U.S. BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP70B00338R000300100106-7
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 4
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 12, 2006
• Sequence Number: 106
• Publication Date: September 18, 1967
• Content Type: OPEN

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September 18, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -- SENATE
confident that Am:erica's commitment to the
rule of law would prevail.
Realis~tiaally, the cultural deficiencies at
a slave heritage which had made African men
and women humanoid robots, pxagrammed
only for work 'but with the capacity far
regr~ductian, were recognized. However, it
was confidently believed that these shart-
camings, massive as they were, could be sur-
mounted Jrast as lrnrnigrant Europeans, many
with substantial personal obstacles to over-
come, had demonstrated..
Negroes `burned no buses, dynamited no
achaola or churches, slaughtered no innocent
children at warship and lynched no one. No
leaders ai groups dedicated to segregation
were assassinated from ambush. Instead,
patiently, slowly, and after with maddening
frustration, Negroes undertook countless
legal battles to achieve equal treatment as
citizens.
Finally, alter a series of defeats, the public
climate changed and in 19'54 the legal wail
was breached by the U.S: Supreme Court's
school desegregation decision. The enactment
of the first national civil .rights legislation
in the twentieth century heightened the
anticipation.
However, the view on the other side of the
wall was not that of the promised land. In-
stead there was a steeper cliff of stubborn
citizen resistance to the clear mandate of the
courts and the Congress.
To many Negroes the great American dream
had turned into a nightmare. Many who had
drunk great draughts of the heady intoxi-
cant of liberty acrd believed the assurances
of Negro- leaders and national leaders were
hurt, frustrated, confused and then angered.
The wisdom of established leaders was
questioned and angry new voices are heard
demanding a showdown with white America.
Those voices proclaim that Negroes have been
tricked into reliance on law and legislative
efforts, and now, without defining the con-
cept or how it will be exercised, they call for
Black Power.
This new reaction repudiates any hope of
integration into the life of America. Instead
of wanting "in," -its proponents want "out"
i am not speaking of the Nation of Islam
whose members are popularly called Black
Muslims.
I speak instead of the less venturesome
Negro who lives in a ghetto where employ-
ment is precarious, education inferior and
rebuffs based on race a daily experience.
He is a young person Sn his late teens or
early 20s whose personal experience does not
include the oft-cited "great gains" of the
last three decades. He was born during World
War II or shortly thereafter and grew up
during the Korean War and now lives during
the Vietnam adventure. He has seen violence
legitimized as an, instrument of national
policy.
Ta him, God is dead ~or possibly never
lived. He sees the sons of the poor and dis-
inherited bearing the brunt oP the fighting
in Vietnam where by an ironic twist an army
career affords him the best hope of equal
opportunity for advancement in a fight pro-
claimed as an effort to bring, democracy to
another people across the sea.
He wonders would it not be the wiser per-
sonal choice for him to risk his life to better
his own conditions here than to lay it down
on foreign soil far someone else.
I believe this group comprises a small
minority of America's Negroes, but I believe
with equal conviction that the great major-
ity, although eschewing this direction, are
without a_n alternative which offers any rea-
sonable hope of a solution to his plight.
The majority of America's Negroes stand at
the crossroads. Can they believe in the sin-
cerity of America? Consider the decade from
19b0 to 1960,. which I characterize as the- lost
decade.
Some 330,000 new housing units were built
in the Detroit area, principally in the aub-
urba. They were largely financed by federal
programs which forbade racial discrimina-
tion yet only three percent of these neW
houses were made available to Negroes and
much of this- was public housing. Still, no
effective official action was taken to enforce
the non-racial guarantees and we see today a
suburban ring around Detroit 96.4 :percent
white.
During this same decade, Detroit's Negroes
could purchase only used housing at sub-
stantially greater costs usually without mort-
gage financing. The result was the doubling
up of families to meet the monthly land con-
tract installments.
The enforcement of city zoning and health
ordinances has been lax to non-existent fn
predominantly Negro neighborhoods. School
attendance has increased because of over-
crowding so the Negro pupil often has a cus-
todial instead of an educational experience.
The attitude of many policemen and the
recent incredible behavior of some of Lietroit's
Recorder's Judges during the riot convinced
the Negro citizen that one of the missions of
these agencies is containment of the ghetto
population. The resultant citizen animus
(hostility) against law and law enforcement
agencies too frequently is Justified by inci-
dents of insult and brutality.
The recent irrational and destructive civil
disturbance in Detroit, paralleling those in
other Northern cities, was easily predictable.
The proposed panaceas oP more He:adstart
programs and Job upgrading projects suggest
treating a cancer with aspirin.
What is required is equal treatment under
the law. What is required is more law enforce.
ment instead of less. The Negro wants en-
forcement of the laws which were enacted to
give, him equal access to Jobs, housing, and
places of public accommodation.
The enforcement of these laws is essential
and not only Por the Negro. For nothing can
be more corrosive of our national ,moral fiber
than to have the stated law ignored by the
vast majority of our citizens.
I realize the difficulty of the challenge I
announce. A Scottish legal philosopher once
said that a society's civilization is measured
by its obedience to the unenforceable.
I recognize that every white American can-
not be compelled by law to accord to his
Negro fellow citizens the rights the Consti-
tution and laws of this nation guarantee
him. Laws are effective only when they have
the support aP the majority.
He must decide fm himself whether he
wants this nation to continue as the noblest
experiment 1n human relations the world has
ever seen. He must, by a revolutionary re-
orientatfon of h.is personal conduct, tell the
great majority of Negroes standing at-the
crossroads that we shall oantlnue this ex-
periment together.
if he does na+t, James Baldwin's pa?aphecy
of the flee next time, a preview of which we
are witnessing across the nation, may be
realized. I fear the result could be genocide
because'reservations, such as those in which
American Indtans were crowded, would be
inadequate to contain twenty million black
people.
U.~BAL IS IC MISSILE DEFENSE
Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres-
ident; in a front-page article published
Saturday, the Washington Post stated
that President Johnson "has decided to
go ahead with a thin ballistic missile
defense."
The purpose of this so-called thin de-
fense will be to counter the nuclear
threat likely to be posed by the Commu-
nist Chinese in the early years of the
coming decade.
That this threat exists is no mere idle
fear. A July 1967 report by the Joint
Committee on Atomic. Energy, chaired
S 13099
by the distinguished Senator from Rhode
Island CMr. PASxoaEl, painted out that:
The Ghinese ..are making excellent
progress in thermonuclear design. They now
have the capability of designing a multi-
megatan thermonuclear device suitable for
delivery by aircraft.
We believe the Chinese will continue to
place a high priority on thermonuclear
weapon development (and) with continued.
testing we believe they will be able to develop
a thermonuclear warhead in the ICBM weight
class by about 1970. We believe that the
Chinese can have an ICBM system ready far
deployment in the early 1970'x. A low
order of magnitude attack could possibly be
launched by the Chinese Gommunists against
the Uxiited States }jy the early 1970'x. At pres-
ent we do rat have an effective anti-ballistic
missile system which could repel such a
suicidal (far the Chinese) but nevertheless
possible strike.
' There has been a prolonged debate,
both in these Halls and in public over the
need far this antiballistic missile system..
That the United States possesses of-
fensive missiles of unquestioned strength
and magnitude is obvious. We are said
to be the strongest nation on the face of
the earth. Our weapons have the capac-
ity to greatly cripple or destroy much of
civilization on earth as we know it.
Yet, no matter how powerful our of-
fensive weapons, our defensive posture-
our ability to fend cif attack-is only as
strong as our ability to instill the fear of
an unacceptable loss from our offensive
weapons in the mind- of a potential
enemy.
This necessarily means that we give
a potential enemy credit far rational
thought; far being able to weigh in the
palance his weapons against ours; for
being able to understand that no matter
haw great his offensive threat, our own
offensive weapons are so many times
greater that any attack an our land
would mean the total and immediate de-
struction of his own.
Unfortunately, however, the present
Chinese Government apparently looks
even the basic requisites. of rationality
and stability. Its leaders are aging, des-
perate, irrational, and utterly militant
and belligerent.
Despite the overwhelming internal
problems which presently beset the Chi-
nese people, these leaders are continuing
to press forward with the production of
nuclear weapons and the development of
intercontinental ballistic missile systems
with which to deliver those weapons.
It is a strain. on the limits of credulity
and commonsense to assume that the
hand an the Chinese nuclear trigger will
be directed by a mind which has thought-
fully and carefully weighed the utter
foolishness of embarking on an act of
nuclear war. Are we to permit ourselves
the luxury of letting a mad government,
such as presently rules in Peking, decide
the fate of even. one of our great cities?
Could we ever forgive ourselves,. as a
nation, if, because we felt it "not worth
the money," we left our cities open to
and defenseless from a nuclear attack
by Red China? "
For, it would not take but one such
thermonuclear device as the Chinese are
now manufacturing, to totally destroy a
San Francisco, a Los Angeles, or a Seat-
tie., And while our retaliation might be
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513100 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE September. Y8, 196T
massive ~ and virtually instantaneous,
would that bring back those lives lost,
that property destroyed?
Our only protection .against such a
.threat as the presently erratic, billiger-,
ent, and irrational Communist Chinese
Government poses, is an antiballistic
missile system. It will be -able to stop
those missiles which such a misguided
Red Chinese Government might inten-
tionally launch. And, importantly, such
~a system would not only provide a deter-
rent but would also protect us against an
accidental launching of a ballistic mis-
sile which might otherwise trigger an
-all out nuclear holocaust.
True, it would be nowhere near ade-
quate to taunter an, offensive attack by
the Soviet Union-but that Nation, no
matter what else we may say about ft,
is at least ruled by somewhat rational
meri, men who understand and recognize
the overwhelming and destructive power
posed by our own offensive weapons.
I think there is no question but that
the Chinese nuclear threat is a real. one.
.And if we do not prepare for it today,
we may ever rue that fateful decision
long into the future.
I commend the President for this de-
cision anal I urge that this vital defense
effort go forward without further delay.
I also ask unanimous consent that the
.Washington Post article entitled "United
States To Bind `Thin' Shield of Mis-
sfles" and excerpts from the report of
the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
--on "Impact of Chinese Communist Nu-
clear Weapons Progress on U.S. National
Security," be printed in the RECORD.
There being na objection, the al?ticle
and excerpts were ordered to be printed
in the RECORD, as follows:
[Pram the Washington Post, Sept. 16, 1967]
UNITED STATES TO BUILD "THIN" SHIELD OF
MISSILES ..
(By George C. Wilson)
President Johnson has decided to go ahead
with a "thin" ballistic ml~ile. defense.
The plan ca1Ls far spotting missile sites
far enough apart to give the entire United
States some measure of protection against
-enemy ICBMs, rather than trying to pro-
test only key military bases and cities.
"The ABM decision may be announced as
early as Monday when Defense Secretary
Robert S. McNamara addresses the United
Press International editors in San Francisco.
Or President Johnson could wait a while
longer in hopes of pressuring the Soviet Un-
Lan into setting a date far talks an an ABM
freeze.
But Johnson Administration officials yes-
terday did pass the word to key policy makers
that the decision has been made to take the
next big step toward an operational Ameri-
can missile defense.
LITTLE AT A TIME
The thin missile defense the Administra-
tion has decided upon can be built a little
at a time, like an erector set.
Called Nike X, it consists of elaborate ra-
dars and two types of anti-Iriissile-missiles.
The long-range missile, the Spartan, 1s sup-
posed to interoept enemy warheads 400 miles
out from its launching pad.
This means =the first contest is a silent
one out in soundless space. The shoat-range
missile, the Sprint, is designed to whoosh
up a:t tremendous speed to destroy any war-
heads that elude Spartan. This last ditch
fight is near earth, with Sprint having a
range of 26 miles.
A bargain basement missile defense could
be built in flue years for $3 bll11o2I. It is
billed as -one which would protect the U.S.
against the first ICBMs Oh1na Ls expected to
have in 1971 or 1972.
But the $3 billion defense would be thlek-
ened by putting in mare sites so the pro-
tecting missiles do not have to guard suell
large expanses of the countryside.
.. RAISES PRICE TAG
Also, missile bases and key cities in the
U.S. can be selected for special protection in
this thickening process.
The thickening raises the price tag. But
Penatgon leaders contend a good measure
df protection can be bought for $10 billion,
Such a system would consist of about 1000
long-range Spartans and 100 Sprints at sites
spread across the U.S.
President Johnson and Secretary McNa-
mara, when they do speak out on the thin
ABM,-are expected to stress that the United
States has by no means passed the point of
no return in missile defense. Critics of the
ABM contend that it could lead to a new
nuclear arms competition between the
United States and Soviet Union.
But advocates stress that a go-ahead on
the thin ABM does not lessen American -in-
terest in reaching an agreement with Russia
on controlling both offensive and defensive
missiles.
The subject is sure to come up when Sec-
retary of State Dean Rusk and Soviet Foreign
Minister Andrei Gromyko meet ire New Yank
at the e?nd of this month. Their meeting
was set' up yesterday by Soviet Ambassador
Anatoly F. Dobrynin in a 40-minute call on
Rusk. Dabrynin, who had returned from
Russia early in the week, -said Gromyko is
scheduled to arrive in New York Monday for
Tuesday's opening of the United Nations
General Assembly. Rusk plans to go to-New
York Sept. 24.
The erector-set quality of the ABM could
leave the President room far diplomatic
maneuver. He can push at each ABM mile-
stone far an arms control agreement such as
the preproduction, production and deploy-
ment phases.
The decision to go ahead with ABM means
the release oP $377 million already in the
present fiscal 1968 budget for the engineer-
ing drawings and factory equipment needed
to put the ABM system into production.
The President, by announcing the go-
ahead, also takes the steam out of the Con-
gressional drive far a start. on a missile de-
Tense system.
Chairman Jahn O. Pastore (D.-R.I.) of
the Joint Atomic Energy Committee may well
have .pushed the Johnson Administration
into its- decision. Pastore Sept. 9 had called
for building a missile defense, announcing
at the time that Sen. Henry M. Jackson (D-
Wash.) would hold hearings "soon" on the
ABM issue.
IMPACT OF CHINESE COMMUNIST NUCLEAR
WEAPONS PROGRESS ON U.S. NATIONAL _ SE-
CURITY
DACKGROUND
As the nuclear threat posed by the Chinese
Communists became more .pronounced,
Chairman Pastore decided to conduct a spe-
cial inquiry regarding Chinese Communist
nuclear weapons development. This probe
began on January 11, 1967, and was formally
announced at the Joint Committee's first
public hearing of the 90th Congl?ess on Jan-
uary 25, 1967.
~In connection with this study the Joint
Committee received the following testimony
in executive session:
January 11, 1967: Richard Helens, Director
of the Central Intelligence Agency.
February 1, 1967: Dr. Norris Bradbury, Di-
rector, Los Alamos Scie~ntiflc Labaratory~ and
Dr. Michael May, Director, Livermore Radia-
tion Laboratory.
Mar. 13, 1967:. Secretary~oP State Dean
Rusk.
July 13, 1967: Representatives of the De-
partment of Defense, CIA, and AEC.
These witnesses presented testimony con-
cerning advances being made by Communist
China in developing nuclear weapons as well
as their progress in developing the capability
to deliver these. weapons against neighbor-
ing countries or the United States.
Detailed technical presentations were
heard concerning each individual Chinese
Communist nuclear test and an assessment
was made of future developments by Red
China Sn the field of nuclear weapons and
associated delivery sgstems.
An analysis of the impact of the emergence
of Red China as a nuclear power on U.S.
foreign policy with particular emphasis on
the proposed. nonproliferation_ treaty -was
also presented.
Information concerning French and Sov-
iet nuclear weapons and delivery methods
were also discussed but principal emphasis
was on Red China.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of various hearings we have
had and studies made by the Joint Com-
mittee, the following committee conclusi~~^
have been developed:
1. Chinese nuclear weapons capabilities
The Chinese Communist test of June 17,
1967, at the Lap Nor Nuclear Test Site was
her sixth nuclear. test in fire atmosphere
and her first in the megaton range. Such
a test was expected because of the success
of the preceding thermonuclear experiment
conducted on December 28, 1966. The Chin_
ese purposely may have limited the yield aP
that test-their fifth test-to keep the fall-
out in China at an acceptable level. The fifth
test indicated that the Chinese had taken
a major step toward a thermonuclear
weapon.
There is evidence that the sixth test de-
vice-with a yield of a few magetans-was
dropped from an aircraft.
Analysis of the debris indicates use of U~a~
U23ft, and thermonuclear material. As in the
other tests, there is no evidence that plu-
tonium was used. The preliminary indication .
is that a considerable improvement accom-
pae}ied the increase in yield. A large amount
of U~B was used in the device.
The sixth Chinese nuclear test has con-
firmed the conclusion reached from the an-
alysis of the fifth Chinese nuclear test that
they are making excellent progress in ther_
monuclear design. They now have the ca-
pability to design a multimegaton thermo-
nuclear device suitable for delivery by air-
craft.
We believe that the Chinese will continue
to place a high priority an thermonuclear
weapon development. With continued test-
ing we believe they will be able to develop
a thermonuclear warhead in the ICBM
weight class with a yield in the megaton
range by about 1970. We believe that the
Chinese can have an ICBM system ready for
deployment in -the early 1970's. On the basis
of our present knowledge, we believe that
the_Chinese probably will achieve an opera-
tional ICBM capability before 1972. Con-
ceivably, it could be ready as early as 1970-
1971. But this would be a tight schedule and
makes allowance for only minor difRculties
and delays. We believe that the Chinese have
already completed the development of a
medium range ballistic missile. We have no
indication of any deployment.
We also believe that by about 1970 the
Chinese Communists could develop a ther-
monuclear warhead with a yield in the few
hundreds of kilotons in the MRBM class and
that they could develop an MRBM warhead
with a megaton yield about a couple of years
later. Meanwhile, should they desire a ther-
monuclear bomb for delivery by bomber, they
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September I8, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE
could probably begin weaponizing the design
employed in the sixth test.
The missile-delivered fourth Chinese test
demonstrated that the Chinese now have tYie
capabllity to design a low yield flexion war-
head compatible in size and weight with a
missile. With. a few tests, the Chinese could
probably design an improved fission weapon
for MRBM or bomber delivery. However, they
may forego extensive fission weapon produc-
tion in order to have materials and facili-
ties available for thermonuclear weapon sy~-
tems.
The Chinese bomber forces consist of a
few hundred short-range jet bombers and a
handful of somewhat longer range bombers.
We have no knowledge of a Chinese plan to
develop heavy intercontinental range bomb-
ers.
Earlier, the Communist Chinese conducted
four other nuclear detonations:
October 16, 1964: Low yield (up to 20
kilotons) .
May 13, 1965:
200 kilotons).
craft with a atockplle of 80 to 70 KT nu-
clear weapons. At this time the Chinese do
not have such an operational strategic force.
SUMMARY
The Joint Committee believes that the
American public needs to know the threat
that is posed by Red China. Communist
China has emerged with a fledgling, but effec-
tive, nuclear weapons capability. This ca-
pability has and will continue to have a great
effect on U.S. foreign policy in the Far East.
It will have an effect on our relations with
the South East Asia Treaty Organization.
It will have an effect on the nonprolifera-
tion treaty principally because of the close.
connection between Chinese nuclear power
and the national security of India. Its effect
will also be felt by Japan. Moreover, the
Chinese Communists could use nuclear
blackmail to assert their position not only
broadly in Asia, but specifically in Southeast
Asia.
Perhaps most significant for the United
States is the fact that a low order of mag-
nitude attack could possibly be launched by
the Chinese Communists against the United
States by the early 1970'x. At present we do
not haUe an effective anti-ballistic-missile
system which could repel such a suicidal (for
the Chinese) but nevertheless possible strike.
It is for these reasons that the Joint Com-
mittee feels the assessment it has made,
based upon information received in executive
sessions, should be brought before the
American public-not to overemphasize or
to underplay but to state clearly and con-
cisely with due regard for the protection of
intelligence sources where we stand in rela-
tion to this emerging threat to our national
security.
May 9, 1966: Intermediate (lower end of
200 to 1;000 kiloton range) .
October 27, 1966: Law intermediate (20 to
200 kilotons).
The Chinese were able to continue their
nuclear program after the Soviets apparently
ceased technical assistance in this area by
1960, and detonated a uranium device in
October 1964. .
All of the Chinese detonations have util-
ized enriched uranium {U~) as the primary
fissionable material. Uranium-238 was also
present in all tests, The detonation of any
device which also contains U~~ results in
some flssioning of the U='~. The debris from
their third and fifth tests indicated some
thermonuclear reactions had involved lith-
ium-6 in those devices.
We believe that the Chinese are interested
in the development of submarines equipped
with suitable relatively long-range missiles;
at this time we have not determined the
exact nature or status of the program.
2. French nuclear test program
Turning to the French nuclear test pro-
gram, in February 1900 the French tested
their first atomic device. In 1966 the French
conducted five nuclear tests. In 1967 they
held a short series of three tests. Another
series of tests is planned far next summer.
All of the 1968 tests were plutonium fission
devices. The last two teats in 1966 were expe-
riments aimed at the thermonuclear develop~~
ment.
The year's tests were conducted on June
b, June 27, and July 2. They were suspended
by balloons, above the Mururoa Lagoon. ThE;
tests all had low yields. The French an-
nounced that all of the tests were to be of
triggers for thermonuclear devices which the
French still have not tested.
Although French officials continue to state
publicly that France will detonate her first;
thermonuclear device in 1968 when enriched
uranium becomes available, there have been.
hints in the press that France is having dif-
ficulties with its program. Should this be
true, the first generation of both the land-
based and submarine-launched missile sys-
tems might have to use warheads developed
in the 1986 series.
To recapitulate, the Chinese are well.
ahead of-the French in thermonuclear weap-
on design. In 211/a years and six tests the
Chinese have successfully tested a multi-
megaton thermonuclear device. The French,
on the other hand, .have conducted
many more tests over a 7-year period and
have not yet tested a true thermonuclear
device or achieved a megation size yield.
The French have developed higher yield
fission weapons than the Chinese. The
French have~clIIeved yields of up to 2b0
kilotons while the Chinese fission devices
have had lower yields. ,
The French now have an operational
strategic force of about 60 Mirage IV air-
PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S ADDRESS
TO THE INTERNATIONAL ASSO-
CIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE
Mr. BAYH, Mr, President, last Thurs-
day evening, at the convention of the
International Association of Chiefs of
Police in Kansas City, Mo., P1?esiderit
Johnson delivered what has been justifi-
ably acclaimed as a major and penetrat-
ing speech on crime in America.
In this speech, President Johnson
crystallized the thoughts and fears that
have been preying upon the minds of mil-
lions of Americans far many months. He
related in a forthright manner what he
and his administration have done anti
are doing to meet the challenge of crime.
Congress, too, has its own grave re-
sponsibility in this struggle. Two of the
mast vital and most urgent measures
proposed by the President to combat
crHne-the Safe Streets and Crime Con-
trol Act of 1967 and the Firearms Con-
tras Act of 1967-still remain ill com-
mittees of this body. I strongly urge Sen-
atars to read the President's speech with
the utmost care and to hasten considera-
tion of this vital legislation and ask
unanimous consent that it be printed in
the RECORD.
There being no abjection, the speech
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
REMARAS OF THE PRESIDENT BEFORE THE IN-
TERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF PO-
LICE~ KANSAS CITY, MO.
President Morris, Mayor Davis, Chief Law-
rence, Mr. Tamm, Chief Kelley, ladies and
gentlemen:
There is an old story about President Cal-
vin Coolidge and his response to the ques-
tion, "What do you think about sin?"
As you may remember, President Coolidge
1s supposed to have answered, "I'In against
it."
S 13101
Most Americans would say the same thing
today about poverty, disease, and ignorance-
and crime.
So I don't expect special credit this morn-
ing for coming before the International Asso-
ciation of Chiefs of Police to talk about?crime
and only say, "I'm against it "
It would not enlighten your discussions,
nor contribute to public understanding, if I
were to spend my time here in a long lament
about the evil consequences of crime. I think
they areas self-evident as they are real.
Neither am I going to be content to just
preach about the decline in morality in
America.
In the first place, I just do not believe that
moraltty is declining. The responsibility that
this Nation has shown, in meeting its human
obligations at home and abroad, convinces
me that America is a Nation that is strong
today.
In the second place, I do not believe that
sweeping indictments of our Nation's moral-
ity will help us get at the solution of the real
problems that affect morality-the problems
of poverty, the problems of disease, the prob-
lems of ignorance, or of international aggres-
sion, or of crime. Self-righteous indignation
is not a policy. It is a substitute for a policy.
What America needs fa not more hand-
wringing about crime in the streets. America
needs a policy for action against crime in the
streets-and for all the people of tihs country
to support that policy.
Believing that, as I .strongly do, I estab-
lished in March, 1965, the President's Com-
mission on Law Enforcement and Adminis-
tration of Justice, I instructed and charged
this Commission to deal with the following
questions:
Iiow can law enforcement be organized to
meet present needs?
What steps can be taken to.insure protec-
tion of individual rights?
Through what kinds of programs can the
Federal Government-af which I am a part-
be most effective in assisting and supple-
menting, not supplanting, State and local
law enforcement?
I asked the members that I carefully se-
lected from thrott'ghout the Nation to con-
sider the problem of making our streets,
homes, and our places of business safer-and
to inquire into the special problems of juve-
nile crime, to examine the administration of
justice in the lower courts-to explore the
means by which organized crime can be ar-
restetl by Federal and focal authorities close-
ly coordinating and cooperating together.
The Commission's report, rendered last
winter, is a study of crime and a study of '
criminals, But it is much more than that.
It is a systematic analysis of the strengths-
as well as the weaknesses-in our American
law enforcement. It is a prescription for ac-
tion-action-action at every level oP govern-
ment, and it is a constructive guide for
thoughtful citizens throughout this land in
every walk of life.
Acting on its report, I urged the Congress
this year to promptly act-promptly act-
upon the most comprehensive Federal legis-
lation that has ever been devised to help local
authorities meet the problem of crime at the
local level in their cities.
That legislation was called the Safe Streets
and Crime Control Act. Tt was based an the
flue fundamental principles of the Crime
Commission Report:
First, that crime prevention is of para-
mount importance.
Second, that the system of justice must
itself be just. The system of justice must
itself be just and it must have the respect
as well as the cooperation of all of its citi-
zens.
Third, better trained, better paid, and bet-
ter equipped people are- desperately needed
throughout the land.
Fourth,. police and correctional agencies
must have better information and deeper
and broader research into the causes,. and
into- the prevention and control of crime.
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~ 13102. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE September 1 &, 1967
Fifth, and last, substantially greater re- If they decide that they want something This- summer, some of you experienced
sources such as more judges and prosecutors, better for their communities than what they anew kind ai disorder in your cities. You
and faster court action, more and better are getting today, then we think that ii they faced, net individual acts of violence or just
court personnel, more modern court adman- make this decision-and .they can make it thievery, but you faced massive oaimes
istration-thus modernizing, Improving and today through their Congressmen and their against people and against property.
bringing the entire criminal justice system Senators supporting the recommendations -Much can explain-but nothing can jus-
up to date in the 20th Century. that the President has made-some of which tify-the riots of 1967.
I did not propose that the Federal Govern- have been before the Congress many years- They damaged a great deal mare than the
ment take over the jab oP dealing with crime then their national government can, should storefronts and the American homes. They
in American streets because from the birth and will help them get it-not by taking damaged the respect and the accommodation .
of the Republic to the present moment re- over the system of law enforcement, but by among men an which a civilized society
sponsibility for keeping the peace in our cities helping them strengthen and reform it. ultimately depends, and without which there
has been squarely on the shoulders of local That is what the Safe Streets Act which I can be no progress toward social justice.
authorities. recommended to the Congress would do. iP its The violence of this summer raised up a
Respect far law and order begins at home. spirit and if its purpose survive, it will pro- -new and serious threat to local law enforce-
Children must learn it and must be taught vide grants to those cities and to those states meat. It spawned a group of men whose in-
it from their parents. Your children learn who not only increase their present commit- tercet law in provoking-in psovokfng-
it from you-and by what you do and by ment to criminal justice, but who are willing others to destruction, while 'they fled its
the example you set. That moans that every to go out and develop programs for better consequences.
time we water the lawn when there is an training, for better use of their personnel, or These wretched, vulgar men, these poison-
ordinance agaizvst it at a certain time oP day, for higher standards and innovations such as .ous propagandists, posed as spokesmen for
the children learn their own lessen about tactical squads and community relations the .underprivileged and capitalized on the
respect for law and order-if we water the units, and new techniques of reheebilitation. real grievances of suffering people.
grass at the wrong time. it will help pay the salaries of those who And the vast majority oP those peaple-
That means-that every time a parent writes operate these programs. It will help. pay the the vast majority of _them-believe that
a note to the teacher to discuss Mary's or salaries up to one-third of the grant which obedience to the law, 1n Abraham Linoodn's
Johnny's absence ..from 'school when they could be used to increase the pay of police- phrase, must bo our religion here in America.
really don't need to be excused and are not men and other crimina_ 1 justice personnel They have neon the law change. They have
sick, they, the children, learn cram the par- working with them. seen it become more just as the years passed
cuts the wrong lesson about respect for law The key' to this program 1s experiment, in our times. They have seen their rights
and respect for order. innovation-end better use of the most ad- mare firmly established, their oppartusuties
.The crimes that have most disturbed our vented knowledge that we have gained in sharply increased in the last decade.
people-homicides, robbery, phyrical as- this country oP crime, its treatment, and its They know that the law in a democratic.
saint, burglary, automobile theft and driving causes. In my opinion, every law enforcement sacie~ty is Choir refuge, and that lawless vio-
while intoxicated-are crimes against local official in this country ought to welcome it in lence is a trap for all those who engage in it.
and statz law. the spirit in which it is offered: as a practical We must redeem their faith in law. We
Those laws are made by the city caun.cils and imaginative tool for helping our law must make certain that law enforcement is
and- made by the state legislators. They must enforcement officers cope with crime in the fair and effective-that protection is afforded
be enforced by the police and the state pa- cities without in any way-in any way- every family, no matter where they live-
trol. Their perpetrators are tried in local diminishing either their responsibility or that justice !a-swift and justice is blind to
courts, by local citizens. They are sentenced their authority. religion, color, status, and favoritism.
locally. They are prosecuted locally by Now to a matter that affects you and af- We cannot tolerate behavior that destroys
judges-by prosecutors who are elected by fects you much more than most of the cat- what generations of men and women have
local people and by judges who are selected izens, but in the end it will affect every sin- built here in Amerioar-no matter what stim-
by local people. gle one of us-it will reach into every home elates that behavior, anti no matter what is
They are returned to local communities in this land-and this is the gun sale law. offered to try to justify it.
when their sentence has been served-their A law to limit--a law to safeguard-the sale Neither can we abide a doubke standard
penalty paid. These local communities look of guns has been before our Congress for of justice, based on the color of a man's skin
upon their record and they are under the several years. or the accent of a man's speech.
supervision of local authorities. Its passage would plug up one more big Those who wear the police officer's badge-
Unlike mast other countries, we-Amer- loophole to save your life, and mine, or the those who rosecutedinthe chambers-t ose
ice-have no national police force. It desires life of some innocent child down the street. who managpe our correctional institutions-
none. Our founding fathers were very I hope it will pass.
careful to see that none was provided tor. `Its purpose is simple-lt is to keep lethal all of these have a very special responsibility
Why, today in this country our largest city weapons out of the wrong hands-gut of the for the maintenance of order and the achieve-
has more police officers than the entire hands of dangerous criminals, out of the ment oP justice throughout the land.
United States Government. One city has mare hands of drug addicts, out of the hands ai But every single one of us-private citizen
police officers than the entire government of mentally ill geople who really know net what and government official-shares some 1n that
the United States of America. they do, responsibility.
Its basic aim is to limit the out-of-state We can all say very easily, "We are against
Officials in Washington just cannot patrol purchases and the interstate mail-order sale crime"-and then we can let it go at that.
a neighborhood in the far west, or step a of firearms. We believe this is the most effec- We can preach sermons, we can write edi-
burglarly in the south, or prevent a riot tlve way that the Federal Government has torlals, we can make speeches, and we can
in a great metropolis. of protecting your safety and the safety of got der' picture made talking about crime
In the end, then, the quality of the local your children from criminals,- drug addicts, and moral behavior-we can think that we
police, the action of the local prosecutor, the and the mentally ill. have done our duty.
local grand juries, the fairness and the justice If we want to curb crime-ii we want to Or we can respect--we can encourage-all
of the local courts, the effectiveness of the arrest crime-iP we want to restrain crimi- of our citizenry to respect the law and to
local correctional systems-all of this respon- nals-here is an action that we can take respect those who protect us in the name of
sibility is lodged appropriately and properly that will be a long step forward. the law.
in the hands of local authorities-of local ~t us not be content to bewail the rising We can be willing to pay the bill or im-
citizens. crime rate or to talk about the statistics proving the performance of our police, our
They at the local level must decide how of the numbers of repeaters who fill our courts, and our correctional institutions and
good they want their law enforcement in jails and prisons while we turn our back give them- the salary, pay and equipment
their local titles bo be. _ and ignore the Pact that they can go to any that they need. We can insist on devoting
They must determine whether it is right- mail order house and get a weapon to shoot enough of our resources and enough of our
whether it is just and whether it is fair-to your wile after they tear the door down at brainpower to meet the problem of crime-
ask amen to risk his fife to protect their midnight. to make America safer and more just Por all
life for a salary that Ss lower than they pay Let us act instead of talk against crime. its citizens.
another man for working behind a desk or Let us repair as many shattered lives as we I have always felt that we could make
standing on the assembly line in an in.dus- can, Let us do it within and through the great strides forward if we would only realize
trial plant.- American system of due process and in that the nu_ rse and the medical attendant..
They must determine at the local level keeping with our tenacious regard at -all who in the middle of the night may deter-
whether they want a court system that they times for the blessings of i~zdividual free- mine whether we live or die when we need
select and provide for which delays justice dam. attention-that they have better training,
until justice is denied. You, and the men who you command, are better pay and better inducements-that the
They must determine locally-whether they America's front line in the fight against teacher who prepares our children, sets an
want a correctional system that deals with crime. You endanger your lives every day- example for them and SnPuses knowledge
youthful offenders, not as lives to be re- just as the man does in the rice paddies of into them-and sets an example-that they
deemed, but as people who are doomed to Vietnam to protect freedom, to protect lib- should be among our best trained, our best
clash repeatedly with the law. erty, to protect your country. prepared and our best rewarded. ,
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