ARMS RACE IN ORBIT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP70B00338R000300110044-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 2
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 9, 2006
• Sequence Number: 44
• Publication Date: November 16, 1967
• Content Type: OPEN

November 16, 19 proved FCp~F lg~1/pCRDPH7P338R000300110044-5 H 15451
DONALD RUMSFELD, FRED SCHWENGEL, and
ROBERT TAFT, JR.
Also, included at the end of our sum-
mary statement is a report issued
Wednesday, November 15, 1967, by Mr.
George Gallup showing public backing
for the plan to raise pay of soldiers to
the minimum wage level, one of the prin-
cipal recommendations in our book.
The summary statement is as follows:
SUMMARY STATEMENT
Both the study and the 31 specific recom-
mendations that it makes have been written
and should be viewed within the context of
keeping the debate on the draft as construc-
tive and responsible as possible.
There are some people who countenance
evasion of the draft. We do not.
There are some people who are opposed
to the draft primarily because they are op-
posed to the war in Vietnam, Our study was
not undertaken because of the war in Viet-
nam nor should it be interpreted in any way
as criticism of military or foreign policies of
the United States.
There are some people who advocate an
end to the draft regardless of its conse-
quences for the national security of the
country. We do not.
The basic conclusions of our study dem-
onstrate the constructive and limited nature
of our recommendations. Those conclusions
are as follows:
1. An all-volunteer military force is de-
sirable if, without the draft, an effective
and efficient military force can maintain the
national security.
2. The draft, however necessary, is inher-
ently incompatible with the basic principles
of democracy.
3. An all-volunteer armed forces would not
necessarily be overrepresentative of the
socially or economically deprived segments
of the United States population, but neither
Is it inappropriate for the services to offer
an_ opportunity to the deprived to better
their economic conditions.
4. An all-volunteer armed forces may be
possible within two to five years, if pre-
liminary steps are taken now in pursuit of
that objective. This is true even if we must
maintain the current force levels required
.by the Vietnam war.
5. We are opposed to raising military pay
to a level in excess of civilian pay scales-
and we believe it would be unwise to create
an all-volunteer military force if this were
the only means by which it could be
achieved.
6. On the other hand, current military
pay is not only not an inducement to en.
listment, it is an obstacle to enlistment. To
the degree, possible military pay should be
made commensurate with pay for equivalent
jobs in the civilian economy.
7. We are opposed to the abolition of the
Selective Service System but favor a maxi-
mum effort to reduce draft calls down to
zero. The Selective Service registration proc-
ess should be continued even if an all-volun-
teer army is created, in order to assure ade-
quate flexibility in potential military man-
power procurement to meet sudden crises in
defense of the nation.
8. Official Defense Department studies
have greatly exaggerated the cost of evolv-
Ing an all-volunteer service-primarily be-
cause' they have centered only on the single
reform of increasing pay rather than ex-
amining an orchestration of reforms similar
to those recommended in this study.
9. The total maximum Cost of the com-
prehensive reform package recommended by
'this study is $3.96 billion per year. (This as-
sumes that the military pay bill, already
passed by the House, will soon become law.)
We emphasize that this is the total maximum
cost. It has been derived by intentionally
taking the maximum estimates for expendi-
tures involved and the minimum estimates
for savings involved.
Most of the recommendations specified in
How To End the Draft require no Con-
gressional or legislative action. They can be
implemented immediately by the Depart-
ment of Defense-and we hope that they are.
Not a ,single recommendation in the 31-point
program would commit the United States
government to an irreversible course toward
a voluntary system which would jeopardize
national security. Each of the reforms de-
scribed would amount to an adjustment of
current, policy leading toward the evolution
of an all-voluntary system. We do not ad-
vocate the abolition of Selective Service. We
advocate a program of reforms which individ-
ually and collectively can work to reduce the
size of draft calls-hopefully down to zero.
We emphasize that no single reform by
itself will result in sufficient voluntary en-"
listments to remove the necessity of relying
upon the draft. But, collectively, reliance on
the draft will in our judgment be unnecessary
if the 31-point reform package recommended
in the study is adopted and implemented.
The thirty-one recommendations described
in 1'-low To End the Draft include the follow-
ing points:
Rather than assume reliance on the draft
by assigning draft quotas before enlistment
quotas are fixed for recruiting stations, re-
cruiting station quotas should reflect total
service needs and should serve only as mini-
mum objectives for recruiting personnel.
Draft calls for each month should be equiv-
alent only to the difference between enlist-
ment quotas and actual 'enlistment for the
previous month.
The basic pay of a new service volunteer
or draftee should be raised to the minimum
wage level.
Eventually service pay should approximate
civilian pay for the equivalent job.
The military services should change their
pay system from one of multiple allowances
to one of salaries.
Under a salary system of pay the services
should permit enlistment at ranks higher
than recruit for those who are fully qualified
and wish to volunteer for specific jobs which
carry the higher rank.
With a new salary system for pay the mill,
tary services may find it possible to do away
with re-enlistment bonuses and similar in-
centives.
With a new salary system of pay, a new
program for retirement benefits can be
adopted in which a serviceman would not
contribute from his pay to the retirement
benefits of others, as is now the case, in
effect.
When opportunities for advancement in
the military services occur, those who have
volunteered to enter the military should be
considered before those who were drafted,
Assuming equivalent skills and performance.
A modest enlistment bonus should be
granted to those members of the reserves
who volunteer to active duty service.
The Defense Department should give con-
stant attention to the adequacy of non-pay-
related benefits, such as on-base and off_ base
housing conditions, comfortable and con-
venient recreational activity centers, and in-
creased opportunity for low-cost (or free)
travel on leave time both within the region
of assignment and even overseas.
In the field of in-service education avail-
able, for off-duty study, the program of tech-
nical training courses should be expanded to
assure that it is similar to apprenticeship
programs available in civilian life.
Educational programs available for service
'Personnel for study in off-duty hours should
be made equally available to dependents of
military personnel on active duty.
The in-service off-duty program of educa-
tional opportunities now available to active
.duty personnel should be made available to
all members of the reserve forces.
Rather than utilizing a fluctuating re-
cruitment advertising budget that varies in
accordance with the number of service per-
sonnel needed, the Department of Defense
should establish a fixed recruiting advertis-
ing budget. The army recruitment budget
should be fixed at $7 million a year which
would be twice the level of the highest
budget in recent years. This is one area in
which a relatively small expenditure might
yield very wide results.
The Department of Defense should prepare
a fully comprehensive booklet outlining the
various service alternatives available through
voluntary enlistment, for the information of
young men registering with the draft. (No
such information is now provided by Selec-
tive Service.)
Under no circumstances should the serv-
ices' standards of acceptability for voluntary
enlistment be more difficult than they are
for the draft. (At the present time in both
the areas of mental and "moral" standards
it is possible to be unacceptable for voluntary
enlistment but to be drafted nonetheless.)
Project 100,000, designed to accept into
service those with remediable physical or
mental deficiencies should be limited ex-
clusively to volunteers, rather than to include
draftees as is presently the case.
In the light of the Defense Department's
own testimony, Project 100,000 can and -
should be expanded-to that point where
the. financial- costs of special training ap-
proach a point of diminishing returns.
In view of the Project 100,000 experience,
Defense Department mental and acceptability
standards should and can be lowered with-
out impairing the efficiency of the military
services. -
The Defense Department should permit
the voluntary enlistment of young men who
do not meet physical standards of combat,
and whose deficiencies are not remediable,
but who can perform technical and clerical
jobs unrelated to combat service. -
The Defense Department's program to re-
place some non-combat uniformed personnel
with civilians should be significantly ex-
panded.
A current Defense Department study
should be undertaken of total manpower
service needs-including analysis of the nec-
essary level of U.S. troops in Europe, and the
optimum means of maintaining adequate
numbers of rotation- personnel to replace
combat casualties or units. -
The Defense Department should analyze
the optimum organization of the Reserves to
treat the following issued without prejudg-
ment: the proper priority of recourse for
procurement of rotation personnel for com-
bat assignments among active duty person-
nel, the reserves, and the draft; the appropri-
ate size and structure of the reserve forces;
the best feasible means of assuring a uni-
'formly high state of readiness and training
among reserve personnel. -
The subject of the draft is generally treated
only in emotional terms. How To End the
Draft is, to the best of our knowledge, the
first effort to define systematically a specific
program of action which can lead to an all-
volunteer service and the elimination of
draft calls. We hope that it will receive de-
tailed consideration by the Administration,
by the Congress, by the broader political
community; and by the public at large.
PUBLIC BACKS PLAN To RAISE PAY OF SOLDIERS
TO MINIMUM WAGE LEVEL
(By George Gallup)
PRINCETON, N.J., November 14.-An issue
likely to arise in next year's presidential
election campaign is that of raising the pay
of persons going into the armed forces to the
minimum wage paid by business and indus-
try. And a nationwide survey just completed
shows that it is an issue with widespread
voter appeal. -
Eight in every ten persons (80 percent)
favor such a plan, recently proposed by a
group of 22 congressmen as a way of reducing
drafts calls and putting the ,armed forces on
a volunteer basis. Only one person in six (17
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 H 15452
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per cent) opposes the plan. Unlike many
issues covered, only a very small percentage-
3 per cent-are unable to express an opinion.
If such a plan were to go into effect, it
would greatly increase the pay of members
of the armed forces, even beyond the 5.6
per cent hike in basic pay recently approved
by the House and waiting likely positive ac-
tion by the Senate.
Recruits in all the services now receive a
base pay of $90.60 a month. If soldiers were
paid on the basis of the current federal
minimum wage of $1.40 per hour, they would
receive a base pay of about $240 per month
on the basis of a 40-hour week. Out of this
sum would come the costs of the usual bene-
fits, but the soldier would still realize a sig-
nificant cash gain.
Fifteen hundred sixty-five persons were
interviewed in a survey that reached into
325 localities across the nation. This ques-
tion was asked first:
"It has been suggested that the base pay
of young men who go into the armed forces
be increased to make their pay equal to the
minimum wage paid by business and indus-
try. Would you favor or oppose this plan?"
The results:
Percent
Favor -------------------------------- 80
Oppose ------------------------------- 17
No opinion --------------------------- 3
The plan receives bi-partisan support and
is favored among all levels of society and in
all income groups. Women, however, are
somewhat more inclined to favor the plan
than are men.
A middle-age housewife offered a common
view: "Why should a soldier receive so much
less money than a guy holding down a
civilian job. After all, the soldier risks his
life."
GOOD FARM SUGGESTION
The suggestion of a member of the Kansas
Farmers Union will strike a responsive chord
in the hearts of many ambitious but frus-
trated young men.
Wilfred Elliott of White City proposes
creation of a federal land transfer agency
which would buy land from a retiring farmer
or rancher on a voluntary basis.
The agency in turn could sell the land to
a young farmer at long-term low-interest
credit.
This makes more sense than a lot of other
farm programs in the federal government.
It puts help in the hands of the individual
farmer, the backbone of much of this coun-
try's greatness.
And unless something is done soon, t$e
individual farmer will have vanished, the vic-
tim of the corporation. As things are now,
it is nearly impossible for a young farmer
to go into business on his own.
Today's farmer for the most part is a big
operator with large acreage and thousands
of dollars tied up in superefficient machin-
ery. He must play tax angles and support
powerful lobbies in Topeka.
The pace is too swift for the young man
who is not fortunate enough to inherit a
farm.
The trend is the same in other areas of
the economy.
A few years ago a young printer or re-
porter could easily borrow or save the $2,000
or $3,000 capital needed to purchase a news-
paper. The same money today wouldn't buy
the parking lot.
A few years ago a young clerk in a grocery
store could work a few years and save enough
money to open a competitive store across the
street. Today a neighborhood grocery store
would have a tough time of it, and the money
it takes to establish a supermarket is pro-
hibitive.
I,t is still possible to get into business
for yourself, but it is becoming increasingly
difficult.
Government assistance appears to be the
only alternative to the eventual end of free
enterprise as we have come to know it in the
past 100 years.
One of the stated purposes of a boost in
service salaries would be to make the service
more appealing to young men and thereby
reducing draft calls down to zero.
To determine public attitudes, the follow-
ing question was asked:
"Do you think this higher pay would at-
tract enough young men into the armed serv-
ices to make the draft unnecessary?"
Half, of all persons interviewed express
doubts that such a plan would make the
draft unnecessary, but as many as 4 in 10
said they think it would, as seen in the fol-
lowing table:
Percent
(Mr. SMITH of Oklahoma (at the re-
quest of Mr. RUPPE) was granted permis-
sion to extend his remarks at this point
in the RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.
No -----------------------------------
50
[Mr. SMITH of Oklahoma's remarks
Yes ----------------------------------
42
will appear hereafter in the Appendix.]
No opinion ---------------------------
8
Copyright, 1967, American Institute
of
Public Opinion.
(Mr. MESKILL (at the request of Mr.
GOOD FARM SUGGESTION
(Mr. MIZE (at- the request of Mr.
RUPPE) was granted permission to- ex-
tend his remarks at' this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
Mr. MIZE. Mr. Speaker, one of the
problems which plagues us in the rural
areas is how to keep our younger people
interested in farming so that they can
take over the family farm or launch out
on their own.
One deterrent is the difficulty of mak-
ing a farm investment on their own. In
this regard, one of my constituents, Wil-
fred Elliott, of White City, Kans., has
come up with an excellent suggestion.
His proposal has been the subject of an
editorial in the Wichita, Kans., Eagle. I
respectfully direct the attention of my
colleagues to this proposal by Mr. Elliott,
,which follows:
RUPPE) was granted permission to ex-
tend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous mat-
ter.)
[Mr. MESKILL'S remarks will appear
hereafter in the Appendix.]
ARMS RACE IN ORBIT
(Mr. RUMSFELD (at the request of
Mr. RUPPE) was granted permission to
extend his remarks at this point in the
RECORD and to include extraneous
matter.)
Mr. RUMSFELD. Mr. Speaker, a re-
cent editorial in the Chicago Daily News
discusses the disturbing implications of
the recent disclosure that the Russians
are developing an orbital bomb. The edi-
torial notes the threat which such a war-
head might present to the United States,
the likely escalation of the arms race,
and the violation in spirit of the United
States-Soviet space treaty. The full text
follows:
[From the Chicago Daily News, Nov. 7, 1967]
ARMS RACE IN ORBIT
Defense Sec. McNamara was blandly re-
assuring when he announced that the Rus-
sians are apparently readying an orbital
bomb. Such a weapon wouldn't be very ac-
curate, McNamara said. Besides, a new U.S.
long-range radar system will probably help
to offset it.
The development is nonetheless disturbing
not only on military grounds, but in what it
tells about Soviet attitudes.
In simple terms, the new Russian system
would enable them to send warheads the
long way around the globe instead of lobbing
them on a direct route with intercontinental
missiles. By coming in the back door at an
altitude of 100 miles-compared to the 800-
mile height at the top of an ICBM trajec-
tory-the warhead would defy calculation of
its exact target until three minutes before
it hit. Even if accuracy is in doubt, the sys-
tem's threat of only three minutes' warning
is something to think about. Over-the-
horizon radar could tell when such a missile
had been fired, but that would provide only
the most general kind of a warning until the
thing left its orbit and headed for a target.
The United States considered and rejected
such a system years ago, McNamara said. But
now that the Russians seem intent on esca-
lating the arms race by adopting it, pres-
sures will doubtless mount for the United
States to do likewise, The situation is com-
parable to that which followed Soviet de-
ployment of an anti-ballistic missile system.
The United States held off on ABMs until it
was clear the Soviets were proceeding; then
came a decision to take corresponding
action.
In this case, the Russians are not only
giving a new boost to the arms race, but
colning perilously close to violating the
treaty on outer space signed with such cere-
mony only a few weeks ago. That treaty spe-
cifically outlaws the placing of nuclear
weapons in orbit around the Earth.
There is a technical out, in that the Rus-
sian system would bring down the bomb
short of one complete revolution of the
Earth-hence McNamara's use of the term
Fractional Orbital Bombing System (FOBS).
The space treaty also fails to mention any
ban on developing an orbital bomb, provided
it is not used.
But even if the Russians are sticking to
the letter of the treaty, they are plainly tak-
ing advantage of the fine print and pushing
to the outer limit of the permissible. Sen.
Henry Jackson (D-Wash.) put. it well when
he described the Soviet move as "a good-
faith violation."
It isn't yet clear what the Soviet FOBS
is going to cost in money, anxiety, and
worsening U.S.-Russian relations. But what
does come clear is that American negotiators
had best be more careful about the fine print
in any treaty with the Russians. If there's a
loophole, they'll find it and push a new
weapon system through it. It's a warning
for the people now working on an antipro-
liferation treaty to paste firmly in their hats.
(Mr. MORSE of Massachusetts (at the
request of Mr. RUPPE) was granted per-
mission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. MORSE of Massachusetts. Mr.'
Speaker, I would like to draw to the at-
tention of my colleagues an editorial
appearing in this morning's Washington
Post. The editorial, entitled "All-Volun-
teer Army," praises our colleagues Con-
gressmen STAFFORD, HORTON, SCRWEIKER,
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