BILL INTRODUCED

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP70B00338R000300070003-5
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 12, 2005
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 3, 1968
• Content Type: OPEN

July 3, 1968 Approved F ffC)$"tgSi / 1t/ 1LC *BQP~ PRHR000300070003-5 S 8169
Township 20 north, range 21 west, M.P.M.,
section 1 northeast quarter southwest quar-
ter, containing 40.00 acres.
Township 22 north, range 22 west, M.P.M.,
section 3 north half southeast quarter, con-
taining 80.00 acres.
Township 19 north, range 23 west, M.P.M.,
section 5 northeast quarter southwest quar-
ter, containing 40.00 acres; section 35 south
half northeast quarter, southeast quarter
northwest quarter, northeast quarter south-
east quarter, containing 160.00 acres.
Township 20 north, range 23 west, M.P.M.,
section 15 northeast quarter, southeast quar-
ter northwest quarter, containing 200.00
acres; section 17 west half southwest quar-
ter, containing 80.00 acres; section 18 south-
east quarter northeast quarter, east half
southeast quarter, containing 120.00 acres;
section 29 northwest quarter southwest quar-
ter, containing 40.00 acres; section 30 north-
east quarter southeast quarter, containing
40.00 acres; section 29 west half southwest
quarter southwest quarter southwest quar-
ter, containing 5.00 acres; section 32 north-
west quarter northwest quarter northwest
quarter northwest quarter, containing 2.50
acres.
Township 22 north, range 23 west, M.P.M
half southwest quarter, west half sout
quarter, containing 240.00 acres.
Township 23 north, range 23 west, M
section 3 southwest quarter northeast
ter, containing 40.00 acres; section 5
half southeast quarter northwest qu
southwest quarter northwest quarter,
acres; section 19 lots 2 and 4, southeast quar-
ter northwest quarter, containing 103.21
acres.
Township 24 north, range 23 west, M.P.M.,
section 19, southwest quarter, northeast quar-
ter, northeast quarter southwest quarter, east
half southeast quarter, containing 160.00
acres; section 20, southwest quarter south-
west quarter, containing 40.00 acres; section
30, northeast quarter northeast quarter, con-
taining 40.00 acres.
Township 23 north, range 24 west, M.P.M.,
section 1, northeast quarter southwest quar-
ter, containing 40.00 acres; section 3, north-
west quarter southeast quarter, containing
40.00 acres; section 24, northeast quarter
southeast quarter northeast quarter, south
half southeast quarter' northeast quarter,
southeast quarter southeast quarter south-
east quarter, containf'ng 40.00 acres.
The net proceeds fro
or lands pursuant to
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem.-
pore. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk pro-
ceeded to call the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate go
into executive session to consider the
nomination on the Executive Calendar.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro teni-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
CALIFORNIA , )ES tIS COMMISSION
The stant legislative clerk read the
no ation of Brig. Gen. William M.
ber of the California Debris Commission
under the provisions of section 1 of the
act of Congress approved March 1, 1893
(27 Stat. 507; 33 U.S.C. 661).
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem.-
pore. Without objection, the nomination
is confirmed.
U.S. AIR FORCE
The assistant legislative clerk proceed-
to read sundry nominations in the
Mr. ANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanin1 consent that these nomina-
tions be con ' ered en bloc.
The ACTIN RESIDENT pro tem.-
pore. Without obje 'on, the nominations
will be considered en c; and, without
objection, they are confil d.
U.S. ARMY
ceeded to read sundry nominations in
the U.S. Army.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that these nomina-
tions be considered en bloc.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, the nomina-
tions will be considered en bloc; and,
without objection, they are confirmed.
additional lands within
boundaries in accordance
this Act.
ysection 2 of The assistant legislative clerk pro-
Salish and Kootenai Tribes, the Secretai'y..gf v- -zwy.
the Interior is authorized to acquire Indian-;--_ Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
or non-Indian-owned lands within the reser-
vation boundaries for such tribes, and such
lands may be held for tribal use or for sale to
tribal members. Title to lands acquired pur-
suant to this authority shall be taken in the
name of the United States in trust for the
tribes or the tribal member to whom the land
is sold.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
move that the Senate concur in the
amendment of the House.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The question is on agreeing to the
motion of the Senator from Montana.
The motion was agreed to.
Mr. 'MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The ACTING 'PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, the nomina-
tions will be considered en bloc; and,
without objection, they are confirmed.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the President be
immediately notified of the confirmation
of these nominations.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem.-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
LEGISLATIVE SESSION
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the Senate re-
sume the consideration of legislative
business.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore laid before the Senate the following
letters, which were referred as indicated:
PROPOSED AMENDMENT TO THE BUDGET, 1969,
FOR THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH, SENATE
A communication from the President of
the United States, transmitting an amend-
the budget for the fiscal year 1969,
in the a unt of $1,430,305, for the legisla-
tive brans , Senate (with an accompanying
paper); to the Committee on Appropriations,
and ordered to be printed.
UNITED STATES-MEXICO COMMISSION FOR
BORDEP. DEVELOPMENT AND FRIENDSHIP
A communication from the President of
the United States, urging the enactment of a
bill to establish the United States Section of
the United States-Mexico Commission for
Border Development and Friendship; to the
,Committee on Foreign Relations.
REPORT ON SMOKING AND HEALTH
A letter from the Secretary of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, transmitting, pursuant
to law, his report on smoking and health,
which includes the Surgeon General's Report
to the Secretary on The Health Consequences
of Smoking, 1968 Supplement (with an ac-
companying report) ; to the Committee on
Commerce.
WAGERING TAX AMENDMENTS OF 1968
A letter from the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, transmitting a draft of proposed legisla-
tion to modify the provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1954 relating to wagering
taxes (with accompanying papers) ; to the
Committee on Finance.
REPORT OF COMPTROLLER GENERAL
A letter from the Comptroller General of
the United States, transmitting, pursuant
to law, a report on the need for improve-
ments in internal auditing, Federal Aviation
Administration, Department of Transporta-
in report) ; to the Committee on Govern-
men Operations.
INTER RE ON MODEL CODE To GOVERN
THE A MINISTRATION OF JUSTICE BY COURTS
OF IND N OFFENSES ON INDIAN RESERVA-
TIONS
A letter Xrom the Secretary of the In-
terior, report g, pursuant to law, that it will
not be possib to complete preparations for
drafting the odel code to govern the ad-
ministration o justice by courts of Indian
offenses on In ian reservations in time to
permit its su mission to Congress by the
date specified in the act; to the Committee
on Interior nd Insular Affairs.
REPORT Lei:' SUBVERSIVE ACTIVITIES CONTROL
United States, reporting, pursuant to law, on
the proceedings he has instituted before the
Subversive Activities Control Board since
January 2, 1968 to the Committee on the
Judiciary.
RANDOLPH-SHEPPARD ACT AMENDMENTS OF
1968
A letter from the Secretary, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, transmitting
a draft of proposed legislation to amend the
Randolph-Sheppard vending stand for the
blind law so as to make certain improve-
ments therein (with an accompanying
paper); to the Committee on Labor and Pub-
lic Welfare.
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 8170 Approved For RtM&J /I'JN?AL %f.Pll70B0R&QR0300070003-5 July 3, 1968
REPORT OF A COMMITTEE
The following report of a committee
was submitted:
By Mr. KUCHEL, from the Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, with amend-
ments:
5.2159. A bill to establish the Fort Point
National Historic Site in San Francisco,
Calif., and for other put s (Rept. No.
1382) . n !r.`1
BILL7U C'ED
A bill was introduced, read the first
time and, by unanimous consent, the
second time, and referred as follows:
lay Mr. BREWSUER:
5. 3733. A bill for the relief of Yuk Kwun
Lam; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
SENATE RESOLUTION 313-RESOLU-
TION URGING SUSPENSION OF
MOST-FAVORED-NATION TREAT-
]VIENT FOR POLAND
Mr. DODD. Mr. President, I submit, for
reference to committee, a resolution urg-
ing the suspension of most-favored-na-
tion treatment for the Polish Commu-
nist Government "so long as the Polish
Government continues its present cam-
paign against Polish intellectuals and
students and religious institutions and
the Jewish minority in Poland, and so
long as it continues to conduct itself
as a total satellite of Moscow in the
sphere of foreign policy."
1. am pleased to be joined in sponsor-
ing this resolution by the junior Senator
from Connecticut [Mr. RIBIcOFF] and the
junior Senator from South Carolina [Mr.
HOLLINGS 1.
' i'he resolution points out that most-
favored-nation treatment was predi-
cated on the belief "that there would be
a progressive development in the direc-
tion of greater religious, cultural and
political freedom for the Polish people,"
and that "Poland was moving in the
direction of increasing independence
from Moscow in the conduct of its for-
eiign affairs."
Since the conditions on which most-
favored-nation treatment were predi-
cated no longer exist, since the Polish
Government has indeed for several years
now been moving backward instead of
forward, I believe it makes sense to let
the Polish people know that we strongly
disapprove of the drift back to Stalinist
rule on the part of the Polish Commu-
nist Government, and that we also share
their unhappiness over their Govern-
ment's slavish obedience to Moscow in
the field of foreign policy.
The hopes we have entertained in re-
cent years were not without foundation.
The great Poznan revolt of 1956 pro-
duced a condition in Poland that was
aptly described by some writers as "the
frozen revolution."
The Communist regime still remained.
But in the immediate aftermath of the
Poznan revolt there was a truly remark-
able liberalization in many spheres.
The peasants abandoned the collective
farms and began to farm their own plots
of land. The church was granted a de-
gree of freedom unequalled in any other
Communist country. And while the re-
gime essentially remained a one-party
dictatorship, Poland's intellectuals and
students were able to show a degree of
independence which would have been un-
thinkable under the old regime.
Moreover, certain actions taken by the
Polish Government during this period
created reasonable ground. for hoping
that in the field of foreign policy Mos-
cow's control was no longer as absolute
as it had previously been..
Over the last few years, however, the
Polish Communist regime, apparently
alarmed by the demands for even more
freedom, has been clamping down pro-
gressively on its restless intellectuals,
As early as November 1964, the Polish
security police arrested a group of lec-
turers and students at Warsaw Univer-
sity, on the charge that they had cir-
culated a paper criticizing the Commu-
nist system in Poland. Among the
arrested lecturers was Karol Modzelew-
ski, the son of a prominent father and
a leader of the pro-Gomulka student
movement in 1956.
Instead of being intimidated by their
arrest, Modzelewski and a friend by the
name of Jacek Kuron circulated an open
letter to party members, attacking the
Communist system and calling for revo-
lution. Not very surprisingly they were
immediately rearrested. Tried behind
closed doors, they were sentenced to long
terms in prison. But this was only the
beginning of the trouble for the Polish
Communist regime. Prominent intellec-
tuals, including long-time Communists,
rallied to the defense of the imprisoned
men. Among them was Leszek Kolakow-
ski, Poland's leading Marxist philoso-
pher.
Kolakowski soon became the leader
and the symbol of the intellectual revolt,
a revolt that continued to spread like
wildfire despite the repressive measures
of the Communist regime. Called before
the Communist Party Control Commis-
sion of March 1966, he refused to give
ground before the inquisition to which he
was subjected. On October :21, 1966, the
1.0th anniversary of the Poznan revolt,
Kolakowski, in a speech before the his-
tory department of Warsaw University,
made a scathing indictment of the Com-
munist regime, charging that there was
no democracy, no responsible govern-
ment, no freedom of assembly, and that
there was nothing to celebrate.
Two resolutions were moved at this
meeting, one demanding freedom of
speech and the abolition of censorship
and political repression and the other
calling for the immediate release of
Modzelewski and Kuron.
The next day Professor Kolakowski
was expelled from the party.
On November 25, 15 writers, all of them
party members, sent a letter to the Cen-
tral Party Committee declaring their
support for Professor Kolakowski and de-
manding his reinstatement. As a result
of their protests, six resigned from the
party and seven were suspended.
Again, these limited repressions failed
to solve the problem for the Polish Com-
munist regime. Throughout 1967, there
were repeated outcroppings of intellec-
tual ferment. On the other hand, the in-
fluence of the Stalinist elements within
the party leadership became progressive-
ly stronger. The situation was aggravated
by the blatantly anti-Semitic reaction of
the Communist government after the
Arab-Israeli war of June 1967.
The government had sided openly with
the Arab extremists against Israel. The
sympathy of the Polish Jews, not very
surprisingly, lay on the side of the State
of Israel. The government responded,
first, by attacking the Jews for being
"Zionists," then by expelling them en
masse from positions in the party and the
government and in the universities.
The early months of 1968 witnessed
the most massive public revolt since 1956;
and they also witnessed a merciless in-
tensification of political repression and
anti-Jewish measures.
On January 30 of this year the Com-
munist government ordered the closing
of the poetical play "Forefathers Eve,"
by the renowned 19th century poet Adam
Michkiewicz. This action triggered an
epidemic of protests over the next sev-
eral months. Let me quote only a few of
the newspaper headlines for the purpose
of telling this story as briefly as possible.
On February 18, the New York Times
carried a story headlined "Writers Dis-
pute Party in Poland: Showdown Ap-
pears at Hand. Over Rule of Regime."
The article told the story of an extraor-
dinary session of the Polish Writers
Union which petitioned against the clos-
ing of Michkiewicz' play.
On February 20, the headline in the
Baltimore Sun read: "Writer Jailed as
Poland Steps Up Stalinist Purge."
On March 8, 4,000 students assembled
at Warsaw University to demand the re-
opening of the closed play. When the
militia was sent against the students,
rioting spread to the streets of Warsaw
and sympathy demonstrations took place
in eight major universities.
On March 10, the headline in the New
York Times read: "Polish Students in
Second Day of Riots; Tear Gas and Clubs
Are Used by Police." According to the
article the students shouted "More de-
mocracy," "Down with censorship,"
"Down with the lying press."
The New York Times of March 12
read: "Thousands in Poland Fight Police
as Protest Mounts."
On March 20, the New York Times
reported on a protest sit-in by the stu-
dents at Cracow University.
On March 22, there came reports of
a student sit-in at Warsaw University.
The revolt, which began in February
and continued, through the end of
March, was brought under control dur-
ing April and May by stern repressive
measures. Any pretense at moderation
was completely discarded by the Com-
munist government; and within the Gov-
ernment, according to all reports, the
real power passed into the hands of the
Stalinist Minister of the Interior, Gen-
eral Moczar.
In cracking clown on the intellectuals
and the students, the Communist gov-
ernment, following the example set by
the Czarist government in the first part
of the century, decided to make the
harassed Jews of Poland the scapegoat
once again. The Government-controlled
press charged that the student demon-
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 July 3, 1968 Approved Fo~("eS?R8IVAL2hEE&-WP7g 3 IR000300070003-5
stration and the entire intellectual pro-
test movement was instigated by the
"Zionists," a term which they have con-
sistently used in seeking to disguise their
anti-Semitism.
Hundreds of Jewish intellectuals who
had survived the 1967 purge, now were
dismissed from the universities and Gov-
ernment offices.
To their everlasting credit, it should
be said that Poland's students and in-
tellectuals understand only too well that
the present anti-Semitic campaign is
part of a wider reaction affecting the
entire Polish nation. They have not
merely refused to go along with the new
Communist campaign against the Jews,
but they have openly opposed it. Demon-
strating students have carried placards
which read: "We are against cultural
repression and against anti-Semitism."
At this moment, the Communist re-
action is triumphant in Poland. But this
triumph, I am certain, is a transient one.
The Polish people, who have never com-
promised with tyranny, will not for long
remain quiescent under the intensified
tyranny that has now been imposed on
them.
It is my belief that by approving the
resolution which I have today submitted,
we can demonstrate our support for the
Polish people in their continuing strug-
gle for freedom and for independence
from Moscow's control.
I want to make it clear that I am not
proposing economic sanctions. Most-fa-
vored-nation treatment is not a right; it
is a privilege. And it is a privilege which
we have granted to Poland at a heavy
cost in terms of our own balance-of-pay-
ments deficits.
As the senior Senator from Virginia,
Mr. HARRY F. BYRD, JR., has pointed out,
in 1959, the year before most-favored-
nation treatment was accorded to Poland,
Polish exports to the United States to-
taled $31 million, while her imports ran
to $75 million.
At that time, therefore, we had a favor-
able trade balance of more than $43 mil-
lion a year with Poland.
The trade advantages Poland has
gained as a result of most favored nation
treatment has now reversed the situation
so that in 1967 Poland's exports to the
United States totaled $91 million, while
her imports had declined to $61 million.
This meant a deficit of another $30 mil-
lion a year added to our already pressing
balance-of-payments problem.
If Poland had continued to evolve in
the direction of greater independence
from Moscow and greater internal free-
dom for her people, a solid argument
could be made for continuing to accord
her the privilege of most favored nation
treatment, even at some cost to our-
selves. But as matters stand today I can
think of no argument to justify con-
tinuation.
I ask unanimous consent to insert at
this point in the RECORD the complete
text of my resolution.
I also ask unanimous consent to insert
into the RECORD at this point an article
by Tibor Szamuely which appeared in the
Reporter magazine for June 1, 1967, and
which tells the story of the intellectual
revolt in Poland from 1960 until the first
part of 1967.
I also ask unanimous consent to insert
into the RECORD a number of newspaper
articles which deal with the events of last
year and this year in Poland.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The resolution will be received and
appropriately referred; and, without ob-
jection, the resolution and articles will
be printed in the RECORD.
The resolution (S. Res. 313) was re-
ferred to the Committee on Finance, as
follows:
S. RES. 313
Whereas the most favored nation treat-
ment which the government of Poland today
enjoys was predicated on the belief that this
government had turned its back on the worst
abuses of the past, and on the hope that
there would be a progressive development
in the direction of greater religious, cultural
and political freedom for the Polish people;
Whereas the Polish Communist govern-
ment over the past year has completely re-
versed the earlier trend toward liberaliza-
tion, has embarked on an open campaign
against intellectuals and students and free-
dom of speech, has sought to reimpose new
restrictions on religion, and has engaged in
a virulently anti-Semitic propaganda remi-
niscent of the worst of Hitler and Stalin;
Whereas, as President Johnson made clear
in his statement of March 24, 1964, announc-
ing the extension of most favored nation
treatment for Poland, this policy was also
predicated on the assumption that Poland
was moving in the direction of increasing in-
dependence from Moscow in the conduct of
its foreign affairs;
Whereas, as President Johnson made clear
in his statement of March 24, 1964, an-
nouncing the extension of most favored na-
tion treatment for Poland, this policy was
also predicated on the assumption that Po-
land was moving in the direction of increas-
ing independence from Moscow in the con-
duct of its foreign affairs; and
Whprcas the Polish Communist govern-
ment has instead over the past two years
slavishly followed the Moscow line in for-
eign policy, as is evident from its uncondi-
tional support of the Arab extremists in the
Mideast crisis from its militant opposition to
the current expansion of freedom in Czecho-
slovakia, and from the fact that it is, after
Moscow, one of the principal sources of sup-
ply for North Vietnam: Therefore be it
Resolved, That it is the sense of the Sen-
ate that the government of the United States
should manifest its support for the aspira-
tions of the Polish people for more freedom
by suspending most favored nation treat-
ment for Poland so long as the Polish gov-
ernment continues its present campaign
against Polish intellectuals and students and
religious institutions and the Jewish minor-
ity in Poland, and so long as it continues to
conduct itself as a total satellite of Moscow
in the sphere of foreign policy.
The articles, presented by Mr. DODD,
are as follows:
[From the Reporter, June 11, 1967]
THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLT IN POLAND
(By Tibor Szamuely)
On January 8, Peter Raina, a young Indian
leftist scholar, was expelled from Poland,
where he had lived and worked for more
than four years. It was a harrowing experi-
ence: Rains, was held at the East German
border for almost twelve hours while Polish
guards methodically went through his be-
longings, reading every scrap of paper. Fi-
nally they let him go after confiscating a
three-hundred-page manuscript of a biogra-
phy of Communist Party Secretary Wlady-
slaw Gomulka on which he had been work-
ing, with official encouragement and help,
for about two years.
Raina had come to Poland full of sym-
pathy for the Gomulka regime. He learned
S 8171
to love the country, its language and culture.
Warsaw University gave him a doctorate.
Wanting to see only the best, for a long time
he resolutely dismissed all western criticisms
as propaganda. He wrote letters to the for-
eign press attacking western correspondents
for their lack of understanding of Poland
and accusing them, among other things, pf
slandering the Ministry of Interior Affairs.
Thus it came as a shock to be called an
enemy of the state by that very ministry
and to be ordered by it to leave the country
within forty-eight hours.
When he finally reached West Germany,
Dr. Raina unburdened his disillusionment
to the press, broadcast to Poland on Radio
Free Europe, and made public a scathing
letter he had written to the Polish Minister
of Interior Affairs. His story is informative,
for it shed light on some little-known aspects
of what is probably the most important
process at present taking place in Poland:
the new ferment among the intellectuals.
LAMENT FOR OCTOBER
Since about 1960, Warsaw University, and
particularly its departments of the humani-
ties and social sciences, has become the cen-
ter of disaffection, spreading among the
younger generation of intellectuals. In No-
vember, 1964, the security police arrested a
group of the university's young lecturers and
students. One of the lecturers was Karol Mod-
zelewski, a stepson of the late Polish Com-
munist Foreign Minister and a leader of the
pro-Gomulka student movement of 1956.
They were all accused of having circulated
a paper criticizing the Communist system in
Poland. Although soon released, five of
them were expelled from the party.
Administrative sanctions, usually an ef-
fective warning, didn't work this time. Mod-
zelewski and a friend, Jacek Kuron, com-
posed an open letter to the party. When
they distributed it in March, 1965, they
were immediately rearrested. No one was
surprised, for the document was a devastat-
ing indictment-couched in impeccable
Marxist terms-of Poland under Gomulka:
"To whom does power belong in our state?"
the authors asked. "To one monopolistic
party-The Polish United Workers' Party
. . . The decisions of the elite are inde-
pendent, free of any control on the part of
the working class and of the remaining
classes and social strata."
The Poland which Modzelewski and Kuron
described and analyzed with a wealth of sta-
tistical and other evidence is, in fact, the
familiar Stalinist system-which Communist
leaders and wishful thinkers in the West in-
sist was swept away in the cleansing after-
math of the 1956 Twentieth Congress of the
Soviet Communist Party. But it was the
authors' conclusion that was intolerable to
the authorities: "In view of the impossibility
of overcoming the economic and social crisis
within the framework of the bureaucratic
system, revolution is inevitable." Modzelewski
and Kuron were tried in July, 1965, behind
closed doors, with the courthouse surrounded
by.~a tense crowd of students. They were
sentenced to three and a half and three years
respectively.
This, however, was far from the end of the
affair. Modzelewski and Kuron had been vol-
untarily defended in court by some of the
most esteemed figures of Polish intellectual
life: Antoni Slonimski, the dean of Polish
writers, and Professors Tadeusz Kotarbinski,
Leopold Infeld, and Leszek Kolakowski. It
was Kolakowski who occupied the center of
the stage. His reputation and popularity as
a champion of intellectual and political
freedom-and as Poland's leading Marxist
philosopher-was established in the "Polish
October" of 1956. He was one who rallied the
intellectuals and students behind Gomulka
and the ideal of rebuilding Polish Commu-
nism on an ethical, libertarian, and humanis-
tic foundation.
Today his fiery declarations of ten years
ago may well seem naive-not least to Kola-
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 S8172
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 3, 1968
kowski himself-but at the time they con-
veyed hope. In his ideological credo, pub-
lished in 1957, Kolakowski argued that the
true Communist's place was on the side of
the oppressed and the persecuted: "No one
is exempt from the moral duty to fight
a?rainst a system or rule, a doctrine or social
conditions which he considers to be vile and
inhuman, by resorting to the argument that
lie considers them historically necessary."
Through the sad years of Gomulka's gradual
repudiation of all that he seemed to repre-
sent in 1956, Professor Kolakowski had re-
treated into semi-passivity. The case of
lodzelewskl and Karon forced him again
to face up to the dilemma of the idealistic
Communist in a repressive Communist state.
It is at this point that young Peter Raina
caters the story. Dr. llama was a devoted ad-
mirer of Kolakowski, and he unhesitatingly
Toined his professor in protesting the sen-
tences given the two teachers.
Last year, the party leadership decided to
stamp out student unrest and began a series
of repressive measures directed against War-
saw University; a number of students were
expelled, new disciplinary rules were intro-
duced, party control was tightened. The re-
strictions brought a wave of even more vocif-
erous indignation. Protest meetings were
held, delegations dispatched, signatures col-
lected. There were noisy scenes at the 1966
May Day demonstration.
In the meantime, ever-increasing pressure
was being applied to Leszek Kolakowski. In
March, 1966, he was summoned before the
party Control Commission and called upon
to submit a declaration retracting his views.
Despite a grueling interrogation, he remained
obdurate. The climax came on October 21,
the tenth anniversary of the uprising, that
had swept Gomulka to power. A commemora-
tive meeting was held in the history depart-
ment of the university, at which Kolakowski
spoke for about half an hour. His message,
as reported in a Polish paper in London, was
on the order of an obituary of freedom in
his country:
"Genuine democracy is lacking here. There
is very little public choice of the leaders.
Thus, the leadership, :which is not really
clected, becomes conceited, self-assured.
There is no apposition; hence there is no
confrontation between those who are in power
and those who are without. .
`The Government does not feel responsible
to the nation. The system of privileges is
prevalent. These privileges exist for a few
outside the law. . Public criticism is lack-
ing. Free assembly is nonexistent. Censorship
is extremely severe. .
"All this has weakened society, for there
is no perspective, no hope. The state, the
party, the society are the victims of stagna-
tion. There is therefore nothing to celebrate."
pcaker after speaker rose to reiterate the
main points of this comprehensive indict-
cnert. Among them was Peter Raina. Two
resolutions were moved: one demanding the
introduction of freedom of speech and the
abolition of censorship and political repres-
J,,n, the other calling for the immediate
.releaso of Modzelewski and Kuron. Although
the motions were not allowed to be put to a
vote, the thunderous acclaim with which
l,hcyf were received spoke for itself.
UNSI7i' IN PROTEST
Naxt day Professor Kolakowski was sum-
marily expelled from the party. In the fol-
l.owing few days his assistant was also ex-
pelled, six students were suspended, and
even others were sent before the university's
disciplinary commission. A systematic cam-
aign of calumny was mounted with the
nib ect of discrediting Kolakowski, who was
accused of being "a tool in the hands of the
imperialists."
On November 15, the university organiza-
tion of the Communist Party held a general
meeting; it was addressed by Zenon Kliszko-
the secretary of the Central Committee, the
chief party theoretician, and Gomulka's
second-in-command---and by Stanislaw
Kociolek, first secretary of the Warsaw com-
mittee of the party. Kllszko trotted out all
the cliches about the perils of revisionism;
Kociolek went straight to the point: "I am
against discussions, dialogues, and seminars.
The unity of the party is supreme. Discipline
is the cardinal principle of the life of the
party." Instead of giving the expected dutiful
assent, the assembled university Commu-
nists launched an attack on the party's lead-
ership. Kliszko, driven into a corner, pro-
tested: "I didn't come to this meeting to
present any explanations. I came to listen to
them." Similar stormy scenes were repeated
at party meetings held in other leading cul-
tural Institutions. The intelligentsia clearly
was getting out of hand.
The conflict spread fast. On November 25,
fifteen writers, all active members of the
party and regular contributors to official
periodicals, sent a letter to the Central
Committee expressing their solidarity with
Professor Kolakowski and demanding his re-
instatement. The response of the party bu-
reaucracy remaind doctrinaire--and ineffec-
tual. The writers were summoned to the
Central Committee, where, one by one, they
refused to withdraw their protest. Six of
them, including prewar Communists, driven
at length into rebellion against the beliefs of
a lifetime, resigned from the party. Seven
others were suspended. Nor was the party
leadership any more successful in its deal-
ings with the Writers' Union as a whole. At
a special meeting of the party organization
of the union's Warsaw sections (numbering
about a hundred members) that was con-
vened to condemn the actions of Kolakowski
and his supporters, only one speaker sup-
ported the official line.
It would be wrong to assume that all these
who joined this broad front of intellectual
dissent necessarily subscribe to Modzelew-
ski's or Kolakowski's views. The principle
that unites them is opposition to the stifling
system of Communist conformity, to the to-
talitarian controls over thought and speech
and writing, to the subjugation of the intel-
lect and the prostitution of culture. Yet as
the history of Communism-whether in Po-
land, the Soviet Union, or any other "social-
ist" state--has shown, the party cannot
afford to compromise this control. The result
it has achieved in Poland has been the suc-
cessive alienation of the intellectual com-
munity, and with every new purge the area of
revolt grows wider.
Peter Raina's letter to the Minister of In-
terior Affairs summed up the sense of be-
trayal.
"A few days ago," he wrote, "when I went
to the militia headquarters in order to have
my visa extended, I was greatly surprised
by the decision of the militia riot to extend
my stay in Poland. I was aghast at the mo-
tivation of this decision, namely that I have
a hostile attitude toward Poland. . . .
"For the first time in my life I came against
a case when the control of university life
was exercised by secret agents of the Min-
istry of Interior Affairs. . . .
"I never had any treacherous intentions
towards Poland. I always defended Polish
interests. I published abroad letters which
criticized foreign correspondents for their
lack of understanding of Poland. I endeavored
within the limits of my possibilities to spread
Polish culture through numerous transla-
tions of Polish literature. I feel, therefore,
greatly injured by the mendacious accu:aa-
tions formulated against me by the Ministry
of Interior Affairs. I am writing to you that
thanks to the activity of agents of the Min-
istry of Interior Affairs at the university,
everybody is governed by fear and one can-
not behave normally and calmly at seminars
and meetings. I am ashamed for the univer-
sity and its leadership that things have come
to such a pass that low and dirty methods
are applied to students, methods that recall
the times of fascism and Its terror. Methods
applied to me during the last few days at the
militia headquarters (to wit, the denial of
any possibility of explaining things) recall
.to my mind the methods of Stalinism.
. the events of the last days con-
vinced me that all the ministries, the uni-
versity, the whole cultural life, the political
parties, the parliament, were subject to or-
ders of the Ministry of the Interior Affairs
from which them was no appeal and that
nobody had the courage to dare even to make
a rightful protest against unjust treatment."
A fair description of a country which was
only recently being advertised as a showplace
of "liberal" Communism-and a melancholy
epitaph to the illusions of an idealist who
learned about Communism the hard way.
[From the Baltimore Sun, May 22, 19681
POLISH ANTI-SEMrTISM CALLED COVERUP FOR
STATE CRISIS
(By Stuart S. Smith)
PRAGUE, May 21.-Polish Communist party
leaders are deliberately promoting anti-semi-
tic agitation in the guise of a fight against
Zionism to cover up a "serious crisis" that
threatens to destroy the State according to a
responsible Czechoslovak journal.
The Gomulka regime seems to be incapa-
ble of mastering the nation's deep divisions,
it added, and there is a grave danger that
police oppression used to silence the increas-
ing dissatisfaction will cause an explosion.
The comment was contained in the third
and final part of a lengthy analysis of the
current Warsaw malaise published in the
latest issue of Literarni Listy, the Czecho-
slovak Writers' Union weekly.
The piece appeared despite an earlier for-
mal Polish protest that Czechoslovak journ-
alists have been slandering Poland by ac-
cusing it of anti-Semitism. The Poles
charged, too, that the Czechoslovak news-
papers had been relying too heavily on West-
ern media for their reports.
The article's author, Jiri Lederer, visited
Poland earlier this year and talked exten-
sively with numerous journalists and other
persons familiar with public life there.
He said all those who are participating in
the campaign against Zionism swear that it
has nothing to do with anti-Semitism. In
practice, however "it looks quite different,"
Lederer asserted.
Whether the party leaders wanted it or not,
a wave of anti-Semitism has appeared and
made many Poles ashamed of their country.
Among the Polish "citizens of Jewish ori-
gin," the agitation prompted a wave of fear
for their existence-in the very nation in
which the Nazi extermination policy had
been the most successful, he said.
PROPAGANDA FOSTERED
Lederer charged that anti-Zionist propa-
ganda is being particularly vigorously fos-
tered-by Pax, a Government-sponsored Cath-
olic organization whose chairman, Boleslav
Pisecki, was active in the National Radical
Camp, a pre-World War II nationalist and
anti-Semitic political organization.
Fortunately, however, the Polish popula-
tion has stayed aloof from the anti-Zionist
campaign, Lederer reported. He attributed
this to widespread hatred of the regime and
its Police-state terrorist tactics.
Two months ago five members of the Po-
lish Parliament challenged the Government
to put a stop to its degrading brutality. The
five deputies, who are members of Znak, a
twelve-year-old Catholic organization which
has nothing to do with Pax, accused the
Gomulka regime's security forces of abus-
ing numerous persons arrested during the
March student demonstrations and "tortur-
ing" many people, including young girls.
With a certain irony, Lederer recalled that
a dozen years ago Wladislaw Gomulka, who
had just taken over as the Polish party
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leader, was accused of being a traitor to so-
cialism, much as Gomulka's followers now
cite the new Czechoslovak leaders on the
same charge.
None the less, Lederer said, after they as-
sumed power in 1956, Gomulka and his as-
sociates took over the old political tradi-
tions left over from the Stalinist days in-
stead of reforming the system, and by now
a "profound degeneration" has developed
and the "ruling party is undergoing a crisis."
LACK OF FREE9OMS
"There is a great lack of democratic free-
doms," and a "modern democratic concep-
tion of a Socialist society" does not exist
in Poland today, he charged.
The Government's use of Zionism as the
alleged inspirer of the dissatisfaction among
the people is a substitute for a real anlaysis
of the country's political and social prob-
lems and "distracts attention," from the
real issues at hand, Lederer commented.
What is more, he asserted,. Gomulka "is
losing his authority of the party apparatus"
to Mieczyslaw Moczar, the Interior Minister,
whom Lederer accused of trying to solve all
the nation's difficulties by the use of terror.
"Such a policy, however, cannot remove all
the dissatisfaction," he stated. "It can only
silence it temporarily. Then a serious danger
could arise that this discontent could re-
appear in a more explosive form."
[From the New York Times, Feb. 18, 1968]
WRITERS DISPUTE PARTY IN POLAND-SHOW-
DOWN APPEARS AT HAND OVER RULE OF
REGIME
WARSAW, February 17.-Recent interference
by the Communist party in Polish cultural
life appears to be provoking a showdown
between the normally complacent intellec-
tual community and an increasingly nervous
party leadership.
Indicative of the intellectuals' new mood
of militance was a decision this week by
the Warsaw section of the Polish Writers
Union to hold, before the end of this month,
the first extraordinary meeting in its 48-year
history.
More than 230 Communist and non-Com-
munist writers overcame their political dif-
ferences to sign a petition requesting the
meeting to protest the party's decision that
ended performances of a classic anti-Russian
play by the 19th-century romantic poet
Adam Mickiewicz.
Major importance is attached to the meet-
ing because, if past performance is any
guide, it should provide a rare semipublic
forum for airing the intellectual communi-
ty's accumulated complaints.
AUDIENCE PROTESTED
Both before and after "Dziady" ("The
Forefathers") was closed amid angry audi-
ence protests on Jan. 30, the party showed
its nervousness in dealing with the Intellec-
tuals.
Last week, party censors abruptly can-
celed performances of a prewar avant-garde
play, "Gyubal Wahazar," the day before it
was scheduled to open at the Nardowy Thea-
ter, where "Dziady" had also been per-
formed.
The play, by the late Stanislas Ignacy Wit-
kiewicz, was described in an official theater
publication as a "protest against all tyran-
nies." It ends with the secret police chief
assassinating the dictator.
Censors are reported to be insisting that
the name of the Nardowy production now
in rehearsal be changed before it can open.
The original title of the play, a nonpoliti-
cal turn-of-the-century comedy, is "Ciezkie
Czasy," or "Oppressive Times."
TRIAL IS CLOSED
Observers also credit party nervousness
with the current trial of the literary critic
Janusz Szpotanski; who is accused of harm-
ing state interests by writing and privately
performing a satiric operetta, Cisi i Gegagze,
("The Silent and the Honkers.")
Some Communist sources are worried that
the writers union will stray from complaints
about censorship to political polemics, which
could further estrange the party and the in-
tellectual community.
A number of leading Polish intellectuals,
many of them Jews, have resigned from the
Communist party since the Middle Eastern
conflict last June amid charges that the lead-
ership used the war as a pretext to shut off
discussion.
Other signs of intellectual unrest are re-
flected in reports that actors and Warsaw
University students have signed petitions
condemning the closing of "Dziady." But both
Communist and non-Communist writers are
chary about predicting that the Writers
Union meeting will produce any significant
liberalization of party attitudes.
[From the Baltimore Sun, Feb. 20, 1968]
WRITER JAILED AS POLAND STEPS UP STALINIST
PURGE-OPERA- SPOOF
WARSAW, February 19.-A 34-year-old lit-
erary critic was sentenced today to three years
in prison for writing a comic opera spoofing
leading Polish personalities :ranging from
politicians to Cardinals.
Janusz Szpotanski was found guilty of
"preparing and disseminating false or deroga-
tory writings or other materials deemed detri-
mental to the interests of the state."
The verdict and sentencing were read in
open court, but the motivation for the de-
cision was given after the courtroom had
been cleared of spectators.
SECRET SESSIONS
The trial began February 5 and was open
to the public. In the six sessions that followed
until the conclusion today, the trial was
held behind closed doors.
Szpotanski's opera tapes had. been making
the rounds of private parties for a few years.
[From the Baltimore Sun, Feb. 20, 1968]
WRITER JAILED AS POLAND STEPS UP STALINIST
PURGE-POLICE STATE
(By Stuart S. Smith)
BONN, February 19.-Poland has fallen back
into the status of a reactionary police state,
Western observers said today.
The once liberal Gomulka regime has in
recent months made use of threats, arrests
and political trials to harass both the party
rank and file and the population at large,
they say.
The principal instigator of this repression
is said to he Mieczyslaw Moczar, the Polish
Interior Minister and head of the secret
police. Moczar is, at the same time, leader
of a Stalinist party faction called the
Partisans, which for years has been trying
to undermine the position of the liberals
who helped bring Wladislaw ? Gomulka, the
Polish Communist party secretary to power
in 1956.
The fact that anti-Partisan elements have
been the chief losers in the recent reshuffles
and have been replaced by men close to
Moczar indicates the Interior Minister is
getting the upper hand.
For sometime now the Polish press, radio
and television have been conducting a
propaganda campaign, warning the popula-
tion against contacts with the "imperialist"
West. Regular denunciations of not only the
United States but also West Germany are
standard fare.
This contrasts with the attitudes of Yugo-
slavia, Romania and Bulgaria, which now
have good relations with West Germany. Also
Hungary and Czechoslovakia are taking slow
but positive steps toward improving com-
munications with the Federal Republic and
other Western Nations.
ANTI-SEMITISM
The Polish propaganda, which contains a
considerable amount of anti-Semitism, is
S 8173
being supported by a series of spy trials,
which have been given wide publicity in
an obvious effort to scare the citizenry.
Western journalists encounter great diffi-
culty in entering Poland, although they may
travel freely throughout Hungary, Chechos-
lovakia and Romania and do not even need
visas to enter Yugoslavia and Bulgaria.
Polish censors, who once tolerated much
Government criticism, are now among the
harshest in Communist Europe.
Numerous theater pieces have been can-
celed and books and magazine pieces banned
in the past few months. Only the most
obedient writers have been able to obtain
good commissions.
MIDEAST WAR
Moczar's purges have been directed against
all liberal groups, but last summer's Arab-
Israel confrontation provided him with an
excellent weapon to use against Communist
party Jews, most of whom opposed Moczar's
Partisan movement.
Although Jews have for many decades
played an important role in Polish party
affairs today there are few if any left in re-
sponsible positions.
The Polish leadership's ever closer relation-
ship to Soviet policy runs against the trend
among other European Communist nations,
with the exception of East Germany, which
are seeking as independent a political status
as their economic dependency upon Russia
will allow.
Why the Polish leadership feels so insecure
that it must turn back the clock and reapply
terrorist methods is difficult to say, but new
acts of oppression or even the continuation
of the present conditions can only further
embarrass the country's more liberal Com-
munist allies in Southeast Europe.
TWO JAILED IN POLAND
WARSAW, February 19.-A West German was
sentenced to 61/2 years in prison and a Pole to
9 years in Szczecin, northwest Poland, to-
day for alleged hostile political activity on
orders from two West German religious or-
ganizations.
Eugan Schrabtke, a West German, and Al-
fred Kipper, a Pole from Szczecin, carried out
their activities in areas Poland took from
Germany after the World War II, the provin-
cial court said.
In its judgment, the court stressed the
men's full consciousness of their activities
against the Polish state and in the interest
of the West German "revisionist" church or-
ganizations Kirchendianst Ost and Evenge-
lishes Hilfswerk, according to the Polish news
agency Pap.
The court said the regret Schrabatke ex-
pressed during the trial mitigated his offense.
The indictment said that under the guise
of helping German nationals still living in
the former German areas the two organiza-
tions aimed at encouraging the belief that
the present Polish-German frontier was not
permanent.
The accused were alleged to have slandered
Poland while pretending to help German na-
tionalists of evangelical faith in northwest
Poland.
They were charged with collecting and
sending information to West Berlin, and
West Germany about life and people in the
western Pomeranian region around Szczecia,
including lists of persons supposed to be
needing help.
They were also charged with illegal cur-
rency manipulations and other financial of-
fenses.
[From the New York Times, Mar. 10, 1968]
POLISH STUDENTS IN 2D DAY OF RIOTS--TEAR
GAS AND CLUBS ARE USED BY POLICE To
COMBAT BRICKS-TWo ARRESTS REPORTED
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, March 9.-Polish students shout-
ing "Long live Czechoslovakia!" fought steel-
helmeted police here today for the second
day.
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CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE July 3, 1968
The fighting began when students threw
bricks and bottles. The police replied by lob-
bing tear gas shells. Some students were
beaten with rubber truncheons.
The students' shouts apparently alluded
to the promises for greater democracy that
have been made by the new Czechoslovak
leadership since Alexander Dubcek replaced
Antonin Novotny as First Secretary Jan. 5.
Spokesmen for the police and the Polish
Government said they had "no information"
on the number of students that have been
arrested during the two days of rioting at
Warsaw University and the Polytechnic
school.
Informed sources said the police arrested
Jcek Kuron and Karol Modzelewski last
night. They are teaching assistants at War-
saw University, who in 1965 were imprisoned
for having distributed pamphlets that criti-
cized the lack of democracy for the Commu-
nist party here.
Unlike the rioting yesterday, which was
limited to the Warsaw University campus,
the clashes spilled directly into the streets,
which were littered with bricks, broken glass,
stones and newspapers.
POLICE ACTION PROTESTED
The rioting, which saw policemen and
civilian auxiliaries hunt down students in
apartment houses, doorways and on church
steps, began today when Polytechnic stu-
dents marched out of school grounds after
a, protest meeting.
At the meeting the students condemned
the violation of the university's traditional
autonomy by policemen and civilian auxilia-
ries yesterday and demanded the release of
students arrested earlier.
Tonight the state-controlled Warsaw tele-
vision network broadcast a statement that
denied persistent rumors that a girl student
had died from injuries received in the clash
with the police yesterday.
The rioting started when Warsaw Univer-
sity students met to demand the reinstate-
ment of two students expelled after being
arrested last Jan. 31 for demonstrating
against the closing of a classic Polish play
by Adam Mickiewicz, a 19th-century poet.
The play, depicting Polish suffering, contains
Ines that could be interpreted as criticism
of the Soviet Union today.
The students also expressed their solidarity
With the Warsaw branch of the Writers'
Union which last week condemned the clos-
ing of the play, "Dziady" ("The Forefath-
ers"), and called for a relaxation of censor-
ship.
MARCH ON NEWSPAPER
Today, led by a student carrying a red and
white Polish flag, some 3, 000 students
marched in the direction of the offices of
Zycie Warszawy, a Government-controlled
newspaper that had criticized them as
"scum." Near Workers Unity Square, the stir-
dents were met by policemen who demanded
that they disperse.
Among the slogans the students shouted
were "More democracy!" "Down with censor-
ship!" "Gestapo!" "Down with the lying
press!" and "Down with Moczar!" Gen.
Mieczyslaw Moczar is the Interior Minister
and chief of the secret police.
Later, some two miles away, police auxil-
iaries used truncheons to beat students who
were standing on the steps of the Church
of the Holy Cross, across the street from
the main university entrance. Other students
sought sanctuary inside the church, where
composer Frederic Chopin's heart is buried.
The police and auxiliaries were brought
in by the truckload. Traffic patrolmen cor-
doned off streets for several hours to contain
the rioting near the Polytechnic School.
The student rioting was the most serious
clash with authority since October 1957,
when the Polytechnic School and university
students fought police for three days to pro-
test against the closing of an outspoken
student magazine, Po Prostu.
[From the New York Times, Mar. 12, 1968]
THOUSANDS IN POLAND FIGHT POLICE AS
PROTEST MOUNTS
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, March 11.-Tens of thousands of
Poles clashed with policemen in front of
Communist party headquarters and at the
statue of the national poet, Adam Mickiewicz,
today.
For the first time adults joined university
students and. teen-agers in the wave of
protests against stringent Communist party
control of cultural affairs. The patricipation
of adults altered the character of the demon-
s trations, which began last Friday.
The disturbances sought to protest, among
other things, the closing of Mickiewicz's
classis anti-czarist play, "'Dziady" ("The
Forefathers").
[Demonstrators sacked a building of the
Culture Ministry in the central section of
the capital and fought policemen with debris
and broken furniture, Reuters reported.
Militiamen battling demonstrators outside
Warsaw University were met with chants of
"Gestapo! Gestapo!" as they waded forward
with flailing clubs.]
For almost eight hours, policemen, worker
militiamen and civilian police auxiliaries
fought with the demonstrators in the third
day of violence unequaled since 1957. Then
serious rioting followed the closing of the
liberal student magazine Po Prostu.
Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski, Roman Cath-
olic Primate of Poland, canceled a schedule
sermon "to avoid worsening the situation."
The cancellation was announced to an over-
flow crowd in St. Ann's Cathedral, which
reeked of tear-gas grenades tossed by the
police.
Workers and militiamen used rubber
truncheons to beat churchgoers on the cath-
edral's steps, which, like many Warsaw
streets, were littered with tear-gas canisters,
broken glass, bricks and paving stones.
Meanwhile, Slowo Powssechne, newspaper
of Pax, the pro-Communist Roman Catholic
lay movement, suggested that the demon-
strations had been led by Zionists. It listed
the names of some of the students arrested,
almost all of whom are Jews.
P.A.P., the Polish press agency, reported
that one sign carried at a Communist party
meeting at the Zeran automobile factory
read, "Clean the Zionists out of the party."
During most of the day and early evening,
demonstrators seemingly ranged at will,
shouting "Gestapo!" "Democracy!" "Con-
stitution!" "Warsaw with us!" and "Moczar's
valets!" at the police, Mieczyslaw's Moczar is
the Interior Minister and chief of the secret
police.
The demonstrators threw paving stones and
bricks at the helmeted policemen, who
charged with truncheons and fired tear-gas
grenades and, for the first time in the cur-
rent outbreak, used a truck armed with a
water gun to disperse them.
Time and time again demonstrators
slipped through side streets and emerged
red-eyed and weeping to taunt the police.
Most of the fighting took place along Novy
Swiat and its continuation, Krakowskie
Przedmescie, which for more than a mile
forms one of Warsaw's main thoroughfares.
Shortly before 4 P.M., when most Warsaw
offices and factories had closed for the day,
tens of thousands of people suddenly gath-
ered in Novy Swiat. Virtually unopposed by
small detachments of policemen and large
numbers of worker's militiamen, they surged
along the street.
On their way they burned copies of the
principal newspapers, which had continued
their denunciations of the student demon-
strators, characterizing them as hooligans
and "Well-to-do youths with political ambi-
tions."
Only when. the crowd neared the gray, for-
bidding building that, since its erection dur-
ing the Stalin era, has housed the United
Worker's party Central Committee did the
police make serious attempts to stop It.
There the fighting, which lasted for more
than two hours, was watched by a dozen men
and women standing on the party's sixth-
floor terrace.
The crowd finally dispersed-and the main
streets were partly opened.
[From the New York Times, Max. 12, 19681
PRAGUE PARTY CHIEF DENIES HE ISSUED
STATEMENTS
PRAGUE, March 11-The head of the Com-
munist party in Prague, Martin Vaculik, ex-
pressed his regrets that antiliberal statements
by his organization had been "imprecise"
and "misunderstood."
He asserted on television that he was a
progressive but acknowledged that in the
party power struggle early this year he sup-
ported President Antonin Novotny.
A few hours earlier, the Ministry of
Interior apologized. to students in Prague
for the police violence employed against
them last Oct. 31, during a demonstration
against living conditions in dormitories.
Placing full responsibility on the police
for the incident and promising that seven
policemen would be punished, the Ministry
insisted that neither the Communist party
nor state officials bore any responsibility for
the mistreatment of the students.
The Prague city Communist organization
was criticized at weekend meetings of sev-
eral of Prague's borough organizations. The
attacks were aimed at the city leaders' state-
ment last. Friday warning against overhasty
changes in Communist party policy and
against alleged "one-sidedness" of the com-
munications media, which were accused of
having disseminated radical ideas and even
of mocking fundamental Communist con-
cepts.
At one meeting, the city leaders were
accused of having tried to dictate the line
to be taken by the local conferences, having
waited until the local organizations ex-
pressed their own opinions before issuing
a citywide statement.
At another borough, a resolution was
adopted condemning the city organization's
statement, while at a meeting of Communists
of Prague universities, disagreement was
voiced with the city groups' charge that the
communications media were one-sided.
Tonight, Mr. Vaculik pleaded that the pre-
vailing opinion that his leadership was con-
servative was mistaken, and that the wide-
spread belief that his organization's state-
ment was agaipst freedom of the press was
wrong. He argued that he was opposed to
radical and extreme statements.
[From the Baltimore (Md.) Sun,
Mar. 12, 1968 ]
YOUTHS RIOT AT POLAND'S PARTY OFFICE-
STUDENTS YELL "GESTAPO" DURING 7-HOUR
FIGHT OVER CENSORSHIP
WARSAW, March ll.-Students shouting
"freedom" and "democracy" marched on
Communist party headquarters in Warsaw
today and battled police for more than seven
hours in the worst rioting in Poland in eleven
years.
Student taunts of "Gestapo, Gestapo" rang
out repeatedly as several thousand demon-
strators clashed with truncheon-wielding
police in running battles on downtown
streets. The Gestapo was the secret police
in Nazi Germany.
The unrest, which flared into weekend
riots, had smouldered since early in January
when censors construed lines in a play as
anti-Soviet.
FROM WINDOWS
Communist party members and workers
watched from the windows of the headquar-
ters building as the riot surged below.
Tear gas cylinders soared through the air
and often were tossed back at the police.
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Rocks, sticks, bottles and bricks were sent
flying toward the police ringing the building.
Stefan Cardinal Wyszynsky, Poland's Cath-
olic primate and long an Opponent of the
Communist regime, canceled a sermon at
St. Ann's Church near the university be-
cause of the violence outside the church
doors.
The cardinal said he would not speak, to
"avoid worsening the situation."
WORST SINCE 1957
The disorders were the worst since 1957
when protests over the closing of a stu-
dent magazine erupted into three days of
disturbances.
The press today blamed all the trouble on
Zionists working for an "alliance between
West Germany and Israel" by undermining
"the authority of Poland's leadership."
Packed streetcars and buses were brought
to a halt by the action today. The acrid blue
smoke from the tear gas filled the jammed
intersection where the building is located.
The scene resembled a battlefield.
Women screamed insults at police clubbing
youths with truncheons. Other passers-by
rubbed eyes made red by the tear gas.
Police finally managed to disperse the
shouting crowd.
It was the third outbreak of violence in
Warsaw since student demonstrations began
last Friday at the downtown campus of War-
saw University. On Saturday, police and
youths clashed again near the Polytechnic
University.
As on Saturday, the harsh police measures
appeared to have been set off by rock-
throwing youths.
Friday's violence began after a protest
against expulsion of two Warsaw University
students on the ground they took part in
a demonstration January 1 protesting forced
closure of the popular play which had some
lines construed as anti-Soviet. Saturday's
demonstrations protested police measures
used the day before.
[From the Evening Star, March 14, 1968]
PROTEST OF STUDENTS IN POLAND SPREADS
(By Bernard Gwertzman)
Poland's student-led demonstrations have
spread to at least eight cities outside of
Warsaw and have picked up moral sup-
port from Czechoslovakia's newly liberalized
student organizations.
The demonstrations, many of which have
led to clashes with police, began as a simple
protest meeting in Warsaw last week but
have escalated steadily, due in part to the
way Polish authorities have handled the
matter.
Almost from the start, the Communist
party press and radio blamed the demonstra-
tions on Jews, international Zionism, liberals
and anti-socialist elements.
And the media have refused to acknowledge
the students' major grievance-the expulsion
of two students from Warsaw University for
participating in a protest against the forced
closing of a popular, if somewhat anti-Rus-
sian play.
WARSAW TENSE
The situation in Warsaw, where steel-
helmeted police are on the ready, has re-
mained quiet but tense for the past two days,
diplomatic sources report. This is in contrast
to the open clashes on some of the Polish
capital's downtown streets last Friday and
Saturday.
But student groups in other important
Polish cities have been protesting in support
of the Warsaw demonstrations.
Many of these marches have been. aimed
at the rather crude way the authorities have
handled the situation. The protesters have
carried posters saying such things as "The
Press Lies," "Down With Censorship" and
"Warsaw Is Not Alone."
At last report, demonstrations have been
held in Krakow, the ancient capital of Po-
land and the nation's leading college town;
Gliwice, Gdlansk (Danzig), Lublin, Wroclaw
(Breslau), Lodz, Poznan and Szczeczin
(Stettin).
KRAKOW PROTEST
Unconfirmed reports say that in Krakow,
where Poland's oldest university Jagielionian,
is located, force was used to disperse some
3,000 marchers.
In Poznan, where riots in 1956 touched off
Poland's liberalizing revolution, there were
reports that police also used force to break
up a smaller demonstration.
According to UPI, a meeting of 8,000 stu-
dents was hold yesterday in Warsaw to air
grievances, and one of Warsaw University's
officials, Prof. Dionizy Smolenskl, reportedly
agreed that the police actions and press
coverage were "two sad things" and be ad-
mitted that "sometimes the militia exceeds
the limits of their power."
Among the complaints aired were that more
than 200 students still are being detained by
police-another 150 were released.
At the meeting, the students also de-
manded freedom of assembly and speech,
punishment of the university official who
summoned police to the university last Fri-
day and guarantees against future police in-
vasion of the grounds.
WIDE PUBLICITY
The student resolution also said that the
students were in favor of socialism and de-
clared that they were not allied with either
Zionist or Semitic causes.
In Prague, where a change in party leader-
ship has brought rapid liberalization, the
press is giving wide publicity to the Polish
demonstrations, and indicating support for
the Polish liberals.
The student organization at Charles Uni-
versity in Prague has sent a message of sup-
port to Warsaw for the student demands.
The immediate cause of the unrest was a
well-known Polish play, "Dziady" ("The
Forefathers' Eve"), written by the 19th.cen-
tury romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz who is
something of a national hero in Poland.
PLAY STIRS UNREST
On Nov. 25, Kazimierz Dejmek, one of War-
saw's most talented directors, put on a new
version of the play in the National Theater.
Audiences began to pay special note to the
political aspects of the play, which depicts, in
part, oppression of Poles by Tsarist police and
officials.
There were laughs and applause at such
lines as "The only things Moscow sends us
are jackasses, idiots and spies."
For reasons still unknown, the Polish au-
thorities, who generally are fairly lenient in
theatrical censorship, closed the play on
Jan. 30.
News about the suspension was widely
known in Poland and top cultural figures as
well as many students attended the last per-
formance. After the final curtain, there was
a demonstration against censorship. About
200 students marched to a Mickiewicz monu-
ment and about 50 were arrested.
Two Jewish students were expelled for their
role in the march.
Three weeks ago, the Warsaw chapter of
the Polish Writers Union held a meeting, and
despite efforts by hardliners to prevent it,
the majority passed a resolution asking for
restoration of Dejmek's production and an
end to censorship.
WARSAW UNIVERSITY
Last Friday, a meeting was called on the
campus of Warsaw University to protest the
expulsion of the two students and this led
to police efforts to disperse the crowds, fights
and injuries. For the next three days, War-
saw underwent a series of incidents, with
many injuries.
Prominent in the official response has been
the emphasis put on "Zionist sympathizers."
The attack on Zionists has been going on
with little letup since the Arab-Israel war
last June. In the aftermath, almost all of
Warsaw's intellectuals have been at odds with
the party leadership decision to break rela-
tions with Israel.
As a result of the disputes over the war,
party hardliners, apparently led by Interior
-Minister Mieczyslaw Moczar, have been purg-
ing party liberals who show any sympathy
with Israel or who are Jewish. There are only
about 20,000 Jews in Poland, but many are
in middle levels of the party.
[From the New York Times, Mar. 20, 19681
CRACOW STUDENTS STAGE A SIT-IN; CZECH
PRIVATE DEFIES A GENERAL-GOMULKA
SPEECH IGNORED
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, March 20.-Students in Cracow
pointedly ignored today an appeal by the
Communist leader, Wladyslaw Gomulka, for
an immediate return to classes: They staged
a sit-in at Jagiellonian University.
In a further indication that the students
were not satisfied with Mr. Gomulka's prom-
ise yesterday of eventual consideration of
their grievances, 3,000 of them at the Warsaw
Polytechnic School voted to begin a 48-hour
sit-in tomorrow morning.
Warsaw University students will join the
sit-in, according to a student delegate at the
strike meeting held this afternoon at the
Polytechnic School.
The Warsaw sit-in reflected warnings by
the students that they would take other
defiant measures unless the regime published
their 15-point resolution and corrected
"slanderous" press accounts of previous dem-
onstrations by Tuesday midnight.
The Polytechnic meeting demanded that
students be allowed to discuss their problems
on the radio and television, controlled by the
regime.
Symptomatic of the student's mood at the
meeting was the tearing up of newspapers.
The newspapers' main interest today was the
text of Mr. Gomulka's speech to Warsaw
party members.
Some student sources suggested that a
factor in the students' renewed defiance was
Mr. Gomulka's criticism of "revisionist"
liberal professors at Warsaw University as
the "spiritual instigators" of the student
unrest. Many professors named are Jews.
Mr. Gomulka dropped similar charges
against Zionists and former Stalinists, ap-
parently in an effort to keep within bounds
the anti-Zionist campaign that he obliquely
conceded had anti-semitic overtones.
The Polish party has applied the name
"Zionists" to instigators of the student
demonstrations.
Although Mr. Gomulka stressed that no
professors had lost tenure because of their
"academic views," he indicated that changes
might be under consideration. He said the
regime "displayed considerable-and as ex-
perience has shown, unfortunately, too
great-restraint and caution in interfering
for political reasons with the life of aca-
demic circles."
In Cracow, the sit-in involved students
sitting in corridors and not attending lec-
tures, informed sources said. It followed a
five-day classroom boycott during which
some parents had been warned that their
children would be expelled unless they re-
turned to school, the informants added.
At the Polytechnic meeting, a message was
read from workers at a rolling-stock factory
in Wroclaw, the sources said. The message
.expressed solidarity with student demands.
In Wroclaw, newspapers disclosed that
classroom boycotts or sit-fns took place at
all eight institutions of higher learning there
last Thursday and Friday. Only students of
the School of Plastic Arts did not return to
classes normally on Saturday, according to
the newspapers, which added that "hooli-
gans" had been responsible for violence there
on Friday.
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Meanwhile, the anti-Zionist campaign
evaporated today in the wake of Mr.
Gomulka's speech, which sought to moderate
a 10-day campaign that apparently had the
party's blessing.
In its place, there were pledges of support
for "Comrade Wieslaw," as Mr. Gomulka is
affectionately called, as well as confusion
among many Poles who were surprised at
the moderate tone of his remarks.
In some quarters the excited shouts that
accompanied Mr. Gomulka's remarks on
Polish Jews and the chanting of the name
of Edward Gierek were interpreted as reflect-
ing the popularity of the anti-Zionist
campaign.
Mr. Gierek, the party secretary in indus-
trial Silesia, had made a strongly anti-Zionist
day and is sometimes mentioned as a possible
successor to Mr. Gomulka.
[From the New York Times, Mar. 22, 1968]
STUDENTS' SIT-IN OPENS IN WARSAW-MOVE-
MENT SPREADS DESPITE EXPULSION WARNINGS
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, March 21.-Warsaw students to-
day joined a sit-in movement underway at
Cracow despite threats of expulsion unless
they resumed normal studies.
Students took up quarters at the Poly-
technic School at 8 A.M. at the start of a
48-hour sit-in. Tonight as many as 5,000 were
playing cards listening to Chopin on tape
recorders and preparing to bed down with
blankets brought to the school premises, stu-
dent sources said.
At Warsaw University all gates were locked,
apparently by order of the university author-
ities. Nonetheless, several hundred students
were milling around the grounds and some
scaled spiked fences to enter university prop-
erty. Many hundred other students, some
wearing white student caps and carrying
bundles, were seen leaving the university
area, apparently because of the lockout.
The sit-in took place despite printed offi-
cial posters on the doors of the university
and the Polytechnic School doors warning of
"serious consequences," including expulsion
unless the students stopped disorganizing
school work.
SIGNED BY RECTORS
The posters were signed by the institu-
tions' respective rectors, Stanislaw Turski and
Dionizy Smolenski.
For the first time since the student unrest
began two weeks ago, the state-controlled
television network reported thhe new de-
velopments promptly.
"A small group of political troublemakers
incited students not to attend classes at the
Polytechnic School," a news bulletin said at
11 P.M. "Unhappily a certain number of stu-
dents listened to them."
Informed sources said the Government was
considering closing the Polytechnic School
for two weeks and drafting male students
into the armed forces if the rector's appeal
went unheeded.
In Cracow, where students boycotted
classes at Jagiellonian University last Thurs-
day, the sit-in completed its second day.
Students remained in the hallways of univer-
sity buildings and did not attend lectures.
The sit-ins are being held to protest
against the regime's refusal to answer stu-
dents' grievances quickly. These grievances
focus on charges of police brutality, insist-
ence on rectification of "slanderous" Polish
press accounts and demands to free arrested
students.
Wladyslaw Gomulka, the Communist party
leader, appealed to students two days ago to
return to work immediately and promised
eventual consideration of their grievances
once calm had been restored.
COLLECTION TAKEN UP
Tonight adults passed food and cigarettes
to Polytechnic students across an iron fence.
Student leaders have organized a kitty of
5,000 zlotys ($200) to supply blankets, food
and even candles should the school's lights
be turned off.
In the school, students gathered around a
Dixieland pianist who was playing in the
main auditorium. They also listened to West-
ern news broadcasts.
Although the warnings from the rector of
the Polytechnic school had been stern, one
of his assistants simply asked them not to
cause trouble.
Student leaders issued orders against
bringing vodka or any other hard liquor to
the Polytechnic sit-in, sources said. Some
students were seen drinking beer.
The state-controlled television network to-
night announced the arrest of the son of
Mieczyslaw Lesz, the former Internal Com-
merce Mir. ister, who is now deputy chairman
of the Committee for Science and Tech-
nology.
Officially charged with spreading false in-
formation. his son, Aleksander, was attacked
in a newspaper article last week for allegedly
having anrashed an official car while drunk.
The newspaper, Walka Mlodych, charged that
his father had hushed up the accident.
At the Polytechnic School, windows were
thrown wale open on this first warm day,
which coincided with the beginning of
spring.
Chalked on a classroom blackboard was a
sign announcing "night resident." On the
statute of a woman on the facade of the
main building hung an enormous sign that
read "strak okupacyiny," the closest equiva-
lent to "sir; in" in Polish.
[From the Baltimore Sun. March 25, 1968]
STUDENT AIM IS FREEDOM, POLAND'S EPISCO-
PATE SAYS
WARSAW, March 24.-The Catholic episco-
pate of Poland attributed student unrest in
the county today to a "striving for truth
and freedcm."
In a message read in Sunday masses
throughout the country, the church leader-
ship suggested that the regime of Wladyslaw
Gomulka acknowledge the desires of youth
and adopt more progressive policies.
DIALOGUE URGED
"Pope Piu1 VI has written that the new
name for peace is `progress.' That is why we
pray for this peace and we ask all to pray
for this," the message said..
It added that "penetrating dialogue"
should be employed instead. of physical force
to solve matters dividing people.
The message, drafted at a March 21 meet-
ing of the episcopate, is to be read in all
academic towns and "in the soonest possible
time thereafter in-all towns of Poland." The
nation's population is about 85 per cent
Catholic.
Student,: have been demonstrating prac-
tically non-stop since March 8. Their protests
include charges of police brutality against
demonstrators, false accounts in the state-
controlled press, demands for release from
jail of arrested student leaders and respect
for the freedom to assemble and demonstrate
as guaranteed in the Polish Constitution.
The church message said Polish bishops
felt "obliged to make their voice heard in
this matte;.,."
FORCE IS CONDEMNED
It condemned the "brutal use of force"
and said t:.ie church has "addressed in this
matter ... the Government of our state."
Three student sit-in demonstrations in
defiance of school and Government author-
ities ended yesterday in Warsaw.
In the bi.ggest one at Polytechnic College,
about 4,000 students were persuaded by
school officials to leave campus buildings
during the night instead of carrying on to a
planned morning conclusion.
[From the Christian Science Monitor, Mar.
13, 1968]
WARSAW RIOTING SPREADS
(By Paul Wohl)
Broken bottles, stones, and bricks litter the
streets of Warsaw. Three days of student
riots have been put down with tear gas and
rubber truncheons, One student was so badly
hurt that the government felt the need to
report that he was still alive.
"Gestapo!" the students cried defiantly as
the police charged. "Down with obscu-
rantism," "Long live Czechosolvakia," "De-
mocracy," "Freedom," and "Constitution"
were other cries heard during the demonstra-
tion.
Writers, students, actors, the old genera-
tion of intellectuals, and the new educated
middle class of workers and peasant origin
are tense. A mood of insurgency is rising in
the capital.
[Several thousand demonstrators fought
running battles with police on downtown
streets for Seven hours Monday, the Asso-
ciated Press reported, and smashed the
windows of it Culture Ministry building. The
party headquarters was also a target of the
demonstrations.
[The Polish news agency PAP said the
militia seized about 300 persons during Mon-
day's disturbances, according to Reuters.
It said an identity check revealed that Only
about 30 of those held were students.
RESOLUTION PASSED
[Informed sources told the Associated
Press that at a meeting at Warsaw Univer-
sity, about 3,000 students and a number of
professors passed a resolution demanding
freedom for students arrested after Friday's
demonstration. The resolution, informants
said, also carried an appeal to other Polish
universities to support the Warsaw cause.
[The resolution was said to demand in ad-
dition that the state-controlled press publish
the students' accounts and explanation for
their protest actions. The press said the
trouble was caused by Zionists working for
an "alliance between West Germany and
Israel" by undermining "the authority of Po-
land's leadership."]
Wladyslaw Gomulka, the aging party chief
whom Poland hailed 10 years ago as a sym-
bol of renewal, never has been more un-
popular. "He could have become Poland's
Tito," this writer was told not so long ago;
"he could have become Poland's de Gaulle;
instead he has become Moscow's proconsul,
a fear-ridden, heavyhanded bureaucrat."
Even those who see Mr. Gomulka's good
sides, his evenness, his quiet insistence on
orderly progress, on economy, sobriety, and
order-characteristics which In the past were
seldom associated with the Polish national
temperament-feel that it is time for a
change.
PUBLIC WELL INFORMED
The issue is not merely a personal one.
In his obstinate resistance to change and
his defense of the most pro-Soviet policy in
the bloc, Mr. Gomulka was forced to lean on
the support of hard-liners and synical ca-
reerists, regardless of public opinion.
Polish public opinion today is better in-
formed than it was in 1956 when the Stalin-
ists were thrown out and Mr. Gomulka was
swept into power. Sources of information
have kept step with the progress of elec-
tronics. Today everyone in Poland listens
to foreign radio stations. Radio Free Europe
in Munich, which formerly was shunned by
many Poles as biased, now has its largest
audience ever. Poles call it "Warsaw Four."
(The capital has three broadcasting sta-
tions.)
"Warsaw Four's" sources of information
are stupendous, showing that discontent
and a spirit of insurgency (Fronda) has
spread among the highest officials and their
auxiliaries.
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July 3, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SEN
The Polish press has been almost com-
.pletely silent about developments in Czecho-
slovakia. Yet the public knows what is
going on. Czech and Slovak broadcasts can
be heard. (Slovak is so similiar to Polish
that any Pole can understand it.) Then
there is the popular BBC and the Voice of
America.
DANGER SIGNAL
The Western press is accessible in some
60 press and book clubs in all major cities.
Scores of Poles are constantly returning
from missions abroad. What they have to
tell spreads and is frequently embellished.
The tense and desperate mood in the
Polish capital is a danger signal for the
ruling bureaucrats throughout the bloc. The
rebellions of 1956 started in Poland. Polish
intellectual and artistic life is the hope of
reformers in all of Eastern Europe's Com-
munist-ruled countries.
Poland with its 32 million inhabitants is
the second-largest country of the bloc. It
has actively participated in European his-
tory and in the continent's great cultural
movements .(the Reform, the Renaissance).
Its people are known for their fighting
spirit.
The mood of insurgency which has come
to the fore in Warsaw these days has de-
veloped slowly and from many causes which
all have their counterparts in other bloc
countries.
OFFICIALS CLOSE PLAY
In contrast to 1956-57, economic reasons
have little to do with the protest movement.
There are no starvation wages; even the
apartment shortage has eased. Except for
pensioners without a family and some of
the very old without pension, there is no
misery in Poland. As a whole the common
people live better than they did in the past.
There is less inequality than in any other
bloc country.
The immediate cause of the protest move-
ment was the closing of the play "Dziady" by
the Polish 19th-century classic writer Adam
Mickiewicz. "Dziady," meaning the old men
or the beggars, is a very long play which
has to be shortened selectively in order to be
performed. The new version, which was
closed, highlighted certain anti-Russian
passages which are out of line with the
author's friendly approval of Russian revolu-
tionists elsewhere.
The anti-Russian lines caught on and were
greeted with wild applause by part of the
audience. One reason for this may have been
the residue of the old anti-Russian bias,
which actually is disappearing among the
intellectuals. More likely, the public en-
thusiasm reflected in indirect protest against
the government's unfailing allegiance to
Moscow. Rumors that last year's meat
shortage, which led to a substantial rise in
meat prices, was caused by excessive exports
to the Soviet Union have fueled resentment
on this score.
Be this as jt may, the government closed
the play, and the students protested. The
Warsaw Writers Union joined in the protest.
An extraordinary meeting of the Warsaw
writers, called at the demand of 250 mem-
bers (one-quarter of all the members of the
Polish Writers Union), was held from Feb.
29 to March 1.
A resolution adopted by a large majority
requested the reopening of the play and
condemned the government's interference in
cultural affairs. The meeting, which closed
on March 1 at 2 a.m., was dramatic.
"ESCALATION OF CENSORSHIP"
Jerzy Andrzejewski, one of the most fa-
mous Polish writers, who had never spoken
at any previous writers congress in the past
10 years, protested against "the escalation
of censorship." The popular Roman Cath-
olic writer, Steran Kiezelewski, complained
that literature and history were being "fal-
sified by the obscurantism" of the leaders.
Prof. Leszek Kolakowski, who was ousted
from the party in 1966, spoke of the smoth-
ering of criticism and debate in every field."
Professor Kolakowskl is the idol of the
students. "Is this really socialism?" he asked,
The extraordinary congress also adopted
a resolution demanding that the results of
the meeting be published In the press. Not
a word was printed, but what had been
said, made the rounds of Warsaw with light-
ning speed and added to the tension.
No one can say whether those in power
will be able to restore the artificial calm
which has reigned in Poland for the past
few years, or whether the insurgency of the
intellectuals will shake up the government
and the country. But even if calm is re-
Stored, the experiences and the bitter feel-
ings of the past few weeks will not be for-
gotten.
[From the New York Times, Max. 28, 19681
WRITERS' PROTEST SCORED IN POLAND-OPPOSI-
TION TERMED PLEASING TO NATION'S FOES
ABROAD
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, March 27.-The Communist party
newspaper, Trybuna Ludu, today printed a
S 8177
[From the New York Times, Mar. 29, 19681
WARSAW STUDENTS MEET AGAIN, DEFYING RE-
GIME-DEMAND THE REINSTATEMENT OF
HUMANITIES PROFESSORS AND LEGAL REFORMS
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, March 28.--Warsaw University
students today defied new warnings from the
Polish Government and met to demand the
reinstatement of six dismissed humanities
professors, according to informed sources.
The unauthorized meeting of 2,000
students constituted the first overt act of
student defiance since three Warsaw sitins
ended last Saturday.
Held despite serious warnings in two news-
papers today, the meeting was apparently
prompted by the dismissal of professors
Monday.
Wladyslaw Gomulka, the party leader, had
foreshadowed the dismissals in a speech 10
days ago in which he said the professors were
the "spiritual instigators" of the now three-
week-old student unrest against Communist
cultural controls.
Fragmentary reports about today's meet-
ing said the students also denounced censor-
ship and demanded the release of students
arrested or drafted into the armed service
because of their participation in demonstra-
tions.
long attack on the extraordinary meeting of
LEGAL REFORM DEMANDED
the Warsaw writers union held last month.
Another student demand was said to have
Wladyslaw Gomulka, the party leader, ac-
been reform of the legal code, especially the
cused the writers in a speech March 19 of
so-called Small Penal Code.
having played an active role in organizing
Originally adopted in 1946 to deal
with
the student demonstrations against Commu-
armed anti-Communist guerrillas who
then
nist cultural controls.
disputed the government's authority,
the
The newspaper said the meeting of Feb.
Small Penal Code has often been invoked to
29 "was probably the only forum in Poland
punish dissident intellectuals.
where it was possible to express such slanders
The meeting today took place despi
te a
with impunity."
The meeting adopted a resolution con-
demning the regime's cultural policy, par-
ticularly the closing of Adam Mickiewicz's
19th-century play "Dziady" ("The Fore-
fathers") in the Narodowy Theater, The Po-
lish Government considered the production
to have anti-Russian overtones.
Trybuna Ludu quoted various speeches, in-
cluding one said to have been made by
Leszek Kolakowski, a Marxist philosopher
who was one of six Warsaw University pro-
fessors dismissed Monday.
He was quoted as having said that "the
national culture is being dwarfed under
innumerable blows.',
OPPOSITION IS NOTED
"The huge mass of unavoidable opposition
has consolidated feelings of bitterness, frus-
trated hopes, caused the hopelessness of the
situation and proved the Incompetence and
lack of ability In the cultural leadership,"
he added.
He was said to have rejected a draft reso-
lution condemning the tightening of cultural
controls because it "did not reflect fully
enough the protest and bitterness provoked
by the present-day administration of Polish
culture."
The newspaper charged that the speeches
at the meeting had served the political pur-
poses of "antisoclalist forces" abroad.
These forces "look for every opportunity to
set the names of writers well known to mass-
es of readers against the people's authority,"
the newspaper added, and "hostile propa-
ganda centers have been going into ecstasies
in commenting" on the writers' meeting.
Meanwhile, the newspaper Gazeta Kra-
kowska denied rumors that one of its articles
last week had suggested that police dogs had
been used against rioters in Cracow.
The original article, dated one week ago,
read: "Yesterday the surgical out-patient
clinic of the ambulance service In Slemraid-
zki Street gave first aid to 112 patients. Those
hurt were mainly people who had suffered
injuries at their place of work. Many had
been bitten by dogs."
series of warnings from the regime. Two days
ago a message from Rector Stanislaw Turskl
warned that any further student disobedi-
ence would entail expulsions and the closing
of the university.
PARTY PAPER WARNS
Today, Trybuna Ludu, the party news-
paper, said student troublemakers "must be
told with all seriousness, determ.inely and
decisively, stop, put an end to trouble mon-
gering, provocations and misleading your
colleagues."
"All of us have had enough of mass meet-
ings," it warned. "There will be and there can
be no tolerance of trouble-mongers and peo-
ple of ill will," the statement said.
Zycie Warszawy, another newspaper,
warned "only firmness remains when all
means of discussion and discreet persuasion
become exhausted."
Backing up the stern warnings, police and
plainclothesmen patrolled Krakowskie Przed-
miescie, a main street, which passes in front
of the university in the center of Warsaw.
The university gates were closed at 4:15
P.M. after the rector was reported to have
exercised his privilege and canceled late after-
noon classes. The gates were reopened more
than three hours later and hundreds were
seen leaving the university grounds.
While the gates were closed, hundreds of
students were seen milling around inside the
university grounds and adjacent streets. Many
wore white caps, which have become the
symbol of student defiance since the demon-
strations began.
Meanwhile, observers noted a discrepancy
in the party's handling of a principal student
grievance-the use of security forces inside
the university grounds despite traditional ex-
traterritorially enjoyed by Polish institutions
of higher learning.
While Polish newspapers have printed ar-
ticles stressing that no legislation or tradi-
tion exists on this score, Czeslaw Domagala,
the party secretary in Cracow, said just the
opposite.
Addressing a recent party rally, Mr. Doma-
gala conceded that "an unfortunate incident
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occurred, namely the entry of a group of
police and workers' militia, while chasing
students, into the grounds of Jagiellonian
University."
He added: "Obviously, as a result of this
unintentional incident by the police com-
mand-a violation of the traditional right of
extraterritoriality of an institution of higher
learning which no one approves of-an ex-
traordinary outcry ensued."
[From the Christian Science Monitor, Apr. 11,
1.968[
POLES PRESS REFORM DRIVE
(By Paul Wohl)
Poland's political crisis is deepening. The
country is in the middle of a political purge
encompassing state, party, and the military.
Veiled criticism has been addressed to the
Politburo, the pinnacle of power.
The partisans of Gen. Mieczyslaw Moczar,
Minister of the Interior, are advancing all
along the line. Writers and students no longer
hold the center of the stage. First Secretary
Wladyslaw Gomulka's call for moderation
has been discarded.
The anti-Zionist campaign continues un-
abated. Other slogans used by the regime's
critics stress, calls for a radical renewal of
cadres, for rejuvenation of party and state,
for an end to corruption, slothfulness, and
incompetence, for "true collective leadership."
The last slogan hits at the present-day domi-
nation of the leadership by Mr. Gomulka,
assisted by party Secretary Zenon Kliszko,
at least until his resignation offer this week,
and President Edward Ochab. All three, in-
cidentally, have Jewish wives, which makes
them vulnerable to the anti-Zionist cam-
paign.
No one knows exactly what General Moc-
zar is seeking, except that it entails a radi-
cal overhaul of party apparatus and admin-
istration in which his supporters would oc-
cupy strategic posts. Most of the several hun-
dred thousand young workers recently ad-
mitted to the party are supposed to be
Moczar supporters.
CAUSES TRACED
"The era of mistakes, hypocrisy, double-
dealing, messiness, egotism, and undiscipline
is coming to an end," wrote a spokesman of
the general, Kazimierz Kakol, editor of the
weekly Prawo I Zycie (Law and Life) re-
cently.
Faulty planning 'and economic dispropor-
tions are at he bottom of much of the pres-
ent trouble.
The eceswmic records of 1967 and of the
first months of this year were uneven. Con-
sumer interests are being neglected. On the
other hand, several new industrial projects
have been completed including the big alu-
minium factory in Konin with a capacity of
100,000 trans and the nitrate fertilizer plant
at Pulawi. Both projects have been in the
works for several years.
Critics of the regime say that once plan-
ning is overhauled and management given
the necessary leeway, Poland with its stead-
ily increasing power capacity, its copper and
sulphur processing facilities, its steel pro-
duction of 10 million tons (half that c8
France), its booming shipyards, and its pet-
rochemical industry may outstrip East Ger-
many in industrial importance.
As industry expands and agriculture con-
tinues to do its share, shortages should begin
to disappear and living standards increase.
POLITICAL REPERCUSSIONS
Last year's uneven economic record may be
one of the reasons for the political advance
of the partisans and for the popularity of
Upper Silesian party Secretary Edward
Gierek, who is identified with the demand
for a thorough modernization of the Polish
economy.
Facts and figures are spelled out in the
United Nations economic survey of Europe in
1967. This carefully documented survey
shows that Poland lagged behind the other
countries of the bloc, especially in the realm
of consumer interest.
The growth of labor productivity was
much slower than elsewhere. Production in-
creases in industry were achieved largely
through an expansion of the labor force in
excess of plans.
The industrial growth rate was below the
average of the 1960's. Production of con-
sumer goods decelerated while heavy industry
exceeded its targets.
Agriculture is hamstrung by all kinds of
contradictions. Although meat; consumption
is still higher than in the past, meat deliv-
eries last year increased by only 3.5 percent.
In the second half of the year there was prac-
tically no increase at all. Yet according to
the plan meat deliveries, should have risen
by at least 7 percent to keep step with pur-
chasing power.
FODDER SUPPLY CUT
The reason for the shortage of meat, espe-
cially pork, was insufficient fodder. The feed
shortage, in turn, was a consequence of the
decision to reduce imports of grain to save
hard currency.
Ultimately, officials hope, domestic food
supply will suffice. Such hopes, even if well
founded, have been dishedout to the Polish
people for years instead of tangible accom-
plishments. What happened on the "meat
front" is typical of the abstract character
In much of Polish planning.
In November meat prices were raised by an
average of 16.7 percent. Since the price rise
varied according to kind and cut, better
qualities of meat, according to the United
Nations survey, were placed "virtually beyond
the reach of lower income groups."
The government's purpose in raising meat
prices was to curtail purchasing power and
to reduce the subsidy on meat. No attempt
was made to pass on the price increase to
the peasants.
Because there was neither enough meat
nor a sufficient quantity of attractive con-
sumer goods, savings and cash holdings went
up by nearly 46 percent, accounting for
about one-sixth of the people's total income.
Such disproportions have become increas-
ingly characteristic of Polish planning. Ac-
cording to the regime's critics, methods of
robbing Peter to pay Paul, of opening one
bottleneck and causing two new ones, may
have been justified during the reconstruc-
tion period when there were shortages all
around.
Today, partisan economists say, this is
unnecessary and harmful. The economic dis-
proportions of the past few years are attri-
buted to incompentence and the exercise of
unimaginative personal power.
No one can say what the outcome will be,
but there may be a change even before the
next party congress in November. General
Moczar's anti-Zonist followers are becoming
more and more outspoken in press and tele-
vision. Whatever changes do occur in the
party, then, the Defense Minister is certain
to have a hand in them.
[From the New York Times, Apr. 28, 1968]
TIGHT POLISH CURB ON WRrrERS URGED-
UNION AIDE ASKS GREATER REGULATION
BY PARTY
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, April 27.-The Communist party
newspaper demanded today that measures in-
suring tighter party control of the writers'
union be distributed. The measures could
prevent many of Poland's better known writ-
ers from earning a living.
The demands for greather control, pub-
lished in the newspaper Trybuna'Ludu, were
also addressed to party organizations dealing
with artists, musicians and actors.
Ireneusz G. Kaminski, chairman of the
Szczecin branch of the writers' union, urged
that party organizations be empowered to ex-
pel members who are "enemies of our coun-
try," choose new ones and decide on schol-
arship policy and foreign travel.
Expulsion from the union is tantamount
to prevent a writer from publishing new
works or benefiting from financial advantages
accorded intellectuals.
The article reflected the regime's growing
annoyance with the intellectual community,
which has been held responsible for foment-
ing student unrest.
SELECTIVITY IS URGED
Mr. Kaminski complained that the writers'
union and other similar associations "ad-
mit new members only on the basis of the
artistic value of their work without con-
sidering the moral and political attitudes of
candidates."
He also noted that the writers' union had
no provision for expelling members, a short-
coming that so far has frustrated the regime's
plan to oust Antoni Slonimski, Pawel Jasi-
emca and Stefan Kisielewski. All three have
been under attack from critics ranging from
Wladyslav Gomulka, the party leader, down.
Expulsions are mandatory, Mr. Kaminski
contended, to "get rid of the whole ballast
of two-faced persons and of those who, in
practice, have long strayed into the revision-
ist and Zionist wilderness."
"Let us stop at long last being coquettish
toward political opponents lest we persuade
them that they are worthy partners of the
rulers of this country," he said.
He advocated new statutes to make ideolo-
gical loyalty to Communism mandatory for
membership and also setting up a party um-
brella organization to oversee the activities
in all the branches of the writers union.
CRITICISM IS DEFENDED
Such far-reaching criticism as Mr. Kamin-
ski's was defended today in an editorial,
titled "Criticism The Party's Most Efficient
Weapon," in Tryduma Mazowiecka. The
newspaper is closely associated with Maj.
Gen. Mieczyslaw Moczar, the Interior Min-
ister, who is believed to be a major force be-
hind both the "anti-Zionist" campaign and
the power struggle challenging Mr. Gomul-
ka's authority.
"No progress is possible without criticism,"
the editorial proclaimed. "No one has suc-
ceeded or will succeed in snatching from the
hand of the party its principal weapon-
criticism."
The editorial was regarded as a warning
from General Moczar and other advocates of
change that the current purge would con-
tinue despite Mr. Gomulka's reiterated ef-
forts to moderate its tone, especially toward
Poland's 30,000 Jews. Many of the hundreds
of Poles purged from job or party in the last
seven weeks have been Jews.
PENSIONED OFF EARLY
The latest Jewish victim was Prof. Juliusz
Katz-Suchy, a former representative at the
United Nations and Ambassador to India.
The 56-year-old professor of history and in-
ternational relations at the Warsaw Univer-
sity Law School was pensioned off today by
order of the Education Ministry although the
normal retirement age is 65.
He was criticized last month by Trybuna
Ludu for an alleged "politically ambiguous
attitude" toward student demonstrations.
In another development, the editor of the
weekly newspaper Polityka indirectly criti-
cized Czechoslovakia's peaceful revolution
and Rumania's independent foreign policy as
"too far-reaching and inconsistent with re-
ality." The editor, Mieczyslaw F. Rakowski
has often reflected Mr. Gomulka's thinking
on problems of the international Communist
movement in the past.
Although events in eastern Europe re-
flected "rejection of what is obsolete and de-
structive," Mr. Rakowski said, some develop-
ments "should be recognized as extreme, un-
favorable for the consolidation of Socialism
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or too far-reaching and inconsistent with
reality."
He wrote that "any centrifugal tendencies
dictated by narrowly understood national
interests, losing the common interest by the
wayside, are dangerous because they push
back the nations of the Socialist world from
the path along which they have been pro-
gressing for more than 20 years."
[From the New York Times, Apr. 29, 1968]
POLISH WRITERS GIVEN A WARNING-UNION
TOLD To BAR DISSIDENTS OR RISK NEW CON-
TROLS
WARSAW, April 26.-The leading Commu-
nists in the Warsaw Writers' Union pleaded
with his nonparty colleagues today to expel
some writers as the price of avoiding tighter
government control of the association.
Jerzy Putrament, first secretary of the
party organization in the union's Warsaw
branch, said ''the union would be forced to
undergo changes of one kind or another"
unless critics of the regime were expelled.
He did not specify how many critics were
involved.
Mr. Putrament's plea, in the newspaper
Zycie Warszawy, followed by a day a much
sterner call for purges and vastly increased
party control of the writers' union. Most un-
ion members do not belong to the party.
Expulsion of "politicos who have chosen the
union as a field of action transcending litera-
ture and aimed against the people's author-
ity," Mr. Putrament said, might "provide a
chance of preserving the union's specific or-
ganization."
A WARNING ON "LOYALTY"
The writer-a member of the Central Com-
mittee and a former Ambassador to France-
warned union members against being swayed
by "political blindness, twisted interpreta-
tions of the union's very imperfect statutory
framework or falsely understood loyalty to
colleagues."
"The writers' union will no longer tolerate
the activities of enemies of the system, par-
ticularly within the union itself," he said.
Mr. Putrament did not mention by names
the union members he wanted expelled. But
it is known that the Government, increas-
ingly impatient with its intellectual critics,
has asked the union to expel the writers
January Grzedsinsky, Pawel Jasiericia and
Stefan Kisielewski.
So far nothing has been done, and union's
statutes include no provisions for expelling
members.
DRIVE PRESSED ON TV
Writers critical of the party line were
also attacked tonight in a television com-
mentary by Josef Ozga-Michalski, a poet and
member of Parliament. In remarks that re-
flected the Government's "anti-zionist" cam-
paign, he said, "it should be stated that
those who fraternized with and lived behind
the table with Jehovah had a special inclina-
tion toward forbidden fruit."
"In many of these personalities forcing
themselves forward," he added, "patriotism
has drained into foreign seas and other
rivers."
At the same time, the official press agency,
R.A.P., accused a number of New York poli-
ticians of "more or less rabid anti-Polish at-
tacks" in connection with the "anti-Zionist"
campaign here.
Senator Jacob K. Javits "deemed it neces-
sary to express the 'profound anxiety' of
the United States because, as he untruth-
fully maintained, of the 'intensifying anti-
Semistic incidents in Poland,'" the agency's
Washington correspondence reported.
Representatives Jacob H. Gilbert, Joseph
P. Addabbo and Seymour Halpern "also put
forward crude insinuations," the agency said.
[From the New York Times, Apr. 29, 1968]
PURGE BEWILDERS JEWS IN POLAND-"WHAT
WENT WRONG?" ASKS VICTIM OF "ANTI-
ZIONISM"
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, April 25.-"Recently it's better to
be called Radziwill than Rabinowitz," re-
marked a Pole in commenting on the official
"anti-Zionist" campaign, which the regime
has conceded is getting out of hand.
The remark was not without a peculiar
form of Polish compansion for, in an earlier
period, the regime had also attacked former
landowning families like the Razdiwills, some
of whom remained in Poland under Commu-
nist rule.
Love of country had been as much a d.e-
ciding factor in their staying as it was for
the Jewish survivors of Hitler's "final solu-
tion."
That love, and often a long commitment
to Communism have prompted questioning
by some of the Jewish victims of the current
purge that is strangely similar to that Ar-
thur Hoestler described in "Darkness at
Noon." That novel described the Stalinist
purge trials of the nineteen thirties in the
Soviet Union.
ONCE A HAVEN
"What went wrong?" one purged Jew asked.
His dismay was genuine, for if Poland has
an anti-Semitic tradition, so does most of
Eastern Europe. Indeed, the Warsaw regime
is on solid ground in pointing out that Jews
from the rest of Europe fled to Poland as a
haven of tolerance in past centuries.
The current campaign has its roots as
much in recent history as in ancient history.
Many Polish Jews fled to the Soviet Union
as the Germans advanced, and returned with
the liberating Red Army to high positions in
the new Communist regime here a quarter of
a century ago.
A substantial number of them held im-
portant posts in the much-hated secret po-
lice.in the Stalinist period and were regarded
by Poles more as Soviet Stalinists than as
fellow Polish citizens.
Vladyslaw Gomulka, the Communist par-
ty's First Secretary, has offered Poland's re-
maining 30,000 Jews passports for Israel and
has tried to moderate the "anti-Zionist"
campaign, the popularity of which consti-
tutes a threat to his leadership.
But for many Polish Jews the harm has
been done. They had a chance to emigrate
earlier and remained.
After telling themselves for years that
Poland was their homeland, they are now
being told that their loyalty is suspect.
A recently purged Jew--one of hundreds
dismissed from job or from the party in the
last seven weeks-bewailed his fate: "Fifty
years in the movement, kicked out of the
party, lost my job and my son in jail."
Even those who have been pensioned off,
rather than dismissed, find little solace in
the pensions. "They won't have to pay those
pensions for long," said a man who knows
many important Jewish party members. "A
lot of them are going to die of broken hearts."
CONVERSATION IN POINT
Just how far the "anti-Zionist" campaign
has taken root in the Polish people was il-
lustrated recently in a conversation between
a Westerner and a customs official.
"You Westerners don't understand because
your press lies about Poland," the customs
official said. "Of the 30,000 .Jews in Poland, at
least occupy important posts, especially in
the ministries, and it's quite natural that
we want to get rid of them because they
don't work, they only work for themselves
and have no national spirit"
"What do you reproach the Jews with, with
being ministers or Jews?" asked the West-
erner.
58179
"You don't understand," the customs of-
ficial said. "They didn't work and we will
replace them with people who work for the
nation and not for themselves.
"In any case, they should be happy-we've
not take away their apartments or their cars
or imprisoned them."
Nonetheless, persistent rumors suggest
that some purge victims have been forced out
of their apartments, and an atmosphere of
uneasiness has been created that appears dif-
ficult to dispel.
A current Warsaw story sums up this at-
mosphere as well as anything.
"Is that you, Jaworski?" a tense voice on
the telephone asks, "This is Kowalski."
"But which Kowalski? I know dozens of
them."
"Israel Kowalski, the one you hid in the
closet during the Occupation."
"Oh, yes, how are you? Haven't heard from
you in 20 years."
"Let's cut things short. Do you still have
that closet?"
The number of Jews asking to emigrate to
Israel has increased considerably since the
"anti-Zionist" campaign began last month.
[From the New York Times, May 5, 1968]
PRAGUE'S REFORM SCORED BY POLES--WARSAW
NEWSPAPERS OPENLY CRITICIZE "NEUTRALIST
AND ANTI-SOVIET" TRENDS
(By Jonathan Randal)
WARSAW, May 4.-The controlled Polish
press directly attacked today the growing
liberalization movement in Czechoslovakia.
Departing from past veiled criticism of
Czechslovak developments, which have been
reported here only in part, Warsaw news-
papers published a dispatch today criticizing
"neutralist and anti-Soviet tendencies" in
Czechoslovakia.
[Amid increasing criticism from the Soviet
Union and its allies, four Czechoslovak lead-
ers conferred Saturday in the Kremlin after
a surprise nighttime flight to Moscow.]
The article, signed by Wlodzimeriz Zralek,
Prague correspondent of the Polish Workers
Agency, a press service, also decried Czecho-
slovakia's rapprochement with West Ger-
many, the "dictatorship of the intelligentsia"
and the growth of non-Communist parties.
The overt Polish criticism of the Czechoslo-
vak reforms was published in Zycie War-
szawy, a mass-circulation newspaper; Zol-
nierz Wolnosci, the army newspaper, and
Sztandar Mlodych, the Communist youth
paper.
Political analysts suggested that it reflect-
ed support for the Old Guard elements in
Czechoslovakia associated with the ousted
President Antonin Novotny, and was a clear
warning that Poland would not tolerate any
similar liberalization.
Mr. Zralek said his dispatch was based
not on "conversations in which antisocialist
tendencies occasionally became apparent,"
but on statements at the Czechoslovak Cen-
tral Committee meeting last month "express-
ing anxiety about the further evolution of
events."
Those doubts were expressed generally by
Mr. Novotny's supporters, who are in a dis-
tinct minority, observers noted. Mr. Novotny
was Ousted from the leadership on January.
Mr. Zralek did not mention the relative
strength of the liberal and Old Guard wings
of the party. Rather he sought to convey the
impression that the conservatives had the
upper hand by quoting Alexander Dubcek,
the Czechoslovak party leader.
"We would have been shortsighted," Mr.
Dubcek was quoted as having told the Cen-
tral Committee meeting, if we did not notice
one more phenomenon after January: The
revival of certain antisocialist tendencies.
The Polish dispatch said that at the
Czechoslovak party meeting "critical com-
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rnents were caused by the tendencies to
introduce a `dictatorship of the intelligensia'
and to minimize the role of the working
class."
The observers noted that many Polish
intellectuals had been purged from job and
party in the last two months as the Polish
regime has stressed the primacy of the work-
ing class in tones that sometime recall the
Stalinist period.
Mr. Zralek also said that some speakers at
the Czechoslovak Central Committee session
were apprehensive that developments might
push Czechoslovak off the path of socialist
development.
FREE PLAY OF FORCES
Causing this anxiety, Mr. Zralek noted,
were "voices advocating the return to the
free play of political forces as a means of
forcing the Czechoslovak Communist party
to give up its guiding role."
"Attention was drawn to the massive
growth of the Catholic People's party and
the Socialist party, a growth which may be
only partly explained by lifting the previ-
ously binding administrative prohibition on
admitting new members," he added.
"If we decided to express our apprehension
over the current events in Poland, it is only
to repay our debt," they added. "We are
doing so without any feeling of superiority,
aware that we also have to overcome the
past.
The endeavor to spread (anti-Soviets feel-
ings, "is still more perfidious since it Is gen-
erally known what position was taken by
Brezhnev during his visit to Prague in the
critical days," the article said. It said Leonid
1. Brezhnev, the Soviet party leader, had
stated "that the Soviet Union did not intend
to interfere in Czechoslovakia's internal
affairs."
Turning to student unrest in Warsaw, the
writers asked the Polish leaders "not to con-
fuse the natural criticism of the young gen-
eration with hostile subversion, and not to
drive Polish citizens by harsh sanctions to
positions that are inherently alien to them."
[Prom the New York Times, May 5, 19681
CZECHS CITICIZE POLAND
PRAGUE, May 4.-Three Czechoslovak
writers appealed to Polish leaders today "to
put an end to the shameful anti-Semitism
threatening to stain the common fight of
the Poles and the Jews against Hitler's
fascism."
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY PREVEN-
TION AND CONTROL ACT OF
19138-AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT NO. 875
Mr. DODD submitted amendments, in-
tended to be proposed by him, to the
bill (H.R. 12120) to assist courts, cor-
rectional systems, and community agen-
cies to prevent, treat, and control juve-
nile delinquency; to support research
and training efforts in the prevention,
treatment, and control of juvenile de-
linquency; and for other purposes, which
were ordered to lie on the table and to
be printed.
REQUIREMENT OF AIRCRAFT
NOISE ABATEMENT REGULA-
^a'ION-AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT NO. 876
Mr. CASE. Mr. President, on behalf
of the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr.
PROXMIRE] and myself, I submit an
amendment to H.R. 3400, an act pro-
viding for control and abatement of air-
craft noise and sonic boom, arid ask that
it be printed.
When H.R. 3400 is taken up on the
floor after the 4th of July recess, I in-
tend to call up my amendment which
would add to H.R. 3400 the provisions
of my own sonic boom control bill (S.
3399).
Mr. President, I ask that the text of
my amendment to H.R. 3400 be printed
in the RECORD.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The amendments will be received,
printed, and will lie on the table; and,
without objection, the amendments will
be printed in the RECORD.
The amendment (No. 876) is as fol-
lows:
On the first page, line 10, strike out "and
sonic boom."
On page 2, line -strike out "and sonic
boom".
On page 2, line 5, strike out "and sonic
boom".
On page 2, line 12, strike out "and sonic
boom".
On page 3, lines 9 and 10, strike out "or
sonic boom standards, rules, or regulations"
and insert in lieu thereof "standards, rules,
or regulations issued pursuant to subsection
(a)".
On page 3, line 15, strike out "or sonic
boom".
On page 3, line 18, strike cut the quota-
tion marks and between such line and line
19 insert the following:
"(d) The Administrator shall (1) pro-
hibit nonmilitary aircraft, singly or in any
combination thereof, from being operated
over the United States (including territories
and possessions thereof) in such a way as to
produce sonic booms, but such prohibition
shall not apply to aircraft used in the in-
vestigation and study herein -authorized;
(2) conduct a full and complete investiga-
tion and study for the purpose of determin-
ing what exposures to sonic booms (amount
and frequency) are detrimental to the health
and welfare of any persons, and such inves-
tigation and study shall include (A) con-
sultation with the Secretary of Health, Edu-
cation, and Welfare, the Secretary of Defense,
the Secretary of Housing and Urban Develop-
ment, the Secretary of the Interior, the Sec-
retary of Commerce, the Administrator of
the National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, and the President of the National
Academy of Sciences, and (B) such research
as may be necessary, which shall include,
but not be limited to, the startle effect and
physiological or psychological problems that
result from sonic booms and the possible
detrimental effects on preservation of nat-
ural beauty and historic shrines; (3) within
one year from the date of enactment of this
subsection make a report to the Congress
on his findings as of that time, together
with the written comments of the above-
mentioned officials; and (4) no later than
two years from the date of enactment of this
subsection, report to Congress on the final
results of his findings, together with the
final written comments of such Federal of-
ficials."
ORDER OF BUSINESS
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
suggest the absence of a quorum.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative, Clerk pro-
ceeded to call the roll.
Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, I
ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Without objection, it is so ordered.
THE 192D ANNIVERSARY OF THE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Mr. PERCY. Mr. President, we live in
a time of revolution. In all the nations
of the world, including ours, there are
increasingly frequent scenes of disorder,
disruption, violence, pitched battle in
the streets, and-in many forms-at-
tacks on the properly constituted au-
thorities of government, from pclice
officers to political leaders.
In this vast scene of turmoil and
turbulence, there are many who fear for
the safety of the United States and for
the preservation of our great institutions
of freedom. On this occasion, the 192d
anniversary of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, I think it is important to state
why we must not be fearful in these
revolutionary times. In fact, these revo-
lutionary times offer us opportunities for
accomplishment quite as grand as any
that have heretofore existed.
If it is true that these are revolution-
ary times, it also is true that we are a
revolutionary nation.
The United States was born in revolu-
tion and our founding principle-the
principle that made us the special Na-
tion we are-is a revolutionary principle.
That principle is stated elegantly and
for all times in our Declaration of
Independence:
We hold these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created equal and are en-
dowed by their Creator with certain inalien-
able rights; that among these are life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness,
The American Revolution was the
greatest political revolution in history
because it established government, for
the first time, on the principle of the
equality of all men in their rights to live
their own lives in freedom, with their
own happiness as their goal.
Those powerful words, and that prin-
ciple, made Americans one people. And
the Constitution they wrote a decade or
so later, based on the principle of the
equality of all men in their rights to life
and liberty, made Americans into a spe-
cial kind of nation-a stable and law-
abiding nation based on a revolutionary
principle.
That paradox--of stability and revolu-
tion-is what makes me confident, not
fearful, that America is well-suited to
survive and even thrive in a revolution-
ary age. What makes our Nation strong
is the principle of equality. What will
make us stronger and stronger is progress
in equality.
The revolutionary demands that en-
danger other nations should not en-
danger our Nation if we keep in mind our
revolutionary founding principle.
Whoever among us demands his full
share of equality in human rights is fully
in accord with American principles, and
in granting those rights we help him be-
come more fully an American citizen.
What might tend to tear down and
threaten in other countries not founded
on equality as we are, tends in the United
States to build up, to strengthen, to ad-
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