our late colleague, Senator Robert F.
Kennedy, concerning the 1962 Cuban
missile crisis?a crisis in whtila he played
a central role as adviser andxonfidant of
his brother, the late President Kennedy.
m
Written by former State epartent
official Roger Hilsman, the ormnonweal
article deals with an analysijof the book
from an "insiders" point of NIew, for Mr.
Hilsman has an active part In. the Ken-
nedy administration at the time of the
1962 Cuban confrontation. _
I recommend Mr. Hilsmans,s article to
all Senators as a worthy coniribution to
our better understanding or one of the
most crucial events in the h tury of the
Nation. I ask that it be pr t(c1 in the
Extensions of Remarks of t e CONGRES-
SIONAL RECORD.
There being no objection the article
was ordered to be printed in RECORD,
as follows:
R. F. K. ON CUBA: AN INSIDER' e ANALYSIS
(By Roger Hilsman)
Robert Kennedy's Thirteen Days is
,
unique?an account of the Worlds first
nuclear crisis by a man who eared presi-
dential responsibility. For of aa of the men
around John F. Kennedy in those fateful
days, only Robert F. Kennedy,-his brother,
could feel the personal sense that John Ken-
nedy did of responsibility for all of mankind
and for generations yet unboirn It is the
closest thing we will ever have IC the reflec-
tions Of John F. Kennedy himself.
The awesome drama of those orIrteen days,
the tension, the clashing wills-of patriotic,
intelligent, but overwrought men of deeply
differing convictions is all here._ This manu-
script was a first-draft, and Robert Kennedy
had intended to polish and edit it. But, in
a way, the first-draft roughness, contributes
to the drama of the account, coriveying some-
thing of the striving for deliberateness in
the midst of overwhelming ine,;sure for
speed.
Some commentators have said , hat there
is nothing in Robert Kennedy's account that
had not already appeared. BuCas one who
was himself involved in those tents as the
Director of the State Departn*at's Bureau
of Intelligence and Research, rleelieve that
judgment is unfair. There are-no "now-it-
can-be-told" state secrets revealed, but there
is still much that is new.
First, of course, is the acent of how
John Kennedy felt, how he saw the crisis,
and both his and Robert Kenn,a*Os joint re-
flections on the lessons to be leyned. This is
new. John Kennedy was deternitned to avoid
recrimination or exultation in' his dealing
with the Soviet Union and to take the op-
portunity to move to achieve I agreements,
such as the limited nuclear tee, ban agree-
ment, that would help to end t,e Cold War,
and he refrained from confidin his feelings
about the crisis to anyone but brother.
Other details are also new, .her Ke4-
nedy_Zyes a_ nanch fuller ace t than 'has
ever before appeared in print lit the lOng. Haturday, the ovlets reneged in a message
'
four-part cable that Chairman Khrushchev
sent the afternoon of Friday, Oct. 2.6. This
cable marked the turning point in the Soviet
attitude and was the basis of the agreement
that resolved the crisis. Kennedy also docu-
ments what had only been deduced before
about the course events would probably have
taken if the Soviets had not backed_clown?
the United States would have ben forced to
take out the Soviet anti-aircraft SAM sites,
and, then, if the Soviets still persisted, to
launch an invasion.
Many other details are also new, but one
is particularly significant?the account of
Robert Kennedy's -meeting with Ambassador
Dobrynin, the details of which supply a miss-
ing link that has puzzled historians. There
has long ben speculation that something
happened Saturady Oct. 27, that finally con-
vinced the Soviets just how determined the
Americans were and caused them to recog-
nize the full gravity of the situation. Ken-
nedy's account of his meeting with Dobrynin
provides the explanation. For Robert Ken-
nedy was ?able to make it clear how events
must inevitably proceed, how short time was
before events took command, and yet to do
so without threats or posturing.
The final section of Thirteen. Days is de-
voted to reflections on the crisis and on the
lessons learned. Pfere, Robert Kennedy is
speaking to future Presidents and other of-
ficials who will sit around that same table
making ? other fateful decisions. And what
he has to say is worthy of their attention.
It is at this point, however, that a criticism
must be made. Once during the crisis, a
Tnember of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said
that he believed in a preventive attack on
the Soviet Union. Others advocated attacks
on Cuba without warning. "They seemed al-
Ways to assume," Kennedy writes, "that the
Russians and the Cubans would not respond
Of. if they did, that a war was in our national
Interest." There is no question that these
remarks were made, but it is also clear that
the deliberated positions taken by the Joint
'Chiefs of Staff were more responsible and
took greater account of the proper limita-
tion e of military advice. The Inability, to look
beyond the limited military field illustrated
by these remarks appalled Robert Kennedy
and led him to the sharp judgment given
In the manuscript. But had he lived to go
over it once more, he might well have made
some changes. For he quotes John Kennedy
in a different vein: "When we talked about
this later, he said we had to remember that
they were trained to fight and to wage war?
that was their life. Perhaps we would feel
even more concerned if they were always op-
posed to using arms or military means?for
if they would not be willing, who would be?"
One final observation must be made. Be-
cause Robert Kennedy is the author of this
account, his own role is played down. But
the truth of the matter is that Robert Ken-
nedy's role was 'central, second only to that
of his brother. And on two occasions his con-
tribution was the higher. On Friday night,
Oct. 19, support in the ExCom for blockading
Cuba as the first step began to fall apart,
with more and more members shifting to the
Idea of opening with a bombing strike
against the missile sites. It was Robert Ken-
nedy who eloquently, even passionately,
argued against an "American Pearl Harbor"?
and who won the day.
The second occasion was on Saturday, Oct.
27, the blackest day of the crisis. The night
before Khrushchev's long cable seemed to
open the door to a resolution. This was re-
inforced by a very specific set of proposals
delivered informally by the re
,,,ot soviet intelligence in--thefr on
_embassy to an e ican newsman. Then on
W-;
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broadcast from Moscow, and a U-2 was shot
down over Cuba, killing the pilot, Major An-
derson. There seemed no alternative to bomb-
ing the missiles sites, and following this with
an invasion.
But it was Robert Kennedy who conceived
a brilliant diplomatic maneuver?later dub-
bed the "Trollope ploy," after the recurrent
scene in Anthony Trollope's novels in which
the girl interprets a squeeze of her hand as a
proposal of marriage. His suggestion was to
deal with Friday's package of signals?
Khrushchev's cable and the approach
through the Soviet intelligence agent?as
if the reneging message of Saturday simply
did not exist. Picking out of the various
signals those items which the United States
found acceptable, Robert Kennedy drafted
a message to Khrushchev. At the President's
direction, he then had his crucial conversa-
tion with Dobrynin, as described above. And
the crisis was resolved.
There is no doubt of the debt that Amer-
ica?and all of humankind?owes to Robert
F. Kennedy.
NEW HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT REG-
ULATIONS MAY SLOW DOWN CON-
STRUCTION
HON. JOHN M. ZWACH
OF MINNESOTA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, January 14, 1969
Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, during this
past month, I was beseiged by calls from
county commissioners and State orga-
nizations and officials regarding the pro-
posed change in Federal or interstate
highway location regulations.
Upon checking with these and other
authorities, I then submitted a state-
ment to the Department urging them to
extend the hearing or to delay such hear-
ings in order that all segments of admin-
istrative agencies dealing with highway
location and construction become
thoroughly aware of the drastic changes
being proposed.
I also received a copy of the state-
ment made at the Department of Trans-
pOrtation hearing by the president of the
Minnesota Good Roads Association
which I believe point up the ramifica-
tions of these broad proposals. The presi-
dent, Mr. Frank Marzitelli, was formerly
deputy highway commissioner in Min-
nesota, and is able to speak authorita-
tively on this subject. I commend the
reading and study of his statement
which follows:
Mr. Chairman, my name is Frank D. Mar-
zitelli, and I have ventured here from St.
Paul, Minnesota. Formerly I served as Deputy
Commissioner of the Minnesota Department
of Highways. Currently I am Executive Vice
President of the Port Authority of the City
of St. Paul. I also am President of Minnesota
Good Roads, Incorporated, and I primarily
appear before you in the latter capacity.
Minnesota Good Roads, Incorporated is an
organization composed of interested and
concerned citizens who urgenty believe that
Minnesota's industrial and economic devel-
opment hinges upon a vowins: traneporta-
effesativelfand ZT-triTal-
t ously move goods and people. For 75 years
our organization has been a leader in efforts
to improve Minnesota's highway transporta-
? 11
IAA ?