AMERICAN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP69B00369R000200300027-2
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 11, 2004
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: July 20, 1967
• Content Type: OPEN

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July 20, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX A 3659
Under the guidance of the Director of The third was the use of foreign aid as a the one factor that unites them-hatred of
Continuing Education in the field of nursing tool for maintaining equilibrium, reducing Israel. As Abba Eban recently wrote, nothing
at the University of Pittsburgh, we have beefs Soviet penetration and promoting economic has divided the Arab world more than the
broadcasting a one-hour program for the growth. effort to unite it.
last two years. This program is geared to the The fourth was the maintenance of open The U.S. position had maintained that a
professional nurse employed by the gen- channels of communication with Arab gov- prudent security equilibrium in the Middle
eral hospital. Its main objective is to pro- ernments to enable the United States to East was more likely to be achieved under
vide more information on mental health con- exercise some influence over their behavior conditions of Arab unity than Arab diversity
cepts, such as caring for problem patients. and beliefs. In this connection any overt al- an political pluralism. The case usually rested
Our survey shows we are reaching 40 to 60 - liance of the United States with Israel would on the view that economic growth would
hospitals and 500 to 800 professional people. have appeared to polarize the Middle East be fostered by unity and would itself create
We have not even really begun to explore and send the Arab states rushing off to pride in economic achievement and thereby
the potential of this tool and the ways to Moscow. minimize or reduce anti-Israel slogans as
harness its rui.wer All of nn. -11 +,. An+e m-
-
. vvw wVlli Cuiloualzuy
without sufficient funds, qualified staff and
facilities to carry out such a program.
With a well developed concept, this could
reach even the smallest of communities. The
further you go from a metropolitan area,
the more such a service is needed.
No one station, at the present time, is in
a position to do little more than to meet its ward Israel. Why was this. the case? Part of
every day operations, its budget and its prob- the answer lay in recognizing that Israel is
lems. pro-United States and Nasser Is usually anti-
I feel that a national group, maybe the U.S. It seems striking and ironic, therefore,
Public Television Corporation, is needed to that the United States should have rewarded
set up the criteria, studies, research, the its enemies more than its friends. In any
mechanism to bring the resources that are case, as columnist William S. White wrote,
needed to make educational television a "Any notion that our foreign policy in the
true and integral part of the Adult Educa- Middle East is run with special tenderness for
tion Program. A Jewish feelings is one of the special idiocies
American Policy in the Mi
OF
HON. WILLIAM F.
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 20, 1967
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, Dr. Marver
Bernstein, the dean of the Woodrow
Wilson School of Public and Interna-
tional Affairs of Princeton University
delivered a perceptive address to the re-
cent National Emergency Conference on
Israel, sponsored by the Conference of
Presidents of Major Jewish Organiza-
tions.
I - urge my colleagues to read his an-
alysis of U.S. policy in the Middle East.
The text follows: -
AMERICAN POLICY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
(By Marver H. Bernstein)
Without a major change, American policy
in the Middle East will fail-as it failed to
prevent the Arab-Israeli war of 1967.
A brief perspective of what American policy
has been in the past may offer some guidance
in the mammoth task of achieving a basic
shift in that policy.
The overriding goal of American policy
had been to maintain a prudent security
equilibrium in the Middle East and to pro-
mote internal stability in the region.
These terms are very imprecise. They con-
fer maximum discretion on the President
and the State Department, not only because
the Executive Branch must struggle to main-
tain its initiative vis-a-vis Congress,' but also
because the fluidity of the Middle Eastern
situation requires it. The American interest
lies not in instability but in peace. The
critical issue, of course, is stability for what
and on whose terms.
How was the goal of a prudent security
equilibrium to be reached or promoted?
Essentially, four approaches were utilized:
The first was guarantees of the indepen-
dence and territorial integrity of Israel.
The second included a pattern of actions
and policies designed to minimize Soviet and
Chinese penetration of the Middle East.
RYAN
Here, in outline, are some nine features of made that a pluralistic diverse Arab world
that policy: of separate governments could more easily
1. In the effort to maintain an equilibrium accommodate an Israel-Arab understanding,
in the Middle East which is at least neutral A Middle East convulsed by an Egyptian bid
with respect to the United States-Soviet for centralized control scarcely seemed a con-
conflict, the American position often seemed genial setting for achieving such under-
very kind to the Arabs and very harsh to- standing.
of our time." [The Washington Post, Jan.
29, 1965]
Be that as it may, the main drift of the pol-
icy of three Administrations had been one of
exceptional kindness to Nasser's Egypt, not
primarily because the United States strongly
preferred Egypt to Israel, but because United
States conception of the problems of achiev-
ing a security balance in the Middle East re-
quired it.
2. On February 1, 1965, Under Secretary of
State George Ball told the Senate Appropri-
ations Committee: "What happens in the
Near East is of critical importance to our
strategic sea, air and land routes, to our vast
oil investment; to the security of Israel and
other countries In that area." The United
States position reflected a tendency-shared
with other Western countries-to overrate
the political, military and economic impor-
tance of the Middle East.
To be sure, the Middle East is the link con-
necting three continents; it is the intersect-
ing point of land, water and air routes; it
does contain the major oil reserves of the
world. But these have all become less rather
than more strategic on the contemporary
scene. The demand for. oil has increased
greatly in recent years, but so have resources
outside of the Middle East increased great-
ly-in North Africa, in Iran, in South Amer-
ica, in Canada and elsewhere; and natural -
gas discoveries have also helped to supply
the growing needs of European Industry.
While nuclear energy is some distance off,
and the demand for oil will increase in the
years ahead, we seem to give more attention
.
the Middle East than considerations of mili- the United States has been more acutely
tary strategy require, aware than many Israelis of the unsettling
3. A pedestrian and obvious fact of con- effects of Israel's policy regarding retaliatory
temporary Middle Eastern history is the per- or preemptive "raids and attacks. The United
sistent inability of Arabs to unite politically States believed that Israel exaggerated
despite the strong belief that unity is their threats to its existence and was therefore too
natural condition. But there is a conception quick in embarking on retaliatory raids. The
that is not so obvious; the persistent notion American view had been that Israel was in-
that Arab unity would be in the interests of sufficiently aware of the consequences, ad-
the United States and its allies, and also the verse to the interests of Israel and the West,
interests of Israel as well as the Arab coun- flowing from Its militancy. World opinion
tries, despite the fact that a unified Arab often perceived the killings but not the
world would seem more likely to be anti- provocation, and the U.N. machinery had
U.S. than either neutral or pro-U.S. not proved to be helpful to Israel in evaluat-
The dominant theme of Nasser, as the top ing Arab complaints and charges.
leader of Arab nationalism, has been Arab 6. There was a tendency to exaggerate the
unit. Unity has been held forth as the consequences of Nasser's- strong and spirited
ineluctable destiny of the Arab world. But drive for modernization and Industrializa-
clearly, Arab unity has been the exception, tion. The fact is that time had been running
not the rule, in Arab history. The factors out for Nasser. Military expenditures had be-
that divide and distinguish the Arab coun- come almost insupportable. The Yemeni
tries appear to be far more substantial than campaign had been a dismal failure and ex-
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4. The U.S. experience in the Middle East
postdated the full-blown emergence of the
Palestine issue. The United States, compared
with England and France, has had only
minimal experience in dealing with Middle
Eastern problems. Perhaps because of its
lack of regional experience, the U.S. has been
tempted to be overly impressed with psy-
chological and sociological factors in the
Arab picture; for example, the trauma and
bitter frustration of the Arabs resulting from
their humiliating defeat by the Israelis; the
dream-like quality of their hopes and fears;
their enormous pride and sense of personal
dignity; and the great gulf between their
verbal ferocity and their timid deeds.
Awareness of these factors may help to
account for the tendency of the experts to
have discounted the militancy reflected by
the violent statements of Arab leaders.
Among knowledgeable experts there was
often a characteristic paradox in value judg-
ment; an admiring attitude regarding Arab
culture and historical development and sym-
pathy for strivings for personal dignity; and
at the same time bitter disappointment with
the lack of Arab achievement and fulfill-
ment.
Caught in this value paradox, the experts
in the State Department often seemed to
interpret Nasser's violent aims as merely
hortatory-not really to be taken seriously.
We were often not quite such what Nasser
really meant; hence, his words were rarely
taken to mean what they plainly said. Israel
is scarcely to be criticized if it took the view
that it could not discount the plain mean-
ing of the words as completely as the diplo-
mats appeared to do.
5. Clearly, the American experts in inter-
national affairs tended to believe that Israel
had exaggerated in assessing the immediacy
of the threats to its existence. Why? Part of
the answer lay in the respect for Israel's
effectiveness as an independent nation cou-
pled with a lack of confidence in the capac-
ity and human resources of Arab countries
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A3660 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -APPENDIX July 20, 1967
tremely costly. The population explosion had The Israelis had a valid claim in bellev- Therefore, the President, the State De-
run ahead of the pace of economic growth. : ng that the United States preferred to avoid partment and the Congress must be advised.
The level of economic activity had increased strong clear action strengthening Israel's and persuaded to use the opportunities pro-
in absolute amounts but had declined on a security, and at the same time be willing, vided by Israel's military victory to achieve
per capita basis. In this context the inner %owever reluctantly, to tolerate intolerable a massive reduction of the tensions that
logic of Nasser's position seemed to move to- -ffrontery and vilification on the part of underlie the war.
ward war of military expansion. krab leaders. It was to be expected that Is- It means a recognition of the illusory char-
7. Nasser proved to l4e a very formidable mel would often be disappointed with the acter of Arab unity and the political un-
opponent in dealing with the United States. attitude of American officials toward its se- reliability of Arab leadership.
He has been a first-rate bargainer and bluff- urity needs. In the minds of American of- it means a lifting of both the blockade
er. He effectivley manipulated the U.S. and lials Israel's needs always had to be measured of the Gulf of Aqaba and the Suez Canal.
Soviet Union in order to obtain maximum fl- against the probable reaction of Arab leaders. It means, above al', ,( peace treaty between
nancial and military aid for Egypt. He knew it .was a dominant consideration in the Israel and each of the Arab states that recog-
that he had advantages in bargaining only Eisenhower-Dulles policy that the Arabs nizes the legitimacy of Israeli statehood.
in the context of crises, which he has been were more fearful of Zionism than of Com- It means a readjustment of boundaries
Very adept at manufacturing. munism. Dulles believed that the United to meet Israel's urgent security needs, in-
Nasser succeeded in using the cold war to States had to counter the Arab belief that eluding the Gaza Strip, the area around
internationalize Arab affairs. He thereby the United States supported .aggressive ex- Latrun and the hills directly to the north
gained a lever to exact better terms from both pension of Israel. Recognition of this belief and west of Jerusalem, and the Old City
the West and the East. The American goal and fear inhibited American action and of Jerusalem itself, with appropriate guar-
of Arab unity in turn played into the hands policy in Israel. At the same time the United antees for the safety of Christian and Mos-
of Nasser whose policy could succeed only by States was ready to use economic aid to in- lem holy places.
making Arab unity a leading international fluence tje government of Israel. Thus, it These objectives will not be achieved if
issue. Nasser effectively demonstrated Egypt's delayed for a long time the move of Israel's the United States conforms to its traditional
nuisance value by showing that he was dan- Foreign Ministry to Jerusalem; it stopped policy of concerned neutrality. Effective
gerous and had to be bought off at a high hydro-electric development on the Jordan movement toward achieving Israel's legiti-
price. River; and its reactions to the Quibya Raid mate goals calls for a substantial shift in
There are some elements of high tragedy of October 1953 did deter subsequent mili- American policy.
here. Nasser has been personally incorrupt, tancy on the part of Israel. The obstacles to such a marked change in
a highly effective ruler who led Egypt Given the deep complexity of Middle East- policy are indeed great. They include:
through a major social revolution. He de- ern issues, it has been difficult for American American preoccupation with Viet Nam.
veloped new industries, exterminated the Jews to understand U.S. policy. I do not mean The horrible complexities and confusions
great landowners, bolstered the educational approval, but understanding. The main dif- of foreign policy-making in the United
system and nurtured a new middle class of ficulty has been the failure to understand States.
military officers, young professionals and that the .American attempt to achieve a pru- Traditional Foreign Service sympathy for
bureaucrats. dent security balance in the Middle East pre- Arab interests.
On the other hand, labor productivity in vented the United States from meeting Is- The heightened enmity of the Arab coun-
Egypt stayed very low, consumption pitifully rael's security needs as, Israel defined them. true for Israel. iderable Afro-Asian support of
low. Poverty remained intense. Egypt was not Israelis tended to understand better than
slowly catching up with a Western standard, American. Jews did why it was inevitable that the U.A.R.
but rather was steadily falling behind. The the American response to Israel's stated se- The unfriendliness of the U.N. arena for
country lived on borrowed money and neither curity needs fell shortof Israel's demands. the resolution of issues directly involving
capitalism nor Communism seemed to work. This brings us to the present crisis. How Israel.
It was critically important that Nasser keep did American policy of friendly detachment But there are also some factors influenc-
up the morale and perquisites of the new and concerned neutrality express Itself just ing the kind of policy change that circum-
middle class, but he was unable to do so in before and during the outbreak of war? The stances now require. One is the emergence
the context of economic retrenchment. record shows the following': of new leadership in Israel composed of men
The economists advised Nasser that such The United States would not permit the who have been taught to rely not on inter-
retrenchment was mandatory for economic annihilation of Israel. But short of that de- national guarantees but rather upon their
survival. But as a military leader of high cisive threat, it undertook no initiative uni- own courage, initiative and resourcefulness.
ambition with a mission to fulfill, he may laterally. Another Is the strong moral, political and
have thought that his only way out was The United States did not expect war be- financial support of American citizens for
through continued expansion in Israel or tween the Arabs and Israel and thought that the continued independence and security of
elsewhere. -the Israelis had exaggerated Nasser's threats Israel free from the dangerous challenges
8. The case for financial aid to Egypt and of extermination. that have persisted for nineteen years of
other Arab countries could well have been The United States did not expect the statehood.
justified by general humanitarian considera- United Nations to arrange an accommoda-
tions; otherwise it was rather weak. tion, but it nevertheless turned to the U.N.
The basic postulate of foreign aid is that to avoid diplomatic isolation. Out With Tradition
Western security is promoted best by help- It became uncertain In the weekend In
ing countries maintain independence and early June before war broke out whether the
becoming viable economically; and if the United States could hold Israel in check EXTENSION OF REMARKS
West does not help, the East will. The United without making some strategic commitment or
States also appeared to believe, with some to Israel. HON. EUWARD R. ROYBAL
justification, that however hostile Nasser The United States actively explored various
may be to the West, anyone replacing him proposals to reopen the Gulf of Aqaba of CALIFORNIA
would probably be worse. through some face-saving compromise that THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Yet, had Nasser received no aid whatso- would recognize Egypt's sovereignty over the
ever from the West, it is difficult to imagine Strait of Tiran, yet assure Israel's access Thursday, July 20, 1967
that he could have been more hostile. to the sea. It also considered Thant's pro-
9. In 1964 and 1965, In contrast to the posal to place U.N. truce observers on both Mr. ROYBAL. Mr. Speaker, I would
French and West German attitudes and sides of the Arab-Israel frontier. like to call your attention to an article
policies toward Israel,, a noticeable wavering The United States became increasingly from the July issue of California Li-
and weakness as well as some clumsiness perturbed by the emergence of the Soviet brarian that deals with a new concept in
showed up in London and Washington in Union as the champion of the Arabs, by its libraries that the Los Angeles Public Li-
their dealings with : the excesses of the historic expansionist drive toward the Medi- brary is currently trying. With the help
Egyptians and the Syrians. terranean, and by its attempt to control half of the Federal Llyrtry Services and Coxi-
Certainly, American reaction had been very or more of Europe's oil imports.
cautious when American libraries went up in Repeated guarantees of Israel's security struction Act, this project attempts to
flames. U.S. diplomats' appeared to have con- failed to prevent the present hostilities, and improve library service and contact in
sidered German recognition of Israel in 1964 Israel consequently saw a better chance to the culturally deprived areas of Los
as a matter of doubtful wisdom. They also resolve the issue of national survival through Angeles by the use of supplemental spe-
urged Israel not to resort to- arms in meet- war rather than diplomacy. Events would cialized librarians who try to awaken the
ing. the attacks of the Palestine Liberation seem to support Israel's strategic judgment. reading interests of the children and
Army, and not to resist Arab water diversion What lesson is to be learned from this their parents interests
unorthodox meth-
library-
projects. The State Department seemed to review of the American posture of concerned and take the view that it would be a long time neutrality and friendly detachment in the ods as Cdlassc Comics
ommun ty programs.
before a determination could be made as to Middle East? centere informal whether the Arabs would really be violating It can be stated simply that the tradition- In addition, bookmobiles and elementary
the Johnston Water 'Plan. ally ambivalent U.S. policy failed. school library classes help to encourage
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July 20, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX S A 3671
fense of the rights of men, irrespective of
race, religious convictions and sex. This is
the time to give help, not in words, but in
deeds...
"Regarding the necessity of concerning
ourselves with the situation of the Jewish
population, which is without shelter .
the Soviet delegation considers it necessary
to draw the attention of the General As-
sembly to the following circumstances: The
experience of the past ... has shown that
not one State of Western Europe has been
in a position to give proper help to the
Jewish people and to defend its interests,
or even its existence, against the violence
that was directed against It from the Hit-
lerites and its allies. This is a very serious
fact, but unfortunately, like all facts, it must
be recognized.
"The fact that not a single Western Eu-
ropean State has been in a position to guar-
antee the defense of the elementary rights
of the Jewish people or compensate them
for the violence they have suffered at the
hands of the Fascist hangmen explains the
aspiration of the Jews for the creation of a
State of their own. It would be unjust not
to take this into account and to deny the
right of the Jewish people in the realization
of such an -aspiration. It is impossible to
justify a denial of this right of the Jewish
people,"
Although Mr. Gromyko had proposed the
creation of one dual, democratic Arab-Jew-
ish State, he did note in his speech that "if
It were found that this plan was unrealizable
on account. of the deterioration of relations
between Jews and Arabs .. , then," he added,
"it would be necessary to consider an alter-
native solution," namely the creation of "two
independent separate states-one Jewish, and
one Arab."
The historic Partition decision was voted
upon on November 29, 1947. The Soviets
know full well that the Arabs rejected the
decision; that they went to war on May 14,
1948, and have remained belligerent ever
since.
Flag Revives Thoughts of Our Nation's
History
OF
HON. THADDEUS J.
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 20, 1967
Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, just re-
cently our country celebrated another
anniversary of its independence. To
many Americans, this was a day on which
to fly our flag; to some Americans, every
day is a day to fly the flag.
They fly the flag because they are
proud of our Nation. I wish I could say
that more Americans unashamedly were
as proud.
America has not been without error,
and loyal citizens today are questioning
whether she is not making some errors
now. -
Based on our firm belief in "life, lib-
erty, and the pursuit of happiness" for
all mankind, we can be justifiably proud
of our country's motives and ideals. Is
there another nation in the world that
has sacrificed so much in two world wars,
in Korea, and presently in Vietnam, for
the cause of freedom? Is there another
country in the world that has given so
generously to help underdeveloped na-
tions and starving peoples?
For such a nation we should be grate- Corps is bringing in the OEO struggle
ful, and thankful. We can be proud of against poverty:
her. We should fly the flag every day to FEW DROPOUTS HERE: WOMEN'S Joe CORPS
show that we are. SUCCEEDS
With permission, I include the follow- (By Bob Rawitch)
ing article which appeared in Every- Entering its third year of operation, the
body's Column of the Buffalo Evening Los Angeles Job Corps Center for Women
News, Buffalo, N.Y., on May 27, 1967: is one of the most successful of the 115
FLAG REVIVES THOUGHTS OF OUR training centers in the United States.
NATION'S HISTORY Recent Job Corps statistics show that na-
To those who would burn our flag I ask, tionally 53% of the graduates for a six-
what do you see when you see our flag? month period in 1966-67 were employed. In
I te you se Hi and Valley ur fla. I see the past two years the Los Angeles center
Gettysburg, and Antietam, Argonne Forest shows 75% of its graduates presently err-
and Flanders Field, Iwo Jima and the Coral Also, Sea. I see Korea and Porkchop Hill, Vietnam approximately e1
Also, while the national dropout as only
and fresh blood being spilled for freedom's 3 % f its s girls leave ve the the local center has only
sake. 3% of program.
T see the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Miss Mary Doolittle, director of the cen-
Washington and Lincoln nk owns. I see ter here, reports that more than 300 women
mighty mountains and great plains, great have graduated from the program since it
rivers and lakes. I see great railroads, air- opened its door in June 1965.
lines and networks of roads uniting us into MOST ARE DROPOUTS
a great nation. The Job Corps is a residential training pro-
I see great cities with buildings touching gram for young men and women between the
the sky. I see our young astronauts flying ages of 16 and 21. Most of the participants
into outer space. are school dropouts without sufficient em-
How anyone can see all this and still burn ployable skills to sell in the labor market.
our flag and draft cards is beyond me. They Founded by the federal Office of Economic
certainly' don't belong in America. Opportunities, the center, 1107 S. Broadway,
Freedom isn't something handed out on a houses 320 women.
platter. It is something fought and died for. The director attributes the low dropout
Without the sacrifices of millions before us, rate to "having a social climate which is
there just wouldn't be a United States. a 'therapeutic community'."
The next time you see our flag go by, stand "We try to adapt the center's program to
up tall and straight and, if a tear comes to the needs of the individual girl rather than
your eye, don't be ashamed, for then you are make her conform to a set program," she
an American. said.
AN AMERICAN. Professional counselors and resident ad-
visers are assigned to each residential floor
DULSKI
The Los Angeles Job Corps Center for
Women
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
HON. AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS
OF CALIFORNIA
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 20, 1967
Mr. HAWKINS. Mr. Speaker, the Los
Angeles Times recently featured a story
about the success of the Los Angeles Job
Corps Center for Women which I know
my colleagues will find useful and in-
formative.
Job Corps, as one of the Office of Eco-
nomic Opportunity programs, is demon-
strating daily its success in developing
one of America's greatest natural re-
sources: our young men and women.
As the Times article points out, more
than 800 young women have gone
through the 1-year program at the Los
Angeles center. Seventy-five percent of
these young ladies are now gainfully em-
ployed as a result of their Job Corps
training and experience.
When we realize that the Job Corps
enrollees are from the lowest income
areas of our Nation, I think we can take
considerable pride in the progress and
low rate of dropouts that occurs in the
Job Corps training programs. Only 3 per-
cent of the girls drop out of the Los An-
geles women's center program.
I am particularly pleased to include
the complete article from the July 3 Los
Angeles Times, written by Mr. Bob
Rawitch, which so thoroughly demon-
strates the success and progress the Job
to provide guidance and counseling to the
girls 24 hours a day.
The successful job placement record of
the center here can be attributed to a "fine
staff and being located in a large city with
a greater variety of vocational training op-
portunities," Miss Doolittle says. .
Approximately 70% of the women are
trained in the center, 20% are in on-the-job
training with local businesses and other
groups and 10% are in the city's trade and
technical schools.
Of the girls who have taken training in an
outside business, 90% are hired permanentl
y
by that firm once they have completed their
training, she said.
TRAINING COST CUT
Nationally the Job Corps has come under
heavy criticism at times for discipline prob-
lems. However, no apparent problem exists
locally, according to Miss Doolittle.
"We really have no more problems than
any high school or college sorority and, be-
cause there is such close supervision, we
probably have fewer disciplinary problems,"
she said.
During the two years of operation only
seven girls have been arrested and only four
were convicted. More than 800 girls have
gone through the program.
"We have never had a problem with nar-
cotics and have never had any physical
fights," she said.
The cost ,of training a woman has been
reduced from $9,000 per year at the inception
of the program to approximately $5,000-
one of the lowest figures in the country, ac-
cording to the director.
A recent 30% reduction in federal funds
is partly responsible, she said, but she at-
tributes a great deal of the savings to "long
hours by the staff, attaining a degree of ex-
pertise in administration, and the volunteer
administration, and the volunteer help of
several hundred Los Angeles residents who
aid in tutoring."
Numerous "firsts" have also been accom-
plished by the local center including placing
the first corpswomen as airline stewardesses,
lady barbers, fashion designers and radio-
TV servicewomen.
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 A 3672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPJN1)IX
An Educator's Viewpoint on the Middle Arab Nations obsolete armaments they have Gary Job Corps Center Succeeding in
accomplished several things. (1) They obT poverty War Role
East Situation
EXTENSION OF' REMARKS
OF
HON. GUY VANDER JAGT
OF MICHIGAN
vnircV nr,+ R.R.EFENTATIVES
nY.eroes of themselves among the masses, (3) EXTENSION OF REMARKS
they have :made villians of the United States, of
(4) they have further weakened the Arab HON. I J. PICKLE
Irations, prevented a strong local leader from
.1.
colpinating the Arab people in the Middle
]:ast and increased their influence and the
dependency of the Arabs on Russia. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1'2ursauy, Lucy av, -.1
isbout Russian armaments in the Mlaaie
Mr. VANDER JAG'I. Mr. Speaker, be- last. We always hear about the SAM anti- Mr. PICKLE. Mr. Speaker, I would
cause of the extreme 'seriousness of the , dreraft missiles, latest model tanks, and the like to bring to the attention of my col-leagues three articles that appeare in
Middle a East
portunit , be taken tt - ,h 21 a eo interested in theeweap the Showcase section 1st weekend of the
com everyy ever oss b, ifora to be be- ,ns Egypt and other countries like to dis- Dallas, Tex., Morning News.
come, whenever viewpoints forme related o to o ,gay and brag about. We don't realize those The first of the three articles, all of
news and different t viewp weapons are too few to be effective, that most which were written by the News' Austin
+" A constituent of One, a high school
Mich., offers
principal from
several thoughts inaa recent letter to me.
I believe my colleagues will find the let-
ter which follows of significant interest:
BEIRUT, LEBANON,
July 3, 1967.
Congressman Guy VAND*R JAGT,
U.S. Congress,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A
DEAR GUY: My family and I are spending
a few weeks in the Middle East before re-
turning home and going to Guam for two
years. War broke out here while we were On
our way. We met hundreds of refugees in
Europe being evacuated from. all of the coun-
tries in the Middle East. We took the oppor-
tunity to talk with these people as well as
to Jewish people returning to Israel and
Arabs returning to their homes in the vari-
ous Middle Eastern countries.
We arrived in Beirut,. Lebanon, one day
before the fighting stopped, the day of the
demonstrations against the United States
and Great Britain. We were the only Amer-
icans going to the Middle East. Beirut was
and still is under Marshal Law. The local
people are all amazed to see Americans here,
but everyone is very polite and helpful. They
askus to tell other Americans that it is safe Russia, Russia was the big winner. She won
to return to Lebanon. As you know Guy, I far more than did tiny, victorious Israel.
have always been interested in international Russia is playing for high stakes; bases in
Affairs and, in the Middle East in particular. the Mediterranean, When Russia obtains
in in 1960-1961 I was the Middle East as a bases at Latakia, Syria, Algeria, Egypt and
Post Graduate student-at the American Unit on the Red Sea our Government may wake
throty of Beirut. that time I traveled s u Russia did not lose in this recent war.
and out the Mi ddle Eastern countries Russia is not cooperating with the United
and made many friend's. States, except at our expense. Russia has
sure ou will remember I expressed -1 b s in the Mediter-
ase
y
b
than that reported in the final article.
It is doubly impressive to know of the
confidence and jobs being acquired by the
Corpsmen when you realize that most
Corpsmen comprise the "dregs" of
America's classrooms and were the stu-
dents who sat in the back of their class-
rooms-if they were in school at all
a n
am
been trying to o
my deep concern about the direction events ranean and in the Red Sea for hundreds of Under unanimous consent I include
are drifting in the dwlli Middle East when I talked years. Russia is so close to this ancient goal all these excellent stories in the RECORD,
to you last, in Baldwin on May 30th. Some now. As usual our government will realize and I hope that all those who are sin-
times we, students of htory who maintain this too late.
that interest in our daily lives, see events in cerely interested in learning of the effec-
a different light thando-these whose train- Here is the situation that is developing tiveness of the! Job Corps will give them
ing and interest are in another field. in the Middle East now. Russia is so close their careful attention.
Unfortunately people in United States do to her age old goal of warm water outlets in
not understand the significance, the tre- .. the Sotith, that she can smell the salt water The articles follow:
mendous significance to us and to our coun- all the way to Moscow. The United States CENTER CUTS COSTS: GARY CORPSMEN SUCCEED
try of the present historical events here in can not afford to allow Russia to obtain (By Stewart Davis)
the Middle East. It is impossible to under- these bases. This is a real keg of dynamite SAN MARC(B TER:-The Gary Job Corps
stand the significance. of present events ex- and we don't control the keg. Even Russians Center here has cut Operating co Jo dCorn
g
t through an historical the Jewish Religion, , the the hands of the most t highly emotional al of accomplishments,
Moslem Religion, the; Christian Religion, a people in the World, The Jews and the
history of the various countries, their people Arabs. Russia realizes this, but the stakes The average annual cost per trainee has
and culture and very important at this time, are high. The United States doesn't even dropped from $5,200 to about $4,000, said
an understanding of the Russian action and know what is going on. Something must be Wallace Dockall, director of the center.
aspiration in this area. Recently I wrote an done or this keg of dynamite will explode. Dockall attributed the decrease to a gen-
historical article explaining Russian action If it does it may well set off hydrogen bombs eral tightening of administration and seen-
in the Middle East. I sent the article from in the United States and all over the World. omy-minded purchases.
here, Beirut, Lebanon, to the Grand Rapid The fuse to this keg of dynamite is Jerusalem He said that, heavy earth-moving equip-
Press. If it was published perhaps you could and it was recently lit by Israel. The keg ment, for example, was purchased as military
read it. must be defused. If it is not, God help us. surplus at a savings of about $1.5 million.
Let me say this much concerning Russian Sincerely, The equipment is used in an Instructional
actions in the Middle East. By giving the Dose SPoiIrr, program.
n one army-ui+vo a. Ind obsolete Mig-17's and Mig-19's. With a bureau Corresppnaen.L, oLewjurc jrtuvia, 10
few exceptions the local citizens in the var- particularly interesting because it shows
sous Arab countries are unaware of this that the Gary Job Corps Center's role in
themselves. They think Russia is giving their the war on poverty is a successful venture
leaders the best and latest armaments. in getting young men off the streets,
Why can Russia gain so much from a fit trained, and into jobs paying living
aancially sound business deal when we get wages.
kicked in the teeth every time we hand out
a free dollar? Most Americans think the It also provides a realistic, firsthand
Russians backed a losing side in the Middle report on the current activities at Gary
East, that Russia then cooperated with and academic capabilities of the center.
United States in helping to end the war. The It is particularly pleasing to note that
truth is Russia won in the Middle East. It is center's director, Wallace Dockall, says
difficult to see how she could have won more. that the operating costs have been cut
If. Nasser had won he would have become a last year while accumulating
strong leader in the whole Arab Middle East. during d record the a accomplishment Mile ac.
Did Russia want that? Unfortunately most
Americans think so. If Nasser had won, Rus- The second article is interesting from
sia would have lost. Nasser has )ailed local the point of view the center has been
communists in Egypt for years. Russia wants playing in formulating innovations in
weak, divided nations in the Middle East. public school education.
She wanes to extend her influence in these This residual: effect, I believe, will be
divided and weak nations. She wants to pre-
vent the emergence of a strong leader who most helpful in keeping to a minimum
might unite these nations. She wants to the number of youngsters who will be
discredit the United States in the Middle forced to drop from school and seek the
East. Russia accomplished all of these goals. help of the Job Corps to become produc-
The Arabs lost the war in the Middle East. tive members of our society.
United States lost a great deal of influence
And finally 'r hplieve there is no more
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July 20, 1967 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX A 3675
The following list gives the area and
population of the nations that were part
of the British Empire on December 31,
1945, but are now independent and main-
tain membership in the commonwealth
of nations. Australia, Canada, and New
Zealand are also members of the com-
monwealth, but they are not included
below as they were independent in 1945
except for their loyalty to the king.
Present
population
Barbados__________________
166
245, 000
Ceylon---------------------
25,332
11,232,000
Cyprus---------------------
3,572
598,000
Gambia--------------------
4,361
338,000
Ghana----------------------
92,100
7,740,000
Guyana--------------------
83,000
647,000
India----------------------
11261,813
499,000,000
Jamaica____________________
4, 232
1
827,000
Kenya----------------------
224, 960
,
9,643,000
Malaysia___________________
127,672
9,395,000
Malta---------------------
122-
317,000
Nigeria---------------------
356,669
57, 500, 000
Pakistan___________________
365, 529
104,138, 000
Sierra Leone________________
27,925
2,290,000
Singapore__________________
225
1,891,000
Tanzania___________________
362, 844
10, 515, 000
Trinidad and Tobago_________
1 980
975,000
Zambia------------------- -
290, 587
3,780,000
The following table gives the area and
population of the nations that were part
of the French empire in 1945 but are
now independent of France:
Present
population
Algeria ---------------------
919,591
11,200,000
Cameroon------------------
183,591
5,210,000
Dahomey ------------------
43,483
2,244,000
Guinea
94,925
3:500:000
Ivory Coast ____-__________
123,483
3,500,000
Laos----------------------
91,428
3,000,000
Mauritania_________________
397,683
1,000,000
Niger-.-------------------
459,073
3,433,000
Togo-------- --------------
21,853
1,659,000
34, 836, 000
The following list gives the area and
population of the nations that were part
of the French Empire in 1945 but are now
independent and maintain membership
in the French community:
Present
population
Central African Republic... .....
240, 540
2,088,000
Chad-----------------------
490, 733
3,254,000
Congo----------------------
134, 749
840,000
Gabon-----------------?----
102,317
470,000
Malagasy Republic___________
226,657
6,336,000
Senegal--------------------
76,124
3,490,000
The following list gives the area and
population of the nations that were part
of the Belgian empire in 1945 but are
now Independent:
Present
population
Burundi ..... ___.......... Congo----------------------
Rwanda--------------------
10, 707
905,063
10,169
An area that was part of the Dutch
empire in 1945 is now independent:
Indonesia: Square miles, 735,268; present
population, 108,000,000.
The nations that have become com-
pletely independent of Great Britain,
France, Belgium, and the Netherlands
control areas totaling 6,239,973 square
miles and have a total population of
234,719,000. It is true that Great Britain
does not recognize the independence of
Rhodesia; however, it is, for the time
An additional 4,504,209 square miles
are included in the countries that main-
tain membership in the Commonwealth
or are part of the French community
after having been colonies of Great Brit-
ain and France.
Altogether, almost a billion people live
in the many nations that have severed
the political ties that previously bound
them to several colonial powers.
While Great Britain, France, Belgium,
and the Netherlands have granted inde-
pendence to most of the peoples over
whom they formerly ruled, another em-
pire refuses to relinquish its control over
vast areas and many millions of people.
What makes this especially reprehensible
is that the ruling powers of that empire
have been among the most vociferous
critics of the other colonial powers.
While the Communists took over a
huge area when they seized power in
Russia in 1917, they soon added to their
already vast territory by annexing such
free nations as Armenia, Byelorussia,
and Ukraine. In 1940 they added the in-
dependent Baltic countries, Estonia, Lat-
via, and Lithuania to the Soviet empire.
These six subjugated nations alone con-
tain 391,787 square miles, with a total
population of 62,230,000. Millions of
other people who live in the Soviet em-
pire are just as anxious to be free from
Communist tyranny as the people who
lived in Russia before 1917 yearned to be
free from the tyranny of the czars.
The following table gives the area and
population of the free nations that were
taken over by the Soviet empire after
the Communists came to power:
Present
population
Armenia___________________
11,306
2,134,000
Byelorussia________________
80,154
8,533,000
Estonia-___________-______
17413
1,273,000
Latvia----------------------
24,695
2,241,000
Lithuania___________________
26,173
2949, 000
Ukraine____________________
232, 046
45,100, 000
Besides the countries that have been
incorporated into the Soviet empire, a
number of other nations are satellites of
Moscow, their rulers being mere pup-
pets whose strings are pulled by their
masters in the Kremlin. Several other
countries are under the control of Com-
munist China.
The following table gives the area and
population of the nations that are satel-
lites of the Soviet empire or Red China:
Albania____________________
Bulgaria____________________
Cuba-----------------------
Czechoslovakia--------------
Ea st Germany_______________
Hungary --------------------
Mon olia________________
Nort Korea________________
North Vietnam______________
Poland--------------------
Romania___________________
Yugoslavia__________________
11,100
42, 823
44,218
49,371
41, 816
35,919
604247
46, 540
61,293
120,359
91,699
98,766
Present
population
1,865,000
8,227,000
7,833,000
14,194, 000
17,048,000
10,160, 000
1,087 000
12,100, 000
18,100, 000
31,619,000
19,105, 000
19, 756, 000
161, 094, 000
Mr. Speaker, whether the representa-
tives of the American people sit in the
Congress of the United States or in the
highest councils of the executive branch,
let them continually demand that the
Communist imperialists relinquish their
hold on the countries they have taken
over and on the satellite nations where
their stooges carry out orders from Mos-
cow and Peking. To fail to make such de-
mands unceasingly is to betray the mean-
ing of Captive Nation s Week.
Arab Documents Tell of Plan To Murder
Israel Civilians
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. ABRAHAM J. MULTER
OF NEW YORE
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Thursday, July 20, 1967
Mr. MULTER. Mr. Speaker, a recent
article appearing in the Jewish Press
told of an Arab plan to murder Israel
civilians living is designated areas. The
fact was disclosed after Israel soldiers
captured top-secret Jordanian military
orders during the recent war in the
Middle East.
. I commend to the attention of our
colleagues the following article which
appeared in the July 14, 1967, edition
of the Jewish Press.
The article follows:
ARAB DOCUMENTS TELL OF PLAN To MURDER
ISRAELI CIVILIANS
In the sweep of Israeli military forces,
captured Jordanian military operational
orders were found. These orders told a grisly
story. The Jordanian toops were to wipe out
the civilian inhabitants of the Israeli popu-
lation centers!
Special battalions were given the assign-
ment to destroy methodically specific vil-
lages and all the inhabitants. No woman or
child was to be left alive!
The orders were top secret and kept only
at the Brigade level until it was decided to
activate them. This opportunity never came.
When Israeli troops captured the Jordanian
West Bank, orders in identical style were
found in the top secret files of all seven
brigade headquarters. Had Jordan been vic-
torious it would have meant wholesale
slaughter.
Orders discovered at the Ramallah head-
quarters, north of Jerusalem, assigned the
Reserve battalion to destroy Motza, an Israeli
2,800,000
15,986,000
3,073,000
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A 3676 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - APPENDIX July 20, 1967
village of some 800 people. The village is three
miles west of Jerusalem on the highway to Tel
Aviv.
The captured orders read, "Top Secret:
Battalion Headquarters: A. The intention of
the headquarters of the Western Front is tQ
carry out an attack on the village of Motza,
to destroy it and kill all of its inhabitants.
"B. The Reserve Battalion of the Brigade
shall carry out an attack on the Motza vil-
lage, destroy it and kill Its Inhabitants on re-
ceipt of the code from the Brigade."
The battle plans of the Arab forces was
drawn way back in May of 1967. One set of
orders captured by the Israeli forces, dated
May 18, 1967, tells of the air oprerations that
would have been necessary for the conquest
of the Southern Negev and that of cutting
off Eilat.
The orders read:
"Top SECRET
"U.A.R.
"Eastern Area Command H.Q.
"Chief of Staff's Bureau
"No. td/3/1967/124
"Date: 18 May 1967
"BATTLE ORDER NO. 3/67
"1. An offensive operation is planned for
the cutting off of the southern Negev area
and to conquer Eilat.
"2. The following air power will be allo-
cated for exploitation; by the Ground Forces
O. C. for the benefit of the operation.
"a. 27 fighter-bombardment squadron sor-
ties from 2 and 12 Air Brigades stationed at
2 bases, Nos. 248 and 149.
"7. Air forces will bomb Eilat air field, the
radio station, and oil storage areas in an ef-
fort designated for that purpose by the Air
Forces 0 C.
"(Signed) LIWA (General) PILOT Abd El
Hamad Abd Al Salaam. Daghidi, O. C. Eastern
Air Command."
In other captured. documents, detailed
plans for the bombing of civilian areas were
enumerated.
Captured Syrian officers admitted that
they had been prepared to move into the
G'alabina-Durig' at area to prepare attack
positions for the full Brigade. The date was
Bet and the war machine in position.
On the morning of May 6, 1967, the 123rd
Brigade was to start attacking with two
battalions, their objective being to capture
Ayelet Hashahar. This; attack was to be sup-
ported by tanks from the Syrian 44th Brig-
ade Artillery. Simultaneously the Syrian 8th
Brigade was to attack: Kfar Hanassi.
According to the plan, Syrian forces were
to cross the Jordan in rubber boats and es-
tablish a bridgehead on the west bank. A
bridge which was made ready was to be set
up once the bridgehead was established, to
enable the passage of tanks.
However, May 6 never did arrive because
the Arab groups could_ not coordinate their
plans. At that time U.N. observation teams
in the area kept a watchful eye. The attack
had to wait until the U. N. troops were pulled
out of the area.
The troops left and the plan was readied
for enactment, but Israel's swift action in
destroying Jordan's military might averted
the attack.
ful service of the former Clerk of the
House, Mr. Ralph Roberts. His tenure
of service covered many years and dur-
ing those years he brought a great meas-
ure of honor and Integrity not only to
himself but to the House of Representa-
tives which he so dearly loved.
Every Member whose service coin-
cided with his has been the recipient of
his concern and his help many times. No
one is more conscious of this than I.
I shall never forget his loyalty, his keen
sense of justice, and his willingness to do
that which was fair and right. Indiana is
proud of this Hoosier who gave so many
years of dedicated service to the country.
He has our respect and our best wishes
for many years of continued good health
and happiness.
Captive Nations seems likely to be more
rewarding than a policy of unremitting
hostility. Such encouragement, however,
should be given with a caveat in mind,
and that is the up-representative char-
acter of the various regimes.
The attitude of the U.S. Government
is important. The people of Eastern
Europe do look to us. We should not
underestimate the vitality of patriotic
and nationalistic feeling there. Their
fidelity to the Communist cause is thin
indeed. It is politically wise and morally
correct therefore to "stay the route," to
keep informed about Eastern Europe, and
to prevail.
In my view, Captive Nations Week is
a serious observance and I am pleased
to have an opportunity to participate in
the reaffirmation by the U.S. Congress of
the principle of self-determination.
Ralph
Roberts
Captive Nations Week
SPEECH
OF
HON. LUCIEN N. NEDZI
OF MICHIGAN
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Wednesday, July 19, 1967
Mr.:NEDZI. Mr. Speaker, one of the
basic tenets of American foreign policy
Is, or should be, to support the just as-
pirations of people everywhere. Our sup-
port cannot and should not always be
military.. But in every case it should be
moral.
This week, Congress observes Captive
Nations Week. This observance annually
draws the support of scores of Congress-
nen who together reflect the spectrum of
American political thought. Some of
these Members do have so-called ethnic
blocs in their districts, it is true, but
their primary motivation for speaking
out is the opportunity to proclaim sym-
pathy, in a meaningful way, with the
principle of self-determination.
There has been editorial criticism of
Captive Nations Week, with particular
emphasis on "pseudo states." Admittedly,
as in adversary proceedings in a court of
law, you weaken your case when you mix
weak arguments with strong arguments,
advocates of the week weaken their case
when they include as captive nations
people who are not and never have been
a nation.
But there are real captive nations. I
Include in that term people with long
national histories as well as lingual and
cultural identities, who are denied the
right to choose their own form of gov-
ernment. Certainly the nations of East-
ern Europe fall into this category.
In my judgment, it is properly within
the framework of our foreign policy to
point out that in country after country
EXTENSION OF REMARKS
OF
HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN
OF NEW YORK
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENT IVES
Thursday, July 20, 1967
Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, it is an ab-
surd and futile effect of military diplo-
macy when both sides of a conflict make
war on each other with American weap-
ons. This has happened in Latin Amer-
ican border disputes, in the Indo-Paki-
stani conflict, and in. the Middle East.
Neil Sheehan has begun a series in the
New York Times which traces the deal-
lligs of the U.S. Government as an arms
merchant. It used to be claimed that
armaments manufacturers caused wars.
Mr. Sheehan shows how the principal
arms salesman in the world today Is not
a private entrepreneur but the U.S. Gov-
erment.
I am including W. Sheehan's first
article, from the New York Times of
July 1.9, which I commend to the atten-
tion of my colleagues:
[From the New York Times, July 19, 19671
A HUGE BUSINESS: ARMAMENT SALES UNITED
STATES IS PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF WEAPONS
FOR OTHER LANDS-46-BILLION IN 17 YEARS
(NOTE.-This is the first of a series of
articles on, international dealings in arms.)
(By Neil. Sheehan)
WASHINGTON, July 18-The five belligerents
in the Middle Eastern. war-Israel, the United
Arab Republic, Syria, Jordan and Iraq-alto-
gether had about 3,300 tanks, more than
Hitler employed in the invasion of France
in 1940.
Nazi Germany manufactured its own tanks.
The Middle Eastern combatants did not. They
obtainedtheirs from the Soviet Union, Brit-
ain, France and the United States. Their
warplanes, artillery, trucks, signal equipment
and the great bulk of their small arms and
ammunition were supplied by the same
sources.
With these foreign arms, 679 of Egyptians,
Jordanians, Syrians and Iraqis were killed.
In Sinai, Israel's French-built Mirage and
Mysiere jets destroyed the Egyptians' Soviet
MIG-21 fighters and Ilyushin bombers. On
the Jordanian front, both Israelis and Jor-
danians drove Into battle in American-made
Patton and Sherman tanks.
SPE~ECH in Eastern Europe, non-Communist ma-
jorities are subjected to rule by Commu-
fist minorities which took power by ugly
HON. J. EDWARD ROUSH and conspiratorial means. Recognition
OF INDIANA of this fact helps us maintain a proper
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES focus as we engage in a policy of "build-
July, 19, 1967 ing bridges."
Wednesday, I believe in a policy of "building
Mr. ROUSH. Mr. Speaker, I would like bridges" as long as we are free of illusions.
to echo the sentiments expressed by my The encouragement of internal liberali-
colleagues concerning the long and faith- zation and external contact among the
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